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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of the Inquisition of Spain
+from the Time of its Establishment to the Reign of Ferdinand VII., by Juan Antonio Llorente
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The History of the Inquisition of Spain from the Time of its Establishment to the Reign of Ferdinand VII.
+
+Author: Juan Antonio Llorente
+
+Release Date: December 20, 2011 [EBook #38354]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HISTORY OF THE INQUISITION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This book was
+produced from scanned images of public domain material
+from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Though some typographical errors have been corrected (see list at the
+end of the etext), little attempt has been made to correct or normalize
+the accentuation of the Spanish or the spelling of English that the
+author had printed. (i.e. negociate/negotiate; Aragon/Arragon; de
+Alpizcueta/d'Alpizcueta/D'Alpizcueta; Escurial/Escorial.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+LLORENTE'S
+
+HISTORY OF THE INQUISITION.
+
+
+
+
+THE HISTORY
+
+OF THE
+
+INQUISITION OF SPAIN,
+
+FROM THE
+
+TIME OF ITS ESTABLISHMENT
+
+TO
+
+THE REIGN OF FERDINAND VII.
+
+COMPOSED FROM THE
+
+ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS OF THE ARCHIVES OF THE SUPREME COUNCIL,
+AND FROM THOSE OF SUBORDINATE TRIBUNALS
+OF THE HOLY OFFICE.
+
+ABRIDGED AND TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL WORKS OF
+
+D. JUAN ANTONIO LLORENTE,
+
+FORMERLY SECRETARY OF THE INQUISITION,
+
+_CHANCELLOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO, KNIGHT OF THE ORDER OF CHARLES III.,
+&c. &c. &c._
+
+_SECOND EDITION._
+
+LONDON:
+
+PRINTED FOR GEO. B. WHITTAKER,
+
+AVE-MARIA-LANE.
+
+MDCCCXXVII.
+
+LONDON:
+Printed by WILLIAM CLOWES,
+Stamford Street.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                    Page
+
+CHAPTER I.--First Epoch of the Church till the Conversion of the
+Emperor Constantine                                                    1
+
+CHAP. II.--Establishment of a General Inquisition against Heretics
+in the Thirteenth Century                                             12
+
+CHAP. III.--Of the Ancient Inquisition of Spain                       16
+
+CHAP. IV.--Of the Government of the Old Inquisition                   20
+
+CHAP. V.--Establishment of the Modern Inquisition in Spain            30
+
+CHAP. VI.--Creation of a Grand Inquisitor-general--of a Royal
+Council of the Inquisition--of Subaltern Tribunals and Organic
+Laws--Establishment of the Holy Office in Aragon                      39
+
+CHAP. VII.--Additional Acts to the First Constitution of the Holy
+Office--Consequences of them, and Appeals to Rome against
+them                                                                  46
+
+CHAP. VIII.--Expulsion of the Jews--Proceedings against Bishops--Death
+of Torquemada                                                         53
+
+CHAP. IX.--Of the Procedure of the Modern Inquisition                 59
+
+CHAP. X.--Of the principal Events during the Ministry of the Inquisitors
+Deza and Cisneros                                                     71
+
+CHAP. XI.--An Attempt made by the Cortes of Castile and Aragon
+to reform the Inquisition--Of the principal Events under
+Adrian, fourth Inquisitor-general                                     84
+
+CHAP. XII.--Conduct of the Inquisitors towards the Morescoes          94
+
+CHAP. XIII.--Of the Prohibition of Books and other Articles          100
+
+CHAP. XIV.--Particular Trials for Suspicion of Lutheranism, and
+some other Crimes                                                    113
+
+CHAP. XV.--Prosecution of Sorcerers, Magicians, Enchanters, Necromancers,
+and others                                                           129
+
+CHAP. XVI.--Of the Trial of the false Nuncio of Portugal, and
+other important Events during the time of Cardinal Tabera,
+sixth Inquisitor-general                                             142
+
+CHAP. XVII.--Of the Inquisitions of Naples, Sicily, and Malta, and
+of the Events of the Time of Cardinal Loaisa, seventh
+Inquisitor-general                                                   157
+
+CHAP. XVIII.--Of important Events during the first years of the
+Administration of the eighth Inquisitor-general--Religion of
+Charles V. during the last years of his Life                         164
+
+CHAP. XIX.--Of the Proceedings against Charles V. and Philip II.
+as Schismatics and Favourers of Heresy--Progress of the Inquisition
+under the last of these Princes--Consequences of the
+particular Favour which he shewed towards it                         179
+
+CHAP. XX.--The Inquisition celebrates at Valladolid, in 1559, two
+Autos-da-fé against the Lutherans, in the Presence of some
+Members of the Royal Family                                          196
+
+CHAP. XXI.--History of two Autos-da-fé, celebrated against the
+Lutherans in the City of Seville                                     212
+
+CHAP. XXII.--Of the Ordinances of 1561, which have been followed
+in the Proceedings of the Holy Office, until the present Time        227
+
+CHAP. XXIII.--Of some Autos-da-fé celebrated in Murcia               253
+
+CHAP. XXIV.--Of the Autos-da-fé celebrated by the Inquisitions of
+Toledo, Saragossa, Valencia, Logroño, Grenada, Cuença, and
+Sardinia, during the Reign of Philip II.                             269
+
+CHAP. XXV.--Of the Learned Men who have been persecuted by
+the Inquisition                                                      277
+
+CHAP. XXVI.--Offences committed by the Inquisitors against the
+Royal Authority and Magistrates                                      323
+
+CHAP. XXVII.--Of the Trials of several Sovereigns and Princes
+undertaken by the Inquisition                                        347
+
+CHAP. XXVIII.--Of the Conduct of the Holy Office towards those
+Priests who abused the Sacrament of Confession                       355
+
+CHAP. XXIX.--Of the Trials instituted by the Inquisition against
+the Prelates and Spanish Doctors of the Council of Trent             357
+
+CHAP. XXX.--Of the Prosecution of several Saints and Holy Persons
+by the Inquisition                                                   371
+
+CHAP. XXXI.--Of the celebrated Trial of Don Carlos, Prince of
+the Asturias                                                         377
+
+CHAP. XXXII.--Trial of the Archbishop of Toledo                      409
+
+CHAP. XXXIII.--Continuation of the Trial, until the Archbishop
+went to Rome                                                         442
+
+CHAP. XXXIV.--End of the Trial of Carranza--His Death                459
+
+CHAP. XXXV.--Trial of Antonio Perez, Minister and First Secretary
+of State to Philip II.                                               472
+
+CHAP. XXXVI.--Of several Trials occasioned by that of Antonio
+Perez.                                                               488
+
+CHAP. XXXVII.--Of the principal Events in the Inquisition during
+the Reign of Philip III.                                             500
+
+CHAP. XXXVIII.--Of the Trials and Autos-da-fé during the Reign
+of Philip IV.                                                        502
+
+CHAP. XXXIX.--The Inquisition during the Reign of Charles II.        512
+
+CHAP. XL.--Of the Inquisition in the Reign of Philip V.              518
+
+CHAP. XLI.--Of the Inquisition during the Reign of Ferdinand VI.     524
+
+CHAP. XLII.--Of the Inquisition under Charles III.                   539
+
+CHAP. XLIII.--Of the Spanish Inquisition under Charles IV.           546
+
+CHAP. XLIV.--Of the Inquisition during the Reign of Ferdinand VII.   565
+
+
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENT.
+
+
+The Compiler of the following pages has only attempted to give a
+condensed translation of a complex and voluminous history, with the hope
+that it might prove of more utility in its present form than in the
+original works. Those portions which are not calculated to interest or
+instruct the general reader, and afford no illustrations of the subject,
+have been passed over. Those trials have been selected which serve as
+examples of the various laws of the Inquisition, and of its state at
+different epochs, and which include the persecutions of the most eminent
+men.
+
+The curious will be amply gratified by the perusal of the history of the
+secret tribunal; the man of leisure cannot fail in finding occupation
+and amusement in the pages of Llorente; and the philosopher will
+discover in them ample scope for reflection on the aberrations of human
+reason, and on the capability of our nature, when under the influence of
+fanaticism, to inflict, with systematic indifference, death, torture,
+misery, anxiety, and infamy, on the guilty and the innocent.
+
+All the records of the fantastic cruelties of the heathen world do not
+afford so appalling a picture of human weakness and depravity as the
+authentic and genuine documents of the laws and proceeding of this Holy
+Office, which professed to act under the influence of the doctrines of
+the Redeemer of the World!
+
+I offer, with humility, this abridgement of the work to the public, and
+while I hope that it will be kindly and favourably received, I believe
+that it may prove interesting and useful to every class of readers.
+
+_June, 1826._
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+Although a tribunal has existed for more than three hundred years in
+Spain, invested with the power of prosecuting heretics, no correct
+history of its origin, establishment, and progress has been written.
+
+Writers of many countries have spoken of Inquisitions established in
+different parts of the world, where the Roman Catholic faith is the
+religion of the state, and yet not one is worthy of confidence. The work
+of M. Lavallée, entitled the "History of the Inquisitions of Italy,
+Spain, and Portugal," and published in 1809, has only added to the
+historical errors of the authors who preceded him. The Spanish and
+Portuguese writers on the same subject deserve no higher credit; and
+have not detailed, with accuracy, the circumstances which led to the
+establishment of this dreadful tribunal. These writers even differ in
+their statements of the period of its origin, and place it between the
+years 1477 and 1484. One affirms, with confidence, that the latter date
+is the true one, because in that year the regulations of the tribunal
+were enacted; another decides that it originated in 1483, because in
+that year Thomas Torquemada was appointed inquisitor-general by the
+Pope.
+
+The inquisition of Spain was not a new tribunal created by Ferdinand V.
+and Isabella, the queen of Castile, but only a reform and extension of
+the ancient tribunal, which had existed from the thirteenth century.
+
+No one could write a complete and authentic history of the Inquisition,
+who was not either an inquisitor or a secretary of the holy office.
+Persons holding only these situations could be permitted to make
+memoranda of papal bulls, the ordinances of sovereigns, the decisions of
+the councils of the "_Suprême_," of the originals of the preliminary
+processes for suspicion of heresy, or extracts of those which had been
+deposited in the archives. _Being myself the secretary of the
+Inquisition at Madrid_, during the years 1789, 1790, and 1791, I have
+the firmest confidence in my being able to give to the world _a true
+code of the secret laws by which the interior of the Inquisition was
+governed, of those laws which were veiled by mystery from all mankind_,
+excepting those men to whom the knowledge of their political import was
+exclusively reserved. A firm conviction, from knowing the deep objects
+of this tribunal, that it was vicious in principle, in its constitution,
+and in its laws, notwithstanding all that has been said in its support,
+induced me to avail myself of the advantage my situation afforded me,
+and to collect every document I could procure relative to its history.
+My perseverance has been crowned with success far beyond my hopes, for
+in addition to an abundance of materials, obtained with labour and
+expense, consisting of unpublished manuscripts and papers, mentioned in
+the inventories of deceased inquisitors, and other officers of the
+institution, in 1809, 1810, and 1811, when the Inquisition in Spain was
+suppressed, _all the archives were placed at my disposal_; and from 1809
+to 1812, I collected everything that appeared to me to be of consequence
+in the registers of the council of the Inquisition, and in the
+provincial tribunals, for the purpose of compiling this history.
+
+Never has a prisoner of the Inquisition seen either the accusation
+against himself, or any other. No one was ever permitted to know more of
+his own cause than he could learn of it by the interrogations and
+accusations to which he was obliged to reply, and by the extracts from
+the declarations of the witnesses, which were communicated to him, while
+not only their names were carefully concealed, and every circumstance
+relating to time, place, and person, by which he might obtain a clue to
+discover his denouncers, but even if the depositions contained any thing
+favourable to the defence of the prisoner. The maxim on which this was
+founded, is, that the accused ought not to occupy himself but in
+replying to the chief points of his accusation, and that it was the
+province of the judge afterwards to compare the answers that he had made
+with those which had been given favourable to his acquittal. Philip
+Limborch, and many more of veracity, have erred in their histories, from
+their ignorance of the method of conducting an inquisitorial trial.
+Those authors relied wholly on the accounts of prisoners, who knew
+nothing of the groundwork of their own case; and the details in
+Eymerick, Paramo, Pegna, Carena, and some other inquisitors, are too
+limited to yield the necessary information.
+
+These facts make me hope that I shall not transgress the bounds of
+propriety when I say, that I only can give a true history of the
+Inquisition, as I only possess the materials necessary for the
+undertaking.
+
+I have read the most celebrated trials of the modern Inquisition, and
+the details given by me differ essentially from those of other
+historians, not excepting those of Limborch, who is the most exact of
+them. The trials of Don Carlos of Austria, prince of the Asturias, of
+Don Bartholomew Carranza, archbishop of Toledo, and of Antony Perez, the
+first minister and secretary of Philip II., have been greatly
+illustrated in many important particulars.
+
+I have established the truth of that which concerns the Emperor Charles
+V.; Jeanne of Albret, queen of Navarre; Henry IV., king of France, her
+son, and of Margaret of Bourbon, the sovereign duchess of Bar, her
+daughter; of Don James of Navarre, son of Don Carlos, prince of Biana,
+surnamed the Infant of Tudela; of John Pic de Mirandola; of Don John of
+Austria, son of Philip IV.; of Alexander Farnèse, duke of Parma, and
+grandson of Charles V.; Don Philip of Arragon, son of the Emperor of
+Morocco; of Cæsar Borgia, son of Pope Alexander VI., and relation of the
+king of Navarre; of Jean Albret, duke of Valentinois, peer of France;
+of Don Peter Louis Borgia, last grand-master of the military order of
+Montessa, and of many other princes against whom the Inquisition
+exercised its power. The lover of history will find the details of the
+trials of seven archbishops, twenty bishops, and a great number of
+learned men, among whom are many of the members of the Council of Trent,
+who were unfortunately suspected of entertaining or favouring the
+Lutheran doctrines. To this list I have added the suits instituted by
+the _holy office_ against many _saints_, and other personages, held in
+reverence by the Church of Spain, and also of many literati persecuted
+by this tribunal. These, for the sake of perspicuity, I have divided
+into two classes; the first class comprises those learned theologians
+who were accused of Lutheranism, for having, in their zeal, corrected
+the text of Bibles already published, or Latin translations from the
+Greek and Hebrew editions. The second class consists of those learned
+men, designated by the holy office under the title of False
+Philosophers, and who were persecuted for having manifested a wish to
+destroy, in Spain, superstition and fanaticism.
+
+This history will make known numberless attempts perpetrated by the
+inquisitors against magistrates who defended the rights of sovereign
+authority, in opposition to the enterprises of the _holy office_ and the
+court of Rome; and which enables me to state the trials of many
+celebrated men and ministers who defended the prerogatives of the crown,
+and whose only crimes were having published works on the right of the
+crown, according with the true principles of jurisprudence. These trials
+will display the Counsellors of the Inquisition carrying their audacity
+to such a height, as to deny that their temporal jurisdiction was
+derived from the concession of their sovereign, and actually prosecuting
+all the members of the council of Castile, as rash men, suspected of
+heresy, for having made known and denounced to the king this system of
+usurpation. In addition to these intolerable acts, will be found
+accounts of their assumption of superiority over viceroys, and other
+great officers of state. I have also shewn, that these ministers of
+persecution have been the chief causes of the decline of literature, and
+almost the annihilators of nearly all that could enlighten the people,
+by their ignorance, their blind submission to the monks who were
+qualifiers, and by persecuting the magistrates and the learned who were
+anxious to disseminate information. These monks were despicable
+scholastic theologians, too ignorant and prejudiced to be able to
+ascertain the truth between the doctrines of Luther and those of Roman
+Catholicism, and so condemned, as Lutheran, propositions incontestably
+true.
+
+The horrid conduct of this _holy office_ weakened the power and
+diminished the population of Spain, by arresting the progress of arts,
+sciences, industry, and commerce, and by compelling multitudes of
+families to abandon the kingdom; by instigating the expulsion of the
+Jews and the Moors; and by immolating on its flaming piles more than
+_three hundred thousand victims_!! So replete with duplicity was the
+system of the inquisitors-general, and the council of this _holy
+office_, that if a papal bull was likely to circumscribe their power, or
+check their vengeance, they refused to obey, on the pretext of its being
+opposed to the laws of the kingdom, and the orders of the Spanish
+government. By a similar proceeding, they evaded the ordinances of the
+king, by alleging that papal bulls prevented them from obeying, under
+pain of excommunication.
+
+Secrecy, the foe of truth and justice, was the soul of the tribunal of
+the Inquisition; it gave to it new life and vigour, sustained and
+strengthened its arbitrary power, and so emboldened it, that it had the
+hardihood to arrest the highest and noblest in the land, and enabled it
+to deceive, by concealing facts, popes, kings, viceroys, and all
+invested with authority by their sovereign. This _holy office_, veiled
+by secrecy, unhesitatingly kept back, falsified, concealed, or forged
+the reports of trials, when compelled to open their archives to popes or
+kings. The Inquisitors constantly succeeded, by this detestable knavery,
+in concealing the truth, and facilitated their object by being careful
+not to number the reports. This was practised to a great extent in the
+trials of the archbishop of Toledo, of the Prothonotary, and others.
+
+Facts prove beyond a doubt, that the extirpation of Judaism was not the
+real cause, but the mere pretext, for the establishment of the
+Inquisition by Ferdinand V. The true motive was to carry on a vigorous
+system of confiscation against the Jews, and so bring their riches into
+the hands of the government. Sixtus IV. sanctioned the measure, to gain
+the point dearest to the court of Rome, an extent of domination. Charles
+V. protected it from motives of policy, being convinced it was the only
+means of preventing the heresy of Luther from penetrating into Spain.
+Philip II. was actuated by superstition and tyranny to uphold it; and
+even extended its jurisdiction to the excise, and made the exporters of
+horses into France liable to seizure by the officers of the tribunal, as
+persons suspected of heresy! Philip III., Philip IV., and Charles II.,
+pursued the same course, stimulated by similar fanaticism and
+imbecility, when the re-union of Portugal to Spain led to the discovery
+of many Jews. Philip V. maintained the Inquisition from considerations
+of mistaken policy, inherited from Louis XIV., who made him believe that
+such rigour would ensure the tranquillity of the kingdom, which was
+always in danger when many religions were tolerated. Ferdinand VI. and
+Charles III. befriended this _holy office_, because they would not
+deviate from the course that their father had traced, and because the
+latter hated the freemasons. Lastly, Charles IV. supported the tribunal,
+because the French Revolution seemed to justify a system of
+surveillance, and he found a firm support in the zeal of the
+inquisitors-general, always attentive to the preservation and extension
+of their power, as if the sovereign authority could find no surer means
+of strengthening the throne, than the terror inspired by an
+Inquisition.
+
+_During the time I remained in London, I heard some Catholics affirm
+that the Inquisition was useful in Spain, to preserve the Catholic
+faith, and that a similar establishment would have been useful in
+France._
+
+These persons were deceived, by believing that it was sufficient for
+people to be good Catholics not to have any fear of the _holy office_.
+They knew not that nine-tenths of the prisoners were deemed guilty,
+though true to their faith, because the ignorance or malice of the
+denouncers prosecuted them for points of doctrine, which were not
+susceptible of heretical interpretation, but in the judgment of an
+illiterate monk, is considered erudite by the world, because he is said
+to have studied the theology of the schools. The Inquisition encouraged
+hypocrisy, and punished those who either did not know how, or would not,
+assume the mask. This tribunal wrought no conversion. The Jews and
+Morescoes, who were baptized without being truly converted, merely that
+they might remain in Spain, are examples which prove the truth of this
+assertion. The former perished on the pyres of the Inquisition, the
+latter crossed over into Africa with the Moors, as much Mahometans as
+their ancestors were before they were baptised.
+
+I conclude with declaring that the contents of this history are
+original; and that I have drawn my facts with fidelity, from the most
+authentic sources, and might have greatly extended them[1].
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE INQUISITION.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+FIRST EPOCH OF THE CHURCH TILL THE CONVERSION OF THE EMPEROR
+CONSTANTINE.
+
+
+The Christian religion was scarcely established before heresies arose
+among its disciples. The Apostle St. Paul instructs Titus, the Bishop of
+Crete, in his duty towards heretics, saying, that a man who persists in
+his heresy, after the first and second admonition, shall be rejected:
+but St. Paul does not say that the life of the heretic shall be taken;
+and our Saviour, addressing St. Peter, commands that a sinner shall be
+forgiven, not only seven times, but seventy times seven, which infers
+that he ought never to be punished with death by a judgment of the
+church. Such was the doctrine of the church during the three first
+centuries, until the peace of Constantine. Heretics were never
+excommunicated until exhortation had been employed in vain. As this
+system was adopted, it was natural that some persons should write
+against heresy to prevent its increase. This was done by St. Ignatius,
+Castor Agrippa, St. Irenæus, St. Clement of Alexandria, St. Justin, St.
+Denis of Corinth, Tertullian, Origen, and many others.
+
+These faithful imitators of the benevolence of their Divine Master were
+averse to oppressive measures. Although the evil produced by the
+religion of the impious Manès was so great, that Archelaüs, Bishop of
+Caschara, in Mesopotamia, judged it necessary to imprison him, yet he
+renounced that design when Marcellus (to whom Manès had written)
+proposed another conference with him. Archelaüs succeeded in converting
+the heretic, and not only gave up his intention of detaining him, but
+saved his life when the people would have stoned him to death.
+
+It is possible that the church was in a certain degree compelled to act
+in this manner, from the impossibility of employing the coercive
+measures of temporal power against heretics during the reigns of the
+heathen princes; but this was not the only motive for her tolerance,
+since it is certain that when no edicts of persecution existed against
+the Christians, the emperors received the appeals of the bishops in the
+same manner as those of their other subjects: this is proved by the
+history of the heretic Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch.
+
+The council of that town, assembled in 272, perceiving that Paul had
+relapsed into heresy, after the abjuration which he had made before the
+council of 266, deposed him, and elected Domnus in his place. The
+episcopal house being still occupied by the deposed bishop, he was
+ordered to quit it, that his successor might take possession. Paul
+having refused to obey, the bishops applied to the Emperor Aurelian, who
+had not then begun to persecute the Christians: he received their
+complaint, and replied, that as he did not know which of the two parties
+was right, they must conform to the decision of the Bishop of Rome and
+his church. The holy see was then occupied by Felix I., who confirmed
+the decision of the council, and the Emperor Aurelian caused it to be
+executed.
+
+As toleration was universal in the Christian church, it is not to be
+supposed that the church of Spain followed different principles.
+Basilides and Marcial, Bishops of Astorga and Merida, apostatized; they
+were reconciled to the church without any punishment but degradation,
+to which they submitted before the year 253, when they appealed to Pope
+Stephen.
+
+The Council of Elvira in 303 decreed, that if an heretic demanded to be
+re-admitted into the bosom of the church, he should be reconciled,
+without suffering any punishment but a canonical penance of ten years,
+which was the more remarkable, as this council established more severe
+punishments for many crimes which appear less heinous. This seems to
+prove that the Spanish bishops who composed this council, among whom
+were the great Osius of Cordova, Sabinus of Seville, Valerius of
+Saragossa, and Melantius of Toledo, were persuaded, like Origen, that
+leniency was the means to convert heretics, in order to prevent them
+from falling into obstinacy and impenitence.
+
+
+SECOND EPOCH.--_From the Fourth to the Eighth Century._
+
+If the primitive system of the church towards heretics had been
+faithfully pursued, as it ought to have been, after the peace of
+Constantine, the tribunal of the Inquisition would never have existed,
+and, perhaps, the number and duration of heresies would have been less;
+but the popes and bishops of the fourth century, profiting by the
+circumstance of the emperors having embraced Christianity, began to
+imitate, in a certain degree, the conduct which they had reprehended in
+the heathen priests.
+
+These pontiffs, though respectable for the holiness of their lives,
+sometimes carried their zeal for the triumph of the Catholic faith, and
+the extirpation of heresy, to too great a height; and to ensure success,
+engaged Constantine and his successors to establish civil laws against
+all heretics.
+
+This first step, which the popes and bishops had taken contrary to the
+doctrine of St. Paul, was the principle and origin of the Inquisition;
+for when the custom of punishing a heretic by corporeal pain, although
+he was a good subject, was once established, it became necessary to vary
+the punishments, to augment their number, to render them more or less
+severe, according to the character of each sovereign, and to regulate
+the manner of prosecuting the culprit.
+
+The Emperor Theodosius published, in 382, an edict against the
+Manicheans, decreeing that they should be punished with death, and their
+property confiscated for the use of the state, and commissioning the
+prefect (Préfet du Prétoire) to appoint inquisitors and spies to
+discover those who should conceal themselves.
+
+It is here that inquisition and accusation are first mentioned in
+relation to heresy, for until that time only those great crimes which
+attacked the safety of the empire were permitted to be publicly
+denounced. The successors of Theodosius modified these edicts, some of
+which menaced heretics with the prosecutions of the impartial judges, if
+they did not voluntarily abjure their errors. Notices were given to
+known heretics who did not abjure after the publication of the edicts,
+that if they were converted in a certain time, they would be admitted to
+a reconciliation, and would only suffer a canonical penance.
+
+When these conciliatory measures were unavailing, various punishments
+were adopted. Those doctors who, in contempt of the laws, promulgated
+their false opinions, were subjected to considerable fines, banishment
+from cities, and even transportation. In certain cases, their property
+was confiscated; in others they were obliged to pay a fine of ten pounds
+of gold, or they were scourged with leathern thongs, and sent to islands
+from whence they could not escape. Besides these punishments, they were
+forbidden to hold assemblies, and the offenders were liable to
+proscription, banishment, transportation, and even death in some cases.
+The execution of these decrees was intrusted to the governors of
+provinces, magistrates charged with the administration of justice,
+commanders of towns and their principal officers, who were all liable to
+various punishments in case of negligence.
+
+The establishment of most of these laws had been solicited by popes and
+bishops of known sanctity, and it must be allowed that it was not their
+intention to carry those which decreed the punishment of death into
+execution; they only desired to intimidate innovators by their
+publication.
+
+The church of Spain continued faithful to the general discipline, under
+the authority of the Roman emperors; the Arian heresy was afterwards
+established among them under the Goths; but since their princes have
+embraced the Catholic faith, the laws and councils of Spain inform us of
+their treatment of heretics.
+
+The fourth Council of Toledo, assembled in 633, at which St. Isidore,
+Archbishop of Seville, assisted, was occupied with the Judaic heresy: it
+was decreed, with the consent of King Sisinand, that they should be at
+the disposal of the bishops, to be punished, and compelled by fear to
+return to Christianity a second time: they were to be deprived of their
+children, and their slaves set at liberty.
+
+In 655, the ninth Council of Toledo decreed, that baptized Jews should
+be obliged to celebrate the Christian festivals with their bishops, and
+that those who should refuse to conform to this discipline should be
+condemned either to the punishment of scourging, or abstinence,
+according to the age of the offender.
+
+We find that greater severity was shown towards those who returned from
+Christianity to idolatry. King Récarede I. proposed to the third Council
+of Toledo, in 589, that the priests and civil judges should be
+commissioned to extirpate that species of heresy, by punishing the
+culprits in a degree proportioned to the crime, yet without employing
+capital punishment.
+
+These rigorous measures did not appear sufficient, and the twelfth
+Council of Toledo, in 681, at which King Erbigius assisted, decided
+that, if the offender was noble, he should be subject to excommunication
+and exile; if he was a slave, he should be scourged and delivered to his
+master loaded with chains, and if the proprietor could not answer for
+him, that he should be placed at the disposal of the king.
+
+In 693, the sixteenth Council of Toledo assembled in the presence of
+King Egica, added, to the measures already established, a law, by which
+all who opposed the efforts of the bishops and judges to destroy
+idolatry were condemned, if noble, to be excommunicated and pay a fine
+of three pounds of gold; and if of a low condition, to receive a hundred
+strokes of a whip, and have half his property confiscated.
+
+Recesuinte, who reigned from 663 to 672, established a particular law
+against heretics: it deprived them indiscriminately of the wealth and
+dignities they might possess, if they were priests, and added to these
+punishments, perpetual banishment for laymen, if they persisted in
+heresy.
+
+
+THIRD EPOCH.--_From the Eighth Century to the Pontificate of Gregory
+VII._
+
+In the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh centuries, the ecclesiastics
+obtained many privileges from the kings and emperors, and the judicial
+power became, in some cases, a right of the episcopacy. These
+acquisitions, and the universal ignorance which followed the irruption
+of the barbarians, were the causes of the influence which the pontiffs
+of Rome acquired over the Christian people, who were persuaded that the
+authority of the pope should be without bounds, and that he had supreme
+power both in ecclesiastical and temporal affairs.
+
+In 726, when the Romans deposed their last duke, Basil, Pope Gregory
+II. usurped the civil government of Rome, and had recourse to the
+protection of Charles Martel, mayor of the palace, against the King of
+Lombardy, who aspired to the command in that capital. His successor,
+Gregory III., offered the dignity of patrician to Charles Martel, as if
+he had the right of disposing of it. Zachary, who was elected pope, in
+741, acted as the temporal sovereign of Rome, and permitted Pepin, son
+of Charles Martel, to take the title of King of France, after having
+deposed Childeric III., who was the legitimate sovereign. Pepin was
+crowned in France by Stephen II., who became pope in 752.
+
+At last, Leo III. crowned Charlemagne emperor of the west, on Christmas
+day, in the year 800. In this ceremony, which took place at Rome,
+Charlemagne was proclaimed the first emperor of the restoration.
+
+The popes employed the great influence they had gained over general
+opinion, to extend and preserve their dominion. Pepin and Charlemagne
+did not foresee how fatal their example would prove to their successors,
+when they solicited Stephen II. to release the French from their oath of
+fidelity to Childeric III. When the doctrine, that a pope possessed the
+power of releasing subjects from their oath of fidelity, was once
+established, it became necessary that kings should endeavour to
+conciliate the popes. Succeeding events show that this doctrine was
+favourable to the rise of the Inquisition.
+
+The idea that excommunication produced all the effects attached to
+infamy, not only to the Christian on whom it fell, but to all who held
+any communion with him, was another cause of the great influence of the
+popes, and the progress of the Inquisition. The barbarians had preserved
+the doctrine of the Druids, which forbade a Gaul to assist one whom the
+priests had declared impious and abhorred of the gods, on pain of being
+deemed guilty towards the gods, and unworthy of the society of men. The
+priests, finding this opinion established, did not combat it, because
+it added force to the anathemas of the church. Fortunately the popes of
+the middle ages had not yet thought of commissioning men to ascertain if
+Christians were orthodox, and the ancient discipline of the church was
+still pursued towards heretics.
+
+Felix, Bishop of Urgel, in Spain, had embraced the erroneous opinion
+that Jesus Christ was the Son of God only by adoption. He returned to
+the faith of the church, but relapsed some time after into the same
+error, although he had abjured, before the Council of Ratisbonne, in
+792, and before Pope Adrian, at Rome. The conduct of Felix was very
+reprehensible, yet Leo III. would not excommunicate him in a simple
+manner, but only pronounced, the anathema against him, in case he
+refused to abjure a second time. Felix afterwards abjured, and suffered
+no punishment but deprivation of his dignity.
+
+The Emperor Michel, in 811, renewed all the laws which condemned the
+Manichean heretics to death. The patriarch Nicephorus represented to him
+that it was better to convert them by gentle means; but the spirit of
+the church at that time was so far from moderation, that the Abbot
+Theophanes, celebrated for his piety, does not hesitate to speak of
+Nicephorus and the other counsellors of the prince, as ignorant and ill
+advised; and adds, that the maxims of Holy Writ warrant the custom of
+burning heretics, because they can never be brought to repent.
+
+Theodore Critinus, chief of the Iconoclastes, was called before the
+seventh council general, assembled at Constantinople in 869. He was
+convicted of entertaining opinions contrary to the doctrines of the
+church: he abjured his heresy, with several of his sect, and was
+reconciled without being subjected to any penance. The Emperor Basil,
+who assisted at the council, honoured him with a kiss of peace. We may
+conclude from this, that if the conduct of the church had always been
+equally lenient, heresy would not have been so frequent among the
+Christians.
+
+In 1022, certain heretics, who appeared to profess the doctrines of the
+Manicheans, were discovered in Orleans, and several other towns; among
+them was Stephen, confessor to Queen Constance, wife of Robert. That
+prince assembled a council at Orleans: Stephen was summoned to appear
+before it, and attempts were made, but in vain, to bring him back to the
+true faith. The bishops resolved to punish these heretics, and those who
+were ecclesiastics were degraded and excommunicated with the others. The
+king immediately afterwards condemned them to be burnt. Several, when
+they felt the flames, exclaimed that they were willing to submit to the
+church; but it was too late, all hearts were closed against them. These
+examples show the difference which was made between the Manichean and
+other heresies.
+
+It is necessary to mention several maxims which had been introduced into
+the ecclesiastical government, and which passed at that time for
+incontestable truths. The first of these opinions was, that it was
+necessary not only to punish obstinate heretics with excommunication,
+but to employ it against every species of crime, which abuse was carried
+to such a height, that Cardinal St. Peter Damian reproached Pope
+Alexander with it. According to the second maxim, if an excommunicated
+Christian persisted for more than a year in refusing to submit and
+demand absolution, after having been subjected to a canonical penance,
+he was considered as an heretic. The third maxim held that it was a
+meritorious act to prosecute heretics, and apostolical indulgences were
+granted as a recompense for this service to the cause of religion.
+
+These maxims, and several others which prevailed during the fourth
+epoch, prepared the minds of the people for the establishment of the
+Inquisition, which was destined to persecute heretics and apostates.
+
+
+FOURTH EPOCH.
+
+The celebrated Hildebrand ascended the pontifical throne in 1073, under
+the name of Gregory VII., soon after his predecessor, Alexander II., had
+summoned the emperor Henry III. to Rome, to be judged by a council. This
+prince had been denounced by the Saxons, who revolted against him, as an
+heretic. As he did not appear, the pope excommunicated him, released his
+subjects from their oath of fidelity, and caused them to elect, in his
+stead, Rodolph, Duke of Suabia.
+
+The authority which this pope acquired over the Christian princes
+greatly surpassed that of his predecessors, and although it was directly
+contrary to the spirit of the New Testament, his successors employed
+every means to preserve it.
+
+The famous French monk Gerbert being elected pope in 999, under the name
+of Sylvester II., addressed a letter to all Christians, in which he
+supposes the Church of Jerusalem speaking from its ruins, and calling
+upon them to take up arms and fight boldly to deliver it from
+oppression. Gregory VII. also undertook, in 1074, to form a crusade
+against the Turks, in favour of Michael, emperor of the East; but as he
+died before he could put his plan into execution, his successor, Urban
+II., caused it to be proclaimed in the Council of Clermont, in the year
+1095. The efforts of the pope had an incredible success; a numerous army
+left Europe soon after, which first took the city of Antioch, and
+afterwards Jerusalem in 1099. The injustice of this war, and the other
+expeditions of the same kind which succeeded it, would have disgusted
+all Europe, if the people had not been prepossessed with the absurd
+idea, that it was meritorious to make war for the exaltation and glory
+of Christianity: the consequences of a system so fatal to temporal power
+were felt in France at the time of the Patarians, Catharians, and other
+sects of Manès. Alexander III., having sent Peter, Bishop of Meaux, to
+Count Raymond V. of Toulouse, that legate made him and all his nobles
+take an oath that they would not favour the heretics who had taken up
+arms in defence of their party; and in the Council of Lateran, the
+following year, the fathers declared that though the church did not
+approve of sanguinary measures, yet she would not refuse the assistance
+offered by Christian princes: in consequence, Alexander not only
+excommunicated the heretics and their adherents, but promised all those
+who should die in the war against them absolution and salvation, and for
+the present granted indulgences for two years to all who should take up
+arms.
+
+In 1181, Cardinal Henry, Bishop of Alva, was sent into France to pursue
+the war against the Albigenses; but this expedition did not entirely
+destroy that party, and a new council was held, in whose decrees
+Cardinal Fleury supposes he has discovered the origin of the
+Inquisition. He was not mistaken in this opinion, but it was not at that
+time actually instituted, since the bishops alone, as they had always
+been, were commissioned to preserve the faith. The council recommended
+that the bishops, or their archdeacons, should visit the dioceses once
+or twice a year, and that they should cause the inhabitants to take an
+oath that they would denounce all heretics, or persons who held
+meetings, to the bishop or archdeacon. The council also decreed that
+counts, barons, and other nobles should take an oath to discover
+heretics and punish them, on pain of excommunication and deprivation of
+their estates and employments.
+
+In 1194, Cardinal Gregory St. Angelo instigated Alphonso II., King of
+Aragon, to publish an edict banishing heretics of all sects
+indiscriminately from his states; and Peter II., son of Alphonso,
+published another in 1197, with nearly the same injunctions, which
+proves that the former edict had little effect.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+ESTABLISHMENT OF A GENERAL INQUISITION AGAINST HERETICS IN THE
+THIRTEENTH CENTURY.
+
+
+In 1203, Pope Innocent III. commissioned Peter de Castelnau and Ralph,
+two monks of the order of Cistercians, in the monastery of Fontfroide,
+in Narbonnese Gaul, to preach against the Albigenses. Their exhortations
+were not in vain, and the success of their mission was a favourable
+introduction to a plan which Pope Innocent had formed of instituting
+inquisitors independent of the bishops, with the privilege of
+prosecuting heretics, as delegates of the holy see.
+
+On the 4th of June, in the seventh year of his pontificate, he named the
+abbot of the Cistercians, with Peter and Ralph, apostolical legates. He
+gave them full powers to prosecute all heretics; and to facilitate the
+execution of the orders of the holy see, they were to engage in the name
+of the pope, Philip II., King of France, his son, and all his nobles, to
+pursue the heretics, and to promise them full indulgences as a
+recompense for their zeal. The pope invested these monks with the
+necessary powers to enable them to destroy or establish whatever they
+might judge to be favourable to their design, in the ecclesiastical
+provinces of Aix, Arles, Narbonne, and other bishoprics where heretics
+might be found, only recommending that they should apply to the holy see
+in all difficult cases; at the same time he wrote to Philip, requesting
+him to assist his commissioners, and even, if it was necessary, to send
+the presumptive heir to his throne with an army against the heretics.
+
+The legates encountered many difficulties, because their mission was
+displeasing to the bishops. The King of France took no part in the
+affair, but the Counts of Toulouse, Foix, Beziers, Cominges, and
+Carcassone, and the other nobles of these provinces, seeing that the
+Albigenses had singularly increased, and persuaded that a very small
+number would be converted, refused to banish them from their states, as
+it would lessen the population, and, consequently, be against their
+interests: an additional motive for this refusal was, that these
+heretics were all peaceful and submissive subjects.
+
+Peter and Ralph commenced preaching against the heretics; they held
+conferences with these fanatics, but the number of the converted was
+very small. Arnauld, Abbot of the Cistercians, called upon twelve abbots
+of his order to assist him; and (during their sojourn at Montpellier)
+they admitted two Spaniards to share their labours, who were known under
+the names of Diego Acebes, a bishop of Osma, who was returning to his
+diocese, and St. Dominic de Guzman, a regular canon of the order of St.
+Augustine. They both converted several Albigenses, and when the Spanish
+bishop returned to his diocese, he permitted St. Dominic to remain in
+France.
+
+The great feudal chiefs of Provence and Narbonne refused to execute the
+orders of the legates, to pursue the heretics in their states, alleging
+that they were always at war with each other; but the legates threatened
+to excommunicate them, and to release their subjects from their oaths of
+fidelity. These menaces alarmed the nobles, and they consented to sign a
+peace.
+
+The most powerful of these princes was Raymond VI., Count of Toulouse.
+His conduct towards Peter de Castelnau, who had threatened him several
+times for not performing his promises, induced the Albigenses who were
+his subjects to assassinate the legate, who was beatified in 1208. The
+pope wrote to all the nobles of the provinces of Narbonne, Arles,
+Embrun, Aix, and Vienne in Dauphiny, pressing them to unite and march
+against the heretics, and promising them the same indulgences which had
+been granted to the crusaders.
+
+The assassination of Peter de Castelnau had excited among the Catholics
+the greatest indignation against his murderers. Arnauld took advantage
+of this moment to execute the orders which he had received from the
+pope. He commissioned the twelve monks, and others whom he had
+associated, to preach a crusade against the heretics, to grant
+indulgences, to note those who refused to engage in the war, to inform
+themselves of their creed, to reconcile the converted, and place all
+obstinate heretics at the disposal of Simon de Montfort, commander of
+the crusaders. This was the beginning of the Inquisition in 1208.
+
+Pope Innocent III. died on the 16th of July, 1216, before he had
+succeeded in giving a permanent form to the delegated inquisition: the
+continuation of the war against the Albigenses, and the opposition which
+he met with from the bishops in the Council of Lateran, were perhaps the
+causes of his failure. Honorius III., who succeeded him, prepared to
+finish his undertaking.
+
+Innocent had sent St. Dominic de Guzman to Toulouse, that he might
+choose one of the religious orders approved by the church, for the
+institution which he intended to form. He preferred that of St.
+Augustine; and on his return to Rome with his companions, Honorius
+approved his choice on the 22nd of December, 1216.
+
+St. Dominic also established an order for laymen. This order has been
+designated as the _Third Order of Penitence_, but most commonly as the
+_Militia of Christ_, because those who were members of it fought against
+heretics, and assisted the Inquisitors in the exercise of their
+functions; they were considered as part of the inquisitorial family, and
+on that account bore the name of _Familiars_. This association
+afterwards gave rise to that which was called the _Congregation of St.
+Peter Martyr_; it was approved by Honorius, and confirmed by his
+successor, Gregory IX. Another association was formed in Narbonne, which
+also bore the name of _Militia of Christ_; it was soon after blended
+with the third order of St. Dominic. Honorius having formed a
+constitution against heretics, the Emperor Frederic II. gave it the
+sanction of civil law at his coronation. In 1224 the Inquisition already
+existed in Italy under the ministry of the Dominican friars, which is
+proved by an edict of the Emperor Frederic against heretics at Padua.
+The efforts of the Inquisition in Narbonne had not succeeded according
+to the expectation of the pope, who imputed its failure to the
+negligence of Cardinal Conrad, whom he recalled, and sent Cardinal Roman
+in his place. The importunity of this legate induced Louis VIII., King
+of France, to place himself at the head of an army to march against the
+nobles who protected the Albigenses. But Louis died in the same year,
+and the pope followed him, without having succeeded in giving a
+permanent form to the new tribunal which had been introduced into
+France.
+
+Gregory IX., who ascended the pontifical throne in 1227, finally
+established the Inquisition: he had been the zealous protector of St.
+Dominic, and the intimate friend of St. Francis d'Assiz. Cardinal Roman
+was more fortunate than the legates who preceded him: the nobles, weary
+of a war which had lasted twenty years, wished for peace. The Count of
+Toulouse, Raymond VII., after the death of his father, who had begun the
+war, reconciled himself to St. Louis and the church in a Council of
+Narbonne, and promised to drive the heretics from his domains.
+
+In 1229 another council was held at Toulouse. The decrees were nearly
+the same as those made at the Councils of Lateran and Verona, except
+that laymen were then first prohibited from reading the Scriptures in
+the vulgar tongue. In the succeeding year, many other edicts were
+published, increasing in severity; but it appears that these rigorous
+measures failed in effect, as the heresy of the Albigenses penetrated
+even to the capital of Christendom.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+OF THE ANCIENT INQUISITION OF SPAIN.
+
+
+In 1233, when the Inquisition in France had received the established
+form which was bestowed on it by St. Louis, Spain was divided into four
+Christian kingdoms, besides the Mahometan states. Castile was under the
+dominion of St. Ferdinand, who added to it the kingdoms of Seville,
+Cordova, and Jaen. James I. governed Aragon, and conquered the kingdoms
+of Valencia and Majorca; Navarre was possessed by Sancho VIII., who died
+in the course of the following year, and left his crown to Theobald I.,
+Count de Champagne and de Brie. Sancho II. reigned in Portugal.
+
+Many convents of Dominicans existed in these kingdoms after the
+establishment of the order, but there are no authentic records, to prove
+that the Inquisition was introduced before the year 1232, when Pope
+Gregory IX. addressed a brief to Don Esparrago, Archbishop of Taragona,
+and to his suffragan bishops, in which he most earnestly exhorted them
+to oppose the progress of heresy by every means in their power.
+
+The archbishop sent the bull to Gil Rodriguez de Valladares, first
+provincial of the Spanish Dominicans; he also sent it to Don Bertrand,
+Bishop of Lerida, in whose diocese the first Spanish Inquisition was
+founded. Pope Innocent VI. conferred many privileges on the Dominican
+Friars, and in 1254 extended the rights of the Inquisitors, and in the
+same brief decreed that the depositions of witnesses should be
+considered valid, although their names were unknown. Urban VI. and
+Clement VI. also augmented their privileges.
+
+The Kings of Aragon continued to protect the Inquisition, and James II.,
+in 1292, published a decree, commanding the tribunals of justice to
+assist the Dominicans, to imprison all who might be denounced, to
+execute the judgments pronounced by the monks, to remove every obstacle
+which they might meet with, _&c_. The hatred which the office of an
+inquisitor everywhere inspired in the first ages of the Inquisition
+caused the death of a great number of Dominicans and some Cordeliers:
+the honours of martyrdom were assigned to them, but St. Peter of Verona
+was the only one canonized by the pope. Nothing certain is known of the
+state of Portugal during this period: it appears that in the thirteenth
+century the Inquisition was established only in the dioceses of
+Taragona, Barcelona, Urgel, Lerida, and Girona.
+
+The convents of Dominicans having multiplied in Spain, a chapter-general
+of the order decreed, in 1301, that it should be divided into two
+provinces; that the first in rank should be named the province of Spain,
+and comprise Castile and Portugal; and that the second should have the
+title of Aragon, and be composed of Valencia, Catalonia, Rousillon,
+Cerdagne, Majorca, Minorca, and Iviza.
+
+The provincial of the Dominicans of Castile, designated as the
+provincial of Spain, possessed the right of naming the apostolical
+inquisitor in the other provinces. In 1302 Father Bernard was inquisitor
+of Aragon, and celebrated several _autos-da-fé_ in the same year.
+
+In 1308 Pope Clement V. commanded the King of Aragon and the inquisitors
+to arrest all the knights templars who had not been prosecuted, and to
+confiscate their property for the use of the holy see; the templars in
+Castile and Portugal were also arrested.
+
+In 1314, other heretics were discovered in the kingdom of Aragon;
+Bernard Puigceros, the inquisitor-general, condemned several to
+banishment, the others were burnt. Many who abjured were reconciled.
+
+In 1325, F. Arnaldo Burguete, inquisitor-general of the kingdom,
+arrested Pierre Durand de Baldhac, who had relapsed into heresy, and he
+was burnt alive in the presence of King James, his sons, and two
+bishops.
+
+In 1334, F. William da Costa condemned F. Bonato to the flames, and
+reconciled many persons who had been perverted by that monk.
+
+In 1350, Father Nicholas Roselli discovered a sect of heretics named
+_Begards_, whose chief was named Jacobus Justis; they were all
+reconciled, and Jacobus was condemned to perpetual imprisonment. The
+bones of three of these heretics who had died impenitent were
+disinterred and burnt. Roselli being elected Cardinal in 1356, Nicholas
+Eymerich succeeded him. Eymerich composed a book entitled "The Guide of
+Inquisitors," in which the most minute details of his judgments, and
+those of other inquisitors of Aragon, are found.
+
+It is not certain whether the provincial of Castile exercised his
+privilege of naming inquisitors; perhaps heresy had not penetrated into
+the states of Castile.
+
+Pope Gregory IX. dying in 1378, the Romans named Urban VI. as his
+successor; but several cardinals assembled out of Rome, and elected
+another Pope under the name of Clement VII.
+
+The great schism of the West then began, and lasted till the election of
+Martin V., in the Council-general of Constance in 1417, where Don Gil
+Muñoz, who had been elected as Clement VIII., renounced the papacy. This
+revolution influenced the state of the Inquisition as much as the other
+points of ecclesiastical discipline. Castile followed the party of
+Clement VII., and Portugal that of Urban VI. The order of Dominicans was
+equally divided, and elected different vicars-general. Urban VI. died in
+1389, and his party elected Boniface IX., who appointed F. Rodrigo de
+Cintra apostolical inquisitor-general of Portugal. He afterwards named
+F. Vicente de Lisboa inquisitor-general of Spain. Castile, Navarre, and
+Aragon were under the dominion of Benedict XIII., who was elected Pope
+after the death of Clement VII. Such was the state of the Inquisition in
+Spain towards the end of the fourteenth century.
+
+It is uncertain if the Inquisition existed in Castile in the beginning
+of the fifteenth century; for, though Boniface IX. appointed F. Vicente
+de Lisboa inquisitor-general, his authority was not recognized, as that
+kingdom belonged to the party of Benedict XIII., who, after the Council
+of Constance, was designated as the anti-pope Peter de Luna. The town of
+Perpignan was the seat of one of the provincial Inquisitions of Aragon,
+whose jurisdiction extended over the countships of Rousillon and
+Cerdagne, and over the islands of Majorca, Minorca, and Iviza. Benedict
+XIII., who was recognized in this part of Spain, divided this province
+and appointed two inquisitors, who celebrated several _autos-da-fé_, and
+burnt a considerable number of people.
+
+The election of Martin V. having put an end to the great schism of the
+West, the Portuguese monks ought to have submitted to the authority of
+the Provincial of Spain, who was then a monk of their nation, named F.
+Juan de Santa Justa; but the Dominicans who were at Constance persuaded
+the Pope that his jurisdiction was too extensive, which induced the
+pontiff to subdivide the province of Spain into three parts: the first
+part was named the province of Spain, and comprised Castile, Toledo,
+Murcia, Estremadura, Andalusia, Biscay, and the Asturias de Santillana;
+the second, Santiago, was composed of the kingdom of Leon, Galicia, and
+the Asturias of Oviedo; and the third, that of Portugal, extended over
+all the dominions of the monarch.
+
+Martin V. established a provincial Inquisition at Valencia, in 1420, at
+the request of Alphonso V., King of Aragon; hitherto commissioners had
+only been sent there.
+
+The Inquisitor of Aragon, 1441, was F. Michael Ferriz, and that of
+Valencia, F. Martin Trilles, who reconciled in their districts several
+Wickliffites, and condemned many others to be burnt. Several inquisitors
+succeeded these till 1474, when Isabella, wife of Ferdinand of Aragon,
+King of Sicily, ascended the throne of Castile, after the death of Henry
+IV. her brother. John II., King of Aragon, dying in 1479, his son,
+Ferdinand, united that kingdom to Sicily; he soon after conquered the
+kingdom of Grenada, which belonged to the Moors, and lastly that of
+Navarre, which was secured to him by the capitulation of the
+inhabitants.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE OLD INQUISITION.
+
+
+Although the Popes, in establishing the Inquisition, had only proposed
+to punish the crime of heresy, yet the inquisitors were commissioned to
+pursue those Christians who were only suspected, because it was the only
+means of discovering those who were really guilty. There were many
+crimes which came under the jurisdiction of a civil judge, which the
+Popes considered no one could be guilty of without being tainted with a
+false doctrine; and although they were pursued by secular tribunals, the
+inquisitors were enjoined to consider the accused as suspected of
+heresy, and to proceed against them, in order to ascertain if they
+committed these crimes from the depravity natural to man, or from the
+idea that they were not criminal; which opinion caused a suspicion that
+their doctrine was erroneous. A species of blasphemy which was called
+heretical, belonged to this class of crimes; it was committed against
+God or his saints, and showed in the offender erroneous opinions of the
+omniscience or other attributes of the Deity. It rendered the blasphemer
+liable to be suspected of heresy, as the inquisitor might consider it a
+proof that his habitual thoughts were contrary to the faith.
+
+The second species of crime which caused a suspicion of heresy, was
+sorcery and divination. If the offenders only made use of natural and
+simple means of discovering the future, such as counting the lines in
+the palm of the hand, they came under the jurisdiction of a civil judge;
+but all sorcerers were liable to be punished for heresy by the
+Inquisition, if they baptized a dead person, re-baptized an infant, made
+use of holy water, the consecrated host, the oil of extreme unction, or
+other things which proved contempt or abuse of the sacraments and the
+mysteries of religion.
+
+The same suspicion affected those who addressed themselves to demons in
+their superstitious practices. A third species of crime was the
+invocation of demons. Nicholas Eymerich informs us that, in his office
+of inquisitor, he had procured and burnt, after having read them, two
+books which treated of that subject; they both contained an account of
+the power of demons, and of the mode of worshipping them. The same
+author adds, that in his time a great number of trials for this crime
+took place in Catalonia, and that many of the accused had gone so far as
+to worship Satan, with all the signs, ceremonies, and words of the
+Catholic religion.
+
+A fourth kind of crime which caused suspicion of heresy, was, to remain
+a year, or longer, excommunicated without seeking absolution, or
+performing the penance which had been imposed. The Popes affirmed that
+no Catholic, irreproachable in his faith, could live with so much
+indifference under the censure of the church.
+
+Schism was the sixth case where heresy was suspected. It may exist
+either without heresy or with it. To the first class belong all
+schismatics, who admit the articles of the faith, but deny the authority
+of the Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, and vicar of Jesus Christ.
+The second is composed of those who hold the same opinions as the first,
+and also refuse to believe in some of the articles; such as the Greeks,
+who hold that the Holy Ghost proceeds only from the Father, and not from
+the Son.
+
+The Inquisition also proceeded against concealers, favourers, and
+adherents of heretics, as being suspected of professing the same
+opinions. The seventh class was composed of all those who opposed the
+Inquisition, and prevented the inquisitors from exercising their
+functions.
+
+The eighth class comprehended those nobles who refused to take an oath
+to drive the heretics from their states. The ninth class consisted of
+governors of kingdoms, provinces and towns, who did not defend the
+Church against heretics, when they were required by the Inquisition. The
+tenth class comprised those who refused to repeal the statutes in force
+in towns and cities, when they were contrary to the measures decreed by
+the holy office. The eleventh class of suspected persons, were all
+lawyers, notaries, and other persons belonging to the law, who assisted
+heretics by their advice; or concealed papers, records, and other
+writings, which might make their errors, dwellings, or stations known.
+In the twelfth class of suspected were those persons who have given
+ecclesiastical sepulture to known heretics. Those who refused to take an
+oath in the trials of heretics when they were required to do it, were
+also liable to suspicion. The fourteenth class were deceased persons who
+had been denounced as heretics. The Popes, in order to render heresy
+more odious, had decreed that the bodies of dead heretics should be
+disinterred and burnt, their property confiscated, and their memory
+pronounced infamous. The same suspicion fell upon writings which
+contained heretical doctrines, or which might lead to them. Lastly, the
+Jews and Moors were considered as subject to the holy office, when they
+engaged Catholics to embrace their faith, either by their writings or
+discourse.
+
+Although all the persons guilty of the crimes above-mentioned were under
+the jurisdiction of the holy office, yet the Pope, his legates, his
+nuncios, his officers, and familiars were exempt; and if any of these
+were denounced as heretics, the inquisitor could only take the secret
+information and refer it to the Pope. Bishops were also exempt, but
+kings had not that privilege.
+
+As the bishops were the ordinary inquisitors by divine right, it seems
+just that they should have had the power of receiving informations, and
+proceeding against the apostolical inquisitors in matters of faith; but
+the Pope rendered his delegates independent, by decreeing that none but
+an apostolical inquisitor could proceed against another. The inquisitor
+and the bishop acted together, but each had the right of pursuing
+heretics separately: the orders for imprisonment could only be issued by
+both together, and if they did not accord they referred to the Pope. The
+inquisitors could require the assistance of secular power in the
+exercise of their authority, and it could not be refused without
+incurring the punishment of excommunication and suspicion of heresy. The
+bishop was obliged to lend his house for the prisoners; besides this,
+the inquisitors had a particular prison to secure the persons of the
+accused.
+
+The first inquisitors had no fixed salary: the holy office was founded
+on devotion and zeal for the faith; its members were almost all monks,
+who had made a vow of poverty, and the priests who were associated in
+their labours, were generally canons, or provided with benefices. But
+when the inquisitors began to make journeys, accompanied by recorders,
+alguazils, and an armed force, the Pope decreed that all their expenses
+should be defrayed by the bishops, on the pretence that the inquisitors
+laboured for the destruction of heresy in their dioceses. This measure
+displeased the bishops, still more as they were deprived of part of
+their authority. The expenses of the Inquisition were afterwards
+defrayed by the fines and confiscations of the condemned heretics: these
+resources were the only funds of the holy office; it never possessed any
+fixed revenue.
+
+
+_Of the Manner of Proceeding in the Tribunals of the Old Inquisition._
+
+When a priest was appointed an inquisitor by the Pope, or by a delegate
+of the holy see, he wrote to the king, who issued a royal mandate to all
+the tribunals of the towns where the inquisitor would pass to perform
+his office, commanding them, on pain of the most severe penalties, to
+arrest all the persons whom he should mark as heretics, or suspect of
+heresy, and to execute the judgments passed upon them. The same order
+obliged the magistrates to furnish the inquisitor and his attendants
+with a lodging, and to protect them from insult and every inconvenience.
+When the inquisitor arrived at the town where he intended to enter upon
+his office, he officially informed the magistrate, and required his
+attendance, fixing the time and place.
+
+The commander of the town presented himself before the delegate, and
+took an oath to put in force all the laws against heretics. If the
+officer or magistrate refused to obey, the inquisitor excommunicated
+him; if he made no difficulty, the inquisitor appointed a day for the
+people to meet in the church, when he preached, and read an edict which
+commanded that all informations should be given within a certain
+period. The inquisitor afterwards declared that all who should
+voluntarily confess themselves heretics, should receive absolution, and
+be subjected to a slight penance, but that those who were denounced
+should be proceeded against with severity.
+
+If any accusations took place during the interval, they were registered,
+but did not take effect until it was known that the accused would not
+come voluntarily before the tribunal. After the expiration of the period
+allowed, the informer was summoned; he was told that there were three
+ways of proceeding to discover the truth,--accusation, information, and
+inquisition, and was asked to which he gave the preference. If he chose
+the first, he was invited to accuse the denounced person, but at the
+same time to consider that he was subject to the law of retaliation if
+he was found to be a calumniator. This manner of proceeding was adopted
+by very few persons: the greater number declared, that fear of the
+punishments with which the holy office menaced those who did not inform
+against heretics was the cause of their appearance; and they desired
+that their information might be kept secret, on account of the danger
+they incurred of being assassinated if they were known.
+
+The inquisitor interrogated the witnesses, assisted by the recorder and
+two priests, who were commissioned to observe if the declarations were
+faithfully taken down, and to be present when they were read to the
+witnesses, who were then asked if they acknowledged all that was read to
+them. If the crime or suspicion of heresy was proved in the information,
+the criminal was arrested and taken to the ecclesiastical prison. After
+his arrest, he was examined, and his answers compared with the testimony
+of the witnesses. If the accused confessed himself guilty of one heresy,
+it was in vain for him to assert that he was innocent of the others; he
+was not permitted to defend himself, because his crime was proved. He
+was asked if he would abjure the heresy of which he acknowledged himself
+guilty. If he consented, he was reconciled, and the canonical penance
+was imposed on him, with some other punishment; if he refused, he was
+declared an obstinate heretic, and was delivered up to secular justice,
+with a copy of his sentence.
+
+If the accused denied the charge, and undertook to defend himself, a
+copy of the process was given to him, but without the names of the
+accuser or the witnesses, and with every circumstance omitted which
+might lead to their discovery.
+
+The accused was asked if he had enemies, and if he knew their motives
+for hating him. He was also permitted to declare that he suspected any
+particular person of wishing to ruin him. In either case the proof was
+admitted, and the inquisitor considered it in passing judgment. The
+inquisitor sometimes asked the accused if he knew certain persons; these
+individuals were the accusers and witnesses; if he replied in the
+negative, he could not afterwards challenge them as enemies: in the
+course of time, every one concluded that these persons were the accuser
+and the witnesses, and the custom was abandoned. The accused person was
+also permitted to appeal to the Pope, who rejected or admitted his
+appeal, according to the rules of justice. There was no regular
+proceeding before the Inquisition, and the judges did not fix a time to
+establish the proof of the facts. After the replies and defence of the
+accused, the inquisitor and the bishop of the diocese, or their
+delegates, proceeded to pass sentence without any other formalities. If
+the accused denied the charges, although he was convicted or strongly
+suspected, he was tortured, to force him to confess his crime; or if it
+was thought that there was no necessity for it, the judges proceeded to
+pass the final sentence.
+
+If the crime imputed to the accused was not proved, he was acquitted,
+and a copy of the declaration given to him, but the name of his accuser
+was not communicated. If he had been calumniated, he was obliged to
+clear himself publicly by the canonical method, in the town where it had
+taken place; he afterwards abjured all heresy, and received the
+absolution _ad cautelam_[2] for all the censures which he had incurred.
+In order to proportion the punishment to the suspicion, it was divided
+into three degrees, named _slight_, _serious_, and _violent_.
+
+The person who was declared to be suspected, though in the least degree,
+was called upon to renounce all heresies, and particularly that of which
+he was suspected. If he consented, he was reconciled, and was subjected
+to punishments and penances; if he refused, he was excommunicated; and
+if he did not demand absolution, or promise to abjure after the space of
+one year, he was considered as an obstinate heretic, and proceeded
+against as such. If the accused was a _formal_ heretic, willing to
+abjure, and not guilty of having relapsed, he was reconciled with
+penances.
+
+A person was considered as relapsed if he had already been condemned, or
+_violently_ suspected of the same errors. The abjurations were made in
+the place where the inquisitor resided, sometimes in the episcopal
+palace, in the convent of Dominicans, or in the house of the inquisitor,
+but most generally in the churches. The Sunday before this ceremony, the
+day on which it was to take place was announced in all the churches of
+the town, and the inhabitants were requested to attend the sermon which
+would be preached by the inquisitor against heresy. On the appointed day
+the clergy and the people assembled round a scaffold, where the person
+_slightly suspected_ stood bare-headed, that he might be seen by every
+one. The mass was performed, and the inquisitor preached against the
+particular heresy which was the cause of the ceremony; he announced that
+the person on the scaffold was _slightly suspected_ of having fallen
+into it, and read the process to the people: he concluded by saying,
+that the culprit was ready to abjure. A cross and the Bible was given to
+the offender, who read his abjuration, and signed it, if he could write;
+the inquisitor then gave him absolution, and imposed upon him those
+penances which were thought most useful.
+
+When the suspicion of heresy was _violent_, the _auto-da-fé_ took place
+on a Sunday, or festival-day, and all the other churches were closed,
+that the concourse of people might be greater in that where the ceremony
+was to be performed. The offender was warned, not only to be a good
+Catholic for the future, but to conduct himself in such a manner as not
+to be accused a second time; as, if he relapsed, he would suffer capital
+punishment, although he might abjure and be reconciled. If the offender
+was suspected in the highest degree, he was treated as an heretic, and
+wore the habit of a penitent during the ceremony; it was composed of
+brown stuff, with a scapulary which had two yellow crosses fastened on
+it.
+
+If the suspected person was to clear himself from calumny by the
+canonical method, the ceremony was also announced before it took place,
+and he was obliged to take an oath that he was not an heretic, and to
+produce twelve witnesses who had known him for the last ten years, to
+swear that they believed his affirmation to be true. He then abjured all
+heresies.
+
+If the accused was repentant, and demanded to be reconciled after having
+relapsed, he was to be delivered over to secular justice, and was
+destined to suffer capital punishment. The inquisitors, after having
+passed judgment on him, engaged some priests, who were in their
+confidence, to inform him of his situation, and induce him to demand the
+sacrament of penance and the communion. When these ministers had passed
+two or three days with the prisoner, an _auto-da-fé_ was announced; the
+sentence was read which delivered the culprit over to secular justice,
+and recommended the judges to treat him with humanity.
+
+If the accused was an impenitent heretic, he was condemned, but the
+_auto-da-fé_ was never celebrated until every means had been tried to
+convert him; if he was obstinate, he was delivered up to the justice of
+the king, and burnt. If the unfortunate heretic had relapsed, it was in
+vain for him to return to the true faith; he could not avoid death, and
+the only favour shewn him was, that he was first strangled, and
+afterwards burnt. Those who escaped from the prisons, or fled to avoid
+being arrested, were burnt in effigy.
+
+The tribunal of the Inquisition being ecclesiastical, had originally
+only the power of inflicting spiritual punishments; but the laws of the
+emperors during the fourth and following centuries, and other
+circumstances, caused the inquisitors of the thirteenth century to
+assume the right of imposing punishments entirely temporal, except that
+of death. The sentence of the Inquisition imposed a variety of fines and
+personal penalties; such as entire or partial confiscation; perpetual,
+or a limited period of imprisonment; exile, or transportation; infamy,
+and the loss of employments, honours, and dignities. Those persons who
+abjured as _seriously suspected_ of heresy, were condemned to be
+imprisoned for a certain time proportioned to the degree of suspicion.
+If the accused was _violently suspected_, he was condemned to perpetual
+imprisonment, but the inquisitor had the power of mitigating the
+sentence, if he judged that the prisoner repented sincerely. If the
+abjurer had been a _formal_ heretic, he was imprisoned for life, and the
+inquisitor had not the power of shortening the duration of the
+punishment.
+
+Among the punishments to which heretics were condemned, must be
+enumerated that of wearing the habit of a penitent, known in Spain under
+the name of _San Benito_, which is a corruption of _saco bendito_. Its
+real name in Spanish was _Zamarra_. The first became the common name,
+because the penitential habit was called _sac_ in the Jewish history.
+
+Before the thirteenth century it was the custom to bless the _sac_ which
+was worn in public penance, and hence it derived the epithet of
+_bendito_ (blessed). It was a close tunic, made like the cassock of a
+priest, with crosses of a different colour affixed to the breast. St.
+Dominic and the other inquisitors caused the _reconciled heretics_ to
+wear these crosses, as a protection against the Catholics who massacred
+all known heretics, although they might be unarmed. The _reconciled
+heretics_ wore two crosses to distinguish them from pure Catholics, who
+only wore one as crusaders.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+ESTABLISHMENT Of THE MODERN INQUISITION IN SPAIN.
+
+
+The state of the Inquisition in the kingdom of Aragon, at the accession
+of Ferdinand and Isabella, has been shown in a preceding chapter. This
+tribunal was then introduced into the kingdom of Castile, after having
+been reformed by statutes and regulations so severe, that the Aragonese
+violently resisted the fresh burdens which were imposed on them.
+
+This is the Inquisition which has reigned in Spain since the year 1481,
+which was destroyed, to the satisfaction of all Europe, and which has
+since been re-established to the grief of all enlightened Spaniards.
+
+The war against the Albigenses was the first cause of the establishment
+of the Inquisition; and the pretended necessity of punishing the
+apostacy of the newly-converted Spanish Jews, was the reason for
+introducing it in a reformed state. It is important to remark, that the
+immense trade carried on by the Spanish Jews had thrown into their hands
+the greatest part of the wealth of the Peninsula; and that they had
+acquired great power and influence in Castile under Alphonso IX., Peter
+I., and Henry II.; and in Aragon under Peter IV. and John I. The
+Christians, who could not rival them in industry, had almost all become
+their debtors, and envy soon made them the enemies of their creditors.
+This disposition was fostered by evil-minded men, and popular commotions
+were the consequence in almost all the towns of the two kingdoms. In
+1391, five thousand Jews were sacrificed to the fury of the people in
+different towns. Several were known to have escaped death by becoming
+Christians; many others sought to save themselves in following their
+example; and in a short time more than a million persons renounced the
+law of Moses to embrace the Christian faith. The number of conversions
+increased considerably during the ten first years of the fifteenth
+century, through the zeal of St. Vincent Ferrier and several other
+missionaries; they were seconded by the famous conferences which took
+place in 1413 between several Rabbis and the converted Jew, Jerome de
+Santafé. The converted Jews were named _New Christians_; they were also
+called Marranos, or the cursed race, from an oath which the Jews were in
+the habit of using among themselves. As the fear of death was the cause
+of most of these conversions, many repented, and secretly returned to
+Judaism, though they outwardly conformed to Christianity. The constraint
+to which they were obliged to submit was sometimes too painful, and
+several were discovered. This was the ostensible reason for the
+establishment of a tribunal which gave Ferdinand an opportunity of
+confiscating immense riches, and which Sextus IV. could not but approve,
+as it tended to augment the credit of the maxims of the court of Rome;
+it is to these projects, concealed under the appearance of zeal for
+religion, that the Inquisition of Spain owes its origin.
+
+In 1477, Philip de Barbaris, inquisitor of the kingdom of Sicily, went
+to Seville, to obtain from Ferdinand and Isabella the confirmation of a
+privilege granted in 1233, by the Emperor Frederic, which gave to the
+Inquisition of Sicily the right of seizing a third part of the property
+of condemned heretics. Barbaris, through zeal for the interests of the
+Pope, endeavoured to persuade the king that the Christian religion
+derived the greatest advantages from the fear which the judgments of the
+Inquisition inspired. He was eagerly seconded by Alphonso de Hojida,
+prior of the convent of Dominicans at Seville; and Nicholas Franco, the
+nuncio of the Pope at the court of Spain. A report was then spread in
+different parts of the kingdom that the _New Christians_, with the
+unbaptized Jews, insulted the images of Jesus Christ, and had even
+crucified Christian children in mockery of his sufferings on the cross.
+Ferdinand was willing to receive the Inquisition into his states: the
+only obstacle was the refusal of Isabella; that excellent queen could
+not approve of measures so contrary to the gentleness of her character,
+but her consent was obtained by alarming her conscience: she was told
+that it became a religious duty to adopt them in the present
+circumstances.
+
+Isabella suffered herself to be led away by the representations of her
+council, and commissioned her ambassador at Rome, Don Francis de
+Santillan, Bishop of Osma, to solicit in her name a bull for the
+establishment of the Inquisition in Castile, which was granted in 1478.
+It authorized Ferdinand and Isabella to name the priests who were to be
+commissioned to discover in their states all heretics, apostates, and
+favourers of these crimes. As this measure was displeasing to Isabella,
+her council, by her order, suspended the execution of the bull until
+less severe remedies had been tried.
+
+The queen commissioned D. Diego Alphonso de Solis, Bishop of Cadiz,
+Diego de Merlo, and Alphonso de Hojida, prior of the convent of
+Dominicans, to observe the effects produced by gentle means, and give a
+faithful account of them. Their reports were such as might be expected
+from the situation of affairs; and the Dominican fathers, the nuncio,
+and even the king, desired that the measures preferred by Isabella
+should be declared insufficient.
+
+The events of this year proved how displeasing the institution was to
+the Castilians. In the beginning of the year 1480, the Cortes assembled
+at Toledo. It was occupied in providing means to prevent the evil which
+the communication of the Jews with Christians might produce: the ancient
+regulations were renewed; and among others, those which obliged
+unbaptized Jews to wear some distinguishing mark, and to inhabit
+separate quarters, to which they were compelled to retire before night:
+they were also prohibited from exercising the professions of physicians,
+surgeons, merchants, barbers, and innkeepers; yet the Cortes had no
+intention either of approving or demanding that the Inquisition should
+be established in the kingdom.
+
+The consent of the queen was obtained; and while the two sovereigns were
+at Medina del Campo, on the 17th of November, 1480, they named as the
+first inquisitors Michael Morillo and John de San Martin, both
+Dominicans, as adviser and accessor of these two monks, Doctor John Ruiz
+de Medina, a counsellor of the queen's; and as (procurator-fiscal)
+attorney, John Lopez del Barco, the queen's chaplain.
+
+On the 9th of October an order was sent by the king and queen to all the
+governors of provinces to furnish the inquisitors and their suite with
+everything they might require in their journey to Seville; an
+extraordinary circumstance in that time, and which proves the influence
+which the Dominicans had already acquired. Their privileges were the
+same as those granted in 1223 by the Emperor Frederic. The Castilians
+were so far from being pleased at the introduction of the Inquisition,
+that the inquisitors, on their arrival at Seville, found it impossible
+to collect the small number of persons necessary to the performance of
+their functions, although they shewed their commission; and the Council
+of Spain was obliged to issue another order, that the prefect and other
+authorities of Seville, and the diocese of Cadiz, should assist the
+inquisitors in their installation; this order was also interpreted in
+such a manner that it was only executed in those towns which belonged to
+the queen. The _New Christians_ then immediately emigrated into the
+states of the Duke de Medina Sidonia, the Marquis of Cadiz, the Count
+D'Arcos, and other nobles; and the new tribunal declared that their
+heresy was proved by their emigration.
+
+The inquisitors established their tribunal in the Dominican convent of
+St. Paul, at Seville; and on the 2nd of January, 1481, they issued their
+first edict, which commanded the Marquis of Cadiz, the Count D'Arcos,
+and all grandees of Spain, to seize the persons of the emigrants within
+fifteen days; and to send them under an escort to Seville, and
+sequestrate their property, on pain of excommunication, besides the
+other punishments to which they would be liable as favourers of heresy.
+The number of prisoners was soon so considerable, that the convent
+assigned to the inquisitors was not sufficiently large to contain them,
+and the tribunal was removed to the Castle de Triana, situated near
+Seville.
+
+The inquisitors soon published a second edict, named the Edict of Grace,
+to engage those who had apostatized to surrender themselves voluntarily:
+it promised that if they came with true repentance, their property
+should not be confiscated, and they should receive absolution; but if,
+on the contrary, they suffered the time of _grace_ to elapse, or were
+denounced by others, they would be prosecuted with all the severity of
+the tribunal. Several suffered themselves to be persuaded; but the
+inquisitors only granted them absolution when they had declared upon
+oath the names, condition, and place of dwelling, of all the apostates
+whom they knew or had heard spoken of. They were also obliged to keep
+these revelations secret; and by these means a great number of _New
+Christians_ fell into the hands of the inquisitors. When the period of
+grace was passed, a new edict was published, which commanded all persons
+to denounce those who had embraced the Judaic heresy, on pain of mortal
+sin and excommunication. The consequence of this edict was, that an
+heretic was only informed that he was accused, at the moment when he was
+arrested and dragged to the dungeons of the Inquisition.
+
+The same fate awaited the _converted_ Jew, who might have acquired
+certain habits in his infancy, which, though not contrary to
+Christianity, might be represented as certain signs of apostacy. The
+inquisitors mentioned in their edict several cases where accusation was
+commanded. The following cases are so equivocal, that altogether they
+would scarcely form a simple presumption in the present time. A convert
+was considered as relapsed into heresy, if he kept the sabbath out of
+respect to the law which he had abandoned; this was sufficiently proved
+if he wore better linen and garments on that day than those which he
+commonly used, or had not a fire in his house from the preceding
+evening; if he took the suet and fat from the animals which were
+intended for his food, and washed the blood from it; if he examined the
+blade of the knife before he killed the animals, and covered the blood
+with earth; if he blessed the table after the manner of the Jews; if he
+has drunk of the wine named caser, (a word derived from caxer, which
+means _lawful_,) and which is prepared by Jews; if he pronounces the
+bahara, or benediction, when he takes the vessel of wine into his hands,
+and pronounces certain words before he gives it to another person; if he
+eats of an animal killed by Jews; if he has recited the Psalms of David
+without repeating the Gloria Patri at the end; if he gives his son a
+Hebrew name chosen among those used by the Jews; if he plunges him seven
+days after his birth into a basin containing water, gold, silver,
+seed-pearl, wheat, barley, and other substances, pronouncing at the same
+time certain words, according to the custom of the Jews; if he draws the
+horoscope of his children at their birth; if he performs the ruaya, a
+ceremony which consists in inviting his relations and friends to a
+repast the day before he undertakes a journey; if he turned his face to
+the wall at the time of his death, or has been placed in that posture
+before he expired; if he has washed, or caused to be washed, in hot
+water the body of a dead person, and interred him in a new shroud, with
+hose, shirt, and a mantle, and placed a piece of money in his mouth; if
+he has uttered a discourse in praise of the dead, or recited melancholy
+verses; if he has emptied the pitchers and other vessels of water in the
+house of the dead person, or in those of his neighbours, according to
+the custom of the Jews; if he sits behind the door of the deceased as a
+sign of grief, or eats fish and olives instead of meat, to honour his
+memory; if he remains in his house one year after the death of any one,
+to prove his grief. All these articles show the artifice used by the
+inquisitors in order to prove to Isabella that a great number of Judaic
+heretics existed in the dioceses of Cadiz and Seville. These measures,
+so well adapted to multiply victims, could not fail in their effect, and
+the tribunal soon began its cruel executions. On the 6th of January,
+1481, six persons were burnt, seventeen on the 26th of March following,
+and a still greater number a month after; on the 4th of November, the
+same year, two hundred and ninety-eight _New Christians_ had suffered
+the punishment of burning, and seventy-nine were condemned to the
+horrors of perpetual imprisonment in the town of Seville alone. In other
+parts of the province and in the diocese of Cadiz, two thousand of these
+unfortunate creatures were burnt; according to Mariana, a still greater
+number were burnt in effigy, and one thousand seven hundred suffered
+different canonical punishments.
+
+The great number of persons condemned to be burnt, obliged the prefect
+of Seville to construct a scaffold of stone in a field near the town,
+name Tablada; it was called Quemadero, and still exists. Four statues,
+of plaster, were erected on it, and bore the name of the _Four
+Prophets_; the condemned persons were enclosed alive in these figures,
+and perished by a slow and horrible death[3].
+
+The dread which these executions inspired in the _New Christians_ caused
+a great number to emigrate to France, Portugal, and even to Africa. Many
+of those who had been condemned for contumacy had fled to Rome, and
+demanded justice of the Pope against their judges. The sovereign pontiff
+wrote on the 29th of January to Ferdinand and Isabella, and complained
+that the inquisitors did not follow the rule of right in declaring those
+to be heretics who were not guilty. His Holiness added that he would
+have pronounced their deprivation but from respect to the royal decree
+which had instituted them in their office, but he revoked the
+authorization which he had given. On the 11th of the following month the
+Pope despatched a new brief, in which, without mentioning the first, he
+says, the general of the Dominicans, Alphonso de St. Cebriant, having
+proved to him the necessity of increasing the number of inquisitors, he
+had appointed to that office Alphonso de St. Cebriant, and seven monks
+of his order. It was at this time that Queen Isabella requested the Pope
+to give the Inquisition a permanent form which should be satisfactory to
+all parties; she required that the judgments passed in Spain should be
+definitive and without appeal to Rome, and complained at the same time
+that many persons accused her of being influenced in all that she did
+for the tribunal by a desire to seize the wealth of the condemned.
+
+When Sixtus IV. received this letter he had just learnt that his bulls
+had met with some resistance in Sicily from the viceroy and other
+magistrates, and artfully took advantage of Isabella's request to
+confirm his authority in that kingdom. He replied to the queen, and
+praised her zeal for the Inquisition; appeased her scruples of
+conscience in regard to the confiscations; and assured her that he would
+have complied with all her demands, if the cardinals, and those charged
+with the administration of affairs, had not found insurmountable
+difficulties in so doing. He exhorted her to maintain the Inquisition in
+her states, and above all to take proper measures that the apostolical
+bulls should be received and executed in Sicily.
+
+The councillors to whom the Pope had submitted the demands of Isabella,
+approved of the creation of an apostolical judge of appeal in Spain; and
+proposed at the same time that no person descended from the Jews, either
+by the male or female side, should be admitted among the inquisitorial
+judges. Don Inigo Manrique was named sole judge of appeals in all
+matters of faith.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+CREATION OF A GRAND INQUISITOR-GENERAL; OF A ROYAL COUNCIL OF THE
+INQUISITION; OF SUBALTERN TRIBUNALS AND ORGANIC LAWS: ESTABLISHMENT OF
+THE HOLY OFFICE IN ARAGON.
+
+
+In 1483, Father Thomas de Torquemada was appointed inquisitor-general of
+Aragon, and the immense powers of his office were confirmed in 1486, by
+Innocent VIII. and by the two successors of that pontiff. It would have
+been impossible to find a man more proper to fulfil the intentions of
+Ferdinand in multiplying the number of confiscations than Torquemada. He
+first created four inferior tribunals at Seville, Cordova, Jaen, and
+Villa-Real (now Ciudad-Real); the latter was soon after transferred to
+Toledo. He then permitted the Dominican fathers to exercise their
+functions in the kingdom of Castile: these monks, who held their
+commission from the holy see, did not submit to the authority of
+Torquemada without some resistance; they declared that they were not his
+delegates. Torquemada did not pronounce their deposition, as he feared
+it would injure the execution of the enterprise which he was commencing,
+but prepared to form laws which he found very necessary. He chose as
+assistants and councillors, two Civilians, named John Gutierrez de
+Chabes, and Tristan de Medina. At this time Ferdinand, perceiving how
+important it was to the interest of the revenue to organize the
+tribunal, created a royal council of the Inquisition, and appointed
+Torquemada president, and as councillors, Don Alphonso Carillo, Bishop
+of Mazara in Sicily, Sancho Velasquez de Cuellar and Ponce de Valencia,
+both doctors of law. Torquemada commissioned his two assistants to
+arrange the laws for the new council, and convoked a junta, which was
+composed of the inquisitors of the four tribunals which he had
+established, the two assistants, and the members of the royal council.
+This assembly was held at Seville, and published the first laws of the
+Spanish tribunal under the name of instructions in 1484. These
+instructions were divided into twenty-eight articles.
+
+The 1st article regulated the manner in which the establishment of the
+Inquisition should be announced in the country where it was to be
+introduced.
+
+The 2nd article commanded that an edict should be published, accompanied
+with censures against those who did not accuse themselves voluntarily
+during the term of grace.
+
+By the 3rd, a delay of thirty days was appointed for heretics to declare
+themselves.
+
+The 4th regulated that all voluntary confessions should be written in
+the presence of the inquisitors and a recorder.
+
+The 5th, that absolution should not be given secretly to any individual
+voluntarily confessing, unless no person was acquainted with his crime.
+
+The 6th ordained, that part of the penance of a _reconciled heretic_
+should consist in being deprived of all honourable employments, and of
+the use of gold, silver, pearls, silk, and fine wool.
+
+By the 7th article, pecuniary penalties were imposed on all who made a
+voluntary confession.
+
+By the 8th, the person who accused himself after the term of grace could
+not be exempted from the punishment of confiscation.
+
+The 9th article decreed, that if persons under twenty years of age
+accuse themselves after the term of grace, and it is proved that they
+were drawn into error by their parents, a slight punishment shall be
+inflicted.
+
+The 10th obliged the inquisitors to declare, in their act of
+reconciliation, the exact time when the offender fell into heresy, that
+the portion of property to be confiscated might be ascertained.
+
+The 11th article decreed, that if a heretic, detained in the prisons of
+the holy office, demanded absolution, and appeared to feel true
+repentance, that it might be granted to him, imposing, at the same time,
+perpetual imprisonment.
+
+By the 12th, if the inquisitors thought the repentance of the prisoner
+was pretended, in the case indicated by the former article, they were
+permitted to refuse the absolution, to declare him a false penitent, and
+as such condemn him to be burnt.
+
+By the 13th, if a man, absolved after his confession, should boast of
+having concealed several crimes, or if information should be obtained
+that he had committed more than he had confessed, he was to be arrested
+and judged as a false penitent.
+
+By the 14th article, the accused was to be condemned as impenitent, if
+he persisted in his denials even after the publication of the testimony.
+
+By the 15th, if a semi-proof existed against a person who denied his
+crime, he was to be put to the torture; if he confessed his crime during
+the torture, and afterwards confirmed his confession, he was punished as
+convicted; if he retracted, he was tortured again, or condemned to an
+extraordinary punishment.
+
+The 16th article prohibited the communication of the entire deposition
+of the witnesses to the accused.
+
+The 17th article obliged the inquisitors to interrogate the witnesses
+themselves, if it was not impossible.
+
+The 18th article decrees, that one or two inquisitors should be present
+when the prisoner was tortured, or appoint a commissioner if they were
+occupied elsewhere, to receive his declarations.
+
+By the 19th article, if the accused did not appear when summoned,
+according to the prescribed form, he was condemned as a heretic.
+
+The 20th article decrees, that if it is proved that any person died a
+heretic, by his writings or conduct, that he shall be judged and
+condemned as such, his body disinterred and burnt, and his property
+confiscated.
+
+By the 21st, the inquisitors were commanded to extend their jurisdiction
+over the vassals of nobles; if they refused to permit it, they were to
+be censured.
+
+The 22nd decreed, that if a man, burnt as a heretic, left children under
+age, a portion of their father's property should be granted to them
+under the title of alms, and the inquisitors shall be obliged to confide
+their education to proper persons.
+
+By the 23rd, if a heretic, reconciled during the term of grace, without
+having incurred the punishment of confiscation, possessed property
+belonging to a condemned person, this property was not to be included in
+the pardon.
+
+The 24th obliged the reconciled to give his Christian slaves their
+liberty, when his property was not confiscated, if the king granted the
+pardon on that condition.
+
+The 25th prohibited the inquisitors, and other persons attached to the
+tribunal, from receiving presents, on pain of excommunication,
+deprivation of their employments, restitution, and a penalty of twice
+the value of the gifts received.
+
+The 26th recommends to the officers of the Inquisition to live in peace
+together.
+
+The 27th commands that they shall carefully watch the conduct of their
+inferior officers.
+
+The 28th and last, commits to the prudence of the inquisitors the
+discussion of all points not mentioned in the foregoing articles.
+
+Ferdinand having convoked at Tarazona the Cortes of his kingdom of
+Aragon, decreed that the Inquisition should be reformed in a
+privy-council. After this resolution, Torquemada named Gaspard Juglar, a
+dominican, and Peter Arbuès d'Epila, as inquisitors for the
+archbishopric of Saragossa. A royal ordinance commanded all the
+authorities to aid and assist them in their office, and the magistrate
+known by the name of Chief Justice of Aragon, took the oath with
+several others. This circumstance did not prevent the resistance which
+the Aragonese opposed to the tribunal; on the contrary it augmented, and
+rose to such a height, that it might have been termed national.
+
+The principal persons employed in the Court of Aragon were descended
+from _New Christians_: among these were Louis Gonzalez, the royal
+secretary for the affairs of the kingdom; Philip de Clemente,
+prothonotary; Alphonso de la Caballeria, vice-chancellor; and Gabriel
+Sanchez, grand treasurer; who were all descended from Jews condemned, in
+their time, by the Inquisition. These men, and many others employed in
+the court, had allied themselves to the principal grandees in the
+kingdom, and used the influence which they derived from this
+circumstance, to engage the representatives of the nation to appeal to
+the Pope and the king, against the inquisitorial code. Commissioners
+were sent to Rome and the Court of Spain, to demand the suspension of
+the articles relating to confiscation, as contrary to the laws of the
+kingdom of Aragon. They were persuaded that the Inquisition would not
+maintain itself if this measure was abandoned. While the deputies of the
+Cortes of Aragon were at Rome, and with the king, the inquisitors
+condemned several _New Christians_ as Judaic heretics. These executions
+increased the irritation of the Aragonese; and when the deputies wrote
+from the Court of Spain, that they were not satisfied with the state of
+affairs, they resolved to sacrifice one or two of the inquisitors, with
+the hope that no one would dare to take the office, and that the king
+would renounce his design. The project of assassination having been
+approved by the conspirators, a voluntary contribution was raised among
+all the Aragonese of the Jewish race; and it was proved by the trials of
+Sancho de Paternoy and others, that Don Blasco d'Alagon received ten
+thousand reals, which were destined to reward the assassins of the
+Inquisitor Arbuès, John de la Abadia, a noble of Aragon, but descended
+from Jewish ancestors on the female side, took upon himself the
+direction of the enterprise. The assassination was confided to John
+d'Esperaindeo, to Vidal d'Uranso, his servant, to Matthew Ram, Tristan
+de Leonis, Anthony Gran, and Bernard Leofante. They failed several times
+in their attempts, as Peter Arbuès, being informed of their design, took
+the necessary precautions to secure his life.
+
+It appears, from the examination of some of the murderers, that the
+inquisitor wore a coat of mail under his vest, and a kind of helmet
+covered with a cap. He was at last assassinated in the metropolitan
+church, during the performance of the matins, on the 15th of November,
+1485. Vidal d'Uranso wounded him so severely in the back of the neck,
+that he died two days after. The next day the murder was known in the
+town, but its effects were different from what had been expected, for
+all the _Old Christians_, or those who were not of Jewish origin,
+persuaded that the _New Christians_ had committed the crime, assembled
+to pursue them and revenge the death of the inquisitor. The disturbance
+was violent, and its consequences would have been terrible, if the young
+archbishop, Don Alphonso of Aragon, had not shewn himself, and assured
+the multitude that the criminal should be punished. Policy inspired
+Ferdinand and Isabella with the idea of honouring the memory of Arbuès
+with a solemnity which contributed to make him pass for a saint, and
+caused a particular worship to be addressed to him. This took place long
+after, when Pope Alexander VII. had beatified him as a martyr, in 1664.
+A magnificent monument was erected to his memory, by Ferdinand and
+Isabella. While the sovereigns were occupied in honouring the remains of
+Peter Arbuès, the inquisitors of Saragossa were labouring without
+ceasing to discover the authors and accomplices of his murder, and to
+punish them as Judaic heretics and enemies to the holy office. It would
+be difficult to enumerate the number of families plunged into misery
+through their vengeance; two hundred victims were soon sacrificed.
+Vidal d'Uranso, one of the assassins, revealed all he knew of the
+conspiracy, which was the cause of the discovery of its authors. There
+was scarcely a single family in the three first orders of nobility,
+which was not disgraced by having at least one of its members in the
+_auto-da-fé_, wearing the habit of a penitent.
+
+Don James Diaz d'Aux Armendarix, lord of the town of Cadreita, a knight
+of Navarre, and ancestor of the Dukes of Albuquerque, was condemned to a
+public penance, for having concealed in his house, for one night,
+several persons who fled from Saragossa. The same punishment was
+inflicted on several other illustrious knights of the town of Tudela in
+Navarre, for having received and concealed other fugitives. Don James de
+Navarre (the son of Eleanor, Queen of Navarre, and Gaston de Foix) was
+imprisoned in the dungeons of the Inquisition, and was subjected to a
+public penance for having assisted several of the conspirators in their
+flight. The inquisitors knew, when they had the audacity to imprison
+him, that he was not beloved by Ferdinand, who always feared him,
+although he was not legitimate.
+
+Don Lope Ximenez de Urrea, first count of Aranda; Don Louis Gonzalez,
+secretary to the king; Don Alphonso de la Caballeria, vice-chancellor of
+the kingdom; and many other persons of equal rank, were condemned to the
+same punishment. John de Esperaindeo and the other assassins of Arbuès
+were hung, after having their hands cut off. Their bodies were
+quartered, and their limbs exposed in the highways. John de l'Abadia
+killed himself in prison the day before the execution, but his corpse
+was treated in the same manner as the others. The hands of Vidal
+d'Uranso were not cut off until he had expired, because he had been
+promised his pardon if he discovered the conspirators.
+
+All the other provinces of Aragon made an equal resistance to the
+introduction of the new Inquisition. The seditions at Teruel were only
+quelled in 1485, by extreme severity. The town and bishopric of Lerida,
+and other towns in Catalonia, obstinately resisted the establishment of
+the reform, and were not reduced to obedience until 1487. Barcelona
+refused to acknowledge Torquemada or any of his delegates, on account of
+a privilege which it possessed of having an inquisitor with a special
+title. The king applied to the Pope, who instituted Torquemada special
+inquisitor of the town and bishopric of Barcelona, with the power of
+appointing others to the office. The king was obliged to employ the same
+method with the inhabitants of Majorca and those of Sardinia, who did
+not receive the Inquisition until 1490 and 1492. It is an incontestable
+fact in the history of the Spanish Inquisition, that it was introduced
+entirely against the consent of the provinces, and only by the influence
+of the Dominican monks.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+ADDITIONAL ACTS TO THE FIRST CONSTITUTION OF THE HOLY OFFICE;
+CONSEQUENCES OF THEM, AND APPEALS TO ROME AGAINST THEM.
+
+
+The inquisitor-general judged it necessary to augment the laws of the
+holy office; and added eleven new articles to them; the substance of
+them is as follows:--
+
+1st. That each inferior tribunal should consist of two inquisitors as
+civilians, an attorney, an alguazil, a recorder and other persons, if
+necessary, who were to receive a fixed salary. The same article
+prohibits the admission of the servants or creatures of the inquisitors
+into the tribunal.
+
+2nd. That if any of the persons employed should receive presents from
+the accused or his family, he should be immediately deprived of his
+office.
+
+3rd. That the holy office should employ an able civilian at Rome, under
+the title of agent, and that this expense, should be supported by the
+money arising from the confiscations.
+
+4th. That the contracts signed before the year 1479, by persons whose
+property had since been seized, should be regarded as valid; but if it
+was proved that any deception had been used in the transactions, that
+the culprits should be punished by a hundred strokes of a whip, and
+branded on the face with a red-hot iron.
+
+5th. That the nobles who should receive fugitives in their estates,
+should be compelled to deliver up to government the property committed
+to their care; and if they claimed the fulfilments of contracts signed
+by the accused for their profit, that the attorney should commence an
+action to reclaim the property at belonging to the revenue.
+
+6th. That the notaries of the Inquisition should keep an account of the
+property of the condemned persons.
+
+7th. That the stewards of the holy office could sell the confiscated
+property, and receive the rents of the estates which might be let.
+
+8th. That each steward should inspect the property belonging to his
+tribunal.
+
+9th. That a steward could not sequestrate the property of a condemned
+person, without an order from the Inquisition; and even in that case,
+that he should be accompanied by an alguazil, and place the effects and
+an inventory of them in the hands of a third person.
+
+10th. That the steward should pay the salaries of the inquisitors
+quarterly, that they might not be obliged to receive presents.
+
+11th. That in all circumstances not foreseen in the new regulations, the
+inquisitors should conduct themselves with prudence, and apply to the
+government in all difficult cases.
+
+The nature of these articles proves that the number of confiscations
+had been considerable. Ferdinand and Isabella often gave the property of
+the condemned persons to their wives and children, granted them pensions
+on the property, or a certain sum to be paid by the receiver-general.
+
+These sums, and the care which people took to conceal their effects,
+diminished the funds of the Inquisition; besides which, most of the _New
+Christians_ were merchants or artisans, and it often happened that the
+receivers who paid the royal gifts were unable to pay the salaries of
+the inquisitors. Torquemada, in 1488, decreed that the royal gifts
+should not be paid, until the salaries and other expenses of the
+Inquisition had been defrayed, and wrote to request the approbation of
+Ferdinand, who refused it. The inquisitor-general was then obliged to
+permit the inquisitors to impose pecuniary penalties on reconciled
+persons (which permission was afterwards revoked). As experience showed
+that the revenue of the Inquisition was never sufficient, on account of
+the great number of prisoners which it was obliged to maintain, and the
+expenses incurred by the agent at Rome, Ferdinand and Isabella requested
+the Pope to place at the disposal of the holy office, a prebendary in
+each cathedral in their dominions; to which he consented in 1501. The
+receivers finding themselves unable to defray the expenses of the
+administration, demanded restitution of many persons whom they accused
+of retaining estates belonging to the Inquisition. This conduct caused
+so many complaints, that the council of the Inquisition was obliged to
+prohibit the receivers from molesting the proprietors of estates which
+had been sold before the year 1479. It is not surprising that the
+receivers should employ such measures to augment the revenue, when the
+inquisitors contributed to impoverish it themselves, by disposing of it
+according to their caprices, and without the permission of the
+sovereigns. This abuse rose to such a height, that Ferdinand and
+Isabella complained to the Pope, who prohibited the inquisitors from
+disposing of their revenues without an order from the king, on pain of
+excommunication. The inquisitors were afterwards obliged to refund the
+sums which they had seized.
+
+In 1488 the inquisitor-general formed, with the assistance of the
+supreme council, a new ordinance, which consisted of fifteen articles.
+
+The first decreed that the regulations of 1484 should be followed in all
+things, except in regard to the confiscations, which were to be
+regulated by the rules of equity.
+
+The 2nd enjoins the inquisitors to proceed in a uniform manner, on
+account of the abuses produced by a contrary system.
+
+The 3rd prohibits inquisitors from delaying to pass sentence, on the
+pretence of waiting for the full proof of the crime.
+
+The 4th imports, that as there are not in all the tribunals civilians of
+sufficient ability to be consulted in the preparation of the definitive
+sentences, the inquisitors shall send the writings of the trials to the
+inquisitor-general, in order to be examined by the civilians of the
+supreme council.
+
+The 5th decrees that no person shall be allowed to hold any
+communication with the prisoners, except the priests, who were obliged
+to visit the prisons once in a fortnight.
+
+The 6th commands that the testimony of witnesses shall be received in
+the presence of as small a number of persons as possible, that secrecy
+may not be violated.
+
+The 7th, that the writings and papers belonging to the Inquisition shall
+be kept in the place of residence of the inquisitors, and locked up in a
+chest; the key of which shall be kept by the notary of the tribunal, who
+must not give it up, on pain of losing his place.
+
+The 8th article decrees, that if the inquisitors of a district arrest a
+man already pursued by another tribunal, all the papers relating to his
+trial shall be placed in the hands of the first.
+
+The 9th article decrees, that if there are papers in the archives of a
+tribunal which may be of use to another, the expenses incurred in
+sending them shall be paid by it.
+
+The 10th article declares, that as there are not prisons enough for all
+who are condemned to perpetual imprisonment, they shall be permitted to
+remain in their houses, but not to go out, on pain of being punished
+with the utmost severity.
+
+In the 11th, the inquisitors are recommended to execute rigorously all
+those laws which prohibit the children and grandchildren of condemned
+persons from exercising any honourable employment, and from wearing any
+garment of silk, or fine wool, or any ornament of gold, silver, or
+precious stones.
+
+The 12th article decrees, that males cannot be admitted to
+reconciliation and abjuration before the age of fourteen years, or
+females before that of twelve; if they had abjured before that age, a
+ratification was necessary.
+
+The 13th prohibited the receivers from paying the royal gifts, until the
+expenses of the Inquisition were defrayed.
+
+The 14th declares, that the holy office should petition the sovereigns
+to build a prison in each town where it was established, for the
+reception of those who might be condemned to that punishment. It also
+recommends that the cells should be arranged in such a manner, that the
+prisoners might exercise their respective professions, and thus maintain
+themselves.
+
+The 15th and last article obliged the notaries, fiscals, and alguazils,
+and other officers of the Inquisition, to perform their functions in
+person.
+
+The inquisitor-general found that these regulations were not sufficient
+to prevent abuses; he therefore convoked a junta of inquisitors at
+Toledo. The decrees of this assembly were published at Avila in 1498,
+and were as follows:--
+
+First, that each tribunal should be composed of two inquisitors, one a
+civilian, the other a theologian. They were prohibited from inflicting
+imprisonment or torture, or communicating the charges made by the
+witnesses, without the consent of both.
+
+Secondly, that the inquisitors should not allow their dependents to
+carry any defensive arms, except where their office obliges them to do
+so.
+
+Thirdly, that no person should be imprisoned if his crime had not been
+sufficiently proved; and that when the arrest had taken place, his
+judgment should be immediately pronounced, without waiting for fresh
+proofs.
+
+Fourthly, that the Inquisition should acquit deceased persons, if
+sufficient proof was not produced, and not delay the trial to wait for
+fresh accusations, as it was injurious to the children, whose
+establishment was prevented, from the uncertainty of the result of the
+trial.
+
+Fifthly, that the entire failure of the funds of the holy office should
+not occasion the imposition of a greater number of pecuniary penalties.
+
+Sixthly, that the inquisitors should not change imprisonment, or any
+other corporeal punishment, to a pecuniary penalty, but for the
+punishment of fasting, alms, pilgrimages, or other similar penances.
+
+Seventhly, that the inquisitors should carefully examine into the
+expediency of admitting to reconciliation those who confessed their
+crimes after their arrest, since they might be considered as
+contumacious, as the Inquisition had been established many years.
+
+Eighthly, that the inquisitors should punish false witnesses publicly.
+
+Ninthly, that two men related in any degree should not be employed in
+the holy office, nor a master and his servant, even in case their
+functions should be entirely distinct.
+
+Tenthly, that each tribunal should have archives secured by three locks,
+the keys of which should be placed in the hands of the two notaries and
+the fiscal.
+
+Eleventhly, that the notary should receive the testimony of witnesses
+only in the presence of an inquisitor, and that the two priests
+commissioned to prove the truth of the deposition should not belong to
+the tribunal.
+
+Twelfthly, that the inquisitor should establish the Inquisition in all
+towns where it did not already exist.
+
+Thirteenthly, that in all difficult cases the inquisitors should consult
+the council.
+
+Fourteenthly, that the women should have a prison separated from that of
+the men.
+
+Fifteenthly, that the officers of the tribunal should perform their
+functions six hours in a day, and that they should attend the
+inquisitors whenever they were required.
+
+Sixteenthly, that after the inquisitors had received the oath of the
+witnesses in presence of the fiscal, he should be obliged to retire.
+
+Besides these ordinances, Torquemada established several particular
+regulations for each individual belonging to the tribunal: all the
+persons employed were obliged to take an oath that they would not reveal
+anything they might see or hear: the inquisitor was not allowed to
+remain alone with the prisoner; the gaoler could not allow any person to
+speak with him, and was obliged to examine if any writings were
+concealed in the food which was given him. These were the last
+regulations framed by Torquemada, but Diego Deza, his successor,
+published a fifth _instruction_ at Seville, in 1500.
+
+Such were the laws of the holy office in Spain. This code caused the
+emigration of more than a hundred thousand families useful to the state,
+and the loss of many millions of francs which were spent at the court of
+Rome, either for the bulls which it expedited, or by those who repaired
+thither to solicit their absolution from the Popes. The holy see was far
+from complaining of this practice, as it brought immense sums to the
+treasury, and no person who presented himself with his money before the
+apostolical penitentiary, failed of obtaining the absolution he
+solicited, or an order for absolution elsewhere.
+
+This conduct displeased the inquisitors: depending on the protection of
+Ferdinand and Isabella, they expostulated with the Pope, who annulled
+the absolutions already granted, thus deceiving those who had spent the
+greatest part of their fortunes in endeavouring to obtain them. He then
+promised new pardons on new conditions, contrary to the engagement he
+had entered into with Ferdinand, to abolish every means of appeal to the
+Court of Rome. Such was the constant practice of the holy see during
+thirty years after the establishment of the Inquisition in Spain.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+EXPULSION OF THE JEWS.--PROCEEDINGS AGAINST BISHOPS.--DEATH OF
+TORQUEMADA.
+
+
+In 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella conquered the kingdom of Grenada. This
+event offered a multitude of victims to the holy office in the persons
+of the Moors, who were converted merely in the hope of obtaining
+consideration, and after their baptism returned to Mahometanism. John de
+Navagiero, in his travels in Spain, states, that Ferdinand had promised
+the Morescoes, (as those Moors were called who became Christians,) that
+the Inquisition should not interfere with them for the space of forty
+years, but that the Inquisition was established in the kingdom of
+Grenada, on the pretence that many Jews had taken refuge there. This
+statement is not exact; the sovereigns only promised that the Moorish
+Christians should not be prosecuted except for serious crimes, and the
+Inquisition was not introduced among them before 1526.
+
+It was in the year 1492 that the unbaptized Jews were expelled from
+Spain. They were accused of persuading those of their nation who had
+become Christians to apostatize, and of crucifying children on
+Good-Friday, in mockery of the Saviour of the world, and of many other
+offences of the same nature. The Jewish physicians, surgeons, and
+apothecaries, were also accused of having taken advantage of their
+professions, to cause the death of a great number of Christians, and
+among others, that of Henry III., which was attributed to his physician,
+Don Maïr.
+
+The Jews, in order to avert the danger which threatened them, offered to
+supply Ferdinand with thirty thousand pieces of silver to carry on the
+war against Grenada; they promised to live peaceably, to comply with the
+regulations formed for them, in retiring to their houses in the quarters
+assigned to them before night, and in renouncing all professions which
+were reserved for the Christians. Ferdinand and Isabella were willing to
+listen to these propositions; but Torquemada, being informed of their
+inclinations, had the boldness to appear before them with a crucifix in
+his hand, and to address them in these words:--
+
+"Judas sold his master for thirty pieces of silver, your highnesses are
+about to do the same for thirty thousand; behold him, take him, and
+hasten to self him."
+
+The fanaticism of the Dominican wrought a sudden change in the minds of
+the sovereigns, and they issued a decree on the 31st of March 1492, by
+which all the Jews were compelled to quit Spain before the 31st of July
+ensuing, on pain of death, and the confiscation of their property; the
+decree also prohibited Christians from receiving them into their houses
+after that period. They were permitted to sell their stock, to carry
+away their furniture and other effects, _except gold and silver, for
+which they were to accept letters of change, or any merchandise not
+prohibited_.
+
+Torquemada commissioned all preachers to exhort them to receive
+baptism, and remain in the kingdom. A small number suffered themselves
+to be persuaded; the rest sold their goods at so low a price, that
+Andrew Bernaldez (a contemporary historian) declares, in his history of
+the Catholic Kings, that he saw _the Jews give a house for an ass, and a
+vineyard for a small quantity of cloth or linen_.
+
+According to Mariana, eight hundred thousand Jews quitted Spain, and if
+the Moors, who emigrated to Africa, and the Christians who settled in
+the New World, are added to the number, we shall find that Ferdinand and
+Isabella lost, through these cruel measures, two millions of subjects.
+Bernaldez affirms, that the Jews carried a quantity of gold with them,
+concealed in their garments and saddles, and even in their intestines,
+for they reduced the ducats into small pieces, and swallowed them. A
+great number afterwards returned to Spain, and received baptism. Some
+returned from the kingdom of Fez, where the Moors had seized their money
+and effects, and even killed the women, to take the gold which they
+expected to find within them. These cruelties can only be attributed to
+the fanaticism of Torquemada, to the avarice and superstition of
+Ferdinand, and to the inconsiderate zeal of Isabella, who, nevertheless,
+possessed great gentleness of character, and an enlightened mind.
+
+The other European courts were not thus influenced by fanaticism, and
+paid no attention to a bull of Innocent VIII., which commanded all
+governments to arrest, at the desire of Torquemada, the fugitives whom
+he should designate, on pain of excommunication; the monarch was the
+only person exempted from the penalty.
+
+The insolent fanatic, Torquemada, while he affected to refuse the honour
+of episcopacy through modesty, was the first who gave the fatal example
+of subjecting bishops to trial. Not satisfied with having obtained from
+Sixtus IV. the briefs which prohibited bishops of Jewish origin from
+interfering in the affairs of the Inquisition, he even wished to put
+two on their trial, namely, Don Juan Arias Davila, Bishop of Segovia;
+and Don Pedro de Aranda, Bishop of Calahorra. He made his resolution
+known to the Pope, who informed him that his predecessor, Boniface
+VIII., had prohibited the Inquisition from proceeding against bishops,
+archbishops, or cardinals, without an apostolical commission; but if any
+prelate was accused of heresy, he charged Torquemada to send him a copy
+of the informations, that he might decide on the method to be pursued.
+
+Torquemada immediately began to take secret informations of the conduct
+of the bishops, and the Pope sent Antonio Palavicini, Bishop of Tournai,
+to Spain, with the title of apostolical nuncio, when he received the
+informations of Torquemada, and returned to Rome, where the two bishops
+were cited to appear and defend themselves. Don Juan Arias Davila was
+the son of Diego Arias Davila, who was of Jewish origin, and was
+baptized after the preaching of St. Vincent Ferrier; he afterwards
+became chief financier to the kings John II. and Henry IV. Henry IV.
+ennobled him, and gave him the lordship of the Castle of Puñonrostro,
+and several other places which form the countship of Puñonrostro, and
+the title of Grandee of Spain, which has been possessed by his
+descendants from the time of Pedro Arias Davila, the first count, and
+brother to the bishop, and who was also chief financier to Henry IV. and
+Ferdinand V. The rank of the bishop did not intimidate Torquemada;
+informations were taken by his order, and the result was, that Diego
+Arias Davila died a Judaic heretic: the object which the
+inquisitor-general had in view, was to condemn his memory, confiscate
+his property, and to disinter his body, in order to burn it with his
+effigy. As, in all affairs of this nature, the children are cited to
+appear, Don Juan Arias Davila was obliged to repair to Rome in 1490, to
+defend his father and himself, although he had arrived at a great age,
+and had been Bishop of Segovia thirty years. He was well received by
+Alexander VI., who appointed him to accompany his nephew, the Cardinal
+Montreal, to Naples, when he went to crown Ferdinand II. Davila returned
+to Rome, and died there in 1497, after having cleared the memory of his
+father.
+
+Don Pedro Aranda, Bishop of Calahorra, was not so fortunate. He was the
+son of Gonzales Alonzo, a Jew, who was also baptized in the time of St.
+Vincent Ferrier, and who was afterwards master of a chapel. Gonzales had
+the pleasure of seeing both his sons attain the dignity of bishops: the
+eldest was Archbishop of Montreal in Sicily, the second was made Bishop
+of Calahorra, in 1478, and president of the Council of Castile in 1482;
+yet in 1488 he was the object of a secret instruction, directed by
+Torquemada, which however did not prevent him from convoking a synod in
+the town of Logrogna, in 1492. At that period Torquemada, and the other
+inquisitors of Valladolid, undertook the trial of Gonzales Alonzo, to
+prove that he had died a Judaic heretic. The inquisitors of Valladolid
+and the bishop of the diocese could not agree on the sentence to be
+pronounced on the accused; and his son, Don Pedro Aranda, obtained a
+brief from Alexander VI., by which this affair was referred to Don Inigo
+Manrique, Bishop of Cordova, and John de St. John, prior of the
+Benedictines at Valladolid. They were commissioned to pronounce judgment
+and execute the sentence, without any interference on the part of the
+Inquisition. Their decision was favourable to Gonzales.
+
+The bishop, his son, gained the esteem of the Pope, who made him chief
+major-domo of the pontifical palace, and sent him as ambassador to
+Venice, in 1494. These marks of favour did not cause the inquisitors to
+relax in their zeal: they proceeded in their trial against Don Pedro,
+for heresy: his judges were the archbishop, the Governor of Rome, and
+two bishops, auditors of the apostolical palace. Don Pedro called one
+hundred and one witnesses for his defence; but unfortunately every one
+of them had something to advance against him, on different points. The
+judges made their report to the Pope, in a secret consistory, in 1498,
+who, with the cardinals, condemned the bishop to be deprived of his
+offices and benefices, to be degraded from his episcopal dignity, and
+reduced to the rank of a simple layman. He was confined in the Castle of
+Santangelo, where he died some time after.
+
+Thomas de Torquemada, first inquisitor-general of Spain, died the 16th
+of November, 1498. The miseries which were the consequences of the
+system which he adopted, and recommended to his successors, justify the
+general hatred which followed him to the tomb, and compelled him to take
+precautions for his personal safety. Ferdinand and Isabella permitted
+him to use an escort of fifty _familiars_ of the Inquisition on
+horseback, and two hundred others on foot, whenever he travelled. He
+also kept the horn of a unicorn on his table, which was supposed to
+discover and neutralize poisons. It is not surprising that many should
+have conspired against his life, when his cruel administration is
+considered: the Pope himself was alarmed at his barbarity, and the
+complaints which were made against him; and Torquemada was obliged to
+send his colleague, Antonio Badoja, three times to Rome, to defend him
+against the accusations of his enemies.
+
+At last Alexander VI., weary of the continual clamours of which he was
+the object, resolved to deprive him of his dignity, but was deterred
+from so doing through consideration for the Court of Spain. He therefore
+expedited a brief in 1494, saying, that as Torquemada had arrived at a
+great age, and suffered from many infirmities, he had named four
+inquisitors-general, invested with the same powers which he possessed.
+
+The familiars of the holy office, who were employed as the body-guard of
+the inquisitor-general, were the successors of the familiars of the Old
+Inquisition. They were commissioned to pursue the heretics, and persons
+suspected of heresy, to assist the officers of the tribunal in taking
+them to prison, and to do all that the inquisitors might require.
+
+It has been shown that the Spaniards received the Inquisition with
+reluctance; but as they were obliged to endure it when once established,
+some prudent persons thought they should be more secure from the danger
+of incurring suspicion, if they appeared devoted to the cause, which was
+the reason why several illustrious gentlemen offered to become
+_familiars of the holy office_, and were admitted into the congregation
+of St. Peter. Their example was followed by the inferior classes, and
+encouraged by Ferdinand and Isabella, who bestowed several immunities
+and privileges on them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+OF THE PROCEDURE OF THE MODERN INQUISITION.
+
+
+After the death of the Inquisitor-general, Torquemada, Ferdinand and
+Isabella proposed Don Diego Deza, a Dominican, to the Pope, as his
+successor. Deza was Bishop of Jaen, and afterwards became Archbishop of
+Seville. The Pope signed his bulls of confirmation on the 1st of
+December, 1498, but limited his authority to the affairs of the kingdom
+of Castile. Deza was displeased at a restriction which did not exist in
+the bulls of his two colleagues, and refused to accept the nomination,
+until the Pope invested him with the same power over Aragon, in a bull,
+in 1499. The new inquisitor-general did not show less severity in the
+exercise of his office than his predecessor; but, before I enter on this
+part of the history, it is necessary to give some account of the mode of
+proceeding of the holy office, as it was the work of Torquemada, the
+effect of the laws which he formed, and properly belongs to his
+history.
+
+The processes in the Inquisition began by a denunciation, or some other
+information, such as a discovery accidentally made before the tribunal
+in another trial. When the denunciation is signed, it takes the form of
+a declaration, in which the informer, after having sworn to the truth of
+his deposition, designates those persons whom he presumes, or believes,
+to have anything to depose against the accused person. These persons are
+then heard, and their depositions, with that of the first witness, form
+the _summary of the information, or the preparatory instruction_.
+
+
+_Inquest._
+
+When the tribunal judged that the actions or words which were denounced
+were sufficient to warrant an inquiry to establish the proofs, the
+persons who had been cited as knowing the object of the declaration were
+examined, and were obliged to take an oath not to reveal the questions
+which were put to them. None of the witnesses were informed of the
+subject on which they were to make their depositions; they were only
+asked in general terms, _if they had ever seen or heard anything which
+was, or appeared, contrary to the Catholic faith, or the rights of the
+Inquisition_.
+
+Personal experience has shown me that the witnesses who were ignorant of
+the cause of their citation often recollected circumstances entirely
+foreign to the subject, which they made known, and were then
+interrogated as if their examination had no other object; this
+accidental deposition served instead of a denunciation, and a new
+process was commenced.
+
+The declarations were written down by the commissary or notary, who
+usually aggravated the denunciation, as much as the arbitrary
+interpretation of the improper or equivocal expressions used by ignorant
+persons would permit. The declaration was twice read to the witnesses,
+_who did not fail to approve all that had been written_.
+
+
+_Censure of the Qualifiers._
+
+When the inquisitors examine the preliminary _instruction_, if they find
+sufficient cause to proceed, they send a circular to all the tribunals
+in the province to inquire if any charges against the accused exist in
+their registers. This proceeding is called the _review of the
+registers_. Extracts are made of the propositions against the accused,
+and if each is expressed in different terms, which is almost always the
+case, they are sent as accusations advanced on different occasions. This
+writing was then remitted to the theologians, _qualifiers of the holy
+office_, who write at the bottom of the page if the propositions merit
+the _theological censure_, as heretical, if they give occasion to
+suppose that the person who pronounced them approved of any heresy, or
+if he is only suspected of that crime.
+
+The declaration of the _qualifiers_ determines the proceedings against
+the accused, until the trial is prepared for the definite sentence. The
+_qualifiers_ were generally scholastic monks, almost entirely
+unacquainted with true dogmatic theology, and who carried fanaticism and
+superstition to such a height as to find heresy in everything which they
+had not studied: this disposition has often caused them to censure some
+of the doctrines of the fathers of the church.
+
+
+_Prisons._
+
+When the qualification has been made, the procurator-fiscal demands that
+the denounced person shall be removed to the _secret prisons_ of the
+_holy office_. The tribunal has three sorts of prisons, public,
+intermediate, and secret. The first are those where persons are
+imprisoned, who are not guilty of heresy, but of some crime which the
+Inquisition has the privilege of punishing: the second are destined for
+those servants of the holy office who have committed some crime in the
+exercise of their functions, without incurring suspicion of heresy.
+Those who are detained in these prisons are permitted to communicate
+with others, unless they are condemned to solitary confinement. The
+secret prisons are those where all heretics, or persons suspected of
+heresy, are confined; they can only communicate with the judges of the
+tribunal.
+
+These prisons are not, as they have been represented, damp, dirty, and
+unhealthy; they are vaulted chambers, well lighted, not damp, and large
+enough for a person to take some exercise in. The real horrors of the
+prisons are, that no one can enter them without becoming infamous in
+public opinion; and the solitude and the darkness to which the prisoner
+is condemned for fifteen hours in the day during the winter, as he is
+not allowed light before the hour of seven in the morning, or after four
+in the evening. Some authors have stated, that the prisoners were
+chained; these means are only employed on extraordinary occasions, and
+to prevent them from destroying themselves.
+
+
+_First Audiences._
+
+In the three first days following the imprisonment of the culprit, he
+had three _audiences_ of _monition_, or caution, recommending him to
+speak the truth, without concealing anything that he had done or said,
+or that he can impute to others, contrary to the faith. He was told that
+if he followed this recommendation he would be treated leniently; but in
+the contrary case, he would be proceeded against with severity. Until
+then the prisoner is ignorant of the cause of his arrest; he is only
+told that no person is taken to the prison of the holy office without
+sufficient proof that he has spoken against the Catholic faith, and,
+therefore, it is for his interest to confess his crimes voluntarily.
+Some prisoners confessed themselves guilty of the crimes stated in the
+preparatory instruction; others acknowledged more; others less;
+generally the prisoners declared that their consciences did not reproach
+them, but that they would endeavour to recollect the faults which they
+had committed if the accusations of the witnesses were read to them.
+
+The advantages of the confession were, that it lessened the duration of
+the trial, and rendered the punishments inflicted on the accused less
+severe when the reconciliation took place. Whatever promises might be
+made to the prisoners, they could not avoid the disgrace of the
+_san-benito_ and _auto-da-fé_, or preserve their honour or their
+property, if they acknowledged themselves _formal_ heretics.
+
+Another custom of the Inquisition was to examine the prisoner on his
+genealogy and parentage, in order to discover by the registers of the
+tribunal if any of his family had been punished for heresy, supposing
+that he might have inherited the erroneous doctrines of his ancestors.
+He was also obliged to recite the _Pater_, the _Credo_, and other forms
+of Christian doctrine, because the presumption that he had erred in his
+faith was stronger, if he did not know them, had forgotten them, or if
+he made mistakes in the repetition. In short, the Inquisition employed
+every means, and neglected nothing in the trial of the prisoners, to
+make them appear guilty of heresy, and all this was done with an
+appearance of charity and compassion, and in the name of Jesus Christ.
+
+
+_Charges._
+
+When the ceremony of the three first audiences is finished, the
+procurator-fiscal forms his act of accusation against the prisoner, from
+the preliminary instruction. Although a semi-proof only exists, he
+reports the facts in the depositions as if they were proved; and what
+is still more illegal, he does not reduce the articles of his
+_requisition_ to the number of facts, but following the practice in
+forming the extracts of the propositions for the act of _qualification_,
+he multiplies them according to the variations in the statements; so
+that an accusation which ought to be reduced to one point, contains five
+or six charges, which appear to indicate that the accused has advanced
+so many heretical opinions on different occasions, without any
+foundation but the different manner in which each witness relates the
+conversation.
+
+This mode of proceeding produces the worst effects; it confuses the
+prisoner where the charges are read to him, and if he has not coolness
+and intelligence, he imagines that several crimes are imputed to him,
+and replies, for instance, to the third article, and relates the facts
+in different words from those which he employed in answering the second;
+this variation taking place in each article, he sometimes contradicts
+himself, and thus furnishes the fiscal with fresh accusations against
+him, for he is accused of not adhering to truth in his replies.
+
+
+_Torture._
+
+Although the prisoner has confessed all that the witnesses deposed
+against him in the first audiences, yet the fiscal terminates his
+_requisition_ by saying, that he is guilty of concealment and denial,
+that he is, therefore, impenitent and obstinate, and demands that the
+question shall be applied to the accused.
+
+It is true, that it is so long since torture has been inflicted by the
+inquisitors, that the custom may be looked upon as abolished, and the
+fiscal only makes the demand in conformity to the example of his
+predecessors, yet it is equally cruel to make the prisoners fear it.
+
+In former times, if the inquisitors judged that the prisoner had not
+made a full confession, they ordered him to be tortured: the object was
+to make him confess all that formed the substance of the process. I
+shall not describe the different modes of torture employed by the
+Inquisition, as it has been already done by many historians: I shall
+only say that none of them can be accused of exaggeration. When the
+accused acknowledged the crimes imputed to them, during the torture,
+they were obliged the next day to ratify or retract their confession
+upon oath. Almost all confirmed their first statement, because they were
+subjected to the torture a second time if they dared to retract.
+
+
+_Requisition._
+
+The requisition or accusation of the procurator-fiscal was never given
+to the prisoner in writing, that he might not reflect on the charges in
+prison and prepare his replies. The prisoner is conducted to the
+audience-chamber, where a secretary reads the charges, in the presence
+of the inquisitors and the fiscal: between each article he calls upon
+the prisoner to reply to it instantly, and declare if it is true or
+false.
+
+It is evident that this proceeding is intended to embarrass the
+prisoner, by compelling him to reply without previous reflection. Such
+stratagems are allowed in other tribunals where the prisoners are guilty
+of homicide, theft, or other offences against society; but it must be
+allowed that it is against the spirit of Christianity to employ them
+where zeal for religion and the salvation of others seem to be the
+motives for acting.
+
+
+_Defence._
+
+When the charges and the _accusation_ have been read, the inquisitors
+ask the prisoner if he wishes to make a defence; if he replies in the
+affirmative, a copy of the _accusation_ and the replies is taken. He is
+then required to select the lawyer whom he wishes to employ for his
+defence, from the list of those belonging to the holy office. Some
+prisoners required permission to seek a defender out of the tribunal, a
+pretension which is not contrary to any law, particularly if the lawyer
+has taken an oath of secrecy; yet this simple and natural right has
+seldom been granted by the inquisitors.
+
+It is of little consequence to the accused to be defended by an able
+man, as the lawyer is not allowed to see the original process, or to
+communicate with his client. One of the notaries draws up a copy of the
+result of the _preliminary instruction_, in which he reports the
+deposition of the witnesses, without mentioning their names, or the
+circumstances of time or place, and (what is more extraordinary) without
+stating what has been said in defence of the prisoner. He entirely omits
+the declarations of the persons who, having been summoned and
+interrogated by the tribunal, have persisted in affirming that they knew
+nothing of the subject on which they were examined. This extract is
+accompanied by the censure of the _qualifiers_, and the demand of the
+fiscal for the examination, and the accusation, and the replies of the
+accused. This is all that is given to the defender in the
+audience-chamber, where the inquisitors have commanded him to attend. He
+is then obliged to promise to defend the prisoner if he thinks that it
+is just to do so; but, in the contrary case, that he will use all the
+means in his power to persuade him to solicit his pardon of the
+tribunal, by a sincere confession of his sins, and a demand to be
+reconciled to the church.
+
+Those who have acquired any experience in criminal proceedings, are
+aware of the great advantages which may be derived from the comparison
+of the testimony of the witnesses in the defence of the accused; but the
+direction given to the proceedings by the Inquisition is such, that the
+lawyer can rarely find any means of defence but that which arises from
+the difference and variations in the depositions on the actions and
+words imputed to the prisoner.
+
+As this is not sufficient, (because the semi-proof exists,) the defender
+generally demands to see the prisoner, that he may inquire if it is his
+intention to challenge the witnesses, to destroy, either in part, or
+entirely, the proof established against him. If he replies in the
+affirmative, the inquisitors order proceedings to prove the irregularity
+of the witnesses.
+
+
+_Proof._
+
+It is then necessary to separate all the original declarations of the
+witnesses from the process, and send them to the places which they
+inhabit to receive a _ratification_. This takes place without the
+knowledge of the prisoner, and as he is not represented by any person
+during this formality, it is impossible that the challenge of a witness
+should succeed, even if he was the greatest enemy of the prisoner. If
+the witness was at Madrid at the time of the instruction, and afterwards
+went to the Philippine Isles, the course of the trial was suspended, and
+the prisoner was obliged to wait till the ratification arrived from
+Asia. If he demanded an audience, to complain of the delay, he was
+answered with ambiguity, that the tribunal could not proceed with
+greater haste, as it was occupied with particular measures.
+
+The prisoner made his challenge of the witnesses by naming those whom he
+considered as his enemies, giving his reasons for mistrusting them, and
+writing on the margin of each article the names of those persons who
+could attest the facts which are the causes of the challenge. The
+inquisitors decree that they shall be examined, unless some motive
+prevents it.
+
+As the prisoner is not acquainted with the proceedings, he often accuses
+persons who have not been summoned as witnesses. The article in which
+they are mentioned is passed over with those of the witnesses who have
+not deposed against him, or who have spoken in his favour. Thus he
+encounters his accusers only by chance.
+
+It sometimes happens that the procurator-fiscal secretly obtains the
+proof of the morality of the witnesses, in order to destroy the effect
+of the challenge; and as this is more easy to accomplish than the
+measures taken by the prisoner, they are generally rendered useless,
+because in doubtful cases the inquisitors are always disposed to depend
+upon the witness, if he is not known to be the declared enemy of the
+accused.
+
+
+_Publication of the Proofs._
+
+When the proof is established, the tribunal publishes the state of the
+trial, the depositions, and the act of judgment. But these terms are not
+to be understood in the common sense, since the publication was only an
+unfaithful copy of the declarations and other facts contained in the
+extract formed for the use of the defender. A secretary reads it to the
+prisoner in the presence of the inquisitors; after each article he asks
+him if he acknowledges the truth of what he has just heard; he then
+reads the declarations, and if the prisoner has not yet alleged any
+thing against the witnesses, that privilege is given him, because, after
+hearing the deposition, he is generally able to designate the person who
+has made it.
+
+This reading is only a fresh snare; for if the least contradiction is
+perceived, he may be considered guilty of duplicity, concealment, or a
+false confession, and the tribunal may refuse to grant the
+reconciliation, although he demand it, and even condemn him to
+_relaxation_.
+
+
+_Definitive Censure of the Qualifiers._
+
+After this ceremony the _qualifiers_ are summoned, who receive the
+original writing of the sentence passed in the _summary_ instruction,
+with the extract of the replies of the prisoner in his last examination,
+and the declarations of the witnesses which were communicated to him.
+They are commissioned to qualify the propositions a second time, to
+examine his explanation, and to decide if his replies have destroyed the
+suspicion of heresy which he had incurred, or if he had confirmed it,
+and was to be looked upon as a _formal_ heretic.
+
+Every one must be sensible of the importance of this censure, since it
+led to the definite sentence; yet the _qualifiers_ scarcely took the
+trouble to hear a rapid perusal of the proceedings; they hastily gave
+their opinion, and this was the last important act in the proceedings,
+as the rest was a mere formality.
+
+
+_Sentence._
+
+The trial was then considered as finished. The diocesan in ordinary was
+convoked, that with the inquisitors he might decide upon the proper
+sentence. In the first ages of the holy office these functions were
+confided to _consultors_: these were doctors of law, but as they could
+only give their opinion, and as the inquisitors pronounced the
+definitive sentence, the latter always prevailed if they chanced to
+differ. The accused had the right of appealing to the _Supreme_ Council,
+but appeals to Rome were more frequent. The inquisitors of the provinces
+were afterwards obliged to submit their opinion to the council before
+they pronounced the definitive sentence; the council modified and
+reformed it; their decision was sent to the inquisitors, who then
+established the judgment in their own names, although it might be
+contrary to their previous opinion. This proceeding rendered the office
+of the consultors useless, and it was discontinued.
+
+Although the prisoner was acquitted, he was not acquainted with the
+names of his denouncers and the witnesses. He rarely obtained a more
+public reparation than the liberty of returning to his house with a
+certificate of absolution.
+
+
+_Execution of the Sentence._
+
+The nature of the punishments inflicted by the Inquisition has been
+already described; it is, therefore, only necessary to remark that the
+sentences were not communicated to the victims until the commencement of
+the execution, since the condemned were sent to the _autos-da-fé_,
+either to be reconciled or given over to secular justice; on leaving
+prison the _familiars_ attired them in the _san-benito_, with a paper
+mitre on their heads, a cord round their necks, and a wax taper in their
+hands.
+
+When the prisoner arrives at the place of execution, his sentence is
+read, and he is then reconciled or _relaxed_, which means, that he is
+condemned to be burnt by the justice of the king.
+
+
+_San-benito._
+
+The _San-benito_ was a species of _scapulary_, which only descended to
+the knees, that it might not be confounded with those worn by some
+monks: this motive also made the inquisitors prefer common woollen stuff
+of a yellow colour with red crosses for the _San-benito_. Such were the
+penitential habits in 1514, when Cardinal Ximenez de Cisneros altered
+the common crosses for those of St. Andrew. The inquisitors afterwards
+had a different habit for each class of penitents.
+
+Those who abjured as _slightly_ suspected of heresy, wore the scapulary
+of yellow stuff without the cross. If he abjured as _violently
+suspected_, he wore half the cross; if he was a _formal heretic_, he
+wore it entire. There were also three different kinds of garments for
+those who were condemned to death. The first was for those who repented
+before they were sentenced. It was a simple yellow scapulary with a red
+cross, and a conical cap, denominated _Caroza_, which was formed of the
+same stuff as the _San-benito_, and decorated with similar crosses.
+
+The second was destined for those who had been condemned to be burnt,
+but who had repented after their sentence, and before they were
+conducted to the _autos-da-fé_. The _San-benito_ and the _Caroza_ were
+made of the same stuff. On the lower part of the scapulary a bust was
+painted, in the midst of a fire, the flames of which were reversed, to
+show that the culprit was not to be burnt until he had been strangled.
+The _Caroza_ was painted in the same manner.
+
+The third was for those who were impenitent. It was similar to the
+others, with a bust, and the flames in the natural direction, to show
+that the person who wore it was to be burnt alive; grotesque figures of
+devils were also painted on the _San-benito_ and _Caroza_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS DURING THE MINISTRY OF THE INQUISITORS DEZA AND
+CISNEROS.
+
+
+The new inquisitor-general was scarcely in possession of his office,
+when he began to establish regulations to increase the activity of the
+Inquisition. In 1500 he published a constitution in seven articles; and
+in 1504 four new articles relative to the confiscations.
+
+To prove his zeal, Deza proposed to Ferdinand that the Inquisition
+should be introduced into Sicily and Naples in its present form, and
+that it should be under the authority of the Spanish inquisitor-general,
+instead of being dependent on the Court of Rome. The king undertook to
+introduce it into Sicily by a decree in 1500; but the inhabitants made
+great resistance, and he was obliged to pursue the plan which had
+succeeded in Aragon, by commanding the viceroy and other magistrates to
+assist the inquisitors. Several seditions were quelled before the
+sub-delegated inquisitor-general, Don Pedro Velorad, Archbishop of
+Messina, could enter upon his office.
+
+In 1516 the Sicilians, weary of the proceedings of the Inquisition,
+revolted and set all the prisoners at liberty. Melchior de Cervera, the
+inquisitor, only escaped death by a concurrence of extraordinary
+circumstances; the viceroy was also in the greatest danger. The
+islanders were thus freed from the yoke of this detested tribunal; but
+they did not long enjoy liberty, for they were not able to resist the
+power of Charles V., who obliged them to receive it a second time.
+Naples was more fortunate. Ferdinand, in 1504, commanded the viceroy,
+Gonzales Fernandez de Cordova, surnamed _the Great Captain_, to assist
+the Archbishop of Messina with all his power, in establishing the
+Inquisition; but the Neapolitans opposed it so obstinately, that the
+viceroy judged it prudent to desist, and informed the king that it would
+be extremely dangerous to combat so decided a resistance.
+
+In 1510 Ferdinand again attempted to introduce the new Inquisition; but
+his efforts were unavailing, and he was obliged to declare that he would
+be satisfied if the Neapolitans would banish all the _New Christians_
+who had taken refuge in their towns when they were driven from Spain.
+
+Deza persuaded Ferdinand and Isabella to introduce the Inquisition into
+the kingdom of Grenada, although a promise to the contrary had been made
+to the baptized Moors. The queen rejected the proposition, but granted
+one that differed little from it, namely, that the jurisdiction of the
+inquisitors of Cordova should extend over Grenada, but permitting them
+to prosecute only in cases of actual apostasy. From that period the
+Moors have been known in history by the name of _Morescoes_.
+
+The principal inquisitor of Cordova was Don Diego de Lucero; the
+severity of his character caused great misery throughout the kingdom of
+Cordova.
+
+The moderation and exhortations of Ximenez de Cisneros, Archbishop of
+Toledo, and Don Ferdinand de Talavera, had converted more than 50,000
+Moors, and the conversions would have been still more numerous, if some
+priests had not treated the Moors with severity, and excited a general
+revolt.
+
+In 1501 the sovereigns declared in an edict, that by the grace of God,
+there were no infidels in the kingdom of Grenada, and to render the
+conversions more secure, they forbade any Moors to enter the territory;
+they also prohibited the slaves of that nation from holding any
+communication with others, that their conversion might not be retarded,
+or with those who had been baptized, as they might induce them to
+apostatize. All who did not conform to these laws incurred the
+punishment of death.
+
+In February, 1502, Ferdinand and Isabella commanded all the free Moors
+of both sexes, above fourteen and twelve years of age, to quit the
+kingdom of Spain before the month of May following: they were allowed to
+sell their goods as the Jews had been; but were prohibited from going to
+Africa, which was then at war with Spain. The states of the Grand
+Seignior and other countries were assigned to them as places of refuge:
+as several baptized Moors sold their property and went to Africa, a
+royal ordinance was published, importing that, for the space of two
+years, no person could sell his property, or leave the kingdom of
+Castile, except to go into Aragon or Portugal, without a permission,
+which would only be granted to those who gave a security for their
+return when they had terminated their affairs.
+
+Deza was not contented with exciting the zeal of Ferdinand and Isabella
+against the Moors; he also proposed measures against the Jews on the
+occasion of the arrival of different strangers in Spain, but who were
+not of those expelled in 1492. He obtained a royal ordinance in 1499,
+which applied those measures to them which had been established against
+the first Jews. The council of the Inquisition had already decreed that
+the converted Jews should be obliged to prove their baptism, and that
+they lived with the other Christians; that those who had been rabbins or
+masters of the law should be obliged to change the place of their
+residence; that they should appear every Sunday and on festival days in
+the churches, and be carefully instructed in the christian doctrine.
+Ferdinand permitted the inquisitors of Aragon to take cognizance of
+usury and other crimes foreign to their jurisdiction, contrary to the
+oath which he had taken to observe the laws of that kingdom, which
+ordained that they should be punished by the secular judge.
+
+Deza was at the head of the Inquisition eight years. If the calculation
+of his victims is formed after the inscription at Seville, we shall find
+that 38,440 persons were punished during that time, of whom 2592 were
+burnt in person, 896 in effigy, and 34,952 condemned to different
+penances. Among this crowd of persons who were persecuted by the
+Inquisition, there were many distinguished by their birth, their
+learning, their fortunes, and their offices. The sanguinary inquisitor,
+Lucero, made the venerable Don Ferdinand de Talavera, first Archbishop
+of Grenada, the object of a shameful persecution. He became jealous of
+the reputation for sanctity and charity which this prelate had acquired,
+and raised doubts of his faith, by reminding Isabella, that he had
+opposed the establishment of the Inquisition in 1478, and the following
+years; and by publishing that, although his father was noble, and of the
+illustrious family of Contreras, yet he was of Jewish origin by the
+mother's side. The inquisitor concluded from these circumstances that he
+could commence a _secret instruction_ against the holy prelate. Deza
+commissioned the Archbishop of Toledo, Ximenez de Cisneros, to receive
+the preparatory informations on the faith of the Archbishop of Grenada;
+Cisneros informed the Pope of the commission which he had received, and
+the pontiff commanded his apostolical nuncio, the Bishop of Bristol, to
+take the affair under his direction, and prohibited Deza and the
+Inquisitors from pursuing it. The Pope, in a Council of Cardinals and
+Bishops, acquitted the Archbishop of Grenada, who died in 1507, some
+months after this judgment, after three years of the greatest anxiety,
+as the inquisitor Lucero had caused many of his relations to be
+arrested, although they were all innocent.
+
+The persecution suffered by the learned Antonio Lebrija was not less
+cruel. He had been tutor to Isabella, and was honoured by the friendship
+and protection of Ximenez de Cisneros: he was well acquainted with the
+Greek and Hebrew, and discovered and corrected in the Latin text of the
+Vulgate some errors which had been committed by the transcribers before
+the invention of printing. He was accused by some scholastic
+theologians; his papers were seized, and after being treated with the
+greatest cruelty, he had the grief of seeing the suspicion of heresy
+established against him, and was obliged to live in that species of
+disgrace until he could write his apology under the protection of
+Ximenez de Cisneros.
+
+The inhumanity of the inquisitor Lucero had still more serious
+consequences: as he declared almost all the accused persons guilty of
+concealment, and condemned them as _false penitents_, some persons added
+imaginary circumstances to their confessions, and declared that
+synagogues were held in different houses in Cordova, Grenada, and other
+towns; they added, that even monks and nuns attended at them, and went
+in procession from all parts of Castile; they also affirmed that many
+Spanish families of _Old Christians_, whom they named, assisted at the
+Jewish feasts. In consequence of these declarations, Lucero arrested
+such an immense number of persons, that Cordova was on the point of
+revolting against the Inquisition. The municipality, the bishop, the
+chapter of the cathedral, and all the nobility sent deputies to the
+inquisitor-general, to demand that Lucero should be recalled. Deza
+refused to listen to their claim, until the cruelties of which Lucero
+was accused were proved. Lucero had then the audacity to note down as
+favourers of Judaism, knights, ladies, canons, monks, nuns, and
+respectable persons of every class.
+
+At this period, 1506, Philip I. ascended the throne of Castile; the
+Bishop of Cordova informed him of what was passing, and the relations of
+the prisoners demanded that they should be tried by another tribunal.
+Philip commanded Deza to retire to his archbishopric of Seville, and to
+invest Don Diego Ramirez de Guzman, Bishop of Catania, with the powers
+of inquisitor-general; at the same time all the papers relative to this
+affair were submitted to the Supreme Council of Castile. Ramirez de
+Guzman suspended Lucero, and the other inquisitors of Cordova, from
+their functions. The affair would have terminated happily, but for the
+death of the king in the same year.
+
+Deza was no sooner informed of that event than he again resumed his
+office of inquisitor-general, and annulled all that had been done during
+his retirement. Ferdinand V. resumed the government of the kingdom, as
+father of Queen Joanna, widow of Philip I., as her mind was disordered.
+Some time elapsed, however, before he began to reign, as he was at
+Naples at the time of the death of the King of Spain. At this period,
+all the inhabitants of Cordova, and some members of the Council of
+Castile, declared against Deza, and published that he was of the race of
+_Marranos_, that is, a descendant of the Jews.
+
+The Marquis de Priego excited the Cordovans to a revolt; they forced the
+prisons of the holy office, and liberated an immense number of
+prisoners. They seized the persons of the procurator-fiscal, one of the
+notaries, and several other officers of the tribunal; Priego would also
+have arrested Lucero, but he escaped by means of an excellent mule.
+These events alarmed the inquisitor-general to such a degree, that he
+resigned his office, and retired to his diocese with the greatest
+precaution. This proceeding restored tranquillity in Cordova, but did
+not terminate the trials.
+
+When the Regent of Spain arrived in that kingdom, he named Don Francisco
+Ximenez de Cisneros inquisitor-general for the crown of Castile, and Don
+Juan Enguera, Bishop of Vic, for that of Aragon. The Pope expedited
+their bulls in 1507, and made Cisneros a cardinal.
+
+Ximenez de Cisneros began to exercise his new employment on the 1st
+October, when the conspiracy against the holy office had become almost
+general, on account of the events at Cordova, of which the Council of
+Castile took cognizance. All its members who had been of the party of
+Philip I. signalized themselves by their hatred against the Inquisition.
+This aversion made Ximenez de Cisneros feel the necessity of conducting
+himself with extreme caution, that he might not give occasion for a
+general convocation of the Cortes, which would have deprived him of the
+high office of governor of the kingdom, which he then possessed.
+
+The events at Cordova forced a great number of persons to appeal to
+Rome. The Pope appointed two prelates to examine the trials, and made
+Cardinal Cisneros judge of appeals, with the power of bringing all the
+trials begun by the apostolical commissioners before him.
+
+The cardinal immediately suspended the inquisitor Lucero, and sent him
+prisoner to Burgos; he also imprisoned all those witnesses who were
+suspected of having made false depositions, because some of the charges
+were so absurd that no one could believe them. The examination of the
+trials made the cardinal perceive, that an affair which implicated some
+of the most illustrious families of Spain could not be treated with too
+much delicacy:--he therefore obtained the king's permission to form a
+junta, which he named the _Catholic Congregation_: it was composed of
+twenty-two respectable persons, namely, the inquisitor-general (who was
+the president); the inquisitor-general of Aragon; the Bishop of Ciudad
+Rodrigo; those of Calahorra and Barcelona; the mitred abbot of the
+Benedictines at Valladolid; the president of the Council of Castile, and
+eight of its members; the vice-chancellor and the president of the
+Chancery of Aragon; two counsellors of the _Supreme_; two provincial
+inquisitors, and an auditor of the Chancery of Valladolid.
+
+Their first assembly was held at Burgos, on Ascension-day, in 1508, and
+on the 9th of July they decreed that the characters of the witnesses
+were vile, contemptible, and unworthy of confidence; that their
+declarations were full of contradictions; that they contained things
+unworthy of belief, and contrary to common sense; that the prisoners
+were consequently at liberty; that their honour, and that of the
+prisoners who had died, was re-established; that the houses which had
+been destroyed, as having been used for synagogues, should be rebuilt;
+and that the judgment and the notes in the register should be erased.
+
+This decision of the _Catholic junta_ was proclaimed at Valladolid on
+the 1st August, in the same year, in the presence of the king, and a
+multitude of nobles, and other inhabitants of all classes.
+
+Cardinal Ximenez de Cisneros had genius, knowledge, and was just, which
+he proved in the affair of Cordova, and in the protection which he
+granted to Lebrija and other learned men on different occasions. I shall
+here remark the error into which several writers have fallen, in
+accusing Cisneros of having taken a great part in the establishment of
+the holy office, when it is certain that, in concert with Cardinal
+Mendoza and Talavera, he endeavoured to prevent it. When he was chosen
+as chief of an institution which had more power and was better obeyed
+than many sovereigns, circumstances made it a duty to uphold and defend
+it, and he was obliged to oppose innovations in the manner of
+proceeding, although the events at Cordova had shown him the
+inconveniences of the secrecy preserved by the tribunal.
+
+The division of the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile, which took place at
+this time, and the idea that it was no longer necessary to have as many
+inquisitorial tribunals as bishoprics, were the reasons that induced
+Cisneros to distribute them by provinces. He established the holy office
+at Seville, Cordova, Jaen, Toledo, in Estremadura, at Murcia,
+Valladolid, and Calahorra, and determined the extent of territory for
+the jurisdiction of each tribunal: at this time he also sent inquisitors
+to the Canary isles. In 1513, the inquisition was introduced at Cuença;
+in 1524, at Grenada; under Philip II., at Santiago de Galicia; and under
+Philip IV., at Madrid. Cisneros also judged it necessary, in 1516, to
+have a tribunal at Oran, and soon after in America.
+
+The inquisitor-general of Aragon adopted the same system, and sent
+inquisitors to Saragossa, Barcelona, Valencia, Majorca, Sardinia, and
+Sicily; and, at a later period, to Pampeluna, after the conquest of
+Navarre: but this kingdom being united in 1515 to that of Castile, its
+tribunal was subjected to the inquisitor-general of that kingdom, who
+suppressed it some time after, and transferred the territory to that of
+Calahorra.
+
+During the eleven years of his ministry, (which ended by his death in
+1517,) Cisneros permitted the condemnation of 52,855 individuals, 3564
+were burnt in person, 1232 in effigy, and 4832 suffered different
+punishments. Although this number of executions is immense, yet it must
+be acknowledged that Cisneros had taken measures to relax the activity
+of the Inquisition; the most important was, that he assigned particular
+churches to the _New Christians_, and charged the curates to increase
+their zeal in instructing them, and to visit them often in their own
+houses.
+
+
+_Offer made to the King to obtain the publicity of the Proceedings._
+
+In 1512, a report being spread among the _New Christians_ that Ferdinand
+intended to make war against his nephew, the King of Navarre, they
+offered him 600,000 ducats of gold towards the expenses of the war if he
+would consent to make a law that the trials of the Inquisition should be
+public: the king was on the point of treating with the _New Christians_,
+when Cisneros placed a large sum of money at his disposal; the king
+accepted it, though it was less than the first, and abandoned the idea
+of a reform.
+
+After the death of that prince, and while Charles V. was in Flanders, in
+1517, the _New Christians_ again offered, on the same conditions,
+800,000 ducats for the expenses of his journey to Spain. William de
+Croy, Duke d'Ariscot, the favourite governor of the young monarch,
+persuaded him to consult the colleges, universities, and learned men of
+Spain and Flanders; they all replied that the communication of the names
+and the entire depositions of the witnesses was consonant to all rights
+natural, human, and divine. When the cardinal-inquisitor was informed of
+this decision, he sent deputies, and wrote to the king to combat it; he
+reminded him that a similar proposal had been refused by his
+grandfather; but he did not tell him the most important circumstance,
+that he had refused it for a sum of money. Charles V. left the affair
+undecided until his arrival in Spain, but he terminated it according to
+the general hopes after the death of Cisneros, in 1518.
+
+The particular favour which Ferdinand granted to the Inquisition did not
+prevent him from maintaining the rights of his crown. In 1509, he
+published a law which prohibited, on pain of death, any person from
+presenting to the inquisitors any bull, or writing of that nature,
+obtained from the Pope, or his legates, without first applying to the
+king that it might be examined by his council.
+
+This right of the crown of Spain over the decisions of the Pope has been
+lately renewed by a law of Charles III.; yet the law has often been
+impotent against the enterprises, the decisions, and the briefs of the
+Popes.
+
+Ferdinand named Don Louis Mercader inquisitor-general for the kingdom of
+Aragon, after the death of the Bishop of Vic. Mercader died in 1516,
+while the government was in the hands of Charles of Austria, the
+grandson of Ferdinand, who died in the same year, leaving no children by
+his second marriage.
+
+Charles, his grandson, resided in Flanders, but he sent into Spain
+several men who enjoyed his confidence: amongst them were his governor,
+the Duke d'Ariscot, and Adrian de Florencio, who was Dean of Louvain,
+and born at Utrecht. As the two sovereignties of Castile and Aragon were
+now united, it appeared natural that there should be but one
+inquisitor-general for the monarchy, but Cisneros had too much
+penetration to omit this opportunity of recommending himself to the
+favorite, and, consequently, to the prince. Instead of demanding this
+union, he wrote to the king to represent that it appeared to him
+expedient to bestow the bishopric of Tortosa and the office of
+inquisitor-general of Aragon on the Dean of Louvain, and it was easy to
+obviate the difficulty of his being a foreigner by giving him letters of
+naturalization. This plan was executed; the double nomination was sent
+to Rome, and the Pope granted the bulls. Adrian took possession of
+Majorca on the 7th of February, 1517: this nomination was followed by
+one to the office of Cisneros, who died on the 6th of November
+following. Although he was elected Pope on the 9th of January, 1522, he
+continued in his office until the 10th of September in the following
+year, when he signed the bulls of his successor, Don Alphonso Manrique
+de Lara, Archbishop of Seville.
+
+During the period that the Inquisition remained separate from that of
+Castile, it was often violently attacked, and more than once was on the
+point of being abolished, or at least subjected to a reform, which would
+have left it without the power of exciting terror. Ferdinand having
+assembled the Cortes of the kingdom at Monzon, in 1510, the deputies of
+the towns and cities loudly complained that the inquisitors abused their
+powers, not only in matters of faith, but in several points which were
+not in their jurisdiction. The deputies also represented, that they
+interfered in the regulation of the contributions, and that the taxes
+were shamefully diminished by the reductions which they made in the
+lists; that their authority had made them so bold and insolent, that
+they created themselves judges in all doubtful cases; and where their
+competence was denied, they had recourse to excommunication; that they
+oppressed the magistrates, who feared that they should be obliged to do
+public penance in an _auto-da-fé_; that this misfortune had already
+happened to the viceroys and governors of Barcelona, Valencia, Majorca,
+Sardinia, and Sicily, and to several persons of high rank; in
+consequence, they entreated his Majesty to maintain the execution of the
+laws and statues of the kingdom of Aragon, and to oblige the officers of
+the Inquisition to confine themselves to matter of faith, and to pursue
+them according to the rules of common law, in giving them the publicity
+of criminal proceedings.
+
+This representation of the Cortes acquainted the king with the
+disposition of the public; yet he avoided giving a direct reply, and
+said that it was impossible to decide upon so important an affair
+without having acquired a profound knowledge of facts; that he requested
+them to collect all that came to their knowledge, and to lay them before
+him in the first assembly. This took place in the same town, in 1512.
+The resolutions which were then adopted form a treaty between the
+sovereign and his people: it contains twenty-five articles, all tending
+to restrain the extent of the jurisdiction of the inquisitors.
+
+It was there stated that they could not interfere in trials for bigamy
+and usury, unless the culprits had fallen into the crime of heresy in
+asserting that these offences were not sinful; nor in the proceedings
+instituted against blasphemers by other tribunals, unless the blasphemy
+was heretical: they were also prohibited from proceeding in a trial
+without the concurrence of the _ordinaire diocesan_: the
+inquisitor-general was likewise restrained from pronouncing judgment in
+cases of appeal without the consent of his counsellors; and that the
+execution of the sentence which had caused it should be delayed. No
+measures were taken for the publicity of the proceedings, or with regard
+to the confiscations; but it was agreed that the contracts and other
+engagements, signed by one who had the reputation of a good catholic,
+should be valid, although he should be afterwards proved to have been a
+heretic at the time of the transaction.
+
+The king soon repented of having given his word to the Cortes; and,
+seconded by the intrigues of the inquisitors, he solicited and obtained
+a dispensation from his promise, on the 30th of April, 1513. One of the
+clauses of the dispensation reinstates the tribunals of the holy office
+in all the privileges which they had formerly possessed. This conduct
+of the king caused a general revolt; and he was obliged to request the
+Pope to confirm the regulations of the Cortes, and subject those who did
+not conform to them to the censure of the church. The Pope saw the
+necessity of compliance, and granted the bull in 1515.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+AN ATTEMPT MADE BY THE CORTES OF CASTILE AND ARAGON TO REFORM THE
+INQUISITION.--OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS UNDER ADRIAN, FOURTH
+INQUISITOR-GENERAL.
+
+
+The Inquisition was never in so much danger as during the first year of
+the reign of Charles V. When the young monarch arrived in Spain, he was
+disposed to abolish the Inquisition, or at least to regulate the
+proceedings according to those of other tribunals. In 1518 a general
+assembly of the Cortes was held at Valladolid, when the representatives
+solicited that his highness would command the office of the holy
+Inquisition to conform to the rules of the canons and the common law.
+The Cortes likewise sent ten thousand pieces of gold to the chancellor
+Selvagio, and promised the same sum when the decree which they solicited
+should be put in execution. The king replied that he would take proper
+measures to remedy the evil of which they complained: in consequence, he
+engaged the Cortes to publish the abuses which had been introduced, and
+to indicate the means of abolishing them.
+
+When the assembly at Valladolid had terminated their labours, Charles
+convoked the Cortes of Aragon at Saragossa, where he was accompanied by
+the chancellor Selvagio, who had prepared a royal ordinance, to be
+published according to the demand of the Cortes of Castile. It was
+composed of thirty-nine articles: the proceedings of the tribunal were
+regulated in it, with the ages, the rank, and salaries of the judges and
+subaltern officers.
+
+The result of this new code was, that the inquisitors could not question
+a witness to obtain information on any subject but that for which he was
+summoned.
+
+That each denouncer should be subject to a strict examination, to
+discover his motives for the accusation.
+
+That the order for imprisonment could not be given without the
+concurrence of the diocesan in ordinary, or until they had examined each
+witness a second time.
+
+That the prisons should be public, neat, and convenient.
+
+That the prisoners should be allowed to see their relations, their
+friends, and their counsel.
+
+That they might choose a lawyer or procurator in whom they placed
+confidence.
+
+That the accusation should be immediately communicated to them, with the
+name of the place where, and the time when, the witnesses had declared
+the crime to have been committed.
+
+That if the accused demanded a copy of the accusation and the
+examination, it should be given to him.
+
+That when the proofs and the depositions were all received, they should
+be communicated entirely to the prisoner, _as in the present time there
+are no persons powerful enough to inspire the witnesses with fear,
+except in cases where the prisoner is a duke, marquis, count, bishop, or
+in possession of some other dignity of the church_.
+
+That in this case, in order to conceal the names of the witnesses, the
+judge shall draw up a writing, declaring upon oath, that he believes
+this measure to be necessary for the preservation of the lives of the
+witnesses; that this act shall deprive the prisoner of his right of
+appealing against it.
+
+That if it is considered absolutely necessary to make use of the
+torture, it shall only be administered in moderation, and without
+recurring to the cruel inventions hitherto employed.
+
+That it shall only be employed once for what personally concerns the
+accused; never to obtain from him information of other individuals; and
+only in the case of persons mentioned in the law.
+
+That the definitive sentences, and even the interlocutory orders, shall
+be subject to the right of appeal, as to their double effect.
+
+That when the preparatory examination of the judgment is commenced, the
+parties and their counsel may attend at this revision of the process,
+and demand that the reading may be made in their presence.
+
+That if the proof of the crime is not then established, the prisoner
+shall be acquitted, without being liable to a punishment as being still
+suspected.
+
+That if the accused desires to clear himself, on oath, he shall be
+allowed to seek witnesses, and to converse with them in private; and
+that their being descendants of the Jews shall not prevent their
+admission.
+
+That the challenge of witnesses shall be permitted; and if one of those
+called by the procurator-fiscal is convicted of giving false testimony,
+he shall be subject to the punishment of retaliation, according to a law
+of Ferdinand and Isabella, in the beginning of their reign.
+
+That when an accused person has been reconciled, he shall not be
+arrested for things which he has not confessed, because it is to be
+supposed that he forgot them.
+
+That no persons shall be molested or imprisoned for a simple presumption
+of heresy, arising from their having been brought up among Jews or
+heretics.
+
+That the San-benitos shall be taken out of the churches, and that they
+no longer be worn in the streets.
+
+That the punishment of perpetual imprisonment shall be abolished,
+_because the prisoners die of hunger, and cannot serve God_.
+
+That the statutes recently established to prevent _New Christians_ from
+being admitted into convents, shall be considered as null and void,
+because they are contrary to all laws, human and divine.
+
+That where an individual is sentenced to imprisonment, an inventory
+shall be taken of his property, and they shall not be sequestrated or
+sold.
+
+That he, and his wife, and children, shall possess his revenues during
+his detention, and shall be allowed to employ them to prepare his means
+of defence against the Inquisition.
+
+That when a man is condemned, his children shall inherit his property.
+
+That no donation shall be made on their property, until it has been
+definitively confiscated.
+
+That the spirit and letter of the canons shall be complied with in all
+things, without regard to any particular custom previously in use.
+
+That the king shall be supplicated to obtain a bull from the Pope to
+ratify these measures.
+
+That until this bull is obtained, the king shall be requested to command
+the inquisitors to conform to these regulations, in the trials already
+commenced, and in those which may begin from this time.
+
+This excellent code of laws was never put in execution, because the
+chancellor Selvagio, who framed it, died before its publication; and
+Cardinal Adrian so totally changed the ideas and inclinations of Charles
+V. that he became an ardent defender of the Inquisition.
+
+Charles V. had sworn at Saragossa, in 1518, to respect the privileges
+and customs of the Aragonese, particularly the resolutions of the Cortes
+at Saragossa, Tarazona, and Monzon, and consequently that he would not
+suffer the inquisitors to commence any trials for usury.
+
+But a new assembly of the Cortes having been convoked at Saragossa,
+towards the end of the year 1518, the deputies of Aragon represented to
+the king, that the agreement of the Cortes at Monzon, in 1512, was not
+sufficient to remedy the abuses which the inquisitors had introduced;
+they therefore entreated his Majesty to add to it thirty-one articles
+which they had adopted. These articles differed little from those of the
+Cortes of Castile.
+
+The king, after having consulted his council, replied, "_that it was his
+pleasure that the holy canons, and the decrees of the holy see, should
+be conformed to in regard to all the articles which had been presented
+to him. That if difficulties or doubts should occur, which required
+explanation, they should apply to the Pope_; that if any person wished
+to accuse an inquisitor of abuse in the exercise of his office, he might
+do so by applying to the inquisitor-general, who would pronounce
+sentence according to equity; and that the king would cause them to be
+punished as an example; _that he engaged by oath to observe himself, and
+cause others to observe, the order and declaration which he addressed to
+the assembly, as well as the articles which the Pope might add to those
+of the Cortes_; that he also promised, upon oath, never to demand a
+dispensation from his promise; and that if one was addressed to him he
+would never make use of it, as he at that time renounced all the rights
+which might arise from it."
+
+This reply induced the Cortes to believe that the king had granted all
+their requests; they considered that the trials would be there conducted
+as before other ecclesiastical tribunals. Persuaded that this was the
+king's intention, the Cortes resolved to show their gratitude by a
+voluntary contribution of money.
+
+Some time elapsed before the agreement was approved by the Pope. The
+Emperor wrote the following letter from Cologne, in 1520, to his
+ambassador at Rome:--"In regard to the transactions of the Cortes, it
+will be sufficient if his Holiness will approve an act sent to Don Louiz
+Carroz, and afterwards to Don Jerome Vich, which is written by the hand
+of the venerable Cardinal of Tortosa, and that of the great chancellor,
+without any extension or interpretation, as I have often demanded
+earnestly."
+
+The Aragonese, who did not even believe it possible to obtain this last
+point, entreated the inquisitor-general to command the inquisitors of
+Saragossa to conform immediately to the regulations of the agreement,
+without waiting for the confirmation of the Pope, because almost all the
+articles were the same as those in the convention of 1512, which the
+Pope had approved.
+
+Cardinal Adrian complied with the request, and wrote to the inquisitors.
+They replied, that they thought themselves obliged to take the orders of
+the king before they obeyed him. Charles addressed an ordinance to them,
+in which he commanded them to execute all that he had promised and sworn
+in the preceding year.
+
+At last the Pope confirmed the resolutions by a bull, which was
+proclaimed with great solemnity. However, it soon appeared that this
+publication would have no effect, because the promise of the king was,
+that the canons and apostolical ordinances should be strictly observed
+in regard to the articles; and in conforming to this they only executed
+the bull of 1515.
+
+On the 21st of January, 1521, the Emperor ordered the secretary of the
+Cortes to be set at liberty; for although the inquisitor-general, in
+1520, had decreed that he should be _relaxed_, and the prisoner had been
+informed of it, yet he refused to quit the prison, affirming that the
+decree which set him at liberty, tended more to make him appear guilty
+than innocent, by the use of the word _relaxed_.
+
+Similar debates took place in Catalonia, where the king convoked a
+Cortes at Barcelona, in 1519, to take the oath of maintaining the
+privileges of the province. The Catalans, informed of the effect
+produced by the representations of the Cortes of Aragon, likewise
+demanded a reform of several abuses of their Inquisition relative to the
+taxes, as well as usury, bigamy, and other crimes of that class. The
+king, after having heard their remonstrances, made nearly the same reply
+as to the Cortes of Saragossa, and wrote to the Pope to demand a
+ratification of the articles. The Pope approved them in a bull in 1520;
+but Charles did not wait for its arrival to enforce the execution of his
+promise, which is proved by his order to Don Diego de Mendoza, his
+lieutenant-general in Catalonia. Yet he declares in his letter to his
+lieutenant, that he only made these promises _on account of the
+importunities of some representatives_ of towns, and some _men who were
+among the members of the Cortes_.
+
+In consequence of some events in Aragon, during the period which elapsed
+before the bull of confirmation was issued, Leo X. was on the point of
+destroying the Inquisition; but intimidated by the policy of Charles V.,
+he left the hydra in the same state.
+
+John Prat, the secretary of the Cortes of Aragon, drew up the
+proposition of the representatives, and the reply of the king, to be
+addressed to the Pope; the chancellor of the king had done the same.
+This proceeding particularly displeased the inquisitors of Saragossa;
+and to avoid the danger which they believed themselves to be in, they
+began to intrigue at court, and soon succeeded in rendering the king
+averse to the cause of the deputies of Aragon. They insinuated that Prat
+had drawn up the act which was to be sent to Rome, in such a manner, as
+to represent the reply of the king as obligatory, not only in the
+literal sense of the words, but in supposing that he had admitted the
+articles as being conformed to the common law; and that they,
+consequently, only wanted the ratification of the Pope, which there was
+no doubt of obtaining, as it was known that the deputies of Aragon were
+supported by several cardinals, and had sent them considerable sums of
+money.
+
+The papers which contained these details were sent to Cardinal Adrian,
+who communicated them to the king, and obtained permission to order the
+inquisitors of Saragossa to make an inquiry if this recital was true,
+when they would be authorized to arrest Prat. Everything happened
+according to the hopes of the inquisitors.
+
+Prat was arrested on the 5th of May, 1509, and the next day the king
+wrote to the Pope, to request that he would not expedite the bull. It
+was intended that the prisoner should be transferred to Barcelona, but
+the _permanent deputation_ (who then represented the Aragonese during
+the intervals of the assembling of the Cortes) wrote to the king, that
+this proceeding was contrary to the statutes which he had sworn to
+maintain. The deputation also judged it necessary to convoke a new
+Cortes, who represented to the king the dangerous consequences of the
+removal of Secretary Prat, whose fidelity had been particularly remarked
+during the reign of Ferdinand; and entreated him to set Prat at liberty,
+not only because they believed him to be just, faithful, and loyal, but
+that it was impossible to levy the supply which had been offered to the
+king, unless this request was granted. The king prevented the removal of
+the prisoner, but would not liberate him.
+
+The deputation of the Cortes sent commissioners to Barcelona, to say
+that the sum of money offered to the king was conditional, and at the
+same time convoked the _tiers-état_. Charles being informed of it,
+commanded the dissolution of the assembly, which replied, that the kings
+of Aragon had no right to use so violent a measure, without the consent
+of the people; it decreed that the levy should not be raised, and
+applied to the Court of Rome for the ratification of the articles of
+Saragossa.
+
+Leo X. was at that time displeased with the Inquisition of Spain, on
+account of its refusal to admit certain briefs of inhibition in the
+tribunals of Toledo, Seville, Valencia, and Sicily; and forgetting the
+consideration which he owed to Charles (who was then emperor of
+Germany), he resolved to reform the holy office, and to compel it to
+submit to the rules of common law.
+
+In consequence of this resolution he expedited three briefs addressed to
+the king, the cardinal inquisitor-general, and the inquisitors of
+Saragossa, in which, after explaining his intention, he decrees that the
+inquisitors shall be deprived of their offices, and that the bishops and
+their chapters should present two canons to the inquisitor-general, who
+should appoint one: he added that this choice should be confirmed by the
+holy see, and that these new inquisitors should be subjected every two
+years to a judicial censure.
+
+The deputies received these briefs, and immediately required the
+inquisitors to conform to them; they replied that they would await the
+orders of their immediate chief. The king wrote to his uncle Don
+Alphonso of Aragon, Archbishop of Saragossa, to enter into an agreement
+with the deputies, and at the same time he sent an
+ambassador-extraordinary to Rome to demand a revocation of the briefs.
+The Aragonese then promised to levy the supply if the secretary Prat was
+liberated, but protested that they would not admit any proposition
+contrary to the promise which the king had made.
+
+This prince instructed his ambassador to inform the Pope of all that had
+passed in the Cortes of Castile, but to keep silence on the most
+important circumstances, and to assure his Holiness that no complaints
+had been made of the Inquisition since Cardinal Adrian had been
+inquisitor-general. Charles also required that no brief should be
+expedited to cause the _San-benitos_ to be removed from the churches, or
+to prohibit them from being worn in the streets.
+
+The Pope, seeing the importance which Charles attached to these things,
+wrote to Cardinal Adrian, that although he was perfectly informed of all
+that was passing, and that he had resolved to do justice to the claims
+of the Cortes, yet he would not carry the affair further without the
+consent of the King, to whom he promised to make no innovations; but he
+requested him to pay great attention to what was passing, as he heard
+serious complaints every day from all parts of the kingdom, of the
+avarice and injustice of the inquisitors.
+
+This brief offended the deputies, but they continued their importunities
+at the Court of Rome with so much ardour, that their credit balanced the
+power of Charles V.; and though they did not obtain the extension of the
+articles, they prevented the revocation of the reforming briefs, and
+Charles was obliged to be satisfied with that addressed to Cardinal
+Adrian.
+
+Leo X. died on the 1st of December, 1521, and Cardinal Adrian succeeded
+him on the 9th of January, 1522: he did not quit his office of
+inquisitor-general until the 10th of September, 1523, when he bestowed
+it on Don Alphonso Manrique, Archbishop of Seville.
+
+According to the most moderate calculation from the inscription at
+Seville, it appears that 240,025 persons were condemned by the
+Inquisition during the five years of the ministry of Adrian; 1620 were
+burnt in person; 560 in effigy; and 21,845 subjected to different
+penances. If the year 1523, which may be considered as an interregnum
+until the inscription of Seville, which is of the year 1524, is added to
+this, the number of victims sacrificed by the Inquisition may be
+estimated at 234,526 persons, an immense number, though it is far below
+the truth.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+CONDUCT OF THE INQUISITORS TOWARDS THE MORESCOES.
+
+
+The New Christians of Jewish origin flattered themselves, at the
+commencement of the ministry of Don Alphonso Manrique, that they should
+obtain the publication of the names and charges of the witnesses, as he
+had supported their request in 1516: but the inquisitors persuaded him
+that such a proceeding tended to the destruction of the holy office, and
+the triumph of the enemies of the faith; and that the appearance of two
+new sects of _Morescoes_ and _Lutherans_ rendered a great degree of
+severity indispensable.
+
+It has been already stated, that an order from Ferdinand and Isabella,
+in 1502, had compelled all those Moors who refused to become Christians,
+to quit Spain. Although this law was executed in Castile, it did not
+affect the Moors of Aragon, as the King had yielded to the solicitations
+of the nobles, who represented the immense injury which it would do
+them, in destroying the population of their domains, where there were
+scarcely any baptized inhabitants.
+
+The two sovereigns renewed their promise in 1510, and Charles V. took an
+oath to the same effect in the Cortes of Saragossa in 1519.
+
+A civil war soon after broke out in Aragon, similar to one in Castile,
+about the same time. The factious were almost all common people, who
+hated the nobles: they endeavoured to injure them as much as possible;
+and knowing that the Moors, who were their vassals, were obliged to
+serve them in a more laborious manner, on account of the difference of
+their religion, they baptized all the Moors who fell into their hands.
+Above sixteen thousand thus received baptism; but as they were forced to
+it, many afterwards returned to their former creed. The emperor
+punished the chiefs of the insurrection, and many Moors, fearing the
+same fate, quitted Spain, and retired to the kingdom of Algiers; so that
+in 1523, more than five thousand houses were left without inhabitants.
+
+Charles V., irritated at this conduct, persuaded himself that he ought
+not to suffer any Moors to remain in his dominions, and demanded a
+dispensation from his oath to the Cortes of Saragossa. The Pope at first
+refused, on account of the scandal of such a proceeding; but the emperor
+insisted, and it was granted in 1524: the Pope, however, engaged him, at
+the same time, to charge the inquisitors to accelerate the conversion of
+the Moors, by announcing, that if they did not become Christians within
+a certain period, they would be obliged to quit Spain, on pain of being
+reduced to slavery. Doubts were afterwards raised, of the validity of
+the baptism administered to the Moors in Valencia by the rebels; but
+Charles assembled a council, which, after many debates, decided, on the
+23d of March, 1525, that it was valid, as the infidels had not offered
+any resistance.
+
+The greatest part of the Moorish people fled to the mountains and the
+Sierra de Bernia, and resisted the arms of Charles, until the month of
+August, when they surrendered, after obtaining an amnesty. The Moors of
+Almonacid refused baptism, and took up arms; their town was taken, and
+several put to death, and the rest became Christians.
+
+In the borough of Correa, the Moors assassinated the lord of the
+district, and seventeen Christians, who endeavoured to compel them to
+embrace Christianity. At last the revolt became general throughout the
+kingdom of Valencia, where they formed nearly twenty-six thousand
+families; they fortified themselves in the town of the Sierra d'Espadan,
+and a considerable period elapsed before they were reduced by the royal
+army. They then implored the protection of Germaine de Foix, second wife
+to Ferdinand V., and who was then married to Don Ferdinand of Aragon,
+Duke of Calabria. This princess granted a passport to twelve of their
+deputies, whom they sent to court to learn the real intentions of the
+emperor. They demanded a delay of five years before they became
+Christians, or left Spain by the port of Alicant. These demands being
+refused, they offered to become Christians, on condition that the
+inquisitors should not be permitted to prosecute them for the space of
+forty years; this was also cruelly refused them.
+
+They then applied to the inquisitor-general Manrique, who received them
+graciously, and supposing that they would freely consent to receive
+baptism, he offered to employ his influence with the emperor. On the
+16th of January, 1526, they remitted a memorial to him, in which they
+demanded, 1st, that during forty years they should not be liable to be
+prosecuted by the holy office; 2ndly, that they might be allowed to
+preserve their language, and their manner of clothing themselves; 3rdly,
+that they might have a cemetery separate from that of the old
+Christians; 4thly, that they might be able to marry their relations
+during the space of forty years, and that the marriages already
+contracted should not be interfered with; 5thly, that the ministers of
+their religion should continue to receive the revenues of the mosques
+converted into churches; 6thly, that they might be allowed the use of
+arms like other Christians; 7thly, that the charges and rents which they
+paid to their lords should not be more burdensome than those of other
+Christians; 8thly, that they should not be obliged to pay the municipal
+expenses of royal towns, unless they were allowed to hold offices, and
+enjoy the honours depending on them.
+
+These articles being submitted to the emperor, they were granted, with a
+few restrictions, and the Moors were all baptized, with the exception of
+some thousands who fled to the mountains, and resisted the royal force
+during the year 1526. When they were reduced, they received baptism,
+and the punishment of slavery which they had incurred was commuted for
+a fine of twelve thousand ducats.
+
+The Aragonese, fearing that the Moors dispersed among them would be
+subjected to the same laws as those of Valencia, represented to the
+emperor, through the medium of his relation the Count de Ribagorza, that
+they had never caused any trouble either in politics or religion; that
+they could not have any communication with Africa, on account of the
+distance of the countries; and that many of them were excellent workmen
+in the fabrication of arms, and, consequently, their banishment would
+occasion great loss to the kingdom of Aragon. The representations of the
+Aragonese were unavailing: the emperor commanded the inquisitors to
+subject the Moors of Aragon to the same laws as those of Valencia, and
+they were baptized without resistance in 1526.
+
+In 1530 the Pope gave the inquisitor-general, the necessary power to
+absolve all the Moors of Aragon as often as they should relapse into
+heresy and repent, without inflicting any public penance or infamous
+punishments. The motives expressed in the bull for this conduct were,
+that they were much sooner converted by gentle means than severity. It
+is natural to inquire why a different policy was adopted with respect to
+the Jews; they were all rich merchants, while scarcely one in five
+thousand was found among the Moors. Occupied in the cultivation of the
+ground and the care of their flocks, they were always poor; sometimes
+workmen of singular intelligence, talent, and address were found among
+them.
+
+The Morescoes of Grenada also occupied the attention of the emperor,
+although the events which passed among them were of less importance.
+
+When the emperor was at Grenada in 1526, a memorial from the Morescoes
+was presented to him, by Don Ferdinand Benegas, Don Michael d'Aragon and
+Diego Lopez Benaxara; they were all members of the municipality, and
+illustrious nobles, as they were descended in the direct male line from
+the Moorish kings of Grenada. They represented that the Moors suffered
+much from the priests, judges, notaries, alguazils, and other Old
+Christians. The emperor appeared touched by the recital, and
+commissioned a bishop to go into the countries inhabited by the Moors
+and examine into the state of religion. The bishop visited the kingdom
+of Grenada, and found that the Moors had reason to complain; but he also
+discovered that there were scarcely seven Catholics among all these
+people; all the others had returned to Mahometanism, either because they
+had not been properly instructed, or because they were permitted to
+exercise their old religion in public.
+
+The emperor convoked a council, which decreed that the inquisitorial
+tribunal of Jaen should be transferred to Grenada. Several other
+measures were adopted and approved by the emperor; the most important
+was a promise of pardon to the Moors for all that had passed, and a
+notice that they would be treated with the utmost severity, if they
+again relapsed into heresy. The Morescoes submitted, and obtained for
+eighty thousand ducats the privileges of wearing the costume of their
+nation, and that the Inquisition should not be allowed to seize their
+property if they relapsed.
+
+The inquisitors of Grenada celebrated an _auto-da-fé_ in 1528 with the
+greatest ceremony, in order to inspire the Moors with more respect and
+fear. However no Moors were burnt, but only baptized Jews who had
+returned to Judaism.
+
+The Moors still continued to emigrate to Africa, although they were
+treated with moderation. Philip II. obtained a brief from Paul IV., by
+which the confessors were authorized to absolve the Moors secretly,
+without imposing any penance or pecuniary penalty, on the condition that
+they demanded absolution voluntarily. The system of indulgence which bad
+been adopted did not prevent Louis Albosein from being condemned to the
+flames. After emigrating to Africa, he returned to Valencia with several
+other renegadoes, with the intention of exciting the Morescoes to a
+revolt; the plot was discovered, the conspirators disarmed, and Louis
+was burnt in 1562.
+
+In 1567 the Pope expedited a brief in favour of the Morescoes of
+Valencia, but those of Grenada revolted, and elected for their king Don
+Ferdinand Valor, a descendant of their former sovereigns of the dynasty
+of Abenhumeyas. This rebellion continued for some time; and Philip II.
+endeavoured to quell it by issuing edicts of pardon even for those
+crimes which came under the jurisdiction of the Inquisition. An amnesty
+was granted to the Moors on condition that they came to solicit it, and
+many took advantage of the permission. To prevent emigration, the king
+remitted the penalty of confiscation, but the inquisitors, by means of
+the impenetrable secrecy which they always preserved, rendered the
+benevolent intentions of the sovereign of no avail. They did not publish
+the briefs of indulgence granted by the Court of Rome, knowing that a
+great number of the _relapsed_ would take advantage of them; these
+people, not being aware of their privileges, were condemned and burnt.
+These examples of cruelty increased the hatred of the Moors for this
+sanguinary tribunal, and were the cause of many seditions, which, in
+1609, led to the entire expulsion of the Moors, to the number of a
+million souls; so that in the space of an hundred and thirty-nine years
+the Inquisition deprived the kingdom of Spain of three millions of
+inhabitants, Jews, Morescoes, and Moors.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+OF THE PROHIBITION OF BOOKS AND OTHER ARTICLES.
+
+
+The opinions of Luther, Carolstadt, Zuingle, OEcolampadius,
+Melancthon, Muncer, and Calvin, were first promulgated during the
+ministry of Don Alphonso Manrique, the fifth inquisitor-general. These
+reformers were called _Protestants_ after the imperial diet at Spire, in
+1529.
+
+Leo the Xth had already condemned the opinions of Luther as heretical,
+which induced Manrique to enact severe punishments for those who should
+openly maintain or write in favour of them.
+
+In 1490 several Hebrew bibles and books written by Jews were burnt at
+Seville; at Salamanca more than six thousand volumes of magic and
+sorcery were committed to the flames. In 1502 Ferdinand and Isabella
+appointed the presidents of the Chanceries of Valladolid and Ciudad
+Real, the Archbishops of Seville, Toledo, Grenada, the Bishops of
+Burgos, Salamanca, and Zamora, to decide on all affairs relating to the
+examination, censure, printing, introduction, or sale of books. In 1521
+the Pope wrote to the governors of the provinces of Castile during the
+absence of Charles V., recommending them to prevent the introduction of
+the works of Luther into the kingdom; and Cardinal Adrian, in the same
+year, ordered the inquisitors to seize all books of that nature: this
+order was repeated in 1523.
+
+In 1530 the _Supreme_ Council wrote to the inquisitors during the
+absence of Cardinal Manrique, on the necessity of executing the measures
+which had been ordained; adding, that information had been received that
+the writings of Luther had been introduced into the Kingdom under
+fictitious titles, or as works entirely composed by Catholics authors;
+and in order to repress this intolerable abuse, they were commanded to
+visit all public libraries for those books, and to add to the edict of
+denunciation, a particular article, to oblige all Catholics to denounce
+any person who might read or keep them in their houses. In 1535 Cardinal
+Manrique addressed an order to the inquisitors, and another in the same
+year prohibiting the universities of the kingdom from explaining,
+reading, or even selling the _Colloquies of Erasmus_. In 1528 he
+anathematised some other works of the same author, although he had
+defended him in 1527, in an assembly which met to examine his writings.
+
+Erasmus was considered in Spain as a supporter of the Catholic faith
+against the doctrine of Luther, and his enemies were only a few
+scholastic theologians, who were not acquainted with the Greek and
+Hebrew tongues. The Spanish theologians who wrote against him were,
+Diego Lopez de Zuñiga, Sancho de Carranza, professor of theology in the
+university of Alcala de Henarés, Brother Louis de Carjaval, a
+Franciscan, Edward Lee, the English ambassador, and Pedro Vittoria, a
+theologian of Salamanca.
+
+After this first attack, in the Lent of the year 1527, two monks
+denounced several propositions in the works of Erasmus, as heretical.
+Alphonso Manrique (although he was then the friend of Erasmus) was
+obliged to submit these propositions to the examination of qualifiers;
+but he appointed the most learned men of the kingdom to that office.
+
+This assembly of doctors lasted two months, when the plague, which then
+desolated some parts of the kingdom, obliged them to separate, before
+they had decided on the judgment to be pronounced; it appears from
+several letters written by Erasmus about that time that he hoped it
+would be favourable to him.[4]
+
+But the Supreme Council qualified his _Colloquies_, his _Eulogy of
+Folly_, and his _Paraphrase_, and prohibited them from being read. In
+later times, this prohibition was extended to several other books of the
+same author, and the Inquisition recommended in its edicts that the
+works of Erasmus should be read with caution.
+
+The emperor Charles V. commissioned the University of Louvain to form a
+list of dangerous books, and in 1539 he obtained a bull of approbation
+from the Pope. The index was published in 1546 by the university in all
+the states of Flanders, six years after a decree had been issued to
+prohibit the writings of Luther from being read or bought on pain of
+death.[5]
+
+This severe measure displeased all ranks. The princes of Germany openly
+complained of it, and offered to assist Charles in his war against the
+Turks, if he would allow the people liberty in matters of religion.
+Charles paid no attention to their remonstrances, and this bad policy
+accelerated the progress of Lutheranism.
+
+In 1549, the inquisitor-general, with the approbation of the Supreme
+Council, added some new works to the list of those which had been
+prohibited, and addressed two ordinances to the inquisitors, enjoining
+them in the first, not to allow any person to possess them, and in the
+second, commanding the consultors of the holy office neither to read nor
+keep them, though the execution of the decrees might throw them into
+their hands.
+
+In 1546 the emperor commanded the University of Louvain to publish the
+index, with additions. This work appeared in 1550, and the prince
+remitted it to the inquisitor-general, and it was printed by the order
+of the Supreme Council, with a supplement composed of books prohibited
+in Spain; some time after the council framed another index, which was
+certified by the secretary.
+
+All the Inquisitions received copies, and a bull from Julius III., which
+renewed the prohibitions and revoked the permissions contrary to the new
+bulls: he charged the inquisitors to seize as many books as they could;
+to publish prohibitory edicts, accompanied by censures; to prosecute
+those who did not obey them, as suspected of heresy; and to give an
+account of the books which they had read and preserved.
+
+The Pope added, that he was informed that a great number were in the
+possession of librarians and private persons, particularly the Spanish
+Bibles mentioned in the catalogue, and the Missal and Diurnal in the
+supplement.
+
+The Council of Trent, after acknowledging the necessity of treating the
+writings of heretics with great severity, commissioned the celebrated
+Carranza to compose the catalogue. After having examined the great
+number of books submitted to the council, he sent all those which did
+not contain any thing reprehensible to the Dominican convent in the city
+of Trent, and caused the rest to be burnt, or torn, and thrown into the
+Adige.[6] Carranza soon after accompanied Philip II. to England, where
+he not only converted many Lutherans, but caused many bibles which had
+been translated to be burnt.
+
+Some bibles, which had been introduced into Spain, and were not upon the
+list, were also prohibited; and the inquisitors were commanded to
+publish the interdict, and to employ severe measures against those who
+refused to obey it. The ordinances of the Council of Castile, composed
+by the order of the king, and approved by him, were published in the
+same year; they gave the council the privilege of permitting books to be
+printed, on the condition that they should be examined previously, if
+the subject of which they treated was important.
+
+Charles V. and Philip II. had regulated the circulation of books in
+their American states. In 1543 the viceroys and other authorities were
+commanded to prevent the introduction or printing of tales and romances.
+
+In 1550 a new decree obliged the tribunal of the commerce of Seville to
+register all the books destined for the colonies, to certify that they
+were not prohibited.
+
+In 1556 the government commanded that no work relating to the affairs of
+America should be published without a permission from the council of the
+Indies, and that those already printed should not be sold unless they
+were examined and approved, which obliged all those who possessed any to
+submit them to the council. The officers of the customs in America were
+also obliged to seize all the prohibited books which might be imported,
+and remit them to the archbishops and bishops, who, in this case,
+possessed the same powers as the inquisitors of Spain.
+
+Lastly, Philip II. in 1560 decreed new measures, and the _surveillance_
+was afterwards as strictly observed in the colonies of the New World as
+in the Peninsula.
+
+Although Charles V. and Philip II. neglected nothing that could prevent
+the introduction of prohibited books into Spain, several which were
+favourable to the Lutheran heresy penetrated into the kingdom. In 1558
+the inquisitor-general published an edict more severe than any of the
+preceding; and also drew up an instruction for the use of the
+inquisitors; importing, that all books mentioned in the printed
+catalogue should be seized; that a public _auto-da-fé_ should be made of
+those tending to heresy; that the commentaries and notes attributed to
+Melancthon should be suppressed in all the treatises on grammar where
+they were introduced; that the bibles marked as being suspected should
+be examined; that no books should be seized except those mentioned in
+the list; that all the books printed in Germany since 1519 without the
+name of the author should be examined; that the translation of
+_Theophylact_ by _OEcolampadius_ should be seized; likewise some
+volumes of the works of St. John Chrysostom, which had been translated
+by that arch-heretic and _Wolfang Nusculus_; that the commentaries by
+heretics on works composed by catholics should be suppressed; and that a
+book on medicine might be seized, although it was not mentioned in the
+index.
+
+When this edict was published, Francis Sanchez, professor of theology in
+the university of Salamanca, wrote to inform the Supreme Council, that
+he had occupied himself for several years in examining dangerous books,
+and gave his opinion on the course which ought to be pursued.
+
+The council, in consequence, decreed that those theologians in the
+university who had studied the Oriental languages, should be obliged, as
+well as other persons, to give up their Hebrew and Greek Bibles to the
+commissaries of the holy office, on pain of excommunication; that the
+proprietors of Greek, Arabic, and Hebrew books, not mentioned in the
+list, should not be molested; that the order concerning the books
+printed without the name of the author, related only to modern
+productions; that the request made by some persons to be allowed to keep
+_Pomponius Mela_, with the commentary of _Nadicano_, should be refused;
+that these books should be remitted to the council to be examined; that
+the order to seize all works containing errors should only be applied to
+modern books; and that the _Summa Armata_ of Durand, of Cajetan, Peter
+Lombard, Origen, Theophylact, Tertullian, Lactantius, Lucian, Aristotle,
+Plato, Seneca, and other authors of that class, should be allowed to
+circulate; that the council, being informed that several catalogues of
+prohibited books existed, would unite them, and compose one general
+catalogue.
+
+In the year 1558 the terrible law of Philip II. was published, which
+decreed the punishments of death and confiscation for all those who
+should sell, buy, keep, or read, the books prohibited by the holy
+office; and, to ensure the execution of this sanguinary law, the index
+was printed, that the people might not allege ignorance in their
+defence.
+
+A bull of 1559 enjoins confessors to interrogate their penitents on this
+subject, and to remind them that they were obliged to denounce the
+guilty on pain of excommunication. A particular article subjects the
+confessors to the same punishment if they neglected this duty, even if
+their penitents were of the highest rank.
+
+This severe law was however mitigated in 1561, when the Cardinal of
+Alexandria, inquisitor-general of Rome, published a decree, announcing,
+in the name of Pius. IV., that some of the prohibitions of books had
+been withdrawn. This decree also granted permission to read and possess
+some books which had been suppressed only because they were written by
+heretics.
+
+Valdes, the inquisitor-general of Spain, immediately wrote to the
+inquisitors of the provinces, to suspend the execution of the edict,
+until he had received the orders of the king, to whom he had represented
+the danger arising from a measure which annulled the punishment of
+excommunication; but Valdes had another motive in the proceeding.
+
+In 1559, this inquisitor had published a printed catalogue of prohibited
+books, which was much more extended than that of 1558, and in which,
+according to the advice of Francis Sanchez, he had introduced all the
+works mentioned in the catalogues of Rome, Lisbon, Louvain, and those of
+Spain of an earlier date. He divided them into six classes. The first
+consisted of Latin books; the second of those written in Castilian; the
+third of those in the Teutonic language; the fourth of German books; the
+fifth of French; and the sixth of Portuguese. Valdes, in a note at the
+end of his index, gave notice that there were many books subject to the
+prohibition, not mentioned in the list, but that they would be added.
+He appointed the punishment of excommunication, and a penalty of two
+hundred ducats, for those persons who should read any of these books,
+and in this number were included some which were permitted to be read by
+the last edict of the Pope.
+
+Valdes had inserted in his catalogue some books which had not only been
+considered catholic, but were in the hands of everybody and full of true
+piety, particularly some works of Don Hernand de Talavera, the venerable
+Juan d'Avila, Bartholomew Carranza de Miranda, Archbishop of Toledo;
+Hernand de Villegas, Louis de Granada, a Dominican; and St. Francis
+Borgia.
+
+The catalogue of Valdes contained other general prohibitions. This
+proscription included all Hebrew books, and those in other tongues which
+treated of the Jewish customs; those of the Arabs, or those which in any
+way treated of the Mahometan religion; all works composed or translated
+by an heretic, or a person condemned by the holy office; all treatises
+in the Spanish language with a preface, letter, prologue, summary,
+notes, additions, paraphrase, explanation, glossary, or writing of that
+nature added by an heretic; all sermons, writings, letters, discourses
+on the Christian religion, its mysteries, sacraments, or the Holy
+Scriptures, if these works were inedited manuscripts.
+
+Lastly, the same prohibition was extended to a multitude of translations
+of the Bible, and other books which had been written by men of great
+piety, and had always been considered at proper guides to virtue: of
+this number were the works of Denis, _the Carthusian_; the author known
+by the same of _the Idiot_; the Bishop Roffense, and many other writers.
+
+In the eighteenth session of the Council of Trent (which began on the
+26th February, 1562), the bishops found that it was necessary to examine
+the books which were denounced as suspicions, on account of the
+complaints which had been made on the prohibition of the great number
+of works which had been unjustly enrolled in the decree of Paul IV. The
+council appointed commissioners to examine them, and they made a report
+of their labour in the last session in 1563: they had drawn up a
+catalogue of the works which they considered necessary to be prohibited.
+It was submitted to Pius V., who published it in 1564, with ten general
+rules for the solution of any difficulties which might be discovered. A
+great number of books, which had been unjustly condemned by Valdes, were
+omitted in this index, and the Catechism of Carranza was declared to be
+orthodox by an assembly of theologians who had been appointed to examine
+it.
+
+In 1565 the Doctor Gonzales Illescas published the first part of his
+_Pontifical History_. It was immediately seized by the holy office, and
+the second part, printed at Valladolid in 1567, shared the same fate. A
+short time after, Illescas was persecuted by the inquisitors of
+Valladolid; and, to preserve himself from becoming their victim, was
+obliged to suppress his work and write another, omitting the articles
+against some of the popes: this work appeared in 1574. Although the holy
+office had so carefully suppressed the first edition, it was inserted in
+the index of 1583, as if some copies had been still in existence.
+
+In 1567 the council commanded the theological works of Brother John
+Fero, a Franciscan of Italy, to be seized, with the notes and
+corrections of Brother Michael de Medina, and some other works of the
+same author, who ended his days in the dungeons of the Inquisition in
+1578, before his sentence had been pronounced. After his death, his
+_Apology for John Fero_ was inserted in the expurgatory index.
+
+In 1568 the Supreme Council charged the officers of the Inquisition to
+watch the frontiers of Guipuscoa, Navarre, Aragon, and Catalonia, with
+the greatest vigilance, to prevent the introduction of prohibited books.
+This resolution was adopted, because information had been received that
+a great number of Lutheran books in the Castilian tongue were packed and
+sent in hogsheads of the wines of Champagne and Burgundy, with so much
+art, that the officers of the customs could not discover the deception.
+
+In 1570 the council prohibited a work on the Pentateuch by Brother
+Jerome de Holcastro; and the _Petit Office_, printed at Paris in 1556.
+The motive for this suppression was singular: the frontispiece was
+decorated with a cross and a swan, with the motto, "IN HOC CIGNO
+VINCES." It is plain that the _Petit Office_ was prohibited, because a C
+was used instead of the S in the word _signo_. The same severity was
+shewn in all cases where the books had this symbol, or any allegories of
+that nature.
+
+In 1571 the inquisitors caused a Spanish Bible, printed at Baste, to be
+seized, and Philip II. wrote to the Duke of Alva, the governor of the
+Low Countries, to compose an index for the use of the Flemish people,
+with the assistance of the learned Arias Montanus. He presided in an
+assembly of theologians, who judged that the new index should only
+consist of the Latin prohibited by the Inquisition, or which it was
+necessary to correct. This measure was applied only to some well-known
+authors who were dead, and to some others, still living; but more
+particularly to the works of Erasmus, and with circumstances which might
+lead to the supposition, that his books were the principal objects of
+the prohibition, and that of the other authors merely a pretext to
+conceal the injury done to him. This catalogue was printed at Antwerp in
+1571, with a preface by Arias Montanus, a royal decree and a
+proclamation of the Duke of Alva enforcing the execution of it. This
+list is known by the name of the _Expurgatory Index of the Duke of
+Alva_. The holy office had no part in this affair, as the Flemings had
+refused to recognise their authority.
+
+In 1582 the inquisitor-general, Don Gaspard de Quiroga, published a new
+_Prohibitory Index_. It is remarkable _that the Index of his predecessor
+Valdes is mentioned in this list_.
+
+That which was published in 1584 was drawn up by Juan de Mariana, who
+soon after had some of his own works prohibited. In 1611, a new index
+was formed under the inquisitor-general Don Bernard de Roxas de
+Sandoval.
+
+The Cardinal Zapata, who succeeded Roxas, adopted one more extended in
+1620, and it was used by his successor, Don Antonio de Sotomayer, in
+1630. This catalogue was the first which the inquisitors presumed to
+publish from their own authority, and without being commissioned by
+government. Don Diego Sarmiento Valladares, inquisitor-general, in 1681,
+began to reprint it with additions, and it was finished by Don Vidal
+Marin, who published it in 1707.
+
+Don Francis Perez del Prado, another inquisitor-general, commissioned
+the Jesuits Casani and Carrasco to compose a new catalogue. Although
+these monks were not authorized by the Supreme Council, they inserted in
+the list all the books which they supposed to be favourable to the
+Jansenists, Baius and Father Quesnel. Their conduct was denounced to the
+Supreme Council by the Dominican Concina, and some other monks; the
+Jesuits were examined, and defended themselves: the council, though it
+could not approve, did not carry the affair further; it had not
+sufficient power to balance the influence of the Jesuit Francis Rabago,
+who was confessor to Ferdinand VI.
+
+Among the books which they prohibited were the works of Cardinal
+_Norris_, which were held in general estimation by the learned
+throughout Christendom. Benedict XIV., in 1748, addressed a brief to the
+inquisitor-general, commanding him to revoke the prohibition; as this
+order was not obeyed, the Pope complained to the king, but was unable to
+obtain his request until ten years after, when the Jesuit Rabago no
+longer directed the conscience of the monarch.
+
+The index of the Jesuits also contained several treatises of the
+venerable Don Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, Archbishop and Viceroy of
+Mexico. The congregation of rites afterwards declared that there was
+nothing in them worthy of censure, and the inquisitor-general was
+obliged to revoke the prohibition in an edict, the copies of which were
+immediately bought up by some friends of the Jesuits. To give an idea of
+the criticism of Perez del Prado, it is sufficient to say that he
+bitterly lamented the misfortunes of the age he lived in, saying, "_That
+some individuals had carried their audacity to the execrable extremity
+of demanding permission to read the Holy Scriptures in the vulgar
+tongue_, without _fearing to encounter mortal poison therein_."
+
+In 1792 a new index was published, without the consent, and even in
+opposition to the Supreme Council, by Don Augustine Rubin de Cevallos,
+inquisitor-general. It is this index which is still in force, but the
+prohibitions and expurgatory measures have since been multiplied.
+
+The prohibitory decrees are preceded by _qualification_. The process is
+instituted before the supreme council; but as the information is
+generally laid before the inquisitors of the court, they appoint the
+qualifiers who censure the book. A copy of the work and the denunciation
+is sent to the first qualifier, and afterwards to the second, unsigned
+by the opinion of the first; if they do not accord, copies are sent a
+third time before it is submitted to the Supreme Council. The
+inquisitors of the provinces have likewise the privilege of receiving
+informations: they proceed in the same manner; but the council always
+commission the inquisitors of the court to censure books, because they
+were more sure of their qualifiers.
+
+If any person presumed to buy, keep, or read prohibited books, he
+rendered himself liable to be suspected of heresy by the inquisitors,
+although it might not be proved that he became an heretic from such
+reading; he incurred the punishment of major excommunication, and was
+proceeded against by the tribunal: the result of this action was the
+absolution _ad cautelam_.
+
+During the last years of the eighteenth century, no person has been
+imprisoned for reading prohibited books, unless he was convicted of
+having advanced or written heretical propositions. The punishment
+inflicted was merely a pecuniary penalty, and a declaration that the
+individual was slightly suspected of heresy; it must be acknowledged
+that this qualification was omitted, if there was any reason to suppose
+that the accused had erred from motives of curiosity, and not from a
+tendency to false doctrine. Nevertheless all these proceedings are
+arbitrary, and the inquisitors have the power of pursuing the infringers
+of this law as if they were heretics.
+
+The permission to read prohibited books, rendered all actions instituted
+against those who violated the law ineffectual. The Pope granted it for
+a sum of money, without inquiring if the person who demanded it was
+capable of abusing the permission. The inquisitor-general of Spain acted
+with more prudence; he took secret informations on the conduct of the
+solicitor, and required him to state in writing the object of his
+demand, and the subject on which he wished to consult the prohibited
+books. Where the permission granted was general, the books mentioned in
+the edicts were excepted. In this sense the works of Rousseau,
+Montesquieu, Mirabeau, Diderot, d'Alembert, Voltaire, and several other
+modern philosophers, among whom was Filangieri, were excepted from the
+privilege. During the last years of the Inquisition, the permissions
+granted by the Court of Rome did not defend the persons who received
+them from the inquisitorial actions; they were subject to revision, and
+the inquisitor-general did not authorize the use of them without great
+difficulty, and as if the Court of Rome had never granted them.
+
+The Inquisition also prohibited pictures, medals, prints, and a number
+of other things, with as much severity as books. Thus fans, snuff-boxes,
+mirrors, and other articles of furniture, were often the cause of great
+troubles and difficulties to those who possessed them, if they happened
+to be adorned with the mythological figure which might be considered as
+indecent.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+PARTICULAR TRIALS FOR SUSPICION OF LUTHERANISM, AND SOME OTHER CRIMES.
+
+
+_Edicts against Lutherans, Illuminati, &c._
+
+The inquisitor-general, who perceived the necessity of arresting the
+progress of Lutheranism in Spain, decreed, in concert with the Council
+of the Inquisition, several new articles in addition to the annual
+edict. These articles oblige every Christian to declare, if he knows or
+has heard of any person who has said, maintained, or thought that the
+sect of Luther is good, or that his partisans will be saved, and
+approved nor believed any of his condemned propositions: for example,
+that it is not necessary to confess sins to a priest, and that it is
+sufficient to confess to God; that neither the Pope nor the priests have
+the power of remitting sins; that the body of Jesus is not actually
+present in the consecrated host; that it is not permitted to pray to
+saints, or expose images in churches; that faith and baptism are
+sufficient for salvation, and that good works are not necessary; that
+every Christian may, although not of the priesthood, receive the
+confession of another Christian, and administer the sacrament to him;
+that the Pope has not the power of granting indulgences; that priests
+and monks may lawfully marry; that God did not establish the regular
+religions orders; that the state of marriage is better and more perfect
+than that of celibacy; that there ought to be no festivals but the
+sabbath, and that it is not sinful to eat meat on Friday, in Lent, or on
+other fast-days.
+
+Alphonso Manrique also gave permission to the inquisitors of the
+provinces to take any measures they might think proper, to discover
+those persons who had embraced the heresy of the _illuminati_,
+(_alumbrados_.) These people, who were also called _dejados_
+(_quietists_), formed a sect whose chief, it is said, was that _Muncer_
+who had already established that of the Anabaptists. Some time after,
+the Council of the Inquisition added several articles relative to the
+_illuminati_ to those already mentioned.
+
+I am of opinion, that the first Spaniards who followed the doctrines of
+Luther were Franciscan monks; for Clement VII., in 1526, authorized the
+general and provincials of the order of Minor Friars of St. Francis
+d'Assiz, to absolve those of the community who had fallen into that
+heresy, after they had taken an oath to renounce it for ever. Several
+monks of the same order had already represented to the Pope, that by the
+privileges granted to them in the bull _mare magnum_, and confirmed by
+other decrees of the holy see, no stranger had a right to interfere in
+their affairs, and that they did not recognize any judge but the judge
+of their institution, even in cases of apostasy.
+
+Manrique, embarrassed in his ministry by the pretensions of the
+Franciscans, wrote to the Pope, who expedited, in 1525, a brief, by
+which the inquisitor-general was empowered to take cognizance of these
+affairs, assisted by a monk named by the prelate of the order, and that,
+in cases of appeal from judgment, the Pope should be applied to: but
+these appeals were afterwards ordered to be made before the
+inquisitor-general.
+
+
+_Trials of Several Persons._
+
+During the ministry of the inquisitor-general Manrique, history points
+out several illustrious and innocent victims of the tribunal, who were
+suspected of Lutheranism: such was the venerable Juan d'Avila, who would
+have been beatified, if he had been a monk, but he was only a secular
+priest: he was called, in Spain, the _Apostle of Andalusia_, on account
+of his exemplary life and his charitable actions. St. Theresa de Jesus
+informs us, in her works, that she derived much assistance from his
+counsels and doctrine. He preached the gospel with simplicity, and never
+introduced into his discourses those questions which at that time so
+disgracefully agitated the scholastic theologians. Some envious monks,
+irritated at his aversion for disputes, united to plan his ruin. They
+denounced some of his propositions to the Inquisition, as tending to
+Lutheranism and the doctrines of the _illuminati_. In 1534, Juan d'Avila
+was confined in the secret prison of the holy office, by an order of the
+inquisitors; they did not make their resolution known to the Supreme
+Council or to the ordinary, on the pretence that this measure was only
+ordained in case of a difference of opinion. Although this proceeding
+was contrary to the laws of the Inquisition, to the royal ordinances,
+and those of the Supreme Council, yet they contemned these violations,
+and even tacitly approved them, as no reprimand was addressed to the
+offenders. This act of the Inquisition, which took place at Seville,
+much affected the inquisitor-general: he occupied the see of that city,
+and had the greatest esteem for Juan d'Avila, whom he regarded as a
+saint, which was a fortunate circumstance for him, as the protection of
+Manrique, as chief of the Inquisition, greatly contributed to prove his
+innocence; d'Avila was acquitted, and continued to preach with the same
+zeal and charity until his death.
+
+This year was more fatal to two men, who are celebrated in the literary
+history of Spain--Juan de Vergara, and Bernardin de Tobar, his brother:
+they were arrested by the Inquisition of Toledo, and were not released
+from its dungeons, until they had been subjected to the abjuration (_de
+levi_) of the Lutheran heresy, to receive the absolution of censures _ad
+cautelam_, and to several penances. Juan de Vergara was a canon of
+Toledo, and had been secretary to Cardinal Ximenez de Cisneros, and to
+Don Alphonso de Fonseca, his successor in the see of that city. Nicholas
+Antonio has inserted, in his library, a notice of the literary
+productions of this Spaniard, and does justice to his virtue and merit.
+His profound knowledge of the Greek and Hebrew languages was the cause
+of his misfortune; he had remarked some faults in the translation of the
+Vulgate, and thus gave the signal for persecution to some monks who had
+only studied Latin and the jargon of the schools. The chapter of Toledo
+honoured his memory in placing on his tomb an epitaph, which is
+preserved by the author I have cited. Vergara had a claim on the
+gratitude of this community, for having composed the inscriptions which
+decorate the choir of their church.
+
+Bernardin de Tobar is less known, but Peter Martyr d'Angleria mentions
+him among the learned men of the sixteenth century, and John Louis
+Vives, a learned man of that age, says, in writing to Erasmus: "We live
+in a difficult time; it is dangerous either to speak or be silent;
+Vergara, his brother Bernardin de Tobar, and several other learned men,
+have been arrested in Spain[7]."
+
+Among this number was one of whom Vives could not give a particular
+account. I speak of Alphonso Virues, a Benedictine, born at Olmedo, and
+one of the best theologians of his time. He had a profound knowledge of
+the oriental languages, and had composed several works. He was a member
+of the commission which judged the works of Erasmus in 1527, and
+preacher to Charles V., who listened to his discourses with so much
+pleasure that he took him to Germany, and on his return to Spain would
+not hear any other person. These distinctions excited the envy of the
+monks, and they would have succeeded in their endeavours to ruin him,
+but for the firmness and constancy of the emperor in protecting him.
+
+Virues was suspected of being favourable to the opinions of Luther, and
+thrown into the secret prisons of the holy office at Seville. The
+emperor, who knew him well, both from his sermons, and the intercourse
+which took place during their travels in Germany, felt this blow
+acutely, and not doubting that Virues was the victim of an intrigue
+which the inquisitor-general ought to have prevented, he exiled
+Manrique, who was obliged to retire to his archbishopric of Seville,
+where he died in 1538. Not content with this, Charles commanded the
+Supreme Council to address an ordinance to all the tribunals of the
+Inquisition, importing, that in case of a preliminary instruction
+sufficiently serious to cause the arrest of a monk, the decree of
+imprisonment should be delayed, and that the inquisitors should send an
+entire and faithful copy of the commencement of the proceedings to the
+Supreme Council, and wait for the orders which would be sent them after
+the examination of the writings.
+
+The unfortunate Virues, nevertheless, suffered all the horrors of a
+secret imprisonment for four years. During this period, as he writes to
+Charles V., "he was scarcely allowed to breathe, or to occupy himself
+with anything but charges, replies, testimonies, defences, libels,
+means, acts (_nomina quæ et ipso poene timendo sono ... words which
+cannot be heard without terrors_), or with heresies, blasphemies,
+errors, anathemas, schisms, and other monsters, which, with labour that
+may be compared to those of Hercules, I have at last conquered with the
+aid of Jesus Christ, so that I am now justified through your majesty's
+protection[8]."
+
+One of the means employed by Virues for his defence, was to demand that
+the tribunal should pay attention to the points of doctrine which he had
+established, and prepared to attack Melancthon and other Lutherans
+before the diet of Ratisbon; but this demand did not gain the object
+which he had in view, which was a complete absolution, because his
+enemies had denounced propositions advanced in public. Although he
+proved that they were extremely Catholic, when examined with the text,
+yet he could not prevent them from incurring the theological censure in
+the form given by the denunciation: he was obliged to submit to an
+abjuration of all heresies, particularly that of Luther and his
+adherents. The definitive sentence was pronounced in 1537: he was
+declared to be suspected of professing the errors of Luther, and
+condemned to be absolved from the censures _ad cautelam_; to be confined
+in a monastery for two years, and prohibited from preaching the word of
+God for two years after his release.
+
+The emperor, when informed of these transactions, complained to the
+Pope, who, in 1538, addressed a brief to Virues, which contained a
+dispensation from the different penances to which he had been condemned:
+it also re-instated him in his office of preacher; and declared, that
+what had passed could not exclude him from any office, not even from
+episcopacy.
+
+It is surprising that the affair of Virues, and many others, did not
+make Charles V. perceive the nature of the Inquisition, and that he
+still continued to protect that institution. However, the trial of his
+preacher, and several other crosses which he experienced about that
+time, were the reasons why he deprived the holy office of the royal
+jurisdiction in 1535, and it was not restored until the year 1545. This
+favour for Virues was so constant, that he soon after presented him to
+the Pope for the bishopric of the Canaries; but the Pope refused him,
+alleging that the suspicions raised against the purity of his faith
+rendered him improper to be invested with the dignity of a bishop,
+although the bull had declared him to be eligible. The emperor insisted,
+and the Pope at length yielded to his pressing solicitations. Virues was
+made Bishop of the Canaries in 1540.
+
+In 1527 the Inquisition of Valladolid was occupied by an affair, of
+which it is necessary to give an account, that the compassion and
+indulgence which the inquisitors always professed in their acts, and
+other forms of justice, may be justly appreciated.
+
+One Diego Vallejo, of the village of Palacios de Meneses, in the diocese
+of Palencia, having been arrested for blasphemy by the Inquisition,
+declared, among other things, that two months before, on the 24th of
+April, 1526, two physicians, named Alphonso Garcia and Juan de Salas,
+were disputing on the subject of medicine, before him and Ferdinand
+Ramirez, his son-in-law: the first maintained his opinion on the
+authority of certain writers; Salas affirmed that these writers were
+deceived; Garcia replied that his opinion was proved by the text of the
+evangelists, which caused Salas to say _that they had lied as well as
+the others_. Ferdinand Ramirez (who had also been arrested upon
+suspicion of Judaism) was examined the same day; his deposition was the
+same as that of Vallejo, but he added, that Salas returned to his house
+some hours after, and in speaking of what had passed, said, "_What folly
+I have asserted!_" When the tribunal had finished the affair of Ramirez
+and Vallejo, they arrested Juan de Salas.
+
+The inquisitors (without the concurrence of the diocesan, without
+consultors or qualifiers, and without communicating with the Supreme
+Council) decreed the arrest of Juan de Salas on the 14th of February,
+1527, as if the declarations of Ramirez and Vallejo had been sufficient.
+The audiences of _admonition_ were granted, and the depositions were
+communicated without the names of the persons or place. He replied that
+the circumstances were not correctly stated. The other physician was
+then called, who declared, that in conversing with Salas on the
+evangelists, he heard him say, _that some of them had lied_. He was
+asked if any one had reproached Salas for this expression; Garcia
+replied, that an hour after he had advised him to give himself up to the
+Inquisition, and that he had promised to do so. The inquisitor then
+asked if he was inimical to the accused; the witness replied in the
+negative. On the 16th of April the ratification of Ramirez and Garcia
+took place. On the 6th of May the prisoner presented two requisitions or
+means of defence: in the first he protested against all that had been
+said contrary to his declaration, and pointed out the differences in the
+depositions of the witnesses; the second was an _interrogatory_ in
+thirteen questions, two of which tended to prove his orthodoxy, and the
+others to justify the motives of the challenge which he had presented
+against certain persons who had been called upon to depose in his trial.
+This piece contains, in the margin, the witnesses to be consulted for
+each question. It will be seen that the prisoner took advantage of the
+laws of the holy office in his defence; but the inquisitors, instead of
+conforming to their own regulations, erased the names of several persons
+designated in the list of the accused witnesses on his side, and would
+not hear them. Nevertheless, the facts mentioned in the interrogatory
+were proved by fourteen witnesses, and on the 25th of May the fiscal
+gave his conclusions.
+
+The fact related by Ramirez, the contradictions in the depositions of
+the witnesses; the difference in the report of both, from that of the
+accuser; the important advantages gained by the prisoner in justifying
+his challenge, in only having two witnesses against him (who had both
+been prosecuted, one for blasphemy, the other for Judaism), and in being
+accused of only one proposition; lastly, the possibility that the
+accused had forgotten many things during the space of a year, are
+circumstances which would make any one suppose that Juan de Salas would
+have been acquitted, or that they would, at least, (if they supposed
+that he had denied the truth,) have contented themselves with imposing
+the penance of the suspicion _de levi_ upon him; but instead of this,
+the inquisitor Moriz, without the concurrence of his colleague Alvarado,
+decreed that Salas should be tortured, as guilty of concealment. In this
+act the following deposition is found:--"We ordain that the said torture
+be employed in the manner and during the time that we shall think
+proper, after having protested as we still protest, that, in case of
+injury, death, or fractured limbs, the fault can only be imputed to the
+said licentiate Salas." The decree of Moriz took effect: I subjoin the
+verbal process of the execution.
+
+"At Valladolid, on the 21st of June, 1527, the licentiate Moriz,
+inquisitor, caused the licentiate Juan de Salas to appear before him,
+and the sentence was read and notified to him. After the reading, the
+said licentiate Salas declared, that _he had not said that of which he
+was accused_; and the said licentiate Moriz immediately caused him to be
+conducted to the chamber of torture, where, being stripped to his shirt,
+Salas was put by the shoulders into the _chevalet_, where the
+executioner, Pedro Porras, fastened him by the arms and legs with cords
+of hemp, of which he made _eleven turns_ round each limb; Salas, during
+the time that the said Pedro was tying him thus, was warned to speak the
+truth several times, to which he always replied, _that he had never said
+what he was accused of_. He recited the creed, "Quicumque vult," and
+several times gave thanks to God and our Lady; and the said Salas being
+still tied as before mentioned, a fine wet cloth was put over his face,
+and about a pint of water was poured into his mouth and nostrils, from
+an earthen vessel with a hole at the bottom, and containing about two
+quarts: nevertheless, Salas still persisted _in denying the
+accusation_. Then Pedro de Porras _tightened the cords_ on the right
+leg, and poured a second measure of water on the face; the cords _were
+tightened a second time_ on the same leg, but Juan de Salas still
+persisted in _denying that he had ever said any thing of the kind_; and
+although pressed to tell the truth several times, _he still denied the
+accusation_. Then the said licentiate Moriz, having declared that _the
+torture was_ BEGUN BUT NOT FINISHED, commanded that it should cease. The
+accused was withdrawn from the chevalet or rack, at which execution, I,
+Henry Paz, was present from the beginning to the end.--Henry Paz,
+notary."
+
+If this execution was but the beginning of the torture, how was it to
+finish? By the death of the sufferer? In order to understand this
+statement, it is necessary to know that the instrument, which in
+Castilian is called _escalera_ (and which has also the name of _burro_,
+and is translated into French by the word _chevalet_), is a machine of
+wood, invented to torture the accused. It is formed like a groove, large
+enough to hold the body of a man, without a bottom, but a stick crosses
+it, over which the body falls in such a position, that the feet are much
+higher than the head; consequently, a violent and painful respiration
+ensues, with intolerable pains in the sides, the arms, and legs, where
+the pressure of the cords is so great, even before the _garot_ has been
+used, that they penetrate to the bone.
+
+If we observe the manner in which the people who carry merchandise on
+mules or in carts tighten the cords by means of sticks, we can easily
+imagine the torments which the unfortunate John de Salas must have
+suffered. The introduction of a liquid is not less likely to kill those
+whom the inquisitors torture, and it has happened more than once. The
+mouth, during the torture, is in the most unfavourable position for
+respiration, so much so, that a person would die if he remained several
+hours in it; a piece of fine wet linen is introduced into the throat, on
+which the water from the vessel is poured so slowly, that it requires
+an hour to consume a pint, although it descends without intermission. In
+this state the patient finds it impossible to breathe, as the water
+enters the nostrils at the same time, and the rupture of a blood-vessel
+in the lungs is often the result.
+
+Raymond Gonzales de Montes (who, in 1558, was so fortunate as to escape
+from the prisons of the holy office at Seville) wrote a book in Latin,
+on the Inquisition, under the name of _Reginaldus Gonsalvius
+Montanus_[9]. He informs us that the cord was wound eight or ten times
+round the legs. Eleven turns were made round the limbs of Salas, besides
+those of the _garot_. We may form an idea of the humanity of the
+Inquisition of Valladolid, from the definitive sentence pronounced by
+the licentiate Moriz and his colleague, Doctor Alvarado, without any
+other formality, after they had taken (if we may believe them) the
+advice of persons noted for their learning and virtue, but without the
+adjournment which ought to have preceded it, and without the concurrence
+of the diocesan in ordinary. They declared that the fiscal had not
+entirely proved the accusation, and that the prisoner had succeeded in
+destroying some of the charges; but that on account of the suspicion
+arising from the trial, Juan de Salas was condemned to the punishment of
+the public _auto-da-fé_, in his shirt, without a cloak, his head
+uncovered, and with a torch in his hand; that he should abjure heresy
+publicly, and that he should pay ten ducats of gold to the Inquisition,
+and fulfil his penance in the church assigned. It is seen, by a
+certificate afterwards given in, that Juan de Salas performed his
+_auto-da-fé_ on the 24th of June, 1528, and that his father paid the
+fine: the trial offers no other peculiarity. This affair, and several
+others of a similar nature, caused the Supreme Council to publish a
+decree in 1558, commanding that the torture should not be administered
+without an order from the council.
+
+
+_Letter-Orders, relating to the Proceedings._
+
+The abuse of the secrecy of the proceedings caused a number of
+complaints to be addressed to the inquisitor-general. He usually
+referred them to the Supreme Council, which, during the administration
+of Manrique, addressed several circulars to the provincial tribunals: it
+is necessary to make known the most important.
+
+In one of these writings, dated March 14th, 1528, it is said, that if an
+accused person (when asked a general question) declares at first that he
+knows nothing on the subject, and afterwards, when questioned on a
+particular fact, confesses that he is acquainted with it (in case the
+inquisitors think proper to take down the second declaration, to make
+use of it against a third), they should insert the first question and
+the answer of the accused in the same verbal process, because it might
+assist in determining the degree of confidence to be placed in his
+declarations.
+
+On the 16th of March, 1530, another instruction of the council appeared.
+It directed that the facts related by the witnesses in favour of the
+prisoner should be mentioned as well as those against him. This
+direction, however just, has not been strictly followed, since it was
+never observed in the extract of the publication of the depositions
+given to the accused and his defender; consequently, no advantage could
+be derived by the prisoner from the declarations in his favour.
+
+Another circular of the 13th of May in the same year, says, that if an
+accused person challenges a witness, he must be interrogated on the
+foundation of the proceedings, as he might have facts to depose against
+the accused.
+
+On the 16th June, 1531, the council wrote to the tribunals, that if the
+accused challenged several persons, on the supposition that they will
+depose against him, the witnesses whom he calls to prove the facts which
+caused the challenge, shall be examined on each individual, although
+they have not made any deposition, in order that the accused may not
+suppose at the time of the publication of the depositions, from an
+omission (if there should be any), that some have deposed against him,
+and that the others are not mentioned, or have not said anything.
+
+Another instruction on the 13th of May, 1532, directs, that the
+relations of the accused shall not be admitted as witnesses in the proof
+of the challenge.
+
+In another decree of the 5th March, 1535, it is ordained that the
+witness shall be asked if there is any enmity between them and the
+accused.
+
+On the 20th of July, the council obliged the tribunals to insert in the
+extract of the publication of the depositions, the day, the month, and
+the hour when each witness gave his evidence.
+
+In March, 1525, it was decreed, that when the extract was given to the
+accused, he was not to be informed that any witness had declared the
+fact to be known to others, because if they said nothing against him, it
+was not proper to inform the accused of it, as he would learn, from that
+circumstance, that some persons had spoken in his favour, or at least
+had declared that they knew nothing against him.
+
+Another regulation of the 8th of April, 1533, prohibited the inquisitors
+from communicating the extract of the publication of the depositions to
+the accused, before the ratification of the declarations.
+
+The council decreed, on the 22d December, 1536, that in transacting any
+business relating to circumstances which took place in the house of a
+person deceased, so that the corpse was still exposed to view, and that
+its position, figure, or other circumstance, might tend to discover if
+he died a heretic or not, the name of the defunct, his house, and other
+details, should be communicated to the witnesses, that they might be
+enabled to recollect the event, and to assist them in making their
+declaration.
+
+Yet the council, on the 30th August, 1537, decreed that the time and
+place of the events should be inserted in the extract of the publication
+of the depositions, because it was of consequence to the interests of
+the accused; it would be done even in supposing that he would learn from
+it the names of the witnesses.
+
+This rule is too contrary to the inquisitorial system, not to inspire a
+wish to seek for the principle and the cause; it may be found in the bad
+reputation which the Inquisition had acquired by the proceedings against
+Alphonso Virues, which induced Charles V. to deprive it of the royal
+jurisdiction: but although the council registered the order of the
+sovereign, he decreed, on the 15th of December, in this year, and on the
+22nd of February, 1538, that the extract should not contain any article
+which could make known the witnesses; thus annulling the order imposed
+in the preceding year. During the last years of the Inquisition, neither
+the time nor place were indicated in the act of the publication of the
+depositions.
+
+In June, 1537, the council being consulted by the Inquisition of Toledo,
+decreed, as general rules--1st, that all who _calmly_ uttered the
+blasphemies, _I deny God, I abjure God_, should be punished severely;
+but those who uttered these words in anger, should not be subject to
+prosecution: 2nd, to punish all Christians accused of bigamy, if the
+guilty person supposed it permitted; and in the contrary case to abstain
+from prosecution; 3rdly, to ascertain, in cases of sorcery, if there had
+been any compact with the devil; if the compact had existed, the
+Inquisition was directed to judge the accused--if it had not, they were
+to leave the cause to the secular tribunals.
+
+The second and third of these regulations are contrary to the system of
+the holy office, which leads me to suppose that the temporary disgrace
+and exile of Manrique contributed to this moderation, which could not
+last long: the inquisitors have always proceeded against persons guilty
+of these crimes, on the pretence of examining if any circumstance might
+cause suspicion of heresy. The same spirit is found in another order of
+the 19th February, 1533: it obliges the inquisitors to receive all the
+papers which the relations of the accused wish to communicate to them.
+The council made this rule, because these writings (though useless on
+the trial) might yet be serviceable in proving the innocence or guilt of
+the accused.
+
+On the 10th May, 1531, the council decreed, that if bulls of
+dispensation from the use of the _San-benito_, imprisonment, or other
+punishments, were presented to the Inquisition, the procurator-fiscal
+should demand that they should be suppressed, as well as those obtained
+by the children and grandchildren of persons declared infamous by the
+holy office: the council supported this rule by alleging that children
+always followed the example of their heretical ancestors, and that it
+was a scandal to see them occupying honourable employments.
+
+On the 22nd of March in the same year the council wrote to the tribunal
+of the provinces, that it had remarked, in one of the trials, that
+certain writings had not been digested in the places where the facts
+mentioned had happened; whence they concluded that these formalities had
+not been fulfilled at the proper time, but at the moment when the
+proceedings were to begin: the council then recommended them to avoid
+these abuses, as contrary to the instructions. But the orders of the
+council were not obeyed: the same irregularity was renewed, and produced
+another still more dangerous, which during my time had the most serious
+consequences. In order to supply what might be omitted in the course of
+the trial, the inquisitors adopted the custom of writing each act,
+declaration, and deposition, on separate sheets of paper. As in these
+tribunals they did not make use of stamped paper, and as the pieces of
+the process were not numbered, it often happened that those which they
+wished to conceal from the council, the diocesan in ordinary, or other
+interested parties, were changed or suppressed. This manoeuvre was
+employed by the inquisitors in the affair of the Archbishop of Toledo,
+Carranza, and I have myself seen several attestations of the secretary
+changed at the request of the inquisitors of Madrid.
+
+The circular of the 11th of July in the same year is more remarkable,
+and had more success than the preceding. The inquisitors of the
+provinces were directed to refer to the Supreme Council all sentences
+pronounced without the unanimity of the inquisitors, the diocesan and
+the consulters, even supposing that there was only one dissentient
+voice. The inquisitors were afterwards obliged to consult the council on
+all the judgments which they passed; and I must confess that this
+measure was extremely useful, because, in a difference of opinion, the
+decisions of the _supreme_ were much more just than those of the
+tribunals of the provinces, from being composed of a greater number of
+enlightened judges.
+
+The council displayed the same love of justice in 1536, when it decreed
+that those convicted of making use of gold, silver, silk, or precious
+stones, should be punished by pecuniary fines, and not by fire, although
+they had been prohibited from so doing on pain of being _relaxed_.
+
+The decree most contrary to the wisdom which ought to have animated the
+council, was that of the 7th of December, 1532, in which it was ordained
+that each provincial Inquisition should state the number and rank of the
+persons condemned to different punishments within their jurisdictions,
+since their establishment, and to deposit in the churches those
+_San-benitos_ which had not been placed there, without even excepting
+those of persons who had confessed and suffered their punishment during
+the term of grace. This direction was executed with a severity worthy of
+the Inquisition; at Toledo those San-benitos were renewed which had been
+destroyed by time, and they were likewise sent to the parishes of the
+condemned persons. The consequences of these proceedings were the ruin
+and extinction of many families, as the children could not establish
+themselves according to the rank they had possessed; while the
+condemnation of their ancestors by the Inquisition remained unknown. The
+council discovered too late the injustice it had committed in respect to
+the _San-benito_ since it revoked the decree seven years after, in 1539.
+
+It is not necessary to give the history of the quarrels which took place
+between the Inquisition and the different civil authorities, during the
+administration of Manrique. A scandalous enterprise of the Supreme
+Council ought nevertheless to be mentioned. In 1531, it presumed to
+condemn the president of the royal court of appeals, in Majorca, to ask
+pardon of the holy office, to attend mass (as a penitent), with a wax
+taper in his hand, and to receive the absolution of censures, for having
+defended the jurisdiction of the criminal tribunal in an affair which
+involved several persons, among whom was one Gabriel Nebel, a servant of
+the summoner of the holy office.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+PROSECUTIONS OF SORCERERS, MAGICIANS, ENCHANTERS, NECROMANCERS, AND
+OTHERS.
+
+
+Under the administration of the inquisitor-general, Manrique, the
+Inquisition was particularly occupied by the sect of sorcerers.
+
+Pope Adrian VI. (who had been inquisitor-general in Spain), published a
+bull on the 20th July, 1523, in which he says, that in the time of his
+predecessor Julius II. a numerous sect had been discovered in Lombardy,
+which abjured the Christian faith, and abused the ceremonies of religion
+and the eucharist. These sectarians acknowledged the devil as their
+patron, and promised obedience to him.
+
+They sent maladies to animals and destroyed the fruits of the earth by
+their enchantments. An inquisitor having attempted to arrest and bring
+them to punishment, the ecclesiastical and secular judges opposed him,
+which led Julius II. to declare that these crimes were within the
+jurisdiction of the Inquisition, as well as all other heresies. In
+consequence Adrian VI. reminded the different Inquisitions of their duty
+in this respect.
+
+This bull was not necessary in Spain, as the Inquisition of Aragon had
+taken cognizance of magic and sorcery, since the pontificate of John
+XXII.
+
+It appears that the Inquisition of Calahorra, burnt more than thirty
+women as sorceresses and magicians in the year 1507. In 1527, a great
+number of women who practised magic were discovered in Navarre.
+
+These crimes increased so much in the province of Biscay, that Charles
+V. found it necessary to notice it. Persuaded that the ignorance in
+which the people were left by the priests was the cause of these
+superstitions, he wrote in December, 1527, to the Bishop of Calahorra,
+and to the provincials of the Dominicans and Franciscans, to select a
+number of able preachers from their communities, to teach the doctrine
+of the Christian religion on this point. But these ministers of the
+gospel, even those who had acquired a reputation for learning, believed
+as well as the enchanters in these illusions.
+
+Nevertheless, Father Martin de Castañaga, a Franciscan monk, composed in
+that time, a book in Spanish, entitled, _A Treatise on Superstitions
+and Enchantments_. I have read this work, and I acknowledge (with the
+exception of a few articles, in which the author appears too credulous,)
+that it would be difficult even in the present time to write with more
+moderation or discernment. The Bishop of Calahorra, Don Alphonso de
+Castilla, having read this treatise, had it printed in quarto, and sent
+it to the priests in his diocese, with a pastoral letter, in 1529.
+
+The Inquisition of Saragossa condemned several sorceresses who had
+formed part of the association in Navarre, or had been sent into Aragon
+to gain disciples. The inquisitors, the ordinary, and the consulters,
+were not of the same opinion; the greatest number voted for the
+execution of the sorceresses, the others for reconciliation and
+perpetual imprisonment. The minority gave up their opinion in deference
+to the greater number, and thus relaxation was pronounced unanimously,
+without any of the formalities prescribed, and the unfortunate women
+perished in the flames. The _Supreme_ Council which was informed of this
+event by one of its members, who had learnt it from an inquisitor of
+Saragossa, addressed a circular on the 23rd of March, 1536, to all the
+tribunals, stating the Inquisition of Saragossa had failed in its duty,
+in not having consulted the council, after having found that the
+opinions of its members were different.
+
+The inquisitor-general Manrique, being informed that the sect of
+sorcerers made great progress in different parts of the Peninsula, added
+several articles to the edict of denunciation: the substance of them
+was, that all Christians were obliged to declare to the Inquisition:
+
+First, If they had heard that any person had familiar spirits, and that
+he invoked demons in circles, questioning them and expecting their
+answer, as a magician, or in virtue of an express or tacit compact; that
+he had mingled holy things with profane objects, and worshipped in the
+creature that which belongs only to the Creator.
+
+Secondly, If he had studied judicial astrology to discover the future,
+by observing the conjunction of the stars at the birth of persons.
+
+Thirdly, If any person in order to discover the future, had employed
+_geomancy_, _hydromancy_, _aëromancy_, _piromancy_, _onomancy_,
+_necromancy_, or sorceries by beans, dice, or wheat.
+
+Fourthly, If a Christian had made an express compact with the devil,
+practised enchantments by magic, with instruments, circles, characters,
+or diabolical signs; by invoking and consulting demons, with the hope of
+a reply, and placing confidence in them; by offering them incense, or
+the _smoke_ of good or bad substances; by offering sacrifices to them;
+in abusing sacraments or holy things; by promising obedience to them,
+and adoring or worshipping them in any manner.
+
+Fifthly, If any one constructed, or procured mirrors, rings, phials, or
+other vessels, for the purpose of attracting, enclosing, and preserving
+a demon, who replies to his questions, and assists him in obtaining his
+wishes; or who had endeavoured to discover the future, by interrogating
+the demons in possessed people; or tried to produce the same effect by
+invoking the devil under the name of _holy angel_ or _white angel_, and
+by asking things of him with prayers and humility; by practising other
+superstitious ceremonies with vases, phials of water, or consecrated
+tapers; by the inspection of the nails, and of the palm of the hand
+rubbed with vinegar; or by endeavouring to obtain representations of
+objects by means of phantoms, in order to learn secret things, or which
+had not then happened.
+
+Sixthly, If any one had read or possessed, or read or possessed at
+present, any manuscript or book on these matters, or concerning all
+other species of divination, which is not performed by natural and
+physical effects.
+
+Although the edicts and punishments for sorcery were extremely severe,
+they have appeared from time to time in different parts of Spain. The
+history of the sorceresses of the valley of Bastan, in Navarre, has been
+particularly celebrated. These women were taken before the Inquisition
+of Logroño, and confessed the greatest extravagancies. They were
+condemned to an _auto-da-fé_, in 1610; their history was published at
+Madrid, in 1810, with very pleasant remarks by the Moliere of Spain, Don
+Leandro de Moratin, who deserves a better fate than he experiences.
+
+
+_History of a famous Magician._
+
+The history of Doctor Eugene Torralba, a physician of Cuença, ought not
+to be passed over, as it offers several remarkable events, and is
+mentioned in the _History of the famous knight, Don Quixote de la
+Mancha_. This person is also introduced in different parts of a poem,
+entitled, _Carlos Famoso_[10], composed by Louis Zapata, dedicated to
+Philip II., and printed at Valencia, in 1556.
+
+The author of _Don Quixote_, in the adventure of the Countess Trifaldi,
+represents that famous knight, as mounted upon _Clavileno_, with Sancho
+Panza behind him, having their eyes covered; the squire wishes to
+uncover his eyes to see if they had arrived at the region of fire. Don
+Quixote says, "Take care not to do it, and remember the true history of
+the licentiate Torralba, who being mounted on a cane, with his eyes
+covered, was conveyed through the air by devils, and arrived at Rome in
+twelve hours, and descended on the tower of Nona, which is in a street
+of that city, where he saw the tumult, assault, and death of the
+Constable de Bourbon, and returned to Madrid before morning, where he
+gave an account of what he had seen. He also related that while he was
+in the air, the devil told him to open his eyes, and that he saw himself
+so near the moon that he might have touched it with his hand, and that
+he did not dare to look towards the earth for fear of fainting."
+
+The Doctor Eugene Torralba was born in the town of Cuença. In an
+examination he stated, that at the age of fifteen he went to Rome, where
+he was made a page of Don Francis Soderini, Bishop of Volterra, who was
+made a cardinal in 1503. He studied medicine under several masters, who
+in their disputes attacked the immortality of the soul, and though they
+did not succeed in convincing him, caused him to incline to pyrrhonism.
+Torralba was a physician in 1501, at which period he became intimately
+acquainted with Master Alphonso of Rome, who had renounced the law of
+Moses for that of Mahomet, which he quitted for the Christian doctrine,
+and finished by preferring natural religion. Alphonso told him that
+Jesus Christ was only a man, and supported his opinion with several
+arguments: this doctrine did not entirely eradicate the faith of
+Torralba, but he no longer knew on which side the truth lay.
+
+Among the friends he acquired at Rome, was a monk of St. Dominic, called
+Brother Peter. This man told him one day that he had in his service one
+of the good angels, whose name was _Zequiel_, so powerful in the
+knowledge of the future, that no other could equal him; but that he
+abhorred the practice of obliging men to make a compact with him; that
+he was always free, and only served the person who placed confidence in
+him through friendship, and that he allowed him to reveal the secrets he
+communicated, but that any constraint employed to force him to answer
+questions made him for ever abandon the society of the man to whom he
+had attached himself. Brother Peter asked him if he would not like to
+have _Zequiel_ for his friend, adding that he could obtain that favour
+on account of the friendship which subsisted between them; Torralba
+expressed the greatest desire to become acquainted with the spirit of
+Brother Peter.
+
+_Zequiel_ soon appeared in the shape of a young man, fair, with flaxen
+hair, dressed in flesh colour, with a black surtout; he said to
+Torralba, _I will belong to thee as long as thou livest, and will follow
+thee wherever thou goest_. After this promise _Zequiel_ appeared to
+Torralba at the different quarters of the moon, and whenever he wished
+to go from one place to another, sometimes in the figure of a traveller,
+sometimes like a hermit. _Zequiel_ never spoke against the Christian
+religion, or advised him to commit any bad action; on the contrary, he
+reproached him when he committed a fault, and attended the church
+service with him: he always spoke in Latin or Italian, although he was
+with Torralba in Spain, France, and Turkey: he continued to visit him
+during his imprisonment but seldom, and did not reveal any secrets to
+him, and Torralba desired the spirit to leave him, because he caused
+agitation and prevented him from sleeping; but this did not prevent him
+from returning and relating things which wearied him.
+
+Torralba went to Spain in 1502. Some time after he travelled over all
+Italy, and settled at Rome under the protection of Cardinal Volterra; he
+there acquired the reputation of a good physician, and engaged the
+favour of several cardinals. He studied chiromancy, and acquired some
+knowledge of the art. _Zequiel_ revealed to Torralba the secret virtues
+of several plants in curing certain maladies; having made use of this
+information to procure money, _Zequiel_ reproached him for it, saying,
+that as these remedies had cost him no labour, he ought to bestow them
+gratuitously.
+
+Torralba having appeared sad sometimes because he was in want of money,
+the angel said to him, _Why are you sad for want of money?_ Some time
+after, Torralba found six ducats in his chamber, and the same thing was
+repeated several times, which made him suppose that _Zequiel_ had placed
+them there, although he would not acknowledge it when questioned.
+
+The greatest part of the information which _Zequiel_ communicated to
+Torralba related to political occurrences. Thus, when Torralba returned
+to Spain in 1510, being at the court of Ferdinand the Catholic,
+_Zequiel_ told him that this prince would soon receive disagreeable
+news. Torralba hastened to inform the Archbishop of Toledo, Ximenez de
+Cisneros, and the great captain Gonzales Fernandez de Cordova; and the
+same day a courier brought letters from Africa, which announced the
+failure of the expedition against the Moors, and the death of Don Garcia
+de Toledo, son of the Duke of Alva, who commanded it.
+
+Ximenez de Cisneros having learnt that the Cardinal de Volterra had seen
+_Zequiel_, expressed a wish to see him also, and to become acquainted
+with the nature and qualities of this spirit. Torralba, to gratify the
+archbishop, entreated the angel to appear to him under any human form:
+_Zequiel_ did not think proper to do so; but to soften the severity of
+his refusal, he commissioned Torralba to inform Ximenez de Cisneros that
+he would be a king, which was in a manner verified, as he became
+absolute governor of the Spains and the Indies.
+
+Another time when he was at Rome, the angel told him that Peter Margano
+would lose his life if he went out of the city. Torralba had not time to
+inform his friend; he went out, and was assassinated.
+
+_Zequiel_ told him that Cardinal Sienna would come to a tragical end,
+which was verified in 1517, after the sentence which Leo X. pronounced
+against him.
+
+When he returned to Rome in 1513, Torralba had a great desire to see his
+intimate friend Thomas de Becara, who was then at Venice. _Zequiel_, who
+knew his wish, took him to that city, and brought him back to Rome in so
+short a time, that the person with whom he was in the habit of
+associating did not perceive his absence.
+
+The Cardinal de Santa Cruz, in 1516, commissioned Torralba to pass a
+night with his physician, Doctor Morales, in the house of a Spanish lady
+named _Rosales_, to ascertain if what this woman related of a phantom
+which she saw every night in the form of a murdered man, was to be
+believed; Doctor Morales had remained a whole night in the house, and
+had not seen anything when the Spanish lady announced the presence of
+the ghost, and the Cardinal hoped to discover something by means of
+Torralba. At the hour of one the woman uttered her cry of alarm; Morales
+saw nothing, but Torralba perceived the figure, which was that of a dead
+man; behind him appeared another phantom with the features of a woman.
+Torralba said to him with a loud voice, _What dost thou seek here?_ The
+phantom replied, _A treasure_, and disappeared. _Zequiel_, on being
+questioned, replied that under the house there was the body of a man who
+had been assassinated with a poignard.
+
+In 1519, Torralba returned to Spain, accompanied by Don Diego de Zuñiga,
+a relation of the Duke de Bejar, and brother to Don Antonio, grand prior
+of Castile, who was his intimate friend. At Barcelonetta, near Turin,
+while they were walking with the secretary Acebedo (who had been marshal
+of the camp in Italy and Savoy), Acebedo and Zuñiga thought they saw
+something pass by Torralba which they could not define; he informed them
+that it was his angel _Zequiel_, who had approached to speak to him.
+Zuñiga wished much to see him, but _Zequiel_ would not appear.
+
+At Barcelona, Torralba saw, in the house of the Canon Juan Garcia, a
+book on chiromancy, and in some notes a process for winning money at
+play. Zuñiga wished to learn it, and Torralba copied the characters, and
+told his friend to write them himself on paper with the blood of a bat,
+and keep them about his person while he played.
+
+Being at Valladolid in 1520, Torralba told Don Diego that he would
+return to Rome, because he had the means of getting there in a short
+time, by being mounted on a stick and guided through the air by a cloud
+of fire. Torralba really went to that city, where Cardinal Volterra and
+the grand prior requested him to give up his _familiar spirit_ to them.
+Torralba proposed it to _Zequiel_, and even entreated him to consent,
+but without success.
+
+In 1525 the angel told him that he would do well if he returned to
+Spain, because he would obtain the place of physician to the infanta
+Eleonora, queen dowager of Portugal, and afterwards married to Francis
+I., King of France. The doctor communicated this affair to the Duke de
+Bejar, and to Don Stephen-Manuel Merino, Archbishop of Bari; they
+solicited and obtained for him the place which he aspired to.
+
+Lastly, on the 5th of May in the same year, _Zequiel_ told the doctor
+that Rome would be taken by the imperial troops the next day. Torralba
+entreated his angel to take him to Rome to witness this important event;
+he complied, and they left Valladolid at the hour of eleven at night:
+when they were at a short distance from the city, the angel gave
+Torralba a knotted stick, and said to him, _Shut your eyes, do not fear,
+take this in your hands, and no evil will befal you_. When the moment to
+open his eyes arrived, he found himself so near the sea, that he might
+have touched it with his hand; the black cloud which surrounded them was
+succeeded by a brilliant light, which made Torralba fear that he should
+be consumed. _Zequiel_ perceiving his fear, said, _Reassure yourself,
+fool!_ Torralba again closed his eyes, and when _Zequiel_ told him to
+open them, he found himself in the tower of Nona in Rome. They then
+heard the clock of the Castle St. Angelo sound the fifth hour of the
+night, which is midnight according to the manner of computing time in
+Spain, so that they had been travelling one hour. Torralba went all over
+Rome with _Zequiel_, and afterwards witnessed the pillage of the city:
+he entered the house of the Bishop Copis, a German, who lived in the
+tower of St. Ginia; he saw the Constable de Bourbon expire, the Pope
+shut himself up in the Castle of St. Angelo, and all the other events of
+that terrible day. In an hour and a half they had returned to
+Valladolid, where _Zequiel_ quitted him, saying, _Another time you will
+believe what I tell you_. Torralba published all that he had seen; and
+as the court soon received the same news, Torralba (who was then
+physician to the Admiral of Castile) was spoken of as a great magician.
+
+These rumours were the cause of his denunciation; he was arrested at
+Cuença by the Inquisition in the beginning of the year 1508. He was
+denounced by his intimate friend Diego de Zuñiga, who, after having been
+as foolishly captivated as Torralba, with the miracles of the good
+angel, became fanatical and superstitious. Torralba at first confessed
+all that has been related of _Zequiel_, supposing that he should not be
+tried for the doubts he had expressed of the immortality of the soul and
+the divinity of our Saviour. When the judges had collected sufficient
+evidence, they assembled to give their _votes_, but as they did not
+accord, they applied to the council, which decreed that Torralba should
+be tortured, _as much as his age and rank permitted_, to discover his
+motives in receiving and keeping near him the spirit _Zequiel_; and if
+he believed him to be a bad angel, as a witness declared that he had
+said so; if he had made a compact with him; what had passed at the first
+interview; if at that time or afterwards he had employed conjurations to
+invoke him; immediately after this the tribunal was to pronounce the
+definitive sentence.
+
+Torralba had never varied, until that time, in his account of his
+familiar spirit, whom he always affirmed to be of the order of good
+angels, but the torture made him say, that he now perceived him to be a
+bad angel, since he was the cause of his misfortune. He was asked if
+_Zequiel_ had told him that he would be arrested by the Inquisition; he
+replied that he had told him of it several times, desiring him not to
+go to Cuença, because he would meet with a misfortune there, but that he
+thought he might disregard this advice. He also declared that there was
+no compact between them, and that every circumstance had passed as he
+had related it.
+
+The inquisitors considered all these details to be true; and after
+taking a new declaration from Torralba, they suspended his trial for the
+space of one year, from motives of compassion, and with the hope of
+seeing if this famous necromancer would be converted, and confess the
+compact and sorcery which he had constantly denied.
+
+A new witness recalled the memory of his dispute, and his doubts of the
+immortality of the soul, and the divinity of Jesus Christ, which caused
+another declaration of the Doctor in January, 1530. The council being
+informed of it, commanded the Inquisition to commission some pious and
+learned persons to endeavour to convert the accused. Francisco Antonio
+Barragan, prior of the Dominican Convent at Cuença, and Diego Manrique,
+a canon of the cathedral, undertook this task, and exhorted him
+vehemently. The prisoner replied that he sincerely repented of his
+faults, but that it was impossible for him to confess what he had not
+done, and that he could not follow the advice given him, to renounce all
+communication with _Zequiel_ because the spirit was more powerful than
+he was; but he promised that he would not desire his presence, or
+consent to any of his propositions.
+
+On the 6th of March, 1531, Torralba was condemned to the usual
+abjuration of all heresies, and to suffer the punishment of imprisonment
+and the _San-benito_ during the pleasure of the inquisitor-general; to
+hold no further communion with the spirit _Zequiel_, and never to attend
+to any of his propositions: these conditions were imposed on him for the
+safety of his conscience and the good of his soul.
+
+The inquisitor soon put an end to the punishment of Torralba, in
+consideration, as he said, of all that he had suffered during an
+imprisonment of four years: but the true motive of the pardon granted to
+Torralba was the interest which the Admiral of Castile took in his fate;
+he retained him as his physician for several years after his judgment.
+
+The truth of the marvellous facts related by Torralba rests solely upon
+his confession, and the report of the witnesses whom he had induced to
+believe all that he had told them. Torralba cited none but deceased
+persons in eight declarations which he made, except Don Diego de Zuñiga.
+It was necessary to remark this to show the degree of confidence to be
+placed in some parts of his narration. It may be supposed that a great
+number of different accounts of this affair were spread, to which I
+attribute the additions and alterations in some circumstances which
+Louis Zapata introduced into his poem of _Carlos Famoso_, thirty years
+after the sentence passed on Torralba, and of those details which
+Cervantes eighty years later thought proper to put in the mouth of Don
+Quixote.
+
+I terminate, by this account of Doctor Torralba, the history of the
+administration of Cardinal Don Alphonso Manrique, Archbishop of Seville,
+who died in that city on the 28th of September, 1538, with the
+reputation of being a friend and benefactor to the poor. His charity and
+some other qualities worthy of his birth have gained him a place among
+the illustrious men of his age. He had several natural children before
+he entered into orders: Don Jerome Manrique is cited as having been most
+worthy of his father; he successively attained the dignities of
+Provincial Inquisitor, Counsellor of the _Supreme_, Bishop of Carthagena
+and Avila, president of the Chancery of Valladolid, and, lastly,
+Inquisitor-general.
+
+At the death of Don Alphonso Manrique, there were nineteen provincial
+tribunals; they were established at Seville, Cordova, Toledo,
+Valladolid, Murcia, Calahorra, Estremadura, Saragossa, Valencia,
+Barcelona, Majorca, in the Canaries, at Cuença, in Navarre, Grenada,
+Sicily, Sardinia, in Tierra Firma, and the isles of the American Ocean.
+The Inquisition of Jaen had been united to that of Grenada.
+
+The Inquisition had afterwards three tribunals in America, at Mexico,
+Lima, and Carthagena. In the Indies they had been decreed but not
+organized.
+
+By omitting the tribunals of America, Sardinia, and Sicily, we shall
+find that there were fifteen in Spain, which respectively burnt,
+annually, about ten individuals in person, five in effigy, and subjected
+fifty to different penances: so that in all Spain one hundred and fifty
+persons were burnt every year; sixty-five in effigy, and seven hundred
+and fifty suffered different canonical penances, which, multiplied by
+the fifteen years of the administration of Manrique, shows that two
+thousand two hundred and fifty individuals were burnt, one thousand one
+hundred and twenty-five in effigy, and eleven thousand two hundred and
+fifty condemned to penances; in all, fourteen thousand, six hundred and
+twenty-five condemnations. This number scarcely deserves to be mentioned
+in comparison with those of preceding times; but still it appears
+enormous, particularly if the excessive abuse of the secret proceedings
+is considered.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+OF THE TRIAL OF THE FALSE NUNCIO OF PORTUGAL, AND OTHER IMPORTANT EVENTS
+DURING THE TIME OF CARDINAL TABERA, SIXTH INQUISITOR-GENERAL.
+
+
+_Quarrels of the Inquisition with the Court of Rome._
+
+Charles V. appointed Cardinal Don Juan Pardo de Tabera, Archbishop of
+Toledo, to succeed Cardinal Manrique, in the office of
+inquisitor-general; his bulls of institution were expedited in September
+1539, and a month after he entered upon his office, so that the
+_Supreme_ Council governed the Inquisition for the space of one year.
+
+It was under the inquisitor Tabera, that the congregation of the holy
+office was founded at Rome, on the 1st of April, 1543. It gave the title
+and privilege of inquisitors-general of the faith, for all the Christian
+world, to several cardinals; two of the number were Spaniards, Don Juan
+Alvarez de Toledo, Bishop of Burgos, a son of the Duke of Alva, and Don
+Thomas Badia, cardinal-priest of the title of St. Silvestre, and master
+of the sacred palace. These two cardinals were of the order of St.
+Dominic.
+
+This new creation alarmed the Inquisition of Spain for its supremacy;
+but the Pope formally declared that it was not his intention to alter
+anything that had been established, and the institution of the
+inquisitors-general would not interfere with the privileges of the other
+inquisitors. Yet the general Inquisition attempted several times to give
+laws to that of Spain, particularly in the prohibition of some writings
+which had been proscribed at Rome. The inquisitors-general wrote to
+those of Spain, to register the censure of the theologians, because they
+were to be looked upon as the most learned of the Catholic church, and
+because their opinion was supported by the confirmation of the supreme
+head of the church, whom the cardinals asserted to be infallible when he
+acted (as in this case) as sovereign pontiff. He approved and commanded
+the decrees of the congregation of cardinals, to be received and
+executed with submission.
+
+These pretensions of the Court of Rome did not inspire the inquisitors
+of Spain with any awe; they have always defended their privileges with
+so much vigour, that they often refused to execute the apostolical
+briefs, when they were contrary to the decisions they had made
+conjointly with the _Supreme_ Council. We find examples of this
+resistance under Urban VIII., in the condemnation of the works of the
+Jesuit, John Baptist Poza, which had been pronounced at Rome; and under
+Benedict XIV., when the inquisitor-general, Don Francis Perezdel Prado,
+Bishop of Teruel, refused to enter upon the _prohibitory index_ the
+works of Cardinal Noris, in opposition to the request, and even the
+formal demand, of that great Pope.
+
+Although the inquisitors of Spain pretended that their authority was
+canonical and spiritual, and had been delegated to them by the sovereign
+pontiff, who is infallible when he pronounces _ex cathedrâ_, yet they
+always opposed this infallibility in fact, and refused to submit to his
+decrees, when contrary to their particular system. The inquisitors would
+have acted differently, if they had not been certain that by applying to
+the king and interesting his policy, they would force the royal
+authority to take a part in their quarrels, and oppose the measures of
+the pontiff, who, if they had not possessed that powerful support, would
+have treated them as rebels, and degraded them to the rank of simple
+priests by depriving them of their employments.
+
+
+_History of the Viceroys of Sicily and Catalonia._
+
+In 1535, Charles V. had deprived the Inquisition of the right of
+exercising the royal jurisdiction, and it was not restored to them till
+1545; consequently, in 1543, they had not the privilege of trying their
+officers, familiars, or other secular attendants of the holy office, for
+matters not relating to religion. This royal decree was known to the
+Captain-general of Catalonia, Don Pedro Cardona, when he commenced
+proceedings against the gaoler, a familiar and a servant of the
+grand-serjeant of the Inquisition of Barcelona, for carrying arms, which
+was prohibited in his government.
+
+The inquisitors of Barcelona had become insolent, from having always
+prevailed in affairs of this nature, and they instituted proceedings
+against Don Pedro Cardona, as a rebel against the holy office; without
+respecting his high situations of captain-general, and military governor
+of the province, or the rank and name of his illustrious family. Being
+informed that the emperor was only nine leagues from Barcelona, they
+denounced the act of his lieutenant to him, and represented, through
+Cardinal Tabera, that if Cardona was not condemned to make a public
+reparation, the people would lose all respect for the Inquisition, and
+an incalculable injury be done to the Catholic religion throughout the
+kingdom.
+
+The emperor, blinded by fanaticism, not only favoured the inquisitors
+against all justice, and in contempt of his own ordinance of 1535; but
+he wrote to Cardona, that the interests of the faith required that he
+should submit to receive the absolution _ad cautelam_. This order deeply
+afflicted Don Pedro, but he resolved to obey his master, and demanded
+absolution. The inquisitors, to render their triumph greater, celebrated
+an _auto-da-fé_, in the cathedral of Barcelona, where Cardona was
+compelled to attend, standing without a sword, and with a taper in his
+hand, during the celebration of mass, and the ceremony of his
+absolution.
+
+Charles V. had also deprived the Inquisition of Sicily of the royal
+jurisdiction, for the space of five years, and afterwards prolonged it
+to ten; but the inquisitors represented, through Cardinal Tabera, that
+the inconveniences arising from this measure were so great, that Don
+Ferdinand Gonzaga, Prince de Malfeta, the viceroy and captain-general of
+the island, was informed that the suspension was to be revoked at the
+expiration of the tenth year, without a particular order. The Marquis de
+Terranova had been viceroy and governor-general; he was constable and
+admiral of Naples, a grandee of Spain of the first class, and related to
+the emperor through the house of Aragon. Two familiars of the
+Inquisition had been taken before the civil tribunal, by his orders, for
+some crimes which they had committed. Philip of Austria, Prince of
+Asturias, the eldest son of Charles V., then aged sixteen, governed the
+Spanish dominions during the absence of his father; and as he was not
+less superstitious, his conduct towards the Marquis de Terranova was the
+same as that of the emperor to Don Pedro Cardona. I consider it
+necessary to give the letter of the Prince to the Marquis de Terranova;
+it was as follows:--
+
+"I, the Prince, Honourable marquis, admiral and constable, our dear
+counsellor: you know what happened when you commanded two familiars of
+the holy office to be whipped (while you were governor of this kingdom,
+and not well informed of the affair). So great a contempt for that holy
+tribunal has been the result, that it has been impossible for it to
+command anything with the success which it formerly obtained. On the
+contrary, several persons of this kingdom have presumed to insult and
+use violence towards the officers of the Inquisition, and to prevent and
+disturb them in the exercise of their office, according to the
+complaints and informations which we have received on this affair. The
+reverend Cardinal of Toledo, inquisitor-general, and the members of the
+council of the general Inquisition, have deliberated with his majesty,
+and it has been found proper and convenient that you should do penance
+for the fault you have committed; saying that it should be gentle and
+moderate, in consideration of the services you have rendered his
+majesty. In consequence, the inquisitor-general and the council, guided
+by their esteem for your person, have commanded the inquisitor Gongora
+to speak to you, and represent your fault, that you may accomplish the
+penance imposed, which (according to the nature of the fact, and the
+evil which has been the result) ought to have been much more severe, as
+you will learn from what the inquisitors have been commanded to say to
+you. As to the rest, this has only been decreed for the glory of God,
+the honour of the holy office, and the good of your conscience. We
+require and charge you, for the sake of the good example which you owe
+to others, to accept and accomplish this penance, with the submission
+which is due to the church, and without waiting to be compelled by means
+of excommunication and ecclesiastical censures; the submission which we
+ask of you will not affect your honour, but will be profitable to you in
+freeing you from all inquietude and vexation; it is approved by his
+majesty, will give us pleasure, and we undertake to treat you in all
+that concerns you with the favour that we have used towards you, and
+which we will show whenever there is an opportunity. Given at
+Valladolid, 15th December, 1543. I, the Prince." This letter is marked
+by several members of the council, and countersigned _Juan Garcia,
+pro-secretary_.
+
+The silence which is observed on the nature of the penance imposed on
+the viceroy is remarkable; but whatever gentleness and moderation was
+affected, it was the same as that of Don Pedro Cordona. The only
+difference to be observed was, that it did not take place in the
+cathedral, but in the church of the Dominican convent; it was also
+thought necessary, by way of compensation, to prevent the Marquis from
+kneeling, except during the elevation of the host, that he might be more
+exposed to the sight of the people, and to condemn him to pay an hundred
+ducats to the familiars whom he had punished.
+
+
+_History of the False Nuncio of the Pope in Portugal._
+
+The history of the quarrels of the Inquisition with the royal authority
+affords another conflict of jurisdiction. I speak of the affair of the
+famous Juan Perez de Saavedra mentioned in histories, romances, and
+dramatic pieces, under the name of _the False Nuncio of Portugal_, and
+who generally passes for the founder of the Inquisition in that kingdom.
+The critic Feijoo has supposed that the history of this affair was
+fabulous. The narration of Saavedra, which Feijoo quotes, contains
+fables, but it also contains truths belonging to the history of the
+Inquisition. It is necessary to enter into the details of this history:
+I shall first relate the facts according to the narrative which Saavedra
+wrote for the Cardinal Espinosa in 1567; I shall afterwards establish
+the truth on some points which that impostor contrived to obscure.
+
+Juan Perez de Saavedra was born at Cordova. His father was a captain in
+a regiment of infantry, and a perpetual member of the municipality of
+that city, from a privilege acquired by his family; his mother, Anne de
+Guzman, was descended from a family as noble as that of her husband.
+Saavedra, who was possessed of great talents and information, employed
+himself for some time in forging apostolical bulls, royal ordinances,
+regulations of councils and tribunals, letters of change, and the
+signatures of a great number of persons: he imitated them so perfectly,
+that he made use of them without exciting any doubts of their
+authenticity, and passed for a knight commander of the military order of
+St. Jago, and received the salary, which was three thousand ducats, for
+the space of a year and a half. In a short time, by means of the royal
+orders which he counterfeited, he acquired three hundred and sixty
+thousand ducats, and the secret of this great fortune would never have
+been revealed (as he expresses himself in his confession) _if he had not
+clothed himself in scarlet_, that is, if he had not taken it into his
+head to feign himself a cardinal, in order to exercise the functions of
+a legate _à latere_.
+
+He says, that being in the kingdom of Algarves, a short time after the
+institution of the Jesuits had been confirmed by Paul III., a priest of
+that society arrived in the country, furnished with an apostolical
+brief, which authorized him to found a college of the order in the
+kingdom of Portugal; that having heard him preach on St. Andrew's Day,
+he was so pleased with him, that he invited him to dinner, and kept him
+several days in his house. The jesuit, having discovered his talent
+during this period, expressed a wish to have a _fac-simile_ of his
+brief, containing an eulogy on the Society of Jesus. He performed this
+task with so much success, that the brief might have been taken for the
+original; and they at last agreed that, to complete the good which would
+accrue to Portugal from the establishment of the Society of Jesus, it
+would be proper to introduce the Inquisition on the same plan as that of
+Spain. Saavedra then went to Tabilla, a town in the same province,
+where, with the assistance of the jesuit, he made the apostolical bull
+which was necessary for their purpose, and forged letters from Charles
+V. and Prince Philip his son, to the King of Portugal, John III. This
+bull was supposed to have been sent to Saavedra, as legate, to establish
+the Inquisition in Portugal, if the king consented.
+
+Saavedra afterwards passed the frontier, and went to Ayamonte, in the
+kingdom of Seville. The Provincial and Franciscan monks of Andalusia had
+lately arrived there from Rome. Saavedra thought he would try if the
+bull would pass as authentic: he told the Provincial that some
+individual going to Portugal had dropped a parchment on the road, which
+he showed him, and begged to know if it was of importance, as, in that
+case, he would lose no time in restoring it to the person who had
+dropped it. The Provincial took the parchment for an original writing
+and true bull; he made the contents known to Saavedra, and expatiated on
+the advantages which Portugal would derive from it.
+
+Saavedra went to Seville, and took into his service two confidants, one
+of whom was to be his secretary, the other his major-domo; he bought
+litters and silver-plate, and adopted the dress of a Roman cardinal; he
+sent his confidants to Cordova and Grenada to hire servants, and
+commanded them to go with his suite to Badajoz, where they gave out
+that they were the familiars of a Cardinal from Rome, who would pass
+through the city in his way to Portugal, to establish the Inquisition by
+the order of the Pope; they also announced that he would soon arrive, as
+he travelled post.
+
+At the appointed time Saavedra appeared at Badajoz, where his servants
+publicly kissed his hand as the Pope's Legate. He left Badajoz for
+Seville, where he was received into the archiepiscopal palace of
+Cardinal Loaisa, who resided at Madrid in the quality of apostolical
+commissary-general of the holy crusade. He received the greatest marks
+of respect and devotion from Don Juan Fernandez de Temiño, the
+vicar-general. He remained eighteen days in this city, and during that
+time obtained, by false obligations, the sum of eleven hundred and
+thirty ducats from the heirs of the Marquis de Tarifa. He afterwards
+took the road to Llerena (where the Inquisition of Estremadura had been
+established), after going to different towns in the province; he was
+lodged in part of the buildings of the Inquisition, which was then
+occupied by the Inquisitors Don Pedro Alvarez Becerra and Don Louis de
+Cardenas, to whom he said that he meant to visit the Inquisition of
+Llerena in his quality of legate; and, after having fulfilled that part
+of his mission, he should proceed to Portugal, where he should establish
+the holy office on the plan of that of Spain.
+
+Saavedra then returned to Badajoz, from whence he sent his secretary to
+Lisbon with his bulls and papers, that the court being informed of his
+arrival, might prepare to receive him. The mission of this agent caused
+great doubts and agitation at the court, where such a novelty was little
+expected: nevertheless, the king sent a nobleman to the frontier to
+receive the Cardinal Legate, who made his entry into Lisbon, where he
+passed three months, and was treated with every mark of respect: he then
+undertook a long journey into different parts of the kingdom, going over
+the dioceses, and taking a detailed account of them; it would have been
+difficult to discover the aim of his apostolical solicitude, if some
+unforeseen circumstances had not put an end to his imposture.
+
+The Inquisition of Spain discovered this intrigue through the address of
+Cardinal Tabera, who shared the cares of government with the Prince of
+Asturias, at the time when Charles V. was absent in France. In
+consequence of the measures concerted between the cardinal and the
+Marquis de Villaneuva de Barcarrota, the governor of Badajoz, Saavedra
+was arrested at Nieva de Guadiana in the Portuguese territory, on the
+23rd of January, 1541, where he was at table with the curate of the
+village, who had entreated that he would do him the honour of visiting
+his parish, as he had the others in the diocese. This request was only a
+snare, in order to arrest the impostor with more safety.
+
+Saavedra says that, when he was arrested, three treasures which he had
+with him were seized; one of twenty thousand ducats, the produce of the
+fines of the condemned, destined for the holy office; the second of a
+hundred and fifty thousand ducats, which, he said, he intended to apply
+to the use of the church, and other good works; the third of ninety
+thousand ducats, which belonged to himself. Saavedra was taken to Madrid
+by the order of the procurator-general of the kingdom, and there
+imprisoned. The alcaldes of the court went to him, and received his
+declaration, which was necessary to the trial. The tribunal of the
+Inquisition had not then been established at Madrid, which was subject
+to that of Toledo. The inquisitors pretended that this affair ought to
+come before them, because it was to be presumed that the prisoner had
+renounced the Catholic religion, from the fictions which he had invented
+to procure money; as if Catholics did not commit greater crimes every
+day!
+
+As the inquisitor-general was the lieutenant of the prince, the holy
+office was sure to prevail. Tabera, wishing to satisfy both parties,
+decreed that the alcaldes should remain in possession of the person of
+Saavedra, and proceed against him for his exactions, forgeries, and
+other political crimes, and that the holy office should take cognizance
+of the crimes against the faith which he had been guilty of, under the
+title of a cardinal.
+
+The inquisitor reflected that Saavedra was a man of great talent, and
+that he therefore should be treated with moderation; besides that, he
+had always conducted himself like a real judge, except that he only
+condemned the accused to pay fines.
+
+Saavedra declared that these reasons made the inquisitor-general wish to
+be personally acquainted with him; that he caused him to be brought
+before him, heard him with interest, and offered to protect him,
+promising to give him for a judge any one that he named: that he then
+expressed a wish to be judged by Doctor Arias, inquisitor at Llerena;
+this was granted, and caused great murmurs against the cardinal and the
+court at Madrid, where it was whispered that Tabera had appropriated the
+ninety thousand ducats which had been taken from Saavedra: that Doctor
+Arias condemned him to serve ten years in the king's galleys; that,
+after a detention of two years, the alcaldes of Madrid pronounced his
+definitive sentence, one of the principal parts of which was, that after
+having fulfilled the inquisitorial sentence, he could not be set at
+liberty, or quit the galleys without the permission of his majesty, on
+pain of death; that he was sent to the galleys in 1544; that in 1554,
+although the period of his punishment had expired, he could not obtain
+his liberty: then, persuaded that his affair depended more on the
+Inquisition than the alcaldes of the court, he endeavoured to interest
+the Pope in his fate, representing that he had done several things
+extremely useful to religion and the state, in the exercise of his false
+legation; that Paul IV. sent him a brief, which was addressed to the
+inquisitor-general Don Ferdinand Valdes, whom his holiness charged to
+obtain Saavedra's liberty; that he received this brief when the king's
+galleys were in the port of St. Mary; that he immediately forwarded it
+to the bishop coadjutor of Seville, and he sent it to the
+inquisitor-general, who was his archbishop. Valdes having communicated
+the affair to Philip II., that prince gave orders that Saavedra should
+be set at liberty, that he might immediately repair to court. Saavedra
+arrived there in 1562, after having passed nineteen years in the
+galleys. He was presented to the king, who desired to hear his history
+from his own lips, and to have it in writing; while Saavedra related it
+to the king, Antonio Perez wrote down the singular events of his life:
+lastly, Saavedra himself wrote it in 1567, for the inquisitor-general,
+Don Diego Espinosa.
+
+The history of Saavedra has furnished the subject for a Spanish comedy,
+entitled the "_False Nuncio of Portugal_," in which not only all the
+unities of time, place, and action are wanting, but the rule which only
+admits probable events is infringed; but this ought not to surprise in
+poets, since the hero himself has taken the same liberty in the
+narrative which he composed for the amusement of Cardinal Espinosa. It
+is certain that he was imprisoned on the 25th of January, 1541, as he
+states in his history. But this point, so well established, proves that
+he imposed in other circumstances; for example, if what he relates of
+the Jesuit in Algarves is true, it could not have happened until the
+year 1540, because Paul III. only expedited his bull of approval for the
+_Society of Jesus_, on the 27th of September, 1540; now the sermon
+preached by the Jesuit on St. Andrew's day corresponds with the 30th of
+November in the same year, that is, on the fifty-second day before his
+imprisonment; this interval would not be sufficient for his journeys to
+Ayamonte, Llerena, Seville, Badajoz, and in Portugal. Thus Saavedra did
+not speak truth, either in stating the period of his appearing to the
+world as a Cardinal, and the motives which induced him to enter into
+the intrigue with the Jesuit; or when he said that he sustained his part
+for three months at Lisbon, and during three months which he employed in
+visiting different towns in the kingdom.
+
+Besides, the number and names of the disciples of St. Ignatius were
+known at that period; and it is certain that before the bull of
+approbation was obtained, the founder of the order had appointed St.
+Francis Xavier and Simon Rodriguez, a Portuguese, to preach in Portugal;
+and that these monks left Rome on the 15th of March, 1540, with the
+Portuguese ambassador; that on their arrival at Lisbon, John III. wished
+to receive them into his palace; that they refused that honour, and
+lodged in the hospital; that St. Francis Xavier embarked for the East
+Indies, with the new governor, on the 8th of April, 1541, and that
+Rodriguez remained in Portugal to preach, as he had already done, to the
+great satisfaction of the inhabitants, who had a high opinion of his
+virtues: these circumstances render it improbable that the Jesuit would
+ask for a forged brief, and enter into an intrigue with a layman.
+
+Saavedra says, that the court of Lisbon was disturbed at the news of the
+arrival of a nuncio in Portugal. This would not be extraordinary, as
+neither the Pope nor any other person had written to the court on the
+subject, and as the Pope had appointed Don Henry, archbishop of Braga,
+the king's brother, inquisitor-general in the preceding year. But if the
+arrival of the legate caused so much surprise, it was natural that the
+king should write to the Pope, whose answer would have arrived two
+months afterwards, and Saavedra would have been detected before the end
+of the third month, and thus there would have been no necessity for the
+king of Spain to arrest him.
+
+It is not more certain that Saavedra established the Inquisition in
+Portugal. The expulsion of the Jews took place in 1492; many of them
+retired to Portugal: among them were some that had been baptized, and
+John II. consented to receive them into his states, if they would behave
+like faithful Christians. King Manuel ordered them to quit the kingdom,
+and to leave all their children under the age of fourteen, who were to
+be made Christians; they offered to receive baptism, if the king would
+promise not to establish the Inquisition for twenty years; the king
+granted their request, and also that the names of the witnesses should
+be communicated to them, if they were accused of heresy after that
+period, besides the power of bequeathing their effects if they were
+condemned. In 1507, Manuel confirmed these privileges, prolonging the
+first twenty years, and rendering the others perpetual: in 1520, John
+renewed the first concession for another twenty years.
+
+Clement VII., being informed that the baptized Jews in Portugal did not
+show much attachment to the Christian religion, and that the Protestant
+and Lutheran heresies made great progress in the kingdom, appointed
+Brother Diego de Silva inquisitor for that country. He attempted to
+exercise his functions, but the new Christians claimed their rights,
+which were to last for several years; a trial was the result of this
+opposition. Clement VII. died, and his successor, Paul III., granted to
+the New Christians a privilege which they could not obtain in Portugal;
+that they might confide, to persons chosen by themselves, their defence
+before the prince of the sense to be given to the dispositions of their
+privileges, which had been interpreted to their prejudice. In the same
+year, the Pope granted them a pardon for all that had passed.
+
+The king afterwards represented that the converted Jews abused their
+privileges, some returning to Judaism, and others adopting the errors of
+the Protestants. This circumstance induced the Pontiff to publish
+another bull on the 25th of March, 1536, which is considered as the
+foundation of the Inquisition in Portugal. The Pope appointed as
+inquisitors, the Bishops of Coïmbra, Lamego, and Ceuta; and decreed at
+the same time, that another bishop or priest of the king's nomination
+should be associated with them. The Pope granted to each inquisitor the
+power of proceeding against heretics and their adherents, in concert
+with the diocesan in ordinary, or alone, if he refused to assist; they
+were likewise obliged for the first three years, in the proceedings
+against heretics, to conform to the manner of proceeding in cases of
+theft or homicide, and after that period to the rules of common law; the
+practice of confiscation was abolished, and the heirs of the condemned
+could inherit as if he died intestate. Lastly, the Pope commanded that a
+sufficient number of tribunals should be instituted, for the execution
+of these measures[11]. The king appointed Don Diego de Silva, bishop of
+Ceuta, first inquisitor-general.
+
+Such was the origin of the Inquisition in Portugal, four years before
+Saavedra arrived in that country. In 1539, the Pope appointed Don Henry,
+archbishop of Braga, to succeed the first inquisitor-general. The third
+grand inquisitor was Don George de Almeida, archbishop of Lisbon.
+
+All that I have now stated is taken from authentic documents. I conclude
+from them that Juan Perez de Saavedra forged his brief of cardinal _à
+latere_, presented it in December, 1540, and succeeded in concealing his
+forgery; that what he related of the Jesuit was not true, or happened
+differently; that seeing the Inquisition established in a manner
+contrary to his opinions, he insinuated that it would be better to take
+that of Spain as a model, which was well known to the inquisitors of
+Llerena, and that he would visit the different parts of the kingdom to
+facilitate this design; that he travelled through part of the kingdom in
+the month of December, and continued his journeys in January in the
+following year, when he was arrested, before the court of Lisbon
+received information of his imposture. I have no doubt that Saavedra
+amassed great sums, but I am far from thinking that they were as
+considerable as he affirmed them to be.
+
+Cardinal Tabera, sixth inquisitor-general, died on the 1st of August,
+1545: at his death the number of tribunals was the same as when he was
+placed at the head of the Inquisition: he had re-established that of
+Jaen, but the tribunal of Navarre was united with that of Calahorra.
+
+The number of victims, calculated as it was for the time of Manrique,
+affords, for the seven years of Cardinal Tabera's ministry, seven
+thousand seven hundred and twenty individuals condemned and punished;
+eight hundred and forty were burnt in person, four hundred and twenty in
+effigy; the rest, in number five thousand, four hundred, and sixty, were
+subjected to different penances. I firmly believe that the number was
+much more considerable; but faithful to my system of impartiality, I
+have stated the most moderate calculation.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+OF THE INQUISITIONS OF NAPLES, SICILY, AND MALTA, AND OF THE EVENTS OF
+THE TIME OF CARDINAL LOAISA, SEVENTH INQUISITOR-GENERAL.
+
+
+_Naples._
+
+Charles V. appointed, to succeed Cardinal Pardo de Tabera, Cardinal Don
+Garcia de Loaisa, Archbishop of Seville, who was the seventh
+inquisitor-general. This prelate had arrived at a great age, since he
+had signed different ordinances of the Supreme Council in 1517. He had
+been the confessor of Charles V., prior-general of the order of St.
+Dominic, Bishop of Osma and Siguenza, and apostolical commissary of the
+Holy Crusade. The Court of Rome expedited his bulls of confirmation on
+the 18th of February, 1546, and he died on the 22nd of April, in the
+same year.
+
+In 1546, Charles V. resolved to establish the Inquisition at Naples,
+although his grandfather had failed in the attempt in 1504 and 1510. He
+commissioned his viceroy, Don Pedro de Toledo, Marquis of Villa Franca
+del Bierzo, to select inquisitors and officers from among the
+inhabitants, to send to the government a list of the persons chosen, and
+all the necessary documents, that the inquisitor-general might be able
+to delegate the necessary powers to the new inquisitors: when these
+measures had been taken, the tribunal was to be established with all the
+forms of the inquisitorial jurisdiction.
+
+Frederic Munter, professor of theology in the literary academy at
+Copenhagen, has supposed that the intrigues of Don Pedro de Toledo were
+the causes of the introduction of the Inquisition; but he was not able
+to consult the original documents, which are now in my hands, and this
+impossibility was the cause of his errors in his history of the Sicilian
+Inquisition.
+
+The efforts of Charles V., to establish the Inquisition at Naples, arose
+from the progress which Lutheranism made in Germany, and his fear that
+it would penetrate into other countries. His inclinations were fostered
+by Cardinal Loaisa, and the councillors of the Inquisition: the only
+part that Don Pedro took in this affair, was, that he was the first
+person to whom the emperor confided his intentions, and the only one who
+had sufficient wisdom to advise his master to relinquish his designs,
+when he found the evil they would cause. The orders of the emperor were
+executed without meeting any opposition; but scarcely was it known that
+some persons had been arrested by the new Inquisition, than the people
+rebelled, crying, "_Long live the Emperor! Perish the Inquisition!_" The
+Neapolitans flew to arms, they compelled the Spanish troops to retire to
+the fortresses, and Charles V. was obliged to abandon his enterprise.
+
+It is worthy of remark, that Paul III. openly protected the Neapolitan
+rebels; being displeased that the Inquisition of Naples should depend on
+that of Spain, he complained that his predecessors, Innocent VIII.,
+Alexander VI., and Julius II., had done much evil in not making the
+inquisitors entirely dependant on the Popes, and in allowing an
+intermediate authority, which rendered that of the holy see of no
+effect.
+
+Paul III., without communicating these motives to the Neapolitans, told
+them that they were right in resisting the will of their master, since
+the Spanish Inquisition was extremely severe, and did not follow the
+example of that of Rome, which had been established three years, and of
+which no complaints had been made.
+
+In 1563, Philip II. attempted to introduce his favourite tribunal at
+Naples, but the inhabitants had recourse to their usual method, and the
+despot was obliged to yield.
+
+
+_Sicily and Malta._
+
+The holy office of Sicily triumphed in the same year still more
+completely than it had done in 1543. In 1500, Ferdinand V. endeavoured
+to establish the Spanish Inquisition in that kingdom, after having
+suppressed that of the Pope's, which was confided to the monks of St.
+Dominic; but all his efforts failed, until the year 1503. In 1520,
+Charles V. wrote to the Pope to request that he would not admit any
+appeals from persons condemned by the Sicilian Inquisition, because they
+could apply for that purpose to the inquisitor-general of Spain, in
+virtue of apostolical concessions granted by his predecessors, and
+confirmed by himself.
+
+This proceeding, and the particular favour which the emperor bestowed on
+the holy office, singularly increased the pride of the inquisitors, and
+their audacity in abusing the secrecy of their trials. But the hatred of
+the people for the Inquisition, and their rebellion in 1535, compelled
+Charles V. to revoke the privileges which he had granted, and deprive it
+of the royal jurisdiction for five years.
+
+This measure humiliated the inquisitors, but they contrived to
+re-establish their authority in 1538, when the inquisitor Don Arnauld
+Albertius was viceroy _ad interim_: his presence emboldened them to
+persecute all who offended them; but their despotism was not of long
+duration. The viceroy returned to Sicily; and finding that the aversion
+of the inhabitants for the Inquisition was still the same, he
+communicated it to the emperor, who, as an indispensable measure,
+prolonged the suspension of their privileges for a fresh term of five
+years. The aversion inspired by the holy office was not without a cause,
+as will be seen in the following affair, which happened in 1532.
+
+Antonio Napoles, a rich inhabitant of the island, had been thrown into
+the secret prisons of the Inquisition: Francis Napoles, his son, applied
+to the Pope, and described this act of authority as the result of a
+miserable intrigue of some men of the lowest class, of whom the
+inquisitors had been the dupes, and had granted them a degree of
+confidence which nothing could justify, since his father had acted like
+a good Catholic from his infancy. He represented that the dean of the
+inquisitors had leagued with his father's enemies, and detained him in
+prison five months, to the scandal and discontent of the inhabitants of
+Palermo, and without affording him any means of defence; Francis
+entreated his holiness not to allow the inquisitor to judge his father.
+The Pope referred the affair to his commissioners in Sicily, Don Thomas
+Guerrero and Don Sebastian Martinez. Scarcely had the inquisitors of
+Madrid received information of this event, than they pressed the emperor
+and Cardinal Manrique to write to the Pope, and represent to him that
+the existence of this commission destroyed the privileges of the Spanish
+Inquisition, on which that of Sicily depended. The weak Clement VII.
+hastened to suppress the commission, and caused Guerrero to send all the
+writings of the process to the Spanish inquisitor-general. He appointed
+Doctor Don Augustin Camargo, inquisitor of Sicily, to continue the
+trial, or in his place any other inquisitor, so that Antonio Napoles
+fell into the hands of his enemy. He was condemned as an heretic, his
+property confiscated, (although he was admitted to reconciliation,) and
+to be imprisoned for life. What can justify the conduct of the Pope, the
+cardinal, and the judges?
+
+The inquisitors of Sicily depended on the protection of the court of
+Madrid, and supposed, that when all fear of rebellion had ceased, their
+privileges would be restored: this was really the case; the emperor, in
+1543, signed a royal ordinance, which annulled the suspension at the end
+of the tenth year. This event inspired the inquisitors with the boldness
+to signify to the Marquis de Terranova, that he must accomplish the
+penance to which he had been condemned.
+
+An act appeared on the 16th of June, 1546, renewing the former
+concessions, and granting new ones. The Inquisition resolved to
+celebrate its victory; a solemn _auto-da-fé_ was celebrated, in which
+four contumacious persons were burnt in effigy. Similar ceremonies took
+place in 1549 and 1551. The inquisitors now became as insolent as
+formerly, treated the Sicilians of all classes with so much severity,
+that a new sedition was excited in Palermo against the holy office, at
+the time when the edict _of the faith_ was about to be published. The
+viceroy succeeded in restoring tranquillity, and the inquisitors
+appeared more moderate, at least while they were under the influence of
+fear, and instead of the solemn _autos-da-fé_ which had caused so much
+indignation, satisfied themselves with celebrating them, from time to
+time, privately in the hall of the tribunal; but in 1569 they ordained
+one which was general, and gave rise to a circumstance which deserves to
+be recorded.
+
+Among the prisoners of the Inquisition, was an unfortunate creature who
+had inspired the Marchioness of Pescari, the wife of the viceroy, with
+some interest. The inquisitors, thinking it necessary to conciliate the
+first magistrate of the island, remitted his punishment at the request
+of the marchioness, but at the same time informed the inquisitor-general
+of the circumstance, to avoid all reproach. The Supreme Council having
+deliberated on the affair, addressed a severe reprimand to the
+inquisitors, for having assumed a right which they did not possess,
+_because, in affairs of that nature, intercession could not be
+admitted_.
+
+When the island of Malta belonged to the Spanish monarchy, it was
+subject to the Inquisition of Sicily; but when it was given to the
+knights of St. John of Jerusalem, it would have been contrary to the
+dignity of the grand-master to permit the exercise of foreign
+jurisdiction in it, after having received that of ecclesiastical power
+from the Pope.
+
+A man was arrested in the island as an heretic, and the Inquisition of
+Sicily took informations on the affair. The grand-master wrote to demand
+them; the inquisitors consulted the council, which directed them, in
+1575, not only to refuse them, but to claim the prisoner. The
+grand-master, resolved to defend his privileges, caused the man to be
+tried in the island, and he was acquitted. This act displeased the
+inquisitors, who, to revenge themselves, took advantage of an occurrence
+which took place in the following year.
+
+Don Pedro de la Roca, a Spaniard, and a knight of Malta, killed the
+first alguazil of the Sicilian Inquisition in the city of Messina. He
+was arrested and conducted to the secret prisons of the holy office. The
+grand-master claimed his knight, as he alone had a right to try him. The
+council being consulted, commanded the inquisitors to condemn and punish
+the accused as an homicide. The inquisitor-general communicated this
+resolution to Philip II., who wrote to the grand-master to terminate the
+dispute.
+
+The quarrels between the secular powers and the Inquisition were not
+less violent in Sicily: in 1580 and 1597 attempts were made to appease
+them, but without success; and in 1606 the Sicilians had the
+mortification of seeing their viceroy, the Duke de Frias, constable of
+Castile, prosecuted and subjected to their censures.
+
+In 1592 the Duke of Alva, who was then viceroy, endeavoured by indirect
+means to repress the insolence of the inquisitors. Perceiving that the
+nobility of all classes were enrolled among the _familiars_ of the holy
+office, in order to enjoy its privileges, and to keep the people in
+greater order, he represented to the king that the power of the
+sovereign and the authority of his lieutenant were almost null, and
+would be entirely so in time, if these different classes continued to
+enjoy privileges which had the effect of neutralizing the measures of
+government. Charles II. acknowledged that this state of things was
+contrary to the dignity of his crown; and he decreed that no person
+employed by the king should possess those prerogatives, even if he was a
+_familiar_ or officer of the Inquisition. The people then began to feel
+less respect for the tribunal; and this was the commencement of its
+decline.
+
+In 1713, Sicily no longer formed a part of the Spanish dominions, and
+Charles de Bourbon in 1739 obtained a bull, which created an
+inquisitor-general for that country, independent of Spain; and in 1782,
+Ferdinand IV., who succeeded Charles, suppressed this odious tribunal.
+During the two hundred and seventy-nine years of its existence, the
+solemn and general _autos-da-fé_ were celebrated of which Munter speaks,
+and several others which were performed in the hall of the tribunal.
+
+In the year 1546, which corresponds with the administration of Cardinal
+Loaisa, the number of condemned in the fifteen Spanish tribunals
+amounted to seven hundred and eighty individuals.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+OF IMPORTANT EVENTS DURING THE FIRST YEARS OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE
+EIGHTH INQUISITOR-GENERAL; RELIGION OF CHARLES V. DURING THE LAST YEARS
+OF HIS LIFE.
+
+
+_Trials during the first years of the ministry of Valdés._
+
+Don Ferdinand Valdes was the successor of Cardinal Loaisa in the
+archbishopric of Seville, and the office of inquisitor-general. At the
+time of his appointment he was bishop of Siguenza, and president of the
+royal Council of Castile, after having been successively a member of the
+grand College of St. Bartholomew de Salamanca, of the Council of
+Administration for the archbishopric of Toledo, for the Cardinal Ximenez
+de Cisneros, visitor of the Inquisition of Cuença and of the Royal
+Council of Navarre, a member of the Council of State, canon of the
+metropolitan church of Santiago de Galicia, counsellor of the Supreme
+Inquisition, bishop of Elna, Orensa, Oviedo and Leon, and president of
+the Royal Chancery of Valladolid. So many honours could not render him
+insensible to the mortification of not being a cardinal like his
+predecessors, and of seeing Bartholomew Carranza elevated to the see of
+Toledo. This was the true cause of his cruel persecution of Carranza.
+
+The Pope approved the nomination of Valdés in January, 1547, and he took
+possession of his office in the following month. Valdés displayed an
+almost sanguinary disposition during his administration. It led him to
+demand from the Pope the power of condemning Lutherans to be burnt, even
+though they had not relapsed, and had desired to be reconciled. I shall
+here make known the most illustrious of the victims sacrificed before
+the abdication of Charles V., as it is necessary to make a separate
+article for the events of that nature under the reign of Philip II.
+
+Among the condemned persons who appeared in the _auto-da-fé_ of Seville
+in 1552, was Juan Gil, a native of Olvera, in Aragon, and a canon in the
+metropolitan church of that city; he is better known by the name of
+Doctor _Egidius_. He was first condemned, as violently suspected, to
+abjure the Lutheran heresy, and to be subjected to a penance; but four
+years after his death, in 1556, he was condemned, and, as having
+relapsed, his body was disinterred, and burnt with his effigy; his
+memory was declared infamous, and his property confiscated, for having
+died as a Lutheran. Raymond Gonzales de Montes was his companion in
+prison, but succeeded in escaping, and was burnt in effigy. In a work
+written on the Spanish Inquisition, he has introduced several
+particulars relating to the life of _Juan Gil_. He informs us that
+Egidius studied theology at Alcala de Henares, and there obtained the
+title of Doctor. He acquired so great a reputation, that he was compared
+to Peter Lombard, to St. Thomas d'Aquinas, to John Scott, and other
+theologians of the greatest merit. His talents induced the chapter of
+Seville to offer him unanimously the office of preacher to the
+cathedral. Egidius had very little talent for preaching, and the canons
+soon repented of having appointed him.
+
+Rodrigo de Valero told Egidius that the books from which he derived his
+knowledge were worth nothing, and that his preaching would never be
+admired, if he did not study the Bible. Egidius took his advice, and in
+time acquired a style of preaching extremely agreeable to the people,
+but his success raised him many enemies.
+
+The emperor gave him the Bishopric of Tortosa in 1550, which increasing
+the envy and hatred of his enemies, they denounced him to the
+Inquisition of Seville as a Lutheran heretic, for some propositions
+which he had advanced in his sermons, and which they separated from the
+other parts, to give them a different sense from what they would
+otherwise have had; they took advantage of the favour he showed to
+Rodrigo Valero in 1540 during his trial, and of some other
+circumstances, to injure him.
+
+Egidius was taken to the secret prisons of the holy office in 1550: he
+made use of this opportunity to compose his apology, which rendered the
+storm his enemies had raised still more violent. His simplicity had made
+him, in his apology, establish as certain principles, some propositions
+which the scholastic theologians looked upon as erroneous, and tending
+to heresy. The conduct and morals of Egidius were so pure, that the
+emperor wrote in his favour, the chapter of Seville followed his
+example, and (what is still more remarkable) the licentiate, Correa,
+Dean of the inquisitors, was touched by his innocence, and undertook to
+defend him against his colleague, Pedro Diaz, who bore the greatest
+hatred to the accused. This circumstance was particularly mortifying to
+Egidius, as his enemy formerly held the same opinions, and had likewise
+studied in the school of Rodrigo Valero.
+
+The interest which Egidius had inspired induced the inquisitors to
+accede to his proposal of a discussion between him and some learned
+theologians. Brother Garcia de Arias, of the convent of St. Isidore of
+Seville, was chosen; but his opinion was not deemed sufficient, and Juan
+Gil demanded the Dominican friar, Dominic Soto, should be summoned to
+the conference. This incidence retarded the trial, but Soto at last
+arrived at Seville.
+
+According to Gonzales de Montes, this theologian held the same opinions
+as Egidius; but to prevent the suspicions which might arise from this
+circumstance, he persuaded Egidius to draw up a sort of confession of
+faith. They agreed that both should write their opinions, and only
+communicate them to each other in public. This author states that these
+confessions of faith were compared, and found to accord perfectly.
+
+The inquisitors being informed of this arrangement, declared that, as
+the reputation of a bishop was concerned, it was necessary to convoke a
+public assembly, where Dominic Soto should explain the object of the
+meeting in a sermon, and read his confession of faith; that Egidius
+should afterwards read his, that the assembly might judge of the
+conformity of their opinions. The inquisitors caused two pulpits to be
+prepared, but, either by chance, or from a private order, they were so
+far apart, that Egidius could not hear what Soto said.
+
+Soto[12] read an exposition of his principles entirely different from
+that on which they had agreed in their private conferences; and as
+Egidius did not hear him, and supposed that he was reading the same
+confession which he had approved, he consequently made signs with his
+head and hands that be accorded with his propositions. Egidius then
+began to read his confession of faith, but those who understood the
+subject, soon perceived that there was not the slightest resemblance
+between them, and that Egidius held several opinions entirely opposite
+to some propositions advanced by Dominic Soto, and acknowledged as
+dogmatical by _the tribunal of the faith_: this circumstance effaced the
+favourable impressions produced by the gestures of Egidius. The
+inquisitors added these writings to those of the trial, and passed
+judgment upon Egidius according to the advice of Soto. He was declared
+violently suspected of the Lutheran heresy, and condemned to three
+years' imprisonment; he was prohibited from preaching, writing, or
+explaining theology for the space of ten years, and never to leave the
+kingdom on pain of being considered and punished as a formal heretic.
+
+Egidius remained in prison until 1555; he was at first extremely
+astonished at his situation, after having perfectly agreed with the
+Dominican on all the points in question. He was not undeceived, until
+some of his fellow-prisoners informed him of the difference of his
+articles with those of Soto, and the treachery of that monk.
+
+Egidius took advantage of the short interval of liberty which followed
+his imprisonment to go to Valladolid, where he had an interview with
+Doctor Cazalla and other Lutherans in that city: on his return to
+Seville he fell sick, and died in 1556. The tribunal being informed of
+his intercourse with heretics, instituted another trial, and pronounced
+that he died an heretic; his body was disinterred, and burnt with his
+effigy, in a solemn _auto-da-fé_, his memory declared infamous, and his
+property confiscated: this sentence was executed in 1560.
+
+It will be necessary here to quote a letter of Don Bartholomew Carranza
+to Brother Louis de la Cruz, a Dominican, and his disciple. The
+archbishop mentions as a well-known circumstance, that his catechism had
+been presented to the holy office; Brother Melchior Cano and Dominic
+Soto had been commissioned to censure it, and that they had judged
+unfavourably of his work. He complained much of this conduct in Soto; he
+said he could not comprehend such scruples _in a man who had been so
+indulgent to the Doctor Egidius who was considered as an heretic, while,
+on the contrary, the author of the Catechism had combated the opinions
+of the heretics of England and Flanders_; that Soto had judged the book
+of a Dominican monk no less favourably, while he treated an archbishop,
+whom he was bound to respect, without consideration; that he would, in
+consequence, write to Rome and Flanders, where he hoped that his
+propositions would be more favourably received than at Valladolid; but
+that, at all events, Pedro de Soto, confessor to the emperor, would
+write to Dominic, and he hoped that the Almighty would allay the tempest
+which had been raised around him.
+
+Brother Pedro wrote to Dominic Soto, and a correspondence ensued between
+him and the archbishop Carranza, on the censure of the catechism, and
+other works. These letters were found among the papers of Carranza, when
+he was arrested by the Inquisition. They proved that Dominic Soto had
+violated the secrecy which he had sworn to maintain before the
+Inquisition: some details were found in them relating to the violence
+which had been used to make him condemn the catechism of Carranza; he
+was arrested by the Inquisition of Valladolid, on account of these
+expressions.
+
+It appears from the archbishop's letter, that the censure of Brother
+Dominic on Egidius was mild and conciliating, which does not accord with
+the substitution of the false exposition of his principles mentioned by
+Gonzales de Montes. I must observe that this author writes like a man
+blinded by his hatred of his enemies, whom he calls papists, hypocrites,
+and idolaters; he even carries his fanaticism so far as to look upon the
+deaths of the three judges of Egidius during his lifetime as a
+particular effect of divine justice.
+
+As the affair of Juan Gil is connected with the history of Rodrigo
+Valero, I shall here relate it. He was born of a good family in Lebrija.
+In his youth, he was extremely irregular and dissipated, but all at once
+he quitted society, and shut himself up to study the Scriptures with so
+much ardour, that his conversation, and his contempt for food and
+clothing, made him pass for a madman.
+
+He endeavoured to persuade priests and monks, that the Roman church was
+far from holding the pure doctrine of the Evangelists, and became one of
+the sect of Luther. His attachment to their doctrine was so great, that
+when he was asked from whom he held his mission, he replied from God
+himself through the inspiration of the Holy Spirit.
+
+This fanatic was denounced to the holy office, which paid no attention
+to it, being persuaded that Rodrigo was mad. But as he continued to
+preach in the streets in favour of Lutheranism, and as no part of his
+conduct showed that he was deranged, he was arrested, and would have
+been condemned to be delivered over to secular justice, if the
+inquisitors had not persisted in believing him to be mad, and if his
+disciple Egidius, whose opinions were not then known, had not undertaken
+his defence. Nevertheless, he was condemned in 1540 as an heretic and
+_false apostle_; he was admitted to reconciliation, deprived of his
+property, condemned to the _San-benito_, to perpetual imprisonment, and
+to assist on every Sunday at the grand mass of St. Saviour of Seville.
+
+Several times, when he heard the preacher advance propositions contrary
+to his own, he raised his voice, and reproached him for his doctrine:
+this boldness confirmed the inquisitors in the opinion that he was
+deprived of reason: he was shut up in a convent in the town of San Lucar
+de Barrameda, where he died at the age of fifty. Gonzales de Montes
+considers him as a man miraculously sent by God to preach the truth: he
+adds, that his _San-benito_ was suspended in the metropolitan church of
+Seville, where it excited great curiosity, as he was the first person
+condemned as a _false apostle_.
+
+Although, during the period of which I have related the history, there
+were fewer Judaic heretics than in former times, yet there were many
+more than might be supposed. Of this number was _Mary de Bourgogne_, who
+was born at Saragossa: her father-in-law was a native of Burgundy, of
+Jewish extraction. A _New Christian_ slave, (who had renounced the law
+of Moses, to obtain his liberty, and was afterwards burnt for having
+relapsed,) in 1552, denounced Mary de Bourgogne, who resided in the city
+of Murcia, and had attained her eighty-fifth year. This man deposed
+that, before his conversion, some person asked him if he was a
+Christian; he replied that he was a Jew, and that Mary then said to him,
+_You are right, for the Christians have neither faith nor law_. It will
+no doubt appear incredible, but the trial proves that in 1557 she was
+still in prison, waiting until sufficient proof was found to condemn
+her. After having waited in vain, the inquisitors commanded that Mary
+should be _tortured, though she was then ninety years old_, and the
+council had decreed that in such cases the criminal should only be
+intimidated by the preparations. The inquisitor Cano says, that the
+_moderate_ torture was applied; but such were the effects of this gentle
+application, that the unfortunate Mary ceased to live and suffer in a
+few days after.
+
+The inquisitors took advantage of some expressions which escaped from
+the unfortunate woman during the torture, to condemn her as a Judaic
+heretic, in order to confiscate her property, which was considerable.
+Her memory, her children, and her descendants in the male line were
+declared infamous, her bones and effigy were burnt, and her property
+confiscated.
+
+The Supreme Council showed a certain degree of moderation in another
+affair, before the tribunal of Toledo. Michael Sanchez died in prison,
+before his sentence, which was a pecuniary penalty, could be announced
+to him: the inquisitors were uncertain if his property was liable for
+this penalty; they applied to the council, which replied in the
+negative.
+
+I now terminate the history of the remarkable events of the reign of
+Charles V. After a reign of forty years, this prince abdicated the crown
+in favour of his son Philip II., on the 16th of January, 1556. He did
+not long survive his abdication; he died in the convent of the
+Jeronimites, at Yuste in the province of Estremadura, on the 21st of
+September, 1558, aged fifty-seven years and twenty-one days. He had made
+his will at Brussels on the 16th of June, 1554, and a codicil in the
+monastery of Yuste, twelve days before his death.
+
+
+_Religion of Charles V._
+
+Some historians have asserted, that Charles V. adopted, in his retreat,
+the opinions of the German protestants; that in his last illness he
+confessed himself to Constantine Ponce de la Fuente, his preacher, who
+was afterwards known to be a Lutheran; that after his death Philip II.
+commissioned the inquisitors to examine the affair, and that the holy
+office took possession of the emperor's will, to examine if it contained
+anything contrary to the true faith. These statements compel me to enter
+into some details which will elucidate this point of history.
+
+To ascertain that the report on the religion of Charles V. is only an
+invention of the protestants and the enemies of Philip II., it is
+sufficient to read the life of that prince, and that of his father,
+composed by Gregorio Leti. Although this historian has made use of the
+least authentic documents, in his work, he is entirely silent on this
+point. He enters into a minute detail of the life and occupations of
+Charles V. in his retreat, and he relates many decisive proofs of his
+attachment to the catholic faith, and his zeal in wishing that it might
+triumph over the Lutheran heresy; and though no dependance can be placed
+on what he says concerning the conversations of the emperor with the
+Archbishop Carranza, (since there is nothing relating to them in his
+trial, which I have read,) yet it must be confessed that his recital is
+otherwise very exact.
+
+It is not true that Constantine Ponce de la Fuente attended the emperor
+in his last moments, either as his preacher, (which office he had filled
+in Germany,) or as a bishop, since he did not possess that dignity, as
+foreign authors have asserted without any foundation, or as his
+confessor, since he had never directed his conscience, though the
+emperor had always looked upon him as one of the most learned and
+respectable priests in his kingdom. Lastly, Ponce de la Fuente could not
+assist Charles V. in his last moments, since it appears from his trial
+before the Inquisition of Seville, that he was in the secret prisons of
+the holy office long before the illness of the emperor. Don Prudent de
+Sandoval, Bishop of Tui and Pampeluna, speaking of the last
+circumstances of the life of Charles V., relates that when that prince
+heard of the imprisonment of Ponce, he said, _Oh! if Constantine is an
+heretic, he is a great heretic_: an expression very different from that
+which he used on hearing that a monk named Dominic de Guzman had been
+arrested in the same city: _They might rather imprison him as a fool
+than an heretic._
+
+In his codicil, written twelve days before his death, Charles V. thus
+expresses himself: "When I had been informed that many persons had been
+arrested in some provinces, and that others were to be taken, as accused
+of Lutheranism, I wrote to the princess my daughter, to inform her in
+what manner they should be punished, and the evil remedied. I also wrote
+afterwards to Louis Quixada, and authorized him to act in my name in the
+same affair; and although I am persuaded that the king my son, the
+princess my daughter, and the ministers, have already, and will always,
+make every possible effort to destroy so great an evil, with all the
+severity and promptitude which it requires; yet, considering what I owe
+to the service of our Lord, the triumph of his faith, the preservation
+of his church and the Christian religion, (in the defence of which I
+have performed such painful labours at the risk of my life, as every one
+knows;) and particularly desiring, above all, to inspire my son, whose
+catholic sentiments I know, with the wish of imitating my conduct, and
+which I hope he will do, from knowing his virtue and piety, I beg and
+recommend to him very particularly, as much as I can and am obliged to
+do, and command him moreover in my quality of father, and by the
+obedience which he owes me, to labour with diligence, as in a point
+which particularly interests him, that the heretics shall be prosecuted
+and chastised with all the severity which their crimes deserve, _without
+permitting any criminal to be excepted, without any respect for the
+entreaties, or rank, or quality of the persons_: and that my intentions
+may have their full and entire effect, I desire him to protect the holy
+office of the Inquisition, for the great numbers of crimes which it
+prevents or punishes, _remembering that I have charged him to do so in
+my will_, that he may fulfil his duty as a prince, and render himself
+worthy that the Lord should make his reign prosperous, conduct his
+affairs, and protect him against his enemies, to my consolation[13]."
+
+I have already stated, that no dependance can be placed on the account
+given by Gregorio Leti of the conversations of the emperor with Don
+Bartholomew Carranza de Miranda, archbishop of Toledo. It is certain
+that the emperor had a great esteem for Carranza, which induced him to
+give him the bishopric of Cusco in America, in 1542, and of the Canaries
+in 1549; to send him as theologian of the emperor to the council of
+Trent, in 1545 and 1551; and to London with his son Philip II., King of
+Naples and England, in 1554, to preach against the Lutherans.
+Nevertheless, when he was informed, in his retreat at Yuste, that
+Carranza had accepted the archbishopric of Toledo, to which King Philip
+had appointed him, he began to feel less esteem for him, because he did
+not know that Carranza had refused that dignity, and named three persons
+whom he considered more worthy to occupy it. Philip was not only
+displeased at this refusal, but he commanded him to obey the will of his
+sovereign, and wrote to the Pope, who supported his order by a
+particular brief addressed to Br. Bartholomew.
+
+Charles V., at this period, had Br. Juan de Regla, a Jeronimite, and a
+learned theologian, for his confessor. He had assisted at the Council of
+Trent with Carranza, whom he always treated as an enemy, because he was
+jealous of his great reputation. I shall hereafter prove the disposition
+of Juan de Regla towards Carranza; at present I shall only show that he
+had great part in his disgrace with the emperor, for being suspected of
+professing the same doctrines as Egidius, Constantine, Cazalla, and
+others. Regla became more fanatic than charitable, during the
+persecution which he suffered from the Inquisition of Saragossa, when he
+was prior of the Convent of Santa Fè; he was condemned to abjure
+eighteen Lutheran propositions, of which the inquisitors declared him to
+be suspected. The emperor was also informed, through the private
+correspondence of his children, that the Inquisition was occupied in
+preparing the trial of the archbishop for heresy, when he came to visit
+him in his last illness; and his presence was so disagreeable, that,
+instead of conversing with him, as Leti affirms, he did not speak one
+word. Sandoval, with more probability, thus expresses himself: "This
+evening the archbishop of Toledo, Carranza, arrived, but he could not
+see the emperor. This prince had waited for him with much impatience
+since he had quitted England, because he wished to have an explanation
+on certain things which had been reported of him, and seemed to show
+that his faith was suspected; for that of the prince was extremely
+lively, and anything which appeared contrary to sound doctrine gave him
+great pain. The archbishop returned on another day; the emperor who
+wished much to hear him, admitted him into his presence, and told him to
+sit down, but did not talk to him, and on that night he became much
+worse.[14]"
+
+The animosity of Juan de Regla against the archbishop of Toledo, was
+soon manifested in two voluntary informations before the
+Inquisitor-General Valdes, on the 9th and 23rd of December, in 1558, at
+Valladolid. I shall at a future period explain all the articles of the
+denunciation of Juan de Regla, but it is necessary to anticipate the
+order of time in affairs, to prove that Charles V. was not disposed to
+favour Carranza in the latter part of his life.
+
+The first denunciation took place on the 9th of December: it imported,
+that on the day before the death of the emperor, the archbishop of
+Toledo kissed his majesty's hand, and left the room; that he soon after
+returned; and that he did so several times, _though the emperor showed
+very little desire to see him_, and that he gave him absolution before
+he confessed him; which Juan da Regla imputed to the archbishop as a
+sign of contempt or neglect of the sacrament: that in one of these
+visits he said to the emperor, _Your majesty may be full of confidence,
+for there is not, nor ever has been any sin, the death of Jesus having
+sufficed to efface it_; that this discourse appeared bad to him, and
+that there were present Br. Pedro de Sotomayor and Br. Diego Ximenez,
+Dominicans; Br. Marcos Oriols de Cardona and Br. Francis Villalba, monks
+of St. Jerome: the last was his majesty's preacher; the Count de Oropesa
+and Don Diego de Toledo his brother; Don Louis d'Avila Zuñiga, grand
+commander of the military order of Alcantara, and Don Louis de Quixada,
+major-domo to the emperor.
+
+The inquisitor-general would not admit the Dominican monks as witnesses,
+because he supposed them subject to the archbishop: the evidences of
+Count Oropesa and his brother were likewise rejected, because they were
+his friends. The monk of St. Jerome declared that the archbishop arrived
+at Yuste on a Sunday, two days before the death of the emperor; that
+this prince _would not see him or allow him to enter_, but his
+major-domo, Don Louis de Quixada, undertook to introduce him; that
+Carranza threw himself on his knees in the chamber, and that the
+emperor, _without saying a word to him_, fixed his eyes upon him, like a
+person who wishes to express himself by a look: that the persons who
+were present retired: that when the archbishop came out of the chamber
+he appeared discontented, and he the witness believed that he was so,
+having heard from William, the emperor's barber, that on the day when
+the news of the nomination of Carranza to the archbishopric of Toledo
+arrived, his majesty said, _When I gave him the bishopric of the
+Canaries he refused it; now he accepts the archbishopric of Toledo; we
+shall see what we are to think of his virtue_; that their private
+interview lasted a quarter of an hour, and the archbishop called in the
+attendants. When they entered, the archbishop threw himself on his
+knees, and his majesty made a sign for him to sit down, and repeat some
+words of consolation; that the prelate again threw himself on his knees,
+and repeated the four first verses of the psalm _De profundis_, not
+literally, but paraphrasing the text. His majesty made him a sign to
+stop, and Carranza then retired with the other attendants; that on
+another day, about the hour of ten in the evening, just before the
+emperor expired, Carranza visited him, because he had been informed of
+his danger, and gave him the crucifix to kiss, and at the same time
+addressed some words of consolation to him, at which the monks Juan de
+Regla, Francis de Villalba, Francis Angulo, prior, and Louis de St.
+Gregoria, were scandalized. These persons conversed together afterwards,
+and said that the prelate ought not to have spoken thus; but the witness
+could not recollect what the words were. They were repeated to him, and
+he replied that he believed they might be the same, but that he could
+not be certain, as he was reading the passion of our Saviour, _according
+to St. Luke_, at the time; he only remarked that the monks looked at one
+another with a kind of mystery.
+
+Neither Francis Angulo, nor Louis de St. Gregoria were examined, perhaps
+they were dead. Francis de Villalba, preacher to the emperor, declared,
+that he had not heard anything in the emperor's apartment which was
+worthy of being reported to the Inquisition. Being questioned as to what
+he thought of the discourse which the archbishop had addressed to the
+emperor, he replied that he was only present once, when the prelate
+recited some verses of the _De profundis_; that Don Louis d'Avila
+afterwards requested him to speak to the emperor, and that he made him
+an exhortation. When examined on the subject of the words and the
+scandal, he replied that he did not hear or see anything that could
+offend him.
+
+Don Louis d'Avila y Zuñiga cited the entrance of the prelate; and that
+he took a crucifix and knelt down, saying with a loud voice, _behold him
+who answers for all; there is no longer any sin, all is pardoned_. The
+witness did not recollect if the archbishop said, _and however numerous
+the sins may be, they are all pardoned_: that these words did not appear
+proper to him, and he requested the emperor's preacher to make him an
+exhortation, who afterwards told him that his majesty appeared
+satisfied.
+
+Don Louis de Quixada deposed that the archbishop was with the emperor,
+three times before his death, that he saw him take a crucifix, and that
+he pronounced some words on the subject of Jesus Christ dying for our
+sins, but he could not recollect them, because his employment as
+major-domo occupied him at the time.
+
+These circumstances show that Charles V. was far from being inclined to
+Lutheranism at his death. It is equally false that the inquisitors took
+his will, to examine if it contained any sentiments tending to heresy. I
+have read or consulted a multitude of books and papers in the archives
+of the Inquisition, and could not discover anything to support the
+opinion; so that nothing now remains but to seek the origin of this
+fable.
+
+A number of circumstances may have caused the Inquisition to be
+mentioned in relating the death of Charles V. The first is, that
+Carranza, who attended him at his death, was soon after arrested by the
+holy office; the second, that his two preachers, Constantine Ponce and
+Augustine Cazalla, were condemned by that tribunal; the third, that his
+confessor, Juan de Regla, was obliged to abjure certain propositions;
+the fourth, that the emperor himself had been threatened with
+excommunication three years before, as a favourer of heretics, by Paul
+IV.; the fifth, that Philip II. made use of the Inquisition in a variety
+of circumstances entirely political.
+
+Charles V. died a Catholic; and it is only to be regretted that he
+associated so many superstitions with his Catholicism, and showed so
+much attachment to the Inquisition during his life.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+OF THE PROCEEDINGS AGAINST CHARLES V. AND PHILIP II.: AS SCHISMATICS AND
+FAVOURERS OF HERESY.--PROGRESS OF THE INQUISITION UNDER THE LAST OF
+THESE PRINCES.--CONSEQUENCES OF THE PARTICULAR FAVOUR WHICH HE SHOWED
+TOWARDS IT.
+
+
+_Trials of Charles V., Philip II., and the Duke of Alva._
+
+In 1555, John Peter Carafa, a noble Neapolitan, and as such the subject
+of Charles V. and Philip II., was elevated to the holy see, under the
+name of Paul IV., at the age of seventy-nine years. Charles V. had then
+renounced the crown of Sicily, in favour of Prince Philip, who was about
+to marry the Queen of England. The new Pope mortally hated the emperor,
+not only because he could not bear to be a subject to the house of
+Austria, but because this prince and his son favoured the families of
+_Colonna_ and _Sforza_, which he looked upon as the rivals of his house.
+The kingdom of Naples passed at that time for a fief of the holy see.
+Paul IV. undertook to deprive Charles of the imperial purple, and his
+son of the crown of Sicily, and to dispose of it in favour of one of his
+nephews, with the assistance of the King of France, or to give the
+kingdom to some French prince. He commenced the proceedings against
+Charles V. and Philip, by the preparatory instruction, to show that they
+were enemies of the holy see, particularly in protecting the families of
+_Sforza_ and _Colonna_, whose hatred for the Pontiff was well known.
+
+To these reasons it was to be alleged that Charles V. was a favourer of
+heretics, and suspected of Lutheranism, since the publication of the
+imperial decrees at the diet of Augsburg, in 1554. The fiscal of the
+apostolical chamber then demanded that the Pope should declare Charles
+V. to be deprived of the imperial crown, and that of Spain and its
+dependencies, and Philip of the throne of Naples; that bulls of
+excommunication should be issued against them, and the people of
+Germany, Spain, Italy, and particularly of Naples, released from their
+oath of fidelity. Paul IV. suspended the trial at this stage of the
+proceedings, to continue it when he judged it convenient. He revoked at
+the same time all the bulls which his predecessors had expedited in
+favour of the Spanish monarchs, for the collection of the annual subsidy
+imposed on the clergy, and for the funds destined for the _holy
+crusade_. The Pope was not content with this hostile measure; he entered
+into an alliance with Henry II., King of France, to make war upon the
+house of Austria, until its princes were deprived of their kingdoms.
+
+Charles V. was then at Brussels, occupied in ceding the empire of
+Germany to his brother Ferdinand, King of Hungary and Bohemia, and in
+making over the crown of Spain and the countship of Flanders to his son.
+This policy was useful to Charles V., as it threw the weight of the
+embarrassment on Philip, who had just arrived from England to receive
+his father's instructions how to govern Spain. The circumstances in
+which they found themselves required the greatest prudence, for they not
+only had to fear the abuse which the Pope might make of his apostolical
+and temporal power, but also the consequences of the alliances which his
+holiness had just signed with the King of France.
+
+Besides the Council of State (which Charles and Philip always consulted
+before they decided on any subject) they deemed it necessary to have
+judgments of _conscience_, to balance the authority of the supreme head
+of the Catholic Church. On the 15th of November, 1555, the famous
+consultation of Brother Melchior Cano was framed at Valladolid, which
+was published at Madrid in 1809, in my _collection of different papers,
+ancient and modern, on matrimonial dispensations, and other
+ecclesiastical dispensations_. The decision of Cano was, that in all
+similar cases the only and proper remedy is not only to deprive the
+temporal sovereign of Rome of the power of injuring, but to reduce him
+to the necessity of accepting reasonable terms, and of acting with more
+prudence in future. Other theologians decided that the concessions made
+by the Court of Rome were irrevocable, and had the force of a true
+contract passed for the benefit of an empire or kingdom.
+
+The Pope, informed of these decisions, commanded the inquisitor-general
+to punish the authors of it; he was supported by most of the prelates of
+the kingdom, at the head of whom was the Cardinal Siliceo, Archbishop of
+Toledo, who had been the king's preceptor. Philip, who had been King of
+Spain from January, 1556, wrote from London, in the month of July
+following, the letter to his sister, the governess of the kingdom, which
+I have inserted in my diplomatic collection. It is as follows:--
+
+"Since I informed you of the conduct of the Pope, and of the news
+received from Rome, I have learnt that his holiness proposes to
+excommunicate the emperor and me, to put my states under an interdict,
+and to prohibit the divine service. Having consulted learned men on this
+subject, it appears that it is not only an abuse of the power of the
+sovereign pontiff, founded only on the hatred and passion, which,
+certainly, has not been provoked by our conduct, but that we are not
+obliged to submit to what he has ordained in respect to our persons, on
+account of the great scandal which would be caused by our confessing
+ourselves guilty, since we are not so, and the great sin which we should
+commit in so doing. In consequence, it has been decided, that if I am
+interdicted from certain things, I am not obliged to deprive myself of
+them, as those do who are excommunicated, although a censure may be sent
+to me from Rome, according to the disposition of his holiness. For after
+having destroyed the sects in England, brought this country under the
+influence of the church, pursued and punished the heretics without
+ceasing, and obtained a success which has always been constant, I see
+that his holiness evidently wishes to ruin my kingdom, without
+considering what he owes to his dignity; and I have no doubt that he
+would succeed if we consented to his demands, since he has already
+revoked all the legations which Cardinal Pole received for this kingdom,
+and which had produced so much benefit. These reasons, other important
+considerations, the necessity of preparing for all events, and of
+protecting our people from being surprised, have induced us to draw up,
+in the name of his majesty, and in our own, an act of recusation in
+form, of which I intended to send you a copy; but as this piece is very
+long, and the courier is setting out for France, it could not be done,
+and I will send it by the courier going by sea, who will soon set out.
+When you receive it, you must write to the prelates, the grandees, to
+the cities, universities, and the heads of orders, and inform them of
+all that has passed: you must direct them to look upon the censures and
+interdict sent from Rome as non-existent, because they are null, unjust,
+and without foundation, for I have taken counsel on what is permitted in
+these circumstances. If any act of the Pope should arrive in the
+interim, it will be sufficient to prevent it from being received,
+accepted, or executed; but to preclude the necessity of coming to this
+extremity, you must cause the frontiers to be strictly guarded, as we
+have done in England, that none of these pieces should be notified or
+delivered, and _punish very severely any person who shall dare to
+distribute them, because it is not to be permitted that we should
+continue to dissimulate_. If it is impossible to prevent their
+introduction, and if any one attempts to put them in force, you must
+oppose their execution, as we have powerful motives for this command;
+and this prohibition must extend to the kingdom of Aragon, to which you
+must write if it is necessary. It has been since known, that in the bull
+published on Holy Thursday, the Pope has excommunicated all those who
+have taken or shall take the property of the church, _whether they are
+kings or emperors_, and that on Good Friday, he commanded the prayer for
+his majesty to be omitted, although the Jews, Moors, heretics, and
+schismatics are prayed for on that day. This proves that the evil is
+becoming serious, and induces us to recommend more particularly the
+execution of the measures which we have prescribed, and of which we
+shall give an account to his majesty[15]."
+
+Philip, for the time, prevented the inquisitor-general from trying any
+of those persons who had been marked as suspected of heresy, among whom
+were not only the theologians and canonists who had been consulted, but
+many counsellors of state who supported their opinion against Cardinal
+Siliceo and his adherents[16].
+
+The Pope was obstinate in his resolutions; and deceived by the
+tranquillity which Philip suffered him to enjoy in Rome, he placed
+himself at the brink of the precipice. The Duke of Alva, who was viceroy
+of Naples (and whose character was at least as harsh as that of the
+Pope), in September 1556, left his government, and occupied the states
+of the holy see, even to the gates of Rome; and Paul IV., finding that
+the republic of Venice had deserted him, and being pressed by the
+cardinals and people, demanded an armistice, which was granted. Instead
+of taking advantage of this favour to make peace on reasonable terms,
+the Pope confirmed his alliance with Henry II., and raised a war between
+that monarch and the King of Spain, although Charles V. had, in 1555,
+signed a truce of five years with that prince. Henry, having lost the
+famous battle of St. Quentin, on the 10th of August, 1557, the Pope
+became so alarmed, that he demanded a peace at the time when the Duke of
+Alva was preparing to enter Rome at the head of his army. The viceroy
+renounced his design, but had the boldness to tell the Pope that he
+would not make peace until he had asked pardon of the king, his master,
+for having treated him with so little respect. This message increased
+the alarm of the old pontiff, who had recourse to the mediation of
+Venice. The Pope refused to negociate with the Duke of Alva, but said
+that he would consent to any proposal from the King of Spain, as he was
+persuaded that he would not impose any condition on him contrary to his
+honour, or to the dignity of the holy see.
+
+The Duke of Alva wrote to Philip, to request that, in this instance, he
+would display the severity necessary to prevent new divisions. But this
+prince (who had signed on the 10th of July, 1556, the excellent letter
+already quoted) had no person in the following year to inspire him with
+sufficient energy to follow the advice of his viceroy. He wrote to
+command him to conclude a peace immediately, "as he would rather lose
+the privileges of his crown, than infringe those of the holy see in the
+slightest degree."
+
+The Duke of Alva was extremely displeased at this resolution, but he
+immediately obeyed his master, and this singular peace was signed on the
+14th of September, 1557, by the Duke of Alva, and Cardinal Carafa,
+nephew and plenipotentiary to the Pope. The envoy made no reparation to
+Philip II., and the following singular article is part of the
+treaty:--"His holiness will receive from the Catholic king, through his
+plenipotentiary, the Duke of Alva, all the necessary submissions to
+obtain the pardon of his offences, without prejudicing the engagement of
+the king to send an ambassador extraordinary for the particular object
+of the pardon which he demands, it being understood that his holiness
+will restore him to favour as a submissive son, and worthy to share the
+benefits which the holy see is accustomed to bestow on its children and
+the other Christian princes."
+
+The haughty pontiff acknowledged that he had obtained more than he had
+hoped for, and to show his satisfaction, bestowed the highest honours on
+the Duke of Alva; he invited him to eat at his own table, and received
+him in the palace of the Vatican.
+
+Gregorio Leti is right in attributing all the evils that have since
+arisen from the excessive authority which the priests have arrogated
+over laymen, to this conduct of Philip II. Paul IV. soon displayed his
+contempt for Philip II. and his father, since, in five months after the
+treaty, on the 13th of February, 1558, he addressed a brief to the
+inquisitor-general Valdés, in which he revived all the regulations of
+the councils and pontiffs against heretics and schismatics. He commanded
+him to prosecute them, and punish them according to the constitutions,
+and, above all, to deprive all such persons of their dignities and
+offices, whether they were bishops, archbishops, patriarchs, cardinals,
+or legates, _barons, counts, marquisses, dukes, princes, kings, or
+emperors_. Fortunately, neither Charles V. nor his son had embraced the
+opinions of Luther, yet it was certainly the intention of the Pope to
+subject them to the dispositions of his bull.
+
+
+_Of the Inquisitions of Sardinia, Flanders, Milan, Naples, Galicia,
+America, and the Sea._
+
+In 1562, Philip II. commanded the Inquisition of Sardinia to conform
+rigorously to the rules of the holy office of Spain in prosecuting the
+accused, although it was represented to him that they had hitherto only
+known those of Ferdinand V., which were less severe.
+
+Philip did not treat his Flemish subjects with less rigour. In 1522
+Charles V. appointed Francis de Hult, a lay counsellor of Brabant,
+inquisitor-general for the states of Flanders; and Adrian VI. invested
+him with the apostolical jurisdiction, on the condition that he had
+priests and theologians for assessors. Soon after three provincial
+inquisitors were appointed, the overseer of the regular canons of Ypres
+for Flanders and its dependencies; the overseer of the clergy of Mons
+for Hainault, and the Dean of Louvain for Brabant, Holland, and the
+other provinces. The inquisitors-general appointed by Clement VII. were
+Cardinal Everard de la Marche, Bishop of Liege, and Francis de Hult,
+before mentioned. This measure did not deprive the other inquisitors of
+their privileges; those of Louvain, in 1527, celebrated several
+_autos-da-fé_, and condemned sixty persons to different punishments. In
+1529 terrible edicts were issued against heretics, which were renewed in
+1531, but with some mitigation.
+
+At the death of the Dean of Louvain, Paul III. in 1537, appointed as
+inquisitor-general for the Low Country the successor in the deanery, and
+the canon Douce; they were approved by Charles V. In 1555 Julius III.
+authorised the sub-delegates of the dean and canon; Paul IV. did the
+same in 1560 for the overseer of Valcanet, and the theological doctor of
+Louvain, Michael Bayo. All these men took the title of _ecclesiastical
+ministers_ from the year 1550, when Charles V. prohibited them from ever
+taking the name of _inquisitors_, because it was obnoxious to the
+people. The Flemish Inquisition was extremely severe in the first period
+of its existence; it inflicted the same punishments as that of Spain,
+but applied them to a greater number of cases. Philip II. moderated the
+action of this tribunal by an edict in 1556.
+
+Such was the state of the Flemish Inquisition in 1559, when a bull of
+Paul IV. was received from Rome, by which three ecclesiastical provinces
+were created, the bishoprics of which were subjected to the jurisdiction
+of the Archbishops of Malines, Cambray, and Utrecht: twelve canons were
+instituted for each cathedral, three of whom were to be inquisitors for
+life. This measure caused the first indication of the rebellion which
+raged in Holland and the United Provinces in 1562. The people maintained
+that they had only tolerated the inquisitors since 1522, because they
+considered them as temporary agents; but that they would never allow the
+permanent establishment of an institution so obnoxious to the provinces.
+This opposition increased when it was known that Philip II. intended to
+organize the eighteen Inquisitions of Flanders, on the plan of that of
+Spain, which had long been regarded as a sanguinary tribunal.
+
+This project was the more dreaded, as many Spaniards had fled from the
+Inquisition to Holland. These emigrations were most numerous after the
+year 1550, when several Bibles, which had been printed in the Spanish
+language in the Low Countries, were prohibited as containing the
+opinions of the new heretics. Notwithstanding the obstinacy with which
+the King of Spain pursued the establishment of the Inquisition in
+Flanders, he failed in his enterprise, and also in his attempt to force
+the Low Countries to receive the regular tribunal. The Flemings
+persisted in opposing everything resembling the Inquisition, and their
+resistance was the cause of the long and bloody wars which exhausted the
+treasures and armies of Spain during half a century.
+
+In the following year, 1563, Philip II. decreed the necessary measures
+to establish the Inquisition at Milan. He communicated his design to the
+Pope, who appeared to approve it, but was really displeased, because it
+tended to diminish the power of the holy see. The Milanese immediately
+protested against the introduction of a tribunal, of which they had
+formed the most unfavourable opinion. The bishops of Lombardy were not
+less averse to it, as they knew that in Spain the bishops were not only
+deprived of all power, but had fallen into contempt from the despotism
+of the inquisitors, who had taken possession of the episcopal
+privileges, and enjoyed them in peace under the protection of the
+sovereign, who had no adviser in these affairs but the
+inquisitor-general.
+
+The city of Milan sent deputies to the Pope (who was a native of that
+place), to entreat him to preserve his country from the danger which
+threatened it. They also sent deputies to Madrid to demand that things
+should remain in the same state, and applied at the same time to the
+Milanese bishops at the Council of Trent to support their cause before
+that celebrated assembly. Pius IV. told the deputies that he would never
+allow the Spanish Inquisition to be established in Milan, _as he knew
+its extreme severity_, and promised that their tribunal should be
+dependent on the Court of Rome, whose decrees were extremely mild, and
+gave the accused every facility in their defence.
+
+During the course of this negotiation, the Duke de Sesa, wishing to
+execute his master's private orders, established the tribunal of the
+Inquisition in the city of Milan, of which he was the governor, and
+published the names of the sub-delegated inquisitors. This declaration
+displeased the Milanese, who began to excite popular commotions, and
+cried _Long live the king! perish the Inquisition!_
+
+The Milanese bishops at the Council of Trent disinclined all the Italian
+prelates to the Spanish Inquisition; the legates of the Pope who
+presided at the council, declared in favour of the Milanese, and
+Cardinal S. Charles Borromeo pleaded the cause of his countrymen in the
+college of cardinals, and placed them under their protection. The Duke
+de Sesa, who observed all that passed, foresaw that the result would be
+disagreeable to his master, and wrote to Philip, who abandoned his
+design[17].
+
+These events did not prevent Philip II. from attempting to introduce the
+inquisition at Naples, although both Ferdinand V. and Charles V. had
+failed in the enterprise; but his efforts only served to disgrace him
+and destroy his authority in Naples, as they had before done in Flanders
+and Milan.
+
+It may be supposed that Philip did not forget his American dominions.
+Ferdinand V. having resolved to establish the Inquisition in the New
+World, charged Cardinal Ximenez de Cisneros with the conduct of the
+affair, and in 1516 he appointed Don Juan Quevedo, Bishop of Cuba, the
+_delegated_ inquisitor-general, for the Spanish colonies then known by
+the name of the _kingdom of Terra Firma_, and gave him the power of
+appointing judges and officers for the tribunal. Charles V. wished to
+extend the benefits of this _pious_ institution, and Cardinal Adrian, by
+his order, appointed, on the 7th of January, 1519, Don Alphonso Manso,
+Bishop of Porto Rico, and Brother Pedro de Cordova, inquisitors for the
+_Indies and Isles of the Ocean_, and gave them the requisite powers to
+establish the tribunal.
+
+The new inquisitors began to prosecute the baptized Indians, who still
+retained some idolatrous practices. The viceroys informed the King of
+Spain of the evils produced by this system: in fact the Indians fled
+into the interior, and joined the savage tribes, which considerably
+retarded the progress of population in those vast countries. Charles V.
+in 1538 prohibited the inquisitors from prosecuting the Indians, who
+were to be under the jurisdiction of the bishops. The inquisitors of
+America were not more submissive than those of Spain, which obliged the
+prince to renew his orders in 1549. Philip II. undertook to organize the
+tribunal on the plan of that of Spain. In 1553 and 1565 he renewed his
+father's injunctions to leave the Indians under the jurisdiction of the
+bishops; and in 1569 he published a royal ordinance, importing that the
+inquisitor-general had appointed inquisitors, and commanding the
+viceroys and governors to give them every assistance in their
+establishment. These inquisitors were received with great ceremony at
+Panama and Lima, when they first formed the tribunal.
+
+In 1570 Philip II. appointed an Inquisition at Mexico, and in 1571
+established three tribunals for all America; one at Lima, one at Mexico,
+and the other at Carthagena, assigning to each the extent of territory
+which they were to possess, and subjecting them to the authority of the
+inquisitor-general and the Supreme Council.
+
+The first _auto-da-fé_ in Mexico took place in 1574; it was celebrated
+with so much pomp and splendour, that eye-witnesses have declared that
+it could only be compared to that of Valladolid in 1559, at which Philip
+II. and the royal family attended. A Frenchman and an Englishman were
+burnt as impenitent Lutherans; eighty persons were reconciled, and
+subjected to different penances. The Inquisition of Carthagena was not
+established at this period; it was founded in 1610 by Philip III.
+
+The great fleet of the Catholic league against the Emperor of
+Constantinople, which gained the famous battle of Lepanto, inspired
+Philip II. with the project of creating an Inquisition for heretics who
+might be found in ships. As the authority of the inquisitor-general did
+not extend beyond the dominions of the King of Spain, it was considered
+necessary to apply to the Pope, who in 1571 granted the brief, which was
+demanded, authorizing the inquisitor-general to create the new tribunal,
+and appoint judges and officers. It was first known by the name of the
+_Inquisition of the Galleys_, but it was afterwards called the
+_Inquisition of the Fleets and Armies_; it existed but for a short
+period, as it was found to impede the progress of navigation.
+
+The Inquisition was unknown in Galicia for more than a century before
+this period. This province formed part of the district subject to the
+holy office of old Castile and the kingdom of Leon; it had escaped this
+scourge, but at last Philip II. resolved that it should have an
+Inquisition to superintend the sea-ports, in order to prevent the
+introduction of pernicious books, and the entrance of persons who would
+teach the doctrines of the Protestants. The royal ordinance which
+established the Inquisition in Galicia was expedited in 1574, and the
+tribunal was organised in the same year.
+
+
+_Disputes with the Inquisition of Portugal._
+
+The establishment of the power of Philip II. in Portugal, after the
+death of the Cardinal King Don Henry, who had occupied the throne until
+1580, gave that prince another opportunity of signalizing his zeal for
+the Inquisition. I have already indicated the period of its institution,
+and the attendant circumstances[18]. Don Henry was inquisitor-general
+from 1539 to 1578, when he succeeded to the crown of Portugal, after the
+death of his nephew Don Sebastian. He bestowed the archbishopric of
+Lisbon, which he occupied at the time of his accession, on Don George
+Almeida, and likewise appointed him the third inquisitor-general of the
+kingdom.
+
+In 1544, Don Henry (who then occupied the see of Evora), and Cardinal
+Don Juan Pardo de Tabera, inquisitor-general of Spain, with the consent
+of their respective sovereigns, published a circular, in which they
+announced, that as the two states were so near each other, and the
+extent of the frontier favoured the flight of the persons prosecuted by
+the Inquisition, they had agreed, 1st, to communicate reciprocally
+everything which might interest the Inquisition; 2nd, to arrest in their
+respective jurisdictions those subjects who were designated; 3rdly, to
+keep them prisoners, and to claim the writings of the trial, because
+this measure was less inconvenient than the exchange of the prisoners.
+
+This convention was observed for some time; but in 1588 the inquisitors
+of Lisbon sent a requisition to those of Valladolid, to deliver up to
+them Gonzales Baez, who had been arrested at Medina del Campo: they
+replied that this demand could not be admitted, as it was contrary to
+the convention. The inquisitors of Portugal acknowledged the justice of
+this claim; but those of Spain, who in 1568 found themselves in the same
+situation, refused to conform to the measure, because they had at their
+head Cardinal Espinosa, who was all-powerful with Philip. The cardinal
+informed Don Henry that he had not ratified the convention, and that he
+considered it more proper that the prisoner should be given up to the
+tribunal which had instituted the trial. He requested Cardinal Henry to
+apply to both their sovereigns, and promised to propose to the King of
+Spain a measure which should be a general rule for all cases in future.
+
+Don Henry commissioned Francis Pereira, the Portuguese ambassador at
+Madrid, to terminate this dispute with Cardinal Espinosa. While this
+affair was being negotiated, several Spaniards who had been condemned by
+the tribunal of Llerena to be burnt in effigy as contumacious, were
+arrested in Portugal by the inquisitors of Evora, who immediately
+demanded the writings of the trial according to the convention of 1544.
+The tribunal of Llerena replied that it was impossible not to follow the
+example of Cardinal Espinosa. Almost at the same time these inquisitors
+arrested some Portuguese who had escaped from their country. The Bishop
+of Portalegre, inquisitor of Evora, reclaimed the prisoners, but the
+tribunal refused to give them up, if the inhabitants of Albuquerque, who
+had been arrested by the Inquisition of Evora, were not returned.
+Cardinal Henry yielded to the Spanish Inquisition, but wrote to them on
+the 5th of December to address a formal requisition on this subject,
+while the Inquisition of Evora would do the same to Cardinal Espinosa.
+The Supreme Council consented to this arrangement, and the prisoners
+were exchanged.
+
+The inquisitor-general, Don Henry, died in 1580. The crown of Portugal
+then descended to Philip II., as being the son of the Empress Isabella,
+the sister of John III., King of Portugal. As the office of
+grand-inquisitor was vacant, he wished to suppress it, and place
+Portugal under the dominion of that of Spain. He represented to the Pope
+that there would be more unity in the proceedings: but this attempt was
+unsuccessful, as he had only been acknowledged king, on condition that
+the crown should continue independent of that of Spain.
+
+When the Duke of Braganza was proclaimed King of Portugal in the reign
+of Philip IV., Don Francis de Castro grand-inquisitor, and Don John de
+Vasconcellas, a member of the council of the Inquisition, remained
+faithful to the King of Spain. The new sovereign (who had taken the name
+of John IV.) wished to increase his party. Influenced by the advice of
+England, which had favoured the insurrection, he resolved to restore to
+the Jews the liberty which they enjoyed before the establishment of the
+Inquisition; but he was opposed by the two inquisitors above mentioned.
+The council even condemned a decision of the university of Paris, in
+which it was said that the king could appoint and consecrate bishops
+without bulls from Rome, if Pope Innocent X. refused to grant them. John
+IV. threatened the inquisitors with imprisonment, and even with death,
+but they were ready to suffer anything rather than consent to the
+emancipation of the Jews. Don Francis de Castro died, and it was
+necessary to appoint another inquisitor-general; but the bulls of
+confirmation were not less difficult to obtain than those for bishops,
+as the Popes, Urban VIII., Innocent X., and Alexander VII., avoided
+declaring in favour of either the King of Spain or the Duke of Braganza.
+At last Portugal triumphed over the efforts of Spain, and the
+Inquisitions of the two kingdoms seldom had any communication.
+
+That I may not pass over any event tending to prove the attachment of
+Philip II. for the Inquisition, I shall here mention a project for a
+military order of the holy office, which would never have been
+conceived, if the partiality of the monarch for this tribunal had not
+been generally known.
+
+Some fanatics thought to please him by founding a new military order
+under the name of _St. Mary of the White Sword_. The object of this
+institution was to defend the Catholic religion, the kingdom of Spain,
+its frontiers, and forts, from any invasion; to prevent the ingress of
+Jews, Moors, and heretics; and to execute any measures which the
+inquisitor might command. To be a member of this order it was necessary
+to produce proofs and witnesses that they descended neither from Jews,
+Moors, nor any Spaniard condemned and punished by the holy office;
+nobility was not necessary. The members of this association were
+independent of the jurisdiction of the bishops and civil authorities;
+they were all to take the field and fight in defence of the frontier
+towns, but they acknowledged no chief but the inquisitor-general.
+
+This scheme was adopted by the provinces of Castile, Leon, the Asturias,
+Aragon, Navarre, Galicia, Guipuscoa, Alava, Biscay, Valencia, and
+Catalonia. The statutes of the order received the approbation of the
+inquisitor-general and the Supreme Council; the founders and the
+representatives of the metropolitan churches of Toledo, Seville,
+Santiago, Grenada, Tarragona, Saragossa, Valencia, and forty-eight
+noble families known for having never mixed their blood with that of the
+New Christians, addressed an humble supplication to the king to obtain
+the confirmation of them. They represented that the order of the _White
+Sword_ offered the greatest advantages to Spain; that it would increase
+the army without any expense of public treasure; that its services would
+reform and ameliorate the morals of the people; lastly, that it would
+shed fresh lustre on the nobility of the kingdom.
+
+Philip commissioned his Sovereign Council to examine the plan of this
+institution, which was likewise discussed in several assemblies
+appointed by his majesty. The opinions were various; but I shall make
+known that of a Spanish gentleman, as it deserves to be recorded.
+
+Don Pedro Venegas, of Cordova, represented to the king, that the new
+order was not necessary, as the Inquisition had not found the want of it
+in the most difficult circumstances; that the bishops reformed the
+morals of the people as much as could be expected from human nature;
+that Spain had never wanted troops even when part of the Peninsula was
+occupied by enemies; that other military orders existed, who were
+obliged to obey their respective grand-masters; that these dignities
+were now possessed by the monarch in virtue of apostolical bulls; that
+the new establishment might one day attack the authority of the
+sovereign, if the inquisitor-general made a bad use of the troops at his
+disposal; that several similar instances had been known of the
+grand-masters of the orders above mentioned; that this institution would
+create two parties in the kingdom, that of the Old Christians and that
+of the New, and that the distinction granted to the first would cause
+murders and civil wars, and threaten the monarchy with ruin.
+
+Philip II. thought seriously on what the grand-masters of the military
+orders had done, and being jealous of his authority, he was not disposed
+to place an army in the power of the inquisitor-general, who might
+follow their example; he therefore commanded that the proceedings should
+be suspended, and the interested persons informed that it had not been
+found necessary to create a new order.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+THE INQUISITION CELEBRATES AT VALLADOLID, IN 1559, TWO AUTOS-DA-FE
+AGAINST THE LUTHERANS, IN THE PRESENCE OF SOME MEMBERS OF THE ROYAL
+FAMILY.
+
+
+_First Auto-da-fé._
+
+The trial of Juan Gil, Bishop of Tortosa, so much alarmed many
+Lutherans, that they quitted the kingdom. Of this number were
+Cassiodorus de Beina, Juan Perez de Pineda, Cyprian de Valera, and
+Julian Hernandez; the three first published catechisms, translations of
+the Bible, and other works written in the Castilian tongue, in foreign
+countries[19]. Juan Perez published his at Venice in 1556, and they were
+soon after introduced into Spain by Hernandez, who was arrested by the
+Inquisition. The citations and inquiries made in consequence of the
+trial of Hernandez, in order to discover the religious opinions of the
+persons with whom he associated, caused an infinite number of trials to
+be instituted during the fifteen years following, in all the tribunals
+of Spain, particularly in those of Seville and Valladolid. In 1557 and
+1558, the Inquisition arrested a great number of persons distinguished
+by their birth, their offices, or their doctrine. Some indications found
+in the writings of the trials, of a vast scheme tending to the
+propagation of the opinions of Luther, persuaded Philip II. and the
+inquisitor Valdés that it was necessary to treat all the convicted
+persons with the utmost severity. Philip wrote to Rome on the subject on
+the 4th January, 1559. The Pope addressed to Valdés a brief, in which he
+authorized him to give over to secular justice all dogmatizing
+Lutherans, even those who had not relapsed, and who, to avoid capital
+punishment, had given equivocal signs of repentance. If history had
+nothing to allege against Philip II. and the inquisitor Valdés, but the
+solicitation for this bull, it would be sufficient to devote their names
+to infamy.
+
+On the 5th of January, 1559, a second bull revoked all the permissions
+granted for reading prohibited books, and charged the inquisitor-general
+to prosecute all who should read or keep them in their houses; and as
+his Holiness was informed that a great number of writings which tended
+to propagate the Lutheran doctrines were circulating in Spain, the bull
+commanded the confessors to ask their penitents if they knew or had
+heard of any persons possessing, reading, or dispersing them; that they
+should also impose upon them the obligation of communicating such
+circumstances to the holy office on pain of excommunication; and that
+the confessors who omitted this duty should be punished as guilty, even
+if persons they absolved were bishops, archbishops, patriarchs,
+cardinals, _kings_, or _emperors_. It is easy to perceive how much these
+measures must have increased the number of accusations; and to encourage
+the informers, Philip renewed the edict of Ferdinand V., published at
+Toro in 1505, by which they were entitled to the fourth part of the
+confiscated property.
+
+The multitude of accusations caused by these bulls, induced the
+inquisitor-general to delegate his powers to Don Pedro de la Gasca,
+Bishop of Palencia, who established himself at Valladolid, and to Don
+Juan Gonzales de Munebrega, Bishop of Tarragona, who repaired to
+Seville. Valdés at the same time executed the dispositions of another
+bull, which granted to the holy office, on account of its increased
+expenses in travelling and maintaining so great a number of prisoners,
+the revenues of a canonship in each metropolitan church, cathedral, and
+college, in the kingdom. Another brief granted them a subsidy of one
+hundred thousand ducats of gold, to be imposed on the ecclesiastical
+revenues of the kingdom, to pay the debts contracted from the same
+cause. It is surprising that, after eighty years of confiscation, the
+establishment should complain of distress. These bulls, however, were
+not sufficient to procure money, owing to the resistance of several
+chapters, particularly that of Majorca. In 1574 they still remained
+unexecuted, when Gregory XIII. confirmed them, and the King of Spain was
+obliged to force the rebel canons to submit.
+
+The arrest and trial of so great a number of Spaniards necessarily
+caused an _auto-da-fé_ to be celebrated in many tribunals; but as the
+victims in those of Valladolid and Seville were persons distinguished,
+some for their nobility, others for their doctrine, and all for the
+purity of their lives, the ceremonies in these cities were more noted
+than the others; and I do not hesitate in affirming that all that has
+been written against the Spanish Inquisition in Germany and France was
+only caused by the treatment of the Lutherans at Seville and Valladolid
+(for, until then, scarcely anything had been written on the subject),
+though the number of Lutherans who perished was small, when compared to
+the enormous and almost incredible number of those who had suffered as
+Jews or Mahometans.
+
+The first solemn _auto-da-fé_ of Valladolid was celebrated on the 21st
+of May, 1559, in the grand square, and in the presence of the Prince Don
+Carlos, and the Princess Juana, of the civil authorities, and of a
+considerable number of the grandees of Spain, besides an immense
+multitude of people. The arrangement of the scaffolds and seats have
+been already described in several works, and represented in prints.
+Fourteen persons were relaxed, the bones and effigy of a woman burnt,
+and sixteen individuals were admitted to reconciliation, with penances.
+Some details of the principal persons may be found interesting.
+
+Donna Eleonora de Vibero (the wife of Pedro Cazalla, who held an office
+in the Treasury), daughter of Juan de Vibero, who had a similar
+employment, and Constance Ortiz, was proprietress of a chapel in the
+Benedictine convent of Valladolid. She had been interred without any
+doubt of her orthodoxy; but she was accused of Lutheranism by the fiscal
+of the Inquisition, though he said she had concealed her opinions, by
+receiving the sacraments and the eucharist at her death. He supported
+his accusation by the testimony of several witnesses who had been
+tortured or threatened, the result of which was that the house of
+Eleonora de Vibero had been used as a temple by the Lutherans. Her
+memory and her posterity were condemned to infamy, her property
+confiscated, her body disinterred and burnt with her effigy, and her
+house razed to the ground, and prohibited from being rebuilt; a monument
+with an inscription relating to this event was placed on the spot. I
+have seen the column and the inscription; I have heard that it was
+destroyed in 1809.
+
+The other principal persons who perished in this _auto-da-fé_ were,
+Doctor Augustin Cazalla, priest and canon of Salamanca, almoner and
+preacher to the king and emperor; he was the son of Pedro Cazalla and
+Eleonora de Vibero, and descended from the Jews both by his father and
+mother. He was accused of professing the Lutheran heresy; of having
+dogmatized in the Lutheran conventicle of Valladolid, and corresponded
+with the heretics of Seville. Cazalla denied the facts imputed to him in
+several declarations on oath, and in others which he presented when the
+_publication of the proofs_ took place. The torture was decreed:
+Cazalla, on the 4th of March, was conducted to the dungeon where it was
+to be inflicted, but it did not take place, as the prisoner promised to
+make a confession. He gave it in writing, and ratified it on the 16th,
+acknowledging that he was a Lutheran, but denied having taught the
+doctrine. He explained the motives which had prevented him from making
+this declaration before; and promised to be a good catholic for the
+future, if reconciliation was granted to him; but the inquisitors did
+not think proper to spare him the capital punishment, as the witnesses
+affirmed that he had dogmatized. Cazalla, however, continued to give
+every possible proof of conversion until his execution: when he saw that
+death was inevitable, he began to preach to his companions in
+misfortune. Two days before his death, he related some particulars of
+his life. He was born in 1510: at the age of seventeen he had
+Bartholomew Carranza de Miranda for his confessor, in the college of St.
+Gregory at Valladolid; he continued his studies at Alcala de Henares,
+where he remained till 1536. In 1545 Charles V. made him his preacher;
+in the following year he accompanied that prince to Germany, and stayed
+there till 1552, preaching against the Lutherans; he returned in that
+year to Spain, and retired to Salamanca, where he lived for three years,
+going sometimes to Valladolid. He once attended, by the emperor's order,
+at an assembly where Don Antonio Fonseca, president of the Royal Council
+of Castile, presided, and at which the Licentiate Otalora, the Doctors
+Ribera and Velasco, auditors of the council and chancery, and Brothers
+Alphonso de Castro and Bartholomew Carranza assisted. The object of the
+meeting was to decide on the course to be pursued on the occasion of
+certain briefs which the Court of Rome had expedited against those who
+approved of the decrees of the Council of Trent, which continued to
+assemble in that city, though the Pope had commanded that it should be
+transferred to Bologna. Cazalla declared that all the members of the
+junta acknowledged that the Pope only acted from motives of personal
+interest; and that Bartholomew Carranza particularly distinguished
+himself by inveighing against the abuses of the Court of Rome. On the
+20th of May, the day before his death, he received a visit from Brother
+Antonio de la Carrera, a monk of St. Jerome, who was sent to him by the
+inquisitors, to inform him that they were not satisfied with his
+declarations, and to exhort him, for the good of his conscience, to
+confess all that he knew of himself and others. Cazalla answered, that
+he could not say more, without bearing false-witness. The monk replied,
+that he had always denied that he had dogmatized, though the contrary
+was proved by the witnesses. He said, that this crime had been unjustly
+imputed to him; that he was guilty of not having undeceived those who
+held bad doctrines; but that he had only spoken of his opinions to
+persons who thought as he did: Brother Antonio then exhorted him to
+prepare for death on the following day. This information was a
+thunderbolt to Cazalla, who had expected to be admitted to a
+reconciliation. He demanded if his punishment might not be commuted:
+Carrera told him, that if he confessed what he had hitherto concealed,
+he might hope for mercy. _Well then_, said Cazalla, _I must prepare to
+die in the grace of God; for it is impossible that I should add anything
+to what I have already said, unless I lie_. He then began to encourage
+himself to suffer death; he confessed several times in the same night,
+and the next day to Antonio de la Carrera. When he arrived at the place
+of the _auto-da-fé_, he asked permission to preach to those who were to
+suffer with him; he could not obtain it, but he addressed a few words to
+them: as he was a penitent, he was strangled before, he was burnt. When
+he was fastened to the stake, he confessed for the last time, and his
+confessor was so affected by all that he had seen and heard during the
+last twenty-four hours, that he afterwards wrote, "that he had no doubt
+that Doctor Cazalla was in Heaven."
+
+Francis de Vibero Cazalla, brother to Augustin, a priest, and Curate of
+Hormigos in the diocese of Palencia, at first denied the charges,
+confessed them when tortured, ratified his confession, and demanded to
+be admitted to reconciliation. This was refused, as it was supposed that
+he had only confessed from the fear of death. In fact, he ridiculed his
+brother's exhortations on the scaffold, and expired in the flames
+without showing any signs of repentance. He was degraded from the
+priesthood, as well as his brother, before he ascended the scaffold.
+
+Donna Beatrice de Cazalla, sister to the above-mentioned persons, and
+Alphonso Perez, at first denied the charges, confessed during the
+torture, demanded reconciliation, but were strangled and burnt.
+
+Don Christobal de Ocampo, of Seville, a knight of the order of St. John,
+and almoner to the Grand Prior of Castile and Leon, and Don Christobal
+de Padilla, a knight and inhabitant of Zamora, were condemned to the
+same punishment for Lutheranism.
+
+The licentiate Antonio Herrezuelo, a lawyer of the city of Toro,
+condemned as a Lutheran, died without any signs of repentance. Doctor
+Cazalla addressed some words to him in particular; Antonio ridiculed his
+discourse, although he was already fastened to the stake. One of the
+archers, furious at so much courage, plunged his lance into the body of
+Herrezuelo; he died without uttering a word.
+
+Juan Garcia, a goldsmith of Valladolid, and the licentiate Perez de
+Herrera, judge of the court against smugglers, in Logrono, suffered as
+Lutherans. Gonzalez Baez, the Portuguese mentioned in the preceding
+chapter, suffered as a Judaic heretic.
+
+Donna Catherine de Ortega, widow of the commander Loaisa, and daughter
+to Hernand Diaz, fiscal of the Royal Council of Castile, was condemned
+as a Lutheran, and made her confession. She suffered the same fate with
+Catherine Roman de Pedrosa, Isabella d'Estrada, and Jane Blazquiez, a
+servant of the Marchioness d'Alcanizes. None of these persons had
+dogmatized, none had relapsed, but they were condemned because they only
+confessed during the torture.
+
+Among the persons reconciled were distinguished,--Don Pedro Sarmiento de
+Roxas, a knight of the order of St. Jago, commander of Quintana, and the
+son of the first Marquis of Poza. He was condemned as a Lutheran,
+deprived of his orders, clothed in the perpetual _San-benito_,
+imprisoned for life, devoted to infamy, and his property confiscated.
+
+Don Louis de Roxas, nephew of the above, was charged with the same
+crime; he was exiled from Madrid, Valladolid, and Palencia, and
+prohibited from leaving Spain; his property was confiscated, and he was
+declared incapable of succeeding to the marquisate of Poza, which passed
+to his youngest brother.
+
+Donna Mencia de Figueroa, wife of Don Pedro Sarmiento de Roxas, and an
+attendant of the Queen of Spain, was condemned, for Lutheranism, to wear
+the _San-benito_, to imprisonment for life, and the confiscation of her
+property.
+
+Donna Anna Henriquez de Roxas, daughter of the Marquis d'Alcanizes, and
+the wife of Don Juan Alphonso de Fonseca Mexia, was condemned as a
+Lutheran. She appeared in the _auto-da-fé_ with the _San-benito_, and
+was afterwards shut up in a monastery. She was twenty-four years of age,
+was perfectly acquainted with the Latin tongue, and had read the works
+of Calvin, and those of Constantine Ponce de la Fuente.
+
+Donna Maria de Roxas, a nun of the convent of St. Catherine of
+Valladolid, and daughter to the first Marquis de Poza. She was condemned
+as a Lutheran, conducted to the _auto-da-fé_ with the _San-benito_, and
+secluded for life in her convent. The Inquisition commanded that she
+should be treated as the lowest in the community in the choir and
+refectory, and deprived of the power of voting.
+
+Don Juan de Ulloa Pereira, a knight commander of the order of St. John
+of Jerusalem. He was son and brother to the Lords de la Mota, who were
+soon after made Marquisses, and an inhabitant of Toro. He was condemned,
+for Lutheranism, to wear the _San-benito_, to be imprisoned for life,
+and to be deprived of his property. He was declared infamous, incapable
+of obtaining dignities, stript of the habit and cross of his order, and
+banished from Madrid, Valladolid, and Toro, but was prohibited from
+quitting the kingdom. In 1565, Ulloa represented his situation to the
+Pope, reminding him of his services in fighting against the Turks,
+particularly when he took five ships of the pirate Caramani Arraez; he
+added that the inquisitor-general had remitted the continuation of his
+penance for more than a year, but that he wished to regain his rank as a
+knight, as he was still capable of serving. The Pope granted a brief in
+favour of Ulloa, rehabilitating him in his privileges as a knight, with
+a particular clause, stating that what had passed could not prevent him
+from attaining the superior dignities of his order, provided the
+inquisitor-general and the grand master of Malta approved the decree.
+Ulloa was then reinstated in his commandery.
+
+Juan de Vibero Cazalla, a brother of Augustin, and Donna Juana Silva de
+Ribera, his wife, were condemned, as Lutherans, to be deprived of their
+liberty and their property, and to wear the _San-benito_.
+
+Donna Constance de Vibero Cazalla, sister of Augustin, and widow of
+Hernand Ortiz, was condemned to wear the _San-benito_, to perpetual
+imprisonment, and the confiscation of her property. When Augustin saw
+his sister pass, he turned to the princess governess, and said to her:
+_Princess, I entreat your highness to have compassion on that
+unfortunate woman, who will leave thirteen orphans_.
+
+Eleonora de Cisneros, aged twenty-four, the wife of Antonio Herrezuelo,
+and Donna Francisca Zuñiga de Baeza, were condemned to the
+_San-benito_, imprisonment, and confiscation.
+
+Marina de Saavedra, the widow of Juan Cisneros de Soto, a distinguished
+gentleman, Isabella Minguez, a servant of Donna Beatrice Cazalla, and
+Antonio Minguez, the brother of Isabella, suffered the same punishment.
+
+Anthony Wasor, an Englishman, servant to Don Louis de Roxas, was
+condemned to wear the _San-benito_, to lose his property, and be
+confined in a convent for one year.
+
+Daniel de la Quadra lost his liberty and property, and took the
+perpetual _San-benito_, as a Lutheran.
+
+The sermon on the faith was preached by the celebrated Melchior Cano,
+after all the assembly had witnessed a scandalous transaction. When the
+court and all the other attendants had taken their places, Don Francis
+Baca, Inquisitor of Valladolid, advanced towards the Prince of Asturias,
+Don Carlos, and his aunt, the princess Juana, to demand and receive from
+them an oath to maintain and defend the Inquisition, and to reveal to it
+all that might have been said against the faith by any person within
+their knowledge. It had been decreed at the establishment of the
+Inquisition, that the magistrate who presided at an _auto-da-fé_ should
+take a similar oath, but sovereigns cannot be considered as magistrates.
+Don Carlos and his aunt took the oath, but subsequent events show how
+much he was displeased at the boldness of this inquisitor: he was then
+aged fourteen years.
+
+
+_Second Auto-da-fé._
+
+The second _Auto-da-fé_ of Valladolid took place on the 8th of October,
+in the same year, 1559; it was still more splendid than the first, on
+account of the presence of Philip II. The inquisitors had waited his
+return from the Low Countries, to do him honour in this grand festival.
+
+Thirteen persons, with a corpse and an effigy, were burnt, and sixteen
+admitted to reconciliation. The king was accompanied by his son, his
+sister, the Prince of Parma, three ambassadors from France, the
+Archbishop of Seville, the Bishops of Palencia and Zamora, and other
+bishops elect; there were also present, the constable and admiral, the
+Dukes de Naxara and d'Arcos, the Marquis de Denia, afterwards Duke of
+Lerma, the Marquis d'Astorga, and the Count de Ureña, afterwards Duke of
+Ossuna, the Count de Benavente, the Count de Buendia, the last
+grand-master of the military order of Montesa, Don Louis Borgia, the
+Grand Prior of Castile and Leon, a knight of the order of St. John of
+Jerusalem, Don Antonio de Toledo, son and brother to the Dukes of Alva;
+several other grandees of Spain, not named in the verbal-process of this
+execution, and many persons of lower rank: the Countess de Ribadabia,
+and other ladies of distinction, besides the councils, the tribunals,
+and other authorities.
+
+The sermon on the faith was preached by the Bishop of Cuença: the
+Bishops of Palencia and Zamora degraded the condemned priests; and the
+inquisitor-general, the Archbishop of Seville, demanded and received
+from the king the same oath which had been administered to Don Carlos.
+The condemned persons were:--
+
+Don Carlos de Seso, a noble of Verona, son to the Bishop of Placenza in
+Italy, and one of the most noble families in the country; he was
+forty-three years of age, passed for a learned man, who had rendered
+great services to the emperor, and had held the office of Corregidor of
+Toro. He married Donna Isabella de Castilla, daughter of Don Francis de
+Castilla, who were descended from the king Don Pedro _the Cruel_. After
+his marriage he settled at Villamediana, near Logroño. He there openly
+preached heresy, and was the principal author of the progress of
+Lutheranism at Valladolid, Palencia, Zamora, and the boroughs depending
+on those cities. He was arrested at Logroño, and taken to the secret
+prisons of Valladolid. He answered the requisition of the fiscal on the
+28th of June, 1558. His sentence was communicated to him on the 7th of
+October, 1559, and he was told to prepare to suffer death on the
+following day. De Seso asked for ink and paper, and wrote his
+confession, which was entirely Lutheran; he said that this doctrine, and
+not that taught by the Roman Church, which had been corrupted for
+several centuries, was the true faith of the gospel; that he would die
+in that belief, and that he offered himself to God in memory of the
+passion of Jesus Christ. It would be difficult to express the vigour and
+energy of his writing, which filled two sheets of paper. De Seso was
+exhorted during the night, and on the morning of the 8th, but without
+success; he was gagged, that he might not have the power of preaching
+his doctrine. When he was fastened to the stake, the gag was taken from
+his mouth, and he was again exhorted to confess himself; he replied with
+a loud voice, and great firmness: "If I had sufficient time, I would
+convince you that you are lost, by not following my example. Hasten to
+light the wood which is to consume me." The executioners complied, and
+De Seso died impenitent.
+
+Pedro de Cazalla, curate of the parish of Pedrosa; he was the brother of
+Augustin Cazalla, and aged thirty-three. He was arrested on the 23rd of
+April, 1558, and confessed that he was a Lutheran. He demanded to be
+reconciled, but was sentenced to be _relaxed_ because he had preached
+the heretical doctrine. On the 7th of October he was informed of his
+sentence, but refused to confess; when he was fastened to the stake, he
+asked for a confessor, and was then strangled, and afterwards burnt.
+
+Dominic Sanchez, a priest of Villamediana, adopted the Lutheran heresy,
+after having heard De Seso and read his books. He was condemned to be
+burnt, and followed the example of Pedro de Cazalla.
+
+Dominic de Roxas, a Dominican priest; he was a disciple of Bartholomew
+Carranza. His father was the Marquis de Poza, who had two children
+punished in the first _auto-da-fé_. Brother Dominic was forty years of
+age. He was taken at Calahorra, disguised as a layman; he had taken the
+habit to conceal himself from the agents of the Inquisition, until he
+could escape to Flanders, after an interview which he wished to have
+with Don Carlos de Seso. He made his first declaration before the Holy
+Office, on the 13th of May, 1558; he was obliged to make several others,
+because he retracted in one what he advanced in another; he was
+condemned to the torture for these recantations. Brother Dominic
+intreated that he might be spared the horrors of the question, as he
+dreaded it more than death. This request was granted on condition that
+he would promise to reveal what he had hitherto concealed; he consented,
+and added several new declarations to the first; he afterwards demanded
+to be reconciled. On the 7th of October, he was exhorted to prepare for
+death; he then made some discoveries in favour of persons against whom
+he had spoken in the preceding examinations; but he refused to confess,
+and when he descended from the scaffold of the _auto-da-fé_, he turned
+towards the king, and exclaimed, that he was going to die for the true
+faith, which was that of Luther. Philip II. commanded that he should be
+gagged. He was still in that situation when he was fastened to the
+stake; but when they began to light the fire his courage failed, he
+demanded a confessor, received absolution, and was strangled.
+
+Juan Sanchez, a servant of Pedro de Cazalla, and Donna Catherine
+Hortega; he was thirty-three years of age. The fear of being arrested by
+the Inquisition induced him to go to Valladolid, in order to escape to
+the Low Countries, under the forged name of Juan de Vibar. The
+inquisitors were informed of his intention by his letters written at
+Castrourdiales, addressed to Donna Catherine Hortega, while she was in
+prison. The inquisitors gave information to the king, who commissioned
+Don Francis de Castilla Alcalde, of the court, to arrest him. Sanchez
+was taken at Turlingen, and transferred to Valladolid, where he was
+condemned to _relaxation_, as a dogmatizing and impenitent Lutheran. He
+was gagged until he was fastened to the stake. As he did not ask for a
+confessor, the pile was lighted, and when the cords which held him were
+burnt, he darted to the top of the scaffold, from whence he could see
+that several of the condemned confessed, that they might avoid the
+flames. The priests again exhorted him to confess, but seeing that De
+Seso remained firm in his resolution, he returned and told them to add
+more wood, for that he would die like Don Carlos de Seso. The archers
+and executioners obeyed his injunctions, and he perished in the flames.
+
+Donna Euphrosyne Rios, a nun of the order of Santa Clara of Valladolid,
+was convicted of Lutheranism by twenty-two witnesses; she continued
+impenitent until she was fastened to the stake, when she confessed, and
+was strangled and burnt.
+
+Donna Marina de Guevara, a nun of the convent of Belen at Valladolid, of
+the order of Cistercians; she was related to the family of Poza. Marina
+confessed the facts, but could not avoid her condemnation, though she
+demanded to be reconciled. This was the more surprising, as the
+inquisitor-general made great efforts to save her life; he was the
+intimate friend of several of her relations, and being informed that the
+inquisitors of Valladolid intended to condemn her, he authorized Don
+Alphonso Tellez Giron, Lord of Montalban and cousin to Marina, and the
+Duke of Ossuna, to visit the accused, and press her to confess what she
+denied, and the witnesses affirmed; but Marina said that she could not
+add anything to what she had already declared.
+
+She was condemned to be _relaxed_, but the sentence was not immediately
+published, as it was the custom to do so only on the day before the
+_auto-da-fé_; and as the rules of 1541 allow the sentence of death to
+be revoked if the criminals repent before they are given up to secular
+justice, the inquisitor-general sent Don Alphonso Giron a second time to
+his cousin, to exhort her to confess all, and avoid death. This conduct
+of Valdés displeased the inquisitors of Valladolid, who spoke of it as a
+singular and scandalous preference. Valdés applied to the Supreme
+Council, which commanded that the visit should be made in the presence
+of one or two inquisitors. This last attempt did not succeed better than
+the first; Marina persisted in her declaration, and was burnt.
+
+Donna Catherine de Reinoso, a nun in the same convent, Donna Margaret de
+Santisteban, and Donna, Maria de Miranda, nuns of Santa Clara at
+Valladolid, were likewise strangled and burnt as Lutherans.
+
+Pedro de Sotelo and Francis d'Almarzo suffered the same punishment for
+Lutheranism, with Francis Blanco, a New Christian; who had abjured
+Mahometanism, and had afterwards fallen into error.
+
+Jane Sanchez, of the class of women called Beates, was condemned as a
+Lutheran: when she was informed of her sentence, she cut her throat with
+a pair of scissors, and died impenitent some days after in prison. Her
+corpse was taken to the _auto-da-fé_ on a bier, and burnt with her
+effigy.
+
+Sixteen persons were condemned to penances. I shall only mention those
+distinguished for their rank or the nature of their trials.
+
+Donna Isabella de Castilla, the wife of Don Carlos de Seso, voluntarily
+confessed that she had adopted some of her husband's opinions; she was
+condemned to wear the _san-benito_, to be imprisoned for life, and to be
+deprived of her property.
+
+Donna Catherine de Castilla, the niece of the above, suffered the same
+punishment.
+
+Donna Francisca de Zuñiga Reinoso, sister to Donna Catherine, who was
+burnt in the same _auto-da-fé_, and a nun in the same convent was
+condemned, with Donna Philippina de Heredia and Donna Catherine
+d'Alcaraz, two of her companions, to be deprived of the power of voting
+in her community, and prohibited from going out of the convent.
+
+Antonio Sanchez, an inhabitant of Salamanca, was punished as a false
+witness; it was proved that he had deposed falsely for the purpose of
+causing a Jew to be burnt: he was condemned to receive two hundred
+stripes; was deprived of half his property, and sent to the galleys for
+five years. The compassion of the inquisitors for this sort of criminals
+is an incontestable fact, although they did not hesitate to condemn
+heretics to death, if they had only concealment, or an insincere
+repentance to reproach them with.
+
+Pedro d'Aguilar, a shearer, born at Tordesillas, pretended to be an
+alguazil of the Inquisition, and appeared at Valladolid with the _wand_
+of the Holy Office on the day of the celebration of the first
+_auto-da-fé_; he afterwards went to a town in the province of Campos,
+where he said that he was commissioned to open the tomb of a bishop, and
+take the bones to be burnt in an _auto-da-fé_, as belonging to a man who
+had died in the Judaic heresy. Pedro was condemned to receive four
+hundred stripes, to have his property confiscated, and to be sent to the
+galleys for life. This affair proves that the inquisitors considered it
+a much greater crime to pretend to be an alguazil of the Holy Office,
+than to bear false-witness, and to cause the death of a man, the
+confiscation of his property, and the condemnation of his posterity to
+infamy!
+
+Such is the history of the two celebrated _autos-da-fé_ of Valladolid,
+of which so much has been said, although nothing certain was known of
+them. It is an interesting circumstance that the Inquisition was at the
+same time proceeding against forty-five persons distinguished for their
+rank or personal qualities; of these forty-five persons, ten had been
+arrested. It is not to be supposed that the inquisitors only prosecuted
+these persons: the trial of Carranza, Archbishop of Seville, was the
+origin of a great number against bishops and other distinguished
+individuals. I have confined myself to those of which I could consult
+the papers; it would be a task beyond the strength of one man to read
+all that have accumulated in the archives.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+HISTORY OF TWO AUTOS-DA-FE, CELEBRATED AGAINST THE LUTHERANS IN THE CITY
+OF SEVILLE.
+
+
+An _auto-da-fé_ was celebrated on the 24th of September, 1559, in the
+place of St. Francis, at Seville, not less remarkable for the rank of
+the condemned, than for the nature of their trials. Four bishops
+attended at it; the coadjutor of Seville, those of Largo and the
+Canaries, who happened to be in the city, and of Tarrazona, whom the
+king had authorized to reside at Seville as vice-inquisitor-general.
+
+The inquisitors of the district of Seville were Don Michel del Carpio,
+Don Andres Gasco, and Don Francis Galdo; Don Juan de Obando represented
+the archbishop. I make this remark, to show that none of the judges were
+named _Vargas_, as the author of a romance entitled _Cornelia Bororquia_
+has asserted.
+
+This _auto-da-fé_ was celebrated before the royal court of justice, the
+chapter of the cathedral, some grandees of Spain, and a great number of
+titled persons and gentlemen; the Duchess of Bejar was present with
+several ladies, and an immense concourse of people. Twenty-one persons
+were _relaxed_, with an effigy of a contumacious person, and eighty
+persons condemned to penances, the greatest number of whom were
+Lutherans; I shall mention the most remarkable instances.
+
+The effigy was that of Francis Zafra, the beneficed priest of the parish
+of St. Vincent of Seville, who was condemned as a Lutheran, but had made
+his escape. Gonzalez de Montes gives a long account of this man, which I
+found to be correct, on examining the papers of the holy office. He says
+that Francis Zafra was well versed in the Scriptures; for some time he
+succeeded in concealing his inclination to Lutheranism, and was employed
+by the inquisitors to qualify denounced propositions, and that he was
+thus enabled to save many persons from being condemned. He had received
+into his house one of the women called _Beates_, who (after obstinately
+supporting the new doctrines) became so much deranged, that he was
+obliged to confine and scourge her, to calm her violence. In 1555, this
+woman escaped, and denounced three hundred persons as Lutherans to the
+Inquisition: the inquisitors drew up a list of them; Francis Zafra was
+summoned, and although he was mentioned as one of the principal
+heretics, proved that they could not receive the evidence of a person
+whose mind was so much disordered[20]. As the holy office never
+neglected anything that could assist in discovering heresy, this list
+caused the conduct of many persons to be strictly observed, and more
+than eight hundred were arrested; Francis Zafra was one of the
+prisoners, but he contrived to escape, and was burnt in effigy as
+contumacious.
+
+The first person I shall mention as condemned to relaxation, was Donna
+Isabella de Baena, a rich lady of Seville. Her house was razed to the
+ground for having served as a temple to the Lutherans.
+
+I find, among the other victims at Seville, Don Juan Ponce de Leon,
+youngest son to the Count de Baylen; he was cousin-german to the Duke
+d'Arcos, and related to the Duchess de Bejar, who were both present at
+his _auto-da-fé_. He was condemned as an impenitent Lutheran: he at
+first denied the charges, but confessed during the torture: the
+inquisitors sent a priest, with whom he was well acquainted, to persuade
+him that it would be to his advantage if he confessed the truth. Ponce
+was deceived, and made the confession they required; but on discovering
+his mistake, the day before the _auto-da-fé_, he made one truly
+Lutheran, and treated the priest who attended him with contempt.
+Gonzalez de Montes pretends that he persisted in his sentiments, but he
+is mistaken, for Ponce confessed when he was fastened to the stake, and
+strangled before he was burnt.
+
+Don Juan Gonzalez, a priest of Seville, and a celebrated preacher of
+Andalusia, embraced Mahometanism at twelve years of age, because his
+parents were Moors, but he was reconciled by the Inquisition. Some time
+after he was imprisoned as a Lutheran, but obstinately persisted in
+refusing to confess, even when tortured; affirming that his opinions
+were founded on the Holy Scriptures, and that, consequently, he could
+not be a heretic. This example was imitated by his two sisters, who
+suffered in the same _auto-da-fé_: When the gags were taken from their
+mouths, Don Juan told them to sing the 106th psalm. They died (say the
+Protestants) in the faith of Jesus Christ, and detesting the errors of
+the _Papists_.
+
+Brother Garcia de Arias (surnamed the _White Doctor_, on account of the
+extreme whiteness of his hair) was a Jeronimite of the Convent of St.
+Isidore, at Seville; he was condemned as an impenitent Lutheran, and
+perished in the flames. He had professed the doctrines of Luther for
+several years, but his sentiments were known only to the principal
+partisans of the heresy, such as Vargas, Egidius, and Constantine: his
+prudence was so great, that he was looked upon as an orthodox theologian
+and of the greatest piety: he even carried his dissimulation so far as
+to profess to be an enemy to the Lutherans. He was several times
+employed to qualify heretical propositions, and appeared to be so
+devoted to the inquisitorial system, that though he was denounced
+several times, the inquisitors declared that the informers acted out of
+hatred to him. However, the informations were communicated to him, that
+he might be more cautious in his conversations with suspicious persons.
+
+His conduct towards Gregorio Riuz ought to be recorded. Riuz was
+denounced for some explanations of doctrine in a sermon; being obliged
+to appear and defend his doctrine before theologians, he applied to his
+friend, the White Doctor, who wished to hear his exposition of the
+principles he intended for his defence, and the solutions he had
+prepared for the difficulties which he might meet with. When the
+assembly took place, the Inquisitors commissioned Arias to argue against
+Riuz, who was much surprised to see him at this conference, and still
+more so, when he heard him speak in such a manner, that the answers he
+had prepared were entirely useless. Riuz sunk under this attack, and the
+doctor Arias was severely reproached for his treachery by the Lutheran
+doctors, Vargas, Egidius, and Constantine.
+
+Arias taught the Lutheran doctrine to some monks of his convent: one of
+them (Brother Cassiodorus) made so much progress in it, that he
+converted almost all the monks of the community, so that the monastic
+exercises were no longer practised. Twelve of these persons being
+alarmed at this state of things fled to Germany; the rest who remained
+at Seville, were condemned by the Inquisition. The same fate awaited
+Garcia d'Arias; the depositions against him continued to multiply, and
+he was at last arrested. Foreseeing the result of his trial, he made a
+confession of his faith, and undertook to prove, that the opinions of
+Luther were founded on the gospel. He persevered in his impenitence, and
+no Catholic could convert him, because he understood doctrine better
+than those who disputed with him.
+
+Donna Maria de Virues, Donna Maria Cornel, and Donna Maria Bohorques,
+also perished in this _auto-da-fé_. They were all young, and of the
+highest class of nobility. The history of the last of these ladies ought
+to be made known, on account of some circumstances in her trial, and
+because a Spaniard has composed a _novel_ under the title of _Cornelia
+Bororquia_, which he affirms to be rather a history than a romance,
+although it is neither the one nor the other, but a collection of scenes
+and events badly conceived, in which he has not even given the actors
+their true names, from not having understood the History of the
+Inquisition by Limborch. This historian has mentioned two of the ladies
+by the names of _Cornelia_ and _Bohorquia_, which means _Donna Maria
+Cornel_, and _Donna Maria Bohorquia_. The Spanish author has united
+these names, to designate _Cornelia Bororquia_ an imaginary person. He
+has supposed a love-intrigue between her and the inquisitor-general,
+which is absurd, since he was at Madrid. He has also introduced
+examinations which never took place in the tribunal; in short, the
+intention of the author was to criticise and ridicule the Inquisition,
+and the fear of being punished for it induced him to fly to Bayonne. A
+good cause becomes bad when falsehood is employed in its defence: the
+true history of the Inquisition is sufficient to show how much it merits
+the detestation of the human race, and it is therefore useless to employ
+fictions or satire. The same may be said of the _Gusmanade_, a French
+poem, containing assertions false and injurious to the memory of St.
+Dominic de Guzman, whose personal conduct was very pure, though he may
+be blamed for his conduct to the Albigenses.
+
+Donna Maria de Bohorques, was the natural daughter of Pedro Garcia de
+Xerez Bohorques of one of the first families of Seville, and from which
+sprung the Marquises de Ruchena, grandees of the first class. She was
+not twenty-one years of age when she was arrested as a Lutheran. She had
+been instructed by the doctor, Juan Gil (or Egidius), was perfectly
+acquainted with the Latin language, and understood Greek; she had many
+Lutheran books, and had committed to memory the Gospels, and some of the
+principal works which explain the text in a Lutheran sense. She was
+conducted to the secret prisons, where she acknowledged her opinions,
+and defended them as Catholic. She said that some of the facts and
+propositions contained in the depositions were true, but denied the
+others, either because she had forgotten them, or was afraid to
+compromise others. She was then tortured, and confessed that her sister,
+Jane Bohorques, was acquainted with her sentiments, and had not
+disapproved them. The fatal consequences of this confession will be
+shown hereafter. The definitive sentence was pronounced, and Maria
+Bohorques was condemned to _relaxation_. As the sentence was not
+communicated to the prisoner till the day before the _auto-da-fé_, the
+inquisitors desired that Maria should be exhorted during the interval.
+Two Jesuits and two Dominicans were successively sent to her. They
+returned full of admiration at the learning of the prisoner, but
+displeased at her obstinacy, in explaining the texts of Scripture which
+they proposed, in a Lutheran sense. On the day before the _auto-da-fé_,
+two other Dominicans went with the first, to make a last effort to
+convert Maria, and they were followed by several other theologians of
+different religious orders. Maria received them with as much pleasure as
+politeness, but she told them, that they might spare themselves the
+trouble of speaking to her of their doctrines, as they could not be more
+concerned for her salvation than she was herself; that she would
+renounce her opinions if she felt the least uncertainty; but that she
+was still more convinced that she was right, since so many _popish_
+theologians had not been able to advance any arguments, for which she
+had not prepared a solid and conclusive answer. At the place of
+execution, Don Juan Ponce de Leon, who had abjured heresy, exhorted
+Maria to do the same. She received his advice very ill, and called him
+_ignorant, an idiot, and a babbler_: she added, that it was no longer a
+time to dispute, and that the few moments they had to live ought to be
+employed in meditating on the passion and death of their Redeemer, to
+reanimate the faith by which they were to be justified and saved.
+Although she was so obstinate, several priests, and a great number of
+monks, earnestly entreated that she might be spared, in consideration of
+her extreme youth and surprising merit, if she would consent to repeat
+the _Credo_. The inquisitors granted their request; but scarcely had
+Maria finished it, than she began to interpret the articles on the
+Catholic faith, and the judgment of the quick and the dead, according to
+the opinions of Luther: they did not give her time to conclude; the
+executioner strangled her, and she was afterwards burnt. Such is the
+true history of Maria Bohorques, according to the writings of the
+Inquisition.
+
+Paul IV. died at Rome on the 18th of August, 1559, a few days before the
+_auto-da-fé_ at Seville. When the Romans learnt this event, they went in
+crowds to the Inquisition, set all the prisoners at liberty, and burnt
+the house and the archives of the tribunal. It cost much money and
+trouble to prevent the enraged populace from burning the convent _De la
+Sapienza_ of the Dominicans, who conducted all the affairs of the Roman
+Inquisition. The principal commissioner was wounded, and his house
+burnt. The statue of Paul IV. was taken from the capitol and destroyed;
+the arms of the house of Carafa were everywhere defaced, and even the
+mortal remains of the Pope would have been abused, if the Canons of the
+Vatican had not interred him secretly, and if the guards had not
+defended the pontifical residence[21]. This revolt of the Romans did not
+alarm the inquisitors of Spain, where the people had been brought up by
+the monks in different principles from those professed by their
+ancestors under the reign of Ferdinand, and the first ten years of that
+of Charles V.
+
+
+_Auto-da-fé of the year 1560._
+
+The inquisitors of Seville, who had perhaps depended on the presence of
+Philip II., prepared another _auto-da-fé_ for him similar to that of
+Valladolid. When they had lost all hope of that honour, the ceremony was
+performed: it took place on the 22nd of December, 1560. Fourteen
+individuals were burnt in person (_i. e._ relaxed), and three in effigy;
+thirty-four were subjected to penances, and the reconciliation of three
+other persons was read before the _auto-da-fé_. The effigies were those
+of the Doctors Egidius, Constantine, and Juan Perez.
+
+Constantine Ponce de la Fuente was born at _San Clemente de la Mancha_,
+in the diocese of Cuença; he finished his studies at Alcala de Henares,
+with the Doctor Juan Gil, or _Egidius_; and with Vargas, who died during
+his trial. These three theologians were the principal chiefs of the
+Lutherans at Seville, whom they secretly directed, enjoying at the same
+time the reputation of good Catholics and virtuous priests. Egidius
+preached much in the metropolitan church; Constantine was less ardent in
+his zeal, but he obtained as much applause; Vargas explained the
+Scriptures in the pulpit of the municipality. Constantine refused the
+dignity of magisterial canon, which was offered to him both by the
+Chapter of Cuença and that of Toledo. Charles V. appointed him his
+almoner and preacher; in this quality he took him to Germany, where he
+made a long stay. On his return to Seville, he directed the College _de
+la Doctrina_, and there established a pulpit to preach the Holy
+Scriptures, of which he appointed the salary: he undertook to fill the
+office, and during this period the Canons' corporation offered him the
+place of magisterial canon; exempting him from the usual competition.
+Some of the canons recollecting the unfortunate consequences of the
+election of Juan Gil (who was appointed in the same manner), wished that
+the competition should take place. Constantine was requested to submit
+to it, and assured that he would triumph over the competitors. This, in
+fact, took place in 1556, in opposition to the appeals and intrigues of
+the only person who had the courage to compete with him. While
+Constantine continued to enjoy general esteem, the declarations of a
+great number of prisoners who were arrested for Lutheranism, caused his
+arrest in 1558, some months before the death of Charles V. During the
+time that he was preparing his defence, an accident happened which
+rendered it useless.
+
+Isabella Martinez, a widow of Seville, was arrested as a Lutheran. Her
+property was sequestrated; but it was soon found, that Francis Beltran,
+her son, had concealed several chests of valuable effects before the
+inventory was taken. Constantine had committed some prohibited books to
+the care of this woman, who concealed them in her cellar. The
+inquisitors sent Louis Sotelo, the alguazil of the holy office, to
+Francis Beltran, to claim the effects which he had concealed. Francis,
+on seeing the alguazil, did not doubt that his mother had declared the
+concealment of the books given to her care by Constantine, and without
+waiting until Sotelo should tell him the cause of his visit, he said,
+_Señor Sotelo, I suppose that you come for the things deposited in my
+mother's house. If you will promise that I shall not be punished for not
+giving information of them, I will show you what there is hidden there._
+Beltran then conducted the alguazil to his mother's house, and pulled
+down part of the wall, behind which the Lutheran books of Constantine
+had been concealed; Sotelo, astonished at this sight, told him that he
+should take possession of the books, but that he did not consider
+himself bound by his promise, as he only came to claim the effects which
+he had concealed. This declaration increased the alarm of Beltran, and
+he gave everything up to the alguazil, on condition that he might remain
+free in his house. This denunciation had been made by a servant, who
+hoped to obtain the benefit of the act of Ferdinand V., which assigns
+the fourth part of the concealed effects to the informer.
+
+Among the prohibited books, were found several writings by Constantine
+Ponce de Fuente, which treated of the true church according to the
+principles of the Lutherans, and proved in their manner, that this
+church was not that of the _papists_: he also discussed in them several
+other points on which the Lutherans differed from the Catholics.
+Constantine could not deny these papers, as they were in his own
+hand-writing; he confessed that they contained the profession of his
+faith, but refused to name his accomplices and disciples. The
+inquisitors, instead of decreeing the torture, plunged him into a deep,
+humid, and obscure dungeon, where the air, impregnated with the most
+dangerous miasma, soon altered his health. Overcome by this persecution,
+he exclaimed, "_My God, were there no Scythians or cannibals into whose
+hands to deliver me, rather than to let me fall into the power of these
+barbarians!_" This situation could not last long; Constantine fell sick,
+and died of a dysentery: it was reported, when the _auto-da-fé_ was
+celebrated, that he had killed himself to avoid his punishment. His
+trial was as celebrated as his person. The inquisitors caused the
+_merits_ or charges against him to be read in a pulpit close to their
+seats, where the people could not hear them; the Corregidor Calderon
+remarked the circumstance twice, and they were obliged to begin it again
+where those of the other trials were read. Constantine had published the
+first part of a catechism; the second was not printed. The following
+works of Constantine were inserted in the prohibitory Index, published
+in 1559, by Don Ferdinand Valdés:--An Abridgment of the Christian
+Doctrine; a Dialogue on the same subject, between a Master and his
+Disciple; The Confession of a Sinner to Jesus Christ; A Christian
+Catechism; An Exposition of the Psalm, _Beatus qui non abiit in concilio
+impiorum_. Alphonso de Ulloa, in his Life of Charles V., gives the
+highest praise to the works of Constantine, particularly his Treatise on
+the Christian Doctrine, which was translated into Italian[22]. The
+effigy of Contantine was not like those of the other condemned persons
+(which were an unformed mass surmounted by a head); it was an entire
+figure with the arms spread, as Constantine was accustomed to do when
+preaching, and was clothed in garments which appeared to have belonged
+to him. After the _auto-da-fé_, this figure was taken back to the Holy
+Office, and a common effigy was burnt with the bones of the condemned.
+
+Another prisoner died in the dungeons of the Inquisition; he was
+(according to Gonzalez de Montis) a monk of the Convent of St. Isidore,
+named Ferdinand. The same author affirms, that one Olmedo, a Lutheran,
+was likewise carried off by an epidemic disease which ravaged the
+prisons, and that he uttered groans similar to those of Constantine when
+he was dying. I have not found that any Inquisition in Spain has, of
+late years, condemned any person to this sort of dungeon, unless the
+torture was decreed; the inquisitors of that time cannot be pardoned for
+making them a common prison.
+
+The Doctor Juan Perez de Pineda, whose effigy was the third in the
+_auto-da-fé_, was born at Montilla in Andalusia; he was placed at the
+head of the College _de la Doctrina_, in which the young people of
+Seville were educated.
+
+He made his escape when he was informed that the inquisitors were about
+to arrest him as suspected of Lutheranism. Proceedings were instituted
+against him as contumacious, and he was condemned as a formal Lutheran
+heretic. He had composed several works: the Index prohibited the
+following: The Holy Bible, translated into the Castilian tongue; a
+Catechism, printed at Venice in 1556 by Pedro Daniel; The Psalms of
+David in Spanish; and a Summary of the Christian Doctrine. Juan Perez
+had attained a great age when he was condemned. Of the fourteen persons
+who were reconciled in the second _auto-da-fé_ the most remarkable
+were:--
+
+Julian Hernandez, surnamed the _Little_, a native of Villaverdè. The
+wish to promulgate Lutheran books in Seville induced him to go to
+Germany. He gave the books to Don Juan Ponce de Leon, who undertook to
+distribute them. He passed more than three years in the prisons of the
+Holy Office, and was tortured several times, to force him to discover
+his accomplices. He bore the torture with a fortitude far above his
+physical strength, and remained faithful to his creed. When he arrived
+at the stake he arranged the wood around him so as to burn quickly; the
+Doctor Ferdinand Rodriguez, who attended him, demanded that the gag
+should be taken from his month, that he might make his confession, but
+Júlian opposed it, and he was burnt.
+
+Nicholas Burton, born in England, was condemned at an impenitent
+Lutheran heretic. It is impossible to justify the conduct of the
+inquisitors to this Englishman, and several other foreigners who had not
+settled in Spain, and were merely returning to their respective
+countries after having transacted their commercial affairs. This man
+came to Spain in a vessel laden with merchandise, which, he said, was
+all his own property, but of which some part belonged to John Fronton,
+who was reconciled in this _auto-da-fé_. Burton refused to abjure, and
+was burnt alive; the inquisitors seized his vessel and its freight, thus
+proving that avarice was the principal motive of the Inquisition. The
+inquisitors were guilty of a great cruelty in this instance, and the
+commerce of Spain would perhaps have been destroyed, if the violence
+committed against Burton, and some others, had not been protested
+against by the different powers, which induced Philip IV. to prohibit
+the inquisitors from molesting foreign merchants and travellers, if they
+did not attempt to promulgate heretical opinions; but the inquisitors
+eluded this order, by pretending that they brought prohibited books into
+the kingdom, or spoke in favour of heresy.
+
+Gonzalez de Montes speaks of the arrival in Spain of a very rich
+stranger, named Rehukin, whose vessel was finer and better built than
+any that had ever appeared at San-Lucar de Barrameda. The Inquisition
+arrested him as an heretic, and confiscated his property; the merchant
+proved that the vessel did not belong to him, and that it could not be
+included in the confiscation; but his efforts to recover it were
+useless.
+
+Two other foreigners shared the fate of Burton. One was an Englishman
+named William Brook, born at Sarum, and a sailor; the other was a
+Frenchman of Bayonne, named Fabianne, whose trade required his presence
+in Spain.
+
+The _Beata_ protected by Francis Zafra, who had recovered her senses,
+but persisted in her heresy, was burnt in this _auto-da-fé_, with five
+women of her family. Thirty-four persons were condemned to penances. The
+most remarkable instances were:--
+
+John Fronton, an Englishman of the city of Bristol, who came to Seville,
+where he was informed of the arrest of Nicholas Burton. He was the
+proprietor of a considerable part of the merchandise taken from Burton,
+and after proving this fact by documents which he brought from England
+he claimed restitution. He was subjected to great delays and expenses,
+but as it was impossible to deny his rights, the inquisitors promised to
+restore the merchandise: in the mean time they contrived that witnesses
+should appear and depose that John Fronton had advanced heretical
+propositions, and he was taken to the secret prisons. The fear of death
+induced Fronton to say everything that the inquisitors required, and he
+demanded reconciliation. He was declared to be _violently suspected_ of
+the Lutheran heresy. This was sufficient to authorize the inquisitors to
+seize his property, and he was reconciled, condemned to forfeit his
+merchandise, and to wear the _san-benito_ for the space of one year.
+This is a remarkable proof of the mischief produced by the secrecy of
+the inquisitorial proceedings. If the affair of John Fronton had been
+made public, any lawyer would have shown the nullity and falsehood of
+the _instruction_. Yet there are Englishmen who defend the tribunal of
+the holy office as a useful institution, and I have heard an _English
+Catholic priest_ speak in its defence. I represented that he did not
+understand the nature of the tribunal; that I was not less attached to
+the Catholic religion than he, or any inquisitor might be; but that if
+the spirit of peace and charity, humility and disinterestedness,
+inculcated by the Holy Scriptures, is compared with the system of
+severity, craft, and malice, dictated by the laws of the holy office,
+and the power possessed by the inquisitors (from the secrecy of their
+proceedings) of abusing their authority in defiance of natural and
+divine laws, the orders of the Popes and the royal decrees, it will be
+impossible not to detest the tribunal as only tending to produce
+hypocrisy.
+
+Gaspard de Benavides was an alcalde of the prison of the Inquisition,
+and appeared in the _auto-da-fé_ with a flambeau; he was banished for
+life from Seville, and lost his place, for _having failed in zeal and
+attention in his employment_. Let this qualification and the sentence be
+compared with the crime of which he was accused. He purloined part of
+the small rations of the prisoners, the food which he gave them was of a
+bad quality, and he made them pay for it, as if it was superior; he did
+not take care to prepare it properly, it was badly cooked and seasoned;
+he deceived them in the price of wood, and made false bills of
+expenditure. If any of the prisoners complained, he removed them to a
+dark and humid dungeon, where he left them for a fortnight or even
+longer, to punish them for murmuring; he did not fail to tell them that
+he did this by the order of the inquisitors, and that they were released
+at his intercession. When any prisoner demanded an audience, Gaspard
+(fearing that they would denounce him) did not inform the inquisitors of
+the request, and told the prisoner the next day that the inquisitors
+were so much occupied that they could not grant audiences. In short,
+there was no sort of injustice which he did not commit, until the moment
+when his conduct was discovered by chance.
+
+Maria Gonzalez, a servant of this man, was condemned to receive two
+hundred stripes, and to be banished for ten years. Her crime was, having
+received money from some prisoners, and having permitted them to see and
+converse with each other.
+
+Donna Jane Bohorques was declared innocent. She was the legitimate
+daughter of Don Pedro Garcia de Xeres y Bohorques, and the sister of
+Donna Maria Bohorques, who perished in a former _auto-da-fé_. She had
+married Don Francis de Vargas, lord of the borough of Higuera. She was
+taken to the secret prisons when her unfortunate sister declared that
+she was acquainted with her opinions, and had not opposed them; as if
+silence could prove that she had admitted the doctrine to be true. Jane
+Bohorques was six months gone with child; but this did not prevent the
+inquisitors from proceeding in her trial, a cruelty which will not
+surprise, when it is considered that she was arrested before any proof
+of her crime had been obtained. She was delivered in the prison; her
+child was taken from her at the end of eight days, in defiance of the
+most sacred rights of nature, and she was imprisoned in one of the
+common dungeons of the holy office. The inquisitors thought they did all
+that humanity required in giving her a less inconvenient cell than the
+common prison. It fortunately happened that she had as a companion in
+her cell a young girl who was afterwards burnt as a Lutheran, and who
+pitying her situation, treated her with the utmost tenderness during her
+convalescence. She soon required the same care; she was tortured, and
+all her limbs were bruised and almost dislocated. Jane Bohorques
+attended her in this dreadful state. Jane Bohorques was not yet quite
+recovered, when she was tortured in the same manner. The cords with
+which her still feeble limbs were bound penetrated to the bone, and
+several blood vessels breaking in her body, torrents of blood flowed
+from her mouth. She was taken back to her dungeon in a dying state, and
+expired a few days after. The inquisitors thought they expiated this
+cruel murder by declaring Jane Bohorques innocent, in the _auto-da-fé_
+of this day. Under what an overwhelming responsibility will these
+monsters appear before the tribunal of the Almighty!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+OF THE ORDINANCES OF 1561, WHICH HAVE BEEN FOLLOWED IN THE PROCEEDINGS
+OF THE HOLY OFFICE, UNTIL THE PRESENT TIME.
+
+
+The ancient laws of the holy office had been almost entirely forgotten,
+and the inquisitors merely followed a kind of routine in transacting
+their affairs. The inquisitor-general Valdés found it necessary to
+remedy this evil; and as a multitude of extraordinary cases had occurred
+since the publication of the Codes of Torquemada and his successor Deza,
+which had obliged the inquisitors to publish supplements and new
+declarations, he resolved to frame a new code, composed of those laws
+which experience had shown to be useful. This edict was published at
+Madrid, on the 2nd of September, 1561; it was composed of eighty-one
+articles, which have been, till the present time, the laws by which the
+proceedings of the Inquisition have been regulated.
+
+_Preamble._ "We, Don Ferdinand Valdés, by the grace of God, Archbishop
+of Seville, apostolical inquisitor-general against heresy and apostacy
+in all the kingdoms and domains of his majesty, &c.; we inform you,
+venerable apostolical inquisitors, that we understand, that although it
+has been provided by the ordinances of the holy office, that the same
+manner of proceeding should be exactly followed in all the Inquisitions,
+there are, nevertheless, some tribunals where this measure has not
+been, and is not well observed. In order to prevent any difference for
+the future, in the conduct of the tribunals, and the forms which should
+be followed, it has been resolved, after communicating and consulting
+with the council of the general Inquisition, that the following order
+shall be observed by the tribunals of the holy office:--
+
+1st. When the inquisitors admit an information, which shows that
+propositions have been advanced which ought to be denounced to the holy
+office, they must consult theologians of learning and integrity, and
+capable of qualifying the said propositions; they shall give their
+opinion in writing, accompanied by their signature.
+
+2nd. If it is certain from the opinion of the theologians that the
+object of their examination is a matter of faith, or if it is apparent
+without consulting them, and the denounced fact is sufficiently proved,
+the procurator-fiscal shall denounce the author of it, and the
+individuals implicated, if there are any, and shall require that they be
+arrested[23].
+
+3rd. The inquisitors shall be assembled to decide if imprisonment should
+be decreed; in doubtful cases, they shall summon consultors, if they
+find it necessary[24].
+
+4th. When the proof is not sufficient to cause the arrest of the
+denounced person, the inquisitor shall not cite him to appear, or
+subject him to any examination, because experience has shown, that an
+heretic who is at liberty will not confess, and this measure only makes
+him more reserved and attentive in avoiding everything that may increase
+the suspicions or the proofs brought against him.
+
+5th. If the inquisitors are not unanimous in decreeing an arrest, the
+writings of the trial shall be sent to the council, and this must
+likewise take place even when they are unanimous in their decisions, if
+the individuals to be arrested are persons of quality and consideration.
+
+6th. The inquisitors shall sign the decree of arrest, and address it to
+the _grand alguazil_ of the holy office. When it relates to a formal
+heresy, this measure shall be immediately followed by the sequestration
+of the property of the denounced person. If several persons are to be
+imprisoned, a decree of arrest shall be expedited for each individual,
+distinct and independent of each other, to be separately executed: this
+precaution is necessary to ensure secrecy, in case one _alguazil_ cannot
+arrest all the criminals. A note shall be entered in the trial, stating
+the day on which the decree of arrest was delivered, and the person who
+received it.
+
+7th. The _alguazil_ shall be accompanied, in the execution of the decree
+of imprisonment, by the recorder of the sequestrations, and the
+stewards. He shall appoint a depositary, and if the steward does not
+approve of the person mentioned, he shall appoint another himself, as he
+is responsible for the property.
+
+8th. The recorder of the sequestrations shall note all the effects
+separately, with the day, the month, and year of the seizure; he shall
+sign it with the _alguazil_, the steward, the depositary, and the
+witnesses; he shall give a copy of this writing to the depositary; but
+if the others demand copies, he is permitted to require payment for
+them.
+
+9th. The _alguazil_ shall deduct from the sequestrated property a
+sufficient portion to defray the expenses of the food, lodging, and
+journey of the prisoner; he shall give an account of what he received
+when he arrives at the Inquisition. If any money remains he shall give
+it to the cashier, to be employed in the maintenance of the prisoner.
+
+10th. The _alguazil_ shall require the prisoner to give up his money,
+papers, arms, and everything which it might be dangerous for him to be
+in possession of; he shall not allow him to have any communication,
+either by speech or writing with the other prisoners, without receiving
+permission from the inquisitors. He shall remit all the effects found
+upon the person of the prisoner to the goaler, and shall take a receipt,
+with the date of the day on which the remittance took place. The gaoler
+shall inform the inquisitors of the arrival of the prisoner, and he
+shall lodge him in such a manner, that he cannot have at his disposal
+anything which might be dangerous in his hands, unless they are confided
+to him, and he is obliged to be responsible. One of the notaries of the
+holy office shall be present, and shall draw up the verbal process of
+the decree of imprisonment and its execution; even the hour when the
+prisoner entered the prison must be mentioned, as this point is
+important in the accounts of the cashier.
+
+11th. The gaoler shall not lodge several prisoners together; he shall
+not permit them to communicate with each other, unless the inquisitors
+allow it.
+
+12th. The gaoler shall be provided with a register, in which all the
+effects in the chamber of the prisoner, with the clothes and food which
+he receives from each detained person, shall be noted; he shall sign the
+statement with the recorder of the sequestrations, and shall give notice
+of it to the inquisitors; he shall not remit any food or clothing to the
+prisoners without examining them with great attention, to ascertain if
+they contain letters, arms, or anything of which they might make a bad
+use.
+
+13th. When the inquisitors think proper, they shall order the prisoner
+to be brought into the chamber of audience; they shall cause him to sit
+on a bench or small seat, and take an oath to speak the truth, at this
+time, and on all succeeding audiences; they shall ask him his name, his
+surname, his age, his country, the place where he dwells, his profession
+and rank, and the time of his arrest; they shall treat him with
+humanity, and respect his rank, but without derogating from the
+authority of judges, that the accused may not infringe the respect due
+to them, or commit any reprehensible act towards their persons. The
+accused shall stand while the act of denunciation by the fiscal is read.
+
+14th. The accused shall be afterwards examined on his genealogy. He
+shall be asked if he is married: if more than once, what woman he
+married: how many children he had by each marriage, their age, as well
+as their rank and place of dwelling. The recorder shall write down these
+details, paying attention to place each name at the beginning of a line,
+because this practice is useful in consulting registers, to discover if
+the accused is not descended from Jews, Moors, heretics, or other
+individuals punished by the holy office.
+
+15th. When the preceding ceremony has passed, the accused shall be
+required to give an abridged history of his life, mentioning those towns
+where he has made a considerable stay, the motives of his sojourn, the
+persons he associated with, the friends he acquired, his studies, the
+masters he studied under, the period when he began them, and the time
+that he continued them; if he had been out of Spain, at what time and
+with whom he had quitted the country, and how long he had been absent.
+He shall be asked if he is instructed in the truths of the Christian
+religion, and shall be required to repeat the _Pater-noster_, the _Ave
+Maria_, and the _Credo_. He shall be asked if he has confessed himself,
+and to what confessors. When he has given an account of all these
+things, he shall be asked if he knows or suspects the cause of his
+arrest, and his reply shall regulate the questions put to him
+afterwards. The inquisitors shall avoid interrupting the accused while
+he is speaking, and shall allow him to express himself freely while the
+recorder writes down his declarations, unless they are foreign to the
+trial. They shall ask all necessary questions, but shall avoid fatiguing
+him by examining him on subjects not relating to the trial, unless he
+gives occasion for it by his replies.
+
+16th. It is proper that the inquisitors should always suspect that they
+have been deceived by the witnesses, and that they shall be so by the
+accused, and that they should not take either side; for, if they adopt
+an opinion too soon, they will not be able to act with that impartiality
+which is suitable to their station, and on the contrary will be liable
+to fall into error.
+
+17th. The inquisitors shall not speak to the accused during the
+audience, or at other times, of any affair not relating to his own. The
+recorder shall write down the questions and replies; and, after the
+audience, he shall read it to the accused, that he may sign it. If he
+wishes to add, retrench, alter, or elucidate, any article, the recorder
+shall write after his dictation, without suppressing or certifying the
+articles already written.
+
+18th. The fiscal shall present his act of accusation within the time
+prescribed by the ordinances; he shall accuse the prisoner of being an
+heretic in general terms, and afterwards mention, in particular, the
+facts and propositions of which he is charged. The inquisitors have not
+the right of punishing an accused person for crimes which do not relate
+to matters of faith; but if the preparatory instruction mentions any,
+the fiscal shall make it the object of an accusation, because this
+circumstance, and that of his general good or bad conduct, assists in
+determining the degree of credence to be given to his replies, and
+serves for other purposes in his trial.
+
+19th. Although the accused may confess all the charges brought against
+him in the first audiences of _admonition_, yet the fiscal shall draw up
+and present his act of accusation, because experience has shown, that it
+is better that a trial, caused by the _denunciation_ of a person who is
+a party in the cause, should be continued and judged at the prosecution
+of the _denunciator_; that the inquisitors may be at liberty to
+deliberate on the application of punishments and penances, which would
+not be the case if they proceeded _officially_.
+
+20th. Whenever the accused shall be admitted to an audience, he shall
+be reminded of the oath which he has taken to speak the truth.
+
+21st. At the end of his requisition, the fiscal shall introduce a
+clause, importing, that if the inquisitors do not think his accusation
+sufficiently proved, they are requested to decree the torture for the
+accused, because, as it cannot be inflicted without previous notice, it
+is proper that the accused should be informed that it has been required;
+and this moment appears the most convenient, because the prisoner is not
+prepared for it, and he will receive the notice with less agitation.
+
+22nd. The fiscal shall himself present his requisition, or demand in
+accusation, to the inquisitors; the recorder shall read it in the
+presence of the prisoner, the fiscal shall make oath that he does not
+act from bad intentions, and retire; the accused shall then reply
+successively to all the articles of the act, and the recorder shall
+write down his answers in the same order, even if they are only denials.
+
+23rd. The inquisitors shall give the prisoner to understand that it is
+of great consequence to him to speak the truth. One of the advocates of
+the holy office shall be appointed to defend him, who shall communicate
+with him in the presence of an inquisitor, in order to prepare himself
+to reply in writing to the accusation, after swearing fidelity to the
+accused, and secrecy to the tribunal, although he had already taken that
+oath at the time that he was appointed the _advocate of the prisoners of
+the holy office_. He must endeavour to persuade the accused that it is
+of the greatest consequence to be sincere, to ask pardon and submit to a
+penance if he acknowledges his guilt. His reply shall be communicated to
+the fiscal, who, with the prisoner and his advocate, shall be present at
+the audience, and shall demand the proofs. The inquisitors shall admit
+the requisition, but without naming the day or informing the parties of
+it, because neither the accused nor any other person in his name has
+the right of being present when the witnesses take their oaths.
+
+24th. The recorder shall read to the advocate all that the accused has
+declared relating to himself, but shall omit all that he has said
+concerning others; this communication is necessary to the advocate, that
+he may establish the defence of his client. If he wishes to make any
+additions to his declaration, the advocate must be obliged to retire.
+
+25th. If the accused has attained the age of twenty-five years, a
+guardian shall be appointed for him before the accusation is read. The
+advocate may fill that office, or any other person of known honour and
+integrity. The prisoner, with the approbation of his guardian, shall
+ratify all that he has declared in former audiences; and he shall
+afterwards be attended by the same person in all the circumstances of
+the trial.
+
+26th. Where the proof has been admitted, the fiscal shall announce in
+the presence of the accused, that he reproduces and presents the
+witnesses and the proofs which existed in the writings and the registers
+of the holy office; he shall demand that they proceed to the
+_ratification_ of the witnesses who have been examined in the
+preparatory instruction, that the witnesses shall be confronted and the
+depositions published. If the accused or his advocate speak at this
+time, the recorder shall write down all that they say.
+
+27th. If the accused confesses himself guilty of another crime, after
+the proof is admitted, the fiscal shall accuse him of it, and he shall
+be prosecuted according to the ordinary forms. If the proof of the first
+crime is increased, it will be sufficient to inform the prisoner of the
+circumstance.
+
+28th. In the interval between the proof and the publication, the
+prisoner may demand audiences, through the gaoler. The inquisitors must
+grant them without delay, in order to profit by the inclination of the
+accused, which may change from day to day.
+
+29th. The inquisitors must not neglect to cause the _ratification_ of
+the witnesses, or to take any measures to discover the truth.
+
+30th. The _ratification_ of the witnesses shall take place before
+responsible persons, such as two priests, Christians of an ancient race,
+and of a pure life and reputation. The witnesses shall be asked in their
+presence if they recollect having deposed in any trial before the
+Inquisition: if they reply in the affirmative, they shall be questioned
+on the circumstances, and the persons interested in it. When they have
+given satisfaction on this article, they shall be informed that the
+fiscal has presented them as witnesses in the trial of the prisoner.
+Their first declaration shall be read to them, and if they say that they
+have attested those facts, they shall be required to ratify them, making
+any additions, suppressions, explanations, and alterations, which they
+may think proper. These shall all be mentioned in the verbal process: it
+shall also be stated if the witness is at that time at liberty or
+detained in the chamber of audience, or in his chamber, and why he has
+not appeared in the ordinary place.
+
+31st. When the ratification of the witnesses is concluded, the
+publication shall be prepared, taking a copy of each deposition; it
+shall be literal, except in all that may tend to discover the witnesses
+to the accused. If the declaration is too long, it shall be divided into
+several chapters. At the publication of the depositions, they shall not
+be read to the accused all at once, nor all the articles of a long
+declaration. The first head of the deposition of the first witness shall
+be read to him, that he may reply to it with more precision and
+facility; they shall then pass to the second chapter, then to the third,
+following the same order in all the depositions. The inquisitors shall
+hasten, as much as possible, the publication of the depositions, to
+spare the accused the anxiety of a long delay; they shall avoid all that
+may lead him to suppose that new charges have been brought against him,
+or that those already made are more extended than in their own
+declarations; and although such circumstances may have occurred, and the
+accused has denied the charges, they shall cause the delay of the
+formalities and the conclusion of the trial.
+
+32nd. The inquisitors shall fulfil the form of the _publication_,
+dictating to the recorder all that is to be written in the presence of
+the accused, or they shall write it themselves and sign it. This writing
+shall be dated with the year, the month, and the day, when the witness
+deposed, provided that it is not convenient to do so; it would be
+improper if the deponent was in prison. They shall also mention the time
+and place when the facts occurred, because this is useful to the accused
+in his defence; but the place must only be designated in general terms.
+In the copy of the deposition the _third person_ shall be used, although
+the witness spoke to the _first_. Thus it must be said: The witness has
+seen or heard the accused conversing with an individual, &c.[25]
+
+33rd. If an accused, who has made declarations in several sittings,
+reveals crimes committed by persons whom he named, and afterwards makes
+new declarations, only cites these persons in a vague and general
+manner, employing for example, the words, _all those whom I have named_,
+or a similar expression; these accusations cannot be brought against any
+accused person, as they do not apply in a direct manner; this must
+oblige the inquisitors to pay attention to the prisoner who speaks of
+different individuals, and cause him to name them one after the other,
+and afterwards to state the facts or words which he imputes to them.
+
+34th. Although the accused has denied the charges, the publication of
+the depositions must be read to him, that he may not call in question
+the regularity of the proceedings of the tribunal which has arrested
+him, and that the judges may rely with more confidence on the law when
+they pass sentence; for this discretionary power exists only if the
+accused is convicted and confesses himself guilty; otherwise the charges
+brought against him by the witnesses, whose declarations have not been
+mentioned to him, cannot be of any value, particularly in a trial of
+this kind, when the accused is not present at the oath of the witnesses.
+
+35th. When the accused has replied to the publication of the
+depositions, he shall be permitted to consult with his advocate, in the
+presence of an inquisitor and the recorder, that he may prepare his
+defence. The recorder shall write down the particulars of the conference
+which he considers worthy of attention. Neither the inquisitor nor
+recorder, still less the advocate, shall remain alone with the accused.
+It shall be the same with all other persons, except the gaoler or his
+deputy. It is sometimes eligible that learned and pious persons should
+visit the accused, to exhort them to confess what they obstinately deny,
+though they have been convicted. These interviews can only take place in
+the presence of the recorder or an inquisitor. Procurators shall not be
+permitted to be appointed for the prisoner, though the _old
+instructions_ have established this measure, because experience has
+shown that great inconvenience arises from it[26]; besides which, the
+accused derives little advantage from it[27]. If any unforeseen
+circumstance renders this measure necessary, the advocate may be
+appointed to fill the office.
+
+36th. If the accused wishes to write, to fix the points of his defence,
+he shall be furnished with paper: but the sheets shall be counted and
+numbered by the recorder, that the accused may give them back again
+either written upon or blank. When his work is finished, he shall be
+allowed to converse with his advocate, to whom he may communicate what
+he has written, on condition that his defender restores the original
+without taking a copy when he presents his address to the tribunal. When
+there is an examination in the defence of the prisoner, he shall be
+required to name, on the margin of each article, the witnesses he wishes
+to call, that those who are the most worthy of credit may be examined.
+He must also be required to name as witnesses none but Christians of an
+ancient race, who are neither his servants nor relations, unless it is a
+case when the questions can only be answered by them[28]. Before the
+address is presented by the advocate, if the accused requires it, it
+shall be communicated to him, and the inquisitors shall desire the
+advocate to confine himself to the defence of the accused in what he has
+to say, and to observe a strict silence on everything said in the world,
+as experience has shown the inconvenience of this sort of revelations,
+even in respect to the accused persons; they shall cause him to restore
+all the papers, without taking copies of them, or even of the address,
+of which he must give up the notes, if there are any.
+
+37th. Whenever the prisoner is admitted to an audience, the fiscal shall
+examine the state of the trial, to ascertain if he has declared anything
+new of himself or others; he shall receive his declaration judicially,
+and mark the names of the persons of whom he has said anything, and all
+the other points which might elucidate the affair, in the margin.
+
+38th. The inquisitors shall receive the informations relative to the
+defence of the accused, the depositions in his favour, the indirect
+proofs and challenges of the witnesses, with as much care and attention
+as they receive those of the fiscal; that the detention of the prisoner,
+which prevents him from acting for himself, may not be an obstacle to
+the discovery of the truth.
+
+39th. When the inquisitors receive important information in defence of
+the prisoner, he shall be brought before the tribunal accompanied by his
+advocate; they shall inform him that the proofs of all the circumstances
+which might mitigate his crime have been received, and that they can
+conclude the trial, unless any other demand occurs on their part, in
+which case they will do everything which may be permitted for the
+prisoner. If he declares that he has nothing more to say, the fiscal may
+give in his conclusions. It will be proper, however, that he should not
+do it immediately, that he may take advantage of every circumstance that
+may take place. If the accused demands the publication of the
+depositions in his defence, it must be refused, as it may tend to
+discover the persons who have deposed against him[29].
+
+40th. When the trial is so far advanced that the sentence may be passed,
+the inquisitors shall convoke the ordinary and the consulters. As there
+is no reporter, the dean of the inquisitors shall report the trial,
+without giving any opinion, and the recorder shall read it in the
+presence of the inquisitors and the fiscal, who shall sit by the
+consultors, and retire when he has heard the report, before the judges
+give their votes. The consultors shall give their votes first, and then
+the ordinary, the inquisitors after him, and the dean the last. Each
+voter shall be at liberty to make any observations which he thinks
+proper in giving his vote, without being interrupted or prevented. If
+the inquisitors gave different votes, they shall explain their motives,
+to prove that there is nothing arbitrary in their conduct. The recorder
+shall write each opinion in a register prepared for the purpose, and
+shall afterwards join it to the trial, to give testimony of it.
+
+41st. When the accused confesses himself guilty, and his confessions
+have the required conditions, if he is not relapsed, he shall be
+admitted to reconciliation; his property shall be seized; he shall be
+clothed in the habit of a penitent, or a _san-benito_ (which is a
+scapulary of linen or yellow cloth, with two crosses of St. Andrew of
+another colour), and he shall be confined in the prison for those who
+are condemned to perpetual imprisonment, namely, that of _Mercy_. As to
+the colours of the habit he is to wear, and the confiscation of his
+property, there are _Fueros_ and privileges existing in some provinces
+of Aragon, and other rules and customs which must be conformed to, in
+acquitting the criminal, and restoring his ordinary garments to him,
+according to the sentence. If it is proper that he should remain in
+prison for an unlimited time, it shall be said in his sentence, that his
+punishment shall last as long as the inquisitors think proper. If the
+accused has really relapsed, after abjuring a _formal_ heresy, or is a
+_false penitent_ when he has abjured as _violently_ suspected, and is
+convicted in the present trial of the same heresy, he shall be given up
+to the common judge according to the civil law, and his punishment shall
+not be remitted, although he may protest that his repentance is sincere,
+and his confession true in this case.
+
+42nd. The abjuration must be written after the sentence, and signed by
+the accused: if he is incapable of signing it, this ceremony must be
+performed by an inquisitor and the recorder: if the condemned abjures in
+a public _auto-da-fé_, the abjuration must be signed the next day, in
+the chamber of audience.
+
+43rd. If the accused is convicted of heresy, bad faith, and obstinacy,
+he shall be _relaxed_, but the inquisitors must not neglect to endeavour
+to convert him, that he may die in the faith of the church.
+
+44th. If an accused who has been condemned, and informed of his sentence
+on the day before the _auto-da-fé_, repents during the night and
+confesses his sins, or part of them, in a manner that shows true
+repentance, he shall not be conducted to the _auto-da-fé_, but his
+execution shall be suspended, because it might be improper to allow him
+to hear the names of the persons condemned to death, and those condemned
+to other punishments, for this knowledge and the report of the offence
+might assist him in preparing his judicial confession. If the accused is
+converted on the scaffold of the _auto-da-fé_, before he has heard his
+sentence, the inquisitors must suppose that the fear of death has more
+influence in this conversion than true repentance; but if, from
+different circumstances and the nature of the confession, they wish to
+suspend the execution, they are permitted to do so, considering at the
+same time that confessions made in such circumstances are not worthy of
+belief, and more particularly those which accuse other individuals.
+
+45th. The inquisitors must maturely consider motives and circumstances
+before they decree the torture; and when they have resolved to have
+recourse to it, they must state the motive: they must declare if the
+torture is to be employed _in caput proprium_, because the accused is
+subjected to it as persisting in his denials, and incompletely convicted
+in his own trial; or if he suffers it _in caput alienum_, as a witness
+who denies, in the trial of another accused, the facts of which he has
+been a joint witness. If he is convicted of bad faith in his own cause,
+and is consequently liable to be _relaxed_, or if he is equally so in
+any other affair, he may be tortured, though he must be given up to the
+secular judge for what concerns him personally. If he does not reveal
+anything in being tortured as a witness, he shall nevertheless be
+condemned as an accused; but if the question forces him to confess his
+crime, and that of another person, and he solicits the indulgence of his
+judges, the inquisitors shall conform to the rules of right.
+
+46th. If only a semi-proof of the crime exists, or if appearances will
+not admit of the acquittal of the prisoner, he shall make an abjuration
+as being either _violently_ or _slightly_ suspected. As this measure is
+not a punishment for the past, but a precaution for the future,
+pecuniary penalties shall be imposed; but he shall be informed that if
+he again commits the crime for which he was denounced, he will be
+considered as having _relapsed_, and be delivered over to the secular
+judge: for this purpose he shall sign his act of abjuration.
+
+47th. In cases where only the semi-proof, or some indications of a crime
+exist, the accused has been sometimes permitted to clear himself
+canonically before the number of persons appointed in the ancient
+instructions; the inquisitors, the ordinary, and the consultors, may
+therefore allow it if they think proper, but they must observe that this
+proceeding is very dangerous, not often used, and can only be employed
+with great caution[30].
+
+48th. The third manner of proceeding in this case is to employ the
+_question_. This measure is thought to be dangerous and not certain,
+because its effects depend upon the physical strength of the subject;
+consequently no rule can be prescribed on this point, but it is left to
+the prudence and equity of the judges. Nevertheless the question shall
+only be decreed by the ordinary, the consultors, and the inquisitors, or
+applied without their concurrence, as circumstances may occur, when
+their presence would be necessary[31].
+
+49th. When it is necessary to decree the torture, the accused shall be
+informed of the motives for employing it, and the offences for which he
+is to suffer it; but after it has been decided he shall not be examined
+on any particular fact, he shall be allowed to say what he pleases.
+Experience has shown that if he is questioned on any subject when pain
+has reduced him to the last extremity, he will say anything that is
+required of him, which may be injurious to other persons, in making them
+parties concerned, and producing other inconveniences.
+
+50th. The question shall not be decreed until the process is terminated,
+and the defence of the accused has been heard. As the sentence of
+recourse to the question admits of an appeal, the inquisitors shall
+consult the council, if the case is doubtful; if the accused can
+maintain his appeal, it shall be admitted. But if the point of law is
+clear, the inquisitors are not required to consult the council, or to
+admit the application of the accused; they are at liberty to proceed
+immediately to execution, as if it had not been made.
+
+51st. If the inquisitors think that the appeal ought to be admitted,
+they shall send the writings of the process to the Supreme Council,
+without informing the parties, or any individual not belonging to the
+tribunal, because the council will send an order to the inquisitors, if
+it is considered proper that they should be made acquainted with it.
+
+52nd. If an inquisitor is challenged, and there is another in the
+tribunal, the first shall abstain from performing his office, and the
+second shall take his place, after the council has been informed of the
+circumstance. If there is only one inquisitor in the tribunal, the
+proceedings shall be suspended until the decision of the Supreme Council
+has been received; the same course shall be pursued if there are several
+inquisitors, and they are all challenged.
+
+53rd. Twenty-four hours after the accused has been put to the question,
+he shall be asked if he persists in his declarations, and if he will
+ratify them. The notary of the tribunal shall appoint the time for this
+formality, and likewise that for the application of the question. If at
+this moment the accused confesses his crimes, and afterwards ratifies
+his declarations in such a manner that the inquisitors may believe him
+to be converted, repentant, and sincere in his confessions, he may be
+admitted to reconciliation, notwithstanding the article in the ordinance
+of Seville, in 1484. If the accused retracts his declaration, the
+inquisitors shall proceed according to rule.
+
+54th. When the inquisitors, the ordinary, and the consultors decree the
+question, they shall not decide on what is to be done after it has been
+administered, as the result is uncertain, nothing being regulated on
+this point. If the accused resists the torture, the judges shall
+deliberate on the nature, form, and quality of the torture which he has
+suffered; on the degree of intensity with which it was inflicted; on the
+age, strength, health, and vigour of the patient: they shall compare all
+these circumstances, with the number, the seriousness of the indications
+which lead to the supposition of his guilt, and they shall decide if he
+is already cleared by what he has suffered; in the affirmative they
+shall declare him free from prosecution, in the other case he shall
+abjure according to the nature of the suspicion.
+
+55th. The judges, notary, and the executioners shall be present at the
+torture; when it is over, the inquisitors shall cause an individual who
+has been wounded to be properly attended, without allowing any suspected
+person to approach him, until he has ratified his declarations.
+
+56th. The inquisitors shall take every precaution that the gaoler shall
+not insinuate anything to the accused relating to his defence, that he
+may only follow his inclination in all that he says. This measure does
+not allow the gaoler to fill the office of guardian or defender to the
+prisoner, or even representative of the fiscal; he may however serve as
+a writer for the accused, if he does not know how to write: in this case
+he shall be prohibited from substituting his own ideas for those of the
+accused.
+
+57th. The affair being for the second time in a state for passing
+sentence, there shall be a new audience of the inquisitors, the
+ordinary, the consultors, the fiscal and the notary. The fiscal shall
+hear the report of the last incidents, to ascertain if it contains
+anything important relating to his office; after it has been read he
+shall retire, that the judges may remain alone when they proceed to
+vote.
+
+58th. When the inquisitors release an accused person from the secret
+prisons, he shall be conducted to the chamber of audience; they shall
+there ask him if the gaoler treated him and the other prisoners well, or
+ill; if he has communicated with him or other persons on subjects
+foreign to the trial; if he has seen or known that other prisoners
+conversed with persons not confined in the prison, or if the gaoler gave
+them any advice. They shall command him to keep secret these details,
+and all that has passed since his detention, and shall make him sign a
+promise to this effect, if he knows how to write, that he may fear to
+break it.
+
+59th. If a prisoner dies before his trial is terminated, and his
+declarations have not extenuated the charges of the witnesses, so as to
+give a sufficient cause for reconciliation, the inquisitors shall give
+notice of his death to his children, his heirs, or other persons who
+have the right of defending his memory and property; and, if there is
+cause to pursue the trial of the deceased, a copy of the depositions and
+the act of accusation shall be remitted to them, and all that they
+advance in defence of the accused shall be received.
+
+60th. If the mind of an accused person becomes deranged before the
+conclusion of the trial, a guardian or defender shall be appointed for
+him; if the children or relations of the accused present any means of
+defence in his favour to the tribunal, when he is in possession of his
+senses, the inquisitors shall not permit them to be joined to the other
+writings of the process, because neither the children nor relations of
+the accused are lawful parties; yet in a distinct and separate writing
+they may decree what they think fit, and take measures to discover the
+truth, without communicating with the prisoner, or the persons who
+represent him.
+
+61st. When sufficient proof exists to authorize proceedings against the
+memory and property of a deceased person, according to the _ancient
+instruction_, the accusation of the fiscal shall be signified to the
+children, the heirs, or other interested persons, each of whom shall
+receive a copy of the notification. If no person presents himself to
+defend the memory of the accused, or to appeal against the seizure of
+his goods, the inquisitors shall appoint a defender, and pursue the
+trial, considering him as a party. If any one interested in the affair
+appears, his rights shall be admitted, although he should be a prisoner
+in the holy office at the time; but he shall be obliged to choose a free
+person to act for him. Until the affair is terminated, the sequestration
+of the property cannot take place, because it has passed into other
+hands: yet the possessors shall be deprived of it, if the deceased is
+found guilty.
+
+62nd. If a person is found not liable to prosecution, this resolution of
+the tribunal shall be announced in the _auto-da-fé_ by a public act, in
+any manner most suitable to the interested party; the errors with which
+he was charged shall not be designated, if the accusation is not
+proved. If a deceased person is pronounced free from prosecution, the
+judgment shall be formally published, because the action was public and
+notorious.
+
+63rd. When a defender is appointed for the memory of a person accused
+after his death, in default of interested persons to take his defence,
+the choice must only fall on a person not belonging to the Inquisition;
+but he must be required to keep all the proceedings secret, and not to
+communicate the _depositions_ and the accusations to any but the lawyers
+of the prisoners, unless a decision of the inquisitors authorize him to
+make them known to other persons.
+
+64th. When absent individuals are to be tried, they shall be summoned to
+appear, by three public acts of citation at different intervals,
+according to the known or supposed place of their residence. The fiscal
+shall denounce them contumacious, at the end of each citation.
+
+65th. The inquisitors may take cognizance of several crimes which
+occasion suspicion of heresy, although they do not consider the accused
+an heretic, on account of certain circumstances; such as bigamy,
+blasphemy, and suspicious propositions. In these cases the application
+of the punishments depends upon the prudence of the judges, who ought to
+follow the rules of right, and consider the gravity of the offence.
+However, if they condemn the accused to corporeal punishment, such as
+whipping, or the galleys, they shall not say that it may be commuted for
+pecuniary penalties; for this measure would be an extortion, and an
+infringement of the respect due to the tribunal.
+
+66th. If the inquisitors and the ordinary differ in opinion when they
+assemble to give their votes on the definitive sentence, the trial shall
+be referred to the Supreme Council; but if the division is produced by
+the manner in which the consultors have voted, the inquisitors may pass
+them over, (although they may be more numerous,) and establish the
+definitive sentence on their own votes, and that of the ordinary, unless
+the importance of the case compels them to apply to the council, even if
+the inquisitors, the consultors, and ordinary are unanimous[32].
+
+67th. The _secret notaries_ shall draw up as many literal and certified
+copies of the declarations of the witnesses, and the confessions of the
+accused, as there are persons designated as guilty, or suspected of the
+crime of heresy, that there may be a separate proceeding against each;
+for the writings which contain the original charges are not sufficient,
+since experience has shown that it always causes confusion, and the
+prescribed method has been employed several times, although it increases
+the labour of the notaries.
+
+68th. When the inquisitors are informed that any of the prisoners have
+communicated with other detained persons, they shall ascertain the truth
+of the fact, inform themselves of the name and quality of the denounced
+persons, and if they are accused of the same species of crime. These
+details shall be mentioned in the process of each prisoner. In these
+cases little credit can be given to any subsequent declarations made by
+these persons, either in their own cause, or in the trial of another.
+
+69th. Where a trial has been suspended by the inquisitors, if another
+commences, though for a different crime, the charges of the first shall
+be added to those of the second, and the fiscal shall maintain them in
+his act of accusation, because they aggravate the new crime of which the
+prisoner is accused.
+
+70th. When two or more prisoners have been placed in the same prison,
+they shall not be afterwards separated, or introduced to other
+companions; if extraordinary circumstances make it impossible to comply
+with this order, they shall be stated in the process of each person, and
+this incident ought to diminish the weight of their declarations after
+the change; for it is certain that each prisoner will tell his
+companions all that he knows and has seen, and that these reports will
+influence the other prisoners in the recantations which they sometimes
+oppose to their first confessions.
+
+71st. If a prisoner falls sick, the inquisitors must carefully provide
+him with every assistance, and more particularly attend to all that
+relates to his soul. If he asks for a confessor, the inquisitors shall
+summon a learned man, worthy of possessing their confidence; they shall
+recommend that he shall not undertake any commission for any person,
+during the sacramental confession; and if the accused gives him one out
+of the tribunal of penance, that he shall communicate to the Inquisition
+everything relating to his trial. The confessor shall be required to
+inform the accused that he cannot be absolved in the sacrament of
+penitence, unless he confesses the crime of which he is accused. If the
+sick person is in danger of dying, or is a woman about to be delivered,
+the rules appointed for such cases shall be followed. If the accused
+does not ask for a confessor, and the physician declares that he is in
+danger, he shall be induced to make the request, and to confess himself.
+If the accused makes a judicial confession of his crime, agreeing with
+the charges, he shall be reconciled, and when he has been acquitted by
+the tribunal, the confessor shall give him absolution. In case of death,
+ecclesiastical sepulture shall be granted, but secretly, unless it is
+inconvenient. If the accused demands a confessor when he is in good
+health, it may be useful to refuse it, as he cannot be absolved until
+after his reconciliation; unless he has already judicially confessed
+enough to justify the charges: in that case the confessor may encourage
+him to be patient.
+
+72nd. The witnesses in a trial shall not be confronted, because
+experience has shown that this measure is useless and inconvenient,
+independently of the infringement of the law of secrecy which is the
+result.
+
+73rd. When an inquisitor visits the towns of the district of his
+tribunal, he shall not undertake any trial for heresy, or arrest any
+denounced person, but he shall receive the declarations and send them to
+the tribunal. Yet if it is the case of a person whose flight may be
+apprehended, he may be arrested and sent to the prisons of the holy
+office; the inquisitor may also decide upon affairs of small
+consequence, such as heretical blasphemies, which may be judged without
+arresting the parties. The inquisitor shall not exercise this authority
+without being empowered by the ordinary.
+
+74th. In the definitive sentence pronounced against an individual
+declared guilty of heresy, and condemned to be deprived of his property,
+the period when he first fell into heresy shall be indicated, because
+this knowledge may be useful to the steward of the confiscations; it
+shall likewise be mentioned if this declaration is founded on the
+confession of the accused, on the depositions of the witnesses, or on
+both. If this formality is omitted, and the steward demands that it
+shall be fulfilled, the inquisitors shall comply; if it cannot be done
+by all together, it shall at least be executed by one of them, or the
+consultors.
+
+75th. An account shall be given by the gaoler of the common and daily
+nourishment of each prisoner, according to the price of the eatables; if
+there is in the prison a person of quality, or who is rich and has
+several domestics, he shall be supplied with the quantity of food which
+he requires, but only on condition that the remnants be distributed to
+the poor, and not given to the gaoler.
+
+76th. If the prisoner has a wife or children, and they require to be
+maintained from his sequestrated property, a certain sum for each day
+shall be allowed them, proportioned to their number, age, quality, and
+the state of their health, as well as to the extent and value of these
+possessions. If any of the children exercise any profession, and can
+thus provide for themselves, they shall not receive any part of the
+allowance.
+
+77th. When any trials are terminated and sentences passed, the
+inquisitors shall fix the day for the celebration of an _auto-da-fé_.
+They give notice of it to the ecclesiastical chapter and the
+municipality of the town, and likewise to the president and the judges
+of the royal court, if there is one, that they may assemble with the
+tribunal, and accompany it to the ceremony according to custom. They
+shall use proper means that the execution of those who are to be
+_relaxed_ shall take place before night, in order to prevent accidents.
+
+78th. The inquisitors shall not permit any person to enter the prisons
+on the day before the _auto-da-fé_, except the confessors and the
+_familiars_ of the holy office when their employments make it necessary.
+The _familiars_ shall receive the prisoner and be responsible for him,
+after the notary has taken evidence of it in writing, and shall be
+required to take him back to the prisons after the ceremony of the
+_auto-da-fé_, if he is not given over to the secular judge; they shall
+not allow any person to speak to him on the road, or inform him of
+anything that is passing.
+
+79th. On the day after the _auto-da-fé_, the inquisitors shall cause all
+the reconciled persons to be brought into their presence. They shall
+explain to each the sentence which had been read the day before, and
+shall tell him to what punishment he would have been condemned if he had
+not confessed his crime; they shall examine them all, particularly on
+what passes in the prisons, and they shall afterwards give them into the
+custody of the gaoler of the _perpetual_ prisons, who shall be
+commissioned to observe that they accomplish their penances, and to
+inform them when they fail. He shall also be required to supply the
+prisoners with everything they want, and to procure work for those who
+can occupy themselves, that they may contribute to their subsistence,
+and be able to alleviate their misery.
+
+80th. The inquisitors shall visit the _perpetual_ prisons from time to
+time, to observe the conduct of the prisoners, and if they are well
+treated. In those places where there is no _perpetual_ prison, a house
+shall be provided instead; for without this precaution it is impossible
+to inflict the punishment of imprisonment on those who are condemned to
+it, or to ascertain if they faithfully accomplish their penances.
+
+81st. The _San-benitos_ of all those persons who have been condemned to
+_relaxation_, shall be exposed in their respective parishes, after they
+have been burnt in person or in effigy; the same shall be done with the
+_San-benitos_ of the reconciled persons, after they have left them off:
+no _San-benitos_ shall be suspended in the churches for those
+individuals who have been reconciled before the term of grace, as they
+have not been condemned to wear them. The inscription for the
+_San-benito_ shall consist of the names of the condemned persons, a
+notice of the heresies for which they were punished, and of the time
+when they suffered their penance in order to perpetuate the disgrace of
+the heretics and their descendants.
+
+As this formulary is still in force in the tribunals of the holy office,
+it appeared to me useless to follow minutely the details of the events
+of the reign of each inquisitor-general, since the nature of the
+institution may be known by the picture I have given of its laws and
+ordinances, and by the observations which I shall have occasion to make
+in the remainder of the history.
+
+I shall only add, that Don Ferdinand Valdés was, in 1566, succeeded by
+Don Diego Espinosa, Bishop of Siguenza and President of the Council of
+Castile. Espinosa died on the 5th of September, 1572. Don Pedro Ponce de
+Leon, Bishop of Placentia and Estremadura, was the next
+inquisitor-general, but he died before he had entered on his office.
+
+The king appointed the Cardinal Gaspard de Quiroga, Archbishop of
+Toledo, to be the eleventh inquisitor-general: he died on the 20th
+November, 1594.
+
+Don Jerome Manrique de Lara succeeded Quiroga; he was Bishop of Avila,
+and the son of Cardinal Manrique, who had filled the same office under
+Charles V.
+
+Don Jerome died in September, 1595, and after him Don Pedro
+Portocarrero, Bishop of Cordova, was at the head of the Inquisition.
+
+The fourteenth inquisitor-general was the Cardinal Don Ferdinand Niño de
+Guevara, Archbishop of Seville, who took possession in December 1599,
+during the reign of Philip III.
+
+It was under Philip II. that the Inquisition committed the greatest
+cruelties; and the reign of this prince is the most remarkable period of
+the history of the holy office.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+OF SOME AUTOS-DA-FE CELEBRATED IN MURCIA.
+
+
+The opinions of Luther, Calvin, and the other Protestant reformers, were
+not disseminated in the other cities in Spain with the same rapidity as
+at Seville and Valladolid; but there is reason to believe that all Spain
+would soon have been infected with the heresy, but for the extreme
+severity shown towards the Lutherans. From 1560 to 1570 at least one
+_auto-da-fé_ was celebrated every year in every Inquisition of the
+kingdom, and some heretics of the new sect always appeared among the
+condemned persons. Yet the progress of Lutheranism cannot be compared to
+that of Judaism and Mahometanism, because these religions had been long
+established, and the ancestors of a great number of Spanish families had
+professed them. An opinion may be formed of what passed in the other
+tribunals from some notices of the proceedings of that of Murcia.
+
+On the 7th of June, 1557, a solemn _auto-da-fé_ was celebrated at
+Murcia, where eleven individuals were burnt, and forty-three were
+reconciled. On the 12th of February, 1559, thirty victims were burnt
+with five effigies, and forty-three were reconciled. On the 14th
+February, in the same year, 1560, fourteen persons were burnt, and
+twenty effigies: twenty-nine persons were subjected to penances.
+
+On the 8th of September, in the same year, sixteen individuals perished
+in the flames, and forty-eight were condemned to penances.
+
+On the 15th of March, 1562, another _auto-da-fé_ took place, composed of
+twenty-three persons, who were burnt, and of sixty-three who were
+condemned to penances. They were all punished as Judaic heretics: among
+the first may be remarked, Fray Louis de Valdecañas, a Franciscan,
+descended from the ancient Jews; he was condemned for having preached
+the law of Moses; Juan de Santa-Fé, Alvarez Xuarez, and Paul d'Ayllon,
+alderman or sheriffs; Pedro Gutierrez, a member of the municipality; and
+Juan de Leon, syndic of the city.
+
+An _auto-da-fé_ was celebrated in the same town on the 20th of May,
+1563; seventeen persons were burnt in person, and four in effigy;
+forty-seven others were subjected to penances. I shall mention those
+distinguished by their rank or some particularity in their trials.
+
+Don Philip of Aragon, son of the Emperor of Fez and Morocco, came to
+Spain while he was very young, and became a Christian; he had for his
+godfather Ferdinand of Aragon, Viceroy of Valencia, Duke of Calabria,
+and eldest son of the King of Naples, Frederic III. Neither his rank, as
+the son of an emperor, nor the advantage of having a prince for his
+godfather, were sufficient to prevent the inquisitors from exposing him
+to the disgrace of appearing in a solemn _auto-da-fé_; he was introduced
+in the ceremony with the paper mitre on his head, terminated by long
+horns, and covered with figures of devils. In this state he was admitted
+to public reconciliation, after which he was to be imprisoned for three
+years in a convent, then banished for ever from the town of Elche where
+he had settled, and from the kingdoms of Valencia, Aragon, Murcia, and
+Grenada. The inquisitors boasted much of the lenity of this sentence,
+and informed the public that it was occasioned by Don Philip's having
+given himself up, instead of taking flight as he might have done. It
+appears that, after his baptism, he had shown some interest and
+inclination to the sect of Mahomet; he had also given assistance to some
+apostates, and had shown himself a favourer and concealer of heretics.
+He was also accused of having made a compact with the devil, and having
+practised sorcery.
+
+The licentiate Antonio de Villena, a native of Albacete, and a priest
+and preacher much esteemed at court, appeared in the _auto-da-fé_ in his
+shirt, with his head uncovered and a flambeau in his hand; he abjured
+heresy as slightly suspected. He was reconciled, and condemned to one
+year's imprisonment, without the privilege of celebrating the holy
+mysteries; deprived for ever of the power of preaching, banished from
+Madrid for two years, and obliged to pay five hundred ducats toward the
+expenses of the holy office. His crime was having spoken ill of the
+Inquisition, and of the inquisitor-general Valdés, saying that he
+persecuted him, and that he would find an opportunity of complaining to
+the king. He had also been unfortunate enough to betray the system of
+the prisons of the holy office, after having been detained there twice
+for suspicious propositions.
+
+Juan de Sotomayor, of Jewish origin, and a native of the town of Murcia,
+appeared in the _auto-da-fé_ as a penitent, with the gag and the cord
+round his neck. He was condemned to receive two hundred stripes, to wear
+the _San-benito_, and to be imprisoned in the _House of Mercy_ for life,
+with a threat that he should be treated with still greater severity if
+he presumed to converse with any one on the affairs of the Inquisition.
+Juan de Sotomayor had already been arrested and condemned to a penance,
+as suspected of Judaism. When he was set at liberty, he conversed with
+several persons on the subject, repeated the confession he had made, and
+some other circumstances. This was the crime for which he was condemned
+to receive two hundred stripes, and to be imprisoned for life!
+
+Francis Guillen, a merchant, of Jewish origin, appeared in the
+_auto-da-fé_, with several persons condemned to be _relaxed_, in virtue
+of a definitive sentence confirmed by the Supreme Council, which was to
+be read during the ceremony, with the charges against him. In the midst
+of the _auto-da-fé_ Francis announced that he had new declarations to
+make. Immediately Don Jerome Manrique (son of the Cardinal of that name,
+and who was afterwards inquisitor-general) descended from the tribunal,
+took off the insignia of _relaxation_, and gave Francis those belonging
+to a person intended to be reconciled.
+
+The history of this trial proves the arbitrary conduct, and the disorder
+with which the inquisitors pursued and judged the causes, and executed
+their sentences.
+
+More than twenty witnesses deposed that Francis Guillen had attended
+assemblies of the Jews in 1551, and the following years. He was sent to
+the secret prisons, and his sentence of _relaxation_ was pronounced in
+December, 1561. The process having been sent to the Supreme Council, the
+Council remarked that two new witnesses having been heard before the end
+of the trial, their depositions had not been communicated to the
+condemned; in consequence they commanded that this formality should be
+fulfilled, and that the votes should be afterwards given, according to
+law. The inquisitors obeyed, but they did not agree on the sentence;
+some voted for relaxation, the others that the trial should be
+suspended, and that the accused should be induced to acknowledge that
+which was admitted to be true, from the state of the depositions.
+Francis had three audiences, in which he confessed several other facts
+which related to himself, or concerned other persons; the inquisitors
+then voted a second time for the definitive sentence. Francis was
+unanimously declared to be a false penitent, for having confessed only a
+part of his crimes, and he was condemned to be _relaxed_; but it was
+agreed that as he had concealed facts concerning persons of
+consideration, he should be induced to make a more extended declaration.
+
+On the 27th of April, Guillen named twelve accomplices in his heresy,
+and ratified his declaration. On the 9th of May it was decreed that he
+should be told to prepare to die the next day. Francis inquired if his
+life would be spared, supposing that he revealed all he knew: they
+replied that he might depend upon the clemency of his judges. He
+demanded another audience, named a great many persons as his
+accomplices, and designated Fray Louis de Valdecanas as the principal
+preacher of the party. Some time after he accused other persons. On the
+night of the 19th the inquisitors assembled, with the ordinary and
+consultors, and decided that Francis should appear in the _auto-da-fé_
+with the habit of the _relaxed_ persons, in order to make him suppose
+that he was condemned to die; but that he should be reconciled, with the
+punishment of the _san-benito_, perpetual imprisonment, and
+confiscation.
+
+When he was placed among those destined to the flames, Francis demanded
+an audience. The inquisitor Marinque then informed him of his sentence;
+and when he was taken back to the prison, he made a new declaration
+against nine persons, alleging that he had forgotten them in his other
+depositions: he ratified these on the 22nd of the same month.
+
+Some days after the inquisitor-general caused the tribunal to be
+visited; the visitor declared that the judges had acted contrary to the
+laws in conducting Francis to the _auto-da-fé_ in the habit of a relaxed
+person, when they had decided on his reconciliation. The inquisitors
+endeavoured to justify themselves by saying that they thought it would
+frighten the accused into making new declarations. The visitor
+commanded that Francis should be reconciled and taken to the prison of
+the _Penitents_, likewise called that of _Mercy_.
+
+Francis, who was probably a little deranged, declared several times that
+he had deceived the inquisitors by accusing some persons as heretics who
+were innocent, because he hoped that he should escape death by this
+proceeding. These words were reported to the inquisitors, and Francis
+was taken to the secret prisons. There was an act of accusation against
+him; he acknowledged all the articles of the fiscal, and affirmed upon
+oath that all his declarations were true; he ratified them, and begged
+that he might be pardoned. On the 19th of January, 1564, he was
+condemned to appear in the _auto-da-fé_ with the gag, to receive two
+hundred stripes, and to pass three years in the house of _Penitence_.
+Francis suffered the stripes, but they did not render him more prudent,
+for he declared, even in the prison, that he was unjustly treated, for
+all that he had said was false, and dictated by fear.
+
+In 1565, the Inquisition of Murcia received the visit of a new
+commissary, who obliged Francis to appear before him as a witness, to
+ratify a declaration which he had made against Catherine Perez, his
+wife, for Judaism. The following dialogue took place between the visitor
+and the witness:--
+
+Do you remember making a declaration against Catherine Perez, your
+wife?--Yes.
+
+What was that declaration?--It will be found in the writings of the
+trial. (The declaration was here read to Francis.)
+
+Is what you have just heard true?--No.
+
+Why then did you affirm that it was so?--Because I heard an inquisitor
+say it.
+
+Are the declarations against other persons true?--No.
+
+Why did you make them?--Because I perceived in the _auto-da-fé_ at which
+I assisted, that the contents were read in the publication of the
+depositions, and I thought that if I declared it to be true, I should
+avoid death as being a good penitent.
+
+Why did you make your ratification after the _auto-da-fé_, when the
+fiscal presented you as a witness against your wife, and other
+persons?--For the same reason.
+
+After this conversation, Francis was sent back to the prison, where he
+wrote a kind of memorial, in which he said that none of the witnesses
+were admissible against him, because they differed and contradicted each
+other in their declarations.
+
+When the visitor was gone, the inquisitors recommenced their
+prosecution; the fiscal accused Francis Guillen of the crime of
+_revocation_, saying that he had imposed on them from fear, ignorance,
+or some other motive. When Francis again found himself in danger, he, as
+might have been expected, declared that his first depositions were true,
+and that the cause of his retracting was a mental indisposition, with
+which he had been affected. On the 10th November, 1565, Francis was
+condemned to appear in the _auto-da-fé_, to receive three hundred
+stripes, and to pass the rest of his life in a prison. The punishment of
+imprisonment was commuted for that of serving in the galleys, as long as
+the strength and health of Francis allowed of it. The judges reserved
+the right of deciding this point themselves. The prisoner was conducted
+to the _auto-da-fé_ on the 9th of December, and suffered the punishment
+of whipping; he was then transferred to the common royal prison.
+
+After he arrived there, he wrote to his judges, declaring himself
+incapable of serving in the galleys. The tribunal revised the judgment,
+and sent him to the house of _Mercy_. This proceeding displeased the
+fiscal, who protested against it, saying, that the office of the judges
+did not extend beyond the sentence, and that they had not the right of
+commuting the punishment, without the consent of the
+inquisitor-general; the affair stopped here, and Francis had been
+sufficiently punished for his indiscretion to render him more cautious
+for the future.
+
+The irregularity and disorder of the proceedings of this tribunal may be
+seen still more clearly in another trial before the Inquisition of
+Murcia, about the same time, and which was undertaken in consequence of
+the depositions of Guillen. It was instituted against _Melchior
+Hernandez_, a merchant of Toledo, which place he afterwards left to
+establish himself at Murcia. As he was descended from the Jews, he was
+suspected of being attached to the religion of his ancestors. After
+being taken to the secret prisons from the informations of seven
+witnesses, he had his first audience of _admonition_ on the 5th of June,
+1564; he was accused of having frequented a clandestine synagogue in
+Murcia, from 1551 to 1557, when the assembly was discovered; and of
+having acted and discoursed in a manner that proved his apostasy. Two
+witnesses afterwards appeared, and the accused having denied all the
+charges, the publication of the nine deponents was given to him: he
+persisted in his denial, and by the advice of his defender, alleged that
+the evidence of the witnesses could not be admitted, as they
+contradicted each other, and several of them were known to be his
+enemies.
+
+To prove this, and to challenge some other persons, he presented a
+memorial which was admitted, although it was afterwards considered to
+have failed in disproving the charges.
+
+A new witness was heard, when Melchior fell dangerously ill. On the 25th
+of January, 1565, he made the sacramental confession, and on the 29th
+demanded an audience, when he said that his memory was bad, but he
+remembered being in a house in 1553, where a number of persons, whom he
+named, were assembled; he denied having uttered anything concerning the
+law of Moses, and that the only thing he could reproach himself with,
+was not having declared that the others had made it the subject of
+conversation.
+
+Four days after, he declared that all that had been said in the assembly
+was spoken in jest. Several days after this he said that he had not
+heard what these persons said; and that he had affirmed the contrary,
+because the witnesses had deposed to that effect.
+
+Another witness, who was in the prison, was produced, who deposed, that
+after Melchior had written his memorial, he formed a plan of escaping,
+and endeavoured to induce his companions to accompany him. The
+procurator-fiscal read to him the act of accusation, and he denied all
+that it contained.
+
+At this period, the visitor Don Martin de Coscojales arrived, and
+examined the prisoner, who affirmed that if he had said anything, he was
+induced to do it from the fear of death. The advocate made his defence;
+Melchior wrote a memorial, which he read to his judges, in which he
+challenged several persons as if they had deposed against him.
+
+On the 24th September, 1565, Melchior suffered the _question in caput
+alienum_, with the view of making him confess what he knew of some
+suspected persons, but he bore it without speaking. On the 18th of
+October he was declared to be a Jewish heretic, guilty of concealment in
+his judicial confession, and condemned to _relaxation_, as a false
+penitent and obstinate heretic.
+
+Although the sentence was pronounced, it was resolved to press Melchior
+once more to reveal the truth. The _auto-da-fé_ was to be celebrated on
+the 9th of December, 1565; he was exhorted on the 7th; he replied that
+he had confessed all he knew; yet, when he was told on the 8th to
+prepare for death, he demanded an audience, and declared that he had
+seen and heard the suspected persons and several others, and that they
+spoke of the law of Moses, but that he considered these conversations to
+be of no consequence, and a mere pastime.
+
+On the 9th, before daylight, Melchior was dressed in the garb of the
+_relaxed_ persons, when perceiving that his confessions were not
+sufficient to save him, he demanded an audience, and mentioned the
+persons designated in the information, as forming part of the assembly,
+besides twelve other individuals who had not been named to him; but he
+added that he did not approve of their doctrine.
+
+Some minutes after, finding that the marks of condemnation were not
+taken from him, he added the names of two or three accomplices, declared
+the name of the person who had preached on the Law of Moses, and even
+confessed that he approved of some of the things which he had heard.
+
+Lastly, when his confessions did not produce the effect he wished, he
+said, that he really believed in what was preached in the synagogue, and
+persisted in this belief for a year; but that he had not confessed,
+because he thought there was no proof of his heresy in the depositions
+of the witnesses. The inquisitors decreed that Melchior should not
+appear in the _auto-da-fé_ of this day, and that they would consult on
+the proper measures to be taken.
+
+On the 14th of December, Melchior ratified his propositions of the 9th,
+but on the condition that all that had passed should not separate him
+from the Catholic communion, or cause him to be considered as a Judaic
+heretic. On the 18th he desired another audience, and again confessed
+that he believed in the Law of Moses. Yet on the 29th of June, 1566, he
+declared that the Holy Scriptures were read in the assembly, that he
+believed part of what he heard, and had consulted a priest on the
+subject; that the priest told him it ought to be held in contempt, and
+that this decision had regulated his subsequent conduct.
+
+On the 6th of May, 1566, the tribunal assembled to decide whether the
+definitive sentence pronounced against Melchior should be executed. Two
+of the consultors voted in the affirmative; the inquisitors, the
+ordinary, and the other consultors agreed that Melchior had confessed
+enough to entitle him to reconciliation. In an audience on the 28th of
+May, the accused again asked pardon, alleging that he had only believed
+what he heard, until he was undeceived by the priest. On the 30th he
+declared that he thought all he had heard necessary to salvation.
+
+In the October following, he was again admitted to an audience, where he
+spoke against the inquisitor, who had received his confession on the day
+of the _auto-da-fé_ (this was Don Jerome Manrique); he complained of the
+ill treatment he had been subjected to, in order to obtain new
+declarations. He acknowledged that his confessions on that day were
+true, but added that the presence of two inquisitors was necessary to
+prevent the abuse of authority which took place in his case.
+
+The fiscal protested against the act of reconciliation granted to
+Melchior on the 6th of May, 1566, and demanded that the sentence of
+_relaxation_ pronounced on the 8th of October, 1565, should be executed,
+because the accused had shown no signs of true repentance, and would not
+fail to seduce others into heresy if he was pardoned. The inquisitors
+consulted the Supreme Council, which decided that the prisoner should be
+examined again before the ordinary and consultors, and the affair
+submitted to the Council. The sentence was pronounced on the 9th of May,
+1567; three of the judges voted for the _relaxation_, and two for the
+_reconciliation_ of the accused.
+
+The Supreme Council decreed on the 6th of May, that Melchior should be
+_relaxed_, and the tribunal of Murcia pronounced a second definitive
+sentence according to the orders which they received. The execution was
+to take place on the 8th of the following month.
+
+In contempt of the rules of common law, Melchior was called up on the
+5th, 6th, and 7th of June, and exhorted to discover his accomplices; as
+he did not know that he was already sentenced, he referred them to what
+he had confessed before. But when he found that he was to be arrayed in
+the habit of a _relaxed_ person, he declared that he could name other
+accomplices. The inquisitor went to the prison, and Melchior designated
+another house where the Jews assembled, and named seven persons, whom he
+said he had seen there; he also wrote a list of seven synagogues, and of
+fourteen persons who frequented them. He afterwards named another house
+of Judaic heretics.
+
+He was conducted to the _auto-da-fé_ with the other persons condemned to
+be burnt. When he arrived at the place of execution, he demanded another
+audience, in which he named two other houses, and twelve heretics; on
+being told that this declaration was not sufficient to confirm the
+result of the trial, he said he would endeavour to recollect others, and
+a few minutes after he denounced seven persons. Before the conclusion of
+the _auto-da-fé_, he desired to make a third confession, and named two
+houses and six individuals; the inquisitors then agreed to suspend the
+execution, and to send Melchior back to the prison. This was what he
+wished, and on the 12th of June he signed his ratification; but when
+told that he was suspected of having other accomplices, he replied that
+he did not remember any other.
+
+On the 13th, Melchior declared that he was mistaken in naming a certain
+person among his accomplices, but pretended to remember another house,
+and two persons whom he named.
+
+The procurator-fiscal again spoke in favour of the _relaxation_ of the
+accused, alleging that he had been guilty of concealment; Melchior,
+supposing that his death was resolved upon, demanded an audience on the
+23rd of June, and endeavoured to excite the compassion of his judges.
+"What more could I do," he exclaimed, "than accuse myself falsely? Know
+that I have never been summoned to any assembly, that I never attended
+them for any purposes but those of commerce."
+
+Melchior was summoned to fifteen audiences during the months of July,
+August, and September; his replies were always the same. On the 16th of
+October another witness appeared, but Melchior denied his statement, as
+well as that of a witness who was examined on the 30th of December.
+Melchior wrote his defence, and demanded that his own witnesses should
+be heard, in order to prove that he was not at Murcia, but at Toledo, at
+the time specified by his accusers; but the inquisitors did not think
+the evidence offered by the accused sufficient to invalidate that of the
+witnesses against him.
+
+Melchior was at last sentenced to _relaxation_ for the third time, on
+the 20th of March; he, however, had not forgotten the means he had
+formerly used to save himself, and returned from the _auto-da-fé_. In
+five subsequent audiences, he made a long declaration against himself,
+and denounced a great number of persons. He was then told that he was
+still guilty of concealment in not mentioning several persons not less
+distinguished and well known than those he had already denounced, and
+that he could not be supposed to have forgotten them.
+
+This proceeding destroyed the tranquillity which Melchior had hitherto
+shown; and after a long invective against the inquisitors and all who
+had appeared on the trial, he said, "What can you do to me? burn me?
+well, then, be it so: I cannot confess what I do not know. Nevertheless
+know that all I have said of myself is true, but what I have declared of
+others is entirely false. I have only invented it because I perceived
+that you wished me to denounce innocent persons; and being unacquainted
+with the names and quality of these unfortunate people, I named all whom
+I could think of, in the hope of finding an end of my misery. I now
+perceive that my situation admits of no relief, and I therefore retract
+all my depositions; and now I have fulfilled this duty, burn me as soon
+as you please."
+
+The trial was sent to the Supreme Council, which confirmed the sentence
+of _relaxation_ for the third time, and wrote to reprimand the tribunal
+for having _summoned_ the accused before them after passing the
+sentence, since an audience should only take place at the request of the
+accused.
+
+Instead of submitting to this opinion, the inquisitors called Melchior
+before them on the 31st of May, and asked him if he had nothing else to
+communicate; he replied in the negative: they then represented to him
+that his declarations contained many contradictions, and that it was
+necessary for the good of his soul, that he should finally make a
+confession of the truth, respecting himself and all the guilty persons
+he was acquainted with.
+
+These words show the cunning of the inquisitors; their object was to
+induce the accused to retract his last declaration: but Melchior,
+knowing the character of the inquisitors, replied, that if they wished
+to know the truth, they would find it in the declaration which he made
+before the Señor _Ayora_, when he visited the tribunal. This writing was
+examined, and it was found that Melchior had said, _that he knew nothing
+of the subject on which he was examined_. The following conversation
+then took place:--
+
+"How can this declaration be true, when you have several times declared
+that you have attended the Jewish assemblies, believed in their
+doctrines, and persevered in the belief for the space of one year, until
+you were undeceived by a priest?"--"I spoke falsely when I made a
+declaration against myself."
+
+"But how is it that what you have confessed of yourself, and many other
+things which you now deny, are the result of the depositions of a great
+many witnesses?"--"I do not know if that is true or false, for I have
+not seen the writings of the trial; but if the witnesses have said that
+which is imputed to them, it is because they were placed in the same
+situation as I am. They do not love me better than I love myself; and I
+have certainly declared against myself both truth and falsehood."
+
+"What motive had you for declaring things injurious to yourself, if they
+were false?"--"I did not think it would be injurious to me; on the
+contrary, I expected to derive great advantages from it, because I saw
+that if I did not confess anything, I should be considered as
+impenitent, and the truth would lead me to the scaffold. I thought that
+falsehood would be most useful to me, and I found it so in two
+_autos-da-fé_."
+
+On the 6th of June Melchior Hernandez was informed that he must prepare
+for death on the following day. He was clothed in the habit of the
+persons condemned to be burnt, and a confessor was appointed for him. At
+two o'clock in the morning he demanded an audience, saying that he
+wished to acquit his conscience. An inquisitor, attended by a secretary,
+went to his cell; Melchior then declared "that, at the point of
+appearing before the tribunal of the Almighty, and without any hope of
+escaping from death by new delays, he thought himself bound to declare
+that he had never conversed with any person on the Mosaical Law; that
+all he had said on this subject was founded on the wish to preserve
+life, and the belief that his confessions were pleasing to the
+inquisitors; that he asked pardon of the persons implicated, that God
+might pardon him, and that no injury might be done to their honour and
+reputation."
+
+The inquisitor represented that he ought not to speak falsely, even from
+a motive of compassion for the denounced persons; that the declarations
+of the witnesses had every appearance of truth, and he therefore
+entreated him, in the name of God, not to increase his sins at the hour
+of death. Melchior merely repeated that all his former declarations were
+false. The royal judge condemned him to be strangled, and his body was
+afterwards burnt.
+
+Some doubts may be entertained of the sincerity of the last declarations
+of Melchior Hernandez, but the extreme irregularity of the proceedings
+of the tribunal must be evident to every one. The intervention of the
+Supreme Council proves that the same system was pursued in the other
+tribunals, since it approved of their proceedings, and exercised the
+rights of revocation and censure.
+
+In 1564 another _auto-da-fé_ took place at Murcia, one person and eleven
+effigies were burnt; there were also forty-eight penitents, but the
+following circumstance was the cause of this ceremony being more
+particularly remembered. Pedro Hernandez had been reconciled in 1561, as
+suspected of Judaism. In 1564 he fell sick, and through the mediation of
+his confessor demanded an audience of the inquisitors. One of them went
+to his house, and Pedro told him that he had denied the crime of which
+he was accused, and had afterwards made a confession, alleging as an
+excuse for this conduct, that a French priest had given him absolution.
+He now confessed that this was not true, and that he wished to relieve
+his conscience by acknowledging it before he died. The inquisitors
+presented this declaration to the tribunal, which immediately caused
+Pedro to be taken from his bed and conveyed to their prisons, where he
+died three days after.
+
+Three other _autos-da-fé_ took place at Murcia in the years 1565, 1567,
+and 1568, in which thirty-five persons were burnt, and a considerable
+number condemned to penances.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV.
+
+OF THE AUTOS-DA-FE CELEBRATED BY THE INQUISITIONS OF TOLEDO, SARAGOSSA,
+VALENCIA, LOGRONO, GRENADA, CUENCA, AND SARDINIA, DURING THE REIGN OF
+PHILIP II.
+
+
+_Inquisition of Toledo._
+
+On the 25th of February, 1560, the inquisitors of Toledo celebrated an
+_auto-da-fé_, in which several persons were burnt, with some effigies,
+and a great number subjected to penances. This _auto-da-fé_ was
+performed to entertain the new queen, Elizabeth de Valois, the daughter
+of Henry II., King of France. It is rather surprising that this
+melancholy ceremony was chosen to amuse a royal princess of thirteen
+years of age, and who in her native country had been accustomed to
+brilliant festivals, suitable to her rank and age. The Cortes general of
+the kingdoms was also assembled at Toledo at the same time, to swear
+allegiance to the heir-presumptive, Don Carlos, so that this
+_auto-da-fé_, with the exception of the number of victims, was as solemn
+as any of those in Valladolid.
+
+In 1561, another _auto-da-fé_ took place in the same town; four
+impenitent Lutherans were burnt, and eighteen reconciled. Among those
+condemned to penances was one of the king's pages, a native of Brussels,
+named Don _Charles Estrect_, but the young queen Elizabeth obtained his
+pardon.
+
+On the 17th of June, 1565 (which was Trinity Sunday), an _auto-da-fé_ of
+forty-five persons was celebrated; eleven were burnt, and thirty-four
+condemned to penances. Some of these were Lutherans, but the greater
+number were Jews. Among those designated as Protestants, some were
+called _Lutherans_, others the _Faithful_; there was a third called
+_Huguenaos_, after _Huguenots_.
+
+Although the Inquisition of Toledo celebrated as many _autos-da-fé_ as
+the other tribunals, I do not find any persons of distinction among the
+victims, until the _auto-da-fé_ of the 4th of June, 1571, when two men
+were burnt in person, and three in effigy, for Lutheranism, and
+thirty-one individuals were condemned to penances. One of the men who
+were burnt ought to be particularly mentioned. He was called the _Doctor
+Sigismond Archel_, of Cagliari, in Sardinia. He had been arrested at
+Madrid, in 1562, as a dogmatizing Lutheran, and after remaining for a
+long time in the prisons at Toledo, he contrived to make his escape. He
+had not time to get out of the kingdom; descriptions of his person were
+sent to all parts of the frontier, and he was again arrested, and fell
+into the hands of his judges. He persisted in denying the facts imputed
+to him, until the _publication of the witnesses_, when he confessed, and
+maintained not only that he was not a heretic, but that he was a better
+Catholic than the _Papists_. He was condemned to be burnt, but
+persevered in his system, and declared that he was a martyr; he insulted
+the priests when they exhorted him, and was then gagged until he was
+fastened to the stake. The archers, perceiving that he pretended to the
+glory of martyrdom, pierced him with their lances, while the
+executioners were lighting the faggots.
+
+
+_Inquisition of Saragossa._
+
+The Inquisition of Saragossa also celebrated an _auto-da-fé_ every year,
+when several people were burnt, and about twenty reconciled. Most of
+these were _Huguenots_ who had quitted Bearn, to establish themselves as
+merchants in Saragossa, Huesca, Barbastro, and other cities. The
+progress which the Calvinistic doctrines had made in Spain, is proved by
+an ordinance of the Supreme Council, in which we read, that "Don Louis
+de Benegas, the ambassador of Spain at Vienna, informed the
+inquisitor-general, on the 14th of April, 1568, that he had learnt from
+particular reports, that the Calvinists congratulated each other on the
+peace signed between France and Spain, and that they hoped that their
+religion would make as much progress in Spain as in England, Flanders,
+and other countries, because the great number of Spaniards who had
+secretly adopted it might easily hold communication with the Protestants
+of Bearn, through Arragon." These, and other reports, induced the
+council to recommend additional vigilance to the inquisitors.
+
+The following circumstance shows the injustice and cruelty of the
+Inquisition in a strong light. In 1578, a man was condemned, on
+suspicion of heresy, to receive two hundred stripes, to be sent for five
+years to the galleys, and to pay an hundred ducats. His crime was
+sending Spanish horses into France. Since the reign of Alphonso XI., in
+the fourteenth century, the introduction of Spanish horses into France
+was prohibited, on pain of death and confiscation; the particular
+circumstances which caused so disproportionate a punishment to the crime
+to be established are not known; it was however renewed in 1499, by
+Ferdinand the Catholic. No one will deny that the officers of the
+customs were the proper persons to arrest these smugglers; but when the
+civil wars broke out between the Catholics and Protestants in France,
+Philip thought proper to employ the Inquisition in repressing the
+practice, pretending, according to the Papal bull, that those who
+furnished the Protestants with arms, ammunition, &c., were favourers of
+heretics, and liable to suspicion of heresy. Philip II. commissioned the
+Inquisition of Logroño, Saragossa, and Barcelona, to take cognizance of
+all the crimes relating to the introduction of Spanish horses into
+France.
+
+The Council of the Inquisition added a clause to the annual edict of
+denunciations, which obliged every Spanish Catholic Christian to
+denounce persons known to have bought horses to send to France, for the
+use of the Protestants. Besides these motives of religion, the zeal of
+the inhabitants was excited by the promise of a reward.
+
+In 1575, the punishment of whipping was decreed for this crime; but
+though the law is expressed in general terms, the following event shows
+that it was only inflicted on those whose power and credit were small.
+In 1576, a Commissary of the Inquisition met a servant of the viceroy of
+Arragon going into France with two horses; he seized the horses, but
+allowed the servant to go away. He gave an account of his proceedings to
+the inquisitors, who approved of his conduct in not arresting the
+servant; their opinion was confirmed by the Supreme Council. The
+inquisitors were on the point of writing to the viceroy, to demand an
+explanation of the conduct of his servant, and the destination of the
+horses, when the council ordered them to desist, if they thought it
+would be disagreeable to the viceroy.
+
+This law was afterwards applied to those who were suspected of
+smuggling, and to those who favoured the practice. In 1607, Philip II.
+ordered the inquisitors to offer rewards to those who intercepted this
+trade, and the people were at last inspired with so great a horror of
+it, and those who practised it became so odious, that the government was
+obliged to declare that the misfortune of being convicted and punished
+for this crime, did not exclude a person from enjoying honours and
+offices.
+
+The inquisitors, always eager to extend their jurisdiction, wished to
+have the right of undertaking the trials for smuggling saltpetre,
+sulphur, and gunpowder; this attempt did not succeed, and was, in fact,
+the cause of their being deprived of the powers bestowed on them by
+Philip, respecting the introduction of horses into France.
+
+
+_Inquisition of Grenada._
+
+In the yearly _autos-da-fé_ of the Inquisition of Grenada, there
+generally appeared about twenty condemned persons; for although the
+Morescoes who denounced themselves were treated with great clemency, yet
+there were many who refused to accuse themselves, either from the fear
+which the severity of the Inquisition inspired, or because they were
+persuaded that those who declared they had been treated with great
+gentleness, did not dare to assert the contrary; and others, after
+having emigrated to Africa, had returned to Spain without considering
+the danger they were in of being arrested by the Inquisition.
+
+On the 27th of May, 1593, a grand _auto-da-fé_ took place at Grenada;
+five individuals were burnt in person, and five in effigy; eighty-seven
+were condemned to penances. The only considerable person among these,
+was Donna Inez Alvarez, the wife of Thomas Martinez, alguazil to the
+royal chancery. She was condemned to be burnt, but making a confession
+on the scaffold, she was reconciled.
+
+The proceedings were the same in the Inquisition of Valencia. The number
+of Morescoes who relapsed into Mahometanism, and refused to accuse
+themselves, was so considerable, that many appeared in every
+_auto-da-fé_, either to be burnt as _impenitent_, or to suffer different
+penances.
+
+
+_Inquisition of Logroño._
+
+The Inquisition of Logroño was not less active in prosecuting heretics.
+An _auto-da-fé_ was celebrated every year, composed of about twenty
+persons condemned for Judaism, and some others for different heresies,
+particularly Lutheranism; for after the time of Don Carlos de Seso,
+corregidor of Toro (who was arrested at Logroño, in 1558, and burnt in
+the following year at Valladolid), there were always some individuals to
+be found who professed his opinions, and succeeded in obtaining Lutheran
+books. The council which was informed of this circumstance, wrote to the
+inquisitors in 1568, enjoining them to redouble their vigilance in
+preventing the introduction of heretical books, and informed them, that
+Don Diego de Guzman, ambassador to England, had written that the
+Protestants of that country boasted that their doctrine was well
+received in Spain, particularly in Navarre, and that it was even
+preached there.
+
+While the inquisitors of Logroño were preparing for the _auto-da-fé_ of
+1570, they had the mortification of being blamed for their conduct in
+two instances by the Supreme Council. One was in the case of Lope de
+Arguinaraz, and the other in that of Juan Floristan Maestuz, who were
+accused of Judaism. Arguinaraz denied the fact, was tortured, and then
+confessed having committed the actions, but asserted that he did not do
+them with the sentiments and belief that he was accused of. He ratified
+his confession some days after, and demanded reconciliation. The judges
+when they assembled to vote for the definitive sentence, resolved to
+refer the case to the Supreme Council, which pronounced that they had
+not sufficiently examined the accused on the sentiments and intentions
+which he entertained in committing the actions he had confessed, and
+commanded them to return to that stage of the trial, and vote according
+to the result. The inquisitors sent an account of the motives of their
+conduct, and gave notice that they should wait until the council had
+considered their observations, before they proceeded further. The reply
+to this message enjoined the inquisitors to execute the orders they had
+received immediately, and harshly reproached them for not having obeyed
+them in silence, and for having failed in their duty, in the
+interrogation, when they ought to have examined the accused on his
+doctrine.
+
+In the other affair of Juan Floristan Maestuz, the council expressed its
+surprise, that the inquisitors did not examine the accused on some
+heretical propositions which were proved against him, though he refused
+to confess even during the torture; and above all, that the inquisitor,
+who had qualified the accused as _negatively_ perjured, had voted for
+his reconciliation, since the constitutions of the holy office
+prohibited the reconciliation of those who persisted denying the charges
+proved against him. The reconciliation of the two prisoners took place
+in the _auto-da-fé_.
+
+An _auto-da-fé_ took place at Logroño, on the 14th of November, 1593,
+where forty-nine persons appeared; five were burnt in person, seven in
+effigy; the others were subjected to penances.
+
+The custom of celebrating one _general auto-da-fé_ every year was so
+well established, that when the inquisitors of Cuença, in 1558, gave up
+a man to secular justice in a _particular auto-da-fé_, it was doubted if
+the rules of the holy office permitted it; and though the council
+decided in the affirmative, the custom of reserving all the condemned
+persons for the general _auto-da-fé_ prevailed, unless any very
+particular circumstance made it necessary to deviate from it.
+
+
+_Inquisition of Sardinia._
+
+I have already stated, that Philip II. introduced the Spanish
+constitution into Sardinia, in 1562. Don Diego Calvo first began to put
+it into execution, but the novelty made so great an impression on the
+inhabitants, that they demanded that the tribunal should be visited.
+This commission was confided by the inquisitor-general to the
+licentiate, Martinez del Villar, who fulfilled it in 1567. He received
+so many complaints against the inquisitor Calvo, that he was recalled,
+and Martinez took his place; he, however, did not remain there long, but
+was succeeded by Don Alphonso de Lorca.
+
+In 1575, an appeal was made to Rome against the tribunal of Sardinia,
+and Philip II. interposed in its defence. Don Francis Minuta, a
+Sardinian gentleman, had been subjected to a penance for bigamy, and
+condemned to serve for three years as a common soldier in the galleys
+of Spain, and without the liberty of going out of the Goletta, in Malta.
+He had not been there a month, before he contrived to escape, and
+returned to Sardinia; the inquisitor-general then ordered him to be
+again arrested, and doubled his punishment; Minuta was taken back to the
+Goletta, whence he escaped a second time, and fled to Rome. He
+represented to the Pope that he was not guilty of bigamy, and that the
+manner in which the inquisitor-general had treated him was unjust, since
+he had left the fort with the permission of the governor. Don Francis
+demanded, and obtained of the Pope, two briefs of commission: the first
+for the examination of the principal question, that of bigamy; the other
+to judge of the reasons which he advanced against the sentence, which
+prolonged his detention. In the interim, the inquisitor of Sardinia
+declared him a contumacious fugitive, and condemned him to eight years'
+labour in the galleys. The apostolical judge required the inquisitor to
+suspend the proceedings; he informed the inquisitor-general, who applied
+to the king, whose interference they had never requested in vain. Philip
+II. wrote to Don Juan de Zuñiga, his ambassador at Rome, to demand a
+revocation of the briefs of commission, and to obtain permission for the
+inquisitor of the island to continue the prosecution, or that it might
+at least be referred to the inquisitor-general, to whom the right of
+judging the cause belonged. The Pope revoked his bulls to please the
+King of Spain, and the unfortunate Don Francis Minuta experienced the
+fate which he might have expected; for, in cases of this nature, the
+inquisitor-general always delegates one of the members of the accused
+tribunal to be the examining judge, on pretence that they are in
+possession of the writings of the trial.
+
+Don Andrea Minuta, brother to Don Francis, was also condemned to the
+same punishment for three years. He fled to Rome, and appealing to the
+Pope, obtained a brief of commission for a bishop of Sardinia. Philip
+II. made the same request to the Pope, and Andrea was treated in the
+same way as his brother.
+
+Don Pedro Guisa, Baron de Casteli, in Sardinia, was prosecuted and
+condemned for the same crime of bigamy; but having learnt what had
+happened to the two brothers Minuta, he had recourse to entreaties and
+humiliations, to appease the inquisitor-general and obtain a commutation
+of his punishment.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV.
+
+OF THE LEARNED MEN WHO HAVE BEEN PERSECUTED BY THE INQUISITION.
+
+
+Among the many evils which the Inquisition has inflicted on Spain, the
+obstacles which it opposes to the progress of the arts and sciences, and
+literature, are not the least deplorable. The partisans of the holy
+office have never allowed this, yet it is a certain truth. The
+apologists, of whom I speak, maintain, that the Inquisition only opposes
+the invasion of heretical opinions, and leaves those who do not attack
+the doctrines of the faith in perfect liberty,--consequently, that it
+does not influence the arts and sciences. If this pretension was just,
+there are many excellent works which might be read, and which are only
+prohibited because they contain doctrines opposed to the opinions of the
+scholastic theologians.
+
+St. Augustine was certainly a very zealous partisan of religion in its
+greatest purity, yet he made a great distinction between a dogmatic
+proposition and one not defined. He acknowledged that in the second case
+a Catholic was free to maintain the argument for, or against, according
+to the dictates of his reason. St. Augustine did not suppose that the
+freedom of opinion would be opposed by such theological censures as the
+qualifiers of the holy office have established in modern times. They
+have had great influence on the prohibition of books, and even on the
+condemnation of their authors. They are employed against the first, on
+pretence that they contain propositions _favourable to heresy, ill
+sounding, savouring of heresy, fomenting heresy, or tending to heresy_;
+against the authors, in declaring them suspected of having adopted
+heresy in their hearts.
+
+In the present time the qualifiers have extended the prohibitions, by
+saying that the books contained propositions _offensive to persons of
+high rank, seditious, tending to disturb public tranquillity, contrary
+to the government of the state, and opposed to the obedience which has
+been taught by Jesus Christ and his apostles_.
+
+These censures are generally passed by scholastic theologians. The work
+of _Filangieri_, entitled _The Science of Legislation_, was censured by
+Fray Joseph de Cardenas, a Capuchin, who thought himself competent to do
+it, though he had only read the first volume of the Spanish translation,
+which contained only half of that of the original.
+
+The prohibition applies most to those books which treat of theology, and
+the canonical laws, particularly if they are well written, and contain
+the doctrines taught by the fathers, the councils, and even by the popes
+who reigned in the seven first centuries, but which have been forgotten
+or opposed by the theologians of the barbarous times, who wished to
+establish the system of the union of the two powers in the person of the
+sovereign pontiff.
+
+The theological censures likewise attack works on philosophy, on civil
+and natural law, and on the people. Those books which have been
+published on mathematics, astronomy, physic, and other subjects which
+depend upon these, have not been more highly favoured. The Spaniards
+have, consequently, been deprived of the advantages which other nations
+have derived from all the recent discoveries.
+
+Since the establishment of the holy office, there has scarcely been any
+man celebrated for his learning, who has not been prosecuted as a
+heretic. In the list which follows, I shall not (unless particular
+circumstances render it necessary) include any learned man who has been
+prosecuted for having embraced Judaism, Mahometanism, or any sect
+equally prohibited by the Catholic religion. Those only will be
+mentioned who suffered in their liberty, honour and fortunes, from not
+having adopted erroneous scholastic opinions.
+
+The names are disposed in an alphabetical order, that the reader may be
+enabled to find the article he wishes to consult more quickly.
+
+_Abady-la-Sierra_ (D. Augustin), bishop of Barbastro. See Chapter 29.
+
+_Abady-la-Sierra_ (D. Manuel), archbishop of Selimbria, _ibid._
+
+_Almodobar_ (Duke of). See following Chapter.
+
+_Aranda_ (Count d'). _Ibid._
+
+_Arellano_ (D. Joseph Xavier Rodriguez d'), archbishop of Burgos. See
+Chapter 29.
+
+_Avila_ (the venerable Juan d'), secular priest, born at Almodovar del
+Campo, surnamed the Apostle of Andalusia. See Chapters 13 and 14.
+
+_Azara_ (Doctor Nicholas d'). See the following Chapter.
+
+_Balvoa_ (Doctor Juan de), doctoral canon of the cathedral of Salamanca,
+and law professor in the university of that city. He was one of the most
+distinguished literati of his age. Nicolas Antonio only mentions one of
+his works, entitled _Salmantine Lessons_. He composed several others,
+one of which would have caused him to be arrested by the Inquisition, if
+he had not been protected by the inquisitor-general, Cardinal Don
+Antonio Zapata, and by some of the councillors of the tribunal. It was a
+memoir which he had drawn up and presented in 1627, to Philip IV., in
+the name of the universities of Salamanca, Valladolid and Alcala. The
+object of this memoir was to induce the king to refuse the permission
+which the Jesuits had requested, to change the _Imperial_ College of
+Madrid into a university.
+
+The Jesuits denounced the work, and qualified some of the propositions
+as _erroneous, offensive to pious ears, scandalous and injurious to the
+government, and to the regular ecclesiastics of the Society of Jesus_.
+
+The council caused the memoir to be examined by _qualifiers_, who
+declared that it did not merit theological censure, and the council
+abandoned the affair. The Jesuits then employed the influence of the
+Count Duke d'Olivarez with the king, but the attempt was unsuccessful.
+The other work which is attributed to Balvoa, is perhaps that which was
+printed at Rome in 1636, in the printing-office of the apostolic
+chamber. It is written in Latin, in quarto, and bears the name of
+Alphonso de Vargas de Toledo, with this title: _An Exposition made by
+Alphonso de Vargas to the Christian Kings and Princes, of the Stratagems
+and political Artifices which the Members of the Society of Jesus employ
+to establish a universal Monarchy in their favour, a Work which proves
+the Deceit of the Jesuits towards the Kings and Nations who have
+received them favourably; their Perfidy and Disobedience, even to the
+Pope, and the immoderate Desire of Innovation which they have always
+shown in Matters of Religion_. It has been said that this work was
+printed at Frankfort, with the exception of the justificatory pieces.
+The author advances and proves heavy charges against the Jesuits.
+
+_Bails_ (D. Benito), professor of mathematics at Madrid, and author of a
+work on that science, used in the schools. The Inquisition instituted
+his trial towards the end of the reign of Charles III., as suspected of
+atheism and materialism. Bails was deprived of the use of his limbs, and
+incapable of attending to his affairs; yet he was arrested and taken to
+the prisons of the holy office, with one of his nieces, who obtained
+permission to share his captivity, that she might continue to render
+him the assistance which his situation rendered necessary. He prepared
+his defence in the best manner he was able; and before the publication
+of the depositions, he acknowledged enough to show that he was sincere
+in his confession and repentance. When he was examined on his internal
+belief, he declared that he had had some doubts on the existence of a
+God, and the immortality of the soul, but that he had never actually
+been an atheist, or a materialist; that during his solitude in the
+prison, he had reflected on the subject, and was ready to abjure all
+heresies, and particularly those of which he was suspected. He demanded
+reconciliation, and a penance, which he promised to accomplish as well
+as his health would allow him. His situation was considered; and instead
+of sending him to a convent, whither his niece could not have followed
+him, he was kept for some time in the secret prisons of the holy office:
+he was afterwards removed to his own house, which served for his prison,
+and he was obliged to pay for his food during his imprisonment, and
+subjected to several other penances, one of which was being obliged to
+confess to a priest, who was appointed three times in the year,--at
+Christmas, Easter, and Pentecost.
+
+_Balza_ (Francis), Franciscan, and a celebrated preacher in the reign of
+Charles III. When the Jesuits were driven from Spain, he openly preached
+against the relaxed morals of the age; he inveighed against the authors
+who had introduced and propagated them, and endeavoured to inspire
+people with a horror of reading their works. As some of these authors
+were Jesuits, he declaimed violently against those persons who blamed
+the king for the measures he had taken, to drive them out of the
+kingdom. Balza was denounced at Logroño, and the inquisitors gave him to
+understand, that he would be treated with severity if he did not change
+his tone.
+
+_Barriovero_ (Doctor Ferdinand de), theologist of the church of Toledo,
+and a professor in the university. He was tried in 1558, for approving
+the doctrine of the Catechism of Don Bartholomew Carranza. He allayed
+the storm by retracting, when he received the king's order to do so, and
+by sending his recantation to the Pope, when the Archbishops of Granada
+and Santiago, and the Bishop of Jaen adopted that measure.
+
+_Belando_ (Fray Nicolas de Jesus), Franciscan: he was prosecuted on
+account of his _Civil History of Spain_. In this work he gives an
+account of all the events from the accession of Philip IV. to 1733. The
+inquisitors prohibited this book entirely from political motives, and
+not from anything relating to doctrine; their judgment against Belando
+was given on the 6th of December, 1774. The inquisitors had no respect
+either for the license at the beginning of the book, the dedication to
+Philip V., or for the favourable opinion of an enlightened member of the
+Council of Castile, who was commissioned by his majesty to examine it,
+before he allowed it to be dedicated to him. The author appealed against
+the sentence, and demanded to be heard: he offered to reply to all the
+observations, and to make any alterations or suppressions in his work
+which the tribunal should suggest. This attempt of Belando to defend his
+book was considered as a crime, and he was confined in the dungeons of
+the holy office, where he suffered the harshest treatment. He only left
+them to be imprisoned for life in a convent, and he was prohibited from
+ever composing another work. He was stripped of the honours which
+distinguished him in his order, and more severe penances were inflicted
+on him than if he had been an heretic.
+
+_Bercial_ (Clement Sanchez del), priest, archdeacon of Valderas, and
+dignitary of the church of Leon. He was prosecuted and punished in the
+time of Charles V. for Lutheranism. He was condemned for some
+propositions in a work called _Sacramental_. In 1559, the
+inquisitor-general Valdez placed this book in the _Index_.
+
+_Berroçosa_ (Fray Manuel Santos), author of a work called _Essays on the
+Theatre of Rome_. He was imprisoned by the Inquisition of Toledo,
+because he spoke of the court of Rome, in his Essays, in a manner
+displeasing to the Jesuits and inquisitors. The proceedings in this
+trial were so arbitrary, that the work in question was not examined
+until the affair was nearly finished. The writings of this trial were
+taken from the archives of the Inquisition, for some unknown reason. In
+1768 they were laid, by the king's order, before the council
+extraordinary of bishops, who were assembled to consider the affairs of
+the Jesuits.
+
+_Blanco_ (Don Francis), archbishop of Santiago. See Chapter 29.
+
+_Brozas_ (Francis Sanchez de Las), generally called _el Brocense_; he
+was born in the village of Las Brozas, from whence he took his name. He
+was one of the greatest _humanists_ of his age, and the most
+distinguished Spaniard of that party in the time of Philip II. During
+this reign he published several works, which are mentioned by Nicolas
+Antonio in his catalogue. The severe _Justus Lipse_ calls him the
+_Mercury and Apollo of Spain_, and Gaspard Scioppius, the _divine man_.
+He was prosecuted by the Inquisition of Valladolid several times for
+some propositions contained in his works, but principally in a book in
+octavo, entitled, _Escolias à las quatro Sylvas escritas en verso
+heroico por Angelo Policiano, intituladas Nutricia, Rustico, Manto y
+Ambra_; viz. "Commentaries on the four Sylvas, written in heroic verse
+by Angelo Politiano, called _Nutricia_, _Rustico_, _Manto_, and
+_Ambra_." _El Brocense_ completely satisfied the qualifiers, and his
+work was not inscribed on the Index.
+
+_Baruaga_ (Don Thomas Saenz), archbishop of Saragossa. See Chapter 29.
+
+_Cadena_ (Louis de la), second chancellor of the university of Alcala de
+Henares, and nephew of Doctor Pedro de Lerma, who was the first who
+possessed that dignity. Cadena was one of the most learned men of his
+time; he understood Hebrew, Greek, Arabic, and other eastern languages;
+he wrote Latin with the greatest elegance, and enjoyed a high reputation
+among the literati. The learned Alvaro Gomez de Castro says, in his
+_History of Cardinal Ximenez de Cisneros_, that he had formed the design
+of destroying the bad scholastic taste which reigned in the
+universities. This enterprise cost Cadena dear: those who were attached
+to the opinions of the schools denounced him to the Inquisition of
+Toledo, as suspected of Lutheranism; the archbishops Ximenez de Cisneros
+and Fonseca, who protected the persecuted members of the university of
+Alcala, were no more; and Cadena was obliged to follow the example of
+his uncle, and fly to Paris to escape the dungeons of the holy office.
+He was received as a doctor in the Sorbonne, and died a professor in
+that celebrated house.
+
+_Campomanes._ See following Chapter.
+
+_Cano_ (Melchior), bishop of Canary. See Chapter 29.
+
+_Cañuelo_ (Don Louis), advocate of the king's council during the reign
+of Charles III. He was subjected to a penance, and abjured, _de levi_,
+for having inserted certain propositions in some numbers of a periodical
+work called _The Censor_, which appeared without the name of the author.
+Cañuelo often published declamations against superstition in the
+_Censor_, in which he proved the evil which might be produced by a blind
+and vain confidence in the indulgences and pardons obtained by those who
+wore the scapulary of our Lady of Mount Carmel, in reciting _neuvaines_,
+and in the other outward exercises of devotion, which he said were
+detrimental to the purity of religion. He also presumed to ridicule the
+pompous titles given by the monks to the saints of their orders: thus
+St. Augustine was called the _Eagle of Doctors_; St. Bernard, _Honied_;
+St. Thomas, _Angelic_; St. Buonaventure, _Seraphic_; St. John de la
+Cruix, _Mystic_; St. Francis, _Cherubim_; and St. Dominic, _Burning_. He
+one day offered a recompense to any one who would apply the name of
+_Cardinal_ to St. Jerome, and that of _Doctor_ to St. Theresa de Jesus.
+The monks whom he ridiculed could not forgive his boldness, and they
+persecuted him with virulence. The numbers of his work were prohibited,
+although they were already published; and he was forbidden to write on
+any subject which had the least relation to doctrine, morals, or the
+received opinions on piety and devotion.
+
+_Cantalapiedra_ (Martin Martinez de), professor of theology, and very
+learned in the Oriental tongues. He was prosecuted during the reign of
+Philip II. for publishing a book called _Hippotiposeon_, &c.; it was
+prohibited, and inserted in the _Index_ of Cardinal Quiroga in 1583.
+This author was suspected of Lutheranism, from having too much enforced
+the necessity of consulting the original books of the Holy Scriptures,
+in preference to the interpretations: he abjured _de levi_, submitted to
+a penance, and was forbidden to write again. This example gives us an
+idea of the judgment and discrimination of the judges and qualifiers.
+
+_Carranza_ (Don Bartholomew), archbishop of Toledo. See Chapters 32, 33,
+and 34.
+
+_Casas_ (Don Fray Bartholomew de Las), a Dominican, bishop of Chiapa and
+afterwards of Cuzco, resigned his see to live in Spain; he was the
+defender of the right and liberty of the native Indians. He wrote
+several excellent works which are mentioned by Nicholas Antonio. In one
+of these, he endeavours to prove that the kings have not the power of
+disposing of the property and liberty of their American subjects, and of
+giving them to other masters, either under a feodal tenure, or from a
+right of conquest. This work was denounced to the Inquisition as opposed
+to the declarations of St. Paul and St. Peter, concerning the submission
+of serfs and vassals to their lords. The author was much grieved when he
+heard that it was intended to prosecute him; but the council only
+required of him, in an official manner, the remittance of the work and
+the manuscript. It was afterwards printed several times in other
+countries, which is mentioned by M. Peignot in his _Dictionnaire
+Critique, et Bibliographique des Livres remarquables qui ont été brulés,
+supprimées ou censurés_. Casas died at Madrid in 1566 at the age of
+ninety-two. He had the pleasure of seeing another of his works in favour
+of the Americans approved by the censors, although it had been
+criticised by Juan Gines de Sepulveda. Charles V. ordered this writing
+to be suppressed, although it was favourable to the royal authority: he
+likewise made several ordinances in favour of the Americans, and if they
+had been executed, fewer reproaches would have been bestowed on the
+Spaniards who governed the new world.
+
+_Castillo_ (Fray Ferdinand del), a Dominican, and one of the most
+illustrious men of his order. He was implicated in the proceedings
+against the Lutherans at Valladolid in the year 1559. Fray Dominic de
+Roxas, Pedro Cazalla, and Don Carlos de Seso, wishing to prove that
+their opinions on _justification_ were orthodox, declared that they were
+the same as those of Fray Ferdinand del Castillo, who was universally
+acknowledged to be eminent for virtue and wisdom; he had been a member
+of the College of St. Gregory at Valladolid; afterwards professor of
+philosophy and theology at Grenada: he was at this time a preacher of
+great eminence at Madrid. The three witnesses ratified their
+declarations on the 3rd, 4th, and 5th of October, 1559; they were to be
+burnt on the 8th of the same month. Fortunately for Fray Ferdinand, the
+three witnesses had not positively asserted that he had maintained the
+doctrine of _justification_ in the manner that they did, or in the same
+sense, but that he had expressed himself in such a manner that it might
+be supposed. Fray Ferdinand was ordered to repair to Valladolid, where
+he was confined in the College of St. Gregory, and was summoned to
+appear before the tribunal. He cleared himself from the charges brought
+against him, and even obtained a certificate of his acquittal, that his
+honour and reputation might not be affected. He returned to Madrid,
+where he was made a prior, and was afterwards sent to Medina with the
+same dignity; lastly he was appointed preacher to Philip II. This prince
+often consulted him on difficult affairs, and appointed him to accompany
+the Duke of Ossuna in his embassy to Lisbon. Castillo was one of those
+who took the greatest part in inducing the Cardinal King, Don Henry, to
+call Philip II. to succeed him on the throne of Portugal, and he was
+subsequently made preceptor to the infant Don Ferdinand. He wrote the
+history of the order of St. Dominic, a work which is much esteemed by
+the learned of the present day. Castillo died on the 29th of March,
+1593: his life had been a model of austerity, and he fasted on bread and
+water three times a week.
+
+_Centeno_ (Fray Pedro), an Augustine monk. He was one of the most
+learned men of his order, and one of the most distinguished literati in
+Spain, during the reigns of Charles III. and Charles IV. Centeno
+incurred the hatred of all the monks, priests, and seculars, by his
+periodical work, entitled, _The Universal Apologist for all unfortunate
+Authors_. Centeno attacked the bad taste which predominated in
+literature, with the most delicate irony, so that the scholastic
+theologians, who knew nothing of good taste, dreaded to come under his
+examination. The ironical praise which he lavished on them, was more to
+be feared than his sharpest satire: his papers were universally read
+with pleasure, and his decisions generally adopted by his readers. The
+prejudices which prevailed in Spain did not fail to create him many
+enemies. He relied on the purity of his religious opinions, and the
+extent of his knowledge; but he was denounced at the holy office, and
+the denunciations were as different as the stations and characters of
+those who attacked him. He was accused of _impiety_ (a crime then
+considered in Spain as equal to _atheism_, or _materialism_), at the
+same time that others accused him of being a Lutheran and a Jansenist.
+The great reputation enjoyed by the accused, the protection which the
+Count de Florida Blanca, first secretary of state, afforded him, the
+fear that hatred, envy and resentment had induced the accusers to invent
+calumnies, and the impossibility that Centeno could be at the same time
+an atheist and a Lutheran, prevented the tribunal from sending him to
+their dungeons; they therefore confined him in the Convent of St.
+Philip, where he dwelt, commanding him to appear before the tribunal
+when summoned. His great knowledge of doctrine enabled him to defend
+himself with advantage: if his discourse had been printed, his fame must
+have much increased by it; yet he was condemned as _violently_ suspected
+of heresy, and was compelled to abjure and perform different penances.
+This treatment plunged Centeno into a profound melancholy, which
+alienated his reason; he died in this state in the convent of Arenas,
+where he was confined.
+
+The principal accusations against him were, 1st. That he had disapproved
+of the _Novenas_, the rosaries, processions, stations, and other pious
+exercises. This charge was supported by a quotation from the funeral
+oration of a nobleman, in which he had said that beneficence was the
+favourite virtue of the deceased; that it was in the constant practice
+of it that true devotion consisted, and not in the mere exterior
+exercises of religion, which required neither care nor trouble, or any
+sacrifices of money, or other things. 2d. That he denied the existence
+of _limboes_, places destined to receive the souls of those who die
+before the age of reason, without receiving baptism: the argument
+brought to support this charge was the suppression of the question and
+answer on the article _Limbo_, which he had obliged the author of the
+Catechism to make. This work had been printed for the use of the
+charity-schools at Madrid, of which he had been appointed censor; the
+accused replied to the first accusation, by giving clear and perfect
+explanations, founded on the texts of Scripture and the Holy Fathers,
+and on the principles of true devotion: he proved the perfect connection
+of his defence with the expressions he had used in the sermon, of which
+he produced the original copy, as a proof of his innocence. On the
+second charge, he said that the existence of _Limbus_ was not defined as
+an article of faith; that it ought not to be mentioned in a catechism,
+where, according to his opinion, nothing ought to be considered but
+_doctrine_; and that he had suppressed the question, that the Christians
+might not confound this subject which was still an object of discussion
+among the Catholics, with those already decided by the Church. He was
+formally summoned to declare whether he believed in the existence of
+_Limbus_; he replied that he was not obliged to answer, because it did
+not relate to an article of faith; but that as he had no motives to
+conceal his opinions, he would confess that he did not believe in the
+existence. He demanded permission to compose a theological treatise, in
+which he offered to demonstrate the truth of what he advanced, humbly
+submitting to the decisions of the Church: this permission being
+granted, he wrote an hundred and twenty pages in folio, in close lines,
+so that it would form an octavo volume. I had the curiosity to read it,
+and was astonished at his immense and profound erudition: this writing
+contains all that the Fathers and the great theologians have said since
+the time of Jesus Christ, particularly since St. Augustine, on the
+future lot of those who die without receiving baptism, and before they
+have committed any mortal sin. His defence could not save him. A
+barefooted Carmelite and a Minime were the principal qualifiers, who
+censured Centeno as _violently suspected of heresy_.
+
+_Cespedes_ (Doctor Paul de), born at Cordova, prebendary of the
+Cathedral of that city, and residing at Rome. The Inquisition of
+Valladolid tried him in 1560, for some letters which he had written to
+Don Bartholomew Carranza, archbishop of Toledo, and which were found
+among the papers of that prelate, with the copies of his replies. In one
+of these letters dated from Rome, on the 17th of February, 1559, he
+gives him an account of his proceedings in his favour, and allowed
+himself to speak ill of the inquisitor-general and the Inquisition of
+Spain. Cespedes was a great literati, a great painter, and poet, and a
+very clever modeller in wax: he composed a poem, in stanzas of eight
+verses, on _Repentance_. Juan de Verzosa and Francis Pacheco (both
+mentioned with approbation by Nicholas Antonio) have highly praised this
+poem. Cespedes continued to reside at Rome, and thus the inquisitors of
+Valladolid could not execute their projects of vengeance.
+
+_Chumacero_ (Don Juan de). See the following Chapter.
+
+_Clavijo y Faxardo_ (Don Joseph de), principal director of the museum of
+natural history at Madrid, and a learned man, who had a great taste for
+science. The Inquisition of the _Court_ tried him on the suspicion that
+he had adopted the antichristian principles of modern philosophy. He was
+confined to the city of Madrid, which was fortunate for him, as he thus
+preserved his honour and his office; he appeared privately before the
+tribunal, and was only condemned to private penances; he also made his
+abjuration, _de levi_, with closed doors, in the hall of the tribunal.
+It is true that the proofs against him were weak, and he gave to his
+propositions an air of Catholicism. He had lived for some time in Paris,
+where he had been intimate with Buffon and Voltaire. He edited a
+journal, called _The Thinker_. M. Langle, in his _Travels in Spain_,
+says, that this work is without merit; if this author judged truly, it
+would, perhaps, be the only truth in his book. Clavijo was appointed
+editor of the _Mercury_, by the government, he also published a
+translation of "Buffon's Natural History," with notes. As this book is
+written with great purity of style, and without gallicisms, it is an
+important acquisition to those who seek a work rich in the beauties of
+the Spanish language. The Count d'Aranda also gave him the direction of
+a company of tragic actors: Clavijo endeavoured to fulfil the intention
+of the minister, but religious fanaticism arrested the progress of the
+design.
+
+_Clement_ (Don Joseph), bishop of Barcelona. See the following Chapter.
+
+_Corpus Christi_ (Fray Mancio de), Dominican, doctor and professor of
+theology, in the university of Alcala de Henares. He was tried by the
+Inquisition of Valladolid for having given a favourable opinion of the
+Catechism of Carranza. On the 21st of February, 1559, he remitted those
+of the doctors of his university, who had carefully examined some
+propositions of a doubtful nature, and of which they acknowledged the
+orthodoxy. He escaped the dungeons, by retracting, at the request of
+Philip II. A brief of Gregory XIII. obliged him to restore the
+definitive sentence which he had passed on the Catechism and other works
+of Carranza, and in which he had condemned an hundred and thirty-one
+propositions of that prelate. On the 17th of October, 1559, he addressed
+a letter to the inquisitor-general, in which he asked pardon, and
+submitted to any penances which might be imposed on him.
+
+_Cruz_ (Father Louis de la), Dominican, disciple of Don Bartholomew
+Carranza de Miranda, a member of the college of St. Gregory, at
+Valladolid, and extremely well versed in doctrine and theology. He was
+imprisoned in the dungeons of the Inquisition at Valladolid, for being
+implicated in the affair of Cazalla and his companions. The quotations
+made by the friends of Cazalla from his works, created a suspicion that
+he was a Lutheran: it is true that he had held a regular correspondence
+with Carranza, and had given him his opinion of his Catechism. He was
+accused of having bribed the minister of the holy office to obtain
+information of his old master; but he vindicated himself by proving that
+he had acquired some knowledge of the affair, in his conversations with
+Melchior Cano, and with one of the condemned Lutherans whom he had
+exhorted. Fray Louis was arrested in the month of June, 1559, and on the
+7th of August he drew up a writing of six pages, in which he made many
+confessions. He soon became subject to fits of insanity, owing to his
+anxious thoughts during his trial. In June, 1560, he was removed to the
+ecclesiastical prison of the bishop, that he might be taken care of. It
+was impossible to prove any of the charges against him, yet the
+Inquisition kept him in prison until Carranza was released. At last,
+after five years of captivity, he abjured, _de levi_, and was sentenced
+to a seclusion of a few years as a penance.
+
+_Cuesta_ (Don Andres de la). See Chapter 29.
+
+_Cuesta_ (Don Antonio de la), archdeacon of the cathedral of Avila. The
+Inquisition of Valladolid ordered him to be arrested in 1801, as
+suspected of Jansenism and heresy; but he fled to Paris, where he lived
+during the five years of his trial: it would have been much longer if
+government had not interposed, as will be seen in the following article.
+
+_Cuesta_ (Don Jerome de la), penitentiary canon of the cathedral of
+Avila. He was arrested for Jansenism, and heresy, while his brother
+Antonio was pursued, to whom he furnished the means of flight, at the
+expense of his own safety. He passed five years in the prisons of the
+Inquisition, and he would have been detained for a much longer time, but
+for the solicitations addressed to Charles IV., by persons of the
+highest rank, who obtained permission to cause the original writings of
+the trial to be laid before his majesty. Don Jerome proved that the
+prosecution of himself and his brother originated in the intrigues of
+Don Raphael de Muzquiz, bishop of Avila, and formerly confessor to the
+queen, and archbishop of Santiago, and of Don Vincent Soto de Valcarce,
+bishop of Valladolid. When the depositions of the witnesses were read to
+Don Jerome, his great penetration enabled him to recognise them, and he
+clearly proved their injustice. The archbishop of Santiago made many
+representations to the king against the two brothers, the Inquisitors of
+Valladolid, and some members of the Supreme Council; he did not even
+spare Don Ramon Joseph de Arce, archbishop of Saragossa, patriarch of
+the Indies, and inquisitor-general: he accused them all of partiality in
+favour of the two brothers, who were, besides, countrymen of the chief
+of the holy office. The tribunal of Valladolid pronounced Don Jerome
+innocent; the votes were divided in the council: the king then examined
+the writings, and declared, that, from the reports he had received, the
+two brothers were innocent of the crimes of which they were accused. He
+authorized Don Antonio to return to Spain, created him and his brother
+knights of the order of Charles III., and commanded the
+inquisitor-general to appoint them honorary inquisitors. Don Francisco
+de Salazar, bishop of Avila, (who in quality of Inquisitor of
+Valladolid, and member of the council, had taken a great part in this
+intrigue,) received an order from his majesty to reinstate the brothers
+in their stalls. This is one of the very rare instances, where the King
+of Spain took an active part in the affairs of the Inquisition, and one
+of the still more rare occurrences where innocence has triumphed.
+
+_Delgado_ (Don Francis), archbishop of Santiago. See Chapter 29.
+
+_Feyjoo_ (Benedict), Benedictine, born in the Asturias, and a
+distinguished literati. He was one of the first who restored good taste
+in Spain: the works which he has composed, have been enumerated by Don
+Juan Sempere y Guarinos in the _Catalogue of the Authors who flourished
+during the Reign of Charles III._ This learned man was denounced at the
+different tribunals of the Inquisition, as being suspected of the
+different heresies of the fifteenth century, and of that of the ancient
+Iconoclasts; most of his accusers were ignorant and prejudicial monks,
+of whom he had made enemies by the arguments in his _Critical Theatre_
+against false devotion, false miracles, and some superstitious customs.
+It was fortunate for the author that the council of the Inquisition was
+well acquainted with the purity of his principles and Catholicism.
+Although the progress of knowledge has been extremely slow in Spain, it
+must be confessed that it has even penetrated into the interior of the
+_Holy House_ during the last part of the eighteenth century.
+
+_Fernandes_ (Juan), doctor of theology, prior of the cathedral of
+Palencia. He was prosecuted from the declarations of some Lutherans who
+were executed in 1559, particularly that of Fray Dominic de Roxas, who
+quoted several propositions of Fernandez, in which he pretended to find,
+especially on the subject of justification, the same opinions as his
+own. The fiscal presented Fray Dominic as a witness in the trial of
+Fernandez: he persisted in his declaration (he was already condemned to
+_relaxation_, but did not know it), and expected to be reconciled as a
+penitent. Fernandez, however, only received a reprimand for not having
+observed, in his discourse, the prudence which became a doctor of
+theology, at a period when heresy was so common in the kingdom.
+
+_Frago_ (Don Pedro), bishop of Jaca. See Chapter 29.
+
+_Gonzalo_ (Don Vitorian Lopez), bishop of Murcia. _Ibid._
+
+_Gorrionereo_ (Don Antonio), bishop of Almeria. _Ibid._
+
+_Guerrero_ (Don Pedro), archbishop of Grenada. _Ibid._
+
+_Grenada_ (Fray Louis de). _Ibid._
+
+_Gracian_ (Fray Jerome), Carmelite, born at Valladolid, and the son of
+Diego Gracian, secretary to Charles V., and Jane Dantisqui, daughter of
+the ambassador of Poland, at the court of the emperor. He was a doctor
+of theology, and professor of philosophy at the university of Alcala. He
+wrote several works of a mystical nature, and some others on literary
+subjects, which are mentioned by Nicolas Antonio. He was prior of a
+convent of barefooted Carmelites at Seville, which he founded when St.
+Theresa and her community, of whom he was the director, were attacked by
+the Inquisition. The tribunal of Seville prosecuted him as a heretic, of
+the sect of the _Illuminati_; but his trial failed for want of proof.
+Father Jerome experienced many vicissitudes; but as they have been
+related by historians it is unnecessary to mention them here.
+
+_Gudiel de Peralta_. See the following Chapter.
+
+_Gonzalez_ (Gil), Jesuit, born at Toledo in 1532. He was prosecuted by
+the Inquisition of Valladolid, in 1559, for having begun a Latin
+translation of the Catechism of Carranza. When this prelate was informed
+that his work was to be translated into the language of theologians, he
+made some corrections in it, thinking it not sufficiently clear, and in
+July requested Gil Gonzalez to undertake the task. St. Francis de
+Borgia, having heard of the trial of the archbishop, commanded Gonzalez
+to communicate to the Inquisition all that he had been requested to do.
+He obeyed; and in August informed the inquisitor-general of the order he
+had received, and his promptitude in submitting to it. In September he
+renewed his declarations, gave up the Castilian copy of the Catechism,
+with the corrections of Carranza, and all that he had written of the
+translation. He thus escaped persecution, and died in peace at Madrid in
+1596.
+
+_Illescas_ (Gonsalvo de). See Chapter 13.
+
+_Iriarte_ (Don Thomas), born in the island of Canary, master of the
+archives of the minister for foreign affairs, and of the first secretary
+of state, author of a poem on _Music_, a volume of _Fables_, and other
+poetical works. He was prosecuted by the Inquisition of Madrid, during
+the last years of the reign of Charles III., as suspected of professing
+the antichristian philosophy. He was confined to the city, and received
+an order to appear when he was summoned: the proceedings were private,
+and he replied in a satisfactory manner to the accusations, but the
+inquisitors did not think fit to acquit him; they declared him to be
+_slightly suspected_: he abjured and obtained absolution in private, the
+penance imposed was likewise private, and few persons knew that he had
+been tried. Don Thomas Iriarte had two brothers, one called Don Dominic,
+who concluded a treaty of peace with the French Republic at Basle; and
+the other, Don Bernard, counsellor of the Indies, and knight of the
+order of Charles III.
+
+_Isla_ (Francis de), Jesuit. He was the author of several works, during
+the reign of Charles III.; and also published, under a feigned name, the
+_History of the famous Preacher Fray Gerund de Campazas otherwise called
+Zotes, written at Madrid in 1750 and 1770, by the Licentiate Don Francis
+Lobon de Salazar_. This work is a fine satire, in two volumes, against
+the preachers who make a bad use of texts by quoting them in the wrong
+place, and distorting their meaning to support an extravagant
+proposition. This work produced very beneficial effects in Spain; all
+the preachers dreaded the epithet of _Fray Gerund_. This fictitious hero
+might be called the Don Quixote of the pulpit, since the effects of this
+romance were the same as those of Don Quixote de la Mancha, which was
+intended to cure the Spaniards of their ridiculous mania for books of
+chivalry. The monks united against this work; they declared it to be
+impious, injurious to the ecclesiastical state, and the author suspected
+of all the heresies of those who speak with contempt of mendicant
+friars. The holy office received an infinite number of denunciations
+against this work. The qualifiers were of opinion that it ought to be
+prohibited, because the author, in ridiculing those who made a bad use
+of the sacred text, had fallen into the same error in composing the
+sermons preached by his hero. These volumes were consequently forbidden,
+but a publisher at Bayonne reprinted them with a third volume composed
+of the different essays which had appeared in Spain, either for or
+against the history of Fray Gerund. The true author did not put his
+name to the work, but he was known, and the Inquisition having arrested
+him, reproached him for what he had done. Isla alleged his laudable
+intention of correcting the defects which had been introduced into the
+pulpit by bad preachers, and the affair finished there. The Jesuits at
+that time had still some power at Madrid, and many of their society were
+judges of the holy office.
+
+_Jesus_ (St. Theresa de). See Chapter 27.
+
+_Jovellanos._ See Chapter 43.
+
+_Joven de Salas_ (Don Joseph Ignacio), born in one of the towns of the
+Pyrenees, advocate to the king's councils, and a very learned man. He
+was chosen by several grandees of Spain to defend the right of their
+families to the succession of the elder branches, and for other
+interesting trials. He was denounced to the Inquisition for having read
+prohibited books: the inquest did not furnish sufficient proof to
+authorize imprisonment. His aversion for popular commotions, his love
+for social order, the absence of all the royal family, and the
+impossibility of resisting the invasion, induced him in 1808 to submit
+to the conqueror. The great merit of Joven obtained him the office of a
+counsellor of state under King Joseph: for this reason the political
+inquisitors who surround the throne of Ferdinand VII. induced him to
+banish this respectable old man, who lives at Bordeaux full of years and
+virtues.
+
+_Lainez_ (Diego). See Chapter 29.
+
+_Laplana_ (Don Joseph), bishop of Tarrazona. _Ibid._
+
+_Lara_ (Don Juan Perez de). See the following Chapter.
+
+_Lebrija_ (Antonio de). See Chapter 10.
+
+_Ledesma_ (Fray Juan de), Dominican, professor of theology in the
+college of St. Peter Martyr, at Toledo. He was tried by the Inquisition
+of Valladolid in 1559, for having expressed a favourable opinion of the
+Catechism of Carranza; the proceedings were transferred to the tribunal
+of Toledo, which continued the trial without imprisoning Fray Juan, who
+was only confined to his college. Fray Juan declared that he had not
+perceived the heresies in Carranza's work, for that relying on the
+learning, virtue, and zeal of the author, he had read it without
+examining it particularly; he added, that as he had not fallen into any
+error knowingly, which he acknowledged as such, he abided by the
+censures of the qualifiers. He abjured _de levi_; a small private
+canonical penance was imposed on him to be performed in secret, and he
+received the absolution _ad cautelam_.
+
+_Leon_ (Fray Louis de), an Augustine. He was born in 1527, of Lope de
+Belmonte, a judge and member of the chancery of Grenada, and of Donna
+Inez de Valera, his wife. He distinguished himself by the purity of his
+language and the beauty of his verses, which are looked upon as models
+of elegance. He took the monastic habit at Salamanca in 1544. His
+discernment was very great, and his knowledge of theology was so
+profound, that he was not surpassed by any of his contemporaries, and
+had very few rivals. He understood the Greek and Hebrew languages
+sufficiently to read them, and wrote Latin with peculiar elegance. He
+composed several works in verse and prose, which are mentioned by
+Nicolas Antonio. Experience has shown that it is impossible to possess
+superior talents without exciting envy; it is not therefore surprising
+that he was denounced to the holy office of Valladolid as being
+suspected of Lutheranism, at the time that he was professor of theology
+at Salamanca. Although he was innocent, he was kept in prison for five
+years. The solitude in which he lived during this period was so painful
+to him, that he could not help commemorating it in one of his works,
+taking for his text the 26th Psalm. Having been acquitted, he resumed
+his professorship; but his long captivity, the inaction in which he had
+lived, and his grief at being dishonoured, had considerably injured his
+health. He however had still sufficient strength to compose, in 1558,
+rules for the use of his order. He died at Madrid on the 23rd of August,
+1591, during the chapter of which he was named vicar-general.
+
+_Lerma_ (Pedro de), doctor, professor of theology and first chancellor
+of the university of Alcala. He was very learned in the oriental
+languages, which he had studied at Paris, where he had obtained the
+degree of Doctor in Theology: he was also one of the Junta convoked at
+Valladolid in 1527, by the inquisitor-general Manrique, to examine the
+works of Erasmus. He endeavoured to revive good taste in ecclesiastical
+literature in the university of Alcala, exhorting every one to take
+their opinions from the ancient sources. The scholastic theologians who
+did not understand the oriental languages, and who were accustomed to
+read the councils and the Holy Fathers only in the quotations of other
+authors, adopted the usual resource of the envious; they denounced him
+to the Inquisition of Toledo as suspected of Lutheranism. Pedro, being
+informed that he would be arrested, fled to Paris, where he died dean of
+the doctors of the Sorbonne, and professor of theology in that school.
+
+_Ludeña_ (Fray Juan). See Chapter 29.
+
+_Linacero_ (Don Michael Raymond), canon of Toledo, preceptor of the
+archbishop of that city, the Cardinal de Bourbon. In 1768 he received an
+admonition from the holy office, while he was only curé of Ugena,
+because he had in his possession the _Ecclesiastical History_ written by
+Racine. This work had not yet been prohibited; but an order of the king
+forbade any person to read it, and the inquisitors compelled Linacero to
+give it up. After the king's death the tribunal prohibited this work as
+infected with Jansenism.
+
+_Melendez Valdéz_ (Don Juan), a native of Estremadura; after having been
+a professor at Salamanca, he was appointed judge of the royal court of
+appeal at Valladolid, by Charles III. Charles IV. promoted him to the
+office of the king's attorney in the royal Council of Castile, the
+chamber of the alcades of the royal house and of the Court of Madrid. He
+was the Spanish Anacreon of the nineteenth century, and the fame of his
+odes will last while good poetry is made. One of these gave rise to
+several denunciations in 1796, and Melendez was accused of conversing
+like a man who had read prohibited books, such as Filangieri,
+Puffendorf, Grotius, Rousseau, Montesquieu, and others. This attack
+failed from want of proof. In 1808 Melendez was barbarously treated by
+assassins of the same description as those who massacred the Marquis de
+Perales and the intendant Truxillo, at Madrid; the Marquis del Socorro,
+at Cadiz; the Count del Aguila, at Seville; the Count de Torre del
+Fresno, at Badajoz, and many distinguished Spaniards in other places.
+Melendez survived almost by a miracle, and sought safety in the French
+army. King Joseph appointed him a counsellor of state. Melendez accepted
+the place for the same reasons as _Joven de Salas_; he afterwards
+incurred the same fate, and died at Montpelier in 1817. The _Mercury_ of
+France and the other Parisian journals have published his panegyric. I
+shall therefore only add that at Valladolid in 1788 he gave me a small
+poem of his own composition to read; it was called _The Magistrate_.
+When the second edition of his poems appeared, this poem was inserted,
+and on my inquiring the reason, he gave me the following account of it.
+"As I was always much occupied in composing poetry, even after I was
+appointed judge of the royal court of appeal, some of my colleagues
+harshly censured my conduct, saying that the composition of lyric and
+amatory verses was very unbecoming the dignity of the magistracy: one of
+them said maliciously, that I might perhaps know what a troubadour was,
+but not what a magistrate should be. I then composed this poem, and
+intended to publish it, but afterwards changed my mind, that it might
+not occasion a suspicion that I wished to revenge myself." This poem, in
+my opinion, has much merit, and I hope it will be included in the first
+edition of the poems of Melendez.
+
+_Macanaz_, (Don Melchior de). See the following Chapter.
+
+_Mariana_ (Juan de), Jesuit. He was a natural son of Juan Martinez de
+Mariana, afterwards canon and dean of the college of Talavera de la
+Reyna, where Mariana was born in 1536. When he had finished his studies
+at Alcala, and had become well skilled in the oriental tongues and in
+theology, he quitted Spain to travel in foreign countries: he professed
+theology in Rome, Sicily, and at Paris. When he returned he wrote his
+history of Spain, and was often consulted by the government in affairs
+of a difficult and delicate nature. He was chosen as an arbitrator in
+the great question concerning the royal Polyglott Bible of Antwerp, and,
+contrary to the wishes and intrigues of his brethren, he decided in
+favour of Benedict Arias Montanus. In 1583 he was commissioned to form
+an Index, in which he left out the work of St. Francis Borgia. The
+Jesuits, who are not accustomed to forgive such conduct, did not
+afterwards treat him with the consideration to which he was entitled. He
+proved the vices of the government of their society in a work called,
+_Of the Maladies of the Society of Jesus_. This work was not published
+till after the death of the author; but his brethren were acquainted
+with some parts of it, which increased their hatred towards him. In 1599
+he published and dedicated to Philip III. his treatise _de Rege et Regis
+institutione_, which was burnt at Paris by the common executioner. He
+also published in 1609, seven treatises in one folio volume, one of them
+is on the _Exchange of Money_, and another on _Death and Immortality_.
+These works exposed him to prosecutions from the government and the holy
+office. I have read his defence, and the doctrine he professed is so
+pure and solid, that I am persuaded it would be favourably received if
+it was printed. The sentence of the king was more lenient than he could
+have expected, after having, in his dedication to that monarch, shown
+himself the advocate of the _regicide_, disguised under the name of the
+_tyrannicide_. He did not escape so well from the inquisitors: they made
+some retrenchments in his work on the _Exchange of Money_, and it was
+prohibited until he had been punished. A penance was imposed on the
+author, and he was confined a long time in his college. He died at
+Toledo in 1623, at the age of eighty-seven. Nicholas Antonio mentions
+other works by the same author. In the _Dictionnaire_ of Peignot there
+are some details which might be interesting to a literary person.
+
+_Medina_ (Fray Michel de). See Chapter 29.
+
+_Meneses_ (Fray Philip de), Dominican, and professor of theology at
+Alcala de Henares; he gave a favourable opinion of the Catechism of
+Carranza. The Inquisition of Toledo received from that of Valladolid the
+writings of his trial, summoned Fray Philip, and condemned him to the
+same punishment as Fray Juan de Ludeña.
+
+_Merida_ (Pedro de), canon of Palencia: he was commissioned by Carranza
+to take possession of the see of Toledo in his name, and administer to
+the archbishopric. He was mentioned by Pedro Cazalla and others, as
+partaking their sentiments on the subject of _justification_. He
+corresponded with Carranza, and in his trial the Inquisition took
+advantage of several letters in which he spoke ill of the holy office.
+He was arrested at Valladolid, abjured _de levi_, was subjected to a
+penance and a pecuniary penalty.
+
+_Moñino_ (Don Joseph). See the following Chapter.
+
+_Molina_ (Don Michel de), bishop of Albaracin. See Chapter 29.
+
+_Montanus_ (Benedict Arias). _Ibid._
+
+_Montemayor_ (Prudencio de), Jesuit, born at Ceniecros, in Rioja, and
+professor of theology at Salamanca. He composed several works, which
+are mentioned by Nicholas Antonio. The Inquisition of Valladolid tried
+him on suspicion of Pelagianism, arising from some theological
+conclusions which he maintained and printed in 1600. He defended
+himself, and explained what he had advanced like a true Catholic. The
+inquisitors ceased to prosecute him personally, but they prohibited his
+conclusions. The Jesuits have always been reproached with their
+adherence to the system of the heresiarch Pelagius, on the subject of
+grace and free-will. Montemayor afterwards endeavoured to vindicate his
+honour and that of his order, in a discourse, entitled _A Reply to the
+Five Calumnies invented against the Society of Jesus, and promulgated in
+the City of Salamanca_. He died in that city in 1641, at a very advanced
+age.
+
+_Montijo_ (Donna Maria-Frances Portocarrero, Countess of), a grandee of
+Spain: she deserves a distinguished rank among the literati of Spain.
+Her claims to celebrity are not only supported by her translation of the
+_Christian Instructions on the Sacrament of Marriage_, by M. Le
+Tourneux, but by her great love for good literature, and by her efforts
+to render the taste for it more common. Her amiable and benevolent
+character made her house a favourite resort for many virtuous and
+enlightened ecclesiastics: among these may be distinguished Don Antonio
+de Palafox, bishop of Cuença, and brother-in-law to the Countess; Don
+Antonio de Tabira, bishop of Salamanca; Don Joseph de Jeregui, preceptor
+to the Infants of Spain; Don Juan Antonio Rodrigalvarez, archdeacon of
+Cuença; Don Juaquin Ivarra, and Don Antonio de Posada, canon of St.
+Isidore at Madrid. All these ecclesiastics, and the Countess herself,
+were the victims of the calumnies of fanatical priests and monks, who
+were the partisans of the Jesuits and of their maxims on discipline and
+morals; they were accused of Jansenism. The hatred of their enemies was
+so great, that Don Balthazar Calvo, Canon of St. Isidore, and Fray
+Antonio de Guerrero, a Dominican, declared in the pulpit, that there
+existed in one of the first houses in the capital a conventicle of
+Jansenists, protected by a lady of distinction: they took care to speak
+of her in such a manner that the person could not be mistaken. The
+nuncio of the Court of Rome informed the Pope of all these
+circumstances, and his Holiness immediately addressed letters of thanks
+to these two preachers and some other individuals, for the zeal they had
+shown in defending the faith. These letters were, in a manner, the
+signal for a denunciation against all persons suspected of Jansenism,
+and did not fail to produce that effect. Besides the suspicion of
+Jansenism, the Countess of Montijo was accused of holding a religious
+and literary correspondence with Monsignor Henri Gregoire, then bishop
+of Blois, and one of the most Catholic and learned men in France, a
+Member of the Institute, and author of several works, one of which was a
+_Letter to the Inquisitor-general of Spain_, in which he invites him to
+propose the suppression of the Inquisition of which he is the head. The
+accusers supposed Monsignor Gregoire to be the head of the Jansenists in
+France; but they concealed the fact that this bishop had several times
+exposed himself to death to give the victims of the revolution the last
+spiritual aid, and to maintain the Catholic religion when Robespierre
+endeavoured to destroy it. The accusers, who dwelt upon the mention
+which had been made of the Countess in the national council of France,
+held by the bishops who had taken the oaths, and of which Monsignor
+Gregoire was a member. The inquisitors received secret informations of
+this affair; but no facts or heretical propositions were proved, and
+they had not courage to issue the orders for an arrest. The rank and
+birth of the accused gave them the means of putting an end to the
+persecution: a sort of court intrigue, however, caused the Countess to
+be sent from Madrid. She retired to Logroño, where she died in 1808,
+with the reputation of being virtuous, and charitable to the poor.
+
+_Mur_ (Don Joseph de). See following Chapter.
+
+_Olavide_ (Don Paul). _Ibid._
+
+_Palafox y Mendoza_ (Don Juan de). See Chapter 30.
+
+_Palafox_ (Don Antonio de), bishop of Cuença. He was prosecuted by the
+Inquisition of Madrid on suspicion of Jansenism, but his trial did not
+proceed further than the _preparatory instruction_, as nothing but
+conjectures could be brought against him. He was tried at the same time
+with his sister-in-law, the Countess de Montijo. This prelate made a
+learned and energetic representation to the king, in which he proved
+that the ex-jesuits who had returned to Spain were the authors of the
+prosecutions against himself and his friends; and they left nothing
+undone to ruin those who were not of their party.
+
+_Pedroche_ (Fray Thomas de), Dominican, and a professor at Toledo; he
+gave a favourable opinion of the Catechism of Carranza, and received the
+same treatment as Fray Juan de Ledesma.
+
+_Peña_ (Fray Juan de la), Dominican, director of the studies of the
+college of St. Gregory at Valladolid, and a professor of Salamanca. In
+1558 he gave a favourable opinion of the Catechism of Carranza. He was
+summoned by the inquisitors on the 15th of March, 1559, to qualify
+twenty propositions of an author whose name they concealed from him; on
+the 5th of April following, he gave his reply, containing nineteen pages
+of writing. He declared that the propositions were Catholic; that some
+of them were ambiguous, which might cause them to be considered as
+tending to Lutheranism, but that it did not appear that the author had
+advanced them with any bad intention. The Archbishop Carranza, being
+thrown into prison on the 22nd of August in the same year, De la Peña
+became alarmed, and wrote to the Inquisition, saying, that he had been
+intimate with that prelate, because he believed him to be a good
+Catholic; that this reason had also prevented him from denouncing a
+favourable opinion which he had expressed of one Don Carlos de Seso,
+one of the Lutherans who were tried in this year; that Carranza had not
+condemned him, because he did not think him an heretic, although he had
+advanced propositions which were tinctured with Lutheranism. De la Peña
+added, that, seeing the archbishop arrested, he had confessed this, lest
+his silence might be construed into a crime. His precaution was
+unavailing. De la Peña appeared guilty, from the opinion he had given of
+the Catechism, and two other accusations were brought against him: the
+first was, that he had said that there was no foundation for denouncing
+the proposition of Carranza, which states, _that it is not yet decided
+if faith was lost in committing a mortal sin_; the second, that he had
+asserted when the archbishop was arrested, _that even if he was an
+heretic, the holy office ought to overlook it, lest the Lutherans in
+Holland should acknowledge him as a martyr, which they had already done
+to several individuals who had been punished_. De la Peña's reply
+displeased the inquisitors; they sharply reproved him, condemned him to
+several penances, and commanded him to be more cautious for the future.
+
+_Perez_ (Antonio), secretary of state. See Chapter 35.
+
+_Quiros_ (Don Joseph), priest, advocate to the king's council at Madrid.
+Being informed of the persecution of Belando by the Inquisition, on
+account of his _Civil History of Spain_, he drew up a writing, in which
+he endeavoured to prove that the inquisitors ought to have examined the
+author before they condemned his work. This liberty cost him dear;
+although he was seventy years old, and his legs swelled continually, he
+was sent to the secret prisons, and as if this was not sufficient, he
+was kept during the months of February and March in a cold, damp
+chamber, where he was obliged to endure all the rigour of the season,
+and nearly sunk under it. Philip V. was at last informed of the state to
+which Quiros was reduced, and he obtained his liberty after forty-four
+days of suffering, on the condition of never again writing on the
+affairs of the Inquisition, unless he wished to experience greater
+severity.
+
+_Ramos del Manzano_ (Don Francis). See following Chapter.
+
+_Regla_ (Fray Juan de). See Chapter 29.
+
+_Ricardos_ (Don Antonio), Count de Trullas in his own right, and of
+Torrepalma in that of his wife and cousin; captain-general of the royal
+armies, and commander-in-chief of that of Roussillon against the French
+republic in the years 1793 and 1794. He was suspected of being an
+_esprit fort_, or an incredulous philosopher, and the dean of the
+inquisitors invited him to attend the _auto-da-fé_ of Don Paul de
+Olavide; they thought that he might consider some of the declarations as
+relating to himself, though his name was not mentioned, particularly as
+he had been very intimate with Olavide, and their religious sentiments
+were very similar on some points. This was the only mortification which
+the Inquisition could inflict upon Ricardos, as they had not sufficient
+proof to authorize a prosecution.
+
+_Ripalda_ (Jerome de), Jesuit, born at Teruel in Aragon towards the end
+of the sixteenth century and the beginning of the seventeenth. He was
+one of the most learned theologians of his order; he professed theology,
+and wrote two Treatises, one mystic and the other on _Christian
+Doctrine_, which has been used by the schools for near a century, with
+the exception of some alterations which have been made in the new
+editions of his Catechism. Nicholas Antonio says that he died, with the
+reputation of being a saint, in 1618, aged eighty-four. He had been for
+some time director to St. Theresa de Jesus. It is possible that the
+forty-four last years of Ripalda's life may have been exemplary, but the
+impartiality of an historian compels me to say, that Jerome Ripalda was
+tried by the Inquisition of Valladolid as an _illuminati_, or
+_quietist_, and tinctured with the heresy of _Molinos_; that he
+confessed some of the charges, asked pardon, and implored his judges to
+be merciful; and that a penance was imposed on him in 1574, as being
+_suspected de vehementi_. The sincere repentance which he showed induced
+the inquisitor-general, Quiroga, to shorten the duration of his penance;
+I must add that the purity of Ripalda's faith and morals after this
+event were such as to render him worthy of the esteem and respect of
+mankind.
+
+_Ribera_ (Don Juan de). See Chapter 30.
+
+_Roda_ (Don Manuel de). See following Chapter.
+
+_Rodrigalvarez_ (Don Juan Antonio), priest, canon of St. Isidore at
+Madrid, afterwards archdeacon of Cuença, and provisor and vicar-general
+of that diocese; he wrote several historical works. Rodrigalvarez was
+implicated in the denunciation of Don Balthazar Calvo, his colleague,
+who, giving way to personal considerations, and instigated by the
+ex-jesuits lately arrived from Italy, inflicted such cruel
+mortifications on Rodrigalvarez and Posada his colleague, that they were
+obliged to complain to the Prince of Peace, and to implore his
+assistance. The trial begun by the Inquisition did not furnish
+sufficient proof of their guilt, and it was not continued. The trials of
+Don Antonio Posada, and Don Juaquin Ibarra, mentioned in the article
+_Montijo_, finished in the same manner.
+
+_Roman_ (Fray Jerome), an Augustine, born at Logroño. He was very
+learned in the oriental languages, and directed his attention towards
+the study of sacred and profane history. In prosecuting this design, he
+travelled over a great part of Europe, examining the different archives,
+and making extracts of all that appeared likely to increase the success
+of the great works which he had projected. Being appointed historian to
+his order, he published the history of it from the year 1569; in it he
+gives an account of the lives of the saints and illustrious men who had
+belonged to it, with many interesting details. His wish to publish the
+historical facts which he had collected during his travels, induced him
+to write a book called the _Republics of the World_; in this work he
+treats very learnedly of the ancient and modern republics: it was
+printed at Medina del Campo, in 1575, and again in 1595 at Salamanca.
+Unfortunately for the author, it contained several truths which
+displeased some persons powerful enough to injure him; he experienced
+some persecution, and the Inquisition of Valladolid reprimanded him, and
+ordered his work to be corrected. He died in 1597, leaving some MSS.
+which are mentioned by Nicholas Antonio.
+
+_Salazar_ (Fray Ambrose de), Dominican, and professor of theology at
+Salamanca. The Inquisition of Valladolid tried him in 1559, on two
+accusations: the first was founded on the declarations of Fray Dominic
+de Roxas and Fray Louis de la Cruz, during their imprisonment: they
+imputed to Fray Ambrose some propositions which tended to Lutheranism;
+the second charge was founded on the favourable opinion which he had
+given of the Catechism of Carranza. The trial was not continued, on
+account of the death of Fray Ambrose in 1560, in the thirty-eighth year
+of his age: it was supposed that fear, and his imprisonment in the holy
+office, where Carranza was detained, hastened his death. He left, in
+order to be printed, some _Commentaries on the first part of the Sum of
+St. Thomas_.
+
+_Salas_ (Don Ramon de), born at Belchite in Aragon, was a professor at
+Salamanca, and one of its greatest literati: he was prosecuted in 1796
+by the Inquisition of Madrid, on suspicion of having adopted the
+principles of the modern philosophers, Voltaire, Rousseau, and others,
+whose works he had read. He acknowledged that he was acquainted with
+their works, but added that he had only read them in order to refute
+them, which he had done in several public theses, maintained at
+Salamanca by some of his pupils, under his direction. All these theses
+were introduced in the trial. He replied in a satisfactory manner to
+all the allegations, and the qualifiers did not find anything in his
+writings which deserved theological censure. The judges not only
+acquitted him, but on being informed that Father Poveda, a Dominican,
+had intrigued against him, thought that he had a right to a public
+reparation. On the 22nd of October, in the same year, they sent their
+sentence and the writings of the trial, together with the considerations
+and the points of doctrine on which they were founded, to the Supreme
+Council, at the same time expressing their opinion on the right of Salas
+to a reparation.
+
+Father Poveda, by his intrigues, caused the trial to be sent back to the
+inquisitors, with an order to make fresh inquiries, which was done, but
+the qualifiers and judges persisted in their first sentence. The
+intrigues again began in the council, which returned the trial to the
+Inquisition a second time, with an order to make another inquest
+extraordinary: a third qualification, and a third sentence were the
+result, confirming the innocence of Salas. This was not what was
+intended; the accused had a powerful enemy in the council: this was Don
+Philip Vallejo, archbishop of Santiago, and governor of the Council of
+Castile; he had been inimical to Salas, from having had certain literary
+discussions with him at the university of Salamanca, when he was bishop
+of that see. The trial was suspended, to afford time for the archbishop
+to procure new denunciations, to add to those he had already obtained.
+Salas requested that his imprisonment might be ameliorated, and that he
+might only be confined to the city of Madrid. The council refused this
+favour; he then demanded permission to apply to the king, but this was
+also refused. He was at last condemned to abjure _de levi_; received the
+absolution and censures _ad cautelam_; and was banished from the
+capital. He retired to Guadalaxara, and there complained to his
+sovereign of the injustice of the Council of the Inquisition. Charles
+IV. ordered the writings of the trial to be sent to his minister of
+justice. Cardinal de Lorenzana, inquisitor-general, endeavoured to
+prevent it, but his efforts were ineffectual. When the affair was
+examined by the minister, the intrigue was discovered, and a resolution
+was formed to expedite a royal ordinance, forbidding the inquisitors to
+arrest any individual for the future, without first informing the king
+of their intention. The decree was drawn up by Don Eugene Llaguno,
+minister of justice, and he presented it to his majesty for signature;
+the king told him that it must first be shown to the Prince of Peace, as
+he had taken part in the deliberation, and would see if it was properly
+drawn up. Unfortunately for mankind, this delay of one day gave Vallejo
+time to renew his intrigues, so that the Prince of Peace changed his
+mind, and the royal decree was so different from what was expected, that
+the affair was ordered to be left in the same state.
+
+_San Ambrosio_ (Fray Ferdinand de), Dominican; he was a learned man, and
+well skilled in the conduct of affairs. The Inquisition of Valladolid
+tried him in 1559: he was accused of having taken measures in favour of
+Carranza; of having profited by his sojourn at Rome in the same year, to
+prejudice his Holiness against the tribunal, to engage him to cause the
+trial to be transferred to Rome, and not to allow the archbishop to be
+arrested. The prosecutions soon ceased, because the accused remained at
+Rome.
+
+_Saloedo._ See following Chapter.
+
+_Salgado._ _Ibid._
+
+_Samaniego_ (Don Felix-Maria de), lord of the town of Arraya, and an
+inhabitant of Laguardia in the province of Alava. He composed some
+fables and lyric poems of great merit, and was one of the greatest
+Spanish literati, during the reign of Charles IV. The Inquisition of
+Logroño prosecuted him, on suspicion of having embraced the errors of
+the modern philosophers, and of having read prohibited books. He was on
+the point of being arrested, when, discovering it by chance, he
+immediately set off for Madrid, where Don Eugene Llaguno, the minister
+of justice, and his friend and countryman, privately arranged his
+affairs with the inquisitor-general.
+
+_Samaniego_ (Don Philip). See following Chapter.
+
+_Santo Domingo_ (Fray Antonio de), Dominican, rector of the college of
+St. Gregory at Valladolid, was prosecuted by the Inquisition of that
+city in 1559 and 1560. The proceeding was founded on several
+accusations; in 1558, he had approved of some reprehensible propositions
+in the Catechism of Carranza: he was also accused of having said in
+1559, _that the arrest of this prelate was as unjust as that of Jesus
+Christ_; that the prosecutions of the tribunal were of the same
+character; that Fray Melchior Cano ought to die first, because he was
+the most guilty; and that his death would be as agreeable to God as the
+sacrifice of mass. The accused was imprisoned, and a penance was imposed
+on him.
+
+_Santa Maria_ (Fray Juan de), barefooted Franciscan, and confessor to
+the Infanta Maria-Anne of Austria, Empress of Germany, and daughter to
+Philip IV. In 1616 he published a work called _Christian Republics and
+Politics_, which he dedicated to Philip III. Having occasion to say in
+this work that the Pope Zachariah had deposed Childeric, King of France,
+and crowned Pepin in his place, he added; "_It is from this time that we
+date the right which the Popes have arrogated to themselves of deposing
+and establishing kings_." The Inquisition receiving information of it,
+reprimanded the author, and altered the sentence as follows: "_It is
+from this time that the Popes have made use of their right of deposing
+and establishing kings_."
+
+_Sese_ (Don Joseph de). See following Chapter.
+
+_Siguenza_ (Fr. Joseph de), Jeronimite of the Convent of the Escurial;
+he was born in the town of that name. He was one of the most learned men
+of the reigns of Philip II., and Philip III., and well versed in history
+and the oriental languages. In 1595 he published the life of St.
+Jerome, and in 1600, a history of his order. He experienced much
+persecution, because he was one of the best preachers of his time, and
+the most esteemed by the king. The other monks (whose sermons were not
+so well received) denounced him to the Inquisition of Toledo, as
+suspected of Lutheranism. He remained in seclusion for nearly a year, in
+the monastery of _La Sisla_, belonging to his order, and he was obliged
+to appear before the tribunal whenever he was summoned. He justified
+himself, was acquitted, and died the superior of the convent of the
+Escurial.
+
+_Sobanos._ See Chapter 26.
+
+_Solorzano._ See following Chapter.
+
+_Soto_ (Fray Dominic). See Chapter 29.
+
+_Soto_ (Fray Pedro). _Ibid._
+
+_Sotomayor_ (Fray Pedro), Dominican; he was one of those who, in 1558,
+approved the Catechism of Carranza. The Inquisition of Valladolid tried
+him in 1559, on the suspicion that he was tinctured with some heretical
+sentiments attributed to the archbishop; he was confined in the Convent
+of St. Paul, and afterwards severely reprimanded. He did not suffer any
+other punishment, because he declared (like all the others), that his
+confidence in the virtue and great learning of the author of the
+Catechism had induced him to act without any bad intention.
+
+_Tabira_ (Don Antonio), bishop of Salamanca, knight of the order of St.
+James, almoner and preacher to the king, and the author of several
+unpublished works: his great virtue, his literary talent and exquisite
+judgment, made him the ornament of the church during the reigns of
+Charles III. and Charles IV. The government consulted him several times
+on affairs of the greatest importance, and his opinions deserved the
+approbation of enlightened men: his sermons passed in Spain for the best
+which the age had produced. In 1809, I published the reply of this
+prelate to a consultation addressed to him in 1799, concerning the
+validity of marriages contracted before the civil authority, as in
+France. The piety and erudition of Tabira are displayed in this writing.
+It was impossible that the ex-jesuits should not employ the influence of
+their party to persecute a prelate who gave the preference to a decision
+given by the church legally assembled in a general council, to a bull
+expedited by its chief. Calvo, Guerrero, and other _Jesuits of the short
+robe_, attacked Tabira as a Jansenist; they denounced him to the holy
+office, but did not succeed in their attempt, since they could not
+impute to him any fact tending to heresy.
+
+_Talavera_ (Don Ferdinand de), first archbishop of Grenada. See Chapter
+10.
+
+_Tobar_ (Bernardine de). See Chapter 14.
+
+_Tordesillas_ (Fray Francis de), Dominican, member of the college of St.
+Gregory of Valladolid, and pupil of Carranza: he was a learned
+theologian. Tordesillas was imprisoned a short time after his master, on
+the suspicion that he entertained the same opinions. He appears to have
+justified this suspicion, by the care which he took to copy all his
+treatises on theology, and other works. He abjured _de levi_, submitted
+to a penance, and was obliged to relinquish giving lessons on theology.
+
+_Tormo_ (Don Gabriel de), bishop of Orihuela. See Chapter 26.
+
+_Urquijo_ (Don Marianno Louis de), secretary of state under Charles IV.
+See Chapter 43.
+
+_Valdés_ (Juan de), author of some works which are mentioned by Nicolas
+Antonio; one of them, the _Commentary on the First Epistle of St. Paul
+to the Corinthians_, is prohibited in the Index. He was tried on account
+of this treatise and another, which was found among the papers of
+Carranza, and which was at first supposed to be his composition; this
+work is called _Thoughts on the Interpretations of the Holy Scriptures_.
+Valdés also composed another called _Acharo_; all these works were
+noted as being Lutheran, and the author was declared to be a _formal
+heretic_. Valdés left Spain, and thus escaped imprisonment. In 1559,
+Fray Louis de la Cruz, a prisoner in the Inquisition of Valladolid,
+declared that Valdés was living at Naples; that his _Thoughts_, &c. had
+been sent twenty years before to Carranza, in the form of a letter, but
+that it had its origin in the _Christian Institutions_ of Thaulero. Fray
+Dominic de Roxas (another prisoner in the Inquisition) spoke of this
+Valdés as if he was the secretary of Charles V.; if that was the case,
+he must be called _Juan Alonzo de Valdés_. Nicolas Antonio mentions him
+as a different person in his _Bibliothèque_.
+
+_Vergara_ (Juan de). See Chapter 14.
+
+_Vicente_ (Doctor Don Gregory de), priest and professor of philosophy at
+Valladolid. The tribunal of this city tried and imprisoned him in 1801,
+for some theses which had been maintained and printed in Spanish, on the
+manner of studying, examining, and defending true religion. He abjured
+_naturalism_ publicly in a lesser _auto-da-fé_, and several penances
+were imposed on him. His theses appear to be orthodox, if they are
+understood literally. The masters of scholastic theology declared
+against Vicente, because he had attacked the manner of teaching and
+studying religion practised in his time; he was also accused of having
+preached against the pious exercises of devotion. The sermon which was
+the origin of this accusation was severely examined, and it was found
+that he had said, that true devotion consists in the actual practice of
+virtue, and not in exterior ceremonies; his theses were publicly
+condemned, and he was detained in prison for eight years. He was nephew
+to an inquisitor of Santiago, which induced those of Valladolid to
+pronounce him to be insane, in order to save him; but when he returned
+home he gave such unequivocal proofs of being in his senses, that the
+inquisitors thought the honour of the tribunal would not allow the
+affair to be left in this state, and again arrested him. He had been in
+the prison more than a year when the _auto-da-fé_ was celebrated.
+
+_Villagarcia_ (Fray Juan), Dominican, a pupil of Carranza, and his
+companion during his travels in Germany, England, and Flanders. He was
+one of the greatest theologians of his age. His arrest took place at
+Medemblick, in Flanders, at the same time as that of the Archbishop of
+Torrelaguna, in Spain. He was imprisoned at Valladolid, on the 19th of
+September, 1559. Several letters were found among his papers, and those
+of the archbishop, from Fray Louis de la Cruz, and Fray Francis de
+Tordesillas, in which they gave an account of all that they could learn
+concerning the trial of the archbishop. The same errors were imputed to
+Villagarcia as to Carranza, principally because he had copied part of
+the prelate's MS. works. Some person having told him that Carranza's
+Catechism would be better in Latin than in the vulgar tongue, he
+occupied himself in translating it, during his stay in England. This was
+the source of another accusation, and a consultation took place to
+decide if he ought not to receive the question _in caput alienum_, in
+order to make him confess certain facts brought against the archbishop,
+but without any proof concerning his having read the works of
+_OEcolampadius_ and other prohibited books. The opinions were
+different, and the council decreed, that Villagarcia should first be
+formally examined on some other propositions. His replies were so
+favourable to the archbishop, that he could not have answered more
+conclusively for himself. Villagarcia remained four years in prison; he
+abjured, and was subjected to several penances, one of which was, never
+again to teach or write on theology.
+
+_Villalba_ (Fray Francis de). See Chapter 29.
+
+_Villegas_ (Alphonso de). See Chapter 13.
+
+_Virues_ (Don Alphonso de). See Chapter 14.
+
+_Yeregui_ (Don Joseph de), secular priest, doctor of theology and canon
+law, born at Vergara de Guipuzcoa: he was preceptor to the infants Don
+Gabriel and Don Antonio de Bourbon, and knight of the royal order of
+Charles III. He published a good catechism, and was denounced three
+times to the Inquisition of Madrid, on suspicion of being a Jansenist.
+In 1792, he was commanded not to go out of the city of Madrid. He lived
+in this kind of captivity for six months, and was then acquitted by the
+inquisitors of the court. Unfortunately he had enemies in the Supreme
+Council, who wished to order the trial to be suspended, and they would
+have succeeded if the inquisitor-general, Rubin de Cevallos, had not
+died at that time. His successor, Don Manuel Abady-la-Sierra, archbishop
+of Selimbria, professed the same opinions as Yeregui, who at last
+received a certificate of absolution, and regained his liberty; the king
+then appointed him to be an honorary inquisitor. Yeregui in his new
+office incurred other inconveniences, because he had spoken to his
+friends of the circumstances of his trial, which was interpreted as a
+sign of contempt for the holy office, which always enjoins secrecy to
+those who appear before it. Yeregui however apologized, and refuted all
+that had been published concerning his opinions of the Inquisition.
+
+_Zeballos_ (Jerome de), native of Escalona; he was a professor in the
+university of Salamanca, and a member of the municipality of Toledo. In
+1609 he published at Rome a volume in folio, containing several
+treatises on jurisprudence; the first is a _Discourse on the principal
+Reasons of the King of Spain and his Council, for taking Cognizance of
+Ecclesiastical Trials, or Trials between Ecclesiastics, when a Writ of
+Error is brought in_. Among the questions which he discusses, is the
+following: "Is an ecclesiastical judge permitted to arrest and imprison
+laymen in a trial on canonical affairs, without the intervention of the
+royal judge?" The same author published at Salamanca, in 1613, another
+volume in folio, entitled, _Of the Cognizance of Ecclesiastical Trials,
+between Ecclesiastics, when an Appeal is made by one of the Parties to
+the Royal Authority_. He wrote some other works recorded by Nicolas
+Antonio. Some priests, who thought it heresy to defend the privileges of
+the king against the power of the clergy, denounced Zeballos to the
+Inquisition of Toledo. The members of this tribunal did not arrest him,
+but sent him the heads of the accusations against the two works already
+mentioned; he justified himself completely, and they were permitted to
+be in circulation. Some time after the Inquisition of Rome placed them
+on its Index, and that of Spain suppressed some passages, which are not
+found in the modern editions.
+
+This list might have been augmented by the names of many less
+distinguished men, and I did not think it necessary to include those
+Spaniards whose works have been prohibited, but who were not personally
+attacked by the holy office. Those already mentioned are sufficient to
+show the danger of attempting to introduce the taste for good literature
+in Spain.
+
+Charles III., wishing to be made acquainted with the affairs of the
+Jesuits, and some other circumstances relating to them, assembled a
+council in 1768, composed of five archbishops and bishops; they were
+occupied in consulting upon the tribunal of the Inquisition, and
+particularly of the prohibition of books. Don Joseph Moñino, Count de
+Florida-Blanca, and Don Pedro Rodriguez de Campomanes, Count de
+Campomanes, the king's procurators in the Council of Castile, made a
+report to the assembly. Some extracts from it will be interesting in
+this part of the history.
+
+Speaking of the clandestine introduction of a brief relating to the
+Jesuits on the 16th of April, 1767, and of another concerning the
+affairs of the Duke of Parma, on the 30th of January, 1768, these
+ministers thus express themselves: "The council is not ignorant of the
+intrigues employed by the nuncios with the Inquisition, to gain their
+ends by clandestine means. During the first fifteen centuries there
+were no tribunals of the Inquisition in Spain. The bishops alone were
+acquainted with points of doctrine, and heretics and blasphemers were
+punished by civil law. The abuse of the prohibitions of books commanded
+by the Inquisition, is one cause of the ignorance which prevails over
+the greatest part of this nation.... According to the bulls which
+created the holy office, the bishops are joint judges with the
+inquisitors, and sometimes the principal judges in the affairs which
+depend on the tribunal. This power of the bishops was acquired by their
+rank and their respectable office of pastors. Why then have these
+natural judges of all discussions which may arise on matters of faith
+and the morals of the faithful, no part or influence in the prohibitions
+of books, and the choice of qualifiers? It is from this circumstance
+that the subject has been treated with a negligence which excites and
+perpetuates the complaints of learned men.... Supposing that the
+regulations of Benedict XIV. were not sufficiently clear, the same
+cannot be said of the brief of Innocent VIII., which commands the
+Inquisition to follow the rules of justice in their proceedings: Can
+there be anything more just, than that the parties should be heard? Is
+it not contrary to the public interest, that books which might be useful
+in instructing subjects should be prohibited, from passion, or to gain
+some particular end? The fiscal would say too much if he dwelt upon this
+subject, to prove how much the tribunal has always abused its authority,
+in commanding the prohibition of doctrines which even Rome has not dared
+to condemn, such as the four propositions of the clergy of France, in
+supporting the indirect power of the Court of Rome against that of
+kings; and lastly, in sanctioning opinions equally reprehensible. It
+might be proved that the tribunal has constantly favoured and encouraged
+the wickedness committed by certain ecclesiastics who remain unmolested,
+contrary to the respect due to the king and his magistrates. _The
+regular priests of the Society of Jesus_ have had the greatest
+influence in the holy office, since the minority of Charles II., when
+the Jesuit Juan Everard Nitardo, confessor to the queen-mother, was
+inquisitor-general.... The last general expurgatory index, published in
+1747, is still remembered. _Casani_ and _Carrasco_ (both Jesuits) so
+falsified and confused it, that it was a disgrace to the tribunal: the
+fact is so well known, and had such important consequences, that that
+circumstance alone furnished sufficient motives to suppress the
+Inquisition entirely, or at least to reform it, since it only uses its
+authority to injure the state, and the purity of morals and the
+Christian religion.... It may be said that the expurgatory index drawn
+up in Spain is more injurious to the rights of the sovereign and the
+instruction of his subjects, than that of Rome. In that court the
+qualifiers are well chosen, the prohibitions moderate, and the interests
+of individuals are never considered.... We cannot forbear to mention the
+memoir presented by Monsignor Bossuet to Louis XIV., against the
+inquisitor-general Rocaberti, on the subject of a decree of the
+Inquisition of Toledo, in which the doctrine, refusing to the Pope the
+direct, or indirect power of depriving sovereigns of their kingdoms, is
+declared to be erroneous and schismatic.... The procurators cannot
+conceal from themselves that the tribunals of the Inquisition compose
+the most fanatical body in the state, and the most attached to the
+Jesuits, who have been banished from the kingdom; that the inquisitors
+profess the same doctrines and the same maxims; lastly, that it is
+necessary to accomplish a reform in the Inquisition."
+
+In their conclusion, the procurators proposed, that in consideration of
+the edict of 1762, and to ensure its execution, the holy office should
+be compelled to hear the defence of the authors of the works before they
+are prohibited, according to the provision of the bull _Sollicita et
+Provida_, of Benedict XIV.; that the tribunal should only condemn those
+books which contain errors in doctrine, superstition, or relaxed moral
+opinions; that it should particularly avoid prohibiting works written in
+the defence of the prerogatives of the crown; that it should not be
+allowed to seize or retain any unprohibited book, on pretence of
+correcting or qualifying it, but should leave it to the proprietor; that
+it should be obliged to present to the king the minutes of the decrees
+of prohibition before publication, and to the Council of Castile all the
+briefs sent to it, in order that they may be submitted to his majesty
+for his approbation.
+
+The Council of Castile, with the extraordinary Council of Archbishops
+and Bishops, approved of the opinion of the king's procurators. They
+presented it to Charles III., who wished to know the opinion of Don
+Manuel de Roda, Marquis de Roda, minister of justice. This nobleman (one
+of the most distinguished scholars in Spain, during the last century)
+remitted his opinion to his majesty on the 16th of March in the same
+year: it entirely accorded with those of the fiscals; he added, "on the
+5th of September, 1761, the King of Naples, being informed of what was
+passing at Rome concerning the condemnation of Mazengui's work,
+commanded that the Inquisition of Sicily and the ecclesiastical
+superiors throughout his states should not print or publish, in any way
+whatever, any kind of proclamation without permission from his
+majesty.... I was then at Rome, and I demanded in your majesty's name
+some reparation from his Holiness, for the offence committed by his
+nuncio at Madrid, in inducing the inquisitor-general to publish the
+brief, for the prohibition of Mazengui's work, without his knowledge....
+His Holiness approved of the nuncio's proceedings; but was convinced of
+the justice of our complaint, when I supported it by facts and
+arguments. The Pope, however, did not dare to express his opinion
+openly, as he was entirely governed by Cardinal Torregiani, who had
+managed all the intrigues under the influence of the Jesuits....
+Torregiani knew that the brief would not be received in any court
+either in Italy, France, or even at Venice. The Pope wrote to that
+Republic to prevent the work from being reprinted; but it was,
+nevertheless, published not only then against the Pope's command, but
+afterwards with a dedicatory epistle to his Holiness.... I have seen, in
+the library of the Vatican, a printed proclamation of the Inquisition of
+Spain in 1693: this tribunal condemns two authors, called the
+_Barclayos_, because their books contained two propositions which the
+Romans consider heretical: one was, that "_the Pope has no authority
+over the temporalities of kings, and can neither depose them, nor
+release their subjects from their oath of fidelity_; the other, that
+_the authority of the general council is greater than that of the
+Pope_."
+
+The same minister, in 1776, wrote a letter from Aranjuez to Don Philip
+Bertran, inquisitor-general. Speaking with approbation of his intention
+to correct the Spanish expurgatory index, he says, "A thousand
+absurdities were committed in the last expurgatory (confided in 1747 by
+the Bishop of Teruel to two Jesuits), and it is necessary to correct
+them; the fact is proved by the denunciations and printed notes of Fray
+Martin Llobet. But the appendix, or catalogue of authors called
+_Jansenists_, is the most intolerable; the names are all taken from the
+_Bibliothèque Janseniste_ of Father Colonia, a Jesuit, which was
+condemned by a brief of Benedict XIV. Instead of placing this work in
+the Index, as it ought to have been, the names are copied from it. You
+know the brief addressed by that Pope to the Bishop of Teruel, on the
+31st of July, 1748, and in which he disapproves of the insertion of the
+works of Cardinal Noris in the Index. His Holiness also addressed five
+letters to Ferdinand VI. on the same subject, but neither the Popes nor
+the king could get the name of _Noris_ erased from the Index for ten
+years: at that time the Bishop of Teruel (who had at last consented)
+died, and, the king dismissed his confessor, the Jesuit Rabago, who had
+been the most averse to the measure. I took the necessary steps, and the
+king's order was sent to Monsignor Quintano, inquisitor-general, and his
+majesty's confessor, with whom I had a long conference on this subject:
+I at last obtained a decree, declaring _that the works of Noris had
+neither been condemned, censured, nor denounced to the holy office_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI.
+
+OFFENCES COMMITTED BY THE INQUISITORS AGAINST THE ROYAL AUTHORITY AND
+MAGISTRATES.
+
+
+In addition to the prevention of the progress of literature, the
+Inquisition was so much dreaded by the magistrates, that criminals were
+frequently left unpunished. Ferdinand and his successors had granted
+privileges to this tribunal, which the encroachments of the inquisitors
+soon rendered insupportable. They even endeavoured to humiliate three
+sovereigns: Clement VIII.; the Prince of Bearn, King of Navarre; and the
+Grand Master of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, at Malta. They also
+attacked and qualified, as suspected of heresy, the whole Council of
+Castile; excited seditions in several cities by their arbitrary
+measures; and persecuted several members of their own _Supreme_ Council.
+
+This system of domination has never been repressed either by the general
+laws of Spain and America, the particular resolutions taken in each of
+the kingdoms of the crown of Aragon, the king's ordinations, or the
+circular letters of the Council of the Inquisition. The inquisitors have
+been punished (though rarely) by being deprived of their offices; this,
+however, had no effect. Lastly, the general conventions have not been
+less impotent in restraining the ambition which led them to endeavour
+to establish their dominion throughout the world by fear.
+
+The Inquisition presents to our view a tribunal, whose judges have
+neither obeyed the laws of the kingdom in which it was established, the
+bulls of the Popes, the first constitutions of the tribunal, or the
+particular orders of its chiefs; which has even dared to resist the
+power of the Pope, in whose name it acts, and has disowned the king's
+authority eleven different times; which has suffered books to circulate,
+favouring regicides and the authority of the Popes to dethrone kings,
+and at the same time condemned and prohibited works containing a
+contrary doctrine, and defending the rights of the sovereign; which
+acted in this manner in circumstances entirely foreign to the crime of
+heresy, which was the only one they were competent to judge. Some
+examples will be given of the contests for jurisdiction which have so
+much injured Spain.
+
+In 1553, the inquisitors of Calahorra excommunicated and arrested the
+licentiate Izquierdo, _alcalde-major_ of Arnedo, for having attempted to
+prosecute Juan Escudero, a familiar of the holy office, who had
+assassinated a soldier. They also ordered divine service to cease at
+Arnedo. The Chancery of Valladolid demanded the writings of the trial,
+but the inquisitors eluded two of their ordinances. In the mean time the
+culprit was left at liberty in the town of Calahorra, and afterwards
+made his escape, so that the crime remained unpunished.
+
+In 1567, the inquisitors of Murcia excommunicated the Chapter of the
+Cathedral, and the municipality of that city; their competence was
+contested, and the Supreme Council decided that some members of the
+chapter and municipality should make public reparation in the capital of
+the kingdom, and receive absolution; they received it in public, and in
+the character of penitents, before the altar.
+
+In 1568, a royal ordinance prescribed the execution of the Convention,
+known as that of _Cardinal Espinoza_. It was issued, on the inquisitors
+of Valencia claiming the right of judging in affairs concerning the
+police of the city and many others, such as contributions, smuggling,
+trade, _&c._ They asserted that this right belonged to them,
+particularly if one of the individuals concerned in the affair was in
+the service of the Inquisition. They would not allow any criminal to be
+arrested in the houses of the inquisitors either in the town or country,
+while even the churches were no longer a refuge for those they pursued.
+
+In 1569, the tribunal of Barcelona excommunicated and imprisoned the
+military deputy and the civil vice-governor of the city, and several of
+their people. Their crime was, having exacted from an usher of the
+Inquisition a certain privilege called _la Merchandise_. The Royal
+Council of Aragon contested the competence of the Council of the
+Inquisition; but Philip II. put an end to the dispute, by liberating the
+prisoners: the inquisitors were not punished for disobeying the law,
+which forbids them to excommunicate a magistrate.
+
+In 1574 the Inquisition of Saragossa excommunicated the members of the
+deputation which represented the kingdom of Aragon during the interval
+of the assembly of the Cortes. The deputies complained to Pius V., who
+paid no attention to them: after his death they applied to his
+successor, Gregory XIII. The Pope commissioned the inquisitor-general to
+arrange the affair; but, being influenced by the Supreme Council, he
+rejected the papal commission, and asserted that the cognizance of the
+complaint belonged to him by right. Philip II., that fanatical protector
+of the holy office, commanded his ambassador at Rome to defend the
+Inquisition to the Pope; and he obtained what he required, while the
+deputies were still suffering under the excommunication, which lasted
+nearly two years. It must be remarked, that this deputation was composed
+of eight persons: two of them were ecclesiastics, generally bishops; two
+for the highest order of nobility, who were counts or grandees of
+Spain; two gentlemen of illustrious birth to represent the second class
+of nobility; and two for the third class, selected from the most
+distinguished citizens.
+
+In 1588, the inquisitors of Toledo excommunicated the licentiate Gudiel,
+alcalde of the king's house, and judge of the royal court of justice at
+Madrid: this magistrate had prosecuted Iñigo Ordoñez, secretary of the
+holy office, for having wounded Juan de Berrgos, who died in
+consequence, and for having wilfully fired a pistol at the Canon Don
+Francis Monsalve. The Council of the Inquisition pleaded the cause of
+the culprit before the king, and excused the use of censures, alleging
+that _such was the usual proceeding of the holy office_.
+
+In 1591, violent contests took place between the Inquisition of
+Saragossa and the chief justice of Aragon. Two seditions were the
+result, and several grandees of Spain, many gentlemen, and a still
+greater number of private individuals, were condemned to death. An
+account of the intrigues of the inquisitors in this affair will be given
+in the trial of Antonio Perez.
+
+In 1598, the Inquisitors of Seville went to the metropolitan church,
+with the president and members of the royal court of justice, to attend
+the funeral of Philip II.; they pretended that they ought to precede the
+judges, who resisted, and the inquisitors excommunicated them in the
+church. The king's attorney protested against this act, and the
+scandalous scene which ensued may be easily conceived. The judges
+repairing to the place where they held their sessions, declared that the
+inquisitors had used violence in proceeding against the law, and passed
+a decree commanding the inquisitors to take off the excommunication. The
+inquisitors did not obey the order, and the judges repeated it, with the
+threat of depriving them of all civil rights, and condemning them to
+banishment and confiscation. Philip III. disapproved of the conduct of
+the inquisitors, commanded them to take off the excommunication and
+repair to Madrid, where they were confined to the city. In the December
+following, the king issued a decree, importing that the inquisitors
+should only take precedence in the ceremony of the _auto-da-fé_. The
+inquisitor-general Portocarrero was deprived of his office, and banished
+to his bishopric of Cuença.
+
+In 1622 the town of Lorca, which was within the jurisdiction of the
+Inquisition of Murcia, appointed a familiar of the holy office to be the
+collector of a tax upon the sale of goods called _Alcabala_. The man
+refused the employment, but his representations were not admitted, upon
+which the inquisitors excommunicated the judge of Lorca, and required
+the assistance of Don Pedro Porres, the corregidor of Murcia, to take
+him to their prisons. On his refusal, they excommunicated him also, and
+decreed that divine service should cease in all the churches of Murcia.
+This measure threw the inhabitants into the greatest consternation, and
+they entreated their bishop, Don Antonio Trejo, to interpose his
+authority. This prelate remonstrated with the inquisitors; but not
+succeeding, in order to tranquillize the people, he published a mandate,
+announcing that he was not obliged to submit to the interdict, or to the
+order for the _cessation of divine service_. Don Andres Pacheco, the
+inquisitor-general, condemned the mandate, and ordered this measure to
+be proclaimed in all the churches of Murcia. At the same time he imposed
+a penalty of eight thousand ducats on the bishop, and cited him to
+appear within twenty days at Madrid, to answer the complaint preferred
+against him, by the fiscal of the Supreme Council, on pain of another
+penalty of four thousand ducats. The bishop and the chapter of his
+cathedral sent the dean and a canon to Madrid as his deputies. The
+inquisitor-general excommunicated them, without hearing their defence,
+and threw them into separate prisons, and at the same time caused this
+excommunication to be announced in all the pulpits of Madrid. The
+inquisitors also excommunicated the Curé of St. Catherine, who refused
+to submit to this interdict without an order from his bishop. The king
+and the Pope were at last obliged to interfere, they re-established the
+bishop in his rights; but this act of justice did not destroy the cause
+of the evil which was complained of.
+
+In the same year, the Inquisitors of Toledo excommunicated the
+sub-prefect of that city, who had seized and sentenced a butcher as a
+thief, and convicted him of having sold bad meat with false weights: the
+inquisitors pretended that the culprit came under their jurisdiction,
+because he furnished the holy office with meat, and they accordingly
+required that the prisoners and the writings of the trial should be
+given up to them. Their demand was refused, because the offence was
+committed in the exercise of a public profession. The inquisitors then
+published the excommunication in all the churches of Toledo; they
+imprisoned the usher and the porter of the sub-prefect for having obeyed
+their master, and they remained in prison several days; they were then
+subject to the punishment of having their beards and hair shaven, which
+was at that time considered infamous, and to appear in the chamber of
+audience without their shoes and girdles; they were examined on their
+genealogy, to discover if they were descended from the Moors or Jews;
+they were made to repeat the catechism as if they were heretics, and
+were then condemned to perpetual banishment; the inquisitors even
+refused to give them a certificate, to show that they had not been
+condemned for heresy. The compassion excited by the fate of these
+unfortunate men was so general, that the people rose against the
+Inquisition; but some persons of high rank, and who were devoted to the
+public good, succeeded in appeasing the tumult. The king being informed
+of what had passed by the Council of Castile, appointed an extraordinary
+commission of eleven members selected from his councils; they passed
+several resolutions against the inquisitors, which had only the effect
+of correcting the present disorder, without entirely destroying the
+evil.
+
+In the following year, the Inquisitors of Grenada excommunicated Don
+Louis Gudiel de Peralta, and Don Mathias Gonzalez; the first a member of
+the royal civil court, and the other the king's procurator in the same
+court. They condemned as heretical two works of these excellent
+jurisconsults, in which they defended the rights of the royal
+jurisdiction in all cases of _competence_. The Council of Castile
+respectfully remonstrated with the king, and showed that the inquisitors
+acted in opposition to _Instructions to the holy office of 1485_, which
+directed them to consult the king in affairs of this nature. In order to
+remedy this abuse, a committee was appointed in 1625, to decide upon all
+difficulties which might arise on this subject. This committee did not
+exist long, but it was re-established in 1657.
+
+In 1530, the Inquisitors of Valladolid behaved with still greater
+insolence. The bishop of that city (who was at the same time president
+of the royal chancery) was to officiate pontifically in a solemn mass.
+The inquisitors chose that day to publish the edict of _denunciations_;
+and asserting that their power as inquisitors was superior to that of
+the bishop, they attempted to take away the canopy which was raised when
+the prelate officiated. The canons resisted, and the inquisitors sent
+some of their officers to the church, who arrested Don Alonso Niño the
+chanter, and Don Francis Milan a canon; they carried them away in their
+canonical robes, and deposited them in that dress in the prisons of the
+holy office. The Council of Castile made a representation to the king on
+this event, which was the origin of the convention of the following
+year, known as that of _Cardinal Zapata_. Several resolutions were
+passed, and it was decided that censures should only be employed in
+cases of emergency; but this had little effect on the inquisitors. Much
+more would have been done, if the king had taken the advice of the
+Council of Castile, which (after giving an account of evils arising from
+the system of the inquisitors) recommended, that he should allow the
+other tribunals to proceed against them for abuse of power. This advice
+was addressed to the king by his councils, in the consultations of the
+year 1634, 1669, 1682, 1696, 1761, and in several others, when the
+Inquisition of Spain prohibited works in which the privileges of the
+crown were defended, particularly that of Don Joseph de Mur, president
+of the royal court at Majorca. It was printed in that island in 1615,
+and called, _Allegations in favour of the King, on the Conflicts for
+Jurisdiction which have arisen between the Royal Court of Justice and
+the Tribunal of the Inquisition of Majorca_.
+
+In 1634, another contest took place on the subject of competency,
+concerning certain taxes which had been received from an inhabitant of
+Vicalboro, near Madrid. The inquisitors of Toledo excommunicated a judge
+of the royal court, and of the king's court, and committed the greatest
+excesses against the authority of the Council of Castile, which,
+impressed with a sense of its dignity, as the Supreme Senate of the
+nation, commanded the Dean-inquisitor of Toledo to repair to Madrid, to
+answer in person the charges brought against him, and threatened, in
+case he refused, to deprive him of his property and temporal rights. It
+also condemned a priest, the secretary of the holy office, to banishment
+and confiscation, and ordered the Inquisitor of Madrid to give up the
+prisoners and the writings of the trial to the chamber of judges of the
+court. The council made an address to the king, requesting him to forbid
+the inquisitors the use of censures, and to deliver his people from the
+oppression under which they suffered. The king merely renewed the
+prohibition of employing excommunication without an absolute necessity,
+and decreed that it should never be employed against judges without a
+particular permission. This ordinance shows the neglect or contempt into
+which the Convention of Cardinal Zapata had fallen, only three years
+after it had been established.
+
+In 1640 the Inquisitors of Valladolid had another contest with the
+bishop, who complained to the king, representing that the permission
+granted by royal council to print or publish, without suppressing what
+those authors who depend on the Inquisition write on the privileges of
+that tribunal, would have the most fatal consequences. This assertion
+was proved in 1641. Some disputes arose on the subject of competency,
+between the Inquisition and the Chancery of Valladolid; the Council of
+Castile was obliged to consult the king several times during the course
+of the affair, and in one of its memorials stated, _that the
+jurisdiction which the inquisitors exercise in the name of the king is
+temporal, secular, and precarious, and cannot be defended by the use of
+censures_. The members of the Council of the Inquisition in which Don
+Antonio de Sotomayor the inquisitor-general presided, carried their
+presumption so far as to convoke an assembly of ignorant scholastic
+theologians, all chosen from the monks, to _qualify_ the proposition
+advanced by the Council of Castile. These qualifiers, eager to display
+their penetration, divided it into three parts.
+
+"_First part._ The jurisdiction which the inquisitors exercise in the
+name of the king is temporal and secular.--QUALIFICATION. _This
+proposition is probable, if considered on the fairest side._"
+
+"_Second part._ The said jurisdiction is precarious.--QUALIFICATION.
+_This proposition is false, improbable, and contrary to the welfare of
+his majesty._"
+
+"_Third part._ Ecclesiastical censures cannot be employed to defend the
+said jurisdiction.--QUALIFICATION. _This proposition is audacious, and
+approaching to heresy._"
+
+After this measure, the fiscal of the Council of the Inquisition accused
+the Council of Castile; he demanded that the tribunal should procure the
+copies and the minutes of the consultation addressed to the king; that
+the condemnation of it should be published, and the authors should be
+proceeded against. The council of the holy office, intending to act
+according to circumstances, represented all that had passed to the king,
+referring to the judgment of the theologians. The king, with the
+carelessness which was natural to him, merely told the
+inquisitor-general that he had failed in his duty, in approving a
+proceeding so contrary to the honour and dignity of the senate of the
+nation. The effects of the obstinacy and violence of the inquisitors was
+felt for some time after. In 1643, the king obliged Don Antonio de
+Sotomayor to give in his resignation.
+
+In America, the ordinances of the king, and other regulations, could not
+prevent violent quarrels from arising between the civil tribunals and
+those of the holy office. But in all these affairs the viceroys showed
+more firmness, and repressed the arrogance of the inquisitors with more
+success than was displayed in the Peninsula. This is not surprising,
+because in distant countries the inquisitors are not supported by an
+inquisitor-general, who, possessing the king's favour, may influence him
+in private conversations. Besides this, the viceroys, jealous of the
+power with which they are invested, are careful that it shall meet with
+no obstacles or contradictions.
+
+In 1686, a quarrel arose between the inquisitors of Carthagena in
+America, and the bishop. The inquisitor Don Francis Barela, after
+excommunicating the prelate, caused his decree to be read in all the
+churches. The bishop replied, and showed by his manner to the
+inquisitor, his contempt for the excommunication. Don Francis (in
+concurrence with his consultors) arrested and threw into prison the
+bishop and many respectable persons of the cathedral and the city, who
+had spoken freely on the subject. The Pope being informed of this affair
+on the 13th February, 1687, commanded the inquisitor-general, Don Diego
+Sarmiento de Valladares, to cause the inquisitor Barela and the
+consultors to be brought to Madrid, and to deprive them of their
+offices. This order not being obeyed, on the 15th of December he
+expedited a second brief, which was comminatory. The inquisitor-general
+then had recourse to the king, and gave so unfaithful an account of the
+transaction, that neither his majesty nor the council of the Indies were
+ever informed of the truth. The Pope persisted in his resolution, and
+wished to decide on the affair himself. It was not finished when Clement
+XI. ascended the pontifical throne; this Pope assembled the cardinals,
+and taking their opinions, confirmed by a formal decree all that the
+bishop had done, and annulled the extravagant measures of the
+inquisitor. A bull, in 1706, commanded the restitution of the penalties
+which had been imposed, and suppressed the tribunal of Carthagena. This
+suppression was not executed, because it was contrary to the king's
+policy.
+
+In 1713, the Cardinal Francis Judice, inquisitor-general, prohibited a
+work of Don Melchior Macanaz, procurator of the king in the Council of
+Castile: the cardinal knew that this work had been printed by the order
+of Philip V., who had approved it after having read it. The king was at
+first very much irritated at this proceeding; but the cardinal,
+accustomed to the intrigues of Rome and Paris, succeeded in eluding the
+orders of his sovereign; although he was not in the kingdom, he
+continued to exercise his office, and sent orders to his creatures which
+were extremely displeasing to Philip. This prince could not obtain the
+dismission of Judice, until Cardinal Alberoni had exerted his influence
+at Rome and Paris, to second his master's views. Judice retired in 1716.
+
+Don Melchior Macanaz continued to live in exile. His trial became
+important, from the great number of denunciations which were made
+against different works which he had written: in some of these he
+inveighed against the abuses which were committed at the Court of Rome,
+against those of the immunities of the clergy and of the ecclesiastical
+tribunals, and called the public attention to the fatal effects of
+increasing the number of monks and other societies. The qualifiers, in
+judging his works, clearly showed the spirit of hatred and revenge which
+actuated them. In the trial of Macanaz, one of his works, called _A
+Critical Defence of the Inquisition_, is mentioned; the inquisitors
+qualified it as _ironical_, because they found some things in it which
+were not true. They were confirmed in their opinion some time after, by
+another work of Macanaz, called _An Apology for the Defence of Fray
+Nicolas Jesus de Belando, in Favour of the Civil History of Spain,
+unjustly prohibited by the Inquisition_.
+
+Although the inquisitors treated him with so much severity, Ferdinand
+VI., and the inquisitor-general Don Manuel Quintano Bonifaz, permitted
+Macanaz to return to Spain, and the king sent him to Aix-la-Chapelle as
+his ambassador.
+
+In 1768, the inquisitors endeavoured to obtain the right of trying
+persons for polygamy: Charles III. ordered that the cognizance of this
+offence should belong to the secular judge, except when the criminals
+thought that it was permitted. It was his pleasure that the inquisitors
+"should only punish heresy and apostasy, and, above all, that none of
+his people should be subjected to the disgrace of an arrest, if they had
+not been previously convicted of a crime."
+
+In 1771, the Council of the Inquisition represented to the king, that
+the simple fact of marrying another person, while the first wife was
+alive, was sufficient to create a suspicion that the persons guilty of
+it erred in faith on the article of marriage. For this reason the
+inquisitors continued to receive the denunciations on this pretended
+heresy, and to take cognizance of it.
+
+In 1781, the inquisitor-general commanded that the confessionals in the
+convents of nuns should be placed within sight of the persons in the
+churches. This was done by the inquisitors, without consulting the
+archbishops and bishops of the dioceses; they were extremely offended
+at this conduct, but dissembled their anger, that the public
+tranquillity might not be disturbed.
+
+In 1797, the Inquisitors of Grenada removed the confessional of the
+convent of the nuns of St. Paul, which was under the immediate direction
+of the archbishop: the ecclesiastical governor of the archbishopric
+complained to the king. The minister of justice, Don Gaspar Melchior de
+Jovellanos, resolved to take advantage of this event; he addressed
+himself to the Archbishop of Burgos, inquisitor-general, to the Bishops
+of Huesca, Tuy, Placentia, Osma, Avila, and to Don Joseph Espiga, the
+king's almoner, and requested them to propose "whatever they thought
+most proper to correct the abuses committed in the holy office, and to
+destroy the false principles on which that tribunal founded all its
+measures." The archbishop (as may be supposed) sent notes favourable to
+the tribunal; those of all the others were of quite an opposite nature.
+This attempt, however, did not lead to any satisfactory result:
+Jovellanos quitted the ministry before Charles IV. had decided on the
+subject; the minister who succeeded him had other views, and Jovellanos
+was denounced on suspicion of heresy.
+
+
+_Of the Magistrates who were persecuted._
+
+The examples which have been given of the quarrels between the
+Inquisition and the civil tribunals, sufficiently prove the constant
+attention of the inquisitors in endeavouring to extend their influence
+and privileges, even in defiance of the sovereign power; yet a list of
+the persecuted magistrates may be useful and interesting.
+
+_Almodovar_ (Don Christopher Ximenez de Gongora, duke of). He was
+ambassador to the Court of Vienna, and published a work _on the
+Establishments of the European Nations beyond Sea_. This book is only a
+free translation of that of the Abbé Raynal. He concealed his name
+under that of _Eduardo Malo de Luque_, which is the anagram of El Duque
+de Almodovar. He presented some copies of his book to the king, but
+though he had taken this precaution, and had suppressed some articles,
+he was denounced to the Inquisition as being tinctured with the opinions
+of the incredulous philosophers. The inquisitors endeavoured to find out
+how the duke conversed in society with learned men; but they did not
+learn enough to authorize an accusation, as it almost always happened,
+during the reigns of Charles III. and Charles IV., when they wished to
+attack the literati.
+
+_Aranda_ (Don Pedro-Paul Abarca de Bolea y Ximenez d'Urrea, Count d'),
+grandee of Spain. He rendered himself more illustrious by his talents
+and learning than he was by his birth and high offices. As a soldier he
+attained the rank of Captain-general, which is equivalent to that of
+Field-marshal: his diplomatic talents obtained the office of ambassador
+to Paris; his knowledge as a statesman, that of prime-minister,
+secretary of state, under Charles IV.; and for his talents as a
+politician he was made president of the Council of Castile. In these
+four branches of the art of governing he was always truly great. He was
+president in the royal council extraordinary, assembled by Charles III.
+to consider the affairs of the Jesuits. Although the members of this
+assembly deliberated in secret, the public were informed not only of its
+objects in general, but the particular opinions of each councillor. The
+Count d'Aranda was denounced to the holy office as being suspected of
+professing the sentiments of the philosophers of the eighteenth century,
+because his political opinions were extremely liberal. The ordinance
+signed by Charles III. in 1770 (forbidding the inquisitors to take
+cognizance of any crime but heresy) was thought to be the work of the
+Count d'Aranda, and the inquisitors hated him in consequence. The trial
+of Don Paul Olavide, which took place about this time, furnished some
+details which caused a suspicion that the opinions of the Count d'Aranda
+on the subject of mere exterior devotion were the same as those of the
+accused. However the inquisitors could not obtain a sufficient mass of
+evidence to authorize proceedings against him, and he died after having
+been denounced four times to the holy office, but without ever being put
+upon his trial.
+
+_Arroyo_ (Don Stephen d'), corregidor of Ecija, a town in Andalusia, and
+a member of the royal civil court of the district of Granada. He was
+excommunicated by the Inquisition of Cordova in 1664, because he opposed
+the attempts made by the inquisitors to extend their jurisdiction at the
+expense of the civil tribunals.
+
+_Avalos_ (Don Diego Lopez d'), corregidor of the city of Cordova, was
+threatened to be excommunicated and imprisoned in 1501, because he
+refused to give up two archers of the holy office, who had been taken to
+the royal prison, unless they were demanded with the proper forms.
+
+_Azara_ (Don Joseph Nicolas d'), born in Aragon, was successively
+director of the office of the minister for foreign affairs, minister
+plenipotentiary at Rome, and ambassador extraordinary to Paris. He
+published a translation of the _Life of Cicero_, with notes,
+illustrations, and plates. He was considered one of the most learned men
+in Spain during the reigns of Charles III. and his successor. Although
+he almost always resided in Italy or France, his name was in the
+registers of the holy office. He was denounced at Saragossa and Madrid
+as an incredulous philosopher; but there were no proofs, and the trial
+was suspended until fresh charges should be brought against him.
+
+_Aragon_ (the deputation of). See the preceding Article.
+
+_Aragon._ The Chief Justice of Aragon was invested with supreme power,
+and placed between the king and the nation, to decide without appeal, if
+the king's ministers infringed the laws established at the beginning of
+the monarchy. Even the king was obliged to submit to the decisions of
+this magistrate in all constitutional affairs. In order to prevent
+disputes between the two powers, the chief justice and his tribunal were
+independent of the king in the criminal proceedings. The inquisitors of
+Saragossa, regardless of these regulations, commenced proceedings
+against the chief justice, and in 1591 threatened to excommunicate him.
+Some account of this affair will be given in the trial of Antonio Perez.
+
+_Bañüelos_ (Don Vincent) was excommunicated by the Inquisition of
+Toledo, for endeavouring to defend the jurisdiction of the civil
+tribunal in a trial for homicide.
+
+_Barcelona._ See the preceding Article.
+
+_Barrientos_ (the commandant), knight of the military order of St. Jago,
+and Corregidor and Sub-prefect of Logroño, was obliged, in 1516, to go
+to Madrid, and appear before the inquisitor-general of the Supreme
+Council, to ask pardon for having refused to lend assistance to the
+archers of the holy office in arresting some monks. He was subjected to
+the lesser _auto-da-fé_, attended mass, standing with a torch in his
+hand, and received some slight strokes of a whip from the inquisitor;
+this ceremony was concluded by a solemn absolution from all censures.
+
+_Benalcazar_ (the Count de) was excommunicated and menaced with an
+arrest by the inquisitors of Estremadura in 1500. The same threat was
+made to the governor of the fortress of Benalcazar; their offence was
+having defended their temporal power against the pretensions of the holy
+office, in the case of a woman who was arrested for having uttered some
+words against the faith.
+
+_Campomanes_ (Don Pedro Rodriguez de Campomanes, Count de) was, perhaps,
+the most eminent literary man in Spain, during the reigns of Charles
+III. and Charles IV. He is the author of several works mentioned in the
+_Spanish Library of the time of Charles III._ published by Don Juan de
+Sempere Guarinos. He first filled the office of procurator to the king
+in the Council of Castile, and in the chamber of the king, of which he
+was afterwards the governor. In all his works he constantly maintained
+the independence of sovereigns with respect to the Court of Rome, the
+obligation that all the citizens of the state should pay their part of
+the public expenses, and the impossibility that the contentious
+jurisdiction should form part of the ecclesiastical power, unless
+accorded by the special favour of the sovereign. It is easy to suppose
+that Campomanes had a great many enemies among the clergy; he was
+denounced to the holy office as an anti-catholic philosopher. The
+charges were numerous, but they did not prove that he had advanced any
+heretical proposition; they only tended to create a suspicion that his
+works were opposed to the spirit of Christianity. He was invited to
+attend the _auto-da-fé_ of Don Paul Olavide, in order to inform him of
+the punishment he would incur by professing the same opinions; but
+though the inquisitors knew him to be their enemy, they did not dare to
+go any further.
+
+_Cardona_ (Don Pedro de), captain-general of Catalonia. See Chapter 16.
+
+_Castile_ (Council of). See preceding Article.
+
+_Chaves_ (Don Gregorio Antonio de), corregidor and sub-prefect of
+Cordova, was excommunicated and threatened with imprisonment by the
+inquisitors of Cordova in 1660.
+
+_Chumacero_ (Don Juan), Count de Guaro, president of the Council of
+Castile, ambassador at Rome, composed several works which are mentioned
+by Nicolas Antonio, and some discourses in defence of the temporal
+against the ecclesiastical power, and in favour of the independence of
+sovereigns against the abuses of the Court of Rome. The inquisitors of
+Spain, at the instigation of the Pope's nuncio, undertook to condemn his
+doctrine, and to prohibit his works, with those of some other authors
+who wrote in the same spirit, in order to force them to retract, on
+pain of excommunication and imprisonment.
+
+_Cordova_ (Don Pedro Fernandez de), Marquis de Priego, member of the
+municipality of Cordova, was persecuted by the Inquisition in 1506. See
+Chapter 10.
+
+_Cordova_ (Don Diego Fernandez de), Count de Cabra, and also a member of
+the municipality of Cordova, was treated in the same manner. _Ibid._
+
+_Godoy_ (Don Manuel), Prince of Peace, Duke of Alcudia, secretary of
+state to Charles IV. See Chapter 43.
+
+_Gonzalez_ (Don Mathias). See the preceding Article.
+
+_Gudiel_ (the Licentiate). _Ibid._
+
+_Gudiel de Peralta_ (Don Louis). _Ibid._
+
+_Guzman_ (Don Gaspar de), Count-Duke d'Olivarez, prime minister to
+Philip IV. See Chapter 37.
+
+_Izquierdo_ (the Licentiate). See the preceding Article.
+
+_Jovellanos_ (Don Gaspard Melchior de), Secretary of State in the
+department of grace and justice under Charles IV., was one of the most
+learned men in Spain; he wrote several pamphlets on politics and
+different branches of literature. In 1798 he resolved to reform the mode
+of proceeding in the holy office, and intended to take advantage of a
+memorial which I had composed in 1794, according to the orders of the
+inquisitor-general Abad-y-la-Sierra; but from a secret court intrigue he
+was denounced to the Inquisition as a Jansenist and an enemy to the
+tribunal. Charles IV. was persuaded first to banish him to his native
+place Gijon, in the Asturias, and afterwards to confine him in the
+Chartreuse, in the island of Majorca, where he was informed that he was
+to study the Christian doctrine. This treatment was extremely unjust,
+for Jovellanos was not only a good Catholic, but a just and
+irreproachable man, whose memory will do honour to Spain.
+
+_Juan_ (D. Gabriel de), president of the royal Court of Appeal at
+Majorca, was excommunicated in 1531; he maintained the rights of the
+sovereign against the inquisitors.
+
+_Lara_ (Don Juan Perez de), procurator to the king, and fiscal of the
+royal Court of Appeal at Seville, was extremely ill-treated by the
+inquisitors in 1637, because he maintained the rights of the royal
+jurisdiction in a manifesto, which the inquisitors declared contained
+propositions offensive to the holy office.
+
+_Macanaz_ (Don Melchior de). See the preceding article.
+
+_Moñino_ (Don Joseph), Count de Florida-Blanca, first secretary of state
+under Charles III., and Charles IV. He had been successively an advocate
+at Madrid, procurator to the king and fiscal of the Council of Castile,
+and minister plenipotentiary at Rome. His celebrity as a lawyer was the
+origin of his elevation, and his subsequent conduct fully justified the
+favourable opinion which had been formed of him. In his quality of
+fiscal he wrote several works. Don Juan Sempere Guarinos, in his
+_Catalogue of the Authors of the Reign of Charles III._, has inserted
+notices of those which had been printed and those which remained
+unpublished. Among the first are some of great merit: the _Advice of a
+Fiscal_, which he gave to the council on the memorial presented to
+Charles III. by Don Isidro Carbajal y Lancaster, Bishop of Cuença, and
+on the _impartial judgment_ of the brief issued by Clement XIII. against
+the sovereign Duke of Parma, induced some ignorant and prejudiced
+priests to denounce him to the Inquisition as an enemy to religion. The
+Count furnished them with additional arms against himself, when he gave
+his opinion as procurator-fiscal on the abuses committed by the
+inquisitors in the prohibition of books, and on the system which they
+had adopted of taking cognizance of crimes not relating to doctrine.
+However, the inquisitors, not finding in his writings any proposition
+which might be qualified as heretical, were afraid to continue the trial
+of a minister for whom the king showed the greatest esteem.
+
+_Mur_ (Don Joseph de), president of the royal Court of Appeal at
+Majorca, being obliged to maintain the rights of the tribunal against
+the holy office, composed, in 1615, a work on competency, in which he
+supported the royal jurisdiction against the ecclesiastical power in all
+contests not relating to spiritual concerns. The holy office made the
+author suffer much, and inserted his work in the _Index_. Philip IV.
+caused it to be erased in 1641, at the request of the Council of
+Castile.
+
+_Ossuna_ (the Duke of). See Chapter 37.
+
+_Olavide_ (Don Paul), born at Lima, in Peru, _Assistant_, that is,
+Prefect of Seville, and director of the towns and villages recently
+built in the _Sierra-Morena_ and in Andalusia, was arrested in 1776, and
+taken to the secret prisons of the Inquisition of Madrid; on the
+suspicion that he held impious opinions, particularly those of Rousseau
+and Voltaire, with whom he maintained an intimate correspondence. It
+appeared from the trial, that Olavide had, in the new towns which he
+governed, uttered the opinions of these philosophers, on the exterior
+worship which is rendered to God in this country. The accused denied
+many of the words and actions imputed to him; he explained others which
+might not have been understood by the witnesses, but he confessed enough
+to induce the inquisitors to believe that he secretly held the same
+opinions as his two friends. Olavide asked pardon for his imprudence,
+but declared that he could not do so for the crime of heresy, as he had
+never lost his interior faith. On the 24th of November, 1778, an
+_auto-da-fé_ was celebrated with closed doors, in the hall of the
+Inquisition of Madrid, in the presence of sixty persons of high rank:
+Don Paul Olavide appeared before them, in the habit of a penitent, and
+holding in his hand an extinguished torch. The sentence declared him to
+be convicted of _formal heresy_; he ought to have appeared in the
+_San-benito_, with a cord round his neck, but this was dispensed with,
+as well as the obligation of wearing the _San-benito_ afterwards. He was
+condemned to pass eight years in a convent, and to live according to
+the orders of a spiritual director chosen by the Inquisition; to be
+banished from Madrid, Seville, Cordova, and the new town in the Sierra
+Morena. His property was confiscated; he was forbidden to possess any
+office or honourable title; to ride on horseback, or to wear any jewels
+or ornaments of gold, silver, pearls, diamonds, precious stones, or
+habits of silk, or fine wool, but only those of coarse serge or some
+other stuff of that kind. The reading of the _factum_ of his trial, by
+the secretary, lasted four hours; the fiscal accused him of having
+advanced seventy heretical propositions, and seventy-two witnesses were
+examined. Towards the conclusion, Olavide exclaimed, _Whatever the
+fiscal may say, I have never lost my faith_. No answer was made to him.
+When he heard his sentence he fainted, and fell off the bench on which
+he had been permitted to sit. When he had recovered, and the reading of
+the sentence was finished, he received absolution on his knees, after
+having read and signed his profession of faith; he was then taken back
+to the prison. The sixty individuals who were invited to this ceremony
+were dukes, counts, marquises, generals, members of the councils, and
+knights of different military orders; they were most of them his
+friends. These persons were, from some circumstances in the trial,
+suspected of partaking his opinions, and the invitation was intended to
+inform them of what they might expect, and to induce them to be more
+reserved in their conversation. Olavide went to the convent where he was
+to be confined, but made his escape some time after, and retired to
+France. He lived at Paris under the name of the _Count de Pilo_, a title
+which he had never borne in Spain. A few years after he published a
+work, called _The Gospel Triumphant; or, the Converted Philosopher_.
+This composition obtained his pardon, and permission to return to Spain,
+where no penances were imposed on him.
+
+_Perez_ (Antonio). See Chapter 35.
+
+_Ramos del Manzano_ (Don Francis), Count de Francos, tutor of Charles
+II. and president of the Sovereign Council of the Indies, composed some
+treatises on politics, which are mentioned by Nicolas Antonio. In these
+writings he maintains the prerogatives and independence of the
+sovereigns against the indirect powers of the Popes, the abuses of the
+Court of Rome, and the ecclesiastical judges in the holy office. The
+Count de Francos suffered much persecution, and his works were
+prohibited; if Philip IV. had not protected him, he would have been
+arrested, and his books burnt.
+
+_Ricla_ (the Count de), minister of war, and lieutenant-general in the
+army under Charles III., was denounced to the holy office as having
+adopted the opinions of the philosophers of the eighteenth century.
+There was not sufficient proof against him, and the trial was suspended.
+
+_Roda_ (Don Manuel de), Marquis de Roda, minister and secretary of state
+in the department of grace and justice, under Charles III. He had been a
+celebrated advocate at Madrid, and minister-plenipotentiary at Rome; his
+talents and learning made him of the greatest use to Charles III. in the
+important affairs relative to the expulsion of the Jesuits. The
+imputation of Jansenism, incurred by the archbishops and bishops of the
+Council extraordinary, was also brought against this minister, who had
+made many enemies by advising Charles III. to reform the six great
+colleges established at Salamanca, Alcala, and Valladolid. This
+denunciation failed, because it contained no _particular proposition_
+which deserved to be censured.
+
+_Salcedo_ (Don Pedro Gonzalez de), procurator to the king in the Council
+of Castile, published a treatise _On Political Law_, and some other
+works, in which he attacked the abuses committed by the judges of the
+privileged tribunals, and the pretensions of the inquisitors and other
+ecclesiastics to the royal jurisdictions. He was persecuted, and his
+works were condemned, but Philip IV. revoked the prohibition; however
+some passages were afterwards retrenched, and they are not found in the
+later editions.
+
+_Salgado_ (Don Francis de), member of the Council of Castile, published
+some works in defence of the royal jurisdiction against the
+ecclesiastical authority; they are mentioned by Nicolas Antonio. The
+Court of Rome condemned them; the inquisitors of Spain persecuted the
+author, but when they were on the point of publishing the prohibition of
+his works, Philip IV. commanded them to suspend their proceedings.
+
+_Samaniego_ (Don Philip de), priest, archdeacon of Pampeluna, knight of
+the order of St. James, counsellor to the king, and chief secretary and
+interpreter of foreign languages. He was invited to attend the
+_auto-da-fé_ of Don Paul Olavide, and was so alarmed that he voluntarily
+denounced himself. He presented a declaration, in which he confessed
+that he had read prohibited books, such as those of Voltaire, Mirabeau,
+Rousseau, Hobbes, Spinosa, Montesquieu, Bayle, d'Alembert, Diderot, and
+others; that from this course of reading he had fallen into a religious
+pyrrhonism; that having thought seriously on the subject, he had
+resolved to remain firmly attached to the Catholic faith, and that in
+consequence he had resolved to demand to be absolved from the censures
+_ad cautelam_. The tribunal ordered that he should confirm his
+declaration by taking an oath. They then obliged him to confess by what
+means he had obtained the books, whom he had received them from, and
+where they were at that time; with what persons he had conversed on the
+subject of religion, and revealed his opinions; what individuals had
+refuted or adopted them; who had appeared to be ignorant of the
+doctrine, or were acquainted with it; and lastly, how long he had known
+it himself: these declarations were the conditions on which he was to
+receive absolution. Samaniego wrote a declaration, in which almost all
+the learned men of the court were implicated. Some of these persons had
+been invited to the _auto-da-fé_ of Don Paul Olavide.
+
+_Sardinia_ (the viceroy of) was excommunicated in 1498, and punished by
+the inquisitors for having lent assistance to the Archbishop of Cagliari
+in taking a criminal from the prisons of the holy office to those of the
+archbishopric.
+
+_Sesé_ (Don Joseph de), president of the royal Court of Appeal of the
+kingdom of Aragon. This magistrate wrote a work, in which he had
+collected many definitive sentences which had been pronounced in trials
+for competency; they were all favourable to the secular power. The
+author was the victim of his zeal; he was persecuted, and his work
+prohibited, but Philip IV. caused it to be revoked.
+
+_Solorzano_ (Don Juan de), member of the Sovereign Council of the
+Indies. He was the author of a work on _Indian Politics_, and several
+others of the same nature. They were written in the same spirit as those
+of Salgado; Solorzano and his works shared his fate.
+
+_Sotomayor_ (Don Guiterre de), knight commander of the order of
+Alcantara, brother of the Count de Benalcazar, and governor of the
+fortress of that name. See _Benalcazar_.
+
+_Terranova_ (the Marquis de). See Chapter 16.
+
+_Toledo_ (the royal judge of) was excommunicated, imprisoned, and
+received much ill treatment from the inquisitors in 1622, in a contest
+for jurisdiction.
+
+_Valdés_ (Don Antonio), member of the royal Council of Castile. He was
+excommunicated by the inquisitors in 1639, because he refused to exempt
+the familiars of the holy office who possess land, from paying a
+contribution.
+
+_Valencia_ (the viceroy of), captain-general, was obliged in 1488, to
+appear before the Supreme Council of the Inquisition, and ask pardon and
+absolution for having set at liberty a soldier who was detained in the
+prisons of the holy office. He had the mortification of being obliged to
+appear in a _lesser auto-da-fé_.
+
+_Vera_ (Don Juan-Antonio de). See Chapter 36.
+
+_Zarate_ (Diego Ruiz de), chief alcade of Cordova, was punished by the
+Supreme Council in 1500, and suspended from his office for six months,
+because he refused to allow the inquisitors of Cordova to take
+cognizance of the trial of the chief alguazil of that city.
+
+Many other instances might be quoted: but these are sufficient to show
+that the nature of the tribunal of the holy office will be contrary to
+the independence of the sovereign, while the royal jurisdiction is
+confounded with that of the inquisitors, and while the members of the
+holy office are exempted from the civil and criminal jurisdiction of the
+royal tribunals.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII.
+
+OF THE TRIALS OF SEVERAL SOVEREIGNS AND PRINCES UNDERTAKEN BY THE
+INQUISITION.
+
+
+It is not surprising that the Inquisition should persecute magistrates
+and learned men, when it has not scrupled to attack kings, princes, and
+grandees. Some writers (particularly the French and Flemish) have
+singularly exaggerated the accounts of these trials; some of them having
+but a vague and slight foundation for what they have advanced, and
+others have filled their accounts with invectives and fictions. The
+history is derived from the archives and writings of the trials of the
+Inquisition, and I have attended more to these authentic documents than
+to the narratives of those who have not had the same advantages. This
+Chapter will contain _all that is certainly known_ of the trials of the
+princes and other potentates by the Inquisition.
+
+The _Holy Tribunal_ was scarcely established in Aragon, when it attacked
+Don James de Navarre, sometimes called the _Infant of Tudela_, and the
+_Infant of Navarre_. His crime was an act of benevolence. The
+assassination of Pedro Arbues, the first inquisitor of Aragon, which
+took place in 1485, obliged many of the principal inhabitants of
+Saragossa to take flight. One of these persons went to Tudela de
+Navarre, where the Infant of Navarre resided, and asked and obtained an
+asylum in his house for several days, until he could make his escape
+into France. The inquisitors being informed of this humane action,
+arrested and took Don James to their prisons in 1487, as an enemy to the
+holy office. He was condemned to hear solemn mass, standing in the
+presence of a great concourse of people, and of his cousin Don Alphonso
+of Aragon (a natural son of Ferdinand V. and Archbishop of Saragossa),
+and to receive absolution from the censures which he was supposed to
+have incurred, after submitting to be _scourged_ by two priests, and
+having gone through all the ceremonies prescribed in such cases by the
+Roman ritual.
+
+In 1488, the Inquisition tried John Pic de la Mirandola and de
+Concordia, a prince who was considered a prodigy of science, from the
+age of twenty-three years. Innocent VIII. instigated them to this
+measure by a brief addressed to Ferdinand and Isabella, dated the 16th
+of December, 1487, in which he said, that he had been informed that John
+Pic was going into Spain, with the intention of maintaining, in the
+universities and other schools of the kingdom, the erroneous doctrine of
+several theses which he had already published at Rome, and had abjured,
+which rendered him still more culpable. His Holiness added, that he was
+most afflicted in perceiving that the youth, the pleasing manners and
+agreeable conversation of the prince would gain him many partisans; he
+said that these considerations had induced him to request the two
+sovereigns to arrest the prince when he arrived in Spain, as the fear of
+corporal punishment might have more effect than the anathemas of the
+Church. De la Mirandola doubtless received information of what awaited
+him in Spain, as he did not undertake the journey; at least nothing is
+to be found in the archives concerning it. The learned historian Fleury
+must have been ignorant of the existence of this bull, since he says
+that the affair of the Prince de la Mirandola terminated in the
+suppression of his theses at Rome, in 1486. This prince had published
+and defended nine hundred propositions on theology, mathematics,
+physics, cabala, and other sciences. Thirteen of these were examined and
+qualified as heretical; the author published an apology, showing the
+ignorance of his judges. His adversaries, finding that they could not
+dispute with him, accused him of being a magician; and asserted, that so
+much knowledge in so young a person could only be acquired by a compact
+with the devil.
+
+In 1507 the Inquisition, instigated by Ferdinand V., undertook to
+prosecute and arrest Cæsar Borgia, Duke de Valentinois, and
+brother-in-law to John d'Albret, King of Navarre. It is most probable
+that this prince would have been taken, if he had not been killed in the
+same year before Viana, not far from Logroño, by the governor of a
+fortress, Juan Garces de los Fayos. Cæsar Borgia was the natural son of
+Don Rodrigo de Borgia (afterwards raised to the papal see, by the name
+of Alexander VI.), and the famous _Vanoci_. He had been a cardinal, but,
+in 1499, his father, in compliance with the request of Louis XII. King
+of France, who adopted him, granted him dispensations to marry the
+sister of the King of Navarre; he then obtained the titles and estates
+of the dukedom of Valentinois. A short time after the death of Cæsar
+Borgia's father, in 1503, he was arrested at Naples, by the order of
+Gonzalo de Cordova, viceroy of that monarchy, on the pretence that he
+disturbed the tranquillity of the kingdom. He was taken to Spain, and
+confined in the Castle of Medina del Campo, from whence he made his
+escape, and fled to Navarre. Ferdinand, finding that his niece, the
+Queen of Navarre, would not give up this prince to him, resolved to
+secure him by means of the Inquisition.
+
+It has been already stated that the inquisitors did not prosecute the
+memory of Charles V.; but in 1565, they were concerned in the
+proceedings against Jane d'Albret, the hereditary Queen of Navarre, and
+against her son, Henry de Bourbon, afterwards Henry IV. of France, and
+his sister, Margaret de Bourbon Albret, who married the sovereign Duke
+of Bar. The holy office, however, did not take an active part in this
+affair. After Ferdinand V. had taken possession of the five districts of
+the kingdom of Navarre, called _Merindades_, he refused to recognise
+either Jane or Henry de Bourbon as sovereigns of Navarre. These princes
+were deprived of all their dominions, except the sixth _Merindade_ of
+Navarre, by a papal bull in 1512; the Court of Rome also refused to
+grant them the title of Kings of Navarre until the year 1561. The first
+to whom it was given was Anthony de Bourbon.
+
+Charles V. had ordered in his will that the right of his successors to
+the crown of Navarre should be examined, and that it should be restored
+to its rightful owners if it had been unjustly seized. In 1561, Philip
+II., who had not yet thought of executing the intentions of his father,
+perceiving that the king, Anthony de Bourbon, inclined towards
+Calvinism, entered into a negociation with him on this subject. In order
+to attach him to the Catholic party, Philip promised to obtain a
+dissolution of his marriage with Jane, who was a heretic, to induce his
+holiness to excommunicate her, and to give her states to him, with the
+consent of the Kings of France and Spain; to restore Navarre, or to give
+the island of Sardinia in exchange for it, and to negotiate a marriage
+between him and Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland. Anthony accepted this
+offer, but died before it could be executed. Philip then, through the
+intrigues of his agents at Rome, obtained the excommunication of Jane
+d'Albret, and that her states should be offered to the first Catholic
+prince who would take possession of them on the condition of expelling
+the heretics. Pius V. published a bull on the 28th September, 1563,
+excommunicating Queen Jane, for having adopted the heresy of Calvin, and
+promulgating his doctrines in her states; and according to the
+requisition of the procurator-fiscal of the Inquisition, his Holiness
+summoned her to appear at Rome, within six months, to answer these
+charges.
+
+Catherine de Medicis, regent of France, who was then reconciled to the
+Prince of Condé, the brother of the late King of Navarre, was displeased
+at the Inquisition of Rome; and in order to stop the proceedings, sent
+an ambassador extraordinary to the Pope, with a very learned memorial,
+which has been printed, with the bull, in the _Mémoires du Prince de
+Condé_.
+
+Charles IX., and Catherine de Medicis, his mother, wrote to Philip II.,
+(who was married to Elizabeth of France, the daughter of Catherine,) and
+informed him of what had passed, requesting that he would act in concert
+with them. Philip replied, that he not only disapproved of the conduct
+of the court of Rome, but he offered to protect the Princess Jane
+against any one who should attempt to deprive her of her states. It has,
+however, been proved by the letters of the French king to the Cardinal
+d'Armagnac, that Philip at the same time offered assistance to the
+Catholic subjects of Jane, to induce them to rebel against her, and that
+he privately introduced Spanish troops into her territories. This event
+was the origin of a confederation, known by the name of the _Catholic
+League_, which forms part of the histories of M. de Varillas, and of the
+secret memoirs of M. de Villeroi.
+
+The Spanish monarch endeavoured to obtain, by means of the Inquisition
+of Spain, what he had been refused by that of Rome. The
+inquisitor-general Cardinal Espinosa, in concert with the Cardinal de
+Lorraine, caused several witnesses to be examined, to prove that Jane
+d'Albret and her children were Huguenots, and that, as they encouraged
+this heresy in their states, it might spread into Spain. Espinosa (who
+pretended that Philip was ignorant of his proceedings) informed the
+council that it was necessary to impart this circumstance to his
+majesty, and entreat him to do all in his power to prevent Jane from
+persecuting the Catholics.
+
+Philip secretly directed the affairs of the _League_ in France by means
+of communications with the chiefs of the party; and according to his
+orders the inquisitor-general formed a plot to carry off the Queen of
+Navarre and her two children, and confine them in the dungeons of the
+Inquisition of Saragossa. He hoped to succeed in this enterprise,
+through the assistance afforded him by the Cardinal de Lorraine, and the
+other chiefs of the _League_.
+
+Those French historians who wrote after this period (such as the Abbé
+St. Real, Mercier, and others) have endeavoured to throw all the odium
+of this plot on Philip II. and the Duke of Alva; but as truth is the
+first duty of historians, I am compelled to say, that the De Guises were
+the authors of it. Nicolas de Neuville, Lord of Villeroy, minister and
+first secretary of state during the reigns of Charles IX., Henry III.,
+Henry IV., and Louis XIII., has left details of this affair, in a
+_Memoir_ which was found after his death among his papers, and which has
+been printed with many others, under the title of _Secret Memoirs of M.
+de Villeroi_. This author, who was a contemporary, and acquainted with
+the secrets of the government, seems to be more deserving of confidence
+than any other.
+
+Philip II. took advantage of the attempt, though it entirely failed; and
+wrote to represent to the Pope, that his subjects in the neighbourhood
+of France might imbibe the heresy, and demanded and obtained an order to
+separate from the bishopric of Bayonne the villages of the valley of
+Bastan, and those of the arch-priesthood of Fontarabia.
+
+In 1563, the Inquisition of Murcia condemned another prince, called Don
+Philip of Aragon. See Chapter 23.
+
+In 1589, the Prince Alexander Farnese, governor-general of the Low
+Countries and Flanders, and uncle to Philip II., was denounced to the
+Inquisition of Spain, as suspected of Lutheranism, and a favourer of
+heretics; it was also said, that he intended to become the sovereign of
+Flanders, for which purpose he courted the Protestants. No proofs of
+heresy were produced, and the inquisitor-general suspended the
+proceedings. Although the enemies of Prince Farnese made every effort to
+ruin him, Philip did not deprive him of his office, and he remained
+Governor of the Low Countries till his death in 1592. It has been said
+that he was poisoned by Philip II.
+
+The Cardinal Quiroga, and the Council of the Inquisition, treated the
+Sovereign Pontiff, Sextus Quintus, with little respect. This Pope
+published a translation of the Bible in Italian, and prefaced it by a
+bull, in which he recommended every one to read it, saying, that the
+faithful would derive the greatest advantages from it. This conduct of
+the Pope was contrary to all the regulations from the time of Leo X. All
+doctrinal works had been forbidden to be in the vulgar tongue for fifty
+years, by the expurgatory index of the council, and by the inquisitions
+of Rome and Madrid. The Cardinals, Quiroga at Madrid, and Toledo at
+Rome, and others, represented to Philip II., that great evils would
+arise from it, if he did not employ his influence to induce the Pope to
+relinquish his design. Philip commissioned the Count d'Olivarez to
+expostulate with the Pontiff; the Count obeyed, but at the peril of his
+life, for Sextus Quintus was on the point of depriving him of it,
+without respect for the rights of nations, or for the privileges of
+Olivarez as an ambassador.
+
+This formidable Pope died in 1592, and Philip was suspected of having
+shortened his days by slow poison. After this event, the Inquisition of
+Spain having received witnesses to prove that the _infallible_ oracle of
+the law was a favourer of heretics, condemned the Sextine Bible, as they
+had already condemned those of Cassiodorus de Reyna, and many others.
+
+A preparatory instruction was commenced against Don John of Austria, a
+natural son of Philip IV., but the proceedings were suspended by the
+king. This event was caused by the intrigues of the inquisitor-general,
+John Everard Nitardo, who was the mortal enemy of Don John; and some
+persons were found base enough to accuse the king's brother of
+Lutheranism, in order to flatter him.
+
+The Grandees of Spain may be numbered among the princes, since Charles
+V. declared them to possess that title, and that they were equal in rank
+to the sovereigns of the Circles of Germany; they had likewise the
+privileges of being seated and covered in the presence of the king, as,
+for example, when the emperor was crowned.
+
+Among the princes humiliated by the Inquisition, the following persons
+must be included. The Marquis de Priego, the grand-master of the
+military order of Montesa, the Duke de Gandia, St. Francis de Borgia,
+the blessed Juan de Ribera, the venerable Don Juan de Palafox, and many
+others, among whom were several ladies. None of these trials had any
+serious result; the denounced persons only received a severe
+remonstrance, except in the case of the Dowager Marchioness d'Alcanices,
+who was imprisoned in the Convent of St. Catherine, at Valladolid. These
+persons were all innocent; the only foundation for the accusations was
+their intimacy with the Doctors Pedro and Augustine Cazalla, Fray
+Dominic de Roxas, and Don Pedro Samiento de Roxas: they were also
+accused of having heard conversations on justification, and of not
+having denounced them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII.
+
+OF THE CONDUCT OF THE HOLY OFFICE TOWARDS THOSE PRIESTS WHO ABUSED THE
+SACRAMENT OF CONFESSION.
+
+
+While the Inquisition was occupied in persecuting the peaceable
+Lutherans, they were obliged to take measures to punish Catholic
+priests, who abused the ministry of confession, by seducing their
+penitents. The inquisitors were compelled to act with great reserve and
+caution in this affair, that they might not furnish the Lutherans with
+new arguments against auricular confession, and the Catholics with a
+motive for employing it less frequently.
+
+On the 18th of January, 1556, Paul IV. addressed a brief to the
+Inquisitors of Granada, in which his Holiness commanded them to
+prosecute those priests whom the _public voice_ accused of seduction,
+and not to pardon _one_ of them. He also recommended that they should
+ascertain if the doctrine of the priests on the sacrament of penitence
+was orthodox, and if it was necessary to pursue the course prescribed
+for the prosecution of heretics. The inquisitors communicated this brief
+to the Archbishop of Granada, and the Council of the Inquisition, which
+informed them in reply, that the publication of the brief in the usual
+form would produce great inconveniences, and that it was necessary to
+act with prudence and moderation.
+
+For this reason the archbishop summoned the curés, and other
+ecclesiastics, while the inquisitors did the same with the prelates of
+the regular communities, to recommend to them to notify the brief of the
+Pope to all the confessors, that they might be more strict in their
+conduct for the future, and that the people might not be made acquainted
+with the order of his Holiness. At the same time, informations were
+taken against those who were suspected, and some who were guilty were
+privately punished under other pretexts.
+
+This measure convinced the Pope that the abuse was not confined to the
+kingdom of Granada; and, in 1561, he addressed a brief to the
+inquisitor-general Valdés, authorizing him to proceed against the
+confessors guilty of this crime in the domains of Philip, as if they
+were heretics. As this bull did not affect the inquisitors-general who
+succeeded Valdés, several others were afterwards expedited.
+
+It was the custom to read the _Edict of Denunciations_ in the churches
+every year, on some Sunday in Lent, and as the number of crimes
+increased, new articles were added to the Edict. The inquisitors of some
+provinces introduced that of the priests who corrupted their penitents,
+and Raynaldus Gonzalvius Montanus, speaking of the occurrences at
+Seville after the publication of this edict, declares that it was
+published in 1563, and that the denunciations were so numerous that the
+notaries of the holy office refused to receive them, and that the
+inquisitors were obliged to relinquish the prosecution of the criminals.
+
+The edict was not published till 1564, and the denunciations were much
+less numerous than he pretends. The denunciations ceased, because the
+obligation imposed on the penitents to inform against the criminals was
+annulled by the Supreme Council. Several other edicts were afterwards
+published on this subject, and they were framed to include a great
+number of cases.
+
+This crime is never punished in a public _auto-da-fé_, because it might
+prevent the faithful from confessing themselves. The _auto-da-fé_ was
+held in the hall of the holy office; the secular confessors were
+summoned to attend it, two from each of the establishments in the town,
+and four from that of the condemned person, if there were any. No laymen
+were permitted to be present, except the notaries. When the sentence,
+and the motives for it, had been read, the dean of the inquisitors
+exhorted the criminal to acknowledge his crime, and prepared him to make
+the abjuration of all heresies in general, and of that of which he was
+suspected in particular. He then placed himself on his knees, pronounced
+his confession of faith, and signed his abjuration: the inquisitor
+absolved him _ad cautelam_ from all the censures he had incurred: this
+act terminated the _auto-da-fé_, the criminal was taken back to the
+prison, and the next day he was transferred to the convent in which he
+was to be imprisoned, according to his sentence. The confessors who
+attended this ceremony, were commanded to inform others of the affair,
+to deter them from committing the same crime.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIX.
+
+OF THE TRIALS INSTITUTED BY THE INQUISITION AGAINST THE PRELATES AND
+SPANISH DOCTORS OF THE COUNCIL OF TRENT.
+
+
+_Prelates._
+
+Eight venerable prelates and nine doctors of theology, who were sent by
+Spain to the Council of Trent, were attacked in secret by the
+Inquisition of their country. From particular circumstances, rather than
+from the will of the inquisitors, some of these trials were suspended,
+before any attempt had been made on the liberty of the doctors.
+
+The trial of the Archbishop of Toledo ought to be introduced in this
+place, but its importance and interest renders it worthy of a separate
+chapter.
+
+_Don Pedro Guerrero_, born at Leza-de-rio-Leza, in Rioxa, archbishop of
+Granada, was one of those prelates who, from their learning and virtue,
+had the greatest influence in the Council of Trent. He was prosecuted
+by the Inquisition of Valladolid, for the favourable opinion he
+expressed in 1558, of the Catechism of Carranza, and for the letters he
+wrote to him in the following year. It was also known that he voted for
+the archbishop, in the commission employed by the Council of Trent to
+examine his book, and likewise in the particular congregation of that
+assembly, which approved his conduct in 1563. Guerrero averted the
+danger by retracting his opinion in 1574, when he was informed of the
+inclinations of Philip on this subject. He then gave a new opinion,
+entirely different from the first, persuaded that it would be sent to
+Rome, which in fact was done, in order to strengthen the charges against
+Carranza: this is proved by the letter of the Supreme Council to Philip
+II., in which it announces that the censures which his majesty had
+demanded of the Archbishop of Granada were prepared, and that it was
+absolutely necessary to send them to Rome, because _it was to be
+apprehended that the affair would be soon concluded, that the trial went
+on quickly_[33], and _that it was necessary to send this document, on
+account of the high esteem in which the opinion of the archbishop was
+held in Rome_.
+
+It would be difficult to give a just idea of the intrigues which were
+employed to obtain so contrary an opinion from Guerrero. The Pope
+commanded, in a particular brief, that those censors who had been
+favourable to the Catechism should examine and censure it again, and
+afterwards give their opinions of the inedited works of Carranza. On the
+arrival of this brief, the Cardinal Quiroga, who was in the king's
+confidence, despatched persons whom he could depend upon, to the
+Archbishop of Granada, to induce him to renew his censure, _without
+saying that he had done it before, to conform to the king's intentions,
+but as if he only did it in obedience to the orders of his Holiness_.
+This intrigue is proved by the private instructions which Quiroga gave
+to his messengers. It must be confessed that the conduct of the
+Archbishop of Granada does little honour to his memory, but it must also
+be remembered how formidable the policy of Philip II. rendered him, and
+that Guerrero was advanced in years.
+
+_Don Francisco Blanco_, born at Capillas, in the bishopric of Leon, had
+been bishop of Orense and Malaga, when he was prosecuted on suspicion of
+Lutheranism, for the same reason as Guerrero.
+
+The arrest of Carranza alarmed Blanco so much, that he wrote immediately
+to the inquisitor-general, and sent him several inedited works of the
+archbishop of Toledo. He received an order to repair to Valladolid,
+where he entered into the convent of Augustins: he made his declarations
+on the 14th of September, and on the 13th of October, 1559, acknowledged
+two of his approbations, but declared that he could not consent to
+ratify them, until he had re-examined the book, since he had given them
+without reflection, and was only influenced by the great reputation of
+Carranza. It is impossible to read his declarations, and the letters
+which he wrote to the inquisitor-general, without perceiving the extreme
+terror which had seized him. He had recourse to the same means as
+Guerrero, to extricate himself from his embarrassment. This prelate died
+in 1581, after having composed several works, which are mentioned by
+Nicholas Antonio.
+
+_Don Francisco Delgado_, born at Villa de Pen, in Rioxa, founder of the
+eldership of the Counts de Berberana, bishop of Lugo, and afterwards of
+Jaen, and one of the fathers of the council of Trent, was suspected of
+heresy for the same reasons as the two preceding prelates. He avoided
+the sentence which threatened him, by retracting his opinions in 1574.
+
+_Don Andres Cuesta_, bishop of Leon, was prosecuted for the same cause.
+The inquisitor-general wrote to him before the arrest of Carranza, to
+know if he had given a favourable opinion of his Catechism. The Bishop
+replied in the affirmative, and sent him a copy of his opinion. Valdés
+kept this paper, but could not make any use of it. As the Archbishop of
+Toledo had then been arrested, the trial of the Bishop of Leon was
+begun, and the inquisitor-general resolved to summon him to Valladolid.
+Valdes informed the king of this resolution, and he wrote to Cuesta,
+saying, that all that was to be done was in the cause of God, and the
+service of his majesty. The Bishop of Leon submitted without resistance;
+and on the 14th of October, 1559, he was examined in the Council of the
+Inquisition, and in the presence of all its members. The opinion which
+he had given of the catechism, in 1558, was shown to him, and he
+acknowledged it to be his, but said that if he examined it again, he
+should be able to judge differently of Carranza's doctrine. He returned
+to his diocese, and sent another favourable opinion of the catechism to
+the inquisitor-general; it was founded on many doctrinal considerations
+and reflections, which he had not made in that which he sent to
+Carranza. His letters, declarations, and opinions, show a bold and
+strong mind, which may induce one to believe that he was not provoked to
+retract in 1574, or that his trial recommenced at that period; for the
+inquisitor-general and the Supreme Council finding in 1560 that the
+trial of Carranza caused them much trouble and embarrassment, resolved
+to _suspend_ the trials of the other bishops, until the result of the
+first was known.
+
+_Don Antonio Gorrionero_, bishop of Almeria, was prosecuted for his
+favourable opinion of the Catechism, and some letters which he wrote on
+the subject. He however attended the third convocation of the council of
+Trent, which took place in 1560, and the following years.
+
+_Don Fray Melchior Cano_, born in Tarancon, in the province of Cuença:
+he had resigned the bishopric of the Canaries, and attended the second
+session of the Council of Trent, in 1552. He was a member of the order
+of St. Dominic, as well as Carranza, and his rival in the government and
+administration of the affairs of his order, particularly after Carranza
+had obtained the preference, when they were both candidates for the
+office of Provincial of Castile. When the Catechism was denounced to the
+Inquisition, Valdés appointed Cano to examine it, affecting to favour
+its author, by choosing qualifiers from the monks of his order, but not
+doubting, at the same time, that the opinion of Fray Melchior would be
+unfavourable.
+
+Fray Melchior examined the catechism, and some inedited works of
+Carranza; but it appears that he did not strictly observe the secrecy
+recommended by the inquisitors, since Carranza received information of
+what was passing, while he was in Flanders, and wrote to Fray Melchior,
+who replied to him from Valladolid, in 1559. About this time, Fray
+Dominic de Roxas, and some other Lutherans confined in the secret
+prisons of the holy office, deposed to certain facts, which caused some
+suspicion of Fray Melchior.
+
+However, the prosecution begun against him had no result; for at the
+time when Cano was about to be reproved by the inquisitor-general, he
+offered him the dedication of his Treatise _de Locis Theologicis_, which
+was accepted; and as he had not time to publish it, he left it to the
+inquisitor-general in his will, some time before his death, which
+happened in 1560. His censure of the Catechism of Carranza, and some
+propositions which he had maintained against the archbishop, and which
+caused the faith of that prelate to be suspected, contributed to
+preserve him from punishment. His calumnious discourse concerning
+Carranza was no doubt the reason why he was thought to be his denouncer.
+
+_Don Pedro del Frago_, bishop of Jaca, was born in 1490, in Uncastillo,
+in the diocese of Jaca. Pedro studied at Paris, and became a Doctor of
+the Sorbonne: he learnt Hebrew and Greek, and was considered one of the
+best Latin poets of his age. He was appointed theologian to Charles V.,
+for the first convocation of the Council of Trent; he assisted at it in
+1545, and when the second assembly took place in 1551, he preached a
+Latin sermon to the fathers, on Assumption-day: this discourse forms
+part of the collection of documents relating to the council. In 1561,
+Philip II. created him Bishop of Alguer in Sardinia, and he attended the
+third convocation of the council in that quality. Don Pedro was made,
+first, Bishop of Jaca, in 1572; and in the following year, when he was
+sixty-four years of age, the Council of the Inquisition commanded the
+inquisitors of Saragossa to take informations against this worthy
+prelate, as suspected of heresy, because he had been denounced as not
+being known to confess himself, and that he had no regular confessor; he
+was likewise accused of not celebrating mass with sufficient solemnity.
+It is surprising that the council should admit these charges, since a
+bishop is not obliged to have a regular confessor, and it is not
+necessary for any person to confess, so that the public may be informed
+of it. The other charge brought against an old man of sixty-four, shows
+that there was nothing more serious to accuse him of. Philip II., to
+reward his services, gave Don Pedro the bishopric of Huesca, in 1577,
+where he founded an episcopal seminary. He died in 1584. He held a synod
+at Huesca, in which he established constitutions, which he had drawn up
+and caused to be printed; he also composed a Journal of the most
+remarkable events in the Council of Trent, from the year 1542 to 1560,
+and much Latin poetry.
+
+Among the doctors of theology of the Council of Trent, who were
+persecuted or punished by the Inquisition, the most celebrated is
+_Benedict Arias Montano_, perhaps the most learned man of his age in the
+oriental tongues.
+
+Several towns in Spain have disputed the honour of being the place of
+his birth. Montano understood Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, Greek,
+Latin, French, Italian, English, Dutch, and German: he was almoner to
+the king, a knight of the order of St. Jago, and doctor of theology in
+the university of Alcala.
+
+As there were no more copies in the trade of the _Polyglott_ Bible of
+the Cardinal Ximenez de Cisneros, the celebrated Plantin, a printer at
+Antwerp, represented to Philip II. the advantages which might arise from
+a new edition, with corrections and additions. The king approved of the
+scheme, and in 1568 appointed Arias Montano to be the director of the
+undertaking; he went to Flanders to fulfil the intentions of that
+monarch, and to compose the Expurgatory _Index_, known as that of the
+Duke of Alva's. In order to make the re-impression of the Polyglott
+Bible as perfect as possible, a great number of unpublished copies of
+the Bible, in all languages, were procured; this great work is in eight
+folio volumes. St. Pius V. and Gregory XIII. expressed their approbation
+of the execution of this undertaking, in particular briefs addressed to
+their nuncios in Flanders. Arias Montano went to Rome, and presented a
+copy to the Pope in person: he made a very eloquent speech in Latin on
+the occasion, which gave great pleasure to the Pope and cardinals. The
+King of Spain made presents of these Bibles to all the princes of
+Christendom: it has been called the _Royal Bible_, because it was done
+by the king's command; the _Philippine_, from his name; of _Antwerp_,
+because it was printed in that place; _Plantinian_, from the name of the
+printer; _Polyglott_, from being in several tongues; and of _Montano_,
+because he had the direction of it, though he was assisted by many
+learned men of the universities of Paris, Louvain, and Alcala de
+Henares.
+
+Arias returned to Spain, where the reputation he had acquired caused
+many persons to become his enemies, particularly among the Jesuits,
+because he had not consulted Diego Lainez, Alphonso Salmeron, or the
+other Jesuits of the Council of Trent: he made another enemy in Leon de
+Castro, a secular priest, professor of the oriental languages at
+Salamanca, because he did not consult the university, and employ him in
+the work. The certainty that he should be protected by the Jesuits
+induced him to denounce Arias Montano to the Inquisition of Rome: this
+denunciation was in Latin: he addressed another, in Spanish, to the
+Supreme Council at Madrid. Leon de Castro accused him of having given
+the Hebrew text of the Bible according to the Jewish MSS., and of having
+made the version accord with the opinions of the rabbis, without
+regarding those of the fathers of the church. He also qualified him as
+suspected of Judaism, because he affected to take the title of Rabbi,
+_master_; this, however, may be looked upon as a calumny, for in a copy
+of this Bible, which I have seen, his superscription is that of
+_Thalmud_, which means _disciple_. Other accusations were brought
+against him by the Jesuits. Leon de Castro, impatient to see Arias
+arrested, wrote on the 9th of November, 1576, to Don Fernando de la Vega
+de Fonseca, a counsellor of the _supreme_, and renewed his denunciation,
+showing by his letter that he was only actuated by resentment, at
+finding his pretended zeal so ill repaid. There is no doubt that Arias
+would have been arrested, if he had not been protected by the king, and
+if the Pope had not signified his approbation of his Bible by a special
+brief; he, however, thought it necessary to go to Rome to justify
+himself.
+
+Leon de Castro circulated copies of his denunciation, and the Jesuits
+did the same. He was attacked by Fray Luis Estrada, in a discourse
+addressed to Montano, in 1574; and his denunciation was also refuted by
+Pedro Chacon, another learned Spaniard, who proved the injury that would
+accrue to the Christian religion, if it was admitted that the Hebrew
+MSS. were falsified. De Castro published a reply, which he called
+_Apologetic_.
+
+Arias returned from Rome, and he could depend upon the favour of the
+king; he was not arrested, but confined to the city of Madrid. The
+council decreed that a copy of the denunciations should be given to him;
+Arias replied to and refuted the charges, insinuating that this attack
+was a plot of the Jesuits.
+
+The inquisitor-general, in concert with the council, appointed different
+theologians as qualifiers in the trial of Arias, and remitted to them
+the denunciation of de Castro and his apology, the reply of the accused,
+and the two writings of Estrada and Chacon. The principal censor was
+Juan de Mariana, a Jesuit, who was considered very learned in the
+oriental languages, and in theology. This choice, in which the Jesuits
+had some influence, induced them to suppose that Arias would be
+condemned. They were, however, disappointed; for though Mariana declared
+that the Polyglott Bible was full of errors and inaccuracies, he
+acknowledged that they were of no importance, and were not deserving of
+theological censure. This decision induced the council to pronounce in
+favour of Arias, who was soon after informed that he had gained his
+cause at Rome. Mariana was never forgiven by the Jesuits for his
+impartiality, and they afterwards made him a victim of the Inquisition.
+
+_Doctor Don Diego Sobaños_, rector of the university of Alcala, a
+theologian of the third convocation of the Council of Trent, not only
+expressed a favourable opinion of the Catechism of Carranza, but chiefly
+by his ascendancy over the theologians of his university, induced them
+to approve the work. He was tried by the Inquisition of Valladolid, and
+condemned to a pecuniary penalty, and to be absolved _ad cautelam_, from
+the censures which he had incurred by approving the Catechism.
+
+_Diego Lainez_, born in Almazan, in the diocese of Siguenza, second
+general of the Society of Jesus, was denounced to the Inquisition as
+suspected of Lutheranism, and the heresy of the _illuminati_. The
+Jesuits did not pardon Valdés for having prosecuted their general, and
+they contributed to his dismission in 1566. Diego Lainez, who was at
+Rome, succeeded in evading the jurisdiction of the Inquisition of Spain.
+
+_Fray Juan de Regla_, a Jeronimite, who had been confessor to Charles
+V., and provincial of his order in Spain, theologian of the Council of
+Trent at the second convocation, was arrested by the Inquisition of
+Saragossa, on the denunciation of the Jesuits, as suspected of
+Lutheranism: he abjured eighteen propositions, was absolved and
+subjected to a penance.
+
+_Fray Francisco Villalba_, a Jeronimite of Montamarta, born at Zamora,
+was one of the theologians at the second Council of Trent, and preacher
+to Charles V. and Philip II. He attended the emperor at his death, and
+pronounced his funeral oration. Philip II. had often consulted him. The
+Inquisition of Toledo began an action against him as a Lutheran, and
+being descended from the Jews. This arose from the envy of some monks of
+his order, who denounced him. The general of his order, and his
+coadjutors, made inquiries on the genealogy of Villalba, and discovered
+that he was not descended either from the Jews or any persons punished
+by the Inquisition. The protection of the king prevented the Inquisition
+from obtaining witnesses soon enough to substantiate the charges, and
+they did not dare to arrest him without further information. At this
+period, in 1575, Villalba died at the Escurial, leaving, among honest
+Spaniards, the reputation of being a good Catholic.
+
+_Fray Michel de Medina_, a Franciscan, was a theologian of the third
+convocation of the Council of Trent. He was born at Benalcazar, and
+became a member of the college of St. Peter and St. Paul at the
+university of Alcala, and guardian of the convent of Franciscans at
+Toledo; he died in 1578, in the secret prisons of that city, after
+having been sentenced as suspected of professing the opinions of
+Luther. This accusation was occasioned by his great esteem for the
+theological writings of Fray Juan de Fero, a monk of his order. He
+published some of his works, which were denounced to the Inquisition,
+and Medina wrote an apology for them, which was placed in the index by
+Cardinal Quiroga, in 1583. Nicolas Antonio has given notices of some
+works of Medina, and asserts that he justified himself on his doctrine.
+This statement is inaccurate, for Medina was declared to be suspected,
+and however innocent he may be supposed, his works were condemned, and
+he would have been obliged to abjure and receive absolution _ad
+cautelam_, if death had not arrested the progress of his trial.
+
+_Fray Pedro de Soto_, a Dominican, confessor to Charles V. and first
+theologian of Pope Pius IV. in the third convocation of the Council of
+Trent. He was persecuted by the Inquisition of Valladolid in 1560, on
+suspicion of Lutheranism: this suspicion was founded on the declarations
+of some accomplices of Cazalla, of the favourable opinion given by Fray
+Pedro on the Catechism of Carranza, of his letters to the archbishop,
+his efforts to induce Fray Dominic de Soto to retract his first opinions
+of the work, and to approve it, and on what he said at the council.
+Pedro de Soto was not arrested, as he died at Trent in 1563, during the
+first forms of his trial. He was taken by Philip II. to England, to
+labour in the cause of religion. Nicolas Antonio mentions his works.
+
+_Fray Dominic de Soto_, a Dominican, professor at Salamanca, attended
+the two first convocations of the Council of Trent; he had a great
+knowledge of theology, but he showed himself full of deceit and without
+any resolution, when, wishing to favour two adverse parties at the same
+time, he lost the esteem of both. An account of his conduct towards the
+Doctor Egidius has been already given. He did not act with more
+sincerity in the affair of the companion of his studies, the Archbishop
+of Toledo. The inquisitors of Valladolid commissioned him to examine
+and censure the Catechism of Carranza: he noted two hundred
+propositions, as _heretical_, _ill-sounding_, or _favouring the
+heretics_. The archbishop being informed of his conduct, wrote to Pedro
+de Soto in September, 1558, to complain of Fray Dominic, and begged that
+he would take his part and defend him. An epistolary correspondence was
+the result of this letter, and when Carranza was arrested, the letters
+were found among his papers: among them was one which deserves
+particular attention; in it Fray Dominic speaks of the trials he had
+been put to by the inquisitors of Valladolid, and the violence which was
+used to make him censure the Catechism as he had done, although he had
+said that he thought it good and according with sound doctrine. These
+words were the origin of his trial, and it is certain that he would have
+been arrested and taken to the secret prisons; but he died on the 17th
+of December, 1560, when his trial began to assume a dangerous aspect.
+
+_Fray Juan de Ludeña_, Dominican, born at Madrid, prior of the convent
+of St. Paul at Valladolid, and the author of several controversial works
+against the Lutherans. He was prosecuted by the Inquisition of
+Valladolid in 1559 for Lutheranism, because he gave a favourable opinion
+of the Catechism of Carranza. He was not taken to the prisons, but
+appeared at the _audiences of the charges_ in the hall of the tribunal.
+He justified himself by declaring that he had only read the work through
+rapidly, on account of his great confidence in the virtue of the author,
+and because he did not discover any error in doctrine: he was condemned
+to a private penance, which was not at all humiliating. This precaution,
+which prevented his trial from becoming public, gave him the liberty of
+attending the third convocation of the Council of Trent in the quality
+of procurator to the Bishop of Siguenza, and of preaching before the
+fathers of that assembly on the first Sunday in Advent, 1563. If Ludeña
+had had the boldness to defend his censure, he would certainly have
+been punished severely.
+
+To this account a list of other prelates prosecuted by the Inquisition
+is added, but those mentioned in the former chapters are omitted.
+
+_Abad y la Sierra_ (Don Augustine), bishop of Barbastro. He was
+denounced at Madrid in 1796 as a Jansenist, because he corresponded with
+some of the French bishops who had taken the oaths. This denunciation
+had no result. He was attacked a second time at Saragossa in 1801. His
+accusers renewed the charge of correspondence with the French bishops,
+and his having granted matrimonial dispensations according to a royal
+order was imputed to him as a crime. This accusation failed as well as
+the former.
+
+_Abad y la Sierra_ (Don Manuel), archbishop of Selimbria _in partibus
+infidelium_, inquisitor-general after Don Augustine Rubin de Cevallos.
+In 1794 Charles IV. commanded him to quit his office, and to retire to
+Sopetran, a Benedictine monastery near Madrid. Don Manuel was possessed
+of great talents and profound learning; his opinions were enlightened in
+the highest degree. In 1793 this prelate commanded me to make him a plan
+for an establishment of learned qualifiers to censure books and persons.
+After being informed of the principles of my system, he commissioned me
+to write a work to expose the vices of the procedure of the holy office,
+and to propose one more useful to religion and the state. When this
+prelate lost his office of inquisitor-general, he was denounced as a
+Jansenist by a fanatical monk, but the information was neglected.
+
+_Arrellano_ (Don Joseph Xavier Rodriguez d'), archbishop of Burgos, and
+a member of the council extraordinary of Charles III. This prelate has
+composed a great number of works on the theological principles of the
+_Summary of St. Thomas_, which are taught by the Dominicans, and are in
+opposition to the moral of the Jesuits. The partisans of the Jesuits,
+and some friends of the Inquisition, denounced Arellano as a Jansenist,
+because he expressed opinions favourable to temporal power, and defended
+the royal and civil authorities against the holy office. The inquisitors
+could not take any advantage of the denunciation, because it did not
+express any particular proposition.
+
+_Buruaga_ (Don Thomas Saenz de). He was archbishop of Saragossa, and
+incurred the same danger as Arellano.
+
+_Muzquiz_ (Don Raphaël de), born at Viana in Navarre. He was almoner and
+preacher to Charles III. and Charles IV., confessor of the Queen Louisa,
+successively bishop of Avila and archbishop of Santiago. He was
+implicated in the affairs of Don Antonio de la Cuesta and his brother,
+and this was sufficient to induce the inquisitors to prosecute him. This
+prelate was one of the persecutors of the two brothers. Charles IV.,
+having ordered the writings of the trial to be submitted to him,
+discovered the intrigue, and condemned the archbishop to pay a
+considerable fine, and receive a reprimand.
+
+_Acuña_ (Don Antonio), bishop of Zamora, commander of one of the armies
+of Castile, which were raised by the people for the war of the _Commons_
+against the oppression of the Flemings, who governed Spain in the name
+of Charles V. That prince wished that the bishop and the priests who
+engaged in the war, as soldiers, should be punished by the Inquisition
+as suspected of heresy, because they acted in opposition to the spirit
+of peace taught by Jesus Christ and his Apostles, and contrary to the
+spirit of the Catholic Church. Leo X., however, pretended that it would
+be a scandal if the bishop was punished by the holy office; and that it
+would be sufficient if he was judged at Rome, and the priests by their
+diocesan prelates.
+
+_La Plana-Castillon_ (Don Joseph de), bishop of Tarragona. He was a
+member of the council-extraordinary convoked by Charles III. The
+inquisitors noted him as a Jansenist for the same reasons as
+_Arellano_.
+
+_Mendoza_ (Don Alvarez de), bishop of Avila. He was noted in the
+registers of the Inquisition as suspected of heresy, from the
+declarations of some of the witnesses in the trial of Carranza.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXX.
+
+OF THE PROSECUTION OF SEVERAL SAINTS AND HOLY PERSONS BY THE
+INQUISITION.
+
+
+An account has been already given of the persecutions of Don Ferdinand
+de Talavera, first Archbishop of Granada; of Juan Davila, surnamed the
+Apostle of Andalusia; and of San Juan de Dios, founder of the
+congregation of Hospitallers. The following is a list of other holy
+persons who have been prosecuted by the holy office:--
+
+St. Ignacius de Loyola was denounced as an _illuminati_ to the
+Inquisition of Valladolid; and when the inquisitors were about to arrest
+him, he went to France, afterwards to Italy, and arrived at Rome, where
+he was tried and acquitted; after having been so likewise in Spain by a
+juridical sentence of the vicar-general of the Bishop of Salamanca. His
+real name was Iñigo.
+
+Melchior Cano says, in an unpublished work written during the life of
+Iñigo, "that he fled from Spain when the Inquisition intended to arrest
+him as a heretic of the sect of _Illuminati_. He went to Rome, and
+wished to be judged by the Pope. As no person appeared to accuse him, he
+was discharged."
+
+It is certain that St. Ignacius was arrested at Salamanca in 1527, as a
+_fanatic_ and _illuminati_, and that he recovered his liberty in about
+twenty-two days; he was enjoined in his preaching from qualifying mortal
+or venial sins, until he had studied theology four years. It is also
+true that when the inquisitors of Valladolid learnt that the saint was
+in prison, they wrote to cause an inquest to be made of the words and
+actions which caused a suspicion that he was one of the _Illuminati_.
+
+But it is not proved that Ignacius quitted Spain to escape from
+punishment; it appears that he only fulfilled his intention of studying
+theology at Paris. The humility of the saint was so great, that when he
+was denounced a second time in that city, to Matthew d'Ory the
+apostolical inquisitor, he surrendered himself voluntarily, and had no
+difficulty in proving his orthodoxy.
+
+It is not more certain that he went to Rome at that time, since he was
+still at Paris in 1535, and he afterwards returned to Spain, where he
+remained a year without being molested, though he preached in several
+provinces. He then embarked for Italy, went first to Bologna, and then
+to Venice, where he was a third time denounced as a heretic, but
+justified himself to the papal nuncio, and was admitted into the
+priesthood in that city. Ignacius arrived in Rome in 1538.
+
+It cannot be proved that he was acquitted at Rome because he had no
+accuser, since any criminal may be prosecuted by the minister of the
+public and punished. It is true that there was not at that time a
+particular tribunal of the Inquisition at Rome; but the civil judges
+could punish heretics, and the procurator-fiscal impeached the
+criminals. St. Ignacius was again denounced by a Spaniard named Navarro.
+The informer deposed that Ignacius had been accused and convicted of
+several heresies in Spain, France, and Venice, and charged him with some
+other crimes. Fortunately his three judges knew his innocence, and he
+was acquitted. His accuser was banished for life, and three Spaniards
+who had supported his evidence were condemned to retract.
+
+Thus it appears that Melchior Cano was misinformed when he wrote, ten
+years after, that Iñigo was acquitted because no accuser appeared.
+
+St. Francis de Borgia, a disciple of Loyola, and third general of his
+order, succeeded Lainez, in 1565, and died 1572. He had been the Duke de
+Gandia, and was cousin to the king in the third degree, by his mother,
+Jane of Arragon.
+
+In 1559, the Inquisition of Valladolid tried several Lutherans, who were
+condemned. Many of these heretics, who endeavoured to justify themselves
+by supporting their doctrine by the opinions of St. Francis de Borgia,
+whose virtue was well known, related some discourses and actions of this
+saint, to prove that they thought as he did on the justification of
+souls by faith, on the passion and death of Jesus Christ; and added, to
+strengthen their defence, the authority of some mystic treatises. Among
+these involuntary persecutors, was Fray Dominic de Roxas, his near
+relation, and advantage was taken of a former denunciation of his
+_Treatise on Christian Works_, which he composed while he was known as
+the Duke of Gandia.
+
+This book, the discourse of Melchior Cano, and the Dominicans, caused
+him to be accused as favouring the heresy of the _Illuminati_. Neither
+his merit, nor his near relationship to the king, would have saved him
+from the prisons of Valladolid, if he had not hastened to Rome the
+moment he was informed that his trial had commenced, and that his
+enemies would endeavour to secure his person. He escaped from the
+Inquisition, but he had the mortification of seeing his work twice
+placed in the Index, in 1559 and in 1583.
+
+Juan de Ribera was a natural son of Don Pedro Afan de Ribera, Duke of
+Alcala, and Viceroy of Naples and Catalonia. In 1568, he passed from the
+bishopric of Badajoz to the archbishopric of Valencia. His life was
+irreproachable; but his great charity and ardent zeal, in endeavouring
+to reform the clergy, made him many enemies.
+
+In 1570 Philip II. commanded him to visit the University of Valencia,
+and reform some of its rules. The archbishop began to fulfil his
+commission, but offended some of the doctors, who conspired against
+him. They circulated defamatory libels concerning him, during a whole
+year, and the affair was carried so far that a monk prayed for his
+conversion publicly in the church of Valencia. Ribera was denounced to
+the Inquisition, as a heretic, fanatic, and one of the _Illuminati_.
+
+St. Juan de Ribera would not demand the punishment of his slanderers;
+but the procurator-fiscal being informed that Onuphrius Gacet, a member
+of the college, was the principal author of the intrigue, denounced him
+to the provisor and vicar-general of the archbishop. Gacet being
+convicted, was imprisoned. The archbishop did not think it proper that a
+judge belonging to his own household should take cognizance of offences
+which concerned him personally; and in order to remove all suspicion of
+partiality, he wished that the trial should be transferred to the
+Inquisition of Valencia, as some of the libels and texts of Scripture
+were employed in so scandalous a manner, that they came under the
+jurisdiction of the tribunal.
+
+St. Juan de Ribera communicated his design to the Cardinal Espinosa,
+inquisitor-general, who commanded the inquisitors of Valencia to
+continue the trial. The inquisitors had already begun the preparatory
+instruction against the archbishop according to the denunciations;
+witnesses were found to support them, which is not surprising, since
+every accuser caused the men devoted to his party to sign his deposition
+as witnesses. The trial, however, took a sudden turn; instead of
+proceeding in the usual forms, the inquisitor caused a decree to be read
+in all the churches of Valencia, enjoining every individual to denounce
+all those who employed passages of the Holy Scriptures in a scandalous
+manner, on pain of excommunication. The informations began, and the
+inquisitors arrested both priests and laymen. The affair was carried on
+as a matter of faith; some of the accused were already condemned, and
+others on the point of being so, when the procurator of the holy office
+declared that doubts existed of the competence of the inquisitors, and
+advised that the affair should be referred to the Pope, who would
+appease the scruples.
+
+The tribunal approved of the proposition, and in 1572, Gregory XIII.
+expedited a brief, which contained all that has been here related, and
+authorized the inquisitor-general, and the provincial inquisitors, to
+decide in similar cases, and at the same time sanctioned all that had
+been done. The inquisitors then condemned several persons, some to
+corporal punishments, others to pecuniary penalties, declaring that they
+should have been more severe, but from consideration for the archbishop,
+who had solicited the pardon of the criminals, that no person might
+suffer from an injury done to him.
+
+St. Theresa de Jesus, one of the most celebrated women in Spain for her
+talents, was accused before the Inquisition of Seville. She was not
+imprisoned, because the trial was suspended after the preparatory
+instructions. She was born at Avila, in 1515.
+
+St. Juan de la Crux, who united with St. Theresa in reforming the
+Convents of Carmelites, was born at Ontiveros in the diocese of Avila,
+in 1542. He was prosecuted by the Inquisitions of Seville, Toledo, and
+Valladolid. He was denounced as a fanatic, and of the _Illuminati_: the
+proceedings did not go farther than the preparatory instruction. St.
+Juan de la Crux died at Ubeda, in 1591. He composed several works on
+mental orisons.
+
+St. Joseph de Calasanz, founder of the institute of regular clerks of
+the Christian schools. He was imprisoned in the dungeons of the holy
+office as a fanatic, and of the _Illuminati_; but he justified himself
+and was acquitted. He died some time after, at the age of ninety-two. He
+was born in 1556.
+
+
+_Venerables._
+
+The venerable Fray Louis de Grenada, born in 1504, was the disciple of
+Juan d'Avila; he was of the order of St. Dominic, and left several works
+on religion. He was implicated in the trial of the Lutherans at
+Valladolid; Fray Dominic de Roxas defended his opinions, by saying that
+they were the same as those of Fray Louis de Grenada, Carranza, and
+other good Catholics. The procurator-fiscal made Fray Dominic renew his
+declaration, with the intention of producing him as a witness in the
+trial of Fray Louis: Fray Dominic was burnt five days after. A sentence
+condemning some of his works was also brought against Fray Louis.
+
+He was denounced a third time as one of the _Illuminati_, but was
+acquitted. Fray Louis died in 1588. His works are well known: it is
+singular that the Index in which his condemnation was published, was
+afterwards prohibited by the inquisitor-general Quiroga.
+
+The venerable Don Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, the natural son of Don
+James Palafox, afterwards Marquis de Hariza and of Donna Maria de
+Mendoza (who soon after became a Carmelite); he was born in 1600. He was
+made Bishop de la Puebla de los Angelos, in America, in 1639; afterwards
+Archbishop and Viceroy of Mexico; and lastly, Bishop of Osma, in Spain,
+in 1653. He died in 1659, leaving several works on history, devotion,
+and mysticity, and with so great a reputation of sanctity, that his
+canonization is pending at Rome.
+
+Don Juan had great disputes with the Jesuits in America, on account of
+the privileges of his rank, of which the Fathers wished to deprive him.
+The most important of his writings, is his letter to Pope Innocent X.,
+who terminated their disputes, to a certain degree, by a brief, in 1648.
+The Jesuits did not consider themselves vanquished; they denounced the
+archbishop as one of the _Illuminati_ and a false devotee, at Rome, at
+Madrid, and at Mexico. The provincial inquisitors of the last city
+applied to the Supreme Council, and the venerable Palafox suffered
+everything from them which they could inflict, except imprisonment.
+They condemned and prohibited the writings which the archbishop had
+published in his defence, and circulated those of his adversaries, and
+some libels which they had framed to ruin Don Antonio Gabiola,
+procurator-fiscal to the Inquisition, who openly disapproved of the
+conduct of the Jesuits.
+
+This officer wrote to Palafox in 1647, exhorting him to make every
+effort, that the trials before the Inquisition of Mexico should proceed
+in a regular manner, according to the spirit of the institution, and
+encouraging him to oppose his formidable enemies.
+
+The Jesuits, by their intrigues, succeeded in causing some of the works
+of Palafox to be placed in the Index, but the congregation of cardinals
+having afterwards declared that they contained nothing reprehensible, or
+which could impede his beatification, the inquisitors were obliged to
+efface them from the catalogue.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXI.
+
+OF THE CELEBRATED TRIAL OF DON CARLOS, PRINCE OF THE ASTURIAS.
+
+
+All Europe has believed that Philip II. caused the Inquisition to
+proceed against Don Carlos his only son; that the inquisitors condemned
+the prince to death, and that they only differed on the manner in which
+the sentence was to be executed. Some writers have gone so far as to
+record the conversations which took place, on this occasion, between
+Philip and the inquisitor-general, Don Carlos and other persons, with as
+much confidence as if they had been present at them, and have even
+quoted part of the sentence as if they had read it.
+
+As it has been my principal aim to ascertain the truth, I have examined
+the archives of the Council of the Inquisition and others, and I, in
+consequence, affirm, that Don Carlos was never tried or condemned by the
+Inquisition; an opinion only was given against the prince by the
+councillors of state, whose president was the Cardinal Espinosa, who at
+that time was the king's favourite. The circumstance of the cardinal
+being inquisitor-general may have been the cause of the mistake; the
+deaths of the Count de Egmont and other noblemen, and the intention of
+establishing the Inquisition in the Low Countries, may have tended to
+confirm the general opinion.
+
+Don Carlos lost his life in consequence of a verbal sentence approved by
+his father, and the holy office was not concerned in it. As I wrote only
+the history of the Inquisition, this fact renders it unnecessary to say
+more on the subject; but as almost all the historians of Europe have
+said that the inquisitors condemned Don Carlos, the beat way of
+disproving it is to relate the facts as they occurred.
+
+Don Carlos was born at Valladolid, on the 8th of July in 1545, and lost
+his mother, Maria of Portugal, four days after his birth. Charles V.
+scarcely ever saw him until the year 1557, when he abdicated and retired
+to the monastery of St. Juste in Estremadura. He visited his grandson in
+passing through Valladolid. It is not true that Charles V. educated Don
+Carlos, and formed his mind; but during his various journeys he gave him
+good preceptors. The young prince was nine years old, and his father was
+on the point of embarking for England, when the emperor wrote a letter
+from Germany, dated the 3rd of July, 1554, in which he speaks (among
+other tutors intended for his grandson) of Don Honorato Juanez, one of
+the greatest humanists of his age, and afterwards Bishop of Osma[34]. It
+is evident that Don Carlos was not fond of learning, by a letter from
+his father, dated Brussels, 15th of March, 1558, in which he thanks the
+preceptor for the trouble he took to give his pupil a taste for reading
+and to inculcate moral principles; he desires him to pursue the same
+plan, adding, that "though Don Carlos may not profit by it so much as he
+ought, it will not be entirely useless. I have also written to Don
+Garcia to pay particular attention in selecting those who see and visit
+the prince; it will be better to put a taste for study into his head
+than many other things[35]." Philip had imbibed a very disadvantageous
+opinion of his son's character; he had been informed that the prince
+amused himself with cutting the throats of the young rabbits which were
+brought to him, and that he appeared to take pleasure in seeing them
+expire. Fabian Estrada relates that the same thing was remarked by a
+Venetian ambassador[36].
+
+War had been declared between France and Spain, and the two powers were
+on the point of giving battle in August, 1558, but at the same time were
+negotiating a peace in the secret conference held at the Abbey of
+Corpans. One of the articles states that Don Carlos, when he arrived at
+a proper age, should marry Isabella, daughter to Henry II., King of
+France: the prince was thirteen years of age, and the princess twelve.
+This circumstance, and the custom observed at that period, of keeping
+the preliminaries of a peace secret till its conclusion, entirely
+disproves all that has been said of the love of the young princess,
+which is the more improbable, as she had never even seen the prince's
+picture, and very unfavourable accounts of his education had been
+received. Charles V., after his retirement, had been heard to say, that
+he thought his grandson showed a very vicious disposition. This may be
+attributed to the education given him by his uncle and aunt, Maximilian,
+King of Bohemia, afterwards Emperor, and Jane of Austria. They paid the
+greatest attention to the health of Don Carlos, but neglected to repress
+his violent inclinations, and confided the care of forming his character
+to his governor, his master, and his principal chaplain.
+
+The secret preliminaries only preceded the definitive treaty of peace,
+which was concluded at Cambray on the 8th of April, 1559. Mary, Queen of
+England, died during the interval, and Philip II., being then a widower,
+and only thirty-two years of age, while Don Carlos was scarcely
+fourteen, Henry II. thought it better to marry his daughter to the king.
+The marriage of Isabella to Philip was therefore agreed upon in the
+twenty-seventh article, and the secret article in the preliminaries was
+not mentioned.
+
+The marriage was celebrated at Toledo, on the 2nd of February, 1560. The
+general Cortes of the kingdom was then held: the members took the oaths
+of fidelity to Don Carlos, and acknowledged him as the successor to the
+crown, on the 22nd of the same month. The young queen could not attend
+this ceremony, as she was attacked by the small pox a few days after her
+marriage. Don Carlos had also fallen sick of the quartan fever, some
+time before the arrival of the queen in Spain. Although this disorder
+did not prevent him from riding on horseback, and attending at the
+assembly of the Cortes, it appears, from contemporary writers, that it
+rendered him thin, weak, and pale. This circumstance makes it improbable
+that he was handsome, and renders the journey which Mercier pretends
+that he made to meet the queen at Alcala extremely doubtful.
+
+When she became convalescent, Isabella must certainly have been made
+acquainted with the neglected education of Don Carlos, his bad
+principles, and his insupportable pride. She could not be ignorant how
+ill he treated his attendants; that when he was angry he broke anything
+he could seize; and she was probably informed of his behaviour to the
+Duke of Alva, at the assembly of the Cortes. The duke had the entire
+regulation of everything relating to the ceremonies, and was so much
+occupied, that he forgot to attend Don Carlos when he ought to have
+taken the oath of fidelity. He was sought for, and found, but the young
+prince was furious, and insulted him so grossly, that he almost made him
+forget the respect which was due to him. The king compelled Don Carlos
+to make an apology to the duke; but it was too late, they hated each
+other mortally all their lives.
+
+I have not found in the MSS. I have examined, anything which might lead
+to the supposition that Don Carlos was in love with the queen; the
+opinion must have been founded on the article in the secret
+preliminaries, which, there is reason to suppose, the prince was never
+acquainted with. He had scarcely recovered, and the queen was still in a
+state of convalescence, when the king sent him to Alcala de Henares. He
+was accompanied by Don John of Austria, his uncle, and by Alexander
+Farnese, the hereditary Prince of Parma, his cousin; his governor,
+master, and almoner, also attended him, with other domestics. The king
+expected that this journey would restore the health of his son, and also
+wished that he should apply himself to his studies, for he did not yet
+understand Latin. Don Honorato Juanez perceived his dislike to learning
+foreign languages, and therefore gave him his lessons in Spanish.
+
+On the 9th of May, 1552, Don Carlos, who was then seventeen years of
+age, fell down the staircase of his palace, and received several wounds,
+principally in the spine and head, some of which appeared to be mortal.
+As soon as the king was informed of the accident, he set off for the
+palace, that he might give him every assistance, and ordered all the
+archbishops, and other superior ecclesiastics of the kingdom, to offer
+up prayers for the recovery of his son. The king, supposing him to be
+already at the point of death, sent for the body of the blessed Diego, a
+lay Franciscan, by which it was said that many miracles had been
+performed. This body was laid upon that of Don Carlos, and as he began
+to recover from that time, it was attributed to the protection of St.
+Diego, who was canonized a short time after, at the request of Philip
+II. It must be observed, that the prince was attended by the celebrated
+Don Andrea Basilio, the king's physician, who opened his skull, freed it
+from a considerable quantity of water which had accumulated, and thus
+saved his life; but he never entirely recovered, and was subject to
+pains and weakness in the head, which prevented him from studying, and
+by producing a disorder in his ideas, rendered his character still more
+insupportable.
+
+Don Carlos returned to court in 1564, emancipated from his masters:
+Philip recompensed Don Honorato Juanez, by making him bishop of Osma.
+The solid piety and amiableness of this prelate had inspired Don Carlos
+with an affection which their separation did not interrupt: this is
+proved by his letters, which do not give a very advantageous idea of his
+capacity or information. He often left sentences imperfect, and a
+different meaning might be inferred from them from what he wished to
+express. The following is a letter addressed to the prelate:--
+
+"To my master the bishop.--My master: I have received your letter in the
+wood: I am well. God knows how much I should have been delighted to go
+to see you with the queen[37]: let me know how you were, and if there
+was much expense. I went from Alameda to Buitrago, which appeared to me
+very well. I went to the wood in two days; I returned here in two days,
+where I have been from Wednesday till to day. I am well; I finish. From
+the country, June 2nd. My best friend in this world. I will do every
+thing that you wish: I, the Prince." He finishes another letter dated on
+St. John's day, in the same terms.
+
+Don Carlos was so much attached to the bishop, that he obtained a brief
+from the Pope, granting him permission to reside half the year in
+Madrid, that he might enjoy his society; but the infirmities of Don
+Honorato prevented him from making use of the permission, and soon
+caused his death. This prelate availed himself of the attachment of Don
+Carlos to give him good advice: the prince appears to have received it
+as he ought, but his conduct was not improved by it. He gave himself up
+without restraint to the impetuosity of his passions. Some instances may
+undeceive those who approve the pompous eulogium bestowed on the talents
+and generosity of Don Carlos, by St. Real, Mercier, and others.
+
+One day, when the prince was hunting in the wood of Aceca, he was in
+such a passion with his governor, Don Garcia de Toledo, that he rode
+after him to beat him. Don Garcia, fearing that he should be forced to
+forget the respect due to his prince, took flight, and did not stop till
+he reached Madrid, where Philip II. bestowed several favours on him to
+induce him to forget the insult he had received: he, however, requested
+to be dismissed, and the king appointed in his place Ruy Gomez de Sylva,
+Prince of Evoli. This nobleman was also subjected to the most
+disagreeable scenes from the violent fits of rage to which Don Carlos
+gave way[38].
+
+Don Diego Espinosa (afterwards a cardinal, and Bishop of Siguenza,
+Inquisitor-general and Councillor of State) was the president of the
+Council of Castile, and banished from Madrid a comedian named
+_Cisneros_, at the time when he was about to perform in a comedy in the
+apartment of Don Carlos. The prince desired the president to suspend the
+sentence until after the representation; but receiving an unfavourable
+answer, he ran after him in the palace with a poniard in his hand. In a
+transport of rage he insulted him publicly, saying to him, "What, little
+priest, do you dare to oppose me, and prevent Cisneros from doing as I
+wish? By the life of my father, I will kill you!" He would have done so,
+if some grandees who were present had not interposed, and if the
+president had not retired[39].
+
+Don Antonio de Cordova, brother of the Marquis de las Navas, and the
+prince's chamberlain, slept in his apartment. It once happened that he
+did not wake soon enough to attend the prince when he rung his bell; Don
+Carlos quitted his bed in a fury, and attempted to throw him out at the
+window. Don Alphonso, fearing to fail in respect to the prince in
+resisting him, cried out, and the servants immediately came in; he then
+repaired to the king's apartment, who, on being informed of what had
+passed, took him into his own service[40].
+
+He often struck his servants. His boot-maker having unfortunately
+brought him a pair of boots which were too small, he had them cut to
+pieces and cooked, and forced the man to eat them, which made him so ill
+that he nearly lost his life. He persisted in going out of the palace at
+night contrary to all advice, and in a short time his conduct became
+extremely scandalous and irregular. It is scarcely possible that the
+queen could be ignorant of all these occurrences; and if she was
+acquainted with them, it cannot be reasonably supposed that she could
+have any inclination for Don Carlos.
+
+In 1565, Don Carlos attempted to go secretly to Flanders, contrary to
+the will of his father; he was assisted in this enterprise by the Count
+de Gelbes and the Marquis de Tabera, his chamberlain. The prince
+intended to take his governor, the Prince d'Evoli, with him (not
+considering that he was in the confidence of the king); he thought his
+presence would make it supposed that he travelled with the king's
+consent. His flatterers procured fifty thousand crowns for him, and four
+habits to disguise themselves when they left Madrid: they were
+persuaded that if the Prince d'Evoli began the journey, he would be
+obliged to go on, or that they might get rid of him; but that able
+politician baffled this scheme in the manner related by Cabrera in his
+Life of Philip II.
+
+The Bishop of Osma being informed of the irregular conduct of Don
+Carlos, and having also received private orders from the king, wrote a
+long letter to him[41], directing him how to behave to the king's
+ministers, and demonstrating the incalculable evils that would arise
+from a different line of conduct. He took particular pains to avoid an
+insinuation that the prince stood in need of these admonitions. Don
+Carlos received the letter with the respect he always showed for the
+worthy prelate, but he did not follow his advice, and had given himself
+up to the greatest excesses, when he learnt that his father had bestowed
+the government of Flanders on the Duke of Alva. The duke went to take
+leave of the prince, who told him that the government was more suitable
+to the heir of the crown. The duke replied, that doubtless the king did
+not wish to expose him to the dangers which he would incur in the Low
+Countries from the quarrels which had arisen between the principal
+noblemen. This reply, instead of appeasing Don Carlos, irritated him
+still more; he drew his dagger, and endeavoured to stab the duke,
+crying, _I will soon prevent you from going to Flanders, for I will stab
+you to the heart before you shall go_. The duke avoided the blow by
+stepping back; the prince continued the attack, and the duke had no
+means of escaping but by seizing Don Carlos in his arms, and although
+their strength was very unequal, he succeeded in arresting the blows of
+this madman. As Don Carlos still struggled, the duke made a noise in the
+apartment, and the chamberlains entered; the prince then made his
+escape, and retired to his cabinet to await the result of this scene,
+which could not but be disagreeable if the king was informed of it[42].
+
+The vices of Don Carlos could not destroy the affection of the Emperor
+of Germany, his uncle, or that of the Empress Maria, his aunt. These
+sovereigns wished to marry him to Anne of Austria, their daughter: this
+princess had been known to Don Carlos from her earliest years, as she
+was born at Cigales in Spain in 1549. Philip consented to this marriage;
+but fearing, perhaps, to make his niece miserable if the character and
+morals of Don Carlos did not change, he proceeded in the affair with his
+usual tardiness. On the contrary, as soon as the prince was informed of
+what was in contemplation, he wished to marry his cousin immediately;
+and for that purpose resolved to go to Germany without the consent of
+his father, hoping that his presence at Vienna would induce the emperor
+to overcome all difficulties. Full of this idea, he employed himself in
+the execution of his design, and was assisted by the Prince of Orange,
+the Marquis de Berg, the Counts Horn and Egmont, and by the Baron de
+Montigny, the chiefs of the conspiracy in Flanders. Don Carlos must be
+also included among the victims of this conspiracy[43].
+
+The Marquis de Berg and the Baron de Montigny were sent to Madrid as the
+deputies of the provinces of Flanders, with the consent of Margaret of
+Austria, then governess of the Low Countries, to arrange some points
+relative to the establishment of the Inquisition, and other
+circumstances which had caused disturbances. These deputies discovered
+the prince's intention; they endeavoured to confirm him in his
+resolution, and offered to assist him: it was necessary to make use of
+an intermediate person in this affair, and they had recourse to M. de
+Vendome, the king's chamberlain. They promised Don Carlos to declare him
+chief governor of the Low Countries, if he would allow liberty of
+opinion in religion. Gregorio Leti speaks of a letter from Don Carlos to
+the Count d'Egmont, which was found among the papers of the Duke of
+Alva, and was the cause of the execution of the Counts Egmont and Horn:
+the Prince of Orange made his escape. At the same time the government
+was preparing (though by indirect means) the punishment of the deputies
+in Spain.
+
+The prince did not accept the money offered by these noblemen for his
+journey, and the steps he took to obtain it himself, occasioned the
+discovery of the conspiracy. He wrote to almost all the grandees of
+Spain, to request their assistance in an enterprise which he had
+planned. He received favourable answers; but most of them contained the
+condition, _that the enterprise should not be directed against the
+king_. The Admiral of Castile was not satisfied with this precaution.
+The mysterious silence in which this scheme was wrapped, and his
+knowledge of the small share of understanding possessed by Don Carlos,
+made him suspect that the enterprise was criminal.
+
+In order to prevent the danger, the admiral remitted the prince's letter
+to the king, who had already been informed of the affair by Don John of
+Austria, to whom Don Carlos had communicated it. Some persons suspected
+that the assassination of the king formed part of the conspiracy, but
+the letters only prove the attempt to obtain money. Don Carlos had taken
+into his confidence Garci Alvarez Osorio, his valet-de-chambre, and
+commissioned him to give explanations of the design alluded to in the
+letters which he carried. This confidant made several journeys to
+Valladolid, Burgos, and other cities in Castile, in pursuance of his
+master's plan.
+
+The prince did not obtain as much money as he required, and on the 1st
+of December, 1567, wrote to Osorio from Madrid; the letter was
+countersigned by his secretary, Martin de Gaztalu. He says that he had
+only received six thousand ducats on all the promises and letters of
+change which had been negotiated in Castile, and that he wanted six
+hundred thousand for the plan in question. In order to procure this sum
+he sent him twelve blank letters, signed by himself, and with the same
+date, that he might fill them up with the names and surnames of the
+persons to whom they were remitted: he also ordered him to go to
+Seville, and make use of these letters[44].
+
+As the hopes of succeeding in his plan increased, Don Carlos gave way to
+more criminal thoughts, and before Christmas in the same year he had
+formed the design of murdering his father. He acted without any plan or
+discretion, and by the little pains he took to conceal his secret and
+secure himself from danger, proved that his resolution was that of a
+madman, rather than of a villain and a conspirator.
+
+Philip II. was at the Escurial, and all the royal family at Madrid; they
+were to confess and take the sacrament on Sunday the 28th of December,
+which was Innocents' Day. This was a custom established at the Court of
+Madrid, to obtain a jubilee granted to the kings of Spain by the Popes.
+Don Carlos confessed on the 27th to his confessor in ordinary, Fray
+Diego de Chaves (afterwards confessor to the king). The prince soon
+after told several persons, that having declared his intention of
+killing a man of very high rank, his confessor had refused to give him
+absolution, because he would not promise to renounce his intention. Don
+Carlos sent for other priests, but received the same refusal from them
+all. He then endeavoured to exact a promise from Fray Juan de Tobar,
+prior of the Convent of the Dominicans of _Atocha_, to give him an
+unconsecrated wafer at the sacrament; he wished to make it appear that
+he could approach the altar as well as Don John of Austria, Alexander
+Farnese, and the rest of the royal family. The prior perceived that the
+prince was a madman, and in that persuasion he asked who the person was
+that he wished to assassinate, adding, if he was made acquainted with
+his rank it might induce him not to require the renunciation of his
+design. This was a bold proposition, but the prior only wished to make
+Don Carlos name the individual, and he succeeded. The unfortunate Don
+Carlos did not hesitate to name the king, and afterwards made the same
+declaration to his uncle, Don John. One of the prince's ushers, who
+witnessed all that passed, has given a faithful relation of it. As it is
+of great importance, and has never been printed, a copy of it is
+inserted in the account of the arrest of Don Carlos, at which he was
+also present.
+
+Garcia Alvarez Osorio soon procured a sufficient sum of money at
+Seville, and Don Carlos prepared to commence his journey towards the
+middle of January, 1568. He requested his uncle, Don John, to accompany
+him according to a promise he had made when informed of his design. Don
+Carlos made many promises to his uncle, who replied that he was ready to
+do whatever he thought proper, but that he feared the journey could not
+take place, on account of the danger they would incur. Don John informed
+the king, who was at the Escurial, of this circumstance; Philip
+consulted several theologians and jurisconsults to ascertain if he could
+conscientiously continue to feign ignorance, in order to cause his son
+to perform his journey. Martin d'Alpizcueta (so celebrated under the
+title of the Doctor Navarro) was one of the persons consulted; he
+advised the king not to allow Don Carlos to depart, urging that it was
+the duty of a sovereign to avoid civil wars, which were likely to be the
+result of such a journey, as the loyal subjects of Flanders might go to
+war with the rebels. Cabrera says that Melchior Cano was likewise
+consulted in this affair[45], but Fray Melchior died in 1560.
+
+The prince communicated his intentions to Fray Diego de Chaves, who
+endeavoured to dissuade him, but without success. Don Carlos went to
+make a visit to the wife of Don Diego de Cordova, the king's master of
+the horse. This lady discovered, from some expressions which dropped
+from Don Carlos, that he was prepared to depart, and immediately
+informed her husband, who was at the Escurial with the king, and who
+gave the letter to his majesty. At last, on the 17th January, 1568, Don
+Carlos sent an order to Don Ramon de Tasis, director-general of the
+posts, to have eight horses ready for him on the following night. Tasis,
+fearing that this order covered some mystery, and knowing the prince's
+character, replied that all the post-horses were engaged, and gained
+sufficient time to inform the king. Don Carlos sent a more peremptory
+order, and Tasis, who dreaded his violence, sent all the post-horses out
+of Madrid, and repaired to the Escurial. The king went to the Pardo (a
+castle about two leagues from Madrid), where Don John joined him. Don
+Carlos, who was ignorant of his father's removal, wished to have a
+conference with his uncle, and went as far as _Retamar_[46], whence he
+sent for him to come to him. The prince recounted all the arrangements
+for his journey. Don John replied that he was ready to set out with him,
+but as soon as he left him, he returned to the king to tell him all that
+he had heard. The king immediately went to Madrid, where he arrived a
+few minutes after Don Carlos[47].
+
+The arrival of the king altered the measures of Don Carlos, and
+prevented him from insisting upon having horses that night. Louis
+Cabrera has given some details of the circumstances of his arrest, but I
+prefer inserting the account of the affair, which was written by the
+usher a few days after.
+
+"The prince, my master," says he, "had been for some days unable to
+take a moment's rest; he was continually repeating that he wished to
+kill a man whom he hated. He informed Don John of Austria of his design,
+but concealed the name of the person. The king went to the Escurial, and
+sent for Don John. The subject of their conversation is not known; it
+was supposed to be concerning the prince's sinister designs. Don John,
+doubtless, revealed all he knew. The king soon after sent post for the
+Doctor Velasco; he spoke to him of his plans, and the works at the
+Escurial, gave his orders, and added that he should not return
+immediately. At this time happened the day of jubilee, which the court
+was in the habit of gaining at Christmas; the prince went on the
+Saturday evening to the Convent of St. Jerome[48]. I was in attendance
+about his person. His royal highness confessed at the convent, but could
+not obtain absolution, on account of his evil intentions. He applied to
+another confessor, who also refused. The prince said to him, '_Decide
+more quickly_.' The monk replied, '_Let your highness cause this case to
+be discussed by learned men_.' It was eight o'clock in the evening; the
+prince sent his carriage for the theologians of the convent of
+_Atocha_[49]. Fourteen came, two and two; he sent us to Madrid to fetch
+the monks Albarado, one an Augustine, the other a Maturin; he disputed
+with them all, and obstinately persisted in desiring to be absolved,
+always repeating that he hated a man until he had killed him. All these
+monks declaring that it was impossible to comply with the prince's
+request, he then wished that they should give him an unconsecrated
+wafer, that the court might believe that he had fulfilled the same
+duties as the rest of the royal family. This proposal threw the monks
+into the greatest consternation. Many other delicate points were
+discussed in this conference, which I am not permitted to repeat.
+Everything went wrong; the prior of the Convent of _Atocha_ took the
+prince aside, and endeavoured to learn the quality of the person he
+wished to kill. He replied that he was a man of very high rank, and said
+no more. At last the prior deceived him, saying, '_My Lord, tell me what
+man it is; it may, perhaps, be possible to give you absolution according
+to the degree of satisfaction your highness wishes to take._' The prince
+then declared that it was the king, his father, whom he hated, and that
+he would have his life. The prior then said, calmly, '_Does your
+highness intend to kill the king yourself, or to employ some person to
+do it?_' The prince persisted so firmly in his resolution, that he could
+not obtain absolution, and lost the jubilee. This scene lasted until two
+hours after midnight; all the monks retired overwhelmed with sorrow,
+particularly the prince's confessor. The next day I accompanied the
+prince on his return to the palace, and information was sent to the king
+of all that had passed.
+
+"The monarch repaired to Madrid on Saturday[50]; the next day he went to
+hear mass in public, accompanied by his brother and the princes[51]. Don
+John, who was ill with vexation, went to visit Don Carlos on that day,
+who ordered the doors to be shut, and asked him what had been the
+subject of his conversation with the king. Don John replied that it was
+about the galleys[52]. The prince asked him many questions to find out
+something more, and when he found that his uncle would not be more
+explicit, he drew his sword. Don John retreated to the door; finding it
+shut, he stood on his defence, and said, '_Hold, your highness_.' Those
+who were outside having heard him, opened the doors, and Don John
+retired to his hotel. The prince, feeling indisposed, went to bed,
+where he remained till six in the evening; he then rose and put on a
+dressing-gown. As he was still fasting at eight o'clock, he sent for a
+boiled capon; at half-past nine he again retired to bed. I was on duty
+on that day also, and I supped in the palace.
+
+"At eleven o'clock I saw the king descending the stairs; he was
+accompanied by the Duke de Feria, the grand prior[53], the
+lieutenant-general of the guards, and twelve of his men: the king wore
+arms over his garments, and had a helmet on; he walked towards the door
+where I was; I was ordered to shut it, and not to open it to any person
+whatever. These persons were already in the prince's chamber, when he
+cried '_Who is there?_' The officers went to the head of his bed, and
+seized his sword and dagger. The Duke de Feria took an arquebuse loaded
+with two balls[54]. The prince, having uttered cries and menaces, was
+told, '_The Council of State is present_.' He endeavoured to seize his
+arms, and to make use of them; he had already jumped out of bed when the
+king entered. His son then said to him, '_What does your majesty want
+with me?_' '_You will soon know_,' replied the king. The door and
+windows were fastened; the king told Don Carlos to remain quietly in
+that apartment until he received further orders; he then called the Duke
+de Feria, and said, '_I give the prince into your care, that you may
+guard him and take care of him_:' then addressing Louis Quijada, the
+Count de Lerma, and Don Rodrigo de Mendoza[55], he said to them, '_I
+commission you to serve and amuse the prince; do not do anything he
+commands you without first informing me. I order you all to guard him
+faithfully, on pain of being declared traitors._' At these words the
+prince began to utter loud cries, and said, '_You had much better kill
+me, than keep me a prisoner; it is a great scandal to the kingdom: if
+you do not do it, I shall know how to kill myself._' The king replied,
+'_that he must take care not to do so, because such acts were only
+committed by madmen_.' The prince said, '_Your majesty treats me so ill,
+that you will force me to come to that extremity, either from madness or
+desperation_.' Some other conversation passed between them, but nothing
+was decided on, because neither the time nor place permitted it.
+
+"The king retired; the duke took the keys of the doors, and sent away
+the valets and other servants of the prince. He placed guards in the
+cabinet, four _Monteros d'Espinosa_, four Spanish halberdiers, and four
+Germans with their lieutenant. He afterwards came to the door where I
+was, and placed there four _Monteros_, and four guards, and told me to
+retire. The keys of the prince's escrutoires and trunks were then taken
+to the king; the beds of the valets were taken away. The Duke de Feria,
+the Count de Lerma, and Don Rodrigo, watched by his highness that night;
+he was afterwards watched by two chamberlains, who were relieved every
+six hours. The persons appointed by the king for this service, were the
+Duke de Feria, the Prince of Evoli, the prior, Don Antonio de Toledo,
+Louis Quijada, the Count de Lerma, Don Fadrique Enriquez, and Don Juan
+de Valesco[56]; they did not wear arms for this service. The guards did
+not allow us to approach either night or day. Two chamberlains prepared
+the table; the major-domo came to fetch the dinner in the court. No
+knives were allowed, the meat was taken in already cut up. Mass was not
+said in the prince's apartment, and he has not heard it since he was
+imprisoned[57].
+
+"On Monday[58] the king assembled in his apartment all the councillors
+and their presidents; he made to each council a report of the arrest of
+his son; he said that it had taken place for things which concerned the
+service of God and the kingdom. Eye-witnesses have assured me that his
+majesty shed tears in making this recital. On Tuesday, his majesty
+convoked in his apartment the members of the Council of State; they
+remained there from one o'clock till nine in the evening. It is not
+known what they were occupied with. The king made an inquest; Hoyos was
+the secretary[59]. The king was present at the declarations of each
+witness; they were written down, and formed a pile six inches in height.
+He gave to the council the privileges of the _Majorats_[60], as well as
+those of the king and prince of Castile, that they might take cognizance
+of them.
+
+"The queen and the princess were in tears[61]. Don Juan went to the
+palace every evening; he went once plainly dressed and in mourning; the
+king reproached him, and told him to dress himself as usual. On the
+Monday above-mentioned his majesty gave orders that all the prince's
+valets-de-chambre should retire to their respective homes, promising to
+provide for them. He caused Don Fadrique, the admiral's brother, and the
+prince's major-domo, and Don Juan de Valesco to enter into the service
+of the queen." _Here finishes the relation of the usher._
+
+Philip II. saw very plainly that an event of this nature could not long
+remain concealed, and would not fail to excite the curiosity of the
+public. He therefore thought it necessary to give notice of it to all
+the civil and ecclesiastical authorities, to the Pope, the Emperor of
+Germany, to several sovereigns of Europe, to Catherine of Austria, Queen
+of Portugal, widow of John III., sister of Charles V., aunt and
+mother-in-law of Philip II., grandmother of the unfortunate prisoner,
+and aunt and grandmother of Anne of Austria, to whom he was to have been
+married. This relationship is the reason why Philip calls her in his
+letter _the mother and mistress of all the family_. Louisa Cabrera says,
+that this letter was addressed to the Empress of Germany, his sister, to
+whom he also wrote; but the Queen of Portugal was the only one to whom
+the title could be applied.
+
+In the letter addressed to the Pope, and dated from Madrid on the 20th
+of January, the king says, that though he is afflicted, he has the
+consolation of knowing that he had done his utmost to procure a good
+education for his son, and had shut his eyes to all that might arise
+from his physical organization; but that the service of God and his duty
+to his subjects would no longer permit him to tolerate his conduct. He
+finishes by promising to inform his holiness further of the affair, and
+asks his prayers for a happy result. On the same day Philip wrote
+another letter to Queen Catherine, his aunt, in which he imparts all his
+paternal grief. He reminds her that he had already informed her of some
+preceding circumstances which caused fears for the future, and tells her
+that the arrest would not be followed by any other punishment, but that
+it had been decided on to put a stop to his irregularities: the letter
+to the empress is in much the same terms.
+
+In that which the king addressed to the cities, he said, that if he only
+had been a father, he should never have decided upon such a
+determination, but that as a king he could not to do otherwise, and
+that it was only in acting thus that he could prevent the evils which
+his clemency would have occasioned. Don Diego Colmenares has inserted,
+in his history of Segovia, the letter sent by the king to that city. All
+the other cities and the different authorities received similar letters,
+which were inclosed in others to the corregidors. In that to the
+corregidor of Madrid, Philip commands him to prevent the municipality
+from making representations in favour of his son, since it was not
+necessary that a father should be solicited to grant a pardon. He also
+commands that, in the reply, no detail of the affair should be entered
+into. On the address from Murcia, the king (who had read them all) wrote
+the following note: "_This letter is written with prudence and
+reserve_." As it has never been published, and will show the style
+approved by Philip on this occasion, it is here inserted.
+
+"Sacred, Catholic, and Royal Majesty:--The municipality of Murcia has
+received your majesty's letter containing your determination relating to
+the imprisonment of our prince. The municipality kisses your majesty's
+feet a thousand times for the distinguished favour shown them in
+informing them of this event; it is fully persuaded that the reasons and
+motives which have guided your majesty were so important, and so
+conducive to the public good, that you could not do otherwise. Your
+majesty has governed your kingdom so well, maintained your subjects in
+such a state of peace, and caused religion to prosper so much, that it
+is natural to conclude, that in an affair which concerns you so nearly,
+your majesty has only resolved on it for the service of God, and the
+general welfare of your people. Nevertheless, this city cannot help
+experiencing unfeigned sorrow, for the important causes which have given
+fresh grief to your majesty; it cannot consider without emotion, that it
+possesses a sovereign sufficiently just and attached to the good of his
+kingdom to prefer it before everything, and to make him forget his
+tender affection for his own son. So great a proof of love must compel
+your majesty's subjects to testify their gratitude by their submission
+and fidelity. This city, which has always been distinguished for its
+zeal, will, at this time, give a greater proof of it in immediately
+obeying your majesty's commands. God preserve the royal and Catholic
+person of your majesty! In the municipal council of Murcia, February
+16th, 1568."
+
+Pius V., and all the other persons to whom Philip had written, replied,
+by interceding for his son. They said it might be hoped that so striking
+an event would be a check to the prince, and induce him to alter his
+conduct. No one made more earnest intercessions than Maximilian II.; it
+is true that he was more interested on account of the marriage intended
+for his daughter. He was not satisfied with writing, but sent the
+Archduke Charles to Madrid, for the purpose of interfering. The journey
+which the archduke was obliged to make into Flanders and France, was the
+ostensible motive for that to Madrid. Philip was inflexible; he not only
+detained the prince as a prisoner, but proved, by the following
+ordinance, that he intended to keep him so. It was confirmed by the
+Secretary Pedro del Hoyo, and the execution of it confided to the Prince
+of Evoli, who was appointed his lieutenant-general in everything
+relating to the prince. It was as follows:--
+
+"The Prince of Evoli is the chief of all the persons employed in the
+service of the prince, in guarding, supplying him with food, and in his
+health, and other ways. He shall cause the door to be fastened by a
+latch, and not locked, either night or day, and he shall not allow the
+prince to come out. His majesty appoints to guard, serve, and keep the
+prince company, the Count de Lerma, Don Francis Manrique, Don Rodrigo de
+Benavides, Don Juan de Borgia, Don Juan de Mendoza, and Don Gonzalo
+Chacon. No other individual (except the physician, the barber, and the
+_montero_[62], who has the care of the prince's person) shall be allowed
+to enter the apartment, without the king's permission. The Count de
+Lerma shall sleep in the chamber of Don Carlos. If he cannot do this,
+one of his colleagues must take his place; one of them shall watch all
+night: this duty they may fulfil in turns. During the day they shall
+endeavour to be all together in the apartment, that Don Carlos may be
+diverted and enlivened by their company; and they shall not dispense
+with this duty, unless they are compelled by business. These noblemen
+shall converse on indifferent topics with the prince; they shall take
+care to avoid conversing on anything relating to his affair, and as much
+as possible all that concerns the government; they shall obey all the
+orders which he gives for his service or satisfaction, but they shall
+not take charge of any commission from him to people without. If Don
+Carlos happens to speak of his imprisonment, they shall not answer him;
+and they shall relate all that passes to the Prince d'Evoli. The king
+particularly recommends to them (if they would not fail in the fidelity
+and obedience they have sworn), never to report elsewhere anything that
+has been said or done in the interior, without first obtaining his
+consent; if any of them hear the affair spoken of, in the city, or in
+particular houses, he or they must report it to the king. Mass shall be
+said in the chapel, and the prince shall hear it from his chamber, in
+the presence of two of the noblemen who have the care of him. The
+breviary, hours, rosary, and any other books which he asks for, shall be
+given him, provided they treat of nothing but devotion. The six
+_monteros_ who guard and serve the prince shall take the food for his
+table into the first saloon, to be served to his highness by the
+noblemen: a _montero_ shall take the dishes in the second chamber. The
+_monteros_ shall be employed, and serve night and day, according to the
+regulations of Rui Gomez de Sylva. Two halberdiers shall be placed in
+the porch of the hall, leading to the court; they shall not allow any
+person to enter, without the permission of the Prince d'Evoli. In his
+absence, they shall ask it of the Count de Lerma, or of any one of the
+others, who is appointed to act as chief in their absence. Rui Gomez de
+Sylva is commissioned to command, in the name of the king, the
+lieutenant-captains of the Spanish and German guards, to place eight or
+ten halberdiers outside the porch. These men shall also mount guard at
+the doors of the infantas; two shall be placed in the apartment of Rui
+Gomez, from the time when the great gate of the palace is opened, until
+midnight, when the prince's chamber shall be closed, and the _monteros_
+commence their service. Each nobleman is permitted to have a servant for
+his own use; he shall select from his people the one he has most
+confidence in. All these persons shall make oath, before the Prince
+d'Evoli, to execute faithfully the regulations contained in this
+ordinance. Rui Gomez, and the noblemen under his orders, shall inform
+the king of any negligence in this respect. The said Rui Gomez is
+commanded to supply all that shall be considered necessary in the
+service, and which has not been stated in this ordinance. As all the
+responsibility rests upon him, his orders must be executed by the people
+under him."
+
+The secretary Hoyo read this ordinance to all the persons employed, and
+to each in particular; they all took the oath required.
+
+It has been shown by the recital of the usher, that Philip gave orders
+for the trial of his son. The king having proceeded to the interrogation
+of the witnesses, by means of the secretary Hoyo, created a special
+commission to examine into the affair. It was composed of Cardinal
+Espinosa, the inquisitor-general, the Prince of Evoli, and Don Diego
+Bribiesca de Muñatones, a counsellor of Castile: the king presided.
+Muñatones was charged with the instruction of the process. Philip, who
+wished to give this affair the air of a proceeding for a crime of
+_lese-majesté_, caused to be brought from the royal archives of
+Barcelona, the writings of a trial instituted by his great-great
+grandfather, John II., King of Aragon and Navarre, against Charles, his
+eldest son, Prince of Biana and Girone, who had already been
+acknowledged as the successor to the throne.
+
+The ordinance concerning the imprisonment of Don Carlos was so strictly
+observed, that the queen and the princess Jane, who wished to see and
+console him, were refused permission to do so by the king. Philip was so
+suspicious of every one, that he lived in a kind of captivity, and did
+not make his accustomed excursions to Aranjuez, the Pardo, and the
+Escurial. He kept himself shut up in his apartment; the least noise in
+the street drew him to the window, such was his dread of some tumult. He
+had always suspected the Flemings, or other persons, of being the
+prince's partisans, or at least to affect it.
+
+The unhappy Don Carlos, who was not accustomed to conquer his passions,
+could never make use of any means to palliate his misfortune. He gave
+himself up to the greatest impatience, and refused to confess, to enable
+himself to fulfil the duty always performed by the royal family on Palm
+Sunday. His old master, the Bishop of Osma, had died in 1566. The king
+commanded the Doctor Suarez de Toledo, his first almoner, to visit him,
+and try to persuade him: his efforts were unavailing, though Don Carlos
+always treated him with great respect. On Easter-day, Suarez wrote a
+long and touching letter to him, in which he proved by unanswerable
+arguments, that his highness did not take the proper means of
+terminating the affair favourably. He represented that his highness had
+no longer either friends or partisans, and reminded him of several
+scandalous scenes which had increased the number of his enemies; he
+finishes his letter in the following terms: "Your highness may easily
+imagine all that will be said when it is known that you do not confess,
+and when many other terrible things are discovered; some are so much so,
+that if it concerned any other person than your highness, _the holy
+office would be entitled to inquire if you are really a Christian_. I
+declare to your highness, with all truth and fidelity, that you only
+expose yourself to lose your rank, and (what is worse) your soul. I am
+obliged to say, in the grief and bitterness of my heart, that there is
+no remedy, and the only advice I can give you, is to return towards God
+and your father, who is his representative on earth. If your highness
+will follow my advice, you will apply to the president, and other
+virtuous persons, who will not fail to tell you the truth, and conduct
+you in the right way." This letter had no more success than any of the
+other attempts; the prince still refused to confess.
+
+The despair which Don Carlos soon felt, made him neglect all regularity
+in taking food and rest. He became so heated by the rage which preyed on
+him, that iced water (which he used continually) had no effect on him.
+He caused a great quantity of ice to be put into his bed, to temper the
+dryness of his skin, which was become insupportable. He walked about
+naked, and without shoes or stockings, on the pavement, and remained
+whole nights in this state. In the month of June, he refused all
+nourishment but iced water, for eleven days, and became so weak that it
+was supposed he had not long to live. The king being informed, went to
+visit him, and addressed some words of consolation to him, the result of
+which was to induce the prince to eat more than was proper for him in
+his weak state, and this excess brought on a malignant fever,
+accompanied by a dangerous dysentery. The prince was attended by Doctor
+Olivares, chief physician to the king; he went in alone to the patient,
+and when he returned, held a consultation with the other physicians of
+the king, in the presence of the Prince d'Evoli.
+
+The preliminary case, drawn by Don Diego Bribiesca de Muñatones, was
+sufficiently advanced in the month of July, to allow of a final
+sentence, without examining the criminal, or to appoint a procurator for
+the king, who in quality of fiscal accused the prince of the crimes
+stated in the _preparatory instruction_. No judicial notice was sent to
+the prince; they had only the declarations of the witnesses, letters,
+and other papers.
+
+These writings proved that, according to the laws of the kingdom, Don
+Carlos must be condemned to death, for high treason, on two counts:
+first, for having attempted parricide; and secondly, for having framed a
+plan to usurp the sovereignty of Flanders, by means of a civil war.
+Muñatones made a report of this, and the punishments established for
+such crimes, to the king; he added, that particular circumstances, and
+the rank of the criminal, might authorize his majesty to declare, that
+general laws could not affect the eldest sons of kings, because they
+were subject to laws of a higher nature, those which related to policy,
+and the welfare of the state; lastly, that the monarch might, for the
+good of his subjects, commute the punishment.
+
+Cardinal Espinosa and the Prince of Evoli were of the opinion of
+Muñatones; Philip then said, that his heart inclined him to follow their
+advice, but that his conscience would not permit him to do so: that he
+thought it would be far from being a benefit to Spain; that, on the
+contrary, he thought it would be the greatest misfortune that could
+happen to his kingdom, to be governed by a king devoid of knowledge,
+talents, judgment, or virtue, full of vices and passions, and, above
+all, furious, ferocious and sanguinary; that these considerations
+compelled him, notwithstanding his attachment to his son, and his
+anguish at so terrible a sacrifice, to suffer the laws to take their
+course; but considering that the health of Don Carlos was in such a
+state that there was no hope of prolonging his life, he thought it would
+be better to suffer him to satisfy himself in his inclinations in eating
+and drinking, since, from the disorder of his ideas, he would not fail
+to commit some excess, which would lead him to the tomb: that the only
+thing which concerned him, was the necessity of persuading his son that
+his death was inevitable, and that in consequence he must confess
+himself to ensure salvation; that this was the greatest proof of
+affection which he could show to his son and the Spanish nation.
+
+This decision of the king is not mentioned in the writings of the trial.
+There was no sentence written or signed; but the secretary Hoyo, in a
+note, says, _that at this period of the trial the prince died of his
+malady, and this was the reason why no sentence was pronounced_. The
+proof of the fact exists in other papers, in which the curious anecdotes
+of the time have been related. Although these documents are not
+authentic, they merit attention, as they were written by persons
+employed in the king's palace, and accord with what some writers have
+insinuated. It is true that they did think proper not to speak plainly
+on such delicate subjects, but they have said enough to lead to the
+truth.
+
+Cardinal Espinosa and the Prince of Evoli thought that they should
+fulfil the intentions of Philip in hastening the death of Don Carlos;
+they agreed that the physician should inform the prince of his
+condition, without saying anything of the king's displeasure or of the
+trial, and that he should prepare him to receive the exhortations which
+would be made for the benefit of his soul: by these means they hoped to
+induce him to confess and prepare himself for death, which would put an
+end to his misfortunes.
+
+The Prince of Evoli held a conference with the Doctor Olivares. He spoke
+to him in that mysterious and important manner which persons versed in
+the politics of courts know so well how to employ, when it is necessary
+to further the views of their sovereign, or their own designs. Rui Gomez
+de Sylva was perfect in this art, according to the opinion of his friend
+Antonio Perez, the first secretary of state, who was well acquainted
+with all that passed. In one of his letters he says, _that after the
+death of the Prince of Evoli, there would be no one but himself
+initiated in these mysteries_.
+
+Olivares perfectly understood that he was expected to execute the
+sentence of death pronounced by the king; and that it was to be done in
+such a manner, that the prince's honour should not be affected; in
+short, that his death was to appear natural. He therefore endeavoured to
+express himself, so as to inform the prince of Evoli that he
+comprehended him, and considered it as an order from the king.
+
+On the 20th of July, Olivares ordered a medicine which Don Carlos took.
+Louis Cabrera, who was employed in the palace at that time, and who
+often saw Rui Gomez, says in his history of Philip II., that "_this
+medicine did not produce any beneficial effect; and the malady appearing
+to be mortal_, the physician informed the patient, that he must prepare
+to die like a good Christian, and receive the sacraments."
+
+The histories published by Cabrera, Wander-Hamen, Opmero and Estrada,
+all agree with the secret memoirs of the times which I have read. It is
+not surprising, then, that the Prince of Orange, in his manifesto
+against Philip II., should impute to him the death of his son[63]; that
+James Augustus de Thou, a French contemporary historian, has done the
+same, from the accounts given him by Louis de Foix, a French architect,
+employed in building the Escurial, and Pedro Justiniani, a Venetian
+nobleman, who resided some time in Spain; although he was mistaken in
+making the holy office interfere in this affair; in supposing that the
+prince died, in a few hours, from poison; and in advancing some other
+errors on the authority of his two informants[64]. It is not more
+surprising that the authors cited by Gregorio Leti have stated things
+which appear to be written by the pen of a novelist or romance writer,
+because the death of the prince being occasioned by a mysterious
+medicine, administered according to a private order, no one doubted that
+it was caused by violence, and endeavoured to conjecture how it was
+done.
+
+But the truth is always discovered sooner or later, and after a century
+and a half, we find so many isolated facts and accounts of this event,
+that they produce conviction, and show that the death of Don Carlos had
+the external appearances of a natural death, and that he himself
+considered it to be so. The accounts of some foreign historians, of the
+result of the medicine, have been refuted by authentic documents: those
+of the writers, who have composed romances under the names of histories,
+are equally disproved. I shall therefore proceed to relate the facts as
+they occurred.
+
+Don Carlos, on being informed by Olivares that death was approaching,
+desired that Fray Diego de Chaves, his confessor, might be sent for: his
+orders were executed on the 21st of July. The prince commissioned the
+monk to ask pardon of his father, in his name; the king sent to tell
+him, that he granted it with all his heart, as well as his blessing, and
+that he hoped his repentance would obtain pardon from God. On the same
+day he received the sacraments of the Eucharist and Extreme Unction with
+great devotion. He also, with the king's consent, made a will, which was
+written by Martin de Gatzelu, his secretary. On the 22nd and 23rd he was
+in a dying state, and tranquilly listened to the exhortations of his
+confessor and Doctor Suarez de Toledo. The ministers proposed to the
+king that he should see his son, and give him his blessing in person, as
+it would be a consolation to him on his death-bed. Philip asked the
+opinion of the two ecclesiastics above-mentioned. They said that Don
+Carlos was well-disposed, and it might be feared that the sight of his
+father would occasion some disturbance in his mind. This motive
+restrained him for the present; but being informed, on the night of the
+23rd, that his son was at the point of death, he went to his apartment,
+and extending his arms between the Prince of Evoli and the grand prior,
+he gave him his blessing a second time, without being perceived. He then
+retired weeping, and Don Carlos expired soon after, at four o'clock in
+the morning of the 24th of July, which was the day before the festival
+of St. James, the patron Saint of Spain.
+
+The death of Don Carlos was not kept secret. He was interred, with all
+the pomp due to his rank, in the church of the Convent of the Nuns of
+St. Dominic _el Real_, at Madrid, but there was no funeral oration.
+Philip II. announced the death of Don Carlos to all the authorities who
+had been informed of his imprisonment. The city of Madrid also
+celebrated solemn obsequies on the 14th of August. The sermon was
+preached by Fray Juan de Tobar, the same monk who had deceived the
+prince, to make him confess who he wished to kill. In the same year a
+long account of the sickness, death, and funeral of Don Carlos was
+printed. The municipality of Madrid had ordered it to be written by Juan
+Lopez del Hoyo, professor of Latin in that capital.
+
+Spain regretted the death of Don Carlos, as the king had no other son.
+By his third wife, Elizabeth or Isabella of France, he had only had two
+daughters, and that virtuous princess died of a miscarriage in the same
+year, 1568. This misfortune (and the bad opinion conceived by all Europe
+of Philip II., who was considered as a cruel and hypocritical prince)
+occasioned the imputation of having caused the queen's death. He was
+first accused of it by the Prince of Orange, and afterwards by many
+other persons. France had proofs of the contrary, since Charles IX. sent
+an ambassador extraordinary to Madrid, with compliments of condolence
+to the king, who was really inconsolable for the loss of his expected
+heir. Juan Lopez del Hoyo, in 1569, published a faithful account of the
+illness and death of the queen; and some circumstances which he mentions
+seem incompatible with the use of poison, which is said to have
+occasioned her death. It is evident that the Prince of Orange suffered
+himself to be misled by hatred and revenge. The reality of a crime
+cannot be believed when neither the end nor motives for it can be
+perceived, and Philip was certainly interested in the queen's life. Some
+writers, after having supposed that the crime was committed, have
+endeavoured to discover the cause, and some romance-writers have thought
+that they discovered it in the pretended intrigue with Don Carlos.
+Supposing it to be true, there are historical proofs that it could not
+have commenced till after his return from Alcala, and at that time he
+ardently wished to marry his cousin, Anne of Austria. This princess
+became the fourth wife of Philip, and the mother of his successor,
+Philip III.
+
+Philip II., wishing to commemorate the justice of his conduct towards
+his son, ordered that the writings of the trial, with the original, and
+translation from the Catalonian tongue of that of Don Charles, Prince of
+Biana, should be collected and preserved. Don Francis de Mora, Marquis
+de Castel Rodrigo, who became the king's confidant after the death of
+Rui Gomez de Sylva, in 1592, deposited these writings in a green coffer,
+which the king afterwards sent shut, and without a key, to the royal
+archives of Simancas, where it is still, if it has not been carried away
+by the order of the French government, as it has been reported in
+Spain.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXII.
+
+TRIAL OF THE ARCHBISHOP OF TOLEDO.
+
+
+One of the most illustrious victims of the holy office was Don
+Bartholomew Carranza de Miranda, Archbishop of Toledo. The writings of
+the trial amount to twenty-four folio volumes, each containing one
+thousand or twelve hundred pages. This immense mass of writings must
+doubtless contain many facts unknown to Don Pedro Salazar de Mendoza,
+the author of the life of Carranza. This respectable writer spared no
+expense to discover the truth, but could not penetrate the mystery which
+envelopes the proceedings of the Inquisition. I have read this trial,
+which enables me to fill up the omissions of Salazar de Mendoza, and
+correct his involuntary errors.
+
+Bartholomew Carranza was born in 1503, at _Miranda de Arga_, a little
+borough in the kingdom of Navarre: he was the son of Pedro Carranza, and
+grandson of Bartholomew, both members of the nobility of Miranda. His
+true family name, consequently, was _Carranza_; but while he was a
+Dominican monk, he was only called Miranda. When he was made Archbishop
+of Toledo, he was named Carranza de Miranda, to prove the identity: he,
+however, only signed the name Fray Bartholomeus Toletanus, according to
+the custom of the times. The family of Carranza has been perpetuated to
+the eighteenth century, in the direct male line from Pedro, brother to
+the archbishop. At twelve years of age, Bartholomew, through the
+interest of his uncle Sancho de Carranza, a doctor in the university of
+Alcala de Henares, and the antagonist of Erasmus, was received into the
+College of St. Eugenius, which was dependant on the university. When he
+attained his fifteenth year, he passed into the College of St. Balbina,
+to study what was then called _philosophy and the arts_, which was
+confined to some general ideas of logic, metaphysics, and physics. In
+1520 he took the habit of a Dominican, in the Convent of _Venaleç_, in
+the _Alcarria_, which was afterwards transferred to the city of
+_Guadalaxara_. As soon as he had professed, he was sent to study
+theology in the College of St. Stephen of Salamanca and in 1525 he was
+placed in that of St. Gregory of Valladolid.
+
+A proof of the rapid progress of Bartholomew may be seen in his trial.
+Fray Michel de St. Martin, a Dominican monk, and a professor in the same
+college at Valladolid, denounced him to the holy office, in 1530,
+deposing that, two or three years before, he had had several
+conversations with Carranza, on subjects concerning his conscience; that
+he had remarked that he limited the power of the Pope, relating to the
+ecclesiastical ceremonies; and that he had reprimanded him for so
+erroneous an opinion. Carranza was also denounced in 1530, by Fray Juan
+de Villamartin, as having been the ardent defender of Erasmus, even on
+the subject of the sacrament of penance, and the frequent confession of
+persons who are only in a state of venial sin; that having opposed to
+him the example of St. Jerome, he maintained that it was impossible to
+support the fact by the authority of any respectable ecclesiastical
+historian; that Carranza also said Erasmus ought not to be contemned,
+for saying that the Apocalypse was not the work of St. John the
+Evangelist, but of another priest, who bore the same name.
+
+These denunciations were not made use of until the instruction of the
+trial of the archbishop was far advanced, when every method was employed
+to find materials for accusations; the _denunciations_ and _suspended
+trials_ were then looked over, and those above-mentioned were found.
+They were noted as declarations of witnesses, under the numbers
+ninety-four and ninety-five; while, according to the dates, they ought
+to have been the first.
+
+As these denunciations were not known out of the holy office, the
+rector and counsellors of the College of St. Gregory de Valladolid
+presented Carranza, in 1530, as a professor of philosophy; in 1534 he
+was appointed professor of theology, and soon after a qualifier to the
+holy office of Valladolid. In 1539 he was sent to Rome, to attend a
+general chapter of his order, where he was chosen to maintain the
+theses, which were only confided to persons capable of performing their
+duty well: the talents he displayed in these exercises obtained him the
+rank of Doctor and Master of Theology; and Paul III. permitted him to
+read prohibited books.
+
+On his return to Spain, he professed theology, with the greatest
+success, in his College of St. Gregory. The harvest having entirely
+failed in the mountains of Leon and Santander in 1540, the inhabitants
+went to Valladolid in great numbers. Carranza not only maintained forty
+of these poor people in his college, but sold his books to assist others
+in the city, only retaining his Bible, and the _Summary_ of St. Thomas.
+During this period he was continually occupied, either at the holy
+office as a qualifier, or at home in censuring books sent to him by the
+Supreme Council, or in preaching sermons at the _auto-da-fé_.
+
+In the same year, 1540, Carranza was appointed Bishop of Cuzco, but he
+refused to go to South America, except as a preacher of the gospel. In
+1544, Carranza was sent to the Council of Trent, as theologian to
+Charles V. He remained there three years, and it was there that Cardinal
+Pacheco (dean of the Spanish prelates who attended at the council)
+engaged him to preach on _justification_ before the Fathers. In 1546, he
+published at Rome one of his works, called _The Summary of Councils_;
+and another at Venice, of _Theological Controversies_. In 1547 he
+published a treatise _On the Residence of Bishops_, which created him
+many enemies, and which was attacked by Fray Ambrose Caterino, and
+defended by Fray Dominic de Soto, both Dominicans.
+
+On his return to Spain, in 1548, he refused the appointment of
+confessor to Philip II., then prince of the Asturias, and in 1549
+declined accepting the bishopric of the Canaries. He was elected in the
+same year prior of the Dominicans of Palencia, which he accepted. In
+1550 he was made provincial of the Convents of Castile, and visited his
+province.
+
+The Council of Trent being again convoked in 1651, Carranza was
+commanded by the emperor to attend it, and furnished with full powers by
+the Cardinal Archbishop of Toledo; he assisted at the different
+assemblies until 1552, when he was suspended the second time. Among the
+different commissions confided to him, was that of preparing an _Index_.
+On his return to Spain, the period of his provincialship had expired,
+and he re-entered his College of St. Gregory of Valladolid.
+
+The alliance between Philip II. and Mary, Queen of England, being fixed,
+Fray Bartholomew, in 1554, went to England in order to assist Cardinal
+Pole in preparing the kingdom to return to the Catholic faith. Carranza
+passed the greatest part of his time in preaching, and succeeded in
+converting a great number of heretics. When the king left England to go
+to Brussels, Carranza remained with the queen, to whom he was useful in
+supporting the Catholic doctrine in the universities, and arranging
+other affairs of the greatest importance. He revised, by the order of
+Cardinal Pole, the canons which had been decreed by a national council,
+and caused several obstinate heretics to be punished, particularly
+Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Martin Bucer; his zeal
+often exposed him to great danger.
+
+In 1557 he went to Flanders, where he caused all books infected with the
+heresy of Luther to be burnt. He did the same at Frankfort, and also
+informed the king that many of these books were introduced into Spain by
+way of Aragon. Philip, in consequence, gave the necessary orders to the
+inquisitor-general to intercept these works. In order to render this
+measure more effectual, Carranza drew up a list of suspected Spaniards
+who had fled to Germany and Flanders. The original copy of this list was
+found among his papers when he was arrested.
+
+On the death of Cardinal Siliceo, Archbishop of Toledo, the king
+appointed Carranza to succeed him; he however refused to accept the
+dignity, and named Don Gaspard de Zuñiga y Avellanada, Bishop of
+Segovia, Don Francis de Navarra, Bishop of Badajoz, and Don Alphonso de
+Castro, a Franciscan, as more worthy of the king's choice than himself.
+He persisted in his refusal, until the king commanded him on his
+allegiance to accept the archbishopric: the original of this royal order
+was also found among the papers of Carranza. Paul IV. dispensed with the
+usual formalities; he was _preconised_ in a full consistory on the 16th
+December, 1557, and his bulls were expedited. Pedro de Merida, canon of
+Palencia, administrated until the arrival of the archbishop. The
+Inquisition of Valladolid afterwards prosecuted him for some letters
+which he had written to Carranza, and which were found among his papers;
+he was also implicated by Fray Dominic de Roxas, and by other
+accomplices of Dr. Cazalla.
+
+The Archbishop Carranza was consecrated at Brussels on the 27th of
+February in the same year, by the Cardinal Granville, afterwards first
+archbishop of Malines. He published at Antwerp his Catechism in Spanish,
+under the title of _Commentaries of the very Reverend Fray Bartholomew
+Carranza de Miranda, Archbishop of Toledo, on the Christian Catechism,
+in four parts_[65].
+
+He afterwards returned to Spain, and assisted several times at the
+Councils of Castile and the Inquisition. About the middle of September
+he went to the monastery of St. Juste, to make a report to Charles V. of
+some affairs confided to him by Philip II., and to pay his respects to
+the emperor, who was then ill, and died two days after. An account has
+been given in the eighteenth chapter of what passed at this visit. He
+then repaired to his archbishopric, where he remained six months, and
+then went to Alcala de Henares, with the intention of visiting his
+diocese. During the six months that he passed in the capital, his
+conduct was exemplary, passing his time in preaching, distributing alms,
+visiting the prisoners and the sick, and in causing prayers to be said
+for the dead. He employed himself in the same manner in all the places
+he passed through, until he arrived at Torrelaguna, where he was
+arrested by the Inquisition on the 22nd of August. He was taken back to
+Valladolid, and imprisoned in a house belonging to the eldest branch of
+the family of Don Pedro Gonzalez de Leon, where Don Diego Gonzalez, an
+inquisitor, was appointed to guard him.
+
+Carranza had made enemies of several bishops, when he published his
+treatise _On the Residence of Bishops_: the reputation which he acquired
+for learning in the Council of Trent, at the expense of several
+individuals who considered themselves superior to him, rendered them
+also his enemies, or at least his rivals. Of this number were Melchior
+Cano, who has been already mentioned; their rivalry was changed into
+open jealousy on his part, and on that of Fray Juan de Regla, when
+Carranza was appointed Archbishop of Toledo. This hatred became common
+to others, when, after refusing the archbishopric, Fray Bartholomew
+recommended the three persons before mentioned to the king: among them
+were Don Ferdinand Valdes, inquisitor-general; Don Pedro de Castro,
+Bishop of Cuença, a son of the Count de Lemos; and a man of much greater
+merit, Don Antonio Augustine, Archbishop of Tarragona, who was the
+luminary of Spain in sacred literature. These persons endeavoured to
+conceal their sentiments, but their words and actions betrayed them.
+
+Besides this principal motive for the conspiracy against the archbishop,
+we may be permitted to suppose another. Carranza had given a copy of his
+Catechism to the Marchioness d'Alcañices in several detached pieces;
+when it was printed, he distributed it as it came from the press.
+
+The Marchioness d'Alcañices intrusted the work to several pupils or
+partisans of the archbishop, among whom were Fray Juan de la Peña, Fray
+Francis de Tordesillas, and Fray Louis de la Cruz; it was also read by
+Melchior Cano, who, in different conversations, plainly insinuated that
+it contained propositions tending to the Lutheran heresy. Don Ferdinand
+Valdés being informed of these circumstances, bought several copies of
+the Catechism, and sent them to persons with whose opinions he was well
+acquainted, desiring them to read it attentively, and to observe all
+that merited theological censure, but not to give their opinions in
+writing until they had again communicated with him. The persons he
+selected, were Fray Melchior Cano, Fray Dominic Soto, Fray Dominic
+Cuevas, the Master Carlos, and Fray Pedro Ibarra, provincial of the
+Franciscans.
+
+This work was also sent to Don Pedro de Castro, Bishop of Cuença; and it
+may be said that his reply, dated from Pareja, April 28, 1558, was the
+foundation of the trial of Carranza. It appears from the letter to the
+inquisitor-general, that he had requested to know the opinion of de
+Castro on the Catechism, and he informs him that he thinks it a
+dangerous work, promises to give him his reasons for it, and adds that
+the article on _justification_ tends towards Lutheranism. He says that
+having heard the author speak in the same manner at the Council of
+Trent, he had conceived a bad opinion of his doctrine, although he did
+not think that Carranza really held such erroneous sentiments. Don
+Pedro further says, that his present opinion is supported by facts,
+which he had already communicated to Doctor Andres Perez, a member of
+the Supreme Council.
+
+It appears, by a paper signed by the same bishop, on the first of
+September, 1559, that his communications to the counsellor were confined
+to the following articles: that being present at a sermon preached by
+Carranza before the king in London, he observed that he spoke of the
+_justification of men by a lively faith in the passion and death of
+Jesus Christ_, in terms approaching to Lutheranism; that Fray Juan de
+Villagarcia informed him that Don Bartholomew had preached the sermon in
+the preceding year at Valladolid, and that he then thought it
+reprehensible. The bishop adds, that he spoke to Carranza on the
+subject, and attributed his silence to humility; that at another time
+when he was preaching before the king, he said, that some sins were
+irremissible. At first he thought he had not understood him, but
+Carranza afterwards repeated the same proposition several times. The
+bishop concluded by stating, that in another sermon preached before the
+king, Don Bartholomew spoke of the indulgences granted by the bull of
+the Crusade, as if they might be bought for two rials (_ten pence_); and
+that he thought such language very dangerous to hold in England in the
+midst of heretics. All this accords with the declaration of Fray Angel
+del Castillo, after the arrest of the archbishop, who deposed that de
+Castro said that _Carranza had preached like Philip Melancthon_.
+
+It appears from this statement, that Don Pedro de Castro did not feel
+any scruples until three years after his journey to London, and did not
+think himself obliged to denounce Carranza, until he had lost all hope
+of becoming Archbishop of Toledo; if Don Bartholomew had remained a
+single month, he would never have been accused. The inquisitor-general
+gave up the letter he had received from de Castro, to begin the
+proceedings, but he did not mention that which he had written himself,
+which shows that it was not official. The counsellor Don Andrea Perez
+neither deposed nor proved any of the facts related by the bishop, so
+that the declaration was not entered in the proceedings when the order
+for the arrest was issued; about a year and a half after, it was thought
+proper to supply the place of it, by the insertion of a writing signed
+by the bishop. The Court of Rome was astonished at the irregularity of
+the proceedings, when it received the writings of the trial.
+
+Fray Juan de Villagarcia, being already imprisoned, in 1561, declared
+that he perfectly remembered hearing de Castro mention the sermon
+preached by Carranza in London, but not that he had been scandalized at
+it, or that he had said anything which could produce that effect.
+Villagarcia said, that as the confidant of the archbishop, and having
+been employed to transcribe his works, he was more capable of defending
+the purity of his faith than any other person; and endeavoured to prove
+that there was none but Catholic propositions in his works.
+
+It is evident that the trial originated in the malice of the
+inquisitor-general, which induced him to give the catechism to the
+enemies of Carranza: when he was informed by Cano of the existence of
+the propositions which caused the denunciation, he sent the work
+officially to him, and to the other _qualifiers_, Soto and Cuevas; but
+this did not take place till after some circumstances occurred, during
+the trials of several Lutherans, which seem to have caused that of
+Carranza, although the fact was entirely false. The inquisitor-general
+being informed that Carranza was intimate with the Marquises d'Alcañices
+and de Poza, many of whose friends and relations were in the prisons of
+the Inquisition, ordered the inquisitors of Valladolid to obtain
+information of the prisoners concerning the faith of the archbishop. A
+report was also spread, that several persons had discovered a similarity
+between the opinions of Carranza and Cazalla; which succeeded so well,
+that a partisan of Cano had the audacity to announce from the pulpit,
+when Cazalla was arrested, that an order had been issued to arrest the
+Archbishop of Toledo.
+
+On the 25th of April, 1558, Donna Antoinia Mella deposed, that
+Christopher de Padilla had given her a MS. containing Lutheran
+doctrines, which he said was written by Carranza. This declaration was
+not communicated to the archbishop, because the work was composed by
+Fray Dominic de Roxas. On the 17th of the same month, Pedro de Sotelo
+made a similar declaration.
+
+On the 29th of April, Donna Anne Henriquez d'Almanza deposed, that she
+asked Fray Dominic de Roxas if he should treat of points of doctrine
+with the archbishop, and that he said he should not, because Carranza
+had just written a book against the Lutherans. She added that she had
+heard Francis de Vibero say, that the archbishop would burn in hell,
+because, knowing better than any person that the doctrine of Luther was
+orthodox, he had condemned several persons to the flames in England, for
+professing it. Francis de Vibero, on being interrogated, declared that
+he did not remember to have used these words, and that he thought it
+doubtful, because Carranza had always been a Roman Catholic.
+
+Donna Catherine de Rios, prioress of the convent of St. Catherine, at
+Valladolid, deposed, on the 24th of April, that she heard Fray Dominic
+de Roxas say, that Don Bartholomew had declared that _he did not find
+any evidence of the existence of purgatory in the Holy Scriptures_: she
+added however, on the following day, that she was persuaded that
+Carranza did believe in purgatory, because he always exhorted his monks
+to perform masses for the dead; she deposed, that having asked Donna
+Anne Henriquez, if the archbishop held the same opinion, that she did;
+she replied, that on the contrary he had written a book in refutation of
+them; that Donna Bernardina de Roxas told her that she had learnt from
+Fray Dominic, that the archbishop had advised him _not to suffer
+himself to be led away by his genius_; that Sabino Astete, canon of
+Zamora, assured her that he had heard Fray Dominic declare that he had
+the greatest compassion for Carranza, because he did not hold the same
+opinions as he did. This declaration was not communicated to the
+archbishop in the _publication of the depositions of the witnesses_,
+because it contained nothing against him. If these declarations had been
+made known to his defender, he might have derived great benefit from
+them.
+
+Fray Dominic de Roxas being summoned on the proposition relating to
+purgatory, declared that Don Bartholomew had always spoken on that
+subject like a good Catholic.
+
+Fray Juan Manuelez, a Dominican, deposed on the 18th October, 1560, that
+nine or ten years before, he conversed with Don Bartholomew concerning a
+Lutheran who was condemned to be burnt, but could not be certain whether
+the archbishop advanced the following proposition: _It is certain that
+the Holy Scriptures do not assure us that there is a purgatory_,--This
+witness makes his deposition a year after the arrest of the archbishop,
+and is not certain of the fact. Would he not have denounced him ten
+years before, if he had heard him speak in that manner?
+
+On the 4th of May, 1559, Pedro de Cazalla deposed that in 1554 he heard
+Don Charles de Seso deny the existence of a purgatory, and repeat the
+proposition before Don Bartholomew Carranza, who appeared scandalized,
+but did not attempt to refute or denounce him. The deponent also said,
+that Fray Dominic de Roxas told him, that he had informed Carranza that
+he could not reconcile the doctrines of justification and purgatory, and
+he replied that _it would not be a great evil if there was no
+purgatory_; that having answered from the decision of the Church, his
+master said to him, _You are not yet capable of understanding this
+matter_.
+
+Don Charles de Seso being interrogated on this subject on the 27th
+June, replied that Don Bartholomew had told him that he ought to believe
+in the existence of purgatory, and that if he was not obliged to depart,
+he would answer his arguments in a satisfactory manner; that Pedro
+Cazalla was the only person to whom he had communicated his conversation
+with Carranza; that he had reason to believe his present summons was
+occasioned by the declaration of Cazalla, who had not spoken the truth.
+On the 20th and 23rd, Fray Dominic declared that Carranza had always
+spoken of purgatory like a good Catholic. Thus it appears that the
+declarations of Cazalla were proved to be false, before the order for an
+arrest was issued.
+
+On the 7th of May, 1559, the inquisitor, William, remitted a letter from
+Carranza, in which he mentions Don Charles de Seso, and says that he did
+not denounce him, because he thought he had only been led into error;
+which was proved by the reply of Seso, when reprimanded by him, that he
+would only believe that which was really commanded by the Catholic
+religion, and that he then told him he could not do better.
+
+Garcia Barbon de Bexega, an alguazil of the Inquisition of Calahorra,
+deposed on the 12th of May, that he arrested Fray Dominic de Roxas, when
+he endeavoured to fly from Spain, and that when conversing with him on
+the increase of the number of Lutherans, he asked if his master Carranza
+was of that sect; Roxas replied in the negative; that he was not going
+to seek him in Flanders for that reason, but to obtain from the king the
+favour of not being degraded. This declaration was not communicated to
+the archbishop in the _publication of the depositions_.
+
+On the 13th of May, Fray Dominic de Roxas declared that Fray Francis de
+Tordesillas had expressed pity for him, when he heard him speak of
+_justification_, and make use of phrases in his discourses tinctured
+with Lutheranism; that this also happened to Carranza. Fray Francis, on
+being examined, deposed, that having copied several works of the
+archbishop, and translated others into Latin, for the Marchioness
+d'Alcañices and different persons, he had introduced a _preface_ into
+one MS., stating that the way to avoid falling into error in reading
+these works, was to understand in a Catholic sense some propositions on
+_justification_, which might be interpreted in a different manner; that
+all that Carranza had written was in the spirit of the Catholic
+religion; that he, deponent, knew his intentions to be pure, because he
+had seen him practise good works, and his sermons, conferences, and
+private life, perfectly accorded with the true principles of faith.
+
+Donna Frances de Zuñiga, deposed on the 2d of June, that Carranza had
+told her, that provided she was not in a state of mortal sin, she might
+approach the holy table without confessing; that on the 13th of July she
+heard Fray Dominic de Roxas say that Carranza thought as he did on some
+of Luther's opinions, but not on all; that the nuns of the convent of
+Bethlehem did not believe in purgatory, because Pedro Cazalla had told
+them that such was the opinion of Carranza. Fray Dominic, being
+summoned, made the depositions relating to purgatory above mentioned: he
+added, on the 21st of March, that Don Bartholomew always explained his
+propositions in a Catholic sense, and detested the Lutheran doctrine;
+and that if he, deponent, had always profited by these explanations, he
+would not have fallen into error. Pedro Cazalla being interrogated
+concerning the nuns of Bethlehem, replied that he did not remember to
+have spoken in that manner, but that he had concluded that such were the
+opinions of Carranza when he did not denounce Don Charles de Seso.
+
+On the 13th of July the inquisitors seized all the books composed by
+Carranza in the house of the Marchioness d'Alcañices, who on the 28th
+deposed, that having read the _Commentaries on the Prophecies of
+Isaiah_, written by Carranza, she asked Fray Juan de Villagarcia from
+what book the author had taken so much erudition? Fray Juan replied
+that it was contained in a work of Luther, and that the book could not
+be confided to every person, because the good was too often mixed with
+evil in those authors. Fray Juan de Villagarcia being interrogated on
+this subject, replied that it was a work of _OEcolampadius_, and that
+the archbishop always kept it concealed; that it was true that he had
+taken from it materials for the treatise in which he explained the
+prophecies of Isaiah; but he was accustomed to say that no confidence
+could be placed in the heretical authors; that the archbishop had been
+seduced by them, but always defended the Catholic religion. It has been
+already stated that Paul III. granted him permission to read prohibited
+works; the brief was found among his papers.
+
+On the 3rd of July, Elizabeth Estrada deposed, that Fray Dominic de
+Roxas had told her, that it depended upon Don Bartholomew to make her
+sister the Marchioness d'Alcañices adopt the errors of Luther, and that
+he hoped to see that event take place, because then the king and all
+Spain would embrace that religion. The deponent also said that Fray
+Dominic told her that Don Bartholomew had read the works of Luther. Fray
+Dominic, being examined, replied that he often spoke in that manner to
+the nuns who were of his opinions, and to other individuals of his
+society of Lutherans, adding that Carranza thought as he did on
+_justification_ and purgatory; that he (Roxas) composed an _Explanation
+of the articles of faith_, according to his own creed, and attributed it
+to Carranza, to give it more consequence; that he always said the
+archbishop approved the doctrine of Luther, to persuade those persons to
+persevere in the faith, but that he never said that Don Bartholomew had
+read the works of Luther, because he did not know that he had. The
+deponent declared that the changes in his situation induced him to
+confess the truth; that the archbishop had never adopted such doctrines,
+and that he always gave a Catholic meaning to those phrases which would
+bear a contrary interpretation.
+
+On the 23rd of August, Fray Bernardin de Montenegro, and Fray Juan de
+Meceta, (both monks of the convent of St. Francis, at Valladolid,)
+voluntarily denounced a sermon, which was preached by the archbishop two
+days before, in the convent of St. Paul, and in which he used some
+expressions similar to those employed by the heretics. He also said,
+that converted heretics should be treated with clemency, and that
+persons were sometimes called heretics, illuminati, or quietists, merely
+because they were seen on their knees before a crucifix, and smiting
+their breasts with a stone: he invoked the authority of St. Bernard, to
+support his last proposition, which (according to the denouncers) did
+not agree with what he had advanced. The sermon being afterwards found
+among the papers of the archbishop, was examined by the qualifiers, and
+did not appear to contain any proposition deserving of censure. Yet the
+inquisitors presumed to demand officially of the princess Jane,
+governess of the kingdom, what she thought of the sermon; the princess
+had the complaisance to reply, that she only remembered to have heard
+some propositions which appeared to her to be improper.
+
+On the 25th of the same month, Ferdinand de Sotelo denounced Don
+Bartholomew, for having said in the presence of Pedro de Sotelo, his
+brother, and Christopher Padilla, that if he had a notary with him when
+he was dying, he would desire him to draw up an act of _renunciation of
+all his good works_. Pedro and Christopher declared that they did not
+remember that they had repeated this to Ferdinand de Sotelo. But Fray
+Dominic de Roxas deposed, during the torture, on the 10th of September,
+1559, that he thought he remembered being once in the village of
+Alcañices, and hearing Don Bartholomew say, that at the point of death
+he should wish to have a notary, to draw up an act of renunciation of
+the merit of his good works, because he relied solely on those of Jesus
+Christ, and that he considered his sins as nothing, because Jesus had
+expiated them; Dominic added, that Don Louis de Roxas, his nephew,
+related the same thing, as having occurred at his return from Flanders
+in the king's suite, and that all these expressions did not make him
+consider the archbishop as a Lutheran, but as a good Catholic; because
+the heretics denied that the good works of the creature could expiate
+sin, and attributed the expiation to the merits of Jesus Christ, while
+Carranza only asserted, that the expiation by the good works of a sinner
+was so little when compared with the infinite merits of our Redeemer,
+that the sinner might regard them as nothing if he fervently prayed for
+the application of the merits of our Saviour dying on the cross. There
+seems to be no doubt that Fray Dominic was the author of the denounced
+proposition; he explained it to the advantage of the accused during the
+torture.
+
+On the 8th of September, Fray Dominic declared that Don Bartholomew had
+said, that the expression, _say the mass_, was not exact; that it would
+be more correct to say _perform the mass_, from the Latin, _facere rem
+sacram_, and that he used this expression in the pulpit and in his
+writings. This accusation was certainly not sufficient to authorize a
+decree of arrest.
+
+On the 23rd of September, Doctor Cazalla declared, that ten or twelve
+years before, he heard Fray Dominic de Roxas say, that Don Bartholomew
+held the doctrines of the Lutherans. Fray Dominic on being examined
+denied the fact, but afterwards, on being tortured, confessed, that he
+had often declared that Don Bartholomew believed in the doctrines of the
+Lutherans, to give weight to his own opinions, and acknowledged that he
+did not speak the truth.
+
+The same Doctor Cazalla (being examined on the evidence of Donna Francis
+de Zuñiga, who said he had instructed her in the doctrine of Luther)
+declared, that Donna Frances, and her brother Juan, had told him, that
+they were instructed by Don Bartholomew. The brother and sister denied
+the fact, and Cazalla being tortured, retracted his declaration.
+
+On the 9th of December, Fray Ambrose de Salazar, Dominican, being
+summoned to declare if it was true that he had said, that some persons
+held the same language as the heretics of Germany, replied that it was
+true, and that he alluded to Dominic de Roxas, Christopher Padilla, and
+Juan Sanchez. He was pressed to name all those to whom his allusion
+could be applied, and he said that he did not remember any others. He
+was then requested to consult his memory, and return the next day to the
+tribunal of the Inquisition. He obeyed, but did not add anything to his
+former declaration. He was then told that the inquisitors had been
+informed that he alluded to some other person, that he must endeavour to
+recollect him, and then return. The monk repaired to the Inquisition on
+the 14th of the same month, and said, that he had thought the questions
+put to him related to the archbishop, particularly after a report that
+his trial had commenced; that until then he had been far from suspecting
+the most zealous defender of the Catholic religion of heresy; that his
+words agreed with his writings; that he had converted many heretics, and
+burnt some others; that if he adopted certain phrases used by the
+heretics, he always explained them in an orthodox manner, and that in
+this case he only followed the example of several saints.
+
+Don Francis Manrique de Lara, bishop of Salamanca, deposed, on the 10th
+of October, that, at Naxera, he heard it said, that the archbishop had
+been arrested on account of his catechism, and that Fray Ambrose
+remarked, _it may not be for that alone; it is possible that his belief
+in purgatory was suspected_.
+
+When the _publication of the depositions_ took place, the evidence of
+Salazar was not mentioned, and the defenders of the accused never knew
+that he had given it. It is thus that the inquisitors in their
+proceedings violate natural right, in concealing all that may be taken
+advantage of by a defender.
+
+On the 9th of December, Fray Juan de Regla voluntarily denounced
+Carranza, for some expressions used by him to Charles V., on the
+forgiveness of sins. This affair has already been mentioned in the
+thirteenth chapter. On the 23rd Fray Juan again denounced Don
+Bartholomew, for having supported the arguments of the Lutherans, in the
+second session of the council of Trent, concerning the holy sacrifice of
+mass; and for having dared to say _ego hæro certe_, which scandalized
+several fathers of the council; he admitted that the accused afterwards
+explained his words, but said it was without energy. This monk was the
+only witness who deposed to this fact. Don Diego de Mendoza, ambassador
+of Spain to the council, who had been punctual in attending the
+sessions, declared that he did not remember the circumstance, which had
+not been denounced before by any of the numerous rivals of Carranza.
+Fray Juan was extremely mortified that he could not obtain a bishopric,
+and we may suppose that nothing but jealousy could inspire him with such
+scruples, sixteen years after the event. It must be observed that he had
+been condemned by the Inquisition of Saragossa, that he had abjured
+eighteen propositions, and had been pursued by the Jesuits, of whom he
+and Cano had shown themselves the most violent adversaries, while Don
+Bartholomew was their friend. Cano and de Regla, therefore, endeavoured
+to mortify Carranza, and persecuted him as being secretly attached to
+the Jesuits.
+
+The licentiate Hornuza, judge of appeals of the district of Santiago,
+states in a writing annexed by the fiscal to the trial six weeks after
+the arrest of the archbishop, that this prelate, having presented to the
+Council of Trent some arguments in favour of Luther, he acknowledged
+that they might be answered conclusively; the witness added that Doctor
+Grados could confirm the truth of his testimony. The doctor was not
+examined. Who, indeed, can believe that Carranza would have spoken in
+that manner in the Council of Trent? On the 14th December, Fray Dominic
+de Roxas presented a writing, containing a confession of his errors and
+a prayer for pardon: he made the same declarations concerning the
+archbishop as before; adding, that _he was obliged to confess that he
+thought_ if the prelate and some _others had not been prepared by the
+syrup of the Lutheran phrases, the works of the heresiarch would not
+have made so much impression on their minds_. Fray Dominic said this to
+palliate his own crime, and in the hope of being reconciled; but being
+informed, on the 7th October, 1559, that he must prepare to die the next
+day, he demanded an audience, in order to make a declaration necessary
+to the repose of his soul; and having obtained it, he said "that he had
+never heard Don Bartholomew utter any words contrary to the doctrine of
+the Holy Church, that he always spoke against the Lutherans, and
+explained those phrases which he (Fray Dominic) had seen in heretical
+books, and heard from the preachers in Valladolid, in an orthodox
+sense."
+
+The above are all the declarations contained in the process of the
+Archbishop of Toledo when a brief was denounced for his arrest. It may
+even be supposed that there were not so many, since the brief was
+expedited on the 7th January, 1559, and therefore it must have been
+demanded, at the latest, in the beginning of December 1558. The censure
+of the works of Carranza and the opinion of the Bishop of Cuença were
+also made use of as a motive for the demand. The qualifiers were
+Melchior Cano, Dominic Cuevas, Dominic Soto, Pedro Ybarra, and the
+Master Carlos. The following is a list of the MS. works of the
+archbishop which are mentioned with the printed Catechism in this part
+of the process.
+
+1. Notes on the Explanation of the Book of Job, by another author.
+
+2. Notes on the Explanation of the verse _Audi filia_ of the 44th Psalm,
+by Juan d'Avila, 83.
+
+3. Explanation of Psalm 83.
+
+4. Explanation of Psalm 129.
+
+5. Explanation of Psalm 142.
+
+6. Explanation of the Prophet Isaiah.
+
+7. Explanation of the Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans.
+
+8. Ditto Galatians.
+
+9. Ditto Ephesians.
+
+10. Ditto Philippians.
+
+11. Ditto Colossians.
+
+12. Explanation of the Canonical Epistle of St. John.
+
+13. Treatise on the Love of God to Man.
+
+14. Ditto on the Sacrament of the Order, with notes on the same subject.
+
+15. Ditto on the holy Sacrifice of Mass.
+
+16. Ditto on the Celibacy of Priests.
+
+17. Ditto on the Sacrament of Marriage.
+
+18. Ditto on the Utility and Efficacy of Prayer.
+
+19. Ditto on the Tribulation of the Just.
+
+20. Ditto on the Christian Widow.
+
+21. Ditto on Christian Liberty.
+
+22. Remarks on the Commandments of God and the Sins of Mortals.
+
+23. Apology for the _Commentaries on the Catechism_.
+
+24. Proofs taken from Holy Writ for the defence of the publication of a
+Catechism in the Spanish language.
+
+25. Abridgment of the _Commentaries on the Catechism_.
+
+26. Sermons for all the Year.
+
+27. Ditto on the Love of God.
+
+28. Ditto, _Super flumina Babylonis_.
+
+29. Ditto on the Manner of hearing Mass.
+
+30. Ditto on Holy Thursday.
+
+31. Sermons preached before the Prince at Valladolid.
+
+32. Ditto on the Circumcision of our Saviour.
+
+33. Ditto, intituled _Poenitentiam agite_.
+
+34. Ditto, _Si revertamini et quiescatis salviti eritis_.
+
+35. Ditto on Prayer.
+
+36. Ditto, _Hora est jam nos de somno surgere_.
+
+37. Ditto, _Dirigite viam Domine_.
+
+38. Ditto, _Spiritus est Deus_.
+
+39. Ditto on the Psalm _De profundis clamavi_.
+
+40. Ditto, _Filius quidem hominis vadit_.
+
+41. Abridgment of two Sermons sent to Flanders to the Licentiate
+Herrera.
+
+Some MS. copies which had been given to the Marchioness d'Alcañices, and
+other persons, before the Catechism was printed, were also annexed to
+the process; the contents were the same, except some corrections
+afterwards made by the author. The Marchioness d'Alcañices gave them to
+Don Diego de Cordova, a member of the Supreme Council, who died soon
+after. The MSS. were then taken by St. Francis de Borgia, who informed
+Carranza, on his return from Flanders, that they were in his possession,
+but that he wanted them to assist him in composing a sermon. Don
+Bartholomew being arrested before the MSS. were returned to him, St.
+Francis de Borgia sent them to the grand-inquisitor, in whose house they
+were lost; it is stated in the process that only one of them was found
+there some time after.
+
+The holy office endeavoured to ascribe to Carranza some other works
+condemned on the trial: these were the
+
+     Explanation of the Articles of the Faith, by Fray Dominic de Roxas.
+
+     Opinions on the Interpretation of the Holy Scriptures, by Juan
+     Valdés, secretary to Charles V., who became a Lutheran.
+
+     Treatise on Prayer and Meditation, which appears to have been
+     written by some other Lutheran author.
+
+     Explanation of the Book of Job, of which Carranza only wrote the
+     notes, which refute the text in several places.
+
+     Explanation of the verse _Audi filia_, explanatory notes only by
+     Carranza.
+
+     Several papers which Fray Dominic de Roxas and Christopher de
+     Padilla had distributed, maliciously attributing them to Don
+     Bartholomew, although they belonged to Fray Dominic, and other
+     Lutherans.
+
+As to the _Exposition of the Canonical Epistle of St. John_, the
+archbishop declared that, in the state in which it was, he did not
+acknowledge it as his work; that he had only given it verbally to his
+pupils, and that, doubtless, one of them had written it from memory;
+that although the foundation of it was what he had taught, the errors
+which it contained could not be imputed to him.
+
+The grand-inquisitor was at first only acquainted with the Catechism of
+Carranza, the censure of which was confided to Cano and others. Cano,
+whose heart was full of hatred, wanted no incitements to condemn it; of
+the inclinations of the others we may judge by letters, in which Fray
+Dominic de Soto speaks of his embarrassment at being obliged to censure
+some propositions which he considered very orthodox. Of all the works of
+Carranza, those only were marked with the theological censure which are
+numbered 3, 4, 13, 27, 28, 29, and 30. The Master Carlos, and afterwards
+Cano and Cuevas, were employed in this work.
+
+As there were among the Lutherans many persons intimate with the
+archbishop, and even some who had been his pupils, he wished to be
+informed of the state of their affairs. Fray Juan de la Peña, Fray
+Francis de Tordesillas, and Fray Louis de la Cruz, sent the details to
+Flanders to Fray Juan de Villagarcia, the companion of the Archbishop,
+and by this means he learnt that his Catechism was to be condemned for
+two reasons: first, on the pretext that it contained several heretical
+propositions; and secondly, because the principle which caused the Bible
+in the vulgar tongue to be prohibited in Spain in the present state of
+the kingdom, would not admit of the permission of a work on
+_justification_, and other points of controversy with the Lutherans, in
+the same language. The archbishop first commissioned Villagarcia, and
+afterwards the Jesuit Gil Gonzalez, to translate his Catechism into
+Latin, with notes on the obscure passages: they began, but never
+finished the work.
+
+The archbishop, however, was far from suspecting that he would be
+attacked for his personal profession of faith, when he received a letter
+from Fray Louis de la Cruz, dated Valladolid, May 21, 1558, in which he
+informed him that the Lutherans declared he partook their opinions.
+Carranza replied, that he was more grieved for their misfortune in
+having embraced heresy than for their false testimony against him. As he
+was perfectly convinced of the purity of his faith, and believed that he
+had given sufficient proofs of it in combating the opinions of the
+heretics, he persuaded himself that only the sense of his _Commentaries_
+was to be dismissed. He therefore returned to Spain, expecting to
+arrange the affair on a few conferences with the grand inquisitor; and
+in order to facilitate the attainment of his object, he obtained
+approbations of his work from some of the most famous theologians in
+Spain,--Don Pedro Guerrero, archbishop of Granada; Don Francis Blanco,
+archbishop of Santiago; Don Francis Delgado, bishop of Lugo and Jaen;
+Don Andrea Cuesta, bishop of Leon; Don Antonio Gorrionero, bishop of
+Almeria; Don Diego Sobaños, rector of the university of Alcala; Fray
+Pedro de Soto, confessor to Charles V.; Fray Dominic Soto, professor of
+Salamanca; Don Hernando de Barriovero, canon, magistrate, and professor
+of Toledo; and Fray Mancio del Corpus, professor of Alcala; besides
+many other Doctors of Salamanca, Valladolid, and Alcala.
+
+While the archbishop was at Valladolid in 1558, he demanded that the
+theological censures of his works should be communicated to him, that he
+might reply to them, and give any satisfaction required of him. He
+thought he had a right to this concession, for several reasons: first,
+as he was the author; secondly, as the primate of Spain; and thirdly, as
+a man who might expect such an act of deference from the holy office, in
+consideration of his labours in its cause. But the grand-inquisitor
+Valdés (who was his enemy, though he pretended to be his friend) would
+not grant his request, alleging that it was not the custom to hear an
+author on the qualification of his works. Carranza then endeavoured to
+avail himself of the approbations he had obtained from the illustrious
+theologians already mentioned, who were almost all of them fathers of
+the council of Trent; but they were not received, and he experienced the
+same rejection from the Supreme Council. The mystery which shrouded all
+the proceedings of that body was impenetrable, and he departed from
+Valladolid in ignorance of the causes of his trial.
+
+He, however, afterwards obtained information, that some witnesses had
+been examined on his personal faith, and that the censurers of his work
+noted it, as containing _heresies, propositions savouring of heresy,
+fomenting heresy, tending to heresy, and capable of causing it_. Some
+idea may be formed of the state of his mind from his application to the
+king and the pope, to whom he sent an account of all that had passed
+between him and the grand-inquisitor, and implored their protection; the
+minutes of this account, and the letters which accompanied it, were
+afterwards found among his papers.
+
+On the 20th of September, he arrived at Yuste, in Estremadura. His
+misfortune, it may be presumed, rendered him prudent in his exhortations
+to Charles V.; it is not likely that he would use the phrases
+attributed to him by Fray Juan de Regla, without adding expressions to
+limit the absolute sense which the denouncer imputed to him. On the 5th
+of October he again wrote to the king, on the occasion of the death of
+the emperor, and also to Ruy Gomez de Sylva, and to Don Antonio de
+Toledo, grand-prior of the order of St. John, both high in favour with
+his majesty, and with whom he was intimate, but more particularly with
+Don Antonio, who always endeavoured to be useful to him. His letters and
+those of many others at Rome, who wished to serve him, were found among
+his papers. The papal nuncio in Spain had already informed his court of
+what was passing at Madrid, and it was believed that the
+grand-inquisitor acted in concert with the king; this circumstance
+prevented Paul IV. (though he esteemed Carranza) from interfering in the
+affair, until he clearly perceived what was to be thought of it.
+
+Philip II., who then resided at Brussels, was far from being capable of
+arresting the progress of a trial undertaken by the inquisitors for a
+matter of faith; he contented himself with promising to protect
+Carranza, as long as it was compatible with the Catholic religion. The
+demand of being heard in his defence, before the condemnation of his
+Catechism, might have been granted, if the depositions concerning his
+personal faith had not presented an obstacle. Don Ferdinand Valdés
+represented to the princess Jane, governess of the kingdom, the
+declarations of the witnesses, which, read by a person without
+discrimination, and with the intention of injuring, made the archbishop
+appear to be a real heretic. The princess communicated this to the king,
+her brother, who being naturally suspicious, and knowing that Valdés was
+inimical to Carranza, resolved to take the cowardly part of remaining
+inactive, and waiting until the affair should be elucidated. It is not
+true that Philip repented of having elevated Carranza to the see of
+Toledo; the proof of this exists in the procedure: he was favourably
+disposed towards the archbishop, till Valdés and the counsellors of the
+Inquisition persuaded him that Carranza was an hypocritical heretic. The
+absolute inactivity of this prince's character, and the formidable and
+continual activity of Valdés, were the cause of the misfortunes of
+Carranza.
+
+The archbishop now thought it would be better to submit in order to
+avoid the infamy, and without waiting for replies from Brussels and
+Rome, on the 21st of September, 1558, he addressed a petition to Don
+Sancho Lopez de Otalora, counsellor of the Inquisition, in which he
+consented that his Catechism should be placed in the Index, provided his
+name was not mentioned, and that the prohibition did not extend beyond
+Spain, because the work was in the Spanish language. He hoped by these
+means to preserve the reputation of being a Catholic author, the only
+fame of which he was ambitious. In November, he sent letters to the
+grand-inquisitor and others, and remitted petitions to the Supreme
+Council, earnestly requesting, that in order to terminate all
+difficulties as soon as possible, his Catechism might be printed in
+Spanish, and given to him to be revised, corrected, and translated into
+Latin. His efforts were unsuccessful; the grand-inquisitor, far from
+wishing to serve him, obtained from the Pope the brief which completed
+his disgrace. He perceived that he ought to have followed the advice
+which had been given to him in Flanders, to repair to Rome, instead of
+Spain. The Bishop of Orense gave him to understand that there were in
+his case some things savouring of heresy, when he made the following
+reply:--_Unless this crime entered by the sleeve of my habit, I am,
+thank God, innocent of any thing of the kind. I shall therefore allow
+the affair to take the common course._
+
+On the 7th of June, 1558, Paul IV. declared in full consistory, "that
+being informed that the heresies of Luther, and some others, had been
+propagated in Spain, he had reason to suspect that several prelates had
+adopted them; and in consequence he authorized the grand-inquisitor _for
+two years from that day_, to make inquests concerning all the bishops,
+archbishops, patriarchs, and primates, of that kingdom: to commence
+their trials, and, in case that an _attempt to escape_ was suspected, to
+arrest them and lodge them in a place of security, and that the
+inquisitor should _immediately_ report the same to the sovereign
+pontiff, and send the criminals to Rome as soon as possible, with their
+process sealed up." The archbishop received notice of the expedition of
+this brief, in a letter from Cardinal Theatire, on the 18th of January.
+Valdés also demanded of the king, his permission to put it in execution.
+A letter from Don Antonio de Toledo to Carranza, dated Brussels, 27th of
+February, informed him, that his majesty had commanded the
+grand-inquisitor to suspend the proceedings till he arrived in Spain;
+adding, that his majesty was quite convinced of the wickedness with
+which the archbishop was treated. Valdés renewed his demand in March,
+representing the inconveniences of delay, and at last obtained
+permission to execute the brief.
+
+During this period, the inquisitors of Valladolid continued to receive
+every possible deposition unfavourable to the archbishop, to justify the
+proceedings against him.
+
+On the 20th of February, 1559, Fray Gaspard Tamayo, a Franciscan,
+voluntarily denounced the Catechism: he said, he thought it wrong in the
+author, to exhort the faithful to read the Scriptures, and not to
+address to the saints the prayers beginning _Pater-Noster_ and
+_Ave-Maria_.
+
+On the 11th of April, Don Juan de Acuña, count de Buendia, deposed that
+the archbishop had recommended him to renounce that practice, and to
+pray to the saints in the manner he had taught in his book; that he and
+all his family, and Donna Francisca de Cordova, had followed his advice,
+until the Bishop of Ciudad Rodrigo had persuaded them to the contrary:
+the deponent added, that he knew that Carranza had given the same
+advice to several other persons employed in the palace. This deposition
+was followed by those of the countess his wife, their chaplain, and
+seven of their servants.
+
+On the same day, Fray Dominic de Roxas deposed, that the Marquis de
+Roza, his father, asked Carranza if he should cause a thousand masses to
+be said for his soul during his life, or after his death, and that the
+archbishop replied, "_If my lord the marquis will believe me, he will
+say the masses during his life_." The deponent further said, that the
+archbishop, in going to Trent to attend the second convocation of the
+council, was in company with some Lutherans who were with the King of
+Bohemia; that he disputed with one of them in the presence of the Bishop
+of Segovia, and though he appeared to have the advantage in the
+argument, he afterwards said privately to the deponent, "_I was never so
+much embarrassed as to-day; although I am a master of theology, yet I am
+not so learned in the Scriptures as this Lutheran, who is only a
+layman._" The witness also said, that the archbishop had read and
+approved his _explanation of the articles of the faith_, and that he had
+even inserted part of it in his Catechism. It has been also stated, that
+Fray Dominic recanted all his depositions before his death.
+
+On the 5th of May, Donna Catherine de Castilla, who was a prisoner of
+the holy office, declared that she believed the archbishop to be a
+Lutheran; but repenting, she retracted her declaration, and said that
+she knew that Carranza had maintained to Don Carlos de Seso, her
+husband, that he committed a fatal error in denying the existence of
+purgatory. She persisted in her recantation.
+
+I appeal to my readers, if the state of the trial and the depositions of
+the witnesses were sufficient allegation: Canino the fiscal, reserving
+to himself the right of accusing him with more formality hereafter,
+demanded that the person of the archbishop should be seized, that he
+should be imprisoned, and his goods and revenues sequestrated, to be at
+the disposal of the grand-inquisitor. Valdés, after consulting the
+Supreme Council, commanded the fiscal to present the papers of which he
+had spoken in his requisition: these were the Catechism with the
+qualifications of Cano, Cuevas, Soto, and Ybarra; two MSS. bound,
+containing the articles of faith by Fray Dominic de Roxas, and the other
+works of Carranza mentioned under the numbers 3, 4, 13, 27, 28, 29, and
+30, with their qualifications; two sermons sent by Carranza to the
+licentiate Herrera, judge of the trials for smuggling, who was under
+arrest for Lutheranism; the depositions of the witnesses, with a summary
+of them, and to cause the archbishop to be pronounced attainted of
+heresy. Valdés, having drawn up, on the 8th of April, a verbal process
+of the reception of the powers granted by the Pope, the licentiate
+Canino, fiscal of the council of the Inquisition, on the 6th of May,
+presented to the grand-inquisitor a requisition, in which he demanded
+the execution of the brief, and declared that he would designate, in
+time and place, the person which it was to strike. Valdés remitted a
+declaration, in which he announced that he was ready to do justice
+whenever he was required. On the same day, the fiscal presented another
+requisition, in which he stated that Don Bartholomew Carranza,
+archbishop of Toledo, had preached, insinuated, written, and taught, in
+his conferences, his sermons, and his catechism, and in other books and
+writings, several heresies of Luther, according to the depositions of
+witnesses, and the books and writings which he presented to support his
+charges: the letters were those of the Bishop of Cuenza, Don Pedro de
+Castro; a letter from the archbishop to Doctor Cazalla, dated Brussels,
+18th of February, 1558, in reply to compliments on his elevation to the
+see of Toledo; (in this letter he begs Cazalla to "_pray that he may
+have the light necessary to govern his diocese well_;" adding, "_that it
+was more needful to ask it then than before, for those who formed part
+of the church of God_;") two letters of Juan Sanchez, a Lutheran, in
+which he says _that he was going to Flanders, because he hoped to be
+well received by Carranza_.
+
+As these formalities were all fulfilled in one day, it is not to be
+doubted that it was a concerted scheme between the grand-inquisitor,
+some members of the council, and the fiscal: if this had not been the
+case, three days would have been necessary for these ceremonies. On the
+13th of May, the grand-inquisitor and the council determined that
+Carranza should be cited to appear, and reply to the accusations of the
+fiscal.
+
+When the king had given his consent that the archbishop should be
+prosecuted, he required that he should be treated _with the respect due
+to his dignity_: this he repeated in a letter to Cardinal Pacheco, who
+informed him that Carranza had demanded that his affair should be judged
+at Rome. The king also wrote two letters to Carranza on the 30th of
+March, and the 4th April, in which he promised to protect him. The
+letter to Cardinal Pacheco induced the grand-inquisitor to write to the
+king on the 19th of May, when he informed him of the measure which had
+been decreed, adding, that he thought a citation to appear more
+moderate, less humiliating, and more private than an arrest by
+alguazils. The king, however, had still some regard for Carranza, since
+he did not approve of what had been done. At this period Don Antonio de
+Toledo, who continued to correspond with Carranza, informed him, that
+though he did not think the affair had taken so favourable a turn as
+might be wished, yet he thought he still perceived some marks of
+attachment for him in the king, in spite of the evil report made of him.
+
+At last, on the 26th of June, the king sent an answer to the
+inquisitor-general, in which he gives his consent to what had been
+resolved upon; adding, that he hoped the execution of this measure would
+be attended _with all the consideration due to the merit of Carranza,
+and the dignity with which he was invested_. The prelate was informed of
+this event, in a letter written by Don Antonio de Toledo, the next day.
+The approbation of the king was received on the 10th of July, and on the
+15th the fiscal presented a second requisition, in which he insisted on
+the execution of the demand contained in the first, that Carranza should
+be arrested, and his goods seized. He represented that the instruction
+of the process furnished proofs which ought to have been considered
+sufficient on the 13th of May; that nevertheless he would add to them
+the deposition of Donna Louisa de Mendoza, wife of Don Juan Vasquez de
+Molina, secretary to the king. This lady deposed, that the Marchioness
+d'Alcañices told her, that, _according to the instructions of the
+archbishop, it was not meritorious in the sight of God to deprive
+ourselves of pleasures, and that it was not necessary to wear
+haircloth_. The marchioness, who was examined, declared that she had
+never said anything of the kind, but only that all these things were
+less meritorious; that she had been intimate with the archbishop for
+more than twenty years, and had been his penitent, but during all that
+time she had never heard him say any thing against the faith.
+
+On the 1st of August, the grand-inquisitor, in concert with the Supreme
+Council, and several consultors, issued the order for the arrest of the
+archbishop. At this juncture, Philip II. wrote to his sister, the
+governess of the kingdom, saying, that in order to avoid the scandal and
+inconveniences arising from the measures decreed by the holy office, it
+would be proper to send for the archbishop to court upon some decent
+pretext. Don Antonio de Toledo having heard some hints of this, hastened
+to communicate it to Carranza, on the 19th of July: this was the last
+letter that faithful friend wrote to him. Among the papers of the
+archbishop, were found letters from persons, who afterwards, from want
+of courage, joined his enemies. There was also found the minutes of a
+representation in Latin, addressed to the Pope, in the name of the
+chapter of Toledo, entreating his holiness not to allow the cause of
+Carranza to be judged by the holy office of Spain, alleging that its
+members were swayed by human motives, and not from zeal to religion: it
+is not certain if this petition reached the Court of Rome, but the
+chapter behaved to the prelate with great generosity.
+
+The regent wrote a letter to the archbishop on the 3rd of August, in
+which she says, that before the arrival of the king, which would soon
+take place, she wished to communicate some affairs to him, and therefore
+begged him to repair immediately to Valladolid, adding, that as the
+least delay might occasion very disagreeable consequences, she should be
+pleased if he came as soon as possible, even if without ceremony or
+equipage, and that she sent Don Rodrigo de Castro that he might not lose
+time, and might inform her of his arrival.
+
+This Don Rodrigo de Castro was the nephew of the Bishop of Cuença, the
+first denouncer of Carranza: he departed from Valladolid on the 4th of
+August; on the 6th he delivered the letter to the archbishop, who, on
+the next day, replied to the princess that he would obey her orders. He
+immediately sent his equipages and part of his household to Valladolid,
+but followed slowly, that he might visit the towns and villages of his
+diocese, which he was to pass through.
+
+During this interval, Don Rodrigo wrote several letters to Valdés, one
+dated the 4th of August, from Arevalo, and four from Alcala de Henares,
+dated the 7th, 9th, 10th, and 14th, from which the inquisitor-general
+concluded that the delay of eight days was too long, and concealed some
+bad design: he pretended to think that Carranza intended to make his
+escape to Rome, yet Don Rodrigo de Castro lodged in the same house, and
+never lost sight of him. This pretext, futile as it was, gave Valdés the
+opportunity of issuing a mandate on the 17th, appointing Don Rodrigo and
+Don Diego Ramirez de Sedeño inquisitors of the districts of Toledo and
+Valladolid. He commissioned them and the chief alguazil of Valladolid to
+seize the person of the archbishop, to sequestrate his goods, and draw
+up an inventory of them.
+
+This order was executed at Torre-Laguna, on the 22nd, before day, and
+while the archbishop was still in bed. When he was told that he was
+under arrest, he demanded to know by whose order he was made prisoner;
+that of the inquisitor-general, and the brief of the Pope, were shown to
+him. He replied that the brief was general, and that it ought to be a
+special commission expedited with a knowledge of the cause, which was
+out of the jurisdiction of the inquisitor-general: that even supposing
+him to be competent, the conditions prescribed in the brief were not
+observed in his case, since nothing but malice could inspire the fear
+that he should attempt to escape; that, from all these considerations,
+he protested against the order of the grand-inquisitor, and the violence
+of his measures, and demanded satisfaction of the Pope for the insult he
+had received. Not being able at that moment to put his intentions into
+execution, the archbishop desired Juan de Ledesma, the notary of the
+holy office, who was present at his arrest, to write down his replies to
+the inquisitors, and that he obeyed the order only to avoid
+ill-treatment.
+
+The archbishop requested that great care might be taken of his papers,
+some of which belonged to trials concerning the archiepiscopal see, and
+were of great importance. All that he requested was complied with on
+this subject.
+
+On the 23rd of August he left Torre-Laguna, and arrived at Valladolid on
+the 28th; he was imprisoned in the house of Don Pedro Gonzalez de Leon:
+his portfolio, and a box containing papers, were sent to the
+inquisitor-general, who immediately caused them to be opened, and an
+inventory taken of their contents. On the 6th of September he addressed
+a letter to the king, giving an account, in his manner, of the arrest,
+and alleging his pretended fear of the flight of Carranza, as the
+motive for it. He added, that the archbishop appeared to be informed of
+his proceedings; an insinuation which might have injured Don Antonio de
+Toledo, whose correspondence he had read.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIII.
+
+CONTINUATION OF THE TRIAL UNTIL THE ARCHBISHOP WENT TO ROME.
+
+
+The enemies of Carranza procured new witnesses, in order to justify
+their conduct. Valdés and his coadjutors feared that public opinion
+would be against them, if, when they pronounced the definitive sentence,
+the archbishop was not proved, to all Europe, to be guilty of heresy.
+
+To attain this end, the inquisitors examined ninety-six witnesses, who,
+most of them, unfortunately, added nothing to what had been already
+deposed; some of them attested the purity of Carranza's faith, and the
+few who were against him deposed only what they had heard from other
+persons, who either did not confirm, or denied the facts. It is worthy
+of remark, that the greatest number of the witnesses who spoke in favour
+of the archbishop were in the dungeons of the Inquisition, and made
+their depositions during or after the torture, and when they were liable
+to have it renewed, and to be subject to the cruel treatment of the
+judges, whose schemes they frustrated. While these miserable people
+showed so much courage, the bishops, archbishops, and theologians, who
+aspired to the episcopacy, basely retracted their first and true
+opinion, and qualified, as _violently suspected of Lutheranism_, the man
+whom they had before considered almost as an apostle, and that in the
+same trial and for the same work.
+
+On the 26th of August, the grand-inquisitor delegated his powers to the
+counsellors Valtodano and Simancas, reserving to himself the right of
+pronouncing the definitive sentence; at the same time he appointed Baca,
+Riego, and Gonzalez, inquisitors of Valladolid, to take the proper
+measures to guard the archbishop, and sequestrate his property.
+
+When the prelate arrived at the house intended for his prison, he was
+asked what domestics he wished to have; he named six, but only two were
+permitted to attend him. He begged Valtodano and Simancas not to allow
+any person to see certain papers and letters from the Pope, Fray
+Ferdinand de St. Ambrose, and the licentiate Cespedes, because they
+related to a trial for the lordship of Cazorla: he asked the same favour
+for a bundle of letters from the king, on some affairs which it had been
+improper to make public. He demanded the original of his consultations,
+and some approbations of his book, because he wished to present them to
+the Pope, who was the only competent judge of his trial; and lastly,
+some other writings relative to conferences which took place at the
+Council of Trent, in England, and in Flanders, and which were so many
+proofs of his efforts in the cause of the Catholic religion.
+
+On the 1st of September, Valtodano and Simancas summoned the archbishop
+to take an oath to speak the truth. The prelate replied that he would do
+so when he received an order from the Pope or the king; that he
+protested against all that had been done, because they were not
+competent; that he did not acknowledge the grand-inquisitor as his
+judge, until he was furnished with special powers for that purpose;
+that, supposing him to have sufficient authority, he did not believe
+that he could delegate it; that he should prove his assertions much
+better if he had the brief, of which he demanded a copy. His request was
+granted the next day; on the 3rd, the grand-inquisitor, after a
+consultation with the Council, declared that he was a competent judge,
+and that he could delegate his powers; he announced that he should
+attend with the Council at the sessions of the tribunal: he attended on
+the 4th, and required Carranza to take the oath to speak the truth,
+either against himself or any other person, informing him that if he
+confessed all he knew, he would be treated with clemency, but in the
+contrary case he would be used with all the rigour of justice: he also
+told him that if he was reluctant to reply in the presence of the
+Council, he would be permitted to do so before two counsellors, or the
+inquisitors of Valladolid. Carranza made the same reply as on the
+preceding day, adding, that he was not certain that truth had been
+spoken in soliciting the brief from the Pope; since at that time there
+were no Spanish prelates suspected of heresy; that, if they had him in
+view, he was not in Spain at the time, but in Flanders, occupied in
+labouring for the defence of the Catholic religion, and converting
+heretics; that he exerted himself to destroy all the heresies, and for
+that purpose informed the king that heretical books were sold even at
+his palace-gates, and that the king, in consequence, gave the necessary
+orders to prevent the evil, which would be proved by the testimony of
+the king and the noblemen of his court.
+
+Not satisfied with these arguments, the archbishop challenged the
+grand-inquisitor for reasons which he explained at the same session, and
+in his presence: on the 5th and the following days he continued to give
+the motives for his challenge in writing; his charges against Valdés
+were numerous, and very serious. He mentions persons, times, subjects,
+and reasons, which authorized him to represent Valdés as a perfidious,
+envious, vindictive man; to maintain that he continually abused his
+authority in order to satisfy his vengeance, which could be proved by
+some writings which were registered: he particularly applied himself to
+show that Valdés concealed his hatred to him, under the mask of an
+hypocritical zeal for religion; that this enmity was caused by his
+spite and envy after he (Carranza) was elevated to the see of Toledo,
+and had published his work on the Residence of Bishops;--in short, he
+filled eight folio sheets in a small hand, with the motives which
+induced him to challenge Valdés, and added those concerning the
+counsellors Perez and Cobos, promising to establish the proofs.
+
+The archbishop chose for his advocates those men whom he considered most
+able to defend him; but they were, by different intrigues, induced to
+refuse their assistance: this plan was pursued with all the others whom
+he chose in case of their default, so that he was obliged to apply to
+some advocates who defended in the chancery his right to the lordship of
+some villages, although they knew nothing of the affairs of the holy
+office. Don Juan Sarmiento de Mendoza, counsellor of the Indies, for
+Valdés, and the licentiate Isunza, judge of the civil court of
+Valladolid, for the fiscal, were appointed arbitrators, to decide on the
+validity of the challenge. On the 23rd of February, 1560, they
+pronounced that the allegations were just, reasonable, and well proved.
+The fiscal not being satisfied with the decision, intended to appeal to
+Rome, but soon renounced the measure; in fact, how could the
+inquisitor-general think of sending a trial to Rome, which, if made
+public, would cover him and many others, who afterwards attained the
+highest dignities of the church, with eternal infamy? However, this
+appeal took place at a later period, after a thousand intrigues, but
+Valdés was not the inquisitor-general at that time.
+
+The lodgings assigned to the archbishop were neither commodious,
+agreeable, nor airy; he was allowed only two rooms for himself, a monk,
+and his page. He complained of the inconvenience, but the fiscal
+presented a verbal process, stating that the house was large,
+convenient, and healthy: this was true, for he spoke of it in general,
+and did not mention the place where Carranza was confined. The rooms
+were very remote from all communication; in 1561 there was a great fire
+at Valladolid, which consumed four hundred houses in the quarter nearest
+to the prison of the archbishop, yet he heard neither the cries of the
+people, nor the noise which must have been occasioned by such an event,
+and only learnt that it had happened, a long time after, when he was at
+Rome. This privation of air and exercise produced in the archbishop a
+tertian fever, which weakened him considerably, but the inquisitors had
+not sufficient humanity to remove him to a more suitable place. They
+dreaded that he would appeal to the Pope, or the king, on whom however
+it would not have had any effect, as Valdés had contrived to persuade
+him, in some private conversations, that Carranza was really an heretic,
+and that all that he had done in England and Flanders was intended to
+conceal his opinions.
+
+Although Valdés persisted in maintaining that he had the right of
+delegating his powers to prosecute the archbishop, yet as several
+counsellors, and particularly Baco de Castro, held a contrary opinion,
+he was obliged to appeal to the Pope. Paul IV. was dead, and had been
+succeeded by Pius IV., who, on the 23rd of February, confirmed to Valdés
+the powers granted to him by his predecessor, and that of delegating
+confidential persons to proceed in the trial of the Archbishop of
+Toledo. This brief was of no use, because the arbitrators had declared
+on the same day that the motives for the challenge were just and valid;
+his holiness, in consequence, expedited another special brief,
+confirming all that had passed, provided that the proceedings had been
+lawful, and authorizing Philip II. to choose judges in his own name, to
+whom he gave from that moment the power of continuing the trial until it
+was in a state to be terminated, for the space of two years, beginning
+from the 7th of January, 1561. This brief was interpreted at Madrid to
+be a permission to pass a definitive sentence. The Pope being informed
+of this circumstance, on the 3rd of July issued a fourth brief, in which
+he disapproved of the interpretation of that preceding it, and commanded
+that the trial should be remitted to him, _instructed_ but not judged,
+within a certain time.
+
+Philip II. appointed Don Gaspard de Zuñiga y Avellanada, archbishop of
+Santiago, to be the judge, with the power of delegating his authority.
+This choice was pleasing to Carranza, because that prelate was one of
+the persons he had proposed for the see of Toledo; in fact, he derived
+some advantage from the change of his guards, and other measures. But
+Zuñiga appointed Valtodano and Simancas, who had begun the trial, to be
+the judges. Carranza intended to challenge them, as having voted his
+arrest; but being told that the king had said that no person who had
+ordered the imprisonment of a criminal could afterwards be his judge, if
+this challenge was allowed, he abandoned his design. The right which the
+prelate had intended to make use of, is now recognised as a principle
+among civilized nations; to it we owe the establishment of _Juries_.
+
+The trial having been commenced more than two years after the arrest of
+the archbishop, he was at last permitted, in consequence of an order
+from the king, to choose four advocates: these were Doctor Martin
+d'Alpizcueta, known by the name of _Doctor_ Navarro; Don Antonio
+Delgado, canon of Toledo; Doctor Santander, archdeacon of Valladolid;
+and Doctor Morales, an advocate of the Chancery. The two first of these
+lawyers were allowed to see the archbishop, but the writings of the
+trial were not communicated to any of them, consequently it was
+impossible for them to demonstrate the insufficiency of the proofs of
+the charges brought against him by the witnesses. It is true that the
+answers of Carranza were decided and conclusive.
+
+The unqualified works of Carranza, and even some of those which had been
+examined, were confided to Fray Diego de Chabes, who had been the
+confessor of Don Carlos, and afterwards of the king; to Fray Juan
+d'Ybarra, and to Fray Rodrigo de Vadillo, and Fray Juan de Azoloros, who
+were afterwards the bishops of Cephalonia and the Canaries. These
+qualified as heretical some propositions contained in works not written
+by Carranza, but found among his papers; others were qualified as
+approaching to heresy, and likely to cause it; and the author was
+declared to be violently suspected of being an heretic. The edicts
+condemning the Catechism, and the Explanation of the Canonical Epistle
+of St. John, had been already published.
+
+The Council of Trent having been convoked for the third time, Valdés
+feared that the Fathers might take notice of the affairs of Carranza,
+and he persuaded the king that it was important to the rights of the
+crown to prevent them from taking cognizance of the trial. Philip had
+appointed the Count de Luna to be the ambassador to the council, and on
+the 30th October, 1562, he sent him instructions, in which he says, that
+he has been informed that it was intended to form a _general index_ of
+the prohibited books contained in the _index_ of Paul IV., which had
+occasioned much expostulation. The king added, that he could not allow
+this measure to extend its influence into Spain, which had an _index_,
+and particular regulations; that this exception might also apply to
+other Christian countries, since books, which were dangerous in one,
+might not be so in others. The king commanded his ambassador to oppose
+such a resolution in the council, because he could not receive into
+Spain books approved by the council which had been prohibited in that
+kingdom, and _some persons suspected that this project concealed
+particular views_; that he had already commanded his ambassador at Rome,
+and the Marquis of Pescara, to use every effort, consistent with
+prudence, to baffle the scheme.
+
+These instructions show very plainly that the Court of Madrid were
+afraid that the Council would approve the Catechism of Carranza, and
+the explanation of St. John, which had been prohibited in Spain. The
+fathers, who were displeased to see the proceedings so long in the hands
+of the inquisitors, addressed several remonstrances to the Pope against
+them and the King of Spain, and even refused to open the letters which
+that prince wrote to them, until he had atoned for the offence committed
+against the episcopal dignity, in the person of one of its members. At
+last the fathers declared that they would not assemble, unless his
+Holiness did not cause the proceedings, and the person of the
+archbishop, to be sent to Rome. The Pope had just prolonged the period
+destined for the trial (which would otherwise have expired on the 7th of
+January, 1568); he however replied that he would write to Philip, to
+demand that the Archbishop of Toledo and the writings of his trial
+should be sent to him; and to prove how much he wished to satisfy the
+fathers, he sent this letter by Odescalchi, to whom he gave the title of
+nuncio extraordinary.
+
+On the 15th of August following, Philip replied, with an energy unusual
+to him, that he was very much surprised that the Fathers of the council
+occupied themselves with particular affairs, instead of those which
+concerned religion in general; that the imperative dispositions of the
+brief presented by the nuncio were contrary to the rights of his
+sovereignty and the honour of his person, and that he hoped his holiness
+would not take it ill, if he did not order it to be published, and
+continued the trial. The Pope feared to irritate Philip, who was already
+offended that the ambassador of France had obtained the precedence, and
+therefore he granted the delay requested by that prince; at the same
+time, he charged the cardinal-legate, president of the council, to
+pacify the fathers, promising to do what they desired when the process
+was _instructed_. His Holiness also commanded that the archbishop should
+be treated with as much gentleness as was consistent with the
+proceedings.
+
+The resolution of the Pope appeased the fathers of the council for the
+present; but they soon began to discuss an affair equally displeasing to
+the King of Spain. The bishops and theologians commissioned to examine
+books, pronounced the doctrine of the Catechism of Carranza to be
+Catholic. They communicated their decision to the Archbishop of Prague,
+who was president of the congregation of the _Index_, who, together with
+the theologians composing it, approved the Catechism, and resolved to
+send an act of their approbation to Carranza, that he might make use of
+it in his defence. The decree of approbation was to be confirmed by the
+general assembly, but violent measures were employed to prevent it. The
+Pope permitted the Catechism to be printed at Rome on the 26th of June.
+
+The Spanish ambassador, the Count de Luna, vehemently protested against
+this resolution; he said that, as the Catechism was prohibited by the
+Inquisition of Spain, it was an insult to his master and the Supreme
+Council to declare it orthodox, and he demanded that the decree of the
+congregation should be revoked. Don Antonio d'Augustine, Bishop of
+Lerida, was a member of the congregation of the _Index_, and had not
+been present on the 2nd of June, when the members approved the
+Catechism. This circumstance induced him to support the Count de Luna.
+His enmity to Carranza, and his desire to please the king, made him go
+so far as to say that _the congregation approved heresies, since the
+Catechism contained them_. The Archbishop of Prague, anxious to defend
+his honour and that of his colleagues, addressed to the papal legates a
+formal complaint against the Bishop of Lerida, demanding in their names
+and his own a public reparation for the injury they had received, and
+protesting that if it was refused, they would not attend the assemblies.
+The cardinal succeeded in reconciling the two parties, by proposing to
+maintain the decree of approbation, but to forbid a literal copy to be
+given, and to commission the Count de Luna to obtain that which had
+been already remitted to the agent of Carranza, on the condition that
+the bishop made a public apology to the congregation, and one in private
+to the president. The bishop complied, and the Count de Luna, by his
+entreaties and promises, at last succeeded in obtaining the decree which
+the agent had received; but he had already sent an authenticated copy
+into Spain[66].
+
+Philip II., on the 3rd of August, wrote to the Count de Luna,
+complaining bitterly of all that had occurred, and charging him to
+represent to the Pope and the Council, that this resolution was the
+effect of an intrigue which tended to favour particular views, _as
+injurious to the Pope_ as to himself, and to give the authors of the
+decree to understand that they could not expect to succeed in causing
+the trial to be transferred to Rome, as the king would never permit it.
+
+On the 26th of October, the Count de Luna wrote to his master, informing
+him of all that he had done. He said that after he had received his
+instructions, he endeavoured to suppress the commission for the
+examination of books, or to render their decrees concerning books
+prohibited in Spain null and void; that the cardinal legates had assured
+him that it was impossible to grant his request, because the commission
+was the work of the council, and not of the Pope; that he must,
+therefore, apply to the general assembly, but that he must not expect to
+succeed, and the only thing that he could ask would be that the
+commission should not go beyond its powers.
+
+The Count de Luna also said, that though the commission was formed to
+examine the book contained in the _Index_ of Paul IV., a particular
+brief had been obtained from Pius IV. to extend the examination to the
+prohibited books of the other indexes of Christendom; that the affair
+concerning the Catechism of Carranza had been carried on unknown to the
+Bishop of Lerida, and to Doctor Pedro _Zumel_, canon of Malaga,
+commissary of the Inquisition; that in consequence, the Bishop of Lerida
+and the Bishop of Caba had appealed against the decree of the
+congregation, and demanded that it should be annulled; that he could
+still make a remonstrance in full synod, but that he found it necessary
+to renounce that intention, _as it might be the occasion of great
+inconveniences_[67]; and that the only cause for this event was that the
+Cardinal de Lorraine, the Archbishop of Braga, the Bishop of Modena, and
+several others, defended Carranza to the Pope.
+
+The fathers of the council could not succeed in their attempt to cause
+the trial of Carranza to be transferred to them. When the assembly was
+dissolved, the grand-inquisitor, who had now only the Pope to contend
+with, commissioned the Council of the Inquisition to request the king to
+obtain a brief to allow the trial to be terminated in Spain;
+representing to him that he might say that it would be useful in
+alarming those Spaniards who had adopted heretical opinions; that the
+King of Spain merited such a favour, because he was the only prince who
+had used every means to extirpate heresy; that the ancient canons
+permitted that the trial should take place where the crime was
+committed; that _if that of Carranza was transferred to Rome, the names
+of the witnesses would be revealed_, which would occasion serious
+consequences; that the trial must be translated into Latin or Italian,
+which would take much time, and that none but Spaniards could understand
+the strength of the expressions of the witnesses; that the
+procurator-fiscal would be obliged to go to Rome, where he would have
+the mortification of not being heard or well received, because many
+persons of high rank had been zealous in the cause of the archbishop;
+that the crimes were committed before he was raised to the episcopal
+dignity; that it would not be convenient to allow the archbishop to go
+to Rome, and that the trial could not be properly judged unless he did
+so; that from all these considerations it would be better for the
+sovereign pontiff to appoint persons to finish the trial in Spain, in
+concert with the Supreme Council.
+
+On the other side, Don Martin D'Alpizcueta represented to the king all
+the ill treatment which the archbishop had suffered, and demanded that
+he should be sent to Rome. He represented that the archbishop might have
+made his escape to Rome, but that he did not do so, because his majesty
+_had commanded him in a letter written with his own hand, not to apply
+to any one but himself, and to have confidence in his protection_.
+Alpizcueta, speaking of the injustice Carranza had suffered, says that
+his arrest was decreed before anything was proved against him, since all
+impartial persons would see that the propositions imputed to him were
+not heretical; that his Catechism had been approved by the Council of
+Trent, and that it was read in every country but Spain, where his
+enemies resided.
+
+The advocate states, that suspected judges had been appointed, and that
+nothing but the fear of displeasing his majesty could prevent his client
+from challenging them;
+
+That his enemies, taking advantage of his captivity, always prevented
+him from informing the king and the Pope of the secret intrigues;
+
+That his act of accusation had been divided into fifteen or twenty
+parts, and the same charges multiplied into four hundred articles, while
+it might and ought to have been reduced to thirty points;
+
+That he had been accused of having advanced heretical propositions, when
+they were perfectly Catholic;
+
+That the accusations had been accumulated to embarrass his client, and
+cause him to contradict himself;
+
+That the copies of the requisitions of the fiscal were not given to him
+until the period allowed for the reply had nearly expired; that the
+archbishop might render his detention longer by demanding fresh delays,
+or might reply without reflection;
+
+That works had been imputed to him, of which he was not the author;
+
+That consequently he did not expect to be tried fairly unless the
+process was transferred to the throne;
+
+That the king ought not to listen to his flatterers; that all Spain
+murmured at the treatment the archbishop had received, and that it was
+spoken of still more severely than in other countries.
+
+He then goes on to accuse the judges of partiality, and says that their
+boldness in preferring their judgment to that of the Council of Trent,
+resembles that of the Lutherans who were prosecuted by them.
+
+The advocate continues, "These judges are so offended at this decision,
+(concerning the Catechism,) that one of them said to my two colleagues
+and myself, _All the council could not defend two propositions contained
+in that book_; he quoted one, which I immediately proved to be Catholic,
+and told him that if I had the authority of the grand-inquisitors, I
+should perhaps denounce him, for I thought there was as much heresy in
+looking upon a Catholic proposition as heretical, as in thinking an
+heretical opinion Catholic; besides, it is certain that it is heretical,
+to suppose that the council can approve a doctrine as Catholic, which is
+not so."
+
+That the Lutherans, when they found that the king had more confidence in
+the Inquisition of Spain than in the sovereign Pontiff, would take
+advantage of the circumstance, to persist in their opposition to the
+holy see, and would say that his majesty's faith was subordinate to his
+interest;
+
+That he had been informed in a _confession_, that the _real design_ of
+these men was to let the archbishop die in prison, _without concluding
+his trial_; that such proceedings lead to the supposition, _that the
+authors of them dissipate the revenues of the archbishopric to their own
+profit, which they really do, without any person to call them to an
+account_; besides that such a plan is equivalent to a condemnation,
+since every one will suppose that his client is guilty, if the
+inquisitors do not judge him; that it even concerned the honour of his
+majesty, because it would be said, that he spared heretics of high rank,
+and punished those of no importance.
+
+Alpizcueta concludes, by declaring that he believes the archbishop would
+be acquitted and received with the greatest honours, if he was sent to
+Rome, and conjures the king to grant permission that the trial should be
+transferred.
+
+Alpizcueta was doubtless a very learned man, and told the king many
+truths; but he did not understand the character of that prince, for the
+letter he wrote to the Pope, on the 15th of April, shows that he had
+become even more unjust than the judges. Persuaded that Carranza was an
+heretic, he resolved to show the world that if he knew how to reward
+merit, he also knew how to punish his creatures.
+
+He therefore resolved to demand permission of the Pope to conclude the
+trial in Spain. He selected for this commission Don Rodrigo de Castro,
+to whom were remitted on the 24th November, 1564, the instructions
+decreed by the council, and others from the king, which were private,
+and without a date; an alphabet of the cipher, in which he was to
+correspond with the king, and letters of credit to the Pope, and many
+cardinals.
+
+The king, who foresaw the events which might arise from this journey,
+also sent letters to the King and Queen of France, to the constables of
+that kingdom, and his own ambassador there, to his ambassador at Genoa,
+to the Viceroy of Naples, the Governor of Milan, the Grand Duke of
+Tuscany, and Prince Marcantonio Colonna.
+
+Among the instructions, the following may be remarked: "That although it
+is to be hoped that God will influence the decision of the Pontiff, yet
+the means of succeeding in so just an enterprise ought not to be
+neglected: therefore _the persons who have most influence in the affair
+must be gained over by any means which may appear most convenient_."
+
+Don Rodrigo de Castro succeeded in obtaining the required permission. On
+the 13th of July, 1565, Pius IV. appointed as judges, the Cardinal
+Buoncompagni (afterwards Pope Gregory XIII.) with the title of Legate;
+the Archbishop of Rosano (afterwards Pope Urban VII.), the auditor of
+the _Rota_, Aldobrandini, and the general of the Franciscans (afterwards
+Sextus Quintus). The Pope informed Philip of these nominations in a
+brief, dated the 21st of August following.
+
+The papal envoys arrived in Spain in the month of November. Philip went
+to Alcala to meet the legate, and received him in the most flattering
+manner, to induce him to consent that the counsellors of the Inquisition
+should be associated with the papal judges: this, the legate, who was
+aware of the inexpedience of the measure, refused. Many powerful
+intrigues were by the king's order employed to obtain his wish, but they
+were in vain; and the Pope dying on the night of the 8th of December,
+Buoncompagni, who wished to assist at the conclave, immediately set off
+for Rome, without even informing the king of his intention, and leaving
+the archbishop and his trial in exactly the same state as in the year
+1562.
+
+On the 17th of January, 1566, Pius V. was elected. Buoncompagni was
+informed of this event while he was on the road, and stopped at Avignon.
+Philip sent a courier to the new Pontiff, to entreat him to confirm the
+arrangements of his predecessor, which was complied with; his Holiness
+at the same time commanded the cardinal to return to Spain; he replied
+that he thought it necessary to have a private conference with his
+holiness, before he obeyed his orders, and therefore continued his
+journey. As soon as he arrived at Rome, he proved to the new Pontiff
+that the trial of Carranza could never be judged with impartiality in
+Spain, even by judges appointed by the holy see; Pius IV. then
+determined that the Archbishop of Toledo, and the writings of his trial,
+should be transferred to Rome, and that Don Ferdinand Valdés should be
+deprived of the office of inquisitor-general: this he considered
+necessary, in case the proceedings required that fresh witnesses should
+be examined in Spain.
+
+Salazar de Mendoza says, that Philip obeyed immediately, but he had not
+read the history of the trial: it is certain that a great contest
+ensued; that Pius IV. was firm, and the pride of Philip was obliged to
+give way, when the Pope threatened to excommunicate him, and to put his
+kingdom under an interdict. The writings of the trial are still in
+existence; and _I refer to those documents_.
+
+The king appointed Don Diego Espinosa, Bishop of Siguenza, to be
+inquisitor-general; and on the 9th of September, the Pope expedited a
+bull, in which he says, that on account of the great age and infirmities
+of Valdés, he had thought proper to appoint Don Diego Espinosa to be his
+coadjutor, authorizing him to act as inquisitor-general, without any
+dependance on Valdés. This bull was published, that Valdés might not be
+dishonoured; but his holiness privately imparted his intentions to
+Espinosa, in a brief on the 1st of October, commanding him to avoid
+speaking of the trial of Carranza to Valdés.
+
+The Pope sent Pietro Camayani, Bishop of Asculi, to Spain, with the
+title of nuncio-extraordinary, and with the most positive orders not to
+return to Rome without the archbishop, and the writings of his trial. On
+the 30th of July he addressed a brief to Camayani, which it is necessary
+to abridge, though of much importance. His Holiness says, that the delay
+of the trial, and the detention of Carranza, had scandalized all
+Christendom. He commands him, on pain of excommunication, to signify to
+the Archbishop of Seville, the Council of the Inquisition, and the other
+persons concerned in the trial of Carranza, with a menace of the same
+penalties, the absolute revocation of all the powers intrusted to them;
+and a positive order, on pain of _excommunication in its full extent_,
+to set Carranza immediately at liberty without delay or protestation,
+and even without requiring any security from him; to place all the
+papers of the trial in the hands of the nuncio, to be by him transferred
+to Rome; to subject the detainers of the papers to the same censures, if
+they did not give them up immediately; to inform the archbishop, when
+set at liberty, of the order to repair to Rome, and to permit him to
+appoint an administrator for his see.
+
+Nothing, however, was done as the Pope had ordained. The archbishop was
+not liberated; the king sent a detachment of his guards to escort him to
+Carthagena, where he was to embark. He was detained at Valladolid so
+long by the preparations for his departure, that he only reached Rome on
+the 29th of May in the following year.
+
+The nuncio was obliged to issue fresh menaces of excommunication, before
+he could obtain the papers, which detained the archbishop at Carthagena
+for four months. The ignorance of the nuncio concerning the affair was
+taken advantage of, and only part of the proceedings were remitted to
+him, the rest being claimed when the deficiency was discovered at Rome,
+and thus the delay of a whole year occurred; in short, it was evident
+that the inquisitors wished to defer the conclusion of the trial till
+after the death of Carranza. The members of the Chapter of Toledo were
+remarkable for their courageous devotion to their chief; they appointed
+two of their body to attend him during his detention, and to render him
+every service in their power, charging them never to leave him during
+his voyage and his residence at Rome.
+
+Carranza left his prison on the 5th of December, 1566, after seven
+years, three months, and fourteen days' captivity, which he had passed
+in two rooms, from which he could see neither the country nor the
+street, and without conversing with any persons but his two domestics,
+and his two advocates. He was not permitted to name an administrator to
+his archbishopric according to the commands of the Pope: the reason
+given for this was, that his holiness did not know that an administrator
+had been already appointed by the king, and that Paul IV. had confirmed
+the nomination.
+
+Carranza travelled in a litter, and was accompanied by Don Diego
+Gonzalez, Inquisitor of Valladolid, and Don Lope de Avellaneda, who had
+been appointed his gaoler in 1561. On his arrival at Carthagena,
+Gonzalez and the guard returned to Valladolid, as the captain-general of
+the province was then responsible for his person.
+
+On the 27th of April, 1567, he embarked, and on the 25th of May he
+arrived at Civita Vecchia, where the Spanish ambassador, and Paul
+Vislersio, nephew to the Pope and captain of his guards, received him,
+and on the 29th he arrived at Rome. Besides his servants and Avellaneda,
+he was accompanied by two counsellors of the Inquisition, Don Diego de
+Simancas, and Don Antonio Pazos; by Don Pedro Fernandez de Temiño,
+inquisitor of Callahorra, Don Jerome Ramirez, fiscal to the Supreme
+Council, Sebastian de Landeta and Alphonso de Castellon, secretaries to
+the Inquisition of Valladolid, and several _familiars_, who all
+travelled at the archbishop's expense. He had also with him Don Martin
+de Alpizcueta and Don Alonso Delgado, his advocates.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIV.
+
+END OF THE TRIAL OF CARRANZA.--HIS DEATH.
+
+
+On the arrival of Carranza at Rome, the Pope assigned to him the
+apartments occupied by the sovereign pontiffs in the Castle of St.
+Angelo: the size of these rooms allowed him to take exercise, and he
+enjoyed a view of the country. His health became better, and his
+strength returned; he was also allowed three more domestics. The Pope
+forbade any person to speak to him of his trial, and while it lasted he
+was not permitted to take the sacrament, or to say mass. In Spain he was
+not suffered to confess, but in Rome he was allowed to do so four times
+in a year.
+
+Pius V. appointed sixteen consultors for the trial: these were Cardinals
+Reviva, Pacheco, Gambaya, and Chiesa; the Archbishop of Tarragona; the
+Bishop of Ciudad Rodrigo; the Bishop of Pati in Sicily; the Bishop of
+Chefalu; Don Pedro Fernandez de Temiño, counsellor of the Spanish
+Inquisition; Fray Thomas Manrique, a Dominican; the Archbishop of St.
+Severin; the Bishop of St. Agatha; the Bishop of Arezzo; the Bishop of
+Fiesoli, and Doctor Artimo, auditor of the causes of the apostolical
+palace. The Pope also appointed the fiscal of the Supreme Council to the
+same office; two Italian secretaries, and the two who came from Spain.
+The rest of the year 1567, and part of the following, were employed in
+translating the trial into Italian.
+
+The Canons of Toledo presented a letter to the Pope, entreating him to
+take into consideration the merit of the archbishop and his high rank,
+as well as the honour and consolation of their church, which had been
+deprived of its pastor for eight years, and soliciting him to show him
+as much favour as was compatible with religion and justice. This his
+Holiness promised to do, and expressed great satisfaction at the noble
+sentiments contained in the letter, and the tender interest the chapter
+displayed for the welfare of their pastor.
+
+The works and MSS. of the archbishop remained in Spain; they were
+claimed and sent to Rome in 1570: this circumstance caused fresh delays.
+When the translation was finished, the fiscal required that no
+conferences of the consultors should take place unless the Pope was
+present, which prolonged the affair excessively, as his Holiness was
+often unable to attend. The fiscal also challenged Fray Thomas
+Manrique, because he was the friend of Carranza. The Pope then appointed
+Doctor Toledo, a Jesuit, but he was also challenged, because he was
+related to Don Antonio de Toledo, another friend of the archbishop.
+
+Don Gomez Tellez Giron, governor of the archbishopric, dying at this
+time, the Chapter of Toledo wrote to the Pope a second time, expressing
+the utmost anxiety to see the trial terminated. His Holiness replied to
+this letter with peculiar graciousness, excusing himself on account of
+his numerous avocations, and the nature of the trial, and promising to
+hasten the conclusion, which he said he had already endeavoured to do.
+
+When the writings were arranged, it was discovered that several sheets
+were missing; Pius V. therefore considering that it would be difficult
+to express in writing what he thought on this subject, sent John de
+Bedoya, agent of the Council of the Inquisition, into Spain, with a
+brief addressed to the king, requesting him to listen to the commission
+of John de Bedoya with his usual benevolence and goodness.
+
+It is not known what Bedoya said to the king, but the trial informs us
+that he caused the papers concerning the trial to be sought for, and
+that some of these were given by the inquisitor-general to the king, to
+be sent to Rome: among these were found some qualifications and
+depositions, which were favourable to the archbishop. The persons who
+had concealed these documents were so blinded by passion, that they did
+not consider that they were cited in the papers which had been sent.
+Although his Holiness and Philip intended to transfer all the papers
+concerning Carranza, yet all the MS. copies of the Catechism, which were
+taken from the Marchioness d'Alcañices, and which had been used in the
+qualification of the work, and the duplicates and triplicates of the
+unprinted works, remitted by Alphonso de Castro, and Doctor Astete, were
+retained in Spain. This omission was not at first supposed to be
+occasioned by malevolence, since all the rest had been sent; but it was
+afterwards discovered that the papers were retained to be made use of on
+some other opportunity, which in fact occurred; and to give occasion for
+fresh delays if they were claimed by the Pope.
+
+Pius V. prepared the definitive sentence; but he did not pronounce it
+until he knew the inclinations of Philip, whom he did not wish to
+offend. In his judgment he declared that the accusation of the fiscal
+was not proved, and acquitted the prelate. He commanded that the
+_Catechism_ should be restored to the author, to be translated into
+Latin, and that he should insert the necessary corrections, and explain
+the censured propositions in a Catholic sense; secondly that the
+prohibition of that work should be held to be valid, until the
+explanations were furnished; that that of the _explanation of St. John_
+should remain, and that none of the manuscript works of Carranza should
+be printed or published, until he had made the necessary corrections.
+
+The Pope sent this sentence to the King of Spain, by Alessandro Casali,
+his chamberlain. He was persuaded that Philip would be pleased to see
+that he had acknowledged the innocence of Carranza, and that he would be
+satisfied with the measures taken to prevent the books from being
+dangerous. The Pope did not understand the character of Philip II., who
+considered himself as much dishonoured as the holy office, by the
+exoneration of Carranza. He wrote to his Holiness, to prove that it was
+impossible that the works of the prelate could contain so many of the
+errors of Luther, if he was not an heretic. He therefore requested the
+Pope to defer the judgment until the return of his chamberlain, to whom
+he would give important documents proving the truth of his statement.
+
+The king ordered a _Refutation of the Apology for the Catechism of
+Carranza, published by Alpizcueta and Delgado_, to be composed, and also
+another work by the Abbot of Alcala de Henares, under the title of a
+_New Qualification of the Catechism of Carranza, and the Faith of its
+Author_. Philip sent these two writings to Rome, in 1572, by Casali.
+When he arrived, he found that his master, Pius V. was dead, and Gregory
+XIII., his successor, received the documents, and joined them to the
+trial.
+
+The death of Pius has been attributed to the agents of the Inquisition.
+Such reports are not often worthy of credit, but there are letters on
+the subject in existence, which contain very bold expressions. One of
+them says, "The death of a man who showed himself so much attached to a
+Dominican monk, and who compromised by his discourse the honour of the
+Spanish Inquisition, ought not to be considered of much importance. It
+(the Inquisition) would be benefitted by the death of such a Pope."
+
+Philip II. congratulated the new Pontiff on his accession, and at the
+same time requested him to suspend the judgment of the trial, until he
+had heard the opinions of four Spanish theologians, whom he intended to
+send to throw a new light on the affair: these doctors were, Don Francis
+Sancho, professor of theology at Salamanca; Fray Diego de Chabes,
+confessor to the king; Fray Juan Ochoa, and Fray Juan de la Fuente,
+masters of theology. Their censures were joined to the trial.
+
+Philip II. perceiving the turn which the affair now took, made a last
+effort, and the counsellors of the Inquisition, in order to obtain a
+recantation of the favourable opinions emitted by respectable
+theologians before the arrest of Carranza, made use of terror and
+persuasion: the first by making them dread that they would be arrested
+as being suspected of professing the errors which they had approved; and
+the second, by offering them an honourable pretext for reforming their
+first judgment, in the discovery of the inedited works of Carranza, in
+which there were a greater number of propositions susceptible of an
+heretical interpretation.
+
+The first who fell into the snare was a man truly respectable for his
+learning, his virtues, his birth, and many eminent qualities; but his
+great age, and his dread of the dungeons of the Inquisition, may be
+considered as an excuse for his weakness, as well as for that of the
+venerable Osius.
+
+On the 30th of March, 1574, the archbishop qualified, as erroneous,
+seventy-five propositions of the same printed Catechism, which he had
+before pronounced to be orthodox; he however added, that the errors were
+owing to the Castilian language in which the work was written, and that
+if it was published in Latin, it would be necessary to suppress,
+correct, or explain thirty-one propositions. The prelate also declared,
+that there were two hundred and ninety-two errors in the MSS., numbered
+1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, and sixty-six in the explanations and sermons
+(of which a list has been given in a former part of this work), and from
+thence he concluded that the author was _violently suspected_ of heresy.
+
+Serrano, the reporter of the Supreme Council, who had taken these works
+to the Archbishop of Grenada, returned full of triumph to Madrid. The
+Supreme Council, in a letter to the king, expresses great satisfaction
+on this account, and says, "It is absolutely necessary to send this
+qualification to Rome, because the activity with which the affair is
+proceeded in makes it likely that it will soon be concluded, and this
+measure is the more important as the opinion of the Archbishop of
+Grenada will have much influence." This letter was accompanied by a
+false estimate of the censures, plainly showing the animosity of the
+council towards Carranza.
+
+Serrano then repaired to Don Francis Blanco, then Bishop of Malaga. This
+prelate, on the 29th of April, retracted the opinion he had given in
+1558. He censured sixty-eight propositions of the Catechism, although he
+had formerly praised the work. Serrano immediately informed the council
+of it, and that the bishop had pronounced Carranza to be _violently
+suspected_ of heresy. The Archbishopric of Santiago being vacant at
+this time, the king bestowed it on this prelate.
+
+Don Francis Delgado followed his example, and censured three hundred and
+fifteen propositions. Don Francis Delgado obtained the see of Santiago,
+on the death of Blanco, but he did not live long enough to take
+possession of it.
+
+The king did not send the opinions of the prelates to Rome, but wrote to
+the Pope, and told him that he was informed that the archbishops of
+Santiago and Grenada had many important things to reveal concerning
+Carranza, and that he hoped his holiness would command all that was
+necessary to be done on this occasion.
+
+On the 7th of August in the same year, Gregory XIII. expedited a brief,
+in which he commissioned Don Gaspar de Quiroga, inquisitor-general, to
+receive the declarations of the prelates in the presence of a notary,
+and of witnesses, and to send them signed and sealed to Rome. A similar
+brief was sent on the 17th of October, to the Bishop of Jaen, the
+magistral canon of Toledo, and Professor Mancio. The inquisitor-general
+appointed commissioners, to whom he gave written instructions. They were
+directed to exact an oath to speak the truth and observe secrecy, to
+induce the prelates to declare that the change in their opinion was
+founded on a more strict examination of the work, and a knowledge of the
+other writings of the author; lastly, to make them state in a separate
+paper what they now thought of the works and faith of Carranza, and not
+to allow them to say that they did so in obedience to the king, as they
+had stated at first, but to declare that they acted according to the
+brief.
+
+These declarations were sent to Rome in December. Don Francis Blanco,
+who had only censured sixty-eight propositions of the Catechism on the
+first examination, now censured two hundred and seventy-three in the
+Catechism and pamphlets together, sixty-three of which he pronounced to
+be heretical.
+
+This extraordinary change was attributed by the prelates to a love of
+justice, to conscience, zeal for religion, and a wish to please God.
+
+The declarations of five new witnesses of so much consequence, entirely
+changed the appearance of the trial. Gregory XIII. fell into the snare,
+which it was indeed difficult to avoid, since the intrigue which
+produced it was conducted by so powerful a sovereign as Philip, and so
+formidable and able a body as the Spanish Inquisition. Gregory had
+discovered the intrigues when at Madrid, and informed St. Pius V. that
+it would be impossible even for foreign judges to terminate the trial in
+an equitable manner in Spain; but he was far from supposing that the
+animosity of Carranza's enemies would be still more active at Rome.
+
+The Pope loved justice, and thought he was obeying its dictates, in
+commanding, on the 14th of April, 1576, that the Archbishop of Toledo
+should abjure all heresies in general, and particularly the sixteen
+Lutheran propositions which he was _violently_ suspected of believing.
+He was suspended for five years from performing his archiepiscopal
+duties, and condemned to be confined during that time in the dominican
+convent of Orvietta in Tuscany, and for the present in that of the
+Minerva at Rome, where some penances were also imposed, one of which was
+to visit in one day the seven churches of St. Peter, St. Paul, St. John
+de Lateran, Santa Croce of Jerusalem, St. Sebastian, St. Mary Major, and
+St. Laurence. The prohibition of the Catechism by the holy office was
+maintained.
+
+The sixteen Lutheran propositions abjured by Carranza were the
+following:--
+
+1. Works performed without the spirit, of whatever nature, are sins, and
+offend God.
+
+2. Faith is the first and principal means of obtaining justification.
+
+3. Man is formally justified by the justice of Jesus Christ; by that,
+Christ has merited for us.
+
+4. No one can obtain the justice of Christ, except by firmly believing
+that he has obtained it.
+
+5. Those who are in a state of mortal sin cannot comprehend the Holy
+Scriptures, or discern things relating to faith.
+
+6. Natural reason is contrary to faith, in all that relates to religion.
+
+7. The _germ_ of sin exists in baptized persons with the quality of sin.
+
+8. True faith does not exist in the sinner when he has lost grace by
+sin.
+
+9. Repentance is equal to baptism, and is equal to a new life.
+
+10. Our Lord Jesus Christ has atoned for our sins in so efficacious and
+entire a manner, that no other atonement is required of us.
+
+11. Faith without works is sufficient for salvation.
+
+12. Jesus Christ was not a legislator, and it did not enter into his
+plan to give laws.
+
+13. The actions and works of Saints can only serve for an example, but
+they cannot aid us in any way.
+
+14. The use of holy images, and the veneration for the relics of Saints,
+are customs purely human.
+
+15. The Church of the present age has not the same light, or an
+authority equal to the primitive Church.
+
+16. The condition of the apostles and a religious life, do not differ
+from the common state of Christians.
+
+The declarations of the witnesses do not prove that Carranza ever
+uttered any of these propositions, and from this censures we may
+perceive that he only advanced in writing some which led the censurers
+to suppose that he professed those and many others, since he was not
+obliged to abjure several hundred propositions which had been censured,
+or the seventy-two which were qualified as heretical. As it could not be
+proved that he had ever spoken or expressed in writing any of the
+sixteen propositions considered as Lutheran, I do not hesitate to say
+that this sentence cannot be approved by upright men.
+
+The archbishop heard his sentence with humility, and was absolved _ad
+cautelam_; he performed mass on the four first days of the holy week,
+and on the 23rd of April he performed his penance of visiting the
+churches. He refused the letter which the Pope offered him, as a public
+testimony of his esteem and interest in his fate. He celebrated mass on
+another day in the church of St. John Lateran, for the last time in his
+life; he expired at three o'clock in the morning of the 2nd of May,
+1576, aged seventy-two years, eighteen of which he had passed in prison.
+
+The Pope being informed of his illness, on the 30th of April sent him a
+pontifical absolution and exemption of the penance imposed on him; the
+holy father did this for the consolation of Carranza, who in fact showed
+great satisfaction, and received extreme unction with tranquillity, and
+even with some demonstrations of joy.
+
+He made his will in the presence of one of the secretaries of his trial,
+and appointed as his executors his faithful friend Don Antonio de
+Toledo; the doctors d'Alpizcueta and Delgado, who never forsook him; Don
+Juan de Navarra y Mendoza, chanter, dignitary, and canon of the
+cathedral of Toledo (he was the son of the Count de Lodosa, and
+descended in the direct male line from the kings of Navarre); Fray
+Ferdinand de San Ambrosio, his procurator, always faithful to his cause;
+and Fray Antonio d'Utrilla, a model of fidelity and affection, who
+voluntarily shared his captivity for eighteen years. He had not obtained
+the permission which was necessary for bishops, to make a will; but as
+the Popes at that time disposed of the revenues of the stewardships, he
+approved and confirmed the pious arrangements of the archbishop.
+
+On the 30th of April, after the prelate had received absolution, and
+before he pronounced his act of faith, he made the following declaration
+in Latin, in the presence of the three secretaries, several Spaniards,
+and some Italians, speaking slowly and with a distinct utterance, that
+all present might hear him.
+
+"Considering that I have been suspected of having fallen into the errors
+imputed to me, I think it my duty to make known my sentiments on this
+subject; it was for this purpose that I requested the attendance of the
+four secretaries who have been employed in my trial. I call, then, to
+witness the celestial court, and for my judge the sovereign Lord, whose
+sacrament I am about to receive, the angels who accompany him, whom I
+have always chosen as my intercessors; I swear by that Almighty God, by
+my approaching death, by the account I shall soon render up to God, that
+while I professed theology in my order, and afterwards when I wrote,
+taught, preached, and argued in Spain and Germany, Italy and England, I
+always intended to make the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ triumphant,
+and to combat heretics. His divine Majesty came to my assistance, since
+in England I converted several heretics to the Catholic faith; with the
+king's permission I caused the bodies of the greatest heretics of those
+times to be disinterred, and they were burnt, to secure the power of the
+Inquisition. The Catholics, as well as the heretics, have always given
+me the title of _First Defender of the Faith_. I can truly affirm that I
+have always been one of the first to labour in this holy work, and have
+done many things concerning it by the order of the king my master. His
+majesty has been a witness of part of what I have asserted. I have loved
+him, and I still love him truly; no son could have a greater affection
+for him than I have.
+
+"I also declare, that in the whole course of my life I have never
+taught, preached, or maintained any heresy, or anything contrary to the
+true faith of the Roman Church; that I never fell into any of the
+errors of which I have been suspected, from having different meanings
+attributed to my words to what I gave them myself; I swear by all that I
+have already said, by that God to whom I have appealed as my judge, that
+the errors I have mentioned or those reported in my trial never entered
+into my mind; that I never had the least doubt of any of these points of
+doctrine; but on the contrary I have professed, written, taught, and
+preached the holy faith, with the same firmness as I now believe and
+profess it at the hour of my death.
+
+"Nevertheless I acknowledge my sentence to be just, because it was
+pronounced by the vicar of Christ; I have received and regarded it as
+such, because to the quality of vicar of Jesus Christ the person who
+pronounced it joins the character of an upright and prudent judge. I
+pardon, at the hour of my death, as I have always done, all offences, of
+whatever nature, which have been committed against me; I also pardon
+those who have shown themselves against me in my trial; also those who
+have taken the smallest part in it. I have never felt any resentment
+against them; on the contrary, I have always recommended them to God; I
+do so at this moment, loving them with all my heart, and I promise that
+if I go to that place where I hope to be by the mercy of our Lord, that
+I will not ask any thing against them, but pray to God for all."
+
+The corpse of the archbishop was deposited, on the 3rd of May, in the
+choir of the convent of _the Minerva_, between two cardinals of the
+family of Medicis. The Pope caused an inscription to be engraved on his
+tomb, in which he calls him a _man illustrious by his doctrine and his
+sermons_. From this it appears probable that he did not consider his
+works full of heresies; but, perhaps, it was occasioned by the
+protestation of Carranza before his death. Solemn obsequies were
+performed at Rome; and those celebrated at Toledo, some time after, were
+still more magnificent.
+
+Although the holy office had obtained an unjust victory, the inquisitors
+were vexed that Carranza had not been degraded from his dignity. The
+suspension for five years appeared to them a singularly slight
+punishment, and they feared that the Pope would grant him a dispensation
+from it, which he, in fact, did, eight days after the sentence.
+
+Their rage is displayed in several letters written from Rome on the
+three first days after the judgment, and which were found among the
+papers of the trial at Madrid. Among many things which are disgraceful
+to the writers, is the advice given to the king, not to permit Carranza
+to return to Spain, and, above all, not to suffer him to govern his see
+even after the lapse of the suspension; their envy and animosity making
+them suppose, that it would be a disgrace to the diocese of Toledo to be
+governed by a man who had been prosecuted by the Inquisition: they said
+that it would be better for the king to request the Pope to induce
+Carranza to give up his diocese and accept a pension, that some person
+might be placed in his see more worthy to occupy it; but God in his
+infinite wisdom destroyed, by the death of the archbishop, the cause,
+the motive, and the matter for new intrigues. In the writings of the
+process I saw with sorrow, that, far from relinquishing their pursuits,
+the inquisitors had prepared a fresh persecution for him.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXV.
+
+TRIAL OF ANTONIO PEREZ, MINISTER AND FIRST SECRETARY OF STATE TO PHILIP
+II.
+
+
+Antonio Perez was another illustrious victim to the Inquisition and the
+evil disposition of Philip II. The misfortunes of Perez commenced when
+Philip put to death Juan Escobedo, secretary to Don John of Austria; he
+succeeded in making his escape to Aragon, where he hoped to live in
+tranquillity under a government which only allowed the sovereign to have
+an accusing fiscal in the tribunals. It is not necessary to relate all
+that Perez suffered at Madrid during twelve years before he made his
+escape; these details may be found in a work published by this minister,
+under the title of _Relations_, in the recital which Antonio Valladares
+de Sotomayor inserted in the _Seminario erudito_, and in a volume in
+octavo which appeared in 1788, entitled _The Trial of Antonio Perez_.
+
+Antonio Perez having retired to Aragon in 1590, Philip issued an order
+for his arrest, which took place at Calatayud. Perez having protested
+against this measure, and claimed the privilege of the _manifestados_,
+he was conducted to Saragossa, and confined in the prison of the
+_kingdom_, or of _liberty_. The prisoners were there free from the
+immediate authority of the king, and only depended on an intermediate
+judge called the chief justice of Aragon. It was also called the prison
+of the _Fuero_ or _Constitutional_, because the constitution of the king
+alone was named the _Fuero d'Aragon_; it was sometimes named the prison
+of the _manifestados_; no persons were received into it except those who
+presented themselves, or claimed the benefit of the constitution, in
+order to avoid the royal prison, and declared that they submitted to the
+laws of the kingdom, and invoked the support of its privileges: those of
+a prisoner in the case of Perez consisted in not being put to the
+torture; in being set at liberty, after taking an oath to present
+himself to reply to the charges, and being allowed even if condemned to
+death by any other judge, to appeal to the tribunal of the chief justice
+of Aragon[68], who examined if the execution of the sentence was
+contrary to any _Fuero_ of the kingdom. This tribunal resembles that of
+France called the _Court of Cassation_.
+
+Philip II., after many earnest but useless endeavours to induce the
+permanent deputation of the kingdom to transfer Perez to Madrid, sent
+the commencement of the trial into Aragon, and gave the necessary powers
+to his fiscal at Saragossa, to accuse him of having made false reports
+to the king, which had induced him to put Juan Escobedo to death; of
+having forged letters from the cabinet, and revealed state secrets.
+After many incidents, Perez reduced the king to the necessity of
+renouncing the prosecution, by a public act on the 18th of August, in
+order to avoid the disgrace of seeing him acquitted.
+
+His majesty, however, reserved to himself the right of making use of his
+privileges; and to prevent Perez from obtaining his liberty, he caused
+another trial to be commenced, under the form of an _inquest_[69],
+before the regent of the royal audience of Aragon. To give occasion for
+this trial, it was decided that the domestics of the king were exempted
+from the privileges of the _Fueros_, and that Antonio Perez was the
+king's servant, in the office of Secretary of State. Perez asserted that
+the Secretary of State was a servant of the public, and had never been
+confounded with the king's domestics; that supposing he had been of that
+class, the law could only extend to the Secretary of State for Aragon;
+that the constitution only alluded to those royal domestics who were
+natives of Aragon; that no one could be tried twice for the same crime
+before two different tribunals; that he had been tried at Madrid in
+1582; that he then submitted to much ill-treatment, rather than justify
+himself by divulging the private letters of the king, which he had in
+his possession; lastly, that though the papers useful in his defence had
+been obtained from his wife by fraudulent means, yet he had still
+documents enough to justify himself entirely.
+
+Perez had, in fact, retained several notes in the king's own
+hand-writing, which were sufficient to exculpate him: he sent copies of
+them to the Marquis d'Almenara and other persons attached to the king,
+and told them that having been informed that his majesty was vexed that
+his letters had been exposed in the trial, he wished to spare him the
+pain of seeing other original documents presented, which contained very
+important secrets relating to different people; but if the disposition
+to persecute him continued, he would produce them, because he was no
+longer capable of making useless sacrifices to the prejudice of his wife
+and seven children.
+
+The _inquest_ was then given up, and Perez demanded his liberty on his
+parole, or at least on giving security; this was refused by the regent:
+he then appealed to the privileges of the kingdom against force, before
+the tribunal of the chief justice, who did not show him more favour.
+
+It appears that Perez then, with his companion in misfortune, Juan
+Francis Mayorini, formed a plan to escape into Bearn. Their design was
+discovered at the moment they were about to execute it, but Perez
+conducted himself with so much address, that he reduced his part in the
+transaction to a simple suspicion.
+
+The deposition of the witnesses before the regent furnished the
+Inquisition with a pretext to prosecute Perez; this event was agreeable
+to the Court, because no means to prolong the _inquest_ could be
+invented.
+
+On the 19th of February, 1591, the regent wrote to the inquisitor,
+Molina, that Perez and Mayorini intended to escape from prison to go to
+Bearn, and to other places in France, where the heretics resorted, with
+intentions which would be proved by the declarations of witnesses.
+
+The proof mentioned in this letter is an attestation, without date,
+given by the notary, Juan Montañes, into which had been copied the 8th
+chapter of the first additions and the 5th of the second, which had been
+made to the principal charges against Perez by the royal fiscal, and the
+depositions which had been obtained from Juan Louis de Luna, Anton de la
+Almuñia and Diego Bustamente. In these chapters an attempt had been made
+to prove, "that Antonio Perez and Juan Francis Mayorini intended to
+escape from confinement, saying that they intended to go to Bearn, to
+Vendome and his sister[70], and to other parts of France, where they
+would find many heretics inimical to his majesty; that he hoped to be
+well received, because Perez knew a great many state secrets which he
+could communicate to them; that they had added to this discourse many
+expressions criminal and offensive to the majesty of the king, and that
+they were resolved to do him as much harm as they could." I should not
+have believed that such depositions would have been sufficient to
+denounce Perez to the Inquisition as guilty of heresy, if I had not seen
+the writings of the trial.
+
+We may be permitted to suppose, from what passed at Madrid, and the
+commencement of the _inquest_ which threatened Perez with capital
+punishment, that the accusation of heresy was a stroke of policy of the
+agents of the king. They did not dare to present the depositions they
+had obtained as being decisive, but they hoped that when the holy office
+began the trial of their victim, the charges would be multiplied.
+
+The inquisitors of Saragossa were Don Alphonso Molina de Medrano, and
+Don Juan Hurtado de Mendoza: the one was the cousin of the Marquis
+d'Almenara, and the other an intriguing and immoral man, who wished to
+obtain a bishopric at any price. For this reason the marquis placed more
+confidence in him than in his cousin, who was less learned, and too good
+to become a persecutor. In fact, Don Juan avoided, as much as possible,
+taking any part in this transaction, and even obtained leave to remove
+to another tribunal. Molina received the letter of the regent, and the
+depositions which accompanied it; but instead of communicating them to
+the tribunal, he sent them by the first courier to Quiroga, the
+inquisitor-general. The Marquis d'Almenara gave information of the event
+to the Count de Chinchon, who communicated it the king; after having
+consulted the cardinal, Philip commanded him to take proper measures to
+prove the heresy of Perez, and to punish him accordingly. On the 5th of
+March, Quiroga ordained that Molina alone should receive the
+depositions; that the inquisitors should examine them without the
+concurrence of the diocesan and consultors, and send them immediately to
+Madrid.
+
+On the 20th of March ten witnesses were examined: Diego Bustamente, the
+servant of Perez, and Juan de Basante, a teacher of Latin, who often saw
+him in prison, quoted sentences which, in the original, did not prove
+anything against him, but which, on being separated from the others, had
+a meaning which gave an appearance of justice to the measure employed.
+
+The tribunal remitted the information to Quiroga, who sent it to Fray
+Diego de Chabes, who qualified four propositions imputed to Perez, and
+one to Mayorini.
+
+The latter was reduced to some indecent oaths, used by Italians, which
+had escaped Mayorini in losing at play, and were qualified as _heretical
+blasphemies_; this was sufficient to authorize his imprisonment.
+
+_First proposition, taken from the testimony of Diego de
+Bustamente._--Some one told Perez not to speak ill of Don John of
+Austria: he replied, "After being accused by the king of having
+disguised the sense of my letters, and betraying the secrets of the
+council, it is just that I should vindicate myself without respect of
+persons: _If God the Father put any obstacle in the way of it, I would
+cut off his nose for having permitted the king to behave like a disloyal
+knight towards me._"--QUALIFICATION. This proposition is blasphemous,
+scandalous, offensive to pious ears, and approaching to the heresy of
+the Vaudois, who suppose that God the Father has a body.
+
+_Second proposition, taken from the deposition of Juan de
+Basante._--Antonio Perez considering the bad state of his affairs, said
+to me one day, in a fit of grief and anger: "I shall perhaps no longer
+believe in God. _One would say that he sleeps during my trial; if he
+does not perform a miracle in my favour, I shall lose all
+faith._"--QUALIFICATION. This proposition is scandalous, offensive to
+pious ears, and suspected of heresy, because it supposes that God
+sleeps, and has an intimate relation with the preceding proposition. The
+two remaining accusations were very similar, with similar
+qualifications. It appears that the words he used were uttered in
+moments of grief and despair. It is remarkable that the Inquisition has
+provided for this case, for in one of their ordinances it is decreed,
+that no person shall be arrested for uttering a blasphemy, when excited
+by impatience or rage. To this may be added, that the proof was
+defective, since the second proposition rested solely on the testimony
+of Basante. With respect to the three others, I shall quote the third
+article of the instruction of Toledo, in 1498. "We also command the
+inquisitors to be prudent when a person is to be arrested, and not to
+issue the decree _until they_ have obtained sufficient proof of the
+crime of heresy imputed to the accused."
+
+However, as religion was only the ostensible motive for this trial, the
+Supreme Council, after having seen the censures, decreed on the 21st of
+May, that Perez and Mayorini should be arrested and confined in the
+secret prisons of the Inquisition, that they should be strictly watched,
+and arrested so promptly, that no one should have any suspicion of it.
+
+On the 24th of May, the inquisitors sent an order to the grand alguazil
+of the holy office, to seize the persons of the accused. The gaoler of
+the prison of the kingdom declared, that he could not give them up
+without an order from the chief justice, or one of his lieutenants. The
+inquisitors wrote on the same day to the lieutenant, and commanded him
+on pain of excommunication, and a penalty of a thousand ducats, to give
+up the prisoners in the space of three hours, _without allowing the
+Fuero of the manifestation to be any obstacle, since it could not be
+applied to a trial for heresy; and for that reason the inquisitors
+revoked and annulled any such interpretation of the Fuero, as preventing
+the free exercise of the holy tribunal_.
+
+The secretary presented these letters to the chief justice, Don Juan de
+la Nuza, in a public audience, in the presence of five judges who formed
+his council, and of all the persons employed in his tribunal. The chief
+justice submitted to the order of the inquisitors, and the prisoners
+were conducted to the Inquisition in separate carriages. It was
+afterwards known that the courier, who brought the order from Madrid,
+also brought letters from the Count de Chinchon to the Marquis
+d'Almenara, who, in a private conversation with the chief justice,
+persuaded him not to insist upon his privileges; and that the two
+letters of the inquisitors were written on the same night, though they
+were dated the 24th, because they were previously informed by the
+marquis of what would take place.
+
+Perez, who foresaw his danger, had imparted his fears to the Count
+d'Aranda and other nobles, who resolved to oppose this measure as an
+infraction of the most valuable privilege of the kingdom. Don Diego
+Fernandez de Heredia, baron de Barboles, afterwards declared, in the
+trial which brought him to the scaffold, that the Count and Perez agreed
+to assassinate the Marquis d'Almenara, because if they got rid of him,
+the king and the Count de Chinchon would renounce their plan of making a
+Castilian the viceroy of Aragon, who would not fail to destroy all their
+privileges in succession.
+
+Perez, in his _Relations_, informs us that the father of the Count
+d'Aranda above mentioned, and several other persons, claimed and were
+allowed the privileges of the _Fuero de Manifestados_, when arrested by
+the Inquisition.
+
+When Perez was transferred to the prison of the holy office, he told his
+servants to inform the Baron de Barboles and several other gentlemen of
+the circumstance. At this news the Aragonese excited the people of
+Saragossa to revolt, by cries of "Treason! Treason! Live the nation!
+Live our liberty! Live the Fueros! Death to the traitors!" In less than
+an hour, more than a thousand men, under arms, surrounded the house of
+the Marquis d'Almenara, and treated him with so much violence, that he
+would have been killed if he had not been immediately taken into the
+royal prison, where he died of his wounds fourteen days after. The
+insurgents insulted the archbishop, and threatened to kill him and burn
+his hotel if he did not make the inquisitors give up the prisoners: they
+menaced the viceroy Bishop of Teruel in the same manner, and assembling
+to the number of three thousand men, began to set fire to the Castle of
+Aljaferia, (an ancient palace of the Moorish kings, where the
+Inquisition was held,) crying that they would burn the inquisitors if
+they did not give up Perez and Mayorini. Many other events occurred in
+the city, because Molina de Medrano obstinately persisted in
+endeavouring to quell the insurrection, contrary to the entreaties twice
+repeated of the archbishop, the viceroy, of the Counts d'Aranda and
+Morata, and of many of the first noblemen of Aragon. At last, finding
+that the danger increased, he appeared to yield, and announced that he
+would not set the prisoners at liberty, but would give them for the
+prison of the holy office that of the kingdom, and they were removed
+thither on the same day.
+
+The inquisitors were left in a critical situation, and did not dare to
+arrest any one; they addressed several letters to the commissioners of
+the holy office, some of them accompanied by the order to the
+lieutenants and their decree, to show that they had not violated the
+prison of the kingdom, but had only received the persons given up to
+them by the chief justice: the others were sent with the bull of Pius
+V., dated 1st of April, 1569, concerning those who opposed the exercise
+of the holy office; they also proposed to publish an edict,
+excommunicating several persons already noted in the registers of the
+Inquisition as having opposed the execution of the orders of the
+inquisitors, but they were persuaded to relinquish the intention by the
+archbishop. At this period, some persons who fled to Madrid when the
+revolt took place, and who were known to be devoted to the king, were
+examined as witnesses; and it appeared from their depositions, that the
+Counts d'Aranda and Morata, the Barons de Barboles, de Biescas, de
+Purroy, de la Laguna, and many others of the first noblemen of the
+country, had excited the people to sedition, and increased the
+disturbance by persuading them that the _Fuero_ was attacked.
+
+The members of the permanent deputation of the kingdom thought, that
+being interested in the defence of the political constitution, they
+might be accused of having failed in their duty; they therefore
+endeavoured to justify themselves, by declaring that as theirs was not
+an armed body or a judicial authority, they could not prevent the
+revolt. They also thought proper to pronounce by a commission of
+jurisconsults, that those who had given up the prisoners to the
+inquisitors, from the prison of the kingdom, had violated its
+privileges. However the secret intrigues of the inquisitors, the
+archbishop, the viceroy, and the chief justice were so adroitly
+conducted, that some members remarked, that four lawyers were not enough
+to discuss the rights of the king and the holy office. This observation
+caused nine other jurisconsults to be appointed, and it was decreed that
+they should decide by a majority of three votes. They declared that the
+inquisitors had exceeded their powers, when they cancelled the
+_manifestation_, because no authority could do so, except that of the
+king, and the deputies assembled in Cortes; but that if the inquisitors
+required the prisoners to be given up to them, and the _privilege of
+manifestation was suspended_ during their prosecution, it would not be
+contrary to the laws of the kingdom. Antonio Perez wrote to the
+deputation, to represent that his cause was that of all the Aragonese;
+several of his friends undertook to shew, that the _suspension_ was
+equally contrary to the laws, since the prisoner might be tortured, was
+deprived of his right to his liberty on oath, and was exposed to the
+misery of an interminable trial; these efforts were all in vain. It was
+privately decided that the inquisitors should demand the prisoners a
+second time, without threats or orders, and resting only on the
+_suspension of the privileges_. The king was given to understand that it
+would be useful if he wrote to the Duke de Villahermosa, and the Counts
+d'Aranda, de Morata, and de Sastago, to engage them to lend assistance
+to the viceroy, with their relations and friends, and to aid the
+constituted authorities, if any event rendered it necessary. Philip
+followed the advice, and his letters to those noblemen were as gracious
+and flattering, as if he had been ignorant of the part they had taken in
+the late disturbances.
+
+Perez now saw no safety except in flight, and had everything in
+readiness to force his prison, when he was betrayed some hours before,
+by the perfidious Juan de Basante, his false friend and accomplice.
+
+The removal of Perez was to take place on the 24th of September; the
+Inquisition, the viceroy, the archbishop, the deputation of the kingdom,
+the municipality, and the civil and military governors, were all to
+assist. The inquisitors had summoned to Saragossa, from the neighbouring
+towns, a great number of the _familiars_ of the holy office, and the
+military governor had in attendance three thousand men, well armed. This
+expedition was to have been made without the knowledge of the
+inhabitants; but the Barons de Barboles, de Biescas, and de Purroy, and
+some other individuals, were informed of it. At the moment when the
+prisoners were coming out of the prison, in the presence of the
+principal magistrates of the city, and while the avenues and streets
+through which they were to pass were lined with soldiers, a furious
+troop of insurgents broke through the lines, killed a great number of
+men, dispersed the others, put the magistrates to flight, and seizing
+Perez and Mayorini, carried them off in triumph, shouting, _Live our
+liberty! Live the Fueros of Aragon!_ Perez and Mayorini were received
+into the house of the Baron de Barboles; when they had reposed for a few
+minutes, they were taken out of the town, and taking different roads,
+hastened away from it.
+
+Perez repaired to Tauste, with the intention of crossing the Pyrenees by
+the valley of Ronçal, but as the frontiers were strictly guarded, he
+returned to Saragossa. He entered it in disguise, on the 2nd of October,
+and remained concealed in the house of the Baron de Biescas until the
+10th of November. He then thought it dangerous to remain there longer,
+because Don Alphonso de Vargas was advancing with an army to take the
+town, and punish the rebels. This event has been related very
+incorrectly in several histories.
+
+The presence of Perez in Saragossa was suspected by means of some
+letters from Madrid, which Basante had seen, and of which he had given
+information. The inquisitors searched the houses of the Baron de
+Barboles and several other persons. Don Antonio Morejon, the second
+inquisitor[71], suspected that de Biescas knew the place of his
+concealment, and pressed him to discover it, promising that Perez should
+be well treated if he presented himself voluntarily. Perez had several
+times declared that he would surrender to the holy office, if he was not
+almost certain that he should be given up to the government, which would
+immediately execute the sentence of death passed upon him in 1590,
+without allowing him to be heard. On the 11th of November, Perez went to
+Sallen, in the Pyrenees, on the estates of the Baron de Biescas.
+
+On the 18th he wrote to the Princess of Bearn, to ask an asylum in the
+states of her brother, Henry IV., or to be permitted to pass through
+them to some other country. This letter was given to the princess by Gil
+de Mesa, an Aragonese gentleman, and an old and faithful friend of
+Perez.
+
+Catherine received Perez into her brother's states on the 24th of
+November, when the Barons de Concas and de la Pinilla arrived at Sallen,
+with three hundred men, to take him; they had offered to betray him if
+they were pardoned: the first had been condemned by the Inquisition, for
+having sent horses to France, and the other was to be executed for
+having excited a revolt, in an attempt of the same nature.
+
+Perez went to Pau, and while he was in that place the inquisitor Morejon
+again requested the Baron de Biescas to persuade him to submit to the
+Inquisition; he replied that he would do so, if they would promise to
+try him at Saragossa instead of Madrid, and that he should require that
+his wife and children should be set at liberty, of which they had been
+deprived, although they were innocent. Perez made the same reply to
+another requisition.
+
+In order to satisfy the curiosity of the Princess Catherine and her
+subjects, Perez composed two little works, the first called _Morceau
+Historique, sur ce qui est arrivée a Saragosse d'Aragon, le_ 24th
+Septembre, 1591; and the other, _Précis du Récit des Avantures d'Antoine
+Perez, depuis le Commencement, de sa première Detention jusqu'a sa
+Sortie des Domaines du Roi Catholique_. These works were printed at Pau,
+without the name of the author; the inquisitors examined them, and
+derived from them some additional charges.
+
+Philip II. and the inquisitors offered life, offices, money, and
+honours, to any condemned criminal who would kill Perez or bring him as
+a prisoner into Spain. I refer the reader for all that relates to this
+part of the history to the work entitled _Relations_, in which Perez
+takes the name of _Raphaël Peregrino_. Perez obtained leave from Henry
+IV. to go to London, where he was extremely well received by Queen
+Elizabeth and the Earl of Leicester; he afterwards went to Paris, where
+he passed the rest of his life, pining unceasingly for his wife and
+children.
+
+On the 15th of February, 1592, the inquisitors declared Antonio Perez to
+be a fugitive; they affixed an edict on the metropolitan church of
+Saragossa, summoning him to appear within one month; this measure was
+most revoltingly unjust, since they well knew that Perez was in a
+country then at war with Spain, and the laws of the holy office allowed
+even the space of a year, according to the distance the accused had to
+travel.
+
+The declarations of the witnesses who were interrogated at Madrid, after
+the first revolt of Saragossa in 1591, deposed to facts to which no
+importance could have been attached, if they had related to other
+persons and events. But Antonio Perez was concerned in them, and that
+was sufficient to cause them to be censured as _audacious_, and
+_suspected of heresy_. I shall not stay to prove the insufficiency of
+this act, but shall give the third of the propositions as an example of
+the rest. "In speaking of Philip II., and of Vendome, Antonio Perez
+said that the king was a tyrant, but that Vendome would be a great
+monarch, for he was an excellent prince, and governed the state to the
+satisfaction of every one; that he therefore rejoiced on hearing of his
+victories, and _that it was not heresy to pay court to him and speak to
+him_." QUALIFICATION. "The accused shews himself to be impious in
+respect to God and the holy Catholic faith, a favourer and violently
+suspected of heresy; and as he now lives in the midst of heretics, it
+proves that he is himself an heretic."
+
+The inquisitors, who wished to favour the views of the court at any
+rate, took advantage of a vague report, communicated to them by one of
+their _familiars_, that Antonio Perez was descended from the Jews,
+because in the borough of Hariza, near Montreal, from whence his family
+came, there had lived a new Christian called Juan Perez, who was burnt
+by the Inquisition as a judaizing heretic. The registers of the holy
+office were immediately consulted, and it appeared that one Juan Perez
+de Fariza had been burnt, and that Antonio Perez de Fariza had died a
+heretic.
+
+Pascual Gilberte, a priest and commissioner of the holy office, was
+appointed, on the 16th of April, 1592, to ascertain if there was any
+degree of relationship between the condemned heretics and the father of
+Antonio Perez. Many witnesses were examined, both in Montreal, and the
+neighbouring towns, but they all declared that the two families were
+perfectly distinct.
+
+All that is known concerning the genealogy of Perez is, that he was the
+natural son of Gonzalez Perez and Donna Jane d'Escobar, and that he was
+legitimatized by Charles V. That his paternal grandfather was
+Bartholemew Perez, secretary to the Inquisition of Calahorra, that his
+grandmother was Donna Louisa Perez del Hierro, of a noble family of
+Segovia; that he was great grandson to Juan Perez, an inhabitant of
+Montreal, and of Mary Tirado his wife; and that there was no
+relationship, direct or indirect, between his family and that of Juan
+and Antonio Perez de Fariza. This was afterwards fully proved by the
+wife and children of Antonio Perez. It must be observed, that if the
+inquisitors had wished to be truly informed, they might have had a copy
+of the contract of marriage between Perez and Donna Jane Coello, which
+states that his father was born at Segovia. In that city, at Calahorra,
+and even in the Supreme Council, they might have found his real
+genealogy.
+
+However, the fiscal abused the privilege of secrecy, in the accusation
+he brought against Perez, on the 6th of July, by supposing that he was
+descended from the Jews, in order to strengthen the suspicion of heresy,
+according to the custom of the Inquisition. The accusation was composed
+of forty-three articles, each more vague than the others, and only
+founded on words uttered without reflection, during a fit of rage, or in
+extreme pain, which had no connexion with doctrine, and concerning which
+no two witnesses agreed in the time, place, or circumstances.
+
+On the 14th of August the fiscal demanded that the depositions of the
+witnesses should be published; and on the 16th the qualifiers again
+assembled to censure the propositions already noted, and the works
+printed at Pau. They censured sixteen as _audacious_ and _erroneous_;
+some others as _blasphemous_, and _approaching to heresy_, and concluded
+that Antonio Perez was _suspected of heresy in the most violent
+degree_[72].
+
+On the 18th the fiscal required that Perez should be declared
+contumaceous, and that the definitive sentence should be pronounced. On
+the 7th of September, the diocesan, different consultors, and
+jurisconsults (among whom was the first informer, Don Urban Ximenez de
+Aragues, regent of the royal audience) were convoked, and voted the
+punishment of _relaxation_ in effigy. The Supreme _Council_ confirmed
+the sentence on the 13th of October, and on the 20th the judges
+pronounced the definitive sentence, condemning Perez as a _formal
+heretic_, _a convicted Hugonot_, and _an obstinate impenitent_, to be
+_relaxed_ in person when he could be taken, and in the mean time to
+suffer that punishment in effigy, with the mitre and San-benito. His
+property was confiscated, and his children and grandchildren in the male
+line devoted to infamy, besides other penalties. Many other persons
+suffered in this _auto-da-fé_, of whom an account will be given in the
+next chapter.
+
+Perez was in England when he was condemned to death. A conspiracy
+against his life by some Spaniards was discovered there: it was renewed
+at Paris by the Baron de la Pinilla, who declared that he had been sent
+to kill him by Don Juan Idiaquez, minister to Philip II.
+
+The death of that prince, and the consequent change in the politics of
+the government, inspired Perez with the hope of arranging his affairs at
+Madrid; but the misfortune of having been prosecuted by the Inquisition
+rendered his efforts unavailing. The reader is referred to the
+_Relations_ for all that concerns this part of the history.
+
+Perez had, at Paris, been intimate with Fray Francis de Sosa, general of
+the Franciscans, then Bishop of the Canaries, and a counsellor of the
+Inquisition, who often advised him to give himself up to the holy
+office, as the only means of obtaining a reconciliation. Perez replied
+that he would do so, and even wished it, but was deterred by the fear of
+being arrested by the government, after being set at liberty by the
+Inquisition. Sosa then tried to persuade him that he would avoid that
+danger by obtaining a safe conduct from the inquisitor-general and the
+Supreme Council, promising that he should be set at liberty when his
+trial was terminated by the holy office. Sosa, at that time, was little
+acquainted with the Inquisition, of which he was afterwards a member.
+
+Perez wrote again to Sosa in 1611 concerning this affair; the bishop
+replied, and his letter determined Perez to inform him that he was ready
+to surrender to the Inquisition as soon as the safe conduct was sent to
+him: he sent at the same time to his wife, a petition addressed to the
+Supreme Council, in which he renewed his promise. His wife presented it,
+and added to it one from herself, to interest the judges in her
+husband's favour. The attempt was fruitless, and Perez died at Paris on
+the 3rd of November, in the same year, after giving many proofs of his
+Catholicism, which were afterwards useful to his children in obtaining
+the revocation of the sentence given at Saragossa in 1592, and in
+_rehabilitating_ his memory.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVI.
+
+OF SEVERAL TRIALS OCCASIONED BY THAT OF ANTONIO PEREZ.
+
+
+The trial of Antonio Perez was the cause of a great number of
+prosecutions against persons who had taken part in the tumults and the
+flight of Perez and his companion. The censures and penalties of the
+bull of Pius V., destined to punish those who opposed the exercise of
+the ministry of the holy office, were applied to them.
+
+On the 12th of November, 1591, Don Alphonso de Vargas entered Saragossa
+at the head of his army; this expedition re-established the inquisitors,
+and they secretly informed against the instigators of the rebellion.
+
+On the 8th of January, 1592, the fiscal of the holy office gave in a
+complaint against the rebels in general, as suspected in matters of
+faith; and he composed a list of the authors of the sedition, and of
+those who were suspected of being implicated in it: it amounted to
+three hundred and seventy-two individuals, who had compromised
+themselves either by their words or actions.
+
+The inquisitors imprisoned a hundred and seventy, and made arrangements
+for the arrest of others who were only suspected, as the charges were
+not proved against them. Of this number, only a hundred and twenty-three
+individuals were taken, because the others had either been already taken
+to the royal prison by the command of Vargas, to be tried by Doctor
+Lanz, a senator of Milan, and the king's special commissioner on this
+occasion, or had made their escape; some who had only taken an indirect
+part in the event came under the jurisdiction of the commissioner, and
+obtained permission to remain as prisoners in their own houses. The
+following are some of the most remarkable trials, from the high rank of
+the individuals:--
+
+Don Juan de la Nuza, Chief Justice of Aragon, not only had not opposed
+the exercise of the holy office, but might have been reproached for
+having given up more than the privileges of the kingdom allowed. He
+however suffered the fate of a rebel subject, because in the struggle
+which ensued he was unfortunately the weakest. The oath which the king
+had taken to observe the privileges of the kingdom did not allow him to
+send into it more than five hundred soldiers. The permanent deputation,
+on being informed of the preparations for the entrance of the army of
+Vargas, remonstrated; Philip replied that they were destined for France:
+the deputies then represented the danger which might arise from their
+being permitted to pass through Saragossa; they were then informed that
+the army would only remain in their city for the period necessary to
+restore the authority of justice, which had been almost entirely
+destroyed in the late seditions.
+
+The deputies, on receiving this last reply, consulted thirteen lawyers
+on the sense of the _Fueros_; they declared that their rights were
+infringed by the entrance of the troops into Aragon, and that every
+Aragonese was bound to resist and prevent them. Circulars were then sent
+to all the towns, and to the permanent deputation of Catalonia and
+Valencia, to demand the aid stipulated by the treaties, in case either
+country was invaded. The chief justice, whom the laws of the kingdom
+called to the command, was ordered to place himself immediately at the
+head of the troops. When the Castilians came within six miles of
+Saragossa, the chief justice found himself almost deserted, and
+consequently retired and left the passage free to the troops, who
+entered the town.
+
+On the 28th of November, Don Francis de Borgia, Marquis de Lombay,
+arrived at Saragossa; he was commissioned to treat with the permanent
+deputies and the principal gentlemen of the kingdom concerning the
+points on which it was asserted the privileges had been infringed.
+Several conferences took place without any result, because the deputies
+declared that the _Fueros_ did not permit them while the country was
+occupied by foreign troops.
+
+Philip II. appointed the Count de Morata to be viceroy in the place of
+the Bishop of Teruel, who had retired to his see, alarmed at the danger
+he had incurred. The viceroy made his public entry into Saragossa, on
+the 6th of December, to the great joy and satisfaction of the
+inhabitants; but their joy was of short duration. On the 18th of the
+same month, Don Gomez Velasquez arrived with a commission to arrest a
+great number of persons, and with a positive order to behead the chief
+justice of Aragon, as soon as he entered the town; this order was obeyed
+with so much expedition, that on the 28th Don Juan de la Nuza was no
+longer in existence. All Aragon was filled with consternation at the
+news of this execution. It is impossible to express how much La Nuza was
+respected by the people on account of his high office, which had been
+filled by the illustrious members of his family for more than a hundred
+and fifty years. On this event, many gentlemen fled to France and
+Geneva, and those who, from an ill-founded confidence, remained, soon
+had cause to repent.
+
+Don Francis d'Aragon, Duke de Villahermosa, Count de Ribagorza, did not
+escape the persecution, although he had the advantage of being of royal
+blood, being descended from John II. King of Aragon and Navarre, by his
+son Don Alphonso d'Aragon. In his trial before the Inquisition he was
+not accused of having opposed the measures of the tribunal during the
+insurrections, or of taking any part in them: but Don Francis Torralba,
+lieutenant to the chief justice (who had been deprived of his office in
+consequence of some serious complaints of Perez), pretended that the
+duke was, by the nature of his blood, an enemy to the holy tribunal,
+since he descended from Jews, who had been burnt and subjected to
+penances, by Estengua Conejo, a Jewess, who, on her baptism, took the
+name of Mary Sanchez, and afterwards became the wife or concubine of Don
+Alphonso d'Aragon, first Duke of Villahermosa, and grandfather to the
+present duke, whom he denounced. Torralba minutely detailed the proofs
+of what he asserted.
+
+When the inhabitants of Saragossa resolved to oppose the entrance of the
+Castilian army in their city, the duke, according to the laws of the
+kingdom, offered his services to the chief justice. The royal
+commissioner, not satisfied with his trial before the Inquisition,
+arrested him on the 19th of December, and sent him into Castile, in
+contempt of another law of the _Fuero_. The duke was beheaded at Burgos,
+as convicted of treason; his property was confiscated, and the king
+bestowed the duchy on the next in succession.
+
+The Count d'Aranda, Don Louis Ximenez de Urrea, was also arrested on the
+19th of December, but died in the prison of Alaejos, on the 4th of
+August, 1592. It appears from his trial by the Inquisition, that when
+Perez was sent to the prison of the kingdom, he declared himself his
+protector, according to a promise he had given to the wife of Perez at
+Madrid; that he was one of the principal instigators of the popular
+commotions; that he had influenced the lawyers, who declared the act, by
+which Perez was consigned a second time to the Inquisition, to be
+illegal; and lastly, that he had assisted in the military arrangements
+for the resistance of the royal troops. It has been already stated, that
+Diego de Heredia accused the Count d'Aranda and Antonio Perez of having
+conspired against the life of the Marquis d'Almenara. This deposition is
+not found in the trial, but Don Diego declared he had already informed
+the senator Lanz, while he was imprisoned by that magistrate. But if the
+circumstances independent of this conspiracy may be considered as
+crimes, why did Philip after the first revolt write to request him to
+lend assistance to the authorities, and afterwards to thank him for
+having so well performed his mission? It must excite indignation, to see
+a powerful monarch deceiving his subjects, and punishing them by
+surprise.
+
+The Count de Morata, Don Michael Martinez de Luna, Viceroy of Aragon,
+was denounced to the Inquisition, after the insurrection of Saragossa.
+It appears that he blamed the conduct of the tribunal and the civil
+authorities towards Perez. Some witnesses supposed that he was one of
+the principal instigators of the first insurrection; but that afterwards
+learning that Philip had said that Perez was an unfaithful minister, he
+ceased to defend him. This is certainly an historical error, for the
+declaration of the king concerning Perez was made in August, 1590, after
+the act by which the king abandoned the prosecution relating to the
+death of Escobedo, and the insurrections at Saragossa took place in May,
+1591. The change in the opinions of Martinez de Luna must have had some
+other cause. Some circumstances in his trial lead to the belief that he
+was acquainted with the proceedings of the council appointed at Madrid
+to consider the affairs, and that he foresaw that the consequences
+would be serious, which induced him to change his system.
+
+When he was made viceroy, the inquisitor suppressed the preparatory
+instruction of the trial, and the decree of arrest which had already
+been resolved upon. The tribunal had received another information
+against the Count in 1577, concerning some _ill-sounding_ propositions,
+but they had not sufficient proof to proceed upon.
+
+Although the inquisitors had been so indulgent to the count, he was not
+devoted to their party. His indifference induced the fiscal to bring a
+complaint against him in 1592, and to require that he should be
+arrested. He founded his requisition on the following allegation: the
+inquisitor-general Quiroga had published an edict of grace in favour of
+all the criminals who had not been arrested, that they might be absolved
+from all censures; and this edict having been communicated to the count
+before the publication, he declared that it was impertinent, useless,
+and ridiculous. The fiscal gave this as an instance of the contempt of
+the count for the censures under which he pretended that he had fallen,
+as the principal instigator of the first revolt. Some other expressions
+were construed into a sign of his hatred of the Inquisition.
+
+It is certain that the count would not have escaped the vengeance of the
+Inquisitors, in his quality of viceroy. When he quitted his office they
+were fully occupied with other trials, and his affair was too
+unimportant, and too old, to attract the attention of their successors.
+The opinion of the count on the edict of grace was very just. This
+_grace_ was not accorded until the inquisitors had celebrated a solemn
+_auto-da-fé_ in which seventy-nine inhabitants of the town were
+_relaxed_, and a much greater number of honourable persons condemned to
+infamy, on pretence of publicly absolving them from censure; besides
+that, those already in prison were excluded from the pardon.
+
+After the executions of the chief justice, the Duke de Villahermosa,
+and the Count d'Aranda, the king granted a general pardon on the 24th
+December, 1592, with the exception of many individuals who had excited
+and directed the sedition. This edict saved the lives of several
+thousand Aragonese; palliating circumstances afterwards caused the
+capital punishment to be remitted to all those who were excepted in the
+general pardon.
+
+The Baron de Barboles, Don Diego Fernandez de Heredia, brother and
+presumptive heir to the Count de Fuentes, a grandee of Spain, was to
+have been arrested by the Inquisition; but he was taken by order of
+Vargas, claimed his privilege, and was taken to the prison of the
+_Manifestados_, and on the 9th of October, 1592, had his head struck off
+at the back of the neck as guilty of treason. He had made several
+depositions before the Senator Lanz, and all that concerned Antonio
+Perez was communicated to the inquisitors; he had already been examined
+twice on that subject as a witness of the fiscal, and deposed to a great
+number of facts which proved that he had excited the people, and kept up
+the rebellion with the Count d'Aranda and others, and that he was
+engaged in the plan to assassinate the Marquis d'Almenara, but that he
+repented and revoked the orders he had given concerning it; nevertheless
+some witnesses deposed that they had seen him in the road encouraging
+the assassins. The Baron de Barboles also declared that he was the
+principal author of the complaint brought by Antonio Perez before the
+ordinary judge of Saragossa, against the secretary, major-domo, and
+squire of the Marquis d'Almenara and several other persons, whom he
+accused of having, by order of the marquis, suborned several witnesses
+in 1591, to depose against Perez several facts required by the
+inquisitors; that he had directed and instigated the efforts which were
+made to find witnesses to confirm by their declarations the articles of
+their complaint, and that he had deposed as from himself what he had
+only heard from the agent of Perez.
+
+Another inquest against Don Diego existed in the Inquisition, in which
+he was accused of having made use of necromancy to discover treasures,
+and sending horses to France. The Judge Torralba also deposed that he
+had heard it said that Don Diego had been arrested by the Inquisition of
+Valencia for having concealed a Moresco from an alguazil; he added that
+it was not surprising that Don Diego was an enemy to the holy office,
+because though the blood of his ancestors had not been sullied by that
+of the Jews, his children had not that advantage, since his wife, the
+Baroness d'Alcaraz, was of Jewish origin.
+
+Philip II. wished to show the Count de Fuentes that though he punished
+the guilty he knew how to reward a faithful subject, and made him
+governor of the Low Countries. The Count hated Perez, whom he considered
+as the cause of the misfortunes of de Barboles; it is not therefore
+surprising that he took an active part in the conspiracy formed in
+London against his life. This attempt did not succeed, and two of the
+conspirators were put to death at the requisition of the English fiscal,
+who had been commanded by Queen Elizabeth to prosecute the authors of
+the plot.
+
+The Baron de Purroy, Don Juan de Luna, a member for the nobility in the
+deputation of the kingdom, was executed on the same day with Barboles;
+the charges against him were very similar to the preceding. His offences
+against the Inquisition were, that he was the cause of the resolution
+taken in the committee of the deputation to defend the independence of
+the prison of the _Manifestados_ against the pretensions of the
+inquisitors; to confine their jurisdiction to the crime of heresy, and
+to prevent them from taking cognizance of offences in the revolt and
+similar crimes, which they undertook, because they said that some of the
+persons concerned in it opposed the exercise of their office; lastly,
+Don Juan was implicated in the subornation of witnesses in the affair of
+Perez.
+
+The Baron de Biescas, Don Martin de la Nuza, Lord of Sallen and the
+towns of the valley of Tena, fled to France, but afterwards returned to
+Spain; he was arrested in Tudela of Navarre, and was beheaded. The trial
+before the Inquisition states, that besides the crimes committed like
+the other rebels, the Baron de Biescas was guilty of having received
+Antonio Perez into his house, and concealed him until he could fly to
+France; and of entering into the Spanish territory at several points
+with a corps of Bearnese troops, and declaring that he would not lay
+down his arms until he had driven the Castilian army out of Aragon, and
+revenged the death of his relation the chief justice.
+
+The senator Lanz likewise condemned to death many other noble gentlemen,
+besides labourers and artisans. Many who fled to France or Geneva were
+condemned to death: these individuals remained in exile till after the
+death of Philip II. His successor, Philip III., permitted them to return
+to their country, and annulled all the articles in the sentences
+pronounced against those who had been executed, which were contrary to
+the interests of their families; _the king declaring that none of them
+were guilty towards the state: and that he acknowledged that each person
+had considered himself bound to defend the rights of his country_.
+
+The cruelty of the inquisitors was not satiated by these executions.
+They represented to the Supreme Council that they did not dare to demand
+the prisoners of the General Vargas, although it would be much better if
+they were tried by the Inquisition: but that nevertheless they thought
+it would be useful if the Baron de Barboles was given up to them, since
+his execution, in that case, would strike more terror into the guilty.
+The council rejected the request of the inquisitors; they, however,
+retained in their prisons many illustrious persons, among whom were some
+women.
+
+When the inquisitors published the edict of grace, more than five
+hundred persons presented themselves to demand absolution. Each person
+confessed the crime for which they were to be absolved; some of these
+are rather ludicrous.
+
+Mary Ramirez declares, that on seeing Antonio Perez taken to prison, she
+exclaimed--_Poor wretch! after such long imprisonments, they have not
+yet found him an heretic._
+
+Christoval de Heredia _confesses that he has often wished that Perez
+might get out of his troubles_.
+
+Donna Geronima d'Arteaga, _that she raised a little subscription for
+Antonio Perez, during his imprisonment, because he could not enjoy his
+own property_.
+
+Louis de Anton, _that he was the prosecutor of Perez, and that he did
+several things to serve him_.
+
+Martina de Alastuey, _that she prepared the food of Perez, in her house,
+and that her son Antonio Añoz, who was his servant, carried it to him in
+the prison_.
+
+Don Louis de Gurrea _demands absolution only to reassure his conscience,
+although it does not reproach him_!
+
+Don Michael de Sese also claims it, _to appease the same scruples_!
+
+Doctor Murillo, _that he visited Perez in the prison when he was ill_.
+
+The following are instances of a spirit quite contrary to the preceding
+examples:--
+
+The Doctor Don Gregory de Andia, vicar of the parish of St. Paul, being
+informed that a priest had refused absolution to more than two hundred
+persons, because they had not been absolved from the censures incurred
+by the bull of St. Pius V., could not help saying, _That priest is an
+ignorant fellow. Let all those people come to me, and also all those who
+revolted: I would absolve them with pleasure of all their sins, and feel
+no fear for such an action._ The vicar was arrested for his boldness,
+and taken to the secret prisons. Many persons shared his fate, among
+whom were,--
+
+Juan de Cerio, a familiar of the holy office, who, on hearing it
+remarked that the Aragonese ought not to endure the Inquisition any
+longer, replied: "As for me, they may burn the house, the papers, the
+prisons, and even the inquisitors: I shall have nothing to say against
+it."
+
+A brother of the Trinity, who, on hearing that the Castilians wished to
+reduce the Aragonese, and destroy their privileges, said, "_If Jesus
+Christ was a Castilian, I would not believe in him._"
+
+Michael Urgel, procurator of the royal audience, confessed that after he
+had heard the declaration of the four counsellors, that it was an
+infringement of the _Fueros_ to transfer Perez to the Inquisition, he
+said: "We must treat the letters of the inquisitors with contempt, and
+if the king supports them, he is a tyrant: let us get rid of him and
+elect a native king of Aragon, since we have a right to do so."
+
+These are a few instances of the pretended sins for which absolution was
+demanded, and for which many persons were arrested, but they are
+sufficient to shew the spirit of the people and of the inquisitors.
+
+Donna Juana de Coello, the wife of Perez, and her young children, were
+also victims to the events at Saragossa. They had been detained in the
+Castle of Pinto, two leagues from Madrid, since the month of April,
+1590, where that heroine had favoured the escape of her husband at the
+expense of her own liberty. After his second flight from Saragossa,
+their imprisonment became still more rigorous. It is proved by the trial
+of Perez, that he often said when in prison, that nothing should induce
+him to renounce the privileges of the prison of the kingdom, except the
+assurance that his wife and children enjoyed their liberty; but that he
+was certain if he gave himself up to the inquisitors he should be sent
+to Madrid and executed.
+
+This information induced the inquisitors at the end of September, 1591,
+to request that Donna Juana and her children might be more strictly
+imprisoned, since he would hear of it, and it might induce him to return
+to the prison of the kingdom. This idea was inspired by the perfidious
+Basante. In fact, Perez was informed that his wife and children were
+removed to a sort of bastion or tower of the castle, which was much more
+inconvenient than the former prison; however, Donna Juana requested her
+husband to think only of his own safety, since the news of his flight
+had been sufficient to keep her and her children in good health. Donna
+Juana remained in prison during the life of Philip II., who on his death
+advised his successor to set her and her family at liberty.
+
+All the events above-mentioned were occasioned by the trial of Antonio
+Perez, but the original cause was the extreme attachment of the
+Aragonese to a privilege which Philip II. wished to destroy, because it
+set bounds to his despotism; they had not forgotten that this prince
+made use of the Inquisition, in his political schemes, which they had
+experienced in some attempts made twenty years before.
+
+The insurrection offered to Philip the opportunity he had so long
+desired, of making himself absolute monarch of Aragon, by the abolition
+of the intermediate office of the chief justice, and of all the _Fueros_
+of the primitive constitution, which bounded the extent of his power.
+Another cause of the revolt was, the policy which disgraced and kept in
+a perpetual state of uneasiness, all the first families of the kingdom,
+a great number of the second order, and even of the people. It was well
+known that these misfortunes were the consequence of the system of the
+inquisitors, who were always eager to disgrace and humiliate those who
+did not debase themselves before the lowest among them, and to sacrifice
+every man who did not acknowledge their tribunal to be the most holy of
+institutions, and the only bulwark of faith, which they still declare
+and publish through their partisans, though in their hearts they are
+convinced of the contrary.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVII.
+
+OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS IN THE INQUISITION DURING THE REIGN OF PHILIP
+III.
+
+
+Philip II. died on the 13th of September, 1598, and left the crown to
+his son, Philip III., whose education had made him more worthy of
+wearing the habit of St. Dominic, than of governing a kingdom: the
+Inquisition was then as formidable and powerful as before the
+constitutions of 1561. As the new king wished to have an
+inquisitor-general of his own choice, he took advantage of a bull,
+commanding all bishops to reside in their dioceses, to invite Don Pedro
+Porto-Carrero to retire to his see of Cuença, and appointed as his
+successor, in 1599, Don Ferdinand Niño de Guevara, cardinal of the Roman
+Church, and afterwards archbishop of Seville. This prelate retired to
+his diocese in 1602, in consequence of an order from the king; his
+successor was Don Juan de Zuñiga, bishop of Carthagena, who died in the
+same year. Juan Baptiste de Acebedo, bishop of Valladolid, took his
+place, and died in it in 1607, with the title of Patriarch of the
+Indies. He was succeeded by Don Bernardo de Sandoval Roxas, cardinal
+archbishop of Toledo, brother to the Duke de Lerma. At his death Don
+Fray Louis Aliaga, a Dominican confessor to the king, was appointed
+inquisitor-general; Philip IV., on his accession, deprived him of his
+office.
+
+Philip III., in 1607, assembled the Cortes of the kingdom at Madrid,
+where they remained for more than a year. The members represented to the
+king, that in 1579 and 1586, they had required a reform of the abuses
+committed in the tribunal of the Inquisition, to put an end to the
+right, which the inquisitors had usurped, of taking cognizance of crimes
+not relating to heresy; that Philip II. had promised to do this, but
+died before he could perform it, and that in consequence they renewed
+the request.
+
+Philip replied, that he would take proper measures to satisfy the
+Cortes. In 1611, when he convoked the new Cortes, they made the same
+request and received the same answer, but nothing was attempted, and the
+inquisitors daily became more insolent, and filled their prisons with
+victims.
+
+The archbishop of Valencia, Don Juan de Ribera, represented to Philip
+III., that it was impossible to convert the Morescoes of Valencia, and
+that their skill in agriculture and the arts gave just cause of
+apprehension, that they might some day disturb the public tranquillity,
+with the assistance of the Moors of Algiers, and the other African
+cities, with whom they held constant intercourse; he therefore advised
+his majesty to banish them from the kingdom.
+
+The gentlemen whose vassals the Morescoes were, complained of the
+immense loss it would occasion, if their estates were thus depopulated;
+they also declared that the statement of the archbishop was shamefully
+exaggerated, since the holy office had never failed to punish every
+Moresco who returned to his heresy.
+
+The king summoned his council, and after many discussions, it was
+resolved to send the Morescoes out of the kingdom of Valencia, on the
+11th of September, 1609, and all the others in the following year.
+
+This emigration cost Spain a million of useful and industrious
+inhabitants, who all went to Africa: they were invited by Henry IV. to
+colonise the _Landes_ in Gascony on condition that they professed the
+catholic religion, but they feared that they should be persecuted in the
+same manner, at some future period. The inquisitors principally
+contributed to induce Philip III. to take this resolution, and they
+noted all who had condemned the measure, as suspected of heresy: among
+these was the Duke of Ossuna, whose process they began. This trial had
+no particular result, because the charges did not offer any heretical
+propositions, though some were qualified as audacious, scandalous, and
+offensive to pious ears. The duke was appointed Viceroy of Naples, but
+was deprived of the office some years after, and imprisoned by the king.
+The inquisitors seized this opportunity to renew their charges, but they
+were disappointed; the duke died in prison before the definitive
+sentence was pronounced.
+
+On the 7th and 8th of November 1610, the Inquisition of Logroño
+celebrated an _auto-da-fé_, in which six persons were burnt, with five
+effigies, twenty-one individuals were reconciled, and twenty condemned
+to different penances; among these were eighteen sorcerers[73].
+
+A sufficient number of the trials of the Inquisition, during the reign
+of Philip III., have already been cited; therefore, that of Don Antonio
+Manriques, Count de Morata, need only be mentioned: in 1603 he abjured
+some heretical propositions without being disgraced by an _auto-da-fé_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVIII.
+
+OF THE TRIALS AND AUTOS-DA-FE DURING THE REIGN OF PHILIP IV.
+
+
+Philip IV. ascended the throne on the 31st of March, 1621; and during
+the thirty-four years that he reigned, the following persons filled the
+office of inquisitor-general: Don Andres Pacheco, in 1621; Cardinal Don
+Antonio de Zapata Mendoza, in 1626; in 1632, Don Fray Antonio de
+Sotomayor; and in 1643, Don Diego de Arce y Reinoso. Don Diego died on
+the same day as the king.
+
+Many circumstances had shewn the necessity of a reform in the
+Inquisition, but the indolence of Philip IV. prevented him from
+attempting it; on the contrary, he permitted the inquisitors to take
+cognizance of the offence of exporting copper money, and to dispose of a
+fourth of what fell into their hands.
+
+On the 21st of June, 1621, the Inquisition celebrated the accession of
+Philip IV. by the _auto-da-fé_ of Maria de la Conception, a _Beata_, and
+famous hypocrite of the preceding reign, who had deceived many persons
+by her feigned revelations and pretended sanctity. She appeared in the
+_auto-da-fé_ gagged, with the _san-benito_, and the mitre.
+
+On the 30th of November, 1630, another _auto-da-fé_ was held at Seville,
+when six persons were burnt in effigy, and eight in person; fifty were
+reconciled, and six absolved _ad cautelam_.
+
+On the 21st of December, 1627, a general _auto-da-fé_ was celebrated at
+Cordova, composed of eighty-one condemned persons; fifty-eight were
+reconciled, among whom were three sorcerers.
+
+In 1532, a grand general _auto-da-fé_ was held at Madrid, at which the
+king and all the royal family attended. Seven persons were burnt, with
+four effigies, and forty-two reconciled; they were almost all
+Portuguese, or of Portuguese parents. The following circumstance has
+rendered this _auto-da-fé_ very famous. Miguel Rodriguez, and Isabella
+Martinez Albarez, his wife, were the proprietors of a house used by the
+condemned as a synagogue. They were accused of having struck the image
+of Jesus Christ with a whip, and of having crucified and insulted it in
+various ways, as if to revenge themselves upon it for all the evils
+which the Christians made them suffer. The holy office caused this house
+to be razed to the ground, and an inscription was placed on the spot. A
+monastery for the Capuchins was afterwards built on the site, and named
+the Convent of Patience, in allusion to the outrages which our Saviour
+allowed them to commit on his image: a report was then spread that the
+image spoke to the Jews three times, and that they did not hesitate to
+burn it. Solemn masses were performed at Madrid and other cities in the
+kingdom, to expiate the sacrilege which had been committed.
+
+On the 22nd of June, 1636, another general _auto-da-fé_ was held at
+Valladolid, composed of twenty-eight persons. The punishment inflicted
+on the Jews seems entirely novel: one hand was nailed to a wooden cross,
+and in that state they were obliged to hear read the report of their
+trial, and the sentence which condemned them to perpetual imprisonment
+for having insulted our Saviour and the Virgin by their blasphemies. A
+_Beata_ also appeared in this _auto-da-fé_; she was known by the name of
+_Lorenza_: her crimes were the same as those of the other women of her
+class; she pretended that she had seen apparitions of the Devil, Jesus
+Christ, and the Virgin Mary, and an infinity of revelations, but she
+was, in fact, nothing but a libertine woman.
+
+Another _Beata_, who was more celebrated, appeared before the tribunal
+of Valladolid, she was called _Louisa de l'Ascension_. M. Lavellée has
+spoken of the fragments of the cross which had belonged to this woman,
+in his history of the Inquisition, published at Paris in 1809. This
+author (_who has only added to the errors of the writers of the two last
+centuries_) says, that this cross was one of those which the inquisitors
+suspended round the necks of the condemned. This practice was never
+known in the Inquisition; the cross belonged to the _Beata_. M. Lavellée
+has not explained the inscription correctly. I have seen a cross entire;
+on the upper part are the letters I. N. R. I., which are the initials of
+_Jesus Nazarenius Rex Judæorum_; on the mounting and on the arm, and
+towards the foot, are these words--_Jesus. La Très Sainte Marie, conçue
+sans péché originel. Soeur Louise de l'Ascension, esclave indigne de
+mon très doux Jesus. Jesus. Maria santissima concibida sin pecado
+original. Indigna soror Luisa de la Ascencion, esclava de dulcisimo
+Jesus_. This _Beata_ gave similar crosses to those who, deceived by her
+reputation for sanctity, came to demand her prayers. This cross being
+once given, the wish to possess them became so general, that they were
+engraved and became the occasion and the subject of a trial: the
+Inquisition caused all that could be found to be remitted to them, and
+thus several were to be seen at Madrid and Valladolid.
+
+Louisa de l'Ascension must not be confounded with the hypocrites and
+false devotees, such as Mary de la Conception, Lorenza de Simancas,
+Magdalena de la Croix, and some others, who were vicious women. The
+constant virtue of Louisa was acknowledged by the nuns of St. Clara de
+Carrion, and by the inhabitants of that place and of the country.
+
+On the 23rd of January, 1639, there was a general _auto-da-fé_ at Lima
+in Peru, in which seventy-two persons appeared. Eleven persons were
+burnt, and one effigy. In this _auto-da-fé_ were seen, on elevated
+seats, six persons who had been accused by false witnesses.
+
+The cities of Toledo, Cuença, Grenada, and Seville, also celebrated
+_autos-da-fé_ in 1651, 1654, and 1660, when many persons were burnt.
+
+Besides the public _autos-da-fé_ and trials mentioned in the Chapters
+24, 25, and 26, several others worthy of notice took place in the reign
+of Philip IV. Don Rodrigo Calderona, Marquis de Siete Inglesias,
+secretary to Philip III., was prosecuted by the Inquisition, which had
+not time to condemn him, because he was beheaded at Madrid in 1621,
+according to the sentence of the royal judges. The inquisitors accused
+him of having bewitched the king, in order to gain his favour. This
+charge was also brought against him by the fiscal of the civil tribunal
+of Madrid, but the judges paid no attention to it. It is certain that
+Calderona was the victim of a court intrigue, and the Count Duke de
+Olivares did an irreparable injury to his memory, in coldly witnessing
+the execution of a man, who, during his favour, had rendered him great
+services.
+
+Don Fray Louis Aliaga, archimandrite of Sicily, confessor to Philip
+III., and inquisitor-general, resigned his place by the command of
+Philip IV.; and a short time after Cardinal Zapata had succeeded him, he
+was prosecuted by the Inquisition of Madrid, for some propositions
+suspected of Lutheranism and materialism. Aliaga died in 1626, when his
+trial had not advanced further than the preparatory instruction.
+
+In the year 1645, the Inquisition of Madrid prosecuted Don Gaspard de
+Guzman, Count Duke de Olivares, favourite and prime-minister to Philip
+IV. This took place under the ministry of the inquisitor-general, Don
+Diego de Arce, on whom he had bestowed the bishoprics of Tui, Avila, and
+Placencia. Don Diego did not forget his benefactor, and it was to his
+prudence that the duke owed the favourable issue of an affair, which, in
+other hands, might have had the most fatal result.
+
+This minister was disgraced in 1643: a short time after, memorials were
+presented to the king, accusing him of the most heinous crimes. The
+tribunal, where every false report was received, also seized this
+opportunity to prosecute him; he was denounced to the Inquisition as a
+believer in judicial astrology; and as a proof that he was an enemy to
+the church, it was asserted that he attempted to poison Urban VIII.; the
+apothecary at Florence, who prepared the poison, and the Italian monk,
+who was to administer it, were mentioned; in fact, proofs were offered
+of all the crimes he had committed. The inquisitors commenced the
+preparatory instruction, but their proceedings were so dilatory, that
+the Count Duke died before the order for his arrest could be issued.
+
+The Jesuit, Count Juan Baptiste de Poza, occupied the Inquisitions of
+Spain and Rome for some time with his writings, during the reign of
+Philip IV., particularly from the year 1629 to 1636. I have spoken in
+Chapter 15 of the memorial presented by the university of Salamanca
+against the Jesuits, in order to prevent the imperial college of Madrid,
+which was under the direction of these fathers, from being made an
+university; Poza wrote several pamphlets in defence of the pretensions
+of his order, which were all condemned by the Inquisition of Rome in
+1632. The enemies of the Jesuits hoped that the Spanish Inquisition
+would do the same, but the inquisitors were afraid of offending the
+Count Duke de Olivares, whose confessor was a Jesuit. At this period,
+Francis Roales, doctor of the university of Salamanca, almoner and
+councillor of the king, professor of mathematics, and preceptor to the
+Cardinal-infant Don Ferdinand, published a work which created a great
+sensation. The author denounces the writings of Poza to the Catholic
+Church in general, and to each of its members in particular, as
+heretical and tainted with atheism, and also denounces all the Jesuits
+who defended his doctrine.
+
+Urban VIII. would have pronounced Poza to be an heretic, if he had not
+feared to offend the Court of Madrid; he therefore contented himself
+with depriving him of his professorship, and commanding that he should
+be sent to a house of the Jesuits, in some small town in Castile, and
+forbade him to preach, teach, or write. Although the Jesuits in their
+fourth vow, promised to obey the Pope without restriction, and they
+were, generally speaking, the most zealous supporters of his authority,
+yet, in this instance, they refused to obey, because they were supported
+by the Court of Madrid. At this time the work of Alphonso Vargas[74] was
+published out of Spain; Vargas exposes the stratagems, the perfidious
+politics, and the bad doctrine of the Jesuits. Their general alleged, as
+an excuse for their disobedience, that they were forbidden to execute
+the orders of his Holiness by the king of Spain: this was the state of
+the affair when Olivares was disgraced. The works of Poza were then
+prohibited in Spain, and he was condemned to abjure several heresies.
+
+Juan Nicolas Diana, another Jesuit, known for the very relaxed morals
+of his printed works, was prosecuted by the Inquisition of Sardinia for
+some propositions contained in a sermon, and was condemned to recant.
+The Jesuit published his defence, and went to Spain where he demanded to
+be tried by the Supreme Council. The Council, after taking the opinions
+of several qualifiers, annulled the sentence, and not only acquitted the
+Jesuit, but made him a qualifier.
+
+_Ali Arraez Ferrarés_, surnamed the _Renegado_, was tried by the
+Inquisition of Sicily in this reign. He was a Moor of Tunis, and high in
+the favour of the king of that country: having been taken prisoner to
+Palermo, he was ransomed and sent back to Tunis. Some Christian slaves,
+who were in that city, expressed their surprise that an apostate had
+been ransomed instead of being sent to the dungeons of the Inquisition.
+The tribunal, being informed of the opinion of these slaves, published
+that they were ignorant that Ali Arraez Ferrarés had been a Christian,
+and that he was surnamed the _Renegado_. Ali was taken a second time in
+1624, and though no other proof of his guilt existed but the report
+above-mentioned, he was taken to the prisons of the holy office. A great
+number of Sicilians, Genoese, and others, who had known him at Tunis,
+were examined; they all declared that he was called the _Renegado_, and
+some added that they had heard him say that he had been a Christian. Ali
+denied the fact, but the tribunal considered him as convicted, and
+condemned him to be burnt. The Supreme Council decided that the proof
+was not complete, annulled the sentence, and commanded that the prisoner
+should be tortured, in order to obtain additional proofs, and that the
+sentence should then be renewed. Ali still persisted in denying that he
+had been a Christian, and found means to inform the king of Tunis of his
+situation; the Moorish king received his letter at the moment when Fray
+Bartholomew Ximenez, Fray Ferdinand de Reina, Fray Diego de la Torre,
+and three other Carmelites, were brought in captive; they had been taken
+in going to Rome. The king commanded them to write to the inquisitors
+of Sicily to set Ali Arraez at liberty, and to accept his ransom, and,
+in case they refused, to inform them that he would imprison and torture
+all the Christian slaves in his power. The monks excused themselves by
+alleging that they did not know the inquisitors, and the affair was
+dropped. At this period the Supreme Council commanded that Ali should be
+confined in a dungeon and ironed. In 1628, Ali found means to convey
+another letter to the Moorish king, informing him that he was imprisoned
+in a dark and fetid dungeon, with a Christian captain, and that they
+were almost starved. When the king received the letter, the Spanish
+monks were negotiating their ransom. He sent for them, and said, "Why do
+they endeavour to make this renegado a Christian by their tortures? If
+this Inquisition is not suppressed, or if the inquisitors do not send
+the renegado immediately to the galleys with the other slaves, I will
+burn all the Christians who are in my power: write, and tell them so."
+The monks obeyed, and added, that if justice and religion required the
+execution of the prisoner, they were ready to suffer martyrdom. The king
+of Tunis afterwards accepted the ransom of the monks. After detaining
+Ali for sixteen years, the inquisitors had no greater proof of his
+crime, and yet they refused to exchange him for a Christian priest,
+alleging that the relations of the priest ought to ransom him, and that
+it would be taking an active part in the heresy and damnation of the
+renegado to set him at liberty: it was represented that their refusal
+might have the most fatal consequences to the Christian slaves at Tunis;
+but this consideration did not affect them.
+
+An affair, which created a great sensation, occupied the Supreme Council
+at this time. A convent for Benedictine nuns had been founded in the
+parish of St. Martin. The director and confessor, Fray Francis Garcia
+was considered a learned and holy man. Donna Theresa de Sylva, whose
+relation had founded the convent for her, was the abbess, though only
+twenty-six years of age. The community was composed of thirty nuns, who
+all appeared to be virtuous, and had voluntarily embraced the monastic
+life. While the new convent enjoyed the highest reputation, the gestures
+and words of one of the nuns indicated that she was in a supernatural
+state: Fray Garcia exorcised her, and on the 8th of September she was
+pronounced to be a demoniac. In a short time, the abbess and twenty-five
+nuns were attacked in the same manner. Many consultations took place on
+the condition of these women, between men of learning and virtue, who
+believed that they were really _possessed_,--their confessor repeated
+his exorcism every day, and even spent days and nights in the convent to
+renew them. He at last brought the tabernacle of the holy sacrament into
+the room where the nuns worked, and they said the prayers of forty
+hours. This singular scene lasted for three years, when the Inquisition
+of Toledo put a stop to it in 1631, by arresting the confessor, the
+abbess, and some of the nuns. Fray Francis Garcia was denounced as an
+_illuminati_, and it was said that he had corrupted the nuns, who
+pretended to be possessed. The trial was terminated in 1633; the
+confessor and the nuns were declared to be suspected of having fallen
+into the heresy of the _Alumbrados_. They were condemned to several
+penances, and sent to different convents; the abbess was exiled, and
+deprived of the privilege of consulting for four, and of voting for
+eight years: when this period had expired, she returned to her own
+convent, and was commanded by her superiors to demand a revision of her
+trial. The abbess obeyed, declaring at the same time, that she did it
+solely for the honour of her nuns and those of the other houses of St.
+Benedict. The enterprise was difficult, but the power of her relation,
+the prothonotary of Aragon, and of the Count Duke de Olivares, overcame
+every obstacle. In 1642 the Supreme Council acknowledged the innocence
+of the nuns, but not of Fray Francis, became he had been so imprudent
+as to hold a correspondence with the demons to satisfy his curiosity,
+before he drove them from the nuns. Donna Theresa gives an account of
+her own feelings when possessed, and says that she was in a state of
+delirium, and did the most foolish things.
+
+Don Jerome de Villanueva, prothonotary of Aragon, that is, the royal
+secretary of state for that kingdom, had, in his youth, been the
+secretary to the Inquisition. He was prosecuted by the tribunal on the
+disgrace of the Count Duke de Olivares, as his creature and principal
+confidant. Several heretical propositions were imputed to him, and he
+was arrested in 1645, and condemned to abjure: this sentence was
+pronounced on the 18th of June, 1647. When he was set at liberty to
+accomplish his penance, he appealed to Pope Innocent X., complaining of
+the injustice with which he had been treated in depriving him of the
+means of defending himself, and protesting that he had only submitted to
+the sentence, that he might bring his cause before an impartial
+tribunal; he therefore demanded that his trial should be revised by
+judges appointed by his Holiness. Don Pedro Navarro, an opulent
+gentleman, went to Rome to negotiate the affair, out of friendship to
+Villanueva; and although Philip requested through his ambassador that
+Navarro should be compelled to leave Rome, his Holiness refused, and
+would not allow him to be arrested. The Pope issued a brief of
+commission to the bishops of Calahorra, Segovia, and Cuença, to revise
+the trial, but Philip IV., in consequence of the insinuations of the
+inquisitor-general, forbade them to accept the commission, because it
+was contrary to the prerogatives of the crown. The Pope then commanded
+that the process should be transferred to Rome; after some opposition he
+was obeyed, and Villanueva was acquitted. The resistance and the
+injustice witnessed by the Pope in this case induced him to expedite a
+second brief in 1653, in which he declared that he had discovered great
+irregularities in the trial of Villanueva, and charged the
+inquisitor-general to observe that the laws were more strictly followed,
+and the trials conducted with more justice, gravity and circumspection.
+
+New contests soon arose between the Courts of Madrid and Rome, and the
+Pope sent Francis Mancini as his nuncio to Madrid, to settle the
+dispute, but he could not obtain an audience of the king, and in 1654
+was obliged to apply in the name of his Holiness to the
+inquisitor-general, who told him that the Pope had offended the king in
+the affair above-mentioned; he asserted that the prosecution of
+Villanueva had been properly conducted, and that the Pope had approved
+it. If this assertion was true, the Pope must have expressed his
+approbation before he took cognizance of the trial, for when it was
+transferred to the tribunal of Rome, the injustice and defects were
+discovered.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIX.
+
+THE INQUISITION DURING THE REIGN OF CHARLES II.
+
+
+Charles II. succeeded his father on the 17th of September, 1665, when he
+was only four years of age. The grand inquisitors, during his reign,
+were, Cardinal Don Pascual d'Aragon, archbishop of Toledo; Father John
+Everard de Nitardo, a German Jesuit; Don Diego de Sarmiento de
+Valladarés, bishop of Oviedo and Placentia; Don Juan Thomas Rocaberti,
+archbishop of Valencia; Cardinal Don Alphonso Fernandez de Cordova y
+Aguilar; and Don Balthazar de Mendoza-Sandoval, bishop of Segovia.
+
+The infancy of Charles II., the ambition of his brother Don John of
+Austria, the imperious temper of the queen-mother, Maria Anne of
+Austria, and the machiavelism of the Jesuit Nitardo, gave occasion for
+a number of scandalous events during this reign. The weakness of the
+government was the principal cause of the insolent conduct of the
+inquisitors.
+
+When Charles II. married Maria Louisa de Bourbon in 1680, the taste of
+the nation was so depraved, that a grand _auto-da-fé_, composed of a
+hundred and eighteen victims, was considered as a proper and flattering
+homage to the new queen; nineteen persons were burnt, with thirty-four
+effigies. None of the cases were remarkable, and may therefore be passed
+over in silence, together with another _auto-da-fé_ which was celebrated
+in the church of the convent of the nuns of St. Dominic. Some manuscript
+notes indicate that some of the condemned avoided the fate which awaited
+them, by bribing the inferior officers of the tribunal; I am persuaded
+that this assertion is incorrect, because the subalterns had very little
+influence after the criminals were arrested.
+
+The most celebrated trial of the Inquisition in this reign is that of
+Fray Froilan Diaz, bishop elect of Avila, and confessor to the king. The
+habitual weakness of Charles II., and the failure of an heir, created a
+suspicion that he was _bewitched_. The Cardinal Portocarrero and the
+inquisitor-general Rocaberti believed in sorcery, and after persuading
+the king that he was bewitched, they entreated him to suffer himself to
+be exorcised according to the formulary of the church. Charles
+consented, and was exorcised by his confessor. The novelty of this
+proceeding occasioned many remarks, and Froilan was informed that
+another monk was at that time exorcising a nun at Cangas de Tineo, in
+order to free her from the demons, which, she said, tormented her.
+Froilan and the inquisitor-general charged the exorcist of the
+_demoniac_ to command the demon, by the formula of the ritual, to
+declare if Charles II. was bewitched or not, and if he replied in the
+affirmative, to make him reveal the nature of the sorcery; if it was
+permanent; if it was attached to anything that the king had eaten or
+drank, to images or other objects; in what place it might be found; and
+lastly, if there were any natural means of preventing its effects: the
+confessor added several other questions, and desired the exorcist to
+urge them with all the zeal which the interest of the king and the state
+required.
+
+The monk at first refused to question the demon, because it is forbidden
+by the church; but on being assured by the inquisitor-general that it
+would not be sinful in the present circumstances, he faithfully
+performed all that had been requested of him. The demon declared by the
+mouth of the demoniac, that a spell had been put upon the king by a
+person who was named. According to the private notes of that time, the
+criminal was an agent of the Court of Vienna; but Cardinal Portocarrero
+and the confessor Diaz were the partisans of France for the succession
+of Spain.
+
+Diaz was very much alarmed at this information, and redoubled his
+conjurations until he learned some method of destroying the enchantment.
+Before this operation was concluded, Rocaberti died, and was succeeded
+by Don Balthazar de Mendoza, who was of the Austrian party; he signified
+to the king that all that had taken place had arisen from the imprudent
+zeal of his confessor, and that he must be removed. The king followed
+his advice, and made Froilan Bishop of Avila; but the new
+inquisitor-general, not contented with preventing the expedition of the
+bulls, prosecuted him for having made use of demons to discover hidden
+things.
+
+Mendoza directed this attack in concert with Torres Palmosa, the king's
+confessor, who was as eager for the ruin of Froilan Diaz as himself;
+this man communicated to Mendoza the letters which Diaz had received
+from Cangas, which were found among his papers.
+
+Mendoza examined witnesses, and after combining their declarations with
+the contents of the letters, he gave them to five qualifiers who were
+devoted to him, and made Don Juan Arcemendi, a counsellor of the
+Inquisition, and Don Dominic de la Cantolla, official of the
+secretaryship of the Supreme Council, their president and secretary.
+However, the five qualifiers declared that the trial offered no fact or
+proposition worthy of theological censure.
+
+This decision was very displeasing to Mendoza; but relying on his
+influence in the council, he proposed that Diaz should be arrested: the
+councillors refused, because the measure was unjust, and contrary to the
+laws of the holy office, according to the decision of the five
+qualifiers. This resistance irritated the inquisitor-general, who caused
+the decree to be drawn up, signed it, and sent it to the council, with
+an order to register it with the ordinary forms. The councillors replied
+that they could not perform a ceremony which they considered illegal,
+because the resolution had not been adopted by a majority of votes.
+
+During these transactions, Diaz made his escape to Rome: Mendoza, who
+could depend upon the king's confessor, induced him to persuade the king
+that this was an offence against the rights of the crown, and obtained a
+letter from him to the Duke de Uzeda, his ambassador at Rome, commanding
+him to seize the person of Diaz, and send him under an escort to
+Carthagena.
+
+The anonymous author of Anecdotes of the Court of Rome says, that Diaz
+went thither to show to the Pope the will of Charles II., by which
+Philip de Bourbon was called to the throne of Spain; and that his return
+as a prisoner was occasioned by a court intrigue; but there is no
+evidence to prove this assertion. The inquisitor-general sent Froilan
+Diaz to the prison of the Inquisition of Murcia, and commanded the
+inquisitors to begin his trial. They appointed as qualifiers nine of the
+most learned theologians of the diocese, who unanimously gave the same
+answer as those of the Supreme Council: the inquisitors consequently
+declared that there was no cause for the arrest. The inquisitor-general
+then caused Diaz to be transferred to Madrid. Mendoza afterwards charged
+the fiscal of the Inquisition to accuse him as a dogmatizing
+arch-heretic, for having said that an intercourse with the demon might
+be permitted, in order to learn the art of curing the sick.
+
+Charles II. died about this time, and Philip was at first too much
+engaged with the war against the Archduke Charles of Austria, to
+discover the intrigues and artifices of Mendoza. He at last submitted
+the affair to the Council of Castile, on the 24th of December, 1703,
+which decided that the arrest of Diaz was contrary to the common laws,
+and those of the holy office. The Supreme Council then decreed that Diaz
+should be set at liberty and acquitted.
+
+It must be observed, that the demon affirmed that God had permitted a
+spell to be put upon the king, and that it could not be taken off,
+because the holy sacrament was in the church without lamps or wax
+candles, the communities of monks dying of hunger, and other reasons of
+the same nature. Two other demons who were interrogated, only agreed in
+declaring the necessity of favouring the churches, convents, and
+communities of Dominican monks; perhaps because the inquisitor-generals
+Rocaberti and Diaz were of that order.
+
+This prince convoked the _grand junta_, composed of two councillors of
+state, two members of each of the Councils of Castile, Aragon, Italy,
+the Indies, the military orders and the finances, and one of the king's
+secretaries. The royal secretary informed the junta that the disputes
+between the inquisitors and the civil judges had caused so much
+disturbance, that the king had resolved to commission the assembly to
+propose a plain and fixed rule, to secure to the Inquisition the respect
+due to it, and to prevent the inquisitors from undertaking trials
+foreign to the jurisdiction of the holy office. The king commanded the
+six councils to remit to the junta all the papers necessary for the
+examination of the affair.
+
+On the 21st of May, 1696, the grand junta made a report, stating that it
+appeared from the papers which had been examined, that the greatest
+disorder had long existed in the different jurisdictions, because the
+inquisitors had arbitrarily extended their power, so that the common
+tribunals had scarcely anything to do; that they punished the slightest
+offence against themselves or their domestics with the greatest
+severity, as if it was a crime against religion; that not content with
+exempting their officers from taxes, they gave their houses the
+privileges of an asylum, so that a criminal could not be taken from
+them, even by a judicial order; and if the public authorities exercised
+their powers, they dared to complain of it as a sacrilegious violation
+of the church; that in their official letters, and in the conduct of
+their affairs, they showed an intention of weakening the respect of the
+people towards the royal judges, and even to make the authority of
+superior magistrates contemptible; and that they affected a certain
+independent manner of thinking on the subjects of administration and
+public economy, which made them forgetful of the rights of the crown.
+
+The junta then stated that these abuses had caused complaints from the
+subjects, division among the ministers, discouragement to the tribunals,
+and much trouble to his majesty in settling their differences. That this
+conduct had appeared so intolerable, even in the beginning, that the
+powers of the Inquisition had been suspended for ten years by Charles
+V., until it was restored by Philip II., in the absence of his father,
+with some restrictions, which had not been well observed; that the
+extreme moderation with which the inquisitors had been treated was the
+cause of their boldness.
+
+The junta proposed for the reformation of the holy office; 1st. That the
+Inquisition should not make use of censures in civil affairs. 2nd. That
+in case they employed them, the royal tribunals should be charged to
+oppose them by the means in their power. 3rd. That the privileges of the
+inquisitorial jurisdiction should be limited, in respect to the
+ministers and familiars of the Inquisition, and the relations of the
+inquisitors. 4th. That measures should be adopted to ensure the
+immediate settlement of affairs relating to competence and mutual
+pretensions.
+
+The Count de Frigiliana, councillor of state, added that the inquisitors
+ought to be compelled to give an account of the revenues of the holy
+office. These observations, and the propositions of the junta, had no
+effect; for the inquisitor-general Rocaberti, and Froilan Diaz,
+succeeded in changing the favourable inclinations of the king.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XL.
+
+OF THE INQUISITION IN THE REIGN OF PHILIP V.
+
+
+Philip V. succeeded his uncle Charles II. on the 1st of November, 1700;
+he died on the 9th of July, 1746. The grand-inquisitors, during this
+period, were, Don Balthazar Mendoza y Sandoval; Don Vidal Marin, Bishop
+of Ceuta; Don Antonio Ibañez de la Riba-Herrera, Archbishop of
+Saragossa; Cardinal Don Francis Judice; Don Joseph de Molinos; Don Diego
+de Astorga Cespedes, Bishop of Barcelona; Don Juan de Camargo, Bishop of
+Pampeluna; Don Andres de Orbe Larreategui, Archbishop of Valencia; Don
+Manuel-Isidore Manrique de Lara, Archbishop of Santiago; and Don Francis
+Perez de Prado Cuesta, Bishop of Teruel, who was still in office at the
+death of Philip V.
+
+The court had always been so favourable to the Inquisition, that the
+inquisitors thought that a solemn _auto-da-fé_ in celebration of his
+accession would be agreeable to the king. It took place in 1701, but
+Philip refused to be present at this barbarous scene. He however
+protected the tribunal of the holy office, according to the advice of
+his grandfather, Louis XIV., who told him, that he must support the
+Inquisition as the surest means of maintaining the tranquillity of his
+kingdom. This system acquired fresh importance in his eyes when Don
+Vidal Marin, the inquisitor-general, published an edict excommunicating
+all those who did not denounce the persons who had been heard to say,
+that they thought themselves permitted to violate the oath of fidelity
+to Philip V. This edict gave occasion for several trials, but none of
+them were followed by a definitive sentence.
+
+Judaism was nearly extirpated during the reign of Philip V.; it had been
+secretly propagated for the second time in a remarkable manner, after
+the reunion of Portugal to Spain. A yearly _auto-da-fé_ was celebrated
+by all the tribunals of the Inquisition, during the reign of this
+prince; some of them held two, and three were performed at Seville and
+Grenada. Thus, without including those of America, Sardinia and Sicily,
+seven hundred and eighty-two _autos-da-fé_ took place at Madrid,
+Barcelona, the Canaries, Cordova, Cuença, Grenada, Jaen, Llerena,
+Logroño, Majorca, Murcia, Santiago, Seville, Toledo, Valencia,
+Valladolid and Saragossa.
+
+In fifty-four of these ceremonies seventy-four persons were burnt, with
+sixty-three effigies, and eight-hundred and eighty-one condemned to
+penances. From this statement we may calculate, that during the
+forty-six years of the reign of Philip V. fourteen thousand and
+sixty-six individuals were condemned by the Inquisition to different
+punishments.
+
+It has been a common opinion, that the Inquisition began to be less
+severe towards heretics, when the princes of the house of Bourbon
+ascended the throne of Spain; but other causes seem to have decreased
+the number of its victims, which will be considered in the following
+chapters.
+
+Among the pretended sorcerers condemned by the Inquisition was Juan
+Perez de Espejo, who was punished at Madrid in 1743, as a blasphemous
+hypocrite and a sorcerer. This person, after taking the name of _Juan de
+St. Esprit_, is said to have been the founder of the _Congregation of
+Hospitaliers_ or of the _Divine Shepherd_, which still exists. He was
+condemned to receive two hundred stripes, and to be imprisoned ten years
+in a fortress.
+
+A number of the disciples of _Molinos_ were also condemned. Don Joseph
+Fernandez de Toro, Bishop of Oviedo, was condemned for this doctrine in
+1721. The Inquisition of Logroño burnt Don Juan de Causados, a prebend
+of Tudela, the most intimate friend and disciple of _Molinos_; he had
+promulgated his mystic doctrines with great zeal and enthusiasm. His
+nephew, Juan de Longas, maintained this doctrine after his death; he is
+still known in Navarre, Rioxa, Burgos, and Soria, by the name of
+_Brother John_. The inquisitors of Logroño condemned him, in 1729, to
+receive two hundred stripes, and sent him for ten years to the galleys:
+he was afterwards imprisoned for life. Unfortunately some monks of his
+order had adopted his sentiments, and had communicated them to several
+nuns of the Convents of Lerma and Corrella, which gave occasion to
+several _autos-da-fé_.
+
+Donna Agueda de Luna was the principal of these: she was born of noble
+parents at Corella, in Navarre. In 1712 she entered the Carmelite
+Convent at Lerma, with so great a reputation for virtue, that she was
+looked upon as a saint. In 1713 she had already adopted the heresy of
+Molinos; she passed twenty years in the convent, and her fame was
+continually increased by the accounts of her ecstasies and miracles,
+which were promulgated by Juan de Longas, the Prior de Lerma, the
+provincial, and other monks of the first rank, who were all accomplices
+in the imposture of Agueda, and interested in her reputation for
+sanctity.
+
+A convent was founded at the place of her birth, and she was made
+prioress; in this character she continued her iniquitous course of life
+without losing any of her reputation, which, on the contrary, became so
+great, that the inhabitants of all the neighbouring countries repaired
+to her to implore her intercession with God.
+
+After having passed a life full of iniquity, concealed by an appearance
+of sanctity, Agueda was denounced to the Inquisition of Logroño; she was
+taken to the secret prison, where she died from the consequences of the
+torture, before her trial was terminated. She confessed during the
+question that her sanctity was an imposture; she appeared to repent in
+her last moments, and received absolution. It was said in the
+informations taken during the trial, that Agueda had made a compact with
+the demon, and had sold her soul to him. She was also accused of
+infanticide, and some bones were found in the spot where it was said
+that her children were murdered and buried.
+
+Fray Juan de la Vega, provincial of the barefooted Carmelites, was also
+prosecuted as an accomplice of Agueda; he was her spiritual director,
+and, according to the evidence in his trial, had participated in her
+crimes, and seduced several other nuns. Several persons declared that
+Fray Juan had likewise made a compact with the demon; but he denied the
+fact, and resisted the severity of the torture, although he was advanced
+in years. He only confessed that he had received the money for eleven
+thousand eight hundred masses which had not been said. He was declared
+to be suspected in the highest degree, and sent to the desert Convent of
+Duruelo, where he died a short time after.
+
+The provincial, and the secretary, and the two monks who had held those
+offices in the three preceding years, were implicated in the charges,
+arrested, tortured, and denied the facts; they were confined in the
+convents of their order in Majorca, Bilboa, Valladolid, and Osma. The
+annalist of the order confessed his crime, and appeared in the
+_auto-da-fé_ with the _San-benito_. The other nuns who were found guilty
+were dispersed in different convents.
+
+The trial of Don Balthazar Mendoza-Sandoval, Bishop of Segovia and
+inquisitor-general, was equally famous, though from a different cause.
+The conduct of this bad prelate towards Froilan Diaz has been related in
+the preceding chapter. When the Supreme Council refused to sanction the
+enormous abuse of his powers which he meditated, Mendoza ordered the
+arrest of three of the councillors who had been the most remarkable in
+their opposition; he requested of the king, in a false representation,
+the dismissal of Don Antonio Zambrana, Don Juan Arzemendi, and Don Juan
+Miguelez, whom he sent loaded with chains to Santiago de Grenada, and
+formed the bold design of depriving the council of the right of
+intervention in the trials submitted to them, and the members of the
+power of voting a definitive sentence.
+
+This act of despotism roused the resolution of Philip V. On the 24th of
+December he submitted the affair to the Council of Castile. On the 21st
+of January, 1704, the council proposed that the Supreme Council should
+be re-established in the possession of the privileges it had enjoyed
+since the foundation of the Inquisition, and that the three members
+should be restored to their office. The king took this advice, and
+commanded Mendoza to give in his resignation and leave Madrid.
+
+Mendoza complained to the Pope, who wrote to the king to remonstrate on
+the manner of treating one of his sub-delegates. The king, however,
+maintained his resolution with firmness, and Mendoza was obliged to
+obey.
+
+The king gave another proof of his firmness in defending the privileges
+of the crown, in his conduct towards the Inquisitor-general Judice, in
+the affair of Don Melchior Macanaz[75]. Philip, however, endured an
+insult from the Inquisition, which it is surprising that he did not
+avenge. He had complained of a decree which Cardinal Judice had signed
+at Marli in 1714, prohibiting the works of Macanaz. The members of the
+Supreme Council had the boldness to reply that his majesty might
+_suppress_ the holy office if he thought proper, but _that, according to
+the apostolic bulls, he could not prevent it from exercising its office
+while it continued in existence_.
+
+The Council of Castile, on the 3rd of November, 1714, gave the king
+substantial reasons for the suppression of the holy office. The
+ordinance for that purpose was prepared, and the blow would have been
+struck, but for the intrigues of the Queen, Isabella Farnese; the Jesuit
+Daubenton, her confessor, and Cardinal Alberoni, who made the faithful
+and zealous conduct of Macanaz appear in a criminal light. They reminded
+the king of the advice of Louis XIV., and obtained another decree
+annulling the first. In this ordinance the king acknowledges that he had
+paid too much attention to the evil advice of perfidious ministers, and
+approves the prohibition of the works of Macanaz as favourable to the
+rights of the crown, re-establishes the counsellors who had been
+dismissed, and praises the conduct of Cardinal Judice.
+
+The Inquisition prohibited the works of _Barclay_ and _Talon_ in the
+same edict with those of Macanaz, because they defended the rights of
+the crown against the pretensions of the Court of Rome, and Philip had
+the weakness to sanction an act so prejudicial to his own authority. It
+was during this reign that the works of Nicolas Belando and Don Joseph
+Quiros were prohibited[76].
+
+Among the trials I examined at Saragossa, was one very similar to that
+of Corellas, but the criminals had not committed the crime of
+infanticide, or made a compact with the demon.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLI.
+
+OF THE INQUISITION DURING THE REIGN OF FERDINAND VI.
+
+
+Philip V. left his crown to Ferdinand VI., his eldest son by his first
+wife, Gabriella of Savoy. This prince reigned from the 9th of July,
+1746, to the 10th of August, 1759; he died without children. He was
+succeeded by his brother, Charles III. of Naples, the son of Philip V.
+and Isabella Farnese, his second wife. Don Francis Perez del Prado,
+Bishop of Teruel, held the office of inquisitor-general at the accession
+of Ferdinand. He was succeeded by Don Manuel Quintano Bonifaz,
+Archbishop of Pharsala, who was still in office at the death of that
+Prince.
+
+The rise of good taste in literature in Spain, the restoration of which
+was prepared under Philip V., was dated from the reign of Ferdinand VI.
+On this circumstance is founded the opinion that the accession of the
+Bourbons caused a change in the system of the Inquisition; yet these
+princes never gave any new laws to the institution, or suppressed any of
+the ancient code, and, consequently, did not prevent any of the numerous
+_autos-da-fé_ which were celebrated in their reigns. But Philip
+established at Madrid two Royal Academies for History and the Spanish
+language, on the model of that of Paris, and favoured a friendly
+intercourse between the _literati_ of the two nations.
+
+The agreement made in 1737 with the Court of Rome, concerning the
+contributions to be imposed on the clergy, and some other points of
+discipline, had rendered appeals to the Pope more rare; and many
+opinions were admitted to be reasonable, which had been long represented
+as unfavourable to religion and piety, by the ignorance and superstition
+of one side, and the malevolence of the other. The establishment of
+weekly papers made the people acquainted with works they had never
+before heard of, and informed them of resolutions of the Catholic
+princes, concerning the clergy, which a short time before they would
+have considered as an outrage against religion and its ministers. The
+_Diario de los Literatos_ (Journal de Savans) also opened the eyes of
+many persons, who, till then, had not been able to judge of books.
+
+These circumstances, and some other causes, during the reign of Philip
+V. prepared the way for the interesting revolution in Spanish literature
+under Ferdinand VI. This change was followed by a great benefit to
+mankind; the inquisitors, and even their inferior officers, began to
+perceive that zeal for the purity of the Catholic religion is exposed to
+the admission of erroneous opinions. The doctrine of Macanaz no longer
+shocked the people, who heard with tranquillity all that had been
+written on the appeal against violence (_fuerzas_), and without dreading
+the anathemas fulminated every year by the Popes in the bull _in coena
+dominum_.
+
+The effect of this change in opinion was particularly conspicuous in the
+reduction of the number of trials for Judaism and, consequently, in the
+victims in the _autos-da-fé_. During the reign of Ferdinand, no general,
+and not more than thirty-four private _autos-da-fé_ were celebrated; the
+persons who appeared in them were condemned for blasphemy, bigamy, and
+pretended sorcery. Ten persons only were relaxed, and one hundred and
+seventy subjected to penances: those who were burnt had relapsed into
+Judaism. The Jews had been so severely persecuted in the preceding
+reigns, that scarcely any remained.
+
+Jansenism and Freemasonry particularly occupied the Inquisition under
+Ferdinand VI. The Jesuits called those persons Jansenists who did not
+adopt the opinions of Molina, on grace and free-will: their adversaries
+designated them as Pelagians. These parties reciprocally accused each
+other of favouring heresy. But the faction of the Jesuits prevailed
+during the reigns of Philip V. and his successor, because their
+confessors were of that order.
+
+Freemasonry was an object entirely new to the Inquisition. Clement XII.
+had expedited on the 28th of April, 1738, the bull _in Eminenti_, in
+which he excommunicates the freemasons. In 1740 Philip issued a royal
+ordinance against them, and many were arrested and sent to the galleys.
+The inquisitors took advantage of the example, and treated the members
+of a lodge discovered at Madrid with great severity. The punishment of
+death was decreed against freemasons, in 1739, by the Cardinal Vicar of
+Rome, in the name of the high-priest of the God of peace and mercy!
+Benedict XIV. renewed the bull of Clement, in 1751. Fray Joseph
+Torrubia, examiner of books for the holy office, denounced the existence
+of freemasons, and Ferdinand published an ordinance against them in the
+same year, in which it was said, that all who did not conform to the
+regulations contained in it, would be punished as state criminals guilty
+of _high treason_. Charles III., then King of Naples, prohibited the
+masonic assemblies on the same day. The following pages contain the
+notice of a trial of this nature, which took place at Madrid, in 1757.
+
+M. Tournon, a Frenchman, had been invited into Spain, and pensioned by
+the government, in order to establish a manufactory of brass or copper
+buckles, and to instruct Spanish workmen. On the 30th of April, 1757, he
+was denounced to the holy office as suspected of heresy by one of his
+pupils, who acted in obedience to the commands of his confessor.
+
+The charges were: 1st. That M. Tournon had asked his pupils to become
+freemasons, promising that the _Grand Orient_ of Paris should send a
+commission to receive them into the order, if they should submit to the
+trials he should propose, to ascertain their courage and firmness; and
+that their titles of reception should be expedited from Paris. 2nd.
+That some of these young workmen appeared inclined to comply, if M.
+Tournon would inform them of the object of the institution. That in
+order to satisfy them, he told them several extraordinary things, and
+showed them a sort of picture on which were figured instruments of
+architecture and astronomy. They thought that these representations
+related to sorcery, and they were confirmed in the idea, on hearing the
+imprecations which, according to M. Tournon, were to accompany the oath
+of secrecy.
+
+It appeared from the depositions of three witnesses that M. Tournon was
+a freemason. He was arrested and imprisoned on the 20th of May. The
+following conversation, which took place in the first audience of
+_monition_, may be interesting to some readers. After asking his name,
+birth-place, and his reason for coming to Spain, and making him swear to
+speak the truth, the inquisitor proceeded:--
+
+_Question._ Do you know or suppose why you have been arrested by the
+holy office?
+
+_Answer._ I suppose it is for having said that I was a freemason.
+
+_Q._ Why do you suppose so?
+
+_A._ Because I have informed my pupils that I was of that order, and I
+fear that they have denounced me; for I have perceived lately that they
+speak to me with an air of mystery, and their questions lead me to
+believe that they think me an heretic.
+
+_Q._ Did you tell them the truth?
+
+_A._ Yes.
+
+_Q._ You are then a freemason?
+
+_A._ Yes.
+
+_Q._ How long have you been so?
+
+_A._ For twenty years.
+
+_Q._ Have you attended the assemblies of freemasons?
+
+_A._ Yes, at Paris.
+
+_Q._ Have you attended them in Spain?
+
+_A._ No; I do not know if there are any lodges in Spain.
+
+_Q._ If there were, should you attend them?
+
+_A._ Yes.
+
+_Q._ Are you a Christian, a Roman Catholic?
+
+_A._ Yes; I was baptized in the parish of St. Paul, at Paris.
+
+_Q._ How, as a Christian, can you dare to attend masonic assemblies,
+when you know, or ought to know, that they are contrary to religion?
+
+_A._ I did not know that; I am ignorant of it at present, because I
+never saw or heard anything there which was contrary to religion.
+
+_Q._ How can you say that, when you know that freemasons profess
+_indifference_ in matters of religion, which is contrary to the article
+of faith, which teaches us that no man can be saved who does not profess
+the Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman religion?
+
+_A._ The freemasons do not profess that _indifference_. But it is
+_indifferent_ if the person received into the order be a Catholic or
+not.
+
+_Q._ Then the freemasons are an _anti-religious_ body?
+
+_A._ That cannot be; for the object of the institution is not to combat
+or deny the necessity or utility of any religion, but for the exercise
+of charity towards the unfortunate of any sect, particularly if he is a
+member of the society.
+
+_Q._ One proof that _indifference_ is the religious character of
+freemasons is, that they do not acknowledge the Holy Trinity, since they
+only confess one God, whom they call the _Great Architect of the
+Universe_, which agrees with the doctrine of the heretical philosophers,
+who say that there is no true religion but _natural religion_, in which
+the existence of God the Creator only is allowed, and the rest
+considered as a human invention. And as M. Tournon has professed himself
+to be of the Catholic religion, he is required by the respect he owes to
+our Saviour Jesus Christ, true God and man, and to his blessed mother,
+the Virgin Mary, our Lady, to declare the truth according to his oath;
+because in that case, he will acquit his conscience, and it will be
+allowable to treat him with that mercy and compassion which the holy
+office always showed towards sinners who confess: and if, on the
+contrary, he conceals anything, he will be punished with all the
+severity of justice, according to the holy canons and the laws of the
+kingdom?
+
+_A._ The mystery of the Holy Trinity is neither maintained nor combated
+in the masonic lodges: neither is the religious system of the natural
+philosophers approved or rejected; God is designated as the Great
+Architect of the Universe, according to the allegories of the freemasons
+which relate to architecture. In order to fulfil my promise of speaking
+truth, I must repeat, that in the masonic lodges nothing takes place
+which concerns any religious system, and that the subjects treated of
+are foreign to religion, under the allegories of architectural works.
+
+_Q._ Do you believe as a Catholic, that it is a sin of superstition to
+mingle holy and religious things with profane things?
+
+_A._ I am not sufficiently acquainted with the particular things which
+are prohibited as contrary to the purity of the Christian religion; but
+I have believed till now, that those who confound the one with the
+other, either by mistake, or a vain belief, are guilty of the sin of
+superstition.
+
+_Q._ Is it true that in the ceremonies which accompany the reception of
+a mason, the crucified image of our Saviour, the corpse of a man, and a
+skull, and other objects of a profane nature, are made use of?
+
+_A._ The general statutes of freemasonry do not ordain these things: if
+they are made use of, it must have arisen from a particular custom, or
+from the arbitrary regulations of the members of the body, who are
+commissioned to prepare for the reception of candidates; for each lodge
+has particular customs and ceremonies.
+
+_Q._ That is not the question; say if it true that these ceremonies are
+observed in masonic lodges?
+
+_A._ Yes, or no, according to the regulations of those who are charged
+with the ceremonies of the initiation.
+
+_Q._ Were they observed when you were initiated?
+
+_A._ No.
+
+_Q._ What oath is it necessary to take on being received a freemason?
+
+_A._ We swear to observe secrecy.
+
+_Q._ On what?
+
+_A._ On things which it may be inconvenient to publish.
+
+_Q._ Is this oath accompanied by execrations?
+
+_A._ Yes.
+
+_Q._ What are they?
+
+_A._ We consent to suffer all the evils which can afflict the body and
+soul if we violate the oath.
+
+_Q._ Of what importance is this oath, since it is believed that such
+formidable execrations may be used without indecency?
+
+_A._ That of good order in the society.
+
+_Q._ What passes in these lodges which it might be inconvenient to
+publish?
+
+_A._ Nothing, if it is looked upon without prejudice; but as people are
+generally mistaken in this matter, it is necessary to avoid giving cause
+for malicious interpretations; and this would take place if what passes
+when the brothers assemble was made public.
+
+_Q._ Of what use is the crucifix, if the reception of a freemason is not
+considered as a religious act?
+
+_A._ It is presented to penetrate the soul with the most profound
+respect at the moment that the novice takes the oath. It is not used in
+every lodge, and only when particular grades are conferred.
+
+_Q._ Why is the skull used?
+
+_A._ That the idea of death may inspire a horror of perjury.
+
+_Q._ Of what use is the corpse?
+
+_A._ To complete the allegory of Hiram, architect of the temple of
+Jerusalem, who, it is said, was assassinated by traitors, and to induce
+a greater detestation of assassination and other offences against our
+neighbours, to whom we ought to be as benevolent brothers.
+
+_Q._ Is it true that the festival of St. John is celebrated in the
+lodges, and that the masons have chosen him for their patron?
+
+_A._ Yes.
+
+_Q._ What worship is rendered him in celebrating his festival?
+
+_A._ None; that it may not be mingled with profane things. This
+celebration is confined to a fraternal repast, after which a discourse
+is read, exhorting the guests to beneficence towards their
+fellow-creatures, in honour of God, the great architect, creator, and
+preserver of the universe.
+
+_Q._ Is it true that the sun, moon, and stars, are honoured in the
+lodges?
+
+_A._ No.
+
+_Q._ Is it true that their images or symbols are exposed?
+
+_A._ Yes.
+
+_Q._ Why are they so?
+
+_A._ In order to elucidate the allegories of the great, continual, and
+true light which the lodges receive from the great Architect of the
+world, and these representations belong to the brothers, and engage them
+to be charitable.
+
+_Q._ M. Tournon will observe that all the explanations he has given of
+the facts and ceremonies which take place in the lodges, are false and
+different from those which he voluntarily communicated to other persons
+worthy of belief; he is therefore again invited, by the respect he owes
+to God and the Holy Virgin, to declare and confess the heresies of
+_indifferentism_, the errors of _superstition_, which mingle holy and
+profane things, and the errors of _idolatry_, which led him to worship
+the stars: this confession is necessary for the acquittal of his
+conscience and the good of his soul; because if he confesses with sorrow
+for having committed these crimes, detesting them and humbly soliciting
+pardon (before the fiscal accuses him of these heinous sins), the holy
+tribunal will be permitted to exercise towards him that compassion and
+mercy which it always displays to repentant sinners; and because if he
+is judicially accused, he must be treated with all the severity
+prescribed against heretics by the holy canons, apostolical bulls, and
+the laws of the kingdom.
+
+_A._ I have declared the truth, and if any witnesses have deposed to the
+contrary, they have mistaken the meaning of my words; for I have never
+spoken on this subject to any but the workmen in my manufactory, and
+then only in the same sense conveyed by my replies.
+
+_Q._ Not content with being a freemason, you have persuaded other
+persons to be received into the order, and to embrace the heretical
+superstitions and pagan errors into which you have fallen.
+
+_A._ It is true that I have requested these persons to become
+freemasons, because I thought it would be useful to them if they
+travelled into foreign countries, where they might meet brothers of
+their order, who could assist them in any difficulty; but it is not true
+that I engaged them to adopt any errors contrary to the Catholic faith,
+since no such errors are to be found in freemasonry, which does not
+concern any points of doctrine.
+
+_Q._ It has been already proved that these errors are not chimerical;
+therefore let M. Tournon consider that he has been a dogmatizing
+heretic, and that it is necessary that he should acknowledge it with
+humility, and ask pardon and absolution for the censures which he has
+incurred; since, if he persists in his obstinacy he will destroy both
+his body and soul; and as this is the first audience of _monition_, he
+is advised to reflect on his condition, and prepare for the two other
+audiences which are granted by the compassion and mercy which the holy
+tribunal always feels for the accused.
+
+M. Tournon was taken back to the prison; he persisted in giving the same
+answers in the first and second audiences. The fiscal presented his act
+of accusation, which, according to custom, was divided into the articles
+similar to the charges of the witnesses. The accused confessed the
+facts, but explained them as he had done before. He was desired to
+choose an advocate, but he declined this, alleging that the Spanish
+lawyers were not acquainted with the masonic lodges, and were as much
+prejudiced against them as the public. He therefore thought it better
+for him to acknowledge that he was wrong, and might have been deceived
+from being ignorant of particular doctrines; he demanded absolution, and
+offered to perform any penance imposed on him, adding, that he hoped the
+punishment would be moderate, on account of the good faith which he had
+shown, and which he had always preserved, seeing nothing but beneficence
+practised and recommended in the masonic lodges, without denying or
+combating any article of the Catholic faith.
+
+The fiscal consented to this arrangement, and M. Tournon was condemned
+to be imprisoned for one year, after which he was to be conducted under
+an escort to the frontiers of France; he was banished from Spain for
+ever, unless he obtained permission to return from the king or the holy
+office. During the first month of his imprisonment, he was directed to
+perform spiritual exercises, and a general confession; to spend half an
+hour every morning in reading the meditations on the book of _spiritual
+exercises_ of St. Ignatius de Loyola, and half an hour in the evening in
+reading the considerations of Father John Eusebius Nieremberg, in his
+work on the _difference between temporal and eternal_; to recite every
+day part of the Rosary of Our Lady, and often to repeat the acts of
+faith, hope, charity, and contrition; to learn by heart the catechism
+of Father Astete, and to prepare himself to receive absolution, at
+Christmas, Easter, and Pentecost.
+
+A private _auto-da-fé_ was celebrated in the hall of the tribunal, in
+which M. Tournon appeared without the _san-benito_, and signed his
+abjuration, with a promise never again to attend the assemblies of the
+freemasons.
+
+M. Tournon went to France, and it does not appear that he ever returned
+to Spain.
+
+The society of freemasons has occupied the learned men, since the middle
+of the seventeenth century, and the number of fables which have been
+published concerning it have confused the subject, and done much injury
+to it. The mysterious initiations of this order first began to attract
+observation in England, during the reign of Charles I., who perished on
+the scaffold in 1649. The enemies of Cromwell and the republican system
+then established the dignity of _grand master_ of the English lodges, to
+prepare the minds of the freemasons for the re-establishment of the
+monarchy. William III. was a freemason, and though the dynasty was
+changed by the accession of George I., it does not appear that
+freemasonry was suspected in England. It was introduced into France in
+1723, and Ramsay, a Scotchman, established a lodge in London in 1728,
+giving out that the society had been founded in 1099, by Godfrey de
+Bouillon, King of Jerusalem; preserved by the Knights Templars, and
+brought to Edinburgh, where it was established by King Robert Bruce in
+1314. In 1729 the order was introduced into Ireland. Holland received it
+in 1731, and the first lodges were opened in Russia in the same year: it
+appeared in Boston in America in 1733, and in several other towns of the
+New World, subject to England. It was also established in Italy in that
+year, and two years after freemasons were found at Lisbon.
+
+I believe the first severe measure against the freemasons in Europe,
+was that which was decreed on the 14th of December, 1733, by the chamber
+of Police of the Chatelet at Paris: it prohibited freemasons from
+assembling, and condemned M. Chapelot to a penalty of six thousand
+livres, for having suffered them to assemble in his house. Louis XV.
+commanded that those Peers of France, and other gentlemen who had the
+privilege of the _entry_, should be deprived of that honour, if they
+were members of a masonic lodge. The grand-master of the Parisian
+lodges, being obliged to quit France, convoked an assembly of Freemasons
+to appoint his successor. Louis XV., on being informed of it, declared
+that if a Frenchman was elected, he would send him to the Bastile.
+However, the Duke d'Antin was chosen, and after his death, Louis de
+Bourbon, prince of Conti, succeeded him. Louis de Bourbon, duke de
+Chartres, another prince of the blood, became grand-master.
+
+In 1737, the Dutch prohibited the assemblies of freemasons as a
+precautionary measure, without charging them with any crimes; the
+members of a lodge assembled, they were arrested and prosecuted, but
+they defended themselves with so much energy, that they were acquitted,
+and the prohibition revoked.
+
+The Elector Palatine of the Rhine also prohibited the order in his
+states, and arrested several members at Manheim, in consequence of their
+disobedience.
+
+John Gaston, grand duke of Tuscany, published a decree of proscription
+against the lodges in the same year. This prince died soon after, and
+the masons again assembled: they were denounced to Pope Clement XII.
+This pontiff sent an inquisitor to Florence, who imprisoned several
+members of the society, but Francis of Lorraine, when he became Grand
+Duke, set them at liberty. He declared himself the protector of the
+institution, and founded several lodges in Florence, and other towns in
+his states.
+
+If I was a member of the society, I would do all in my power to abolish
+those things which gave the inquisitors and other ecclesiastics occasion
+to say, that sacred and profane things are mingled in the masonic
+ceremonies; particularly the following, which have already appeared in
+printed works.
+
+In the sixth grade, or rank, which is that of _particular secretary_
+(_secretary intime_,) the history of Hiram, king of Tyre, is taken from
+the ninth chapter of the third book of Kings for the masonic allegories;
+and _Jehovah_, the ineffable name of God, for the _sacred_ word of
+freemasonry; this custom is likewise observed with some slight
+differences in several other grades.
+
+In the eighteenth, called the _Rosicrusian of Haradom_ of Kilwiniug, is
+a representation of columns with inscriptions; the highest is as
+follows: _In the name of the Holy and indivisible Trinity_: lower down,
+_May our salvation be eternal in God_; still lower, _We have the
+happiness of being in the pacific unity of the sacred numbers_. The
+history of the second chapter of the first, and the nineteenth of the
+second book of Esdras is made use of; the word of order between two
+freemasons of the same rank is INRI, which some persons have supposed to
+be _Jesus Nazarenus, Rex Judæorum_: the word _passe_ is added, which
+means Emmanuel, or _God is with us_.
+
+The rank of Rosicrusiaci, in the Scotch lodges, is the perfection of the
+order; the meaning is developed in fifteen sections. In the fifth, the
+allegories are the mounts of salvation, mounts _Moriah_ and _Calvary_,
+the first for the sacrifices of Abraham, David, and Solomon, the second
+for that of Jesus of Nazareth: other allegories relate to the Holy
+Spirit, designated as the _Majesty of God_ which descended on the
+tabernacle, and on the temple at the moment of its dedication. In the
+twelfth section a _holy mountain_ is seen, on which is a large church in
+the form of a cross from east to west, in the neighbourhood of a city,
+which is the image of the _celestial Jerusalem_; in the thirteenth,
+three great lights, symbols of the natural law, the laws of Moses and
+of Jesus Christ, and the cabinet of wisdom, designated as the _stable
+for oxen_, in which is a faithful chevalier and his holy wife, and the
+sacred names of _Joseph_, _Mary_, and _Jesus_; the fourteenth is an
+allusion to the descent of our Saviour into the _Limbos_ after his
+death, his resurrection and ascension; lastly, the fifteenth has the
+words _consummatum est_, which Jesus pronounced on the cross.
+
+In the twenty-seventh grade of the _grand commander of the temple_, a
+cross is made on the forehead of the brother with the thumb of the right
+hand; the sacred word INRI; the scarf has four crosses, the _disc_ a
+triangle of gold, with the Hebrew characters of the ineffable name,
+_Jehovah_.
+
+The seal of the order has between the devices of the shield of arms
+across, the arch of alliance, a lighted candle in a candlestick on each
+side, and above the inscription, Glory to God. (Laus Deo).
+
+All these things, and many others which allude to the sacred history of
+the temple of Jerusalem, built by Solomon, re-established by Esdras,
+restored by the Christians, and defended by the knights templars,
+present a mixture liable to an interpretation similar to that in the
+information of the witnesses at Florence, which was the first
+apostolical condemnation; it was renewed under Pius VII., in an edict of
+Cardinal Gonsalvi, in 1814.
+
+There was not less inconvenience in the execratory oath of the famous
+masonic secret, for which no adequate object has been discovered, unless
+it was one which no longer exists.
+
+John Mark Larmenio (who secretly succeeded the grand-master of the
+Templars, the unfortunate James de Molay, who requested him to accept
+the dignity) invented, in concert with some knights who had escaped the
+proscription, different signs of words and actions, in order to
+recognise and receive knights into the order secretly, and by means of a
+novitiate, during which they were to be kept in ignorance of the object
+of the association (which was to preserve the order, to re-establish it
+in its former glory, and to revenge the deaths of the grand-master, and
+the knights who perished with him); when the qualities of the new member
+were perfectly well known, the grand secret was to be confided to him,
+after a most formidable oath.
+
+The secret signs were intended as a precaution against admitting into
+the order those Templars who had formed a schism during the persecution;
+they retired into Scotland, and refused to acknowledge John Larmenio as
+grand-master, and pretended that they had re-established the order; this
+pretension was refuted by a chapter of legitimate knights: after this
+the new chief issued his diploma in 1324, and his successors have
+followed his example, on attaining the dignity of secret grand-master of
+the order of Templars in France. The list of grand-masters until the
+year 1776 has been published. Philip de Bourbon, duke of Orleans, was
+appointed in 1705, Louis Augustus de Bourbon, duke de Maine, in 1724,
+Louis Henry de Bourbon Conde, in 1737, Louis Francis de Bourbon Conti,
+in 1745, Louis Henry Timoleon de Cossé Brissac, in 1776, and Bernard
+Raymond Fabre, in 1814.
+
+The Knights Templars who retired to Scotland, founded an establishment
+in 1314, under the protection of Robert Bruce; their objects and their
+measures were the same, and they were concealed under the title of
+_architects_; this was the origin of _freemasonry_. They soon, however,
+forgot the most criminal part of the execratory oath: since the deaths
+of Clement V. and Philip the Fair, the persecutors of the knights,
+deprived them of the power of revenging the executions of James de Molay
+and his companions, and had no other object but the re-establishment of
+the order; this intention shared the fate of the first, after the deaths
+of the authors of it, and their first disciples. From these facts it
+appears, that the execratory oath is without a motive or object in
+modern masonic lodges.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLII.
+
+OF THE INQUISITION UNDER CHARLES III.
+
+
+Charles III. succeeded his brother Ferdinand on the 10th of August,
+1759, and died on the 17th of November, 1788. The inquisitors-general
+during this reign were Don Manuel Quintano Bonifaz, archbishop of
+Pharsala; Don Philip Bertran, bishop of Salamanca, and Don Augustin
+Rubin de Cevallos, bishop of Jaen. The characters of these persons were
+humane, compassionate, and inclined to benevolence; qualities which
+caused a remarkable decrease in the number of public _autos-da-fé_. If
+the reign of Charles III. is compared with that of Philip V., his
+father, they appear as if they had been separated by a period of several
+centuries. The progress of knowledge was very rapid under this prince;
+even the provincial inquisitors, though the laws of the Inquisition had
+not been altered, adopted principles of moderation, which were unknown
+under the Austrian princes. It is true, that from time to time great
+severity was shown towards unimportant offences; but among the trials of
+this reign, I have seen several which were suspended, though the proofs
+were much more conclusive than many which were sufficient to condemn the
+criminal to _relaxation_, under Philip II.
+
+Yet, though the system was comparatively moderate, the number of trials
+was still immense, because all the denunciations were received. The
+witnesses of the preparatory instruction were examined immediately, in
+order to discover some charge, which the prejudices of the age rendered
+serious. If out of an hundred trials which were begun ten had been
+concluded, the number of persons subjected to _penances_ would have been
+greater than under Ferdinand V.; but the tribunal was no longer the
+same. Almost all the trials were suspended before the decree of arrest
+was issued. The denounced was sometimes induced to repair to the
+tribunal on the pretext of business, and then informed of the charges
+against him; he replied to them, and returned home, after having
+promised to return a second time when summoned. Sometimes the
+proceedings were abridged, and the criminal was only condemned to a
+private penance, which might be performed without the knowledge of any
+person but the commissary of the tribunal.
+
+Several trials which were commenced against persons of rank, were not
+proceeded in after the preliminary instruction; such were those of the
+Marquis de Roda, minister secretary of state, of grace and justice; of
+the Count de Aranda, president of the Council of Castile, and
+captain-general of New Castile, who was afterwards ambassador to Paris,
+and lastly, prime-minister; of the Count de Florida Blanca, then fiscal
+of the Council of Castile for civil affairs, afterwards successor to the
+Marquis de Roda, and prime-minister; of the Count de Campomanes, fiscal
+for criminal affairs, and afterwards governor of the same council; of
+those of the Archbishops of Burgos and Saragossa, and of the Bishops of
+Tarazona, Albarracin, and Orihuela, who had composed the council
+extraordinary, in 1767, for the expulsion of the Jesuits. The trials of
+all these distinguished men had the same origin.
+
+The Bishop of Cuença, Don Isidro de Carbajal y Lancaster, highly
+respectable from his family, which was that of the Dukes of Abrantés,
+and from his dignity, his irreproachable conduct, and his charity to the
+poor, was less acquainted with the true principles of the canonic law
+than zealous for the maintenance of the ecclesiastical privileges.
+Influenced by this motive, he was so indiscreet as to represent to the
+king, that the _Church was persecuted in its rights, property and
+ministers_, and drew a picture of the reign of Charles III., which would
+have been more applicable to that of the Emperor Julian. The king
+commissioned the Council of Castile to examine if the complaint was
+just, and to propose measures to repair the injury, if any had taken
+place. The two fiscals of the council both made learned replies, in
+which the ignorance of the bishop, and the consequences of his imprudent
+zeal, were exposed. These answers, and the other papers belonging to the
+proceedings, were printed by the king's order, and though they were
+generally approved, some priests and monks, who regretted the inordinate
+power once possessed by the Church, denounced several propositions
+contained in them, as Lutheran, Calvinistic, or defended by other
+parties inimical to the Roman Church.
+
+The two archbishops, and the three bishops, already mentioned, who had
+voted for the requisition addressed to the Pope for the expulsion of the
+Jesuits, were also denounced, as suspected of professing the impious
+doctrines of philosophism, which, it was said, they had only adopted to
+please the court. They were commissioned to take cognizance of several
+affairs relating to the Jesuits, and only accidentally spoke of the
+Inquisition, and expressed opinions contrary to its system. The
+inquisitors were all creatures of the Jesuits, without even the
+exception of the inquisitor-general: it is not therefore surprising that
+they received so many denunciations. The exclusive right possessed by
+the Court of Rome to try bishops, never prevented the inquisitors from
+secretly examining witnesses against them, because it gave them a
+pretence to write to the Pope, and request permission to carry on the
+proceedings; and though it was the custom of the holy see to transfer
+the trials of bishops to Rome, the _Supreme Council_ of Spain always put
+forward its fiscal, in order to justify its conduct in prosecuting
+bishops: this was the case in the affair of Carranza.
+
+The denunciations had not the effect expected by the enemies of the
+prelates, because no _singular_ and independent proposition, opposed to
+true doctrine, was proved to have been advanced. In a less enlightened
+age, these prelates would have been exposed to great mortification from
+this attack; but at this time the Inquisition found it dangerous to be
+too severe, because the court had adopted the system of vigorously
+opposing all the ancient doctrines which favoured the pretensions of the
+ecclesiastics at the expense of the royal prerogatives; and on the
+occasion of the publication of some conclusions on the canonical law,
+which were entirely favourable to the Pope and the ecclesiastical
+jurisdiction, a royal censor was appointed for each university, without
+whose approbation no conclusion could be published or maintained.
+
+The perseverance of the government in the new system prevented the
+inquisitors from venturing to sentence the prelates of the extraordinary
+council: they however thought proper to endeavour to avert the storm,
+and applied to Don Fray Joachim de Eleta, the king's confessor. This man
+was an ignorant _Recollet_, and known for his blind attachment to the
+Court of Rome. The prelates declared that they condemned several
+propositions advanced by the two fiscals in their work called _An
+Impartial Judgment of the Monitory of Parma_, which was written by the
+king's order, because they thought they tended to the infringement of
+the privileges of the church. After this declaration, the prelates used
+every means to make the confessor persuade Charles III., that the
+printed copies ought not to be published, and that the work should be
+reprinted, after the suppression of several propositions. The
+inquisitor-general and the Supreme Council being informed of this
+circumstance, the affair took another turn, and the faction of the
+Jesuits became more calm.
+
+These events exposed to great danger a person who had entered into them
+without being aware of it. M. Clement, a French priest, treasurer of the
+cathedral of Auxerre, and afterwards bishop of Versailles, arrived at
+Madrid in 1768, at the time when the event above mentioned occupied
+every mind. He held several conversations on this subject with the
+Marquis de Roda, the fiscals of the council, and the Bishops of Tarazona
+and Albarracin[77]. The zeal of this theologian for the purity of
+doctrine on all points of discipline induced him to say, that the good
+dispositions of the Court of Madrid ought to be taken advantage of, and
+proposed three measures. The first was to place the Inquisition under
+each bishop, who should be the chief, with a deliberative vote, with the
+addition of two inquisitors with a consultive vote; the second, to
+oblige the monks and nuns to acknowledge the bishop as their chief, and
+to obey him as such after renouncing all the privileges contrary to this
+arrangement; the third to abolish the distinct schools of theology,
+under the titles of Thomists, Scotists, Suarists, or others, and to have
+only one system of theology for the schools and universities, founded on
+the principles of St. Augustin and St. Thomas.
+
+It is sufficient to be acquainted with Spain, and the state of the monks
+at that period, to foresee the persecution which the author of such a
+plan would incur. The confessor of the king and the inquisitor-general
+were informed of it by their political spies, and several monks
+denounced M. Clement to the holy office, as a Lutheran, a Calvinistic
+heretic, and an enemy of the regular orders.
+
+M. Clement suspected the existence of this intrigue, from some
+expressions made use of by a Dominican, with whom he was intimate. The
+inquisitors, who saw that M. Clement was received at court, did not dare
+to arrest him, but they requested their chief to oblige him to quit the
+kingdom. The treasurer of Auxerre imparted his fears to the Count de
+Aranda, and the Marquis de Roda; who being, from his connexion at court,
+acquainted with all that had passed, advised him to depart, but without
+informing him of what it was useless for him to know. M. Clement
+followed his advice, and though he had intended to go to Portugal, he
+returned immediately to France, to avoid the _Sbirri_ of the holy
+office, who might have arrested him on his return from Lisbon, if the
+system of the court was changed. In fact a great number of charges were
+brought against him after his departure, but they were not made public,
+and he wrote his travels without knowing anything of the plots against
+him.
+
+All that passed on the occasion of the apostolical prohibition of the
+catechism of Mesengui was made public: Charles III. had ordered that it
+should be made use of in the religious instruction of Charles IV.; and
+the inquisitor-general was openly and justly blamed, for having
+published the brief of prohibition, without waiting to obtain the
+consent of the king. This proceeding was the cause of the exile of the
+inquisitor-general. His disgrace might have rendered him more prudent,
+but in his reply to the king, in 1769, concerning some measures taken by
+the extraordinary council of five prelates, he advanced, as certain,
+several propositions concerning the Inquisition, which might have been
+proved to be false, if the Marquis de Roda had consulted the registers
+of the Supreme Council. He said that the Inquisition had met with
+nothing but opposition from the beginning; that it was conspired against
+in the most cruel manner; that all the proceedings of the council were
+made public, except the trials for heresy, but that even those were
+always submitted to his Majesty; and that the charge against it of
+acting with _entire independence_ was not just, he concluded with
+saying, that his Majesty might appoint an ecclesiastic as his secretary
+to attend the council, and inform him of all that passed.
+
+It is impossible to find a reason for the necessity here imposed upon
+the king to have a _priest_ for his secretary, since the inquisitors
+employed seculars in their offices, who were permitted to see the trial,
+though obliged to take an oath of secrecy, and two members of the
+Council of Castile also attend the Supreme Council. Yet neither an
+ecclesiastic nor a layman could prevent fraud: the same may be said of
+the members of the Council of Castile, because in case of any intrigues,
+for example, in a conflict for jurisdiction, the counsellors assembled
+at the house of the inquisitor-general, and their chief sealed their
+papers with his private seal.
+
+The most decisive proof of the _entire_ independence of the Inquisition,
+exists in two laws of Charles III., concerning bigamy and the
+prohibition of books; they were insufficient to restrain the inquisitors
+within their jurisdiction.
+
+Yet though these abuses and many others were still continued, I do not
+hesitate to say that the inquisitors of the reigns of Charles III. and
+his successors were men possessed of extreme prudence and singular
+moderation in comparison with those of the time of Philip V. and the
+preceding reigns. This is confirmed by the very small number of
+_autos-da-fé_ celebrated under the two kings, a period of twenty-nine
+years; only ten persons were condemned, four of whom were burnt, and
+fifty-six individuals subjected to penances. All the other trials were
+terminated by _individual autos-da-fé_; the condemned was taken into a
+church to hear his sentence read, when it was confirmed by the Supreme
+Council, without waiting for other prisoners to form a particular
+_auto-da-fé_. Other trials are concluded by a _lesser auto-da-fé_ in the
+audience-hall of the tribunal; another mode, which was the least severe,
+was to celebrate the _auto-da-fé_ in the presence of the secretaries of
+the Inquisition alone; no greater indulgence than this could be shown.
+
+The individual _auto-da-fé_ was decreed in two famous trials of the
+reign of Charles III. Of the first, that of Olavide, an account has been
+given in Chapter 26. The second was that of Don Francisco de Leon y
+Luna, a priest and knight of the military order of St. Jago. He was
+condemned as violently suspected of having fallen into the heresies of
+the _Illuminati_ and of Molinos, for having seduced several women, for
+communicating several times with the consecrated wafer from
+superstitious motives, and for preaching a false and presumptuous
+mysticity to several nuns and other women who were the dupes of his
+error and their own weakness. Leon was imprisoned for three years in a
+convent; he was then banished for seven years from Madrid, and forbidden
+to exercise the ministry of a confessor. The council of the orders
+requested the king to deprive Leon of his cross and knighthood,
+according to the statutes which ordain that measure towards all who
+commit a crime which incurs an infamous punishment. But the council
+ought to have known that the _suspicion_ of heresy was not sufficient,
+since the tribunal always declares, if the condemned desire it, that
+this sort of sentence does not prevent them from attaining offices and
+dignities.
+
+At Saragossa the Marquis d'Aviles, intendant of Aragon, was accused
+before the holy office of having read prohibited books; but this
+denunciation, and that of the Bishop of Barcelona for Jansenism at
+Madrid, and several others of the same nature, were passed over without
+further notice.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLIII.
+
+OF THE SPANISH INQUISITION UNDER CHARLES IV.
+
+
+Charles IV. ascended the throne on the 17th November, 1788; he abdicated
+on the 19th March, 1808, in consequence of the popular commotions at
+Aranjuez. The inquisitors-general under Charles IV. were Don Augustin
+Rubin de Cevallos, Bishop of Jaen; Don Manuel de Abad-y-la-Sierra,
+Archbishop of Selimbra; the Cardinal Archbishop of Toledo, Don Francisco
+Lorenzana; and Don Ramon Joseph de Arce, Archbishop of Burgos.
+
+The two obstacles which had principally contributed to impede the
+progress of learning during the three preceding reigns, were removed by
+the reform of the six grand colleges and the expulsion of the Jesuits.
+Before this revolution, all the canonical offices and magistracies were
+given to the members and fellows of the colleges; while the immense
+influence of the Jesuits prevented all who were not their disciples, or
+Jesuits of the _short robe_, from obtaining any offices or honours. The
+Marquis de Roda was the author of this politic measure, which caused him
+to be hated by the disciples of St. Ignatius. But this minister has
+obtained an honourable place in history, because in granting to _all_
+classes the rewards due to merit, he excited a general emulation, which
+increased the influence of knowledge and a taste for the sciences. This
+has caused it to be said that the restoration of good Spanish literature
+was the work of de Roda, but the commencement of that change may be more
+correctly dated from the reign of Philip V.
+
+During the twenty years preceding the accession of Charles IV. a
+multitude of distinguished men had arisen, who would doubtless have led
+Spain to rival France in the good taste and perfection of literary
+works, if one of the most terrible events recorded in history had not
+arrested the impulse these great men had given. The French revolution
+caused a great number of works to be written on the rights of man, of
+citizens, and of nations; the principles contained in them could not but
+alarm Charles IV. and his ministers. The Spaniards read these books with
+avidity; the minister dreaded the contagion of this political doctrine,
+but in attempting to arrest its progress, he caused the human mind to
+retrograde. He charged the inquisitor-general to prohibit and seize all
+the books, pamphlets, and French newspapers, relating to the revolution,
+and to recommend to his agents to use the greatest vigilance in
+preventing them from being clandestinely introduced into the kingdom.
+Another measure employed by the government was to suppress the office of
+teacher of the natural law in the universities and seminaries.
+
+The Count de Florida-Blanca was then prime-minister; this conduct
+entirely destroyed the good opinion entertained of him by the nation. He
+was said to be a novice in the art of government, because the
+prohibition would only excite greater curiosity. The commissioners of
+the holy office received an order to oppose the introduction of the
+works of the modern philosophers, as contrary to the sovereign
+authority, and commanded every person to denounce whom they knew to be
+attached to the principles of insurrection.
+
+It would be difficult to calculate the number of denunciations which
+followed this order. The greatest number of the denounced were young
+students of the universities of Salamanca and Valladolid. Those who
+wished to read the French writings braved the prohibition, and employed
+every means to obtain them; so that the laws of nature and of persons
+were more studied than before the suppression of the office of teacher.
+The severity of the administration only caused the commencement of an
+immense number of trials, which were never finished, for want of proofs.
+
+Many Spaniards, some of illustrious birth and others of great learning,
+were the objects of secret informations, as suspected of impiety and
+philosophism. The history of their trials, and those of many
+distinguished persons for Jansenism, have been given in the twenty-fifth
+and twenty-sixth chapters.
+
+Don Bernardo-Maria de Calzada, colonel of infantry, and brother-in-law
+to the Marquis de Manca, interested me much, when he had the misfortune
+to be arrested by the Duke de Medina-Celi, grand provost of the holy
+office: I accompanied him as secretary, the notary for the
+sequestrations being ill. Don Bernardo was the father of a very large
+family, who were reduced to indigence by this event, and it gave me the
+greatest grief to witness the sad situation of their mother. I presume
+that that lady has not forgotten my conduct on that mournful night and
+on the following day, when I returned to visit her. The unfortunate
+Calzada, whose appointment in the office of the minister of war was not
+sufficient to maintain his very numerous family, had undertaken the
+translation of some French books, and composed a satirical work, by
+which he made enemies of some fanatics and monks, who, affecting the
+most austere morals, were intolerant towards all who did not agree with
+their opinions. By their denunciations they ruined this family. Calzada,
+after passing some time in the prisons of the holy office, submitted to
+an abjuration _de levi_, which is almost equivalent to an absolution,
+and was banished from Madrid, after giving up his place and all hope of
+advancement.
+
+The Inquisition of the _Court_ was more indulgent towards the Marquis de
+Narros: although many witnesses deposed that they had heard him maintain
+some heretical propositions of Voltaire and Rousseau, whose works he
+boasted that he had read, as well as those of Mirabeau, Montesquieu, the
+Baron d'Holbac, and other philosophers of the same school, he was spared
+the disgrace of an imprisonment and a public censure. It was thought
+more decent to request the Count de Florida-Blanca to write to him by
+the ordinary courier to Guipuscoa, where he then resided, and inform him
+that the king commanded him to repair to Madrid on some affairs of the
+government. The Marquis hastened to court, flattering himself (as he
+informed his relation the Duke of Grenada) that he would be appointed
+sub-governor to the Prince of Asturias, now Ferdinand VII. On the next
+day he received an order not to quit Madrid, and to attend a summons to
+the Inquisition. Some time after he confessed the truth of the charges,
+and added some other circumstances, protesting at the same time that he
+had always been a good Catholic, and that a desire of passing for the
+most learned man in his country induced him to advance the propositions.
+He abjured _de levi_; some private penances were imposed on him, and the
+affair was only known to a few persons.
+
+The inquisitors of Valencia prosecuted Fray Augustine Cabades,
+commander of the convent of the nuns of the order of Mercy, and
+professor of theology in that city; he abjured, and was then released
+from prison. When he had obtained his liberty, he demanded a revision of
+his judgment; the Supreme Council acknowledged the justice of his
+appeal, and the sentence was declared null and void.
+
+Don Mariano Louis de Urquijo, prime-minister and secretary of state
+under Charles IV., was also an object for the persecutions of the holy
+office. His great strength of mind, and a careful education, raised him
+above the errors of his age. He made himself known in his early youth by
+a translation of the _Death of Cæsar_, a tragedy by Voltaire, which he
+published with a preliminary _Essay on the Origin of the Spanish
+Theatre, and its Influence on Morals_. This production, which only
+displays a generous wish to acquire fame, and the ardent genius of its
+young author, attracted the attention of the Inquisition. Private
+informations were taken concerning the religious opinions of the
+Chevalier de Urquijo, and the tribunal ascertained that he manifested
+great independence in his opinions, with a decided taste for philosophy,
+which the Inquisition called the doctrine of unbelievers. Everything
+consequently was prepared for his arrest, when the Count d'Aranda, then
+prime-minister, who discovered his merit (and had remarked his name in
+the list of distinguished youths destined to serve the state, belonging
+to the Count de Florida-Blanca his predecessor,) proposed to the king
+that he should be initiated into public affairs. Charles IV. appointed
+him to the office of first secretary of state in 1792.
+
+The inquisitors changed their manner of proceeding when they saw the
+elevation of their intended victim. Their policy at this time led them
+to shew a deference towards the ministry which had not been observed in
+preceding ages. They converted the decree of imprisonment into another
+called the _audience of charges_, by which de Urquijo was required to
+appear privately before the Inquisition of the court whenever he was
+summoned. The sentence pronounced him to be only _slightly suspected_ of
+partaking the errors of the unbelieving philosophers. He was absolved
+_ad cautelam_, and some spiritual penances were imposed on him which he
+might perform in private. The tribunal exacted his consent to the
+prohibition of his preliminary essay and the tragedy; but as a
+remarkable testimony of consideration, his name was not mentioned in the
+edict, either as the author or translator. The inquisitors, even of
+modern times, have rarely shewn themselves so moderate; but the fear of
+offending the Count d'Aranda (who abhorred the tribunal) was the real
+motive of their conduct.
+
+Urquijo, at the age of thirty, became prime-minister, and in that
+quality exerted himself to extirpate abuses, and to destroy the errors
+which opposed the prosperity of his party and the progress of knowledge.
+He encouraged industry and the arts, and the public owes to him the
+immortal work of the Baron de Humboldt. Contrary to the custom of Spain,
+he allowed him to travel in America, and supported him with the zeal of
+a person passionately attached to the arts and sciences. With the
+assistance of his friend Admiral Mazarredo he raised the navy. He was
+the first in Europe who meditated the abolition of slavery; and at that
+time concluded a treaty with the Emperor of Morocco for the exchange of
+prisoners of war, which is still in force. In the year 1800, when
+fortune seemed everywhere to attend the French arms, and the government
+persecuted the august house of Bourbon, he had the glory of establishing
+a throne in Etruria for a prince of that family, who had married a
+daughter of Charles IV., and signed the treaty to that effect at St.
+Ildephonso with General Berthier, afterwards Prince of Wagram.
+
+The death of Pius VI. gave him an opportunity of freeing Spain, to a
+certain degree, from its dependance on the Vatican. On the 5th
+September, 1799, he induced the king to sign a decree which restored to
+the bishops the powers which had been usurped by the Court of Rome, and
+delivered the people from an annual impost of several millions, produced
+by the sale of dispensations and other bulls and briefs.
+
+The reform of the Inquisition ought to have followed this bold step. The
+minister wished to suppress the tribunal entirely, and apply its
+revenues to the establishment of useful and charitable institutions. He
+drew up the edict for that purpose, and presented it to Charles IV. for
+signature. Though Urquijo did not succeed in this attempt, he convinced
+the king of the necessity of reforming the tribunal.
+
+Among the many wise regulations suggested to the king by Urquijo, was
+that published in the form of an ordinance in 1799, on the liberty and
+independence of all the books, papers and effects of the foreign consuls
+established in the sea-ports, and in the trading towns belonging to
+Spain. It was occasioned by an inconsiderate disturbance made by the
+commissioners of the holy office at Alicant, in the house of Don Leonard
+Stuck, consul for Holland, and at Barcelona, at the residence of the
+French consul.
+
+Those happy dispositions of the Court of Spain vanished at the fall of
+the minister who had inspired them. The victim of an intrigue, he shared
+the fate of those great men who do not succeed in destroying the
+prejudices and errors which they oppose. Urquijo was confined, and kept
+in the strictest solitude, in the humid dungeons of the citadel of
+Pampluna, where he was unable to obtain books, ink, paper, fire, or
+light.
+
+Ferdinand VII., on his accession to the throne, declared his treatment
+to have been unjust and arbitrary; and forgetting the persecutions he
+had suffered for eight years, he blessed, in Ferdinand, the sovereign
+who would make the necessary reforms, and had voluntarily put a period
+to his sufferings. He repaired to Vittoria, when that prince stopped
+there on his way to Bayonne, and used every means to prevent him from
+making that fatal journey. The letters he wrote on this subject to his
+friend, General Cuesta, contain an exact prophecy of all the miseries
+which have since overwhelmed Spain[78], and point out the means of
+avoiding them.
+
+Urquijo refused to repair to Bayonne, although Napoleon sent him three
+orders to do so, until the renunciation and abdication of Charles IV.,
+Ferdinand VII., and the princes of that house, had been made known.
+After the royal family had left the place, he went there, and
+endeavoured to persuade Napoleon to give up his plans.
+
+He accepted the appointment of Secretary to the Junta of Notables, which
+was then assembled at Bayonne, and soon after the office of
+Minister-Secretary of State. His generous intentions need no comments;
+they are known to all. The eulogium of this great man has just been made
+by our energetic and sincere advocate; the public will read it with
+pleasure and interest. During his ministry, he had the happiness of
+witnessing the decree which suppressed the formidable tribunal of the
+holy office, and declared it to be injurious to sovereignty.
+
+Urquijo died at Paris, after an illness of six days, at the age of
+forty-nine. He died as he had lived--full of that courage, serenity,
+that philosophy, and love of virtue, which belong to the virtuous and
+wise alone. He was buried on the 4th of May, 1817, in the cemetery of
+Père la Chaise, where a magnificent monument of white Carrara marble has
+been erected to his memory.
+
+In 1792 the inquisitors of Saragossa received a denunciation, and
+examined witnesses against Don Augustin Abad-y-la-Sierra, Bishop of
+Barbastro, who was accused of Jansenism, and of approving the principles
+which were the basis of the civil constitution of the French clergy
+under the constitutional assembly. During the progress of this affair,
+Don Manuel Abad-y-la-Sierra, the brother of Don Augustin, was made
+inquisitor-general, and the inquisitors were afraid to carry it on. When
+Don Manuel was dismissed from his office, he also was denounced as a
+Jansenist, but he was not prosecuted.
+
+The bishop of Murcia and Carthagena, Victoriano Lopez Gonzalo, was
+denounced in 1800 as suspected of Jansenism and other heresies, and for
+having permitted certain propositions on some points of doctrine to be
+maintained in his seminary. The trial of the bishop was not carried
+farther than the summary instruction; because, on being informed of the
+plots of some scholastic doctors who were partisans of the Jesuits, he
+defended himself so ably before the inquisitor-general, that the members
+of council did not proceed against him; but they continued the
+prosecution of the theses, when they perceived that they were favourable
+to some conclusions on miracles, which had been condemned by qualifiers.
+
+The subject of Jansenism created a great sensation in Spain. The
+Jesuits, who had been permitted to return to that kingdom in 1798, soon
+acquired a numerous party, and accused all who did not adopt their
+opinions of Jansenism. Their conduct was so impolitic, that they were a
+second time banished from the kingdom. They were the authors of the
+denunciations against the Countess de Montijo, and many other
+distinguished persons, of whom an account has been given in a former
+chapter.
+
+The accusation of Jansenism against Don Antonio and Don Jerome de la
+Cuesta was the cause of the trial of Don Raphaël Muzquiz, Archbishop of
+Santiago, who had been confessor to Queen Louisa, wife of Charles IV.
+
+The energetic defence of Don Jerome de la Cuesta obliged Muzquiz to
+defend himself against the imputation of calumny: he made
+representations which injured his cause, for he vilified the inquisitors
+of Valladolid, and even the inquisitor-general, and accused them of
+partiality and collusion with Cuesta: his rank protected him from the
+danger of an arrest which he incurred by this temerity, but he was
+condemned to pay a penalty of eight thousand ducats, and the Bishop of
+Valladolid four thousand. Muzquiz would have been more severely
+punished, if he had not been protected by a person, who obtained from
+the Prince of Peace that the affair should not be carried farther.
+
+The same pretence of Jansenism was the cause of the trial of Don Joseph
+Espiga, almoner to the king, and a member of the tribunal of the
+nunciature in 1799. His accusers represented him as the author of the
+royal decree of the 5th of September in that year, after the death of
+Pius VI., forbidding any person to apply to Rome for matrimonial
+dispensations. Espiga was then the most intimate friend of the minister
+Urquijo, but he never allowed any one to influence him in official
+affairs. The Nuncio Cassoni made many useless representations to the
+king on this subject; however, he partly obtained his end by political
+intrigues, for though the bishops had promised to obey the ordinance,
+yet most of them avoided granting matrimonial dispensations, and those
+who did so were accused of Jansenism. The inquisitors, though they were
+all sold to the Nuncio and the Jesuits, were afraid to proceed, and the
+trial of Espiga was suspended. When his friend Urquijo was deprived of
+his office, he was obliged to retire to the cathedral of Lerida, of
+which he was a dignitary.
+
+The year 1796 is remarkable for the prosecution commenced against the
+Prince of Peace, the king's cousin, by his marriage with Donna Maria
+Theresa de Bourbon, the daughter of the infant Don Louis. It may be
+easily supposed that much address was necessary in conducting an attack
+against a person so high in favour. Three denunciations were received at
+the holy office, accusing him of atheism, because he had not confessed
+himself or taken the pascal communion for eight years, and because he
+was married to two women at the same time, and the life he led with many
+others was a source of great scandal to the public. The three denouncers
+were monks, and there is some reason to suppose that they were directed
+by the authors of a court intrigue, to cause the prince to be disgraced.
+
+The head of the Inquisition at that time was Cardinal Lorenzana, who was
+simple and easily deceived, but too timid not to be on his guard against
+anything which might displease the king and queen. Although the
+denunciations were presented to him, he did not dare to examine
+witnesses, or even the accusers. Don Antonio Despuig, Archbishop of
+Seville, and Don Raphaël Muzquiz, who were at the head of this intrigue,
+made every effort to induce Lorenzana to cause a private instruction to
+be taken, to arrest the prince in concert with the Supreme Council, and
+to obtain the approbation of the king, of which they thought themselves
+certain, if they could prove that his favourite was an atheist. This
+attempt was so repugnant to the disposition of Lorenzana, that the two
+conspirators agreed that Despuig should press his friend the Cardinal
+Vincenti, famous for his intrigues, to persuade Pius VI. to write to
+Lorenzana, and reproach him for the indifference with which he beheld a
+scandal so injurious to the purity of the religion professed by the
+Spanish nation. Vincenti obtained the letter from the Pope; Lorenzana
+promising, that if the Pope decided that the measure was necessary, he
+would do what they desired. Napoleon Bonaparte, who was then a general
+of the French Republic, intercepted a courier from Italy at Genoa. The
+letter of Cardinal Vincenti to Despuig, enclosing that of the Pope to
+Lorenzana, was found among his despatches: Bonaparte thought it
+necessary to the continuance of the good intelligence then established
+between France and Spain, to inform the Prince of Peace of the intrigue,
+and he commissioned General Pérignon, ambassador at Madrid, to remit the
+correspondence to Godoy. The favourite opposed another intrigue to his
+enemies, and succeeded in freeing himself from them by sending
+Lorenzana, Despuig, and Muzquiz to Rome, to carry the condolences of the
+king to the Pope, on the occasion of the entrance of the French army
+into his states. Their commission was dated the 14th March, 1797.
+
+At this period the Inquisition was in imminent danger of being deprived
+of the power of arresting individuals without the consent of the king.
+This circumstance arose from the trial of Don Ramon de Salas, which is
+related in the twenty-fifth chapter. The affair of Jovellanos also took
+place at this time.
+
+In 1799 the inquisitors of Valladolid, with the approbation of the
+council, condemned Don Mariano and Don Raymond de Santander, booksellers
+of that city, to two months seclusion in a convent, to a suspension of
+their trade for two years, and to banishment; they were also forbidden
+to approach Valladolid, Madrid, and other royal residences, within eight
+leagues. They were obliged to pay a penalty, and after having been a
+long time in the secret prisons, Don Mariano could not obtain permission
+to remove to another place, though he was subject to attacks of
+epilepsy. Their only offence was having received and sold prohibited
+books; for though some fanatics had accused them of heresy, no proofs
+were obtained. On the 10th of November, Don Mariano solicited the
+inquisitor-general to allow them to reside in Valladolid, representing,
+that if this favour was refused, their families must die in poverty, and
+they offered to purchase the permission by paying another penalty.
+
+The affair of a Beata at Cuença created a great sensation. She was the
+wife of a labourer at Villar d'Aguilar. Among other fictions which she
+invented to make people suppose her a saint, she said that Jesus Christ
+revealed to her that he had changed her flesh and blood into the same
+substance as his own body. This imposture caused great theological
+discussion among the priests and monks. Some maintained that it was
+impossible, others that it was not impossible, if the infinite power of
+God was considered; others believed all, and were astonished that any
+person could be so incredulous, for they thought that the Beata could
+have no interest in deceiving them; lastly, there were some who were
+witnesses of the life of this _Beata_, and were her accomplices from the
+beginning of her imposture, or who were the dupes of their credulity,
+and who continued to believe, or appeared to do so, in her supernatural
+state. They carried their folly so far as to adore this woman; they
+conducted her in procession in the streets and to the churches with
+lighted tapers; they burnt incense before her as before the consecrated
+host; lastly, they prostrated themselves before her, and committed many
+other sacrileges. The Inquisition could not but notice these scenes. The
+pretended saint and some of her accomplices were taken to the secret
+prisons, where the _Beata_ ended her days. One of the articles of the
+sentence commanded that her effigy should be taken to the _auto-da-fé_
+on a traineau, and burnt; the curate of Villar, and two monks, who were
+her accomplices, were condemned to follow the effigy barefooted, clothed
+in short tunics, and with a cord round their necks; they were degraded
+and banished for life to the Philippine Isles. The Curate of Casasimarro
+was suspended for six years, and two men of the lowest class received
+two hundred stripes, and were imprisoned for life; one of her servants
+was sent to the house of the _Recogidas_ for ten years. I do not know
+any judgment of the Inquisition more just than this.
+
+Another _Beata_ at Madrid, called Clara, did not profit by this
+example. She did not carry her phrensy so far as the other, but her
+miracles and her sanctity made a great noise; she pretended that she was
+paralytic, and could not leave her bed. On this report every one went to
+see her. The most distinguished ladies in Madrid repaired to her, and
+thought themselves happy in being admitted to see her; she was entreated
+to be the mediatrix with God for the cure of different maladies, to
+enlighten judges on the eve of an important judgment, and graces and
+assistances were implored against many other misfortunes. Clara replied
+to them all in an emphatic style, like an inspired person who saw into
+the future. She announced that, by an especial call from the Holy
+Spirit, she was destined to be a Capuchin nun, and she was extremely
+grieved that she had not the strength and health necessary for living in
+a community and a cloister. She imposed so well on the persons who
+surrounded her, that Pius VII. permitted her, in a special brief, to
+make her profession before Don Athanasius de Puyal, bishop coadjutor of
+the Archbishop of Toledo, at Madrid, and granted her a dispensation from
+the cloistered life, and the exercises of a community. From that moment
+nothing was spoken of in society but the miracles and heroic virtue of
+sister Clara. The bishop who had received her vows obtained permission
+from the Pope and the Archbishop of Toledo to erect an altar in her
+chamber opposite her bed; several masses were performed there every day,
+and even the holy sacrament was placed there in a tabernacle. Clara
+communicated every day, and persuaded those who came to see her that she
+took no sustenance but the bread of the eucharist. This delusion lasted
+for several years: but in 1802, Clara was taken to the prison of the
+holy office; her mother was likewise arrested, and a monk whom she had
+taken for her director. They were accused of having assisted the nun in
+her impostures, in order to obtain considerable sums of money, which the
+ladies of Madrid and other devout persons placed in her hands to be
+distributed as alms. When her deceit, her pretended sickness, and the
+other circumstances of her life were proved, Clara, her mother, and her
+director, were condemned to seclusion and other punishments, much less
+severe than they deserved.
+
+Another _Beata_ appeared after these, but the circumstances of her
+imposture are not so interesting.
+
+The inquisitors no longer thought of condemning criminals to the flames.
+A proof of this laudable change in their system may be seen in the trial
+of Don Miguel Solano, curate of Esco in Aragon[79]. It was proved by the
+depositions of the witnesses, that he had advanced several propositions
+condemned by the church.
+
+He was conducted to the secret prisons of Saragossa, where he confessed
+all, alleging, that having meditated for a long time with a sincere
+desire to discover the truth of the Christian religion, and that,
+without the assistance of any book but the Bible, he had convinced
+himself that there was no truth in anything but which was contained in
+the Holy Scriptures; that all the rest might be erroneous, because
+though several fathers of the church maintained these opinions, they
+were but men, and, consequently, liable to err; that he considered all
+that had been established by the Roman Church, in opposition to the
+proper and literal meaning of the Scriptural text, as false, and that it
+was possible to fall into error, in admitting that which did not result
+either directly or indirectly from the text; that he considered it
+certain that the ideas of purgatory and the limbos were the invention of
+man, since Jesus spoke of only two receptacles for souls, paradise and
+hell; that it was a sin to receive money for performing mass, although
+it was called an alms, and for the support of the celebrator; and that
+the priests and other ministers of religion ought to receive their
+salaries from the government, like the judges and other officers. He
+thought that the introduction and establishment of tithes was a fraud of
+the priests, and the manner of explaining the commandment of the church,
+which ordained that they should be paid without any deductions for seed,
+or the expenses of the harvest, was a shameful robbery; that no
+attention ought to be paid to the commands of the Pope, because no God
+but avarice is adored at Rome, and all the measures of that government
+only tend to take money from the people on religious pretences.
+
+Solano had made a complete body of doctrine of these articles, and had
+composed a book on it, which he confided to his bishop and other
+theologians, as if he incurred no danger from such a proceeding.
+
+The inquisitors of Saragossa undertook to persuade Solano to renounce
+his opinions, and employed for that purpose some respectable
+theologians; they exhorted him to acknowledge his errors and repent, and
+threatened him with _relaxation_. Don Michel replied that he was aware
+of his danger, but if he was induced to retract, he would be condemned
+before the tribunal of God, and that if he was in error, God would
+enlighten him or pardon him. The infallibility of the church, and the
+opinions of the saints and learned men who had decided on the meaning of
+the obscure texts, were represented to him; he replied, that in all
+their discussions the Court of Rome had interfered, and rendered their
+good intentions of no avail.
+
+It was impossible to make Solano recant, and the inquisitors passed
+sentence of _relaxation_; it must be confessed that they could not do
+otherwise, according to the code of the Inquisition. But the Supreme
+Council, wishing to spare the Spanish nation the spectacle of an
+_auto-da-fé_, had recourse to the extraordinary measure of examining
+some persons who had been mentioned by the witnesses, but had been
+neglected, commanding the inquisitors, at the same time, to use every
+effort to make Solano retract. It was in vain, and the inquisitors,
+though they well knew the motives which led the council to vote against
+their sentence, did not dare to disobey the law. They pronounced
+sentence of _relaxation_ a second time, and the council took advantage
+of a declaration made by one of the witnesses, to order an inquest to be
+taken among all the curates, priests, and physicians of Esco and the
+neighbourhood, in order to discover if Solano had ever suffered an
+illness which weakened or deranged his mind. The result of this inquest
+was to be communicated to the council, and in the mean time the trial
+was suspended. The physician, who suspected what they wished him to say,
+declared that Solano had had a severe illness for several years, before
+he was arrested, and that it was not surprising that it had weakened his
+mental powers; he said, that from that time he had spoken more
+frequently of his religious opinions, which were not those of the
+Catholics in Spain. On receiving this deposition, the council decreed,
+that, without pronouncing definitively on the subject, every means
+should be used to convert the accused. At this juncture, Solano fell
+dangerously ill; the inquisitors charged the most able theologians of
+Saragossa to endeavour to make him return to the faith, and even
+entreated the bishop coadjutor of the Archbishop of Saragossa, Don Fray
+Miguel Suarez de Santander, to exhort him with that tenderness and
+goodness which were characteristic of that worthy prelate. The curate
+appeared to be sensibly affected at all that was done for him, but he
+said that he could not renounce his opinions, without fearing that he
+offended God by betraying the truth. On the twentieth day of his
+illness, the doctor told him that he was dying, and desired him to take
+advantage of the few moments which were left him. "I am," said Solano,
+"in the hands of God; I have nothing more to do." Thus died the curate
+of Esco, in the year 1805; he was refused ecclesiastical sepulture, and
+was privately buried within the walls of the tribunal. The inquisitors
+reported all that had passed to the Supreme Council, which forbade them
+to continue the trial, that Solano might not be burnt in effigy.
+
+Two years after the intrigue intended to ruin the Prince of Peace,
+another event which took place at Alicant ought to have been sufficient
+to cause the tribunal to be reformed, or even suppressed. On the death
+of Don Leonard Stuck, Consul for the Batavian Republic in that city, his
+executor, the Vice-Consul of France, put his seals upon the property of
+the deceased, until the formalities of the law had been fulfilled. The
+commissary of the Inquisition desired the governor of the town to take
+off the seals and give him the keys of the house, that he might register
+the books and prints, as some of them were prohibited. The governor
+demanded time, in order to consult his majesty's minister. The
+commissary, who was disconcerted at this delay, went in the night with
+his alguazils, broke the seals, opened the door, and made the inventory;
+and when he had done, replaced the seals as well as he could, and went
+away. The ambassador of the Batavian Republic complained to the
+government of this violation of the law of nations, and the king wrote
+to the inquisitor-general, through his minister Urquijo, informing him,
+that the Inquisition must avoid similar infringements for the future,
+and bounding its office to the care of observing that, on the death of
+foreign ministers, no prohibited books were sold to Spaniards or
+naturalized foreigners. Nearly the same thing happened to the French
+consul at Barcelona.
+
+It may have been seen in the preceding chapters, that the Inquisition
+has been several times in danger of being suppressed, or subjected to
+the general forms of law. These occasions were more frequent during the
+reign of Charles IV.
+
+The Counts d'Aranda, de Florida-Blanca, and Campomanes, and the
+extraordinary council, represented the continual abuses committed by the
+_holy office_ to Charles III., but he contented himself with passing
+some ordinances to curtail its power.
+
+In 1794, Don Manuel Abad-y-la-Sierra, inquisitor-general under Charles
+IV., wished to reform the procedure of the tribunal, and commanded me to
+compose a work, entitled, _A Discourse on the Procedure of the Holy
+Office_, in which I represented the vices of the actual practice, and
+the means of obviating them, even though the proceedings for heresy
+should still continue to be secret. But, by various intrigues, an order
+was obtained from Charles IV., which forced the inquisitor-general to
+quit Madrid, and resign his office.
+
+Another attempt was made, when the Prince of Peace discovered the plot
+against him; the royal decree for the suppression was drawn up, but
+never presented for the signature of the king, because Godoy was the
+dupe of counter-intrigue. In the following year, Jovellanos wished to
+make use of the work I had composed for Don Manuel Abad-y-la-Sierra, of
+which I had given him a copy, but he failed in his design; and Charles
+IV., who was ill-informed, and deceived by intriguers, commanded that
+minister to retire to his house at Gijon in the Asturias. The attempt of
+Urquijo has been already mentioned.
+
+In 1808, Napoleon Buonaparte decreed the suppression of the Inquisition,
+at Chamastin, near Madrid; he alleged that the tribunal was an
+encroachment on the royal authority.
+
+In 1813, the Cortes-general of the kingdom adopted the same measures,
+after declaring that the existence of the privileged tribunal of the
+holy office was incompatible with the political constitution which had
+been decreed, published, and received by the nation.
+
+In spite of these two last suppressions, the tribunal still exists;
+because the greatest number of the men who surround the throne have been
+and will always be the partisans of ignorance, of the ultra-montane
+opinions, and of those which influenced the world before the invention
+of printing. These opinions are strenuously supported by the Jesuits,
+who have been recently recalled to Spain by Ferdinand VII.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLIV.
+
+OF THE INQUISITION DURING THE REIGN OF FERDINAND VII.
+
+
+Charles IV. abdicated the crown in favour of his eldest son, Ferdinand,
+who began to reign on the same day, before any public act had proved the
+validity of the abdication. The royal and supreme Council of Castile
+considered it necessary to observe the national custom on this occasion,
+and commissioned the royal fiscals to examine into the validity of the
+abdication, that the people might be informed that they were released
+from their oath of allegiance to Charles. But a strict order was
+immediately sent to the council to renounce the measure, to proclaim the
+validity of the abdication, and acknowledge Ferdinand as king. Charles
+protested against his abdication; he said that it was not voluntary,
+since he had only done it to save his own life and that of the queen, in
+the sedition at Aranjuez. Ferdinand paid no attention to this
+protestation; the emperor Napoleon took advantage of the event, and the
+Bourbons ceased to reign in Spain. While Charles IV. was at Marseilles,
+and Ferdinand at Valencé, Joseph Napoleon, King of Naples, was
+proclaimed King of Spain; Ferdinand wrote to Joseph to congratulate him,
+and request his friendship, and commanded all Spaniards to recognise
+him, to prevent the ruin and desolation of their country.
+
+When Joseph was acknowledged King of Spain, the archives of the Supreme
+Council and of the Inquisition of the Court were confided to me, in
+consequence of an order from his majesty. With his approbation, I burnt
+all the criminal processes, except those which belonged to history, from
+their importance, and the rank of the accused; but I preserved all the
+registers of the resolutions of the council, the royal ordinances, the
+papal bulls and briefs, the papers of the affairs of the tribunal, and
+all the informations taken concerning the genealogies of the persons
+employed in the holy office, on account of their utility in proving
+relationship in trials when it is necessary.
+
+I have read in a work, intituled _Acta Latomorum_, that in the month of
+October, 1809, a grand national lodge of Spanish freemasons was founded
+even in the buildings of the Inquisition of Madrid. This assertion I
+consider entirely false, because at that time the keys of the building
+were in the possession of a subaltern under my orders, who would never
+have consented to give them up for such a purpose. I presume that the
+authors of this article wished to astonish, by the striking contrast
+between the different destinations of the same edifice.
+
+My acquaintance with the archives already mentioned enabled me to
+compose for the Royal Academy of History (of which I have the honour to
+be a member), a dissertation, under the title of _A Memorial, in which
+the Opinion of the Spaniards concerning the Inquisition is examined_.
+The Academy published my work.
+
+The above-mentioned materials, some others which I had collected since
+the year 1789, and some which were sent to me from Valladolid and other
+towns, enabled me to publish, in 1812 and 1813, two volumes of the
+_Annals of the Inquisition_, which comprehended all the events which
+passed in the tribunals from 1477 to 1530. I was not able to finish that
+work, being obliged to repair to France in 1813.
+
+On the 22d of February, in the same year, the Spanish assembly at Cadiz,
+which styled itself the _General Cortes_, suppressed the Inquisition,
+restoring to the bishops and secular judges their jurisdictions, that
+they might prosecute heretics in the same manner as before the existence
+of the Inquisition.
+
+This measure was the cause of long discussions in the tribune, and many
+orators pronounced speeches of great eloquence. The liberty of the press
+which then existed allowed many works to be published both for and
+against the holy office. Its partisans neglected nothing in its defence;
+in short, all that could possibly be advanced in favour of such a
+tribunal as the Inquisition, was published at Cadiz during this
+celebrated discussion. But reason prevailed; not because the majority of
+the voters were irreligious persons, or Jacobins (as it has since been
+unjustly said), but because the Cortes found an irresistible strength in
+the reasoning which condemned a tribunal which had been so fatal to the
+prosperity of the nation for three centuries. The representatives of
+Spain received an infinite number of letters and addresses, returning
+thanks for the benefit bestowed on the nation: several of these letters
+were signed by persons employed in the Inquisition. I have the
+satisfaction to be able to declare, that this triumph of reason and
+humanity was principally owing to the documents which I furnished, and
+which became known to the public in 1812, by means of the _Memorial on
+the Opinion of the Spaniards concerning the Inquisition_, and the first
+volume of the _Annals of the Inquisition_. This is proved by the
+manifesto addressed by the Cortes to the Spanish people; in which the
+representatives say, that they had seen the apostolical bulls addressed
+to the Inquisition, and the complaints and appeals of the prisoners:
+these details could only have been obtained from the works above
+mentioned, but they were not cited, because I was then a counsellor of
+state to King Joseph.
+
+These measures of the Cortes were however useless. Buonaparte restored
+the crown of Spain to Ferdinand, by a treaty at Valencé, in 1813, and in
+March, 1814, the king re-entered Spain; on his arrival at Valencia, he
+was immediately surrounded by persons imbued with the Gothic prejudices
+of the age of chivalry, and one of the first measures of his
+administration was the re-establishment of the holy office, on the 21st
+of July, 1814.
+
+In the preamble to the royal decree, Ferdinand informed the people, that
+the object of the restoration of the Inquisition was to repair the evil
+caused to the religion of the state by the foreign troops, who were not
+Catholics; to forestall that which might be caused hereafter by the
+heretical opinions imbibed by a great number of Spaniards, and to
+preserve the tranquillity of the kingdom; that this measure was desired
+by learned and virtuous prelates, and by different bodies and
+corporations, who reminded him that, in the sixteenth century, Spain had
+preserved herself from the contagion of heresy, and the errors which
+desolated other countries; while the arts and sciences flourished under
+many men, who were famed for their learning and sanctity; that this
+happy influence of the Inquisition, was the reason why Buonaparte had
+destroyed the tribunal, and that the same resolution was afterwards
+adopted by the junta, falsely calling itself the _General Cortes_ of the
+kingdom, on the pretence that the Inquisition was opposed to the
+constitution of Cadiz, and that it was only decreed in the midst of
+tumults, and against the wishes of the nation. The decree also declares,
+that as it had been found necessary to frame new laws, to correct
+certain abuses and to limit privileges, it was his majesty's intention
+that they should be observed, and to appoint two members of the Council
+of Castile, and two of that of the _holy office_, to propose the
+necessary reforms and alterations in the mode of procedure concerning
+personal affairs, and the prohibition of books.
+
+It appears that these commissioners were, Don Manuel de Lardizabal Uribe
+and Don Sebastian de Torres, of the Council of Castile; Don Joseph
+Armarilla, and Don Antonio Galarza, counsellors of the Inquisition.
+These persons might have proposed a reform, which would have remedied
+several evils, or entirely destroyed them. I do not know what these
+commissioners have yet done to justify the confidence placed in them,
+but it is certain that hitherto no reform has been made public.
+
+On the 5th of May, 1815, Don Francis Xavier de Mier y Campillo, the
+inquisitor-general, published an edict, commanding all those who felt
+themselves guilty, to denounce themselves before the end of the year,
+and announcing that _Spain was infected by the new and dangerous
+doctrines which had ruined the greatest part of Europe_. The
+inquisitor-general condemned the _new_ and _dangerous doctrines_ which
+followed the entrance of the French army, and did not mention the
+systems which were propagated and put in practice by the Spanish
+partisans for the war, though they really came under his jurisdiction,
+because they were formerly opposed to the letter and spirit of the
+Gospel. This circumstance induces me to lay it before my readers, in
+order to prove that the _re-established_ Inquisition differs little from
+that which was _suppressed_, since, if the latter allowed works
+inculcating regicide to be circulated, and condemned books which
+supported the royal authority, the former began by condemning the
+doctrine which taught us, that men were not slaves or animals to be
+bought and sold, and at the same time allowed such maxims as the
+following to be acted upon:--
+
+1st. That it was allowable during the invasion, to assassinate any
+Frenchman in Spain, whether he was a soldier or not, without distinction
+of circumstances or means, because they were all enemies of the country,
+the defence of which ought to be the first consideration.
+
+2nd. That according to the same principal it was lawful to kill any
+Spaniard, who was a partisan of the superior power, designated as a
+_Francisé_.
+
+3rd. That any Spaniards of the same party might be despoiled of their
+money, goods, or the produce of their estates, and that their houses,
+vineyards, olive-grounds, and other plantations might be burnt.
+
+4th. That an oath of fidelity, taken on the sacrament, might be broken,
+even if no mental reservation was made, because the person was persuaded
+that it was the only means to avoid the danger threatened by the
+superior power, which could execute its threats, according to the
+general laws of war.
+
+5. That the priests and monks were authorised to abandon their tranquil
+life, and engage in a military career, provided it was against the
+French and the Francisés. This doctrine prevailed even when it was seen
+that the ecclesiastics and monks had become the chiefs of bands of
+robbers, and carried infamous concubines in their suites, and that they
+had imposed arbitrary contributions on different towns.
+
+6th. That the war against France was a war of religion, and,
+consequently, that those who perished were to be considered as martyrs.
+
+7th. That it was allowable, and even praiseworthy, to refuse sacramental
+absolution to a penitent who had submitted to the superior force, unless
+he promised to abandon it, and to contribute by every means to its
+destruction.
+
+8th. That it was preferable to eat meat on Fridays and other fast-days
+without permission, than to receive it from the apostolical
+commissary-general of the Holy Crusade of Spain, resident at Madrid, who
+was charged by the Pope with this commission.
+
+9th. That it was permitted to preserve an eternal hatred, and to excite
+others to an implacable war against the Spaniards who had submitted to
+the superior force.
+
+It is not my intention to accuse the Bishop of Almeira, or the present
+inquisitors, of abusing their powers. The edict, on the whole, expresses
+an intention of pursuing mild measures, and hitherto it does not appear
+that they have been unfaithful to this maxim; for I cannot credit
+certain reports circulated in Paris, or what was said in 1815, in _Acta
+Latomorum_. The author, after announcing the re-establishment of the
+Inquisition by Ferdinand VII., adds, that he had forbidden the masonic
+lodges, on pain of the punishments for high-treason. In another article
+of the same work, on the events of the year 1814, it is said,--
+
+"On the 25th of September, twenty-five individuals were arrested, on
+suspicion that they were the members of a masonic lodge, and partisans
+of the Cortes: among them were the Marquis Tolosa; the Canon Marina, a
+learned and distinguished member of the Academy; Doctor Luque, the court
+physician; and some French, and Italians, and Germans, who had settled
+in Spain. The brave General Alava, who was chosen by General Wellington
+for his aide-de-camp, on account of his merit, has been imprisoned by
+the holy office, as a freemason." I consider the latter assertion to be
+entirely false, because letters worthy of credit, and the gazettes of
+Spain, only stated that an order to leave Madrid had been sent to the
+general by the king, but it was revoked, as his majesty discovered that
+he had been deceived; it is certain that Ferdinand, some time after,
+sent him as his ambassador into the Low Countries.
+
+The account given in the Madrid Gazette on the 14th May, 1816, of an
+_auto-da-fé_ celebrated by the Inquisition of Mexico on the 27th
+December, 1815, is more worthy of belief. Don Joseph-Maria Morellos, a
+priest, had placed himself at the head of his countrymen, with the
+intention of freeing his country from the dominion of the King of Spain.
+The holy office prosecuted him for heresy, while the viceroy arrested
+him for rebellion. The prisons of the holy office were preferred to that
+of the government, and some witnesses were found who deposed to certain
+facts which the Mexican qualifiers thought sufficient to authorize them
+to pronounce Morellos suspected of atheism, materialism, and other
+errors. One proof of his guilt was, that he had two children. The
+accused abjured, and was absolved in an _auto-da-fé_, which was
+celebrated with as much parade as in the reign of Philip II. When the
+Inquisitors treated Morellos with so much moderation, they knew that the
+viceroy would hang him; before his execution he was degraded from the
+priesthood by the Bishop of Antequera in America.
+
+I do not know if the Spanish Inquisition has celebrated an _auto-da-fé_
+since its re-establishment. I shall only say, that if its members wish
+to follow the precepts of the Gospel more faithfully than their
+predecessors, they ought to follow the example of their chief, Pius VII.
+A letter from Rome, dated the 31st of March, 1816, announces that his
+Holiness had abolished the use of torture in all the tribunals of the
+holy office, and that the resolution had been communicated to the
+ambassadors of Spain and Portugal[80]. A second letter from the same
+city on the 17th of April following, says that the procedure of the
+Inquisition was to be similar to that of the other tribunals, and to be
+made public[81].
+
+A third letter on the 9th May, states that the Inquisition of Rome had
+annulled the sentence which that of Ravenna had pronounced against
+Solomon Moses Viviani, who had relapsed into Judaism, after having
+abjured it to become a Christian. In confirming the revocation, the Pope
+said: "The divine law is not of the same nature as that of man, but a
+law of persuasion and gentleness; persecution, exile, and imprisonment,
+are only suitable to false prophets and the apostles of false doctrines.
+Let us pity the man who does not see the true light, or who even refuses
+to see it; the cause of his blindness may tend to fulfil the profound
+designs of providence, &c." His Holiness having since presided at a
+congregation of the holy office, has decreed that, "in all trials of
+heresy, the accuser shall be confronted with the accused, in the
+presence of the judges, and has expressed an intention that the trials
+shall be so conducted as to avoid the punishment of death[82]."
+
+Another letter from Rome, of the 17th January, 1817, contains the
+following article: "It is reported that the holy office will be reformed
+this year. It appears that it will only be allowed to proceed in the
+same manner as the other tribunals. The government considers it to be
+dangerous to allow a body to exist which is useless, and always armed
+against the progress of reason. You may believe that the Inquisition has
+already ceased to exist[83]."
+
+In March, 1816, the Portuguese ambassador had sent a diplomatic note to
+the cardinal-secretary of state to his Holiness, in which he informs
+him, in the name of his court, of the condemnation of a work printed by
+the Inquisitor Louis de Paramo, of the formal and judicial suppression
+of the holy office, and of the re-establishment of the bishops in their
+former privileges[84].
+
+These just and moderate measures ought to be the rule and guide of the
+Spanish inquisitors; if they would make the proceedings public, and
+liberate the prisoners on bail, I confess that I should not be afraid to
+present myself to be tried by that tribunal.
+
+Since this article was printed, I have been informed, that the
+inquisitor-general Mier Campillo is dead, and that Ferdinand has
+appointed Monseigneur Jerome Castillon de Salas, Bishop of Taragona, as
+his successor. God grant that he may understand the spirit of the
+Gospel, and the necessity of reforming the Inquisition, better than his
+predecessor!
+
+
+
+
+NUMBER OF THE VICTIMS
+
+OF
+
+THE INQUISITION.
+
+
+It is impossible to determine the exact number of persons who perished
+in the first years after the establishment of the holy office. Persons
+were burnt in the year 1481, and the Supreme Council was not created
+until 1483. The registers in its archives, and those of the inferior
+tribunals, are of a still later date; and as the inquisitor-general
+accompanied the court, which had no fixed residence until the reign of
+Philip II., many of the trials must have been lost during these
+journeys. These circumstances oblige me to found my calculations on the
+combination of certain data, which I found in the registers and writings
+of the holy office.
+
+Mariana, in his History of Spain, informs us that, in 1481, the
+Inquisitors of Seville condemned two thousand persons to _relaxation_,
+that is, to be burnt, and that there were as many effigies; the number
+of persons reconciled was one thousand seven hundred. The latter were
+always subjected to severe penances.
+
+The _autos-da-fé_ of this period, which I examined at Saragossa and
+Toledo, lead me to suppose that each tribunal of the Inquisition
+celebrated at least four _autos-da-fé_ every year. The provincial
+tribunals were successively organised. I do not speak of those of
+Mexico, Lima, Carthagena in America, Sicily or Sardinia, although they
+were subject to the Inquisitors-general and the Supreme Council, because
+I am only enabled to establish my calculation for those of the Peninsula
+and the neighbouring isles.
+
+Andres Bernaldez, a contemporary historian, and very much attached to
+the new institution, in which he held the office of almoner to the
+second inquisitor, states, in his inedited History of the Catholic
+Kings, that from 1482 to 1489, more than seven hundred individuals were
+burnt, and more than five thousand subjected to penances, at Seville: he
+does not mention the effigies.
+
+In 1481 the number equalled that of the persons burnt. I will, however,
+suppose that these were only half that number, to avoid all
+exaggeration, though it was in general much more considerable; I may,
+therefore, say, that in each year of this period, 88 persons were burnt
+at Seville, 44 in effigy, and 600 condemned to different penances;
+total, 757. The same mode of calculation may be applied to the other
+tribunals of the province which were then founded.
+
+In the castle of Triana, at Seville, where the inquisitorial tribunal
+was held, is an inscription, placed there in 1524, importing that in the
+space of time from 1492 to that year, about 1000 persons had been burnt,
+and 20,000 condemned to penances;--I will suppose that 1000 individuals
+were burnt, and 500 effigies, which will give for each year 32 burnt, 16
+effigies, and 625 subjected to penances. I might admit a similar result
+for all the tribunals of the kingdom, but I prefer taking the half, on
+the supposition that the commerce carried on in the kingdom of Seville
+drew thither many Jewish families.
+
+With respect to the years 1490, 91, and 92, which elapsed between those
+mentioned by Bernaldez and the period of the inscription of Triana, I
+prefer calculating according to the thirty-two years after the
+inscription.
+
+Such are the foundations of my calculations for the first eighteen years
+of the Inquisition. I shall consider it from that time as entirely
+belonging to the government of Torquemada, the first inquisitor-general;
+for, although his office was not created till 1483, the two preceding
+years may be united to his administration, because he was at that time
+one of the Inquisitors appointed by the Pope. I shall, however,
+carefully distinguish the time when the inferior tribunals began to act,
+as a greater number of persons perished in the first year, because they
+were not sufficiently observant of their words and actions.
+
+1481. Seville, the only tribunal. Burnt, 2000. Effigies, 2000. Penances,
+1700. Total, 21,000.
+
+I do not mention Aragon, where the old Inquisition was in full activity.
+
+1482. Seville. Burnt, 88. Effigies, 44. Penances, 625. Total, 757.
+
+The tribunals of Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, and Majorca, belonged to
+the old Inquisition.
+
+1483. Seville. Ditto.
+
+Tribunals were established in this year at Cordova, Jaen, and Toledo; it
+is probable that as many persons were condemned at these places as in
+the first year at Seville, but I shall take the tenth part of that
+number.
+
+Cordova. Burnt, 200. Effigies, 200. Penances, 17. Total, 2100. Jaen,
+ditto. Toledo, ditto. Total, 7057.
+
+1484. Seville. Burnt, 88. Effigies, 44. Penances, 625. Total, 757.
+
+I calculate half that number for each of the three additional tribunals.
+Total, 1892.
+
+1485. Seville, ditto. Cordova, ditto. Jaen, ditto. Toledo, ditto.
+
+Valladolid, Estremadura, Murcia, Calahorra, Saragossa, and Valencia;
+each, burnt, 200. Effigies, 200. Penances, 1700. Total, 2100.
+
+For the ten tribunals. Total, 12,930.
+
+1486. Seville, as before.
+
+Cordova, Jaen, and Toledo, ditto.
+
+Valladolid, Llerena, Murcia, Logroño, Saragossa, and Valencia; same
+number as Cordova.
+
+For the ten tribunals. Total, 4149.
+
+1487. Seville, and the other tribunals; the same number as the preceding
+year.
+
+Barcelona and Majorca, burnt, 200. Effigies, 200. Penances, 1700.
+
+Total for the twelve tribunals, 8359.
+
+1488. Seville, ditto.
+
+Eleven other tribunals, same number as before. Total, 4915.
+
+1489. Same as the preceding year. Here finish the calculations founded
+on the statements of Mariana and Bernaldez.
+
+1490. Seville. Burnt, 32. Effigies, 16. Penances, 625. Total, 663.
+According to the calculation from the inscription of Triana.
+
+The eleven other tribunals may be considered to have punished half that
+number. Total for the twelve, 4369.
+
+1491 to 1498. According to my system of reduction, the total number of
+victims for the eight last years of Torquemada, was 34,952.
+
+Total for the eighteen years of his administration, 105,294.
+
+1499 to 1507. _Second inquisitor-general._ Don Fray Diego Deza. For the
+twelve tribunals during the eight years of his administration. Burnt,
+1664. Effigies, 832. Penances, 32,456. Total, 34,952.
+
+1507 to 1518. _Third inquisitor-general._ Cardinal Ximenes de Cisneros.
+In 1513 he separated the tribunal of Cuença from that of Murcia.
+
+Number of persons condemned during the eleven years of his
+administration. Burnt, 2536. Effigies, 1368. Penances, 47,263. Total,
+51,163.
+
+1518 to 1524. _Fourth inquisitor-general._ Cardinal Adrian. Number of
+tribunals in the peninsula, the same as under his predecessor. Burnt,
+1344. Effigies, 662. Penances, 26,214. Total, 28,230.
+
+1524 to 1539. _Fifth inquisitor-general._ Cardinal Manrique. For each
+year of this administration, I calculate that in each of the tribunals
+10 were burnt, 5 in effigy, and 50 subjected to penances; total, 65.
+There were thirteen tribunals in the peninsula, and two in the adjacent
+isles. According to the preceding calculation, we find that during the
+fifteen years of the administration of Manrique, there were, Burnt,
+2250. Effigies, 1120. Penances, 11,250. Total, 14,625.
+
+1539 to 1545. _Sixth inquisitor-general._ Cardinal Tabera. His
+administration may be considered as having lasted seven years. For the
+fifteen tribunals during that period, I calculate, Burnt, 840. Effigies,
+420. Penances, 4200. Total, 5460.
+
+_Seventh inquisitor-general._ Cardinal Loaisa was appointed in 1546, and
+died in the same year; the time of his administration may be said to be
+twelve months. In the fifteen tribunals, Burnt, 120. Effigies, 60.
+Penances, 600. Total, 780.
+
+_Eighth inquisitor-general._ Don Ferdinand Valdés, Archbishop of
+Seville. Twenty years in the fifteen tribunals, Burnt, 2400. Effigies,
+1200. Penances, 12,000. Total, 19,600.
+
+_Ninth inquisitor-general._ Cardinal Espinosa, six years. Burnt, 720.
+Effigies, 360. Penances, 3600. Total, 4680.
+
+_Tenth inquisitor-general._ Don Pedro de Cordova, Ponce de Leon,
+succeeded in 1572, and died in January, 1573, before he could enter on
+his office.
+
+_Eleventh inquisitor-general._ Cardinal Quiroga, twenty-two years.
+Another tribunal was established in Galicia. In the sixteen tribunals
+were Burnt, 2816. Effigies, 1408. Penances, 14,080. Total, 18,304.
+
+_Twelfth inquisitor-general._ Don Jerome Manrique de Lara, Bishop of
+Carthagena and Avila, one year. Total for the sixteen Inquisitions,
+Burnt, 180. Effigies, 64. Penances, 640. Total, 832.
+
+_Thirteenth inquisitor-general._ Don Pedro de Porto-Carrero, Bishop of
+Cuença, three years. Burnt, 184. Effigies, 92. Penances, 1920. Total,
+2196.
+
+_Fourteenth inquisitor-general._ Cardinal Guevara, three years. Burnt,
+240. Effigies, 96. Penances, 1728. Total, 2064.
+
+_Fifteenth inquisitor-general._ Don Juan de Zuñiga, Bishop of
+Carthagena, one year. Burnt, 84. Effigies, 32. Penances, 576. Total,
+688.
+
+_Sixteenth inquisitor-general._ Don Juan Bautista de Acebedo, Archbishop
+_in partibus infidelium_, five years. Burnt, 400. Effigies, 116.
+Penances, 2880. Total, 3440.
+
+_Seventeenth inquisitor-general._ Cardinal Sandoval y Roxas, eleven
+years. Burnt, 880. Effigies, 352. Penances, 6336. Total, 7568.
+
+_Eighteenth inquisitor-general._ Don Fray Louis de Aliaga, two years.
+Burnt, 240. Effigies, 96. Penances, 1728. Total, 2064.
+
+_Nineteenth inquisitor-general._ Don Andres Pacheco, four years. Burnt,
+200. Effigies, 128. Penances, 1280. Total, 1664.
+
+_Twentieth inquisitor-general._ Cardinal Mendoza, six years. Burnt, 384.
+Effigies, 192. Penances, 1920. Total, 2496.
+
+_Twenty-first inquisitor-general._ Don Fray Antonio de Sotomayor,
+Archbishop _in partibus infidelium_, eleven years. Burnt, 704. Effigies,
+352. Penances, 3520. Total, 4576.
+
+_Twenty-second inquisitor-general._ Don Diego de Arce y Reynosa, Bishop
+of Placencia, twenty-three years. Burnt, 1472. Effigies, 736. Penances,
+7360. Total, 9568.
+
+_Twenty-third inquisitor-general._ Cardinal d'Aragon. Dismissed before
+he entered on his office.
+
+_Twenty-fourth inquisitor-general._ Don Juan Everard Nitardo, three
+years. Burnt, 144. Effigies, 48. Penances, 576. Total, 768.
+
+_Twenty-fifth inquisitor-general._ Don Diego Sarmiento de Valladares,
+twenty-six years. Burnt, 1248. Effigies, 416. Penances, 4992. Total,
+6656.
+
+_Twenty-sixth inquisitor-general._ Don Juan Thomas Rocaberti, Archbishop
+of Valencia, five years. Burnt, 240. Effigies, 80. Penances, 960. Total,
+1280.
+
+_Twenty-seventh inquisitor-general._ Cardinal Aguilar. Died before he
+entered on his office.
+
+_Twenty-eighth inquisitor-general._ Don Balthazar Mendoza y Sandoval,
+Bishop of Segovia, five years. Burnt, 240. Effigies, 80. Penances, 960.
+Total, 1280.
+
+_Twenty-ninth inquisitor-general._ Don Vidal Marin, Bishop of Ceuta,
+four years. Seventeen tribunals. Burnt, 136. Effigies, 68. Penances,
+816. Total, 1020.
+
+_Thirtieth inquisitor-general._ Don Antonio Ibañez de la Riva Herrera,
+Archbishop of Saragossa, two years. Burnt, 68. Effigies, 34. Penances,
+408. Total, 510.
+
+_Thirty-first inquisitor-general._ Cardinal Judice, six years. Burnt,
+204. Effigies, 102. Penances, 1224. Total, 1530.
+
+_Thirty-second inquisitor-general._ Don Joseph Molines, Auditor de Rote
+at Rome, two years. Burnt, 68. Effigies, 34. Penances, 408. Total, 510.
+
+_Thirty-third inquisitor-general._ Don Juan de Arzamendi. Died before he
+entered on the office.
+
+_Thirty-fourth inquisitor-general._ Don Diego de Astorga y Cespedes,
+Bishop of Barcelona, two years. Burnt, 68. Effigies, 34. Penances, 408.
+Total, 510.
+
+_Thirty-fifth inquisitor-general._ Don Juan de Camargo, Bishop of
+Pampluna, thirteen years. Burnt, 442. Effigies, 221. Penances, 2652.
+Total, 3315.
+
+_Thirty-sixth inquisitor-general._ Don Andres de Orbe y Larreategui,
+Archbishop of Valencia, seven years. Burnt, 238. Effigies, 119.
+Penances, 1428. Total, 1785.
+
+_Thirty-seventh inquisitor-general._ Don Manuel Isidro Manrique de Lara,
+Archbishop of Santiago, four years. Burnt, 336. Effigies, 68. Penances,
+816. Total, 1020.
+
+_Thirty-eighth inquisitor-general._ Don Francisco Perez de Prado y
+Cuesta, Bishop of Teruel. He was confirmed by the Pope in 1746; I do not
+know the exact term of his administration, but I have fixed it in 1757,
+before the death of Ferdinand VI., who appointed his successor. Burnt,
+10. Effigies, 5. Penances, 107. Total, 122.
+
+_Thirty-ninth inquisitor-general._ Don Manuel Quintano Bonifaz,
+Archbishop of Pharsala, seventeen years. Burnt, 2. Penances, 10 in
+public, a greater number in private.
+
+_Fortieth inquisitor-general._ Don Philip Bertran, Bishop of Salamanca,
+nine years. Two were burnt every year of this administration, six
+condemned to public, and a great number to private penances[85].
+
+_Forty-first inquisitor-general._ Don Augustin Rubin de Cevallos, Bishop
+of Jaen, nine years. Fourteen condemned to public penances, and a
+considerable number condemned intra muros.
+
+_Forty-second inquisitor-general._ Don Manuel Abad y la Sierra,
+Archbishop of Selimbria, two years. Sixteen individuals condemned to
+public, a greater number to private penances.
+
+_Forty-third inquisitor-general._ Cardinal Lorenzana, three years.
+Public penances, 14. A very great number condemned to private penances.
+One effigy was burnt at Cuença.
+
+_Forty-fourth inquisitor-general._ Don Ramon Joseph de Arce, Archbishop
+of Saragossa, eleven years. Twenty individuals were condemned to public,
+and a very considerable number to private penances. The Curate of Esco
+was condemned to the flames, but the grand-inquisitor and the Supreme
+Council would not permit the sentence to be executed.
+
+    Number of persons who were condemned
+      and perished in the flames   -   -   31,912
+    Effigies burnt     -   -   -   -   -   17,659
+    Condemned to severe penances   -   -  291,450
+                                         ---------
+                                          341,021
+
+THE END.
+
+LONDON:
+
+Printed by WILLIAM CLOWES,
+Stamford-Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The following typographical errors have been corrected by the etext
+transcriber:
+
+those already in in prison were excluded from the pardon=>those already
+in prison were excluded from the pardon
+
+John Guiterrez de Chabes=>John Gutierrez de Chabes
+
+Don Diego Deza, a Dominician=>Don Diego Deza, a Dominican
+
+entirely composed by Catholics authors=>entirely composed by Catholic
+authors
+
+he went out, and was assasinated=>he went out, and was assassinated
+
+more favourably received than at Vallodolid=>more favourably received
+than at Valladolid
+
+expences in travelling and maintaining=>expenses in travelling and
+maintaining
+
+mind was so much disorderered=>mind was so much disordered
+
+from the secresy of their proceedings=>from the secrecy of their
+proceedings
+
+secresy, and two members of the Council of Castile=>secrecy, and two
+members of the Council of Castile
+
+inquisitor in ordinary of the diocease=>inquisitor in ordinary of the
+diocese
+
+he ackowledges his guilt=>he acknowledges his guilt
+
+
+Nicholas Antonio say that he died, with the reputation of being a
+saint=>Nicholas Antonio says that he died, with the reputation of being
+a saint
+
+Haping occasion to say=>Having occasion to say
+
+it appears, from cotemporary=>it appears, from contemporary
+
+
+made several journies to Valladolid=>made several journeys to Valladolid
+
+The queen and the princes were in tears=>The queen and the princess were
+in tears
+
+his death was invitable=>his death was inevitable
+
+afterwards transferred to the the city of=>afterwards transferred to the
+city of
+
+when Cazella was arrested=>when Cazalla was arrested
+
+decree of the congregation shuld be revoked.=>decree of the congregation
+should be revoked.
+
+Majorca, Bilboa, Valladolid, aud Osma=>Majorca, Bilboa, Valladolid, and
+Osma
+
+cemetery of Pére la Chaise=>cemetery of Père la Chaise
+
+there was a third called called Huguenaos=>there was a third called
+Huguenaos
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] The following fact shews that the inquisitors of our own days do not
+fall below the standard of those who followed the fanatic Torquemada. *
+* * * was present when the Inquisition was thrown open, in 1820, by the
+orders of the Cortes of Madrid. Twenty-one prisoners were found in it,
+not one of whom knew the name of the city in which he was: some had been
+confined three years, some a longer period, and not one knew perfectly
+the nature of the crime of which he was accused.
+
+One of these prisoners had been condemned, and was to have suffered on
+the following day. His punishment was to be death by the _pendulum_. The
+method of thus destroying the victim is as follows:--The condemned is
+fastened in a groove, upon a table, on his back; suspended above him is
+a pendulum, the edge of which is sharp, and it is so constructed as to
+become longer with every movement. The wretch sees this implement of
+destruction swinging to and fro above him, and every moment the keen
+edge approaching nearer and nearer: at length it cuts the skin of his
+nose, and gradually cuts on, until life is extinct. It may be doubted if
+the holy office in its mercy ever invented a more humane and rapid
+method of exterminating heresy, or ensuring confiscation. This, let it
+be remembered, was a punishment of the Secret Tribunal, A.D. 1820!!!
+
+[2] The _absolution ad cautelam_ is that granted by inquisitors to
+persons who have been suspected of heresy.
+
+[3] Since the publication of this work, the Author has been informed
+that the convicts were only fastened to the statues of the _Four
+Prophets_, and not enclosed in them. Andrew Bernaldez, a contemporary
+writer, and eye-witness of the executions, from whom this fact was
+taken, is not sufficiently explicit to remove all doubt.
+
+[4] Erasmus, letters 884, 907, 910.
+
+[5] Sandoval. Hist. Charles V. B. 24, § 23.
+
+[6] Salazar de Mendoza, Life of Don Bartholomew Carranza, ch. vii.
+
+[7] Mayan's Life of John Louis Vives, in the introduction to the new
+edition of his works.
+
+[8] Virues: _Philippics against Melancthon_, in the dedication of the
+edition of Antwerp, 1541.
+
+[9] Reginaldus Gonzalvius Montanus, _Sanctæ Inquisitionis Hispanicæ,
+artes aliquot detectæ_. This work is now extremely rare; it was
+published in 8vo. at Heidelberg in 1567.
+
+[10] Charles V. is the hero of this poem.
+
+[11] Don Antonio Cajetan de Souza has inserted this bull in his
+genealogical History of the Royal House of Portugal; Vol. II.
+
+[12] Continued from Gonzales de Montes.
+
+[13] Sandoval's History of Charles V., vol. ii.
+
+[14] Sandoval's History of Charles V., tom. ii.
+
+[15] Cabrera, Hist. Philip II., Book 2. chap. vi.
+
+[16] Cabrera, ibid. B. I. chap. viii. and ix.
+
+[17] Leti, Life of Philip II. Book 17.--Reinaldi, Annales Eccles. An.
+1563, No. 146.--Palavicini, Hist. Council of Trent, Book 22, Chap.
+viii.--Sarpi, Hist. Council of Trent, Book 8. No. 42.
+
+[18] See Chapter XVI.
+
+[19] Pellecyr, Ensago de Biblioteca de Traductores Españoles. Articles,
+_Reina_, _Perez_, and _Valera_.
+
+[20] Regnialdus Gonzalirus Montanus, _Sanctæ Inquisitionis Hispanicæ
+artes aliquot detectæ_, in the rubric _Publicato testium_, p. 50.
+
+[21] Fleury, Hist. Ecoles, liv. 154, ann. 1559, No. 14.
+
+[22] Ulloa, _Vita di Carlos V._, edition of Venice; 1589, p. 237.
+
+[23] The _informer_ is admitted as a witness, in contempt of the rule of
+right, and the punishment due to a false witness is not inflicted, if he
+is discovered to be such.
+
+[24] They never found this measure necessary. The old bulls and the
+Cortes had provided that the interlocutory act of arrest should be
+consented to, and signed by the inquisitor in ordinary of the diocese.
+Reason dictated this measure, because the decree for an arrest does not
+permit the summons.
+
+[25] This form is very prejudicial to the prisoner, when the
+conversation takes place with one person, because the manner of relating
+the fact supposes three, the accused, the interlocutor, and the
+individual who has seen or heard.
+
+[26] This inconvenience was the danger to which the secrecy of the holy
+office was exposed from the activity of these procurators.
+
+[27] This is false; the advantages on the contrary were very important,
+because the procurators who knew the persons capable of proving the
+challenge of presumed witnesses, informed them of it, in order to favour
+the accused.
+
+[28] The New Christians, the relations, the servants, malefactors,
+infamous persons, in fact every man, a wife, a child, are admitted to
+depose against the accused, and he cannot call as a witness any person
+who is a relation or a servant!
+
+[29] This is an injustice. If an accused person had seen the proved
+articles of the examination in his defence, or if they had been
+communicated to his lawyer, he would have often derived conclusive
+arguments from them against the depositions for the prosecution.
+
+[30] _It was not often used_, because the inquisitors were unwilling to
+reveal the secret of their irregular proceedings; they considered it
+_dangerous_, because it was favourable to the accused, in the few cases
+where it had been employed; they wished it to be used with great
+caution, because they felt that those who are not inquisitors act like
+judges. The canonical proof takes place in the presence of twelve
+persons, who declare upon oath whether they believe the accused to be
+innocent or guilty. They were a kind of jury, to whom the inquisitors
+were obliged to show the original process, and thus the accused depended
+more upon the jury than on the inquisitors.
+
+[31] I have not read any process which proves that more than one
+inquisitor has assisted at this execution; I have never seen either the
+ordinary, or the consultors present at it; the question was only applied
+in the presence of the inquisitor, the notary, and the executioners.
+
+[32] It was afterwards regulated that this should be done in all
+definitive sentences.
+
+[33] The trial began in 1558; it had already lasted more than fifteen
+years, yet the council said that it went on quickly!
+
+[34] Father Kircher has inserted this letter in his work called
+_Principis Christiani Archetipon Politicum_.
+
+[35] Kircher has inserted the whole of this letter in the work before
+mentioned.
+
+[36] Estrada: Decades of the War of Flanders. Decade i. b. 7.
+
+[37] This refers to the queen's journey to Bayonne, to confer with her
+mother on the political affairs of the League. It took place in 1565.
+
+[38] Cabrera: History of Philip II., chap. 28.
+
+[39] Wander-Hamer: History of Philip II., p. 115. Cabrera: Prudence of
+Philip II., b. vii. chap. 22.
+
+[40] Cabrera. Ibid. chap. 28.
+
+[41] Kircher: _Vide_ the Work before mentioned, b. ii. chap. 2.
+
+[42] Estrada: Wars of Flanders, Decade i. b. 7.
+
+[43] Cabrera: Hist. Philip II., b. vii. chap. 28.
+
+[44] Wander-Hamen: Life of Don John of Austria, book i.
+
+[45] Cabrera: Hist. Philip II., book vii. chap. 22.
+
+[46] Retamar is a place situated half-way between Madrid and the Pardo.
+
+[47] Cabrera, book vii. chap. 22.--Wander-Hamen: Life of Don John of
+Austria, book i.
+
+[48] St. Jerome is a monastery of the order of Jeronimites, founded by
+Henry IV. Near this monastery is the old royal palace called _Buen
+Retiro_.
+
+[49] _Atocha_ is a Convent of Dominicans near _Buen Retiro_, on the east
+side.
+
+[50] This was not the Saturday following, which was on the 3rd of
+January, 1568, but on the 17th of January, the day before Don Carlos was
+arrested.
+
+[51] The princes of Bohemia and Hungary, then at Madrid, also Don John
+of Austria and Alexander Farnese.
+
+[52] Some galleys which were then being prepared under the command of
+Don John.
+
+[53] Grand prior of the order of St. John of Jerusalem: his name was Don
+Antonio de Toledo, brother to the Duke of Alva, and a councillor of
+state.
+
+[54] The Duke de Feria was captain-general of the king's guards, and a
+councillor of state.
+
+[55] Louis Quijada was Lord of Villagarcia, son of him who was
+major-domo to Charles V. in his retirement. The Count de Lerma was
+afterwards first duke and favourite of Philip III. Don Rodrigo de
+Mendoza was the eldest son of the Prince d'Evoli.
+
+[56] Son of Don Gabriel, Count de Siruela.
+
+[57] Mass was afterwards said in the prince's apartment; this shows that
+the account was written before the 2nd of March, when the order was
+given to have it performed.
+
+[58] The 19th of January, 1568.
+
+[59] Hoyos. His name was Pedro del Hoyo.
+
+[60] That is of the eldest sons who have the right of succeeding to the
+crown, which is a _majorat_, or a perpetual substitution by the order of
+primogeniture.
+
+[61] Jane, the king's sister, who had brought up Don Carlos before he
+had masters.
+
+[62] The _monteros_ are the king's body-guard for the night. All the
+individuals of this guard are called _Monteros de Espinosa_, because
+they ought to have been born in the borough called _Espinosa de la
+Monteros_; this is a privilege which was granted to them by the
+sovereign Count of Castile, Ferdinand Gonzalez, as a recompense for a
+distinguished act of fidelity.
+
+[63] Watson: History of the Reign of Philip II., in English and French,
+Appendix.
+
+[64] De Thou: History of his Time, in Latin, vol. ii. b. 43.
+
+[65] Comentarios del Reverendissimo señor Fray Barthome Carranza de
+Miranda, Arzobispo de Toledo, sobre el cathecismo christiano, divididos
+en quatro partes, les quales contienent odo lo que profesamos en el
+santo bautismo, como se vera en la plana siguiente, dirigida al
+serenisimo senor rey de Espana, &c., nuestro senor. En Anveres, en casa
+de Martin Nucio, Anno M. D. LVIII., con privilegio real.
+
+[66] Reinaldo: Ecclesiastical Annals for 1563, No. 137. Paul Sarpi:
+History of the Council of Trent, b. viii. p. 32.
+
+[67] These expressions show that the Count foresaw that the resolution
+of the council would be favourable to the Catechism; and in that case
+the holy office of Spain would be dishonoured.
+
+[68] The chief justice of Aragon was an intermediate judge between the
+king and his subjects, and independent of him as an officer of justice,
+before whom the king only was the pleading party. This magistracy had
+been established by the constitution of the kingdom; the person invested
+with it was authorized to declare, at the demand of any inhabitant, that
+the king, his judges, or his magistrates, abused their power, and acted
+against the law in violating the constitution and privileges of the
+kingdom; in this case, the chief justice could defend the oppressed by
+force of arms against the king, and of course against his agents or
+lieutenants.
+
+[69] This expression is ancient in the Aragonese dialect, and taken from
+the French, which derived it from the Latin _inquisitio_. It is the
+title given in the code of _Fueros_ to the sentence pronounced against
+magistrates or other public officers guilty of infidelity, abuse of
+power, or other crimes.
+
+[70] Henry IV. of France, then called the Duke of Vendome, and Catherine
+de Bourbon, afterwards Sovereign Duchess of Bar.
+
+[71] Molina was then at Madrid, where he had been rewarded by a place in
+the council of military orders. He was succeeded at Saragossa by Don
+Pedro de Zamora.
+
+[72] See _Relations_ of Perez.
+
+[73] See Chapter XV.
+
+[74] See Chapter 15.
+
+[75] See Chapter 26.
+
+[76] See Chapter 25.
+
+[77] A work, by M. Clement, was printed at Paris, in 1802, called _A
+Journal of Correspondences and Journeys for the Peace of the Church_.
+
+[78] These letters will be found in the second volume of the _Memoires
+pour servir à l'Histoire de la Révolution d'Espagne_, by Don Juan
+Nellerto, Nos. 34, 59, 67.
+
+[79] Don Miguel Juan Antonio Solano was born at Veroline in Aragon.
+Nature had endued him with an inventive, penetrating genius, inclined to
+mathematical applications; he learned the trade of a joiner, for his own
+amusement. He invented a plough which would work without oxen or horses,
+and presented it to the government, but little notice was taken of it.
+Desiring to make himself useful to his parishioners, he undertook to
+fertilize the earth in a ravine situated between two mountains, and
+completely succeeded. He had brought into the ravine the waters of a
+fountain, which was about a quarter of a Spanish league from the spot. A
+long and severe illness had made him lame, and during his convalescence,
+he invented a chair in which he could go out into his garden. When his
+age inclined him to meditations of another nature, as he had not many
+books, he particularly applied himself to the study of the Bible, and
+from it he formed his religious system, which differed little from that
+of the reformed Protestants, who are most attached to the discipline of
+the first ages of the church; he was persuaded that all that is not
+expressed in the New Testament, or is opposed to the literal sense of
+the text, was invented by man. He put his sentiments in writing, and
+sent the work to his bishop, requesting him to instruct him and give his
+opinion. The bishop Lopez Gil promised to send him an answer; but as it
+did not arrive, Solano communicated his opinions to some professors of
+theology in the University of Saragossa, and to some curates in his
+neighbourhood: he was in consequence denounced to the Inquisition of
+Saragossa, who proceeded to take informations, and arrest the criminal.
+A curate, who called himself his friend, received the commission to
+arrest the unfortunate Solano, while entire liberty was allowed him to
+enable him to recover. Solano, however, found means to convey himself to
+Oleron, the nearest town on the French frontier; but soon after,
+depending on the goodness of his intentions, hoping that the inquisitors
+would respect his innocence, and show him his errors, if he had fallen
+into any, he returned to Spain, and wrote to inform them that he would
+submit to anything, in order to be enlightened and convinced. His
+conduct proved that he was little acquainted with the tribunal of the
+Inquisition.
+
+[80] See _Gazette de France_, for the 14th April, 1816, No. 103.
+
+[81] _Gazette de France_, _Journal du Soir_, for the 1st May, 1816.
+
+[82] _Gazette de France_, 22nd May, 1816, No. 41.
+
+[83] _Gazette de France_, January 21st, 1817, No. 31.
+
+[84] _Gazette de France_, April 3rd, 1816, No. 94.
+
+[85] The last person burnt by the Inquisition was a Beata, for having
+made a compact with the devil. She suffered on the 7th of November,
+1781.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of the Inquisition of
+Spain from the Time of its Establishment to the Reign of Ferdinand VII., by Juan Antonio Llorente
+
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+<title>
+  The Project Gutenberg eBook of The History if The Inquisition of Spain, by Juan Antonio Llorente.</title>
+
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of the Inquisition of Spain
+from the Time of its Establishment to the Reign of Ferdinand VII., by Juan Antonio Llorente
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The History of the Inquisition of Spain from the Time of its Establishment to the Reign of Ferdinand VII.
+
+Author: Juan Antonio Llorente
+
+Release Date: December 20, 2011 [EBook #38354]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HISTORY OF THE INQUISITION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This book was
+produced from scanned images of public domain material
+from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<table summary="note" border="4" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #ffffff;max-width:60%;
+margin:auto auto 5% auto;">
+  <tr>
+    <td valign="top">Though some typographical errors have been corrected (see list at the
+end of the etext), little attempt has been made to correct or normalize the
+accentuation of the Spanish or the spelling of English that the author
+had printed. (i.e. negociate/negotiate; Aragon/Arragon;
+de Alpizcueta/d'Alpizcueta/D'Alpizcueta; Escurial/Escorial.)</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="cb">
+LLORENTE'S<br />
+<br />
+HISTORY OF THE INQUISITION.</p>
+
+<p>
+<br />&nbsp;
+<br />
+</p>
+
+<h1>
+<small>THE HISTORY<br />
+<br />
+<small>OF THE</small></small><br />
+<br />
+INQUISITION OF SPAIN,<br />
+<br />
+<small><small>FROM THE</small><br />
+<br />
+TIME OF ITS ESTABLISHMENT<br />
+<br />
+<small>TO</small><br />
+<br />
+THE REIGN OF FERDINAND VII.</small></h1>
+
+<p class="cb"><small>COMPOSED FROM THE</small><br />
+<br />
+<small>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS OF THE ARCHIVES OF THE SUPREME COUNCIL,<br />
+AND FROM THOSE OF SUBORDINATE TRIBUNALS<br />
+OF THE HOLY OFFICE.</small><br />
+<br /><br />&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;<br />
+<small><small>ABRIDGED AND TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL WORKS OF</small></small><br />
+<br />
+D. JUAN ANTONIO LLORENTE,<br />
+<br />
+<small>FORMERLY SECRETARY OF THE INQUISITION,</small><br />
+<br />
+<small><small><i>CHANCELLOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO, KNIGHT OF THE ORDER OF CHARLES III.,</i></small><br />
+<i>&amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c.</i></small><br />
+<br /><br />&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;<br /><br />
+<i>SECOND EDITION.</i><br />
+<br />&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;<br />
+LONDON:<br />
+PRINTED FOR GEO. B. WHITTAKER,<br />
+<small>AVE-MARIA-LANE.</small><br />
+<small>MDCCCXXVII.</small></p>
+
+<p>
+<br />&nbsp;
+<br />&nbsp;
+</p>
+
+<p class="cb">LONDON:<br />
+Printed by WILLIAM CLOWES,<br />
+Stamford Street.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<br />&nbsp;
+<br />&nbsp;
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="table of contents"
+style="max-width:98%;margin:auto;">
+
+<tr><th colspan="2" align="center"><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a><big>CONTENTS.</big></th></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="right"><small>Page</small></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">C<small>HAPTER</small>&nbsp;I.</a>&mdash;First Epoch of the Church till the Conversion of the
+Emperor Constantine</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_001">1</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">C<small>HAP</small> II.</a>&mdash;Establishment of a General Inquisition against Heretics
+in the Thirteenth Century</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_012">12</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">C<small>HAP</small> III.</a>&mdash;Of the Ancient Inquisition of Spain</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_016">16</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">C<small>HAP</small> IV.</a>&mdash;Of the Government of the Old Inquisition</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_020">20</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">C<small>HAP</small> V.</a>&mdash;Establishment of the Modern Inquisition in Spain</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_030">30</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">C<small>HAP</small> VI.</a>&mdash;Creation of a Grand Inquisitor-general&mdash;of a Royal
+Council of the Inquisition&mdash;of Subaltern Tribunals and Organic
+Laws&mdash;Establishment of the Holy Office in Aragon</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_039">39</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">C<small>HAP</small> VII.</a>&mdash;Additional Acts to the First Constitution of the Holy
+Office&mdash;Consequences of them, and Appeals to Rome against
+them</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_046">46</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">C<small>HAP</small> VIII.</a>&mdash;Expulsion of the Jews&mdash;Proceedings against Bishops&mdash;Death
+of Torquemada</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_053">53</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">C<small>HAP</small> IX.</a>&mdash;Of the Procedure of the Modern Inquisition</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_059">59</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_X">C<small>HAP</small> X.</a>&mdash;Of the principal Events during the Ministry of the Inquisitors
+Deza and Cisneros</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_071">71</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XI">C<small>HAP</small> XI.</a>&mdash;An Attempt made by the Cortes of Castile and Aragon
+to reform the Inquisition&mdash;Of the principal Events under
+Adrian, fourth Inquisitor-general</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_084">84</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XII">C<small>HAP</small> XII.</a>&mdash;Conduct of the Inquisitors towards the Morescoes</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_094">94</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIII">C<small>HAP</small> XIII.</a>&mdash;Of the Prohibition of Books and other Articles</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_100">100</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIV">C<small>HAP</small> XIV.</a>&mdash;Particular Trials for Suspicion of Lutheranism, and
+some other Crimes</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_113">113</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XV">C<small>HAP</small> XV.</a>&mdash;Prosecution of Sorcerers, Magicians, Enchanters, Necromancers,
+and others</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_129">129</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVI">C<small>HAP</small> XVI.</a>&mdash;Of the Trial of the false Nuncio of Portugal, and
+other important Events during the time of Cardinal Tabera,
+sixth Inquisitor-general</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_142">142</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVII">C<small>HAP</small> XVII.</a>&mdash;Of the Inquisitions of Naples, Sicily, and Malta, and
+of the Events of the Time of Cardinal Loaisa, seventh Inquisitor-general</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_157">157</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVIII">C<small>HAP</small> XVIII.</a>&mdash;Of important Events during the first years of the
+Administration of the eighth Inquisitor-general&mdash;Religion of
+Charles V. during the last years of his Life</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_164">164</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIX">C<small>HAP</small> XIX.</a>&mdash;Of the Proceedings against Charles V. and Philip II.
+as Schismatics and Favourers of Heresy&mdash;Progress of the Inquisition
+under the last of these Princes&mdash;Consequences of the
+particular Favour which he shewed towards it</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_179">179</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XX">C<small>HAP</small> XX.</a>&mdash;The Inquisition celebrates at Valladolid, in 1559, two
+Autos-da-fé against the Lutherans, in the Presence of some
+Members of the Royal Family</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_196">196</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXI">C<small>HAP</small> XXI.</a>&mdash;History of two Autos-da-fé, celebrated against the
+Lutherans in the City of Seville</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_212">212</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXII">C<small>HAP</small> XXII.</a>&mdash;Of the Ordinances of 1561, which have been followed
+in the Proceedings of the Holy Office, until the present Time</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_227">227</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXIII">C<small>HAP</small> XXIII.</a>&mdash;Of some Autos-da-fé celebrated in Murcia</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_253">253</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXIV">C<small>HAP</small> XXIV.</a>&mdash;Of the Autos-da-fé celebrated by the Inquisitions of
+Toledo, Saragossa, Valencia, Logroño, Grenada, Cuença, and
+Sardinia, during the Reign of Philip II.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_269">269</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXV">C<small>HAP</small> XXV.</a>&mdash;Of the Learned Men who have been persecuted by
+the Inquisition</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_277">277</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXVI">C<small>HAP</small> XXVI.</a>&mdash;Offences committed by the Inquisitors against the
+Royal Authority and Magistrates</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_323">323</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXVII">C<small>HAP</small> XXVII.</a>&mdash;Of the Trials of several Sovereigns and Princes
+undertaken by the Inquisition</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_347">347</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXVIII">C<small>HAP</small> XXVIII.</a>&mdash;Of the Conduct of the Holy Office towards those
+Priests who abused the Sacrament of Confession</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_355">355</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXIX">C<small>HAP</small> XXIX.</a>&mdash;Of the Trials instituted by the Inquisition against
+the Prelates and Spanish Doctors of the Council of Trent</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_357">357</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXX">C<small>HAP</small> XXX.</a>&mdash;Of the Prosecution of several Saints and Holy Persons
+by the Inquisition</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_371">371</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXI">C<small>HAP</small> XXXI.</a>&mdash;Of the celebrated Trial of Don Carlos, Prince of
+the Asturias</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_377">377</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXII">C<small>HAP</small> XXXII.</a>&mdash;Trial of the Archbishop of Toledo</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_409">409</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXIII">C<small>HAP</small> XXXIII.</a>&mdash;Continuation of the Trial, until the Archbishop
+went to Rome</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_442">442</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXIV">C<small>HAP</small> XXXIV.</a>&mdash;End of the Trial of Carranza&mdash;His Death</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_459">459</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXV">C<small>HAP</small> XXXV.</a>&mdash;Trial of Antonio Perez, Minister and First Secretary
+of State to Philip II.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_472">472</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXVI">C<small>HAP</small> XXXVI.</a>&mdash;Of several Trials occasioned by that of Antonio
+Perez.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_488">488</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXVII">C<small>HAP</small> XXXVII.</a>&mdash;Of the principal Events in the Inquisition during
+the Reign of Philip III.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_500">500</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXVIII">C<small>HAP</small> XXXVIII.</a>&mdash;Of the Trials and Autos-da-fé during the Reign
+of Philip IV.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_502">502</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXIX">C<small>HAP</small> XXXIX.</a>&mdash;The Inquisition during the Reign of Charles II.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_512">512</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XL">C<small>HAP</small> XL.</a>&mdash;Of the Inquisition in the Reign of Philip V.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_518">518</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XLI">C<small>HAP</small> XLI.</a>&mdash;Of the Inquisition during the Reign of Ferdinand VI.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_524">524</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XLII">C<small>HAP</small> XLII.</a>&mdash;Of the Inquisition under Charles III.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_539">539</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XLIII">C<small>HAP</small> XLIII.</a>&mdash;Of the Spanish Inquisition under Charles IV.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_546">546</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XLIV">C<small>HAP</small> XLIV.</a>&mdash;Of the Inquisition during the Reign of Ferdinand
+VII.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_565">565</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><a href="#NUMBER_OF_THE_VICTIMS">Number of The Victims of The Inquisition.</a></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_575">575</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><a href="#etext_transcriber">Etext transcriber's note</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><a href="#FOOTNOTES">Footnotes</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h2><a name="ADVERTISEMENT" id="ADVERTISEMENT"></a>ADVERTISEMENT.</h2>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> Compiler of the following pages has only attempted to give a
+condensed translation of a complex and voluminous history, with the hope
+that it might prove of more utility in its present form than in the
+original works. Those portions which are not calculated to interest or
+instruct the general reader, and afford no illustrations of the subject,
+have been passed over. Those trials have been selected which serve as
+examples of the various laws of the Inquisition, and of its state at
+different epochs, and which include the persecutions of the most eminent
+men.</p>
+
+<p>The curious will be amply gratified by the perusal of the history of the
+secret tribunal; the man of leisure cannot fail in finding occupation
+and amusement in the pages of Llorente; and the philosopher will
+discover in them ample scope for reflection on the aberrations of human
+reason, and on the capability of our nature, when under the influence of
+fanaticism, to inflict, with systematic indifference, death, torture,
+misery, anxiety, and infamy, on the guilty and the innocent.</p>
+
+<p>All the records of the fantastic cruelties of the heathen world do not
+afford so appalling a picture of human weakness and depravity as the
+authentic and genuine documents of the laws and proceeding of this Holy
+Office, which professed to act under the influence of the doctrines of
+the Redeemer of the World!</p>
+
+<p>I offer, with humility, this abridgement of the work to the public, and
+while I hope that it will be kindly and favourably received, I believe
+that it may prove interesting and useful to every class of readers.</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>June, 1826.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+<p class="nind">A<small>LTHOUGH</small> a tribunal has existed for more than three hundred years in
+Spain, invested with the power of prosecuting heretics, no correct
+history of its origin, establishment, and progress has been written.</p>
+
+<p>Writers of many countries have spoken of Inquisitions established in
+different parts of the world, where the Roman Catholic faith is the
+religion of the state, and yet not one is worthy of confidence. The work
+of M. Lavallée, entitled the "History of the Inquisitions of Italy,
+Spain, and Portugal," and published in 1809, has only added to the
+historical errors of the authors who preceded him. The Spanish and
+Portuguese writers on the same subject deserve no higher credit; and
+have not detailed, with accuracy, the circumstances which led to the
+establishment of this dreadful tribunal. These writers even differ in
+their statements of the period of its origin, and place it between the
+years 1477 and 1484. One affirms, with confidence, that the latter date
+is the true one, because in that year the regulations of the tribunal
+were enacted; another decides that it originated in 1483, because in
+that year Thomas Torquemada was appointed inquisitor-general by the
+Pope.</p>
+
+<p>The inquisition of Spain was not a new tribunal created by Ferdinand V.
+and Isabella, the queen of Castile, but only a reform and extension of
+the ancient tribunal, which had existed from the thirteenth century.</p>
+
+<p>No one could write a complete and authentic history of the Inquisition,
+who was not either an inquisitor or a secretary of the holy office.
+Persons holding only these situations could be permitted to make
+memoranda of papal bulls, the ordinances of sovereigns, the decisions of
+the councils of the "<i>Suprême</i>," of the originals of the preliminary
+processes for suspicion of heresy, or extracts of those which had been
+deposited in the archives. <i>Being myself the secretary of the
+Inquisition at Madrid</i>, during the years 1789, 1790, and 1791, I have
+the firmest confidence in my being able to give to the world <i>a true
+code of the secret laws by which the interior of the Inquisition was
+governed, of those laws which were veiled by mystery from all mankind</i>,
+excepting those men to whom the knowledge of their political import was
+exclusively reserved. A firm conviction, from knowing the deep objects
+of this tribunal, that it was vicious in principle, in its constitution,
+and in its laws, notwithstanding all that has been said in its support,
+induced me to avail myself of the advantage my situation afforded me,
+and to collect every document I could procure relative to its history.
+My perseverance has been crowned with success far beyond my hopes, for
+in addition to an abundance of materials, obtained with labour and
+expense, consisting of unpublished manuscripts and papers, mentioned in
+the inventories of deceased inquisitors, and other officers of the
+institution, in 1809, 1810, and 1811, when the Inquisition in Spain was
+suppressed, <i>all the archives were placed at my disposal</i>; and from 1809
+to 1812, I collected everything that appeared to me to be of consequence
+in the registers of the council of the Inquisition, and in the
+provincial tribunals, for the purpose of compiling this history.</p>
+
+<p>Never has a prisoner of the Inquisition seen either the accusation
+against himself, or any other. No one was ever permitted to know more of
+his own cause than he could learn of it by the interrogations and
+accusations to which he was obliged to reply, and by the extracts from
+the declarations of the witnesses, which were communicated to him, while
+not only their names were carefully concealed, and every circumstance
+relating to time, place, and person, by which he might obtain a clue to
+discover his denouncers, but even if the depositions contained any thing
+favourable to the defence of the prisoner. The maxim on which this was
+founded, is, that the accused ought not to occupy himself but in
+replying to the chief points of his accusation, and that it was the
+province of the judge afterwards to compare the answers that he had made
+with those which had been given favourable to his acquittal. Philip
+Limborch, and many more of veracity, have erred in their histories, from
+their ignorance of the method of conducting an inquisitorial trial.
+Those authors relied wholly on the accounts of prisoners, who knew
+nothing of the groundwork of their own case; and the details in
+Eymerick, Paramo, Pegna, Carena, and some other inquisitors, are too
+limited to yield the necessary information.</p>
+
+<p>These facts make me hope that I shall not transgress the bounds of
+propriety when I say, that I only can give a true history of the
+Inquisition, as I only possess the materials necessary for the
+undertaking.</p>
+
+<p>I have read the most celebrated trials of the modern Inquisition, and
+the details given by me differ essentially from those of other
+historians, not excepting those of Limborch, who is the most exact of
+them. The trials of Don Carlos of Austria, prince of the Asturias, of
+Don Bartholomew Carranza, archbishop of Toledo, and of Antony Perez, the
+first minister and secretary of Philip II., have been greatly
+illustrated in many important particulars.</p>
+
+<p>I have established the truth of that which concerns the Emperor Charles
+V.; Jeanne of Albret, queen of Navarre; Henry IV., king of France, her
+son, and of Margaret of Bourbon, the sovereign duchess of Bar, her
+daughter; of Don James of Navarre, son of Don Carlos, prince of Biana,
+surnamed the Infant of Tudela; of John Pic de Mirandola; of Don John of
+Austria, son of Philip IV.; of Alexander Farnèse, duke of Parma, and
+grandson of Charles V.; Don Philip of Arragon, son of the Emperor of
+Morocco; of Cæsar Borgia, son of Pope Alexander VI., and relation of the
+king of Navarre; of Jean Albret, duke of Valentinois, peer of France;
+of Don Peter Louis Borgia, last grand-master of the military order of
+Montessa, and of many other princes against whom the Inquisition
+exercised its power. The lover of history will find the details of the
+trials of seven archbishops, twenty bishops, and a great number of
+learned men, among whom are many of the members of the Council of Trent,
+who were unfortunately suspected of entertaining or favouring the
+Lutheran doctrines. To this list I have added the suits instituted by
+the <i>holy office</i> against many <i>saints</i>, and other personages, held in
+reverence by the Church of Spain, and also of many literati persecuted
+by this tribunal. These, for the sake of perspicuity, I have divided
+into two classes; the first class comprises those learned theologians
+who were accused of Lutheranism, for having, in their zeal, corrected
+the text of Bibles already published, or Latin translations from the
+Greek and Hebrew editions. The second class consists of those learned
+men, designated by the holy office under the title of False
+Philosophers, and who were persecuted for having manifested a wish to
+destroy, in Spain, superstition and fanaticism.</p>
+
+<p>This history will make known numberless attempts perpetrated by the
+inquisitors against magistrates who defended the rights of sovereign
+authority, in opposition to the enterprises of the <i>holy office</i> and the
+court of Rome; and which enables me to state the trials of many
+celebrated men and ministers who defended the prerogatives of the crown,
+and whose only crimes were having published works on the right of the
+crown, according with the true principles of jurisprudence. These trials
+will display the Counsellors of the Inquisition carrying their audacity
+to such a height, as to deny that their temporal jurisdiction was
+derived from the concession of their sovereign, and actually prosecuting
+all the members of the council of Castile, as rash men, suspected of
+heresy, for having made known and denounced to the king this system of
+usurpation. In addition to these intolerable acts, will be found
+accounts of their assumption of superiority over viceroys, and other
+great officers of state. I have also shewn, that these ministers of
+persecution have been the chief causes of the decline of literature, and
+almost the annihilators of nearly all that could enlighten the people,
+by their ignorance, their blind submission to the monks who were
+qualifiers, and by persecuting the magistrates and the learned who were
+anxious to disseminate information. These monks were despicable
+scholastic theologians, too ignorant and prejudiced to be able to
+ascertain the truth between the doctrines of Luther and those of Roman
+Catholicism, and so condemned, as Lutheran, propositions incontestably
+true.</p>
+
+<p>The horrid conduct of this <i>holy office</i> weakened the power and
+diminished the population of Spain, by arresting the progress of arts,
+sciences, industry, and commerce, and by compelling multitudes of
+families to abandon the kingdom; by instigating the expulsion of the
+Jews and the Moors; and by immolating on its flaming piles more than
+<i>three hundred thousand victims</i>!! So replete with duplicity was the
+system of the inquisitors-general, and the council of this <i>holy
+office</i>, that if a papal bull was likely to circumscribe their power, or
+check their vengeance, they refused to obey, on the pretext of its being
+opposed to the laws of the kingdom, and the orders of the Spanish
+government. By a similar proceeding, they evaded the ordinances of the
+king, by alleging that papal bulls prevented them from obeying, under
+pain of excommunication.</p>
+
+<p>Secrecy, the foe of truth and justice, was the soul of the tribunal of
+the Inquisition; it gave to it new life and vigour, sustained and
+strengthened its arbitrary power, and so emboldened it, that it had the
+hardihood to arrest the highest and noblest in the land, and enabled it
+to deceive, by concealing facts, popes, kings, viceroys, and all
+invested with authority by their sovereign. This <i>holy office</i>, veiled
+by secrecy, unhesitatingly kept back, falsified, concealed, or forged
+the reports of trials, when compelled to open their archives to popes or
+kings. The Inquisitors constantly succeeded, by this detestable knavery,
+in concealing the truth, and facilitated their object by being careful
+not to number the reports. This was practised to a great extent in the
+trials of the archbishop of Toledo, of the Prothonotary, and others.</p>
+
+<p>Facts prove beyond a doubt, that the extirpation of Judaism was not the
+real cause, but the mere pretext, for the establishment of the
+Inquisition by Ferdinand V. The true motive was to carry on a vigorous
+system of confiscation against the Jews, and so bring their riches into
+the hands of the government. Sixtus IV. sanctioned the measure, to gain
+the point dearest to the court of Rome, an extent of domination. Charles
+V. protected it from motives of policy, being convinced it was the only
+means of preventing the heresy of Luther from penetrating into Spain.
+Philip II. was actuated by superstition and tyranny to uphold it; and
+even extended its jurisdiction to the excise, and made the exporters of
+horses into France liable to seizure by the officers of the tribunal, as
+persons suspected of heresy! Philip III., Philip IV., and Charles II.,
+pursued the same course, stimulated by similar fanaticism and
+imbecility, when the re-union of Portugal to Spain led to the discovery
+of many Jews. Philip V. maintained the Inquisition from considerations
+of mistaken policy, inherited from Louis XIV., who made him believe that
+such rigour would ensure the tranquillity of the kingdom, which was
+always in danger when many religions were tolerated. Ferdinand VI. and
+Charles III. befriended this <i>holy office</i>, because they would not
+deviate from the course that their father had traced, and because the
+latter hated the freemasons. Lastly, Charles IV. supported the tribunal,
+because the French Revolution seemed to justify a system of
+surveillance, and he found a firm support in the zeal of the
+inquisitors-general, always attentive to the preservation and extension
+of their power, as if the sovereign authority could find no surer means
+of strengthening the throne, than the terror inspired by an
+Inquisition.</p>
+
+<p><i>During the time I remained in London, I heard some Catholics affirm
+that the Inquisition was useful in Spain, to preserve the Catholic
+faith, and that a similar establishment would have been useful in
+France.</i></p>
+
+<p>These persons were deceived, by believing that it was sufficient for
+people to be good Catholics not to have any fear of the <i>holy office</i>.
+They knew not that nine-tenths of the prisoners were deemed guilty,
+though true to their faith, because the ignorance or malice of the
+denouncers prosecuted them for points of doctrine, which were not
+susceptible of heretical interpretation, but in the judgment of an
+illiterate monk, is considered erudite by the world, because he is said
+to have studied the theology of the schools. The Inquisition encouraged
+hypocrisy, and punished those who either did not know how, or would not,
+assume the mask. This tribunal wrought no conversion. The Jews and
+Morescoes, who were baptized without being truly converted, merely that
+they might remain in Spain, are examples which prove the truth of this
+assertion. The former perished on the pyres of the Inquisition, the
+latter crossed over into Africa with the Moors, as much Mahometans as
+their ancestors were before they were baptised.</p>
+
+<p>I conclude with declaring that the contents of this history are
+original; and that I have drawn my facts with fidelity, from the most
+authentic sources, and might have greatly extended them<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>.<a name="page_001" id="page_001"></a></p>
+
+<p>
+<br />&nbsp;
+<br />&nbsp;
+</p>
+
+<p class="cb"><big>HISTORY OF THE INQUISITION.</big></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.<br /><br />
+<small>FIRST EPOCH OF THE CHURCH TILL THE CONVERSION OF THE EMPEROR CONSTANTINE.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> Christian religion was scarcely established before heresies arose
+among its disciples. The Apostle St. Paul instructs Titus, the Bishop of
+Crete, in his duty towards heretics, saying, that a man who persists in
+his heresy, after the first and second admonition, shall be rejected:
+but St. Paul does not say that the life of the heretic shall be taken;
+and our Saviour, addressing St. Peter, commands that a sinner shall be
+forgiven, not only seven times, but seventy times seven, which infers
+that he ought never to be punished with death by a judgment of the
+church. Such was the doctrine of the church during the three first
+centuries, until the peace of Constantine. Heretics were never
+excommunicated until exhortation had been employed in vain. As this
+system was adopted, it was natural that some persons should write
+against heresy to prevent its increase. This was done by St. Ignatius,
+Castor Agrippa, St. Irenæus, St. Clement of Alexandria, St. Justin, St.
+Denis of Corinth, Tertullian, Origen, and many others.</p>
+
+<p>These faithful imitators of the benevolence of their Divine Master were
+averse to oppressive measures. Although the evil produced by the
+religion of the impious Manès was so<a name="page_002" id="page_002"></a> great, that Archelaüs, Bishop of
+Caschara, in Mesopotamia, judged it necessary to imprison him, yet he
+renounced that design when Marcellus (to whom Manès had written)
+proposed another conference with him. Archelaüs succeeded in converting
+the heretic, and not only gave up his intention of detaining him, but
+saved his life when the people would have stoned him to death.</p>
+
+<p>It is possible that the church was in a certain degree compelled to act
+in this manner, from the impossibility of employing the coercive
+measures of temporal power against heretics during the reigns of the
+heathen princes; but this was not the only motive for her tolerance,
+since it is certain that when no edicts of persecution existed against
+the Christians, the emperors received the appeals of the bishops in the
+same manner as those of their other subjects: this is proved by the
+history of the heretic Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch.</p>
+
+<p>The council of that town, assembled in 272, perceiving that Paul had
+relapsed into heresy, after the abjuration which he had made before the
+council of 266, deposed him, and elected Domnus in his place. The
+episcopal house being still occupied by the deposed bishop, he was
+ordered to quit it, that his successor might take possession. Paul
+having refused to obey, the bishops applied to the Emperor Aurelian, who
+had not then begun to persecute the Christians: he received their
+complaint, and replied, that as he did not know which of the two parties
+was right, they must conform to the decision of the Bishop of Rome and
+his church. The holy see was then occupied by Felix I., who confirmed
+the decision of the council, and the Emperor Aurelian caused it to be
+executed.</p>
+
+<p>As toleration was universal in the Christian church, it is not to be
+supposed that the church of Spain followed different principles.
+Basilides and Marcial, Bishops of Astorga and Merida, apostatized; they
+were reconciled to the church<a name="page_003" id="page_003"></a> without any punishment but degradation,
+to which they submitted before the year 253, when they appealed to Pope
+Stephen.</p>
+
+<p>The Council of Elvira in 303 decreed, that if an heretic demanded to be
+re-admitted into the bosom of the church, he should be reconciled,
+without suffering any punishment but a canonical penance of ten years,
+which was the more remarkable, as this council established more severe
+punishments for many crimes which appear less heinous. This seems to
+prove that the Spanish bishops who composed this council, among whom
+were the great Osius of Cordova, Sabinus of Seville, Valerius of
+Saragossa, and Melantius of Toledo, were persuaded, like Origen, that
+leniency was the means to convert heretics, in order to prevent them
+from falling into obstinacy and impenitence.</p>
+
+<h3>S<small>ECOND</small> E<small>POCH</small>.&mdash;<i>From the Fourth to the Eighth Century.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">If the primitive system of the church towards heretics had been
+faithfully pursued, as it ought to have been, after the peace of
+Constantine, the tribunal of the Inquisition would never have existed,
+and, perhaps, the number and duration of heresies would have been less;
+but the popes and bishops of the fourth century, profiting by the
+circumstance of the emperors having embraced Christianity, began to
+imitate, in a certain degree, the conduct which they had reprehended in
+the heathen priests.</p>
+
+<p>These pontiffs, though respectable for the holiness of their lives,
+sometimes carried their zeal for the triumph of the Catholic faith, and
+the extirpation of heresy, to too great a height; and to ensure success,
+engaged Constantine and his successors to establish civil laws against
+all heretics.</p>
+
+<p>This first step, which the popes and bishops had taken contrary to the
+doctrine of St. Paul, was the principle and<a name="page_004" id="page_004"></a> origin of the Inquisition;
+for when the custom of punishing a heretic by corporeal pain, although
+he was a good subject, was once established, it became necessary to vary
+the punishments, to augment their number, to render them more or less
+severe, according to the character of each sovereign, and to regulate
+the manner of prosecuting the culprit.</p>
+
+<p>The Emperor Theodosius published, in 382, an edict against the
+Manicheans, decreeing that they should be punished with death, and their
+property confiscated for the use of the state, and commissioning the
+prefect (Préfet du Prétoire) to appoint inquisitors and spies to
+discover those who should conceal themselves.</p>
+
+<p>It is here that inquisition and accusation are first mentioned in
+relation to heresy, for until that time only those great crimes which
+attacked the safety of the empire were permitted to be publicly
+denounced. The successors of Theodosius modified these edicts, some of
+which menaced heretics with the prosecutions of the impartial judges, if
+they did not voluntarily abjure their errors. Notices were given to
+known heretics who did not abjure after the publication of the edicts,
+that if they were converted in a certain time, they would be admitted to
+a reconciliation, and would only suffer a canonical penance.</p>
+
+<p>When these conciliatory measures were unavailing, various punishments
+were adopted. Those doctors who, in contempt of the laws, promulgated
+their false opinions, were subjected to considerable fines, banishment
+from cities, and even transportation. In certain cases, their property
+was confiscated; in others they were obliged to pay a fine of ten pounds
+of gold, or they were scourged with leathern thongs, and sent to islands
+from whence they could not escape. Besides these punishments, they were
+forbidden to hold assemblies, and the offenders were liable to
+proscription, banishment, transportation, and even death in some cases.
+The execution of these decrees was intrusted to the governors<a name="page_005" id="page_005"></a> of
+provinces, magistrates charged with the administration of justice,
+commanders of towns and their principal officers, who were all liable to
+various punishments in case of negligence.</p>
+
+<p>The establishment of most of these laws had been solicited by popes and
+bishops of known sanctity, and it must be allowed that it was not their
+intention to carry those which decreed the punishment of death into
+execution; they only desired to intimidate innovators by their
+publication.</p>
+
+<p>The church of Spain continued faithful to the general discipline, under
+the authority of the Roman emperors; the Arian heresy was afterwards
+established among them under the Goths; but since their princes have
+embraced the Catholic faith, the laws and councils of Spain inform us of
+their treatment of heretics.</p>
+
+<p>The fourth Council of Toledo, assembled in 633, at which St. Isidore,
+Archbishop of Seville, assisted, was occupied with the Judaic heresy: it
+was decreed, with the consent of King Sisinand, that they should be at
+the disposal of the bishops, to be punished, and compelled by fear to
+return to Christianity a second time: they were to be deprived of their
+children, and their slaves set at liberty.</p>
+
+<p>In 655, the ninth Council of Toledo decreed, that baptized Jews should
+be obliged to celebrate the Christian festivals with their bishops, and
+that those who should refuse to conform to this discipline should be
+condemned either to the punishment of scourging, or abstinence,
+according to the age of the offender.</p>
+
+<p>We find that greater severity was shown towards those who returned from
+Christianity to idolatry. King Récarede I. proposed to the third Council
+of Toledo, in 589, that the priests and civil judges should be
+commissioned to extirpate that species of heresy, by punishing the
+culprits in a degree proportioned to the crime, yet without employing
+capital punishment.<a name="page_006" id="page_006"></a></p>
+
+<p>These rigorous measures did not appear sufficient, and the twelfth
+Council of Toledo, in 681, at which King Erbigius assisted, decided
+that, if the offender was noble, he should be subject to excommunication
+and exile; if he was a slave, he should be scourged and delivered to his
+master loaded with chains, and if the proprietor could not answer for
+him, that he should be placed at the disposal of the king.</p>
+
+<p>In 693, the sixteenth Council of Toledo assembled in the presence of
+King Egica, added, to the measures already established, a law, by which
+all who opposed the efforts of the bishops and judges to destroy
+idolatry were condemned, if noble, to be excommunicated and pay a fine
+of three pounds of gold; and if of a low condition, to receive a hundred
+strokes of a whip, and have half his property confiscated.</p>
+
+<p>Recesuinte, who reigned from 663 to 672, established a particular law
+against heretics: it deprived them indiscriminately of the wealth and
+dignities they might possess, if they were priests, and added to these
+punishments, perpetual banishment for laymen, if they persisted in
+heresy.</p>
+
+<h3>T<small>HIRD</small> E<small>POCH</small>.&mdash;<i>From the Eighth Century to the Pontificate of Gregory
+VII.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">In the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh centuries, the ecclesiastics
+obtained many privileges from the kings and emperors, and the judicial
+power became, in some cases, a right of the episcopacy. These
+acquisitions, and the universal ignorance which followed the irruption
+of the barbarians, were the causes of the influence which the pontiffs
+of Rome acquired over the Christian people, who were persuaded that the
+authority of the pope should be without bounds, and that he had supreme
+power both in ecclesiastical and temporal affairs.</p>
+
+<p>In 726, when the Romans deposed their last duke, Basil,<a name="page_007" id="page_007"></a> Pope Gregory
+II. usurped the civil government of Rome, and had recourse to the
+protection of Charles Martel, mayor of the palace, against the King of
+Lombardy, who aspired to the command in that capital. His successor,
+Gregory III., offered the dignity of patrician to Charles Martel, as if
+he had the right of disposing of it. Zachary, who was elected pope, in
+741, acted as the temporal sovereign of Rome, and permitted Pepin, son
+of Charles Martel, to take the title of King of France, after having
+deposed Childeric III., who was the legitimate sovereign. Pepin was
+crowned in France by Stephen II., who became pope in 752.</p>
+
+<p>At last, Leo III. crowned Charlemagne emperor of the west, on Christmas
+day, in the year 800. In this ceremony, which took place at Rome,
+Charlemagne was proclaimed the first emperor of the restoration.</p>
+
+<p>The popes employed the great influence they had gained over general
+opinion, to extend and preserve their dominion. Pepin and Charlemagne
+did not foresee how fatal their example would prove to their successors,
+when they solicited Stephen II. to release the French from their oath of
+fidelity to Childeric III. When the doctrine, that a pope possessed the
+power of releasing subjects from their oath of fidelity, was once
+established, it became necessary that kings should endeavour to
+conciliate the popes. Succeeding events show that this doctrine was
+favourable to the rise of the Inquisition.</p>
+
+<p>The idea that excommunication produced all the effects attached to
+infamy, not only to the Christian on whom it fell, but to all who held
+any communion with him, was another cause of the great influence of the
+popes, and the progress of the Inquisition. The barbarians had preserved
+the doctrine of the Druids, which forbade a Gaul to assist one whom the
+priests had declared impious and abhorred of the gods, on pain of being
+deemed guilty towards the gods, and unworthy of the society of men. The
+priests, finding<a name="page_008" id="page_008"></a> this opinion established, did not combat it, because
+it added force to the anathemas of the church. Fortunately the popes of
+the middle ages had not yet thought of commissioning men to ascertain if
+Christians were orthodox, and the ancient discipline of the church was
+still pursued towards heretics.</p>
+
+<p>Felix, Bishop of Urgel, in Spain, had embraced the erroneous opinion
+that Jesus Christ was the Son of God only by adoption. He returned to
+the faith of the church, but relapsed some time after into the same
+error, although he had abjured, before the Council of Ratisbonne, in
+792, and before Pope Adrian, at Rome. The conduct of Felix was very
+reprehensible, yet Leo III. would not excommunicate him in a simple
+manner, but only pronounced, the anathema against him, in case he
+refused to abjure a second time. Felix afterwards abjured, and suffered
+no punishment but deprivation of his dignity.</p>
+
+<p>The Emperor Michel, in 811, renewed all the laws which condemned the
+Manichean heretics to death. The patriarch Nicephorus represented to him
+that it was better to convert them by gentle means; but the spirit of
+the church at that time was so far from moderation, that the Abbot
+Theophanes, celebrated for his piety, does not hesitate to speak of
+Nicephorus and the other counsellors of the prince, as ignorant and ill
+advised; and adds, that the maxims of Holy Writ warrant the custom of
+burning heretics, because they can never be brought to repent.</p>
+
+<p>Theodore Critinus, chief of the Iconoclastes, was called before the
+seventh council general, assembled at Constantinople in 869. He was
+convicted of entertaining opinions contrary to the doctrines of the
+church: he abjured his heresy, with several of his sect, and was
+reconciled without being subjected to any penance. The Emperor Basil,
+who assisted at the council, honoured him with a kiss of peace. We may
+conclude from this, that if the conduct of the<a name="page_009" id="page_009"></a> church had always been
+equally lenient, heresy would not have been so frequent among the
+Christians.</p>
+
+<p>In 1022, certain heretics, who appeared to profess the doctrines of the
+Manicheans, were discovered in Orleans, and several other towns; among
+them was Stephen, confessor to Queen Constance, wife of Robert. That
+prince assembled a council at Orleans: Stephen was summoned to appear
+before it, and attempts were made, but in vain, to bring him back to the
+true faith. The bishops resolved to punish these heretics, and those who
+were ecclesiastics were degraded and excommunicated with the others. The
+king immediately afterwards condemned them to be burnt. Several, when
+they felt the flames, exclaimed that they were willing to submit to the
+church; but it was too late, all hearts were closed against them. These
+examples show the difference which was made between the Manichean and
+other heresies.</p>
+
+<p>It is necessary to mention several maxims which had been introduced into
+the ecclesiastical government, and which passed at that time for
+incontestable truths. The first of these opinions was, that it was
+necessary not only to punish obstinate heretics with excommunication,
+but to employ it against every species of crime, which abuse was carried
+to such a height, that Cardinal St. Peter Damian reproached Pope
+Alexander with it. According to the second maxim, if an excommunicated
+Christian persisted for more than a year in refusing to submit and
+demand absolution, after having been subjected to a canonical penance,
+he was considered as an heretic. The third maxim held that it was a
+meritorious act to prosecute heretics, and apostolical indulgences were
+granted as a recompense for this service to the cause of religion.</p>
+
+<p>These maxims, and several others which prevailed during the fourth
+epoch, prepared the minds of the people for the establishment of the
+Inquisition, which was destined to persecute heretics and apostates.<a name="page_010" id="page_010"></a></p>
+
+<h3>F<small>OURTH</small> E<small>POCH</small>.</h3>
+
+<p>The celebrated Hildebrand ascended the pontifical throne in 1073, under
+the name of Gregory VII., soon after his predecessor, Alexander II., had
+summoned the emperor Henry III. to Rome, to be judged by a council. This
+prince had been denounced by the Saxons, who revolted against him, as an
+heretic. As he did not appear, the pope excommunicated him, released his
+subjects from their oath of fidelity, and caused them to elect, in his
+stead, Rodolph, Duke of Suabia.</p>
+
+<p>The authority which this pope acquired over the Christian princes
+greatly surpassed that of his predecessors, and although it was directly
+contrary to the spirit of the New Testament, his successors employed
+every means to preserve it.</p>
+
+<p>The famous French monk Gerbert being elected pope in 999, under the name
+of Sylvester II., addressed a letter to all Christians, in which he
+supposes the Church of Jerusalem speaking from its ruins, and calling
+upon them to take up arms and fight boldly to deliver it from
+oppression. Gregory VII. also undertook, in 1074, to form a crusade
+against the Turks, in favour of Michael, emperor of the East; but as he
+died before he could put his plan into execution, his successor, Urban
+II., caused it to be proclaimed in the Council of Clermont, in the year
+1095. The efforts of the pope had an incredible success; a numerous army
+left Europe soon after, which first took the city of Antioch, and
+afterwards Jerusalem in 1099. The injustice of this war, and the other
+expeditions of the same kind which succeeded it, would have disgusted
+all Europe, if the people had not been prepossessed with the absurd
+idea, that it was meritorious to make war for the exaltation and glory
+of Christianity: the consequences of a system so fatal to temporal power
+were felt in France at the time of the Patarians, Catharians,<a name="page_011" id="page_011"></a> and other
+sects of Manès. Alexander III., having sent Peter, Bishop of Meaux, to
+Count Raymond V. of Toulouse, that legate made him and all his nobles
+take an oath that they would not favour the heretics who had taken up
+arms in defence of their party; and in the Council of Lateran, the
+following year, the fathers declared that though the church did not
+approve of sanguinary measures, yet she would not refuse the assistance
+offered by Christian princes: in consequence, Alexander not only
+excommunicated the heretics and their adherents, but promised all those
+who should die in the war against them absolution and salvation, and for
+the present granted indulgences for two years to all who should take up
+arms.</p>
+
+<p>In 1181, Cardinal Henry, Bishop of Alva, was sent into France to pursue
+the war against the Albigenses; but this expedition did not entirely
+destroy that party, and a new council was held, in whose decrees
+Cardinal Fleury supposes he has discovered the origin of the
+Inquisition. He was not mistaken in this opinion, but it was not at that
+time actually instituted, since the bishops alone, as they had always
+been, were commissioned to preserve the faith. The council recommended
+that the bishops, or their archdeacons, should visit the dioceses once
+or twice a year, and that they should cause the inhabitants to take an
+oath that they would denounce all heretics, or persons who held
+meetings, to the bishop or archdeacon. The council also decreed that
+counts, barons, and other nobles should take an oath to discover
+heretics and punish them, on pain of excommunication and deprivation of
+their estates and employments.</p>
+
+<p>In 1194, Cardinal Gregory St. Angelo instigated Alphonso II., King of
+Aragon, to publish an edict banishing heretics of all sects
+indiscriminately from his states; and Peter II., son of Alphonso,
+published another in 1197, with nearly the same injunctions, which
+proves that the former edict had little effect.<a name="page_012" id="page_012"></a></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.<br /><br />
+<small>ESTABLISHMENT OF A GENERAL INQUISITION AGAINST HERETICS IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">I<small>N</small> 1203, Pope Innocent III. commissioned Peter de Castelnau and Ralph,
+two monks of the order of Cistercians, in the monastery of Fontfroide,
+in Narbonnese Gaul, to preach against the Albigenses. Their exhortations
+were not in vain, and the success of their mission was a favourable
+introduction to a plan which Pope Innocent had formed of instituting
+inquisitors independent of the bishops, with the privilege of
+prosecuting heretics, as delegates of the holy see.</p>
+
+<p>On the 4th of June, in the seventh year of his pontificate, he named the
+abbot of the Cistercians, with Peter and Ralph, apostolical legates. He
+gave them full powers to prosecute all heretics; and to facilitate the
+execution of the orders of the holy see, they were to engage in the name
+of the pope, Philip II., King of France, his son, and all his nobles, to
+pursue the heretics, and to promise them full indulgences as a
+recompense for their zeal. The pope invested these monks with the
+necessary powers to enable them to destroy or establish whatever they
+might judge to be favourable to their design, in the ecclesiastical
+provinces of Aix, Arles, Narbonne, and other bishoprics where heretics
+might be found, only recommending that they should apply to the holy see
+in all difficult cases; at the same time he wrote to Philip, requesting
+him to assist his commissioners, and even, if it was necessary, to send
+the presumptive heir to his throne with an army against the heretics.</p>
+
+<p>The legates encountered many difficulties, because their mission was
+displeasing to the bishops. The King of France<a name="page_013" id="page_013"></a> took no part in the
+affair, but the Counts of Toulouse, Foix, Beziers, Cominges, and
+Carcassone, and the other nobles of these provinces, seeing that the
+Albigenses had singularly increased, and persuaded that a very small
+number would be converted, refused to banish them from their states, as
+it would lessen the population, and, consequently, be against their
+interests: an additional motive for this refusal was, that these
+heretics were all peaceful and submissive subjects.</p>
+
+<p>Peter and Ralph commenced preaching against the heretics; they held
+conferences with these fanatics, but the number of the converted was
+very small. Arnauld, Abbot of the Cistercians, called upon twelve abbots
+of his order to assist him; and (during their sojourn at Montpellier)
+they admitted two Spaniards to share their labours, who were known under
+the names of Diego Acebes, a bishop of Osma, who was returning to his
+diocese, and St. Dominic de Guzman, a regular canon of the order of St.
+Augustine. They both converted several Albigenses, and when the Spanish
+bishop returned to his diocese, he permitted St. Dominic to remain in
+France.</p>
+
+<p>The great feudal chiefs of Provence and Narbonne refused to execute the
+orders of the legates, to pursue the heretics in their states, alleging
+that they were always at war with each other; but the legates threatened
+to excommunicate them, and to release their subjects from their oaths of
+fidelity. These menaces alarmed the nobles, and they consented to sign a
+peace.</p>
+
+<p>The most powerful of these princes was Raymond VI., Count of Toulouse.
+His conduct towards Peter de Castelnau, who had threatened him several
+times for not performing his promises, induced the Albigenses who were
+his subjects to assassinate the legate, who was beatified in 1208. The
+pope wrote to all the nobles of the provinces of Narbonne, Arles,
+Embrun, Aix, and Vienne in Dauphiny, pressing<a name="page_014" id="page_014"></a> them to unite and march
+against the heretics, and promising them the same indulgences which had
+been granted to the crusaders.</p>
+
+<p>The assassination of Peter de Castelnau had excited among the Catholics
+the greatest indignation against his murderers. Arnauld took advantage
+of this moment to execute the orders which he had received from the
+pope. He commissioned the twelve monks, and others whom he had
+associated, to preach a crusade against the heretics, to grant
+indulgences, to note those who refused to engage in the war, to inform
+themselves of their creed, to reconcile the converted, and place all
+obstinate heretics at the disposal of Simon de Montfort, commander of
+the crusaders. This was the beginning of the Inquisition in 1208.</p>
+
+<p>Pope Innocent III. died on the 16th of July, 1216, before he had
+succeeded in giving a permanent form to the delegated inquisition: the
+continuation of the war against the Albigenses, and the opposition which
+he met with from the bishops in the Council of Lateran, were perhaps the
+causes of his failure. Honorius III., who succeeded him, prepared to
+finish his undertaking.</p>
+
+<p>Innocent had sent St. Dominic de Guzman to Toulouse, that he might
+choose one of the religious orders approved by the church, for the
+institution which he intended to form. He preferred that of St.
+Augustine; and on his return to Rome with his companions, Honorius
+approved his choice on the 22nd of December, 1216.</p>
+
+<p>St. Dominic also established an order for laymen. This order has been
+designated as the <i>Third Order of Penitence</i>, but most commonly as the
+<i>Militia of Christ</i>, because those who were members of it fought against
+heretics, and assisted the Inquisitors in the exercise of their
+functions; they were considered as part of the inquisitorial family, and
+on that account bore the name of <i>Familiars</i>. This association
+afterwards gave rise to that which was called the <i>Congregation<a name="page_015" id="page_015"></a> of St.
+Peter Martyr</i>; it was approved by Honorius, and confirmed by his
+successor, Gregory IX. Another association was formed in Narbonne, which
+also bore the name of <i>Militia of Christ</i>; it was soon after blended
+with the third order of St. Dominic. Honorius having formed a
+constitution against heretics, the Emperor Frederic II. gave it the
+sanction of civil law at his coronation. In 1224 the Inquisition already
+existed in Italy under the ministry of the Dominican friars, which is
+proved by an edict of the Emperor Frederic against heretics at Padua.
+The efforts of the Inquisition in Narbonne had not succeeded according
+to the expectation of the pope, who imputed its failure to the
+negligence of Cardinal Conrad, whom he recalled, and sent Cardinal Roman
+in his place. The importunity of this legate induced Louis VIII., King
+of France, to place himself at the head of an army to march against the
+nobles who protected the Albigenses. But Louis died in the same year,
+and the pope followed him, without having succeeded in giving a
+permanent form to the new tribunal which had been introduced into
+France.</p>
+
+<p>Gregory IX., who ascended the pontifical throne in 1227, finally
+established the Inquisition: he had been the zealous protector of St.
+Dominic, and the intimate friend of St. Francis d'Assiz. Cardinal Roman
+was more fortunate than the legates who preceded him: the nobles, weary
+of a war which had lasted twenty years, wished for peace. The Count of
+Toulouse, Raymond VII., after the death of his father, who had begun the
+war, reconciled himself to St. Louis and the church in a Council of
+Narbonne, and promised to drive the heretics from his domains.</p>
+
+<p>In 1229 another council was held at Toulouse. The decrees were nearly
+the same as those made at the Councils of Lateran and Verona, except
+that laymen were then first prohibited from reading the Scriptures in
+the vulgar tongue. In the succeeding year, many other edicts were
+published,<a name="page_016" id="page_016"></a> increasing in severity; but it appears that these rigorous
+measures failed in effect, as the heresy of the Albigenses penetrated
+even to the capital of Christendom.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.<br /><br />
+<small>OF THE ANCIENT INQUISITION OF SPAIN.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">I<small>N</small> 1233, when the Inquisition in France had received the established
+form which was bestowed on it by St. Louis, Spain was divided into four
+Christian kingdoms, besides the Mahometan states. Castile was under the
+dominion of St. Ferdinand, who added to it the kingdoms of Seville,
+Cordova, and Jaen. James I. governed Aragon, and conquered the kingdoms
+of Valencia and Majorca; Navarre was possessed by Sancho VIII., who died
+in the course of the following year, and left his crown to Theobald I.,
+Count de Champagne and de Brie. Sancho II. reigned in Portugal.</p>
+
+<p>Many convents of Dominicans existed in these kingdoms after the
+establishment of the order, but there are no authentic records, to prove
+that the Inquisition was introduced before the year 1232, when Pope
+Gregory IX. addressed a brief to Don Esparrago, Archbishop of Taragona,
+and to his suffragan bishops, in which he most earnestly exhorted them
+to oppose the progress of heresy by every means in their power.</p>
+
+<p>The archbishop sent the bull to Gil Rodriguez de Valladares, first
+provincial of the Spanish Dominicans; he also sent it to Don Bertrand,
+Bishop of Lerida, in whose diocese the first Spanish Inquisition was
+founded. Pope Innocent VI. conferred many privileges on the Dominican
+Friars, and in 1254 extended the rights of the Inquisitors, and in the<a name="page_017" id="page_017"></a>
+same brief decreed that the depositions of witnesses should be
+considered valid, although their names were unknown. Urban VI. and
+Clement VI. also augmented their privileges.</p>
+
+<p>The Kings of Aragon continued to protect the Inquisition, and James II.,
+in 1292, published a decree, commanding the tribunals of justice to
+assist the Dominicans, to imprison all who might be denounced, to
+execute the judgments pronounced by the monks, to remove every obstacle
+which they might meet with, <i>&amp;c</i>. The hatred which the office of an
+inquisitor everywhere inspired in the first ages of the Inquisition
+caused the death of a great number of Dominicans and some Cordeliers:
+the honours of martyrdom were assigned to them, but St. Peter of Verona
+was the only one canonized by the pope. Nothing certain is known of the
+state of Portugal during this period: it appears that in the thirteenth
+century the Inquisition was established only in the dioceses of
+Taragona, Barcelona, Urgel, Lerida, and Girona.</p>
+
+<p>The convents of Dominicans having multiplied in Spain, a chapter-general
+of the order decreed, in 1301, that it should be divided into two
+provinces; that the first in rank should be named the province of Spain,
+and comprise Castile and Portugal; and that the second should have the
+title of Aragon, and be composed of Valencia, Catalonia, Rousillon,
+Cerdagne, Majorca, Minorca, and Iviza.</p>
+
+<p>The provincial of the Dominicans of Castile, designated as the
+provincial of Spain, possessed the right of naming the apostolical
+inquisitor in the other provinces. In 1302 Father Bernard was inquisitor
+of Aragon, and celebrated several <i>autos-da-fé</i> in the same year.</p>
+
+<p>In 1308 Pope Clement V. commanded the King of Aragon and the inquisitors
+to arrest all the knights templars who had not been prosecuted, and to
+confiscate their property<a name="page_018" id="page_018"></a> for the use of the holy see; the templars in
+Castile and Portugal were also arrested.</p>
+
+<p>In 1314, other heretics were discovered in the kingdom of Aragon;
+Bernard Puigceros, the inquisitor-general, condemned several to
+banishment, the others were burnt. Many who abjured were reconciled.</p>
+
+<p>In 1325, F. Arnaldo Burguete, inquisitor-general of the kingdom,
+arrested Pierre Durand de Baldhac, who had relapsed into heresy, and he
+was burnt alive in the presence of King James, his sons, and two
+bishops.</p>
+
+<p>In 1334, F. William da Costa condemned F. Bonato to the flames, and
+reconciled many persons who had been perverted by that monk.</p>
+
+<p>In 1350, Father Nicholas Roselli discovered a sect of heretics named
+<i>Begards</i>, whose chief was named Jacobus Justis; they were all
+reconciled, and Jacobus was condemned to perpetual imprisonment. The
+bones of three of these heretics who had died impenitent were
+disinterred and burnt. Roselli being elected Cardinal in 1356, Nicholas
+Eymerich succeeded him. Eymerich composed a book entitled "The Guide of
+Inquisitors," in which the most minute details of his judgments, and
+those of other inquisitors of Aragon, are found.</p>
+
+<p>It is not certain whether the provincial of Castile exercised his
+privilege of naming inquisitors; perhaps heresy had not penetrated into
+the states of Castile.</p>
+
+<p>Pope Gregory IX. dying in 1378, the Romans named Urban VI. as his
+successor; but several cardinals assembled out of Rome, and elected
+another Pope under the name of Clement VII.</p>
+
+<p>The great schism of the West then began, and lasted till the election of
+Martin V., in the Council-general of Constance in 1417, where Don Gil
+Muñoz, who had been elected as Clement VIII., renounced the papacy. This
+revolution influenced the state of the Inquisition as much as<a name="page_019" id="page_019"></a> the other
+points of ecclesiastical discipline. Castile followed the party of
+Clement VII., and Portugal that of Urban VI. The order of Dominicans was
+equally divided, and elected different vicars-general. Urban VI. died in
+1389, and his party elected Boniface IX., who appointed F. Rodrigo de
+Cintra apostolical inquisitor-general of Portugal. He afterwards named
+F. Vicente de Lisboa inquisitor-general of Spain. Castile, Navarre, and
+Aragon were under the dominion of Benedict XIII., who was elected Pope
+after the death of Clement VII. Such was the state of the Inquisition in
+Spain towards the end of the fourteenth century.</p>
+
+<p>It is uncertain if the Inquisition existed in Castile in the beginning
+of the fifteenth century; for, though Boniface IX. appointed F. Vicente
+de Lisboa inquisitor-general, his authority was not recognized, as that
+kingdom belonged to the party of Benedict XIII., who, after the Council
+of Constance, was designated as the anti-pope Peter de Luna. The town of
+Perpignan was the seat of one of the provincial Inquisitions of Aragon,
+whose jurisdiction extended over the countships of Rousillon and
+Cerdagne, and over the islands of Majorca, Minorca, and Iviza. Benedict
+XIII., who was recognized in this part of Spain, divided this province
+and appointed two inquisitors, who celebrated several <i>autos-da-fé</i>, and
+burnt a considerable number of people.</p>
+
+<p>The election of Martin V. having put an end to the great schism of the
+West, the Portuguese monks ought to have submitted to the authority of
+the Provincial of Spain, who was then a monk of their nation, named F.
+Juan de Santa Justa; but the Dominicans who were at Constance persuaded
+the Pope that his jurisdiction was too extensive, which induced the
+pontiff to subdivide the province of Spain into three parts: the first
+part was named the province of Spain, and comprised Castile, Toledo,
+Murcia, Estremadura, Andalusia, Biscay, and the Asturias de Santillana;
+the second, Santiago, was composed of the kingdom of Leon, Galicia,<a name="page_020" id="page_020"></a> and
+the Asturias of Oviedo; and the third, that of Portugal, extended over
+all the dominions of the monarch.</p>
+
+<p>Martin V. established a provincial Inquisition at Valencia, in 1420, at
+the request of Alphonso V., King of Aragon; hitherto commissioners had
+only been sent there.</p>
+
+<p>The Inquisitor of Aragon, 1441, was F. Michael Ferriz, and that of
+Valencia, F. Martin Trilles, who reconciled in their districts several
+Wickliffites, and condemned many others to be burnt. Several inquisitors
+succeeded these till 1474, when Isabella, wife of Ferdinand of Aragon,
+King of Sicily, ascended the throne of Castile, after the death of Henry
+IV. her brother. John II., King of Aragon, dying in 1479, his son,
+Ferdinand, united that kingdom to Sicily; he soon after conquered the
+kingdom of Grenada, which belonged to the Moors, and lastly that of
+Navarre, which was secured to him by the capitulation of the
+inhabitants.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.<br /><br />
+<small>OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE OLD INQUISITION.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">A<small>LTHOUGH</small> the Popes, in establishing the Inquisition, had only proposed
+to punish the crime of heresy, yet the inquisitors were commissioned to
+pursue those Christians who were only suspected, because it was the only
+means of discovering those who were really guilty. There were many
+crimes which came under the jurisdiction of a civil judge, which the
+Popes considered no one could be guilty of without being tainted with a
+false doctrine; and although they were pursued by secular tribunals, the
+inquisitors were enjoined to consider the accused as suspected of
+heresy, and to<a name="page_021" id="page_021"></a> proceed against them, in order to ascertain if they
+committed these crimes from the depravity natural to man, or from the
+idea that they were not criminal; which opinion caused a suspicion that
+their doctrine was erroneous. A species of blasphemy which was called
+heretical, belonged to this class of crimes; it was committed against
+God or his saints, and showed in the offender erroneous opinions of the
+omniscience or other attributes of the Deity. It rendered the blasphemer
+liable to be suspected of heresy, as the inquisitor might consider it a
+proof that his habitual thoughts were contrary to the faith.</p>
+
+<p>The second species of crime which caused a suspicion of heresy, was
+sorcery and divination. If the offenders only made use of natural and
+simple means of discovering the future, such as counting the lines in
+the palm of the hand, they came under the jurisdiction of a civil judge;
+but all sorcerers were liable to be punished for heresy by the
+Inquisition, if they baptized a dead person, re-baptized an infant, made
+use of holy water, the consecrated host, the oil of extreme unction, or
+other things which proved contempt or abuse of the sacraments and the
+mysteries of religion.</p>
+
+<p>The same suspicion affected those who addressed themselves to demons in
+their superstitious practices. A third species of crime was the
+invocation of demons. Nicholas Eymerich informs us that, in his office
+of inquisitor, he had procured and burnt, after having read them, two
+books which treated of that subject; they both contained an account of
+the power of demons, and of the mode of worshipping them. The same
+author adds, that in his time a great number of trials for this crime
+took place in Catalonia, and that many of the accused had gone so far as
+to worship Satan, with all the signs, ceremonies, and words of the
+Catholic religion.</p>
+
+<p>A fourth kind of crime which caused suspicion of heresy, was, to remain
+a year, or longer, excommunicated without<a name="page_022" id="page_022"></a> seeking absolution, or
+performing the penance which had been imposed. The Popes affirmed that
+no Catholic, irreproachable in his faith, could live with so much
+indifference under the censure of the church.</p>
+
+<p>Schism was the sixth case where heresy was suspected. It may exist
+either without heresy or with it. To the first class belong all
+schismatics, who admit the articles of the faith, but deny the authority
+of the Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, and vicar of Jesus Christ.
+The second is composed of those who hold the same opinions as the first,
+and also refuse to believe in some of the articles; such as the Greeks,
+who hold that the Holy Ghost proceeds only from the Father, and not from
+the Son.</p>
+
+<p>The Inquisition also proceeded against concealers, favourers, and
+adherents of heretics, as being suspected of professing the same
+opinions. The seventh class was composed of all those who opposed the
+Inquisition, and prevented the inquisitors from exercising their
+functions.</p>
+
+<p>The eighth class comprehended those nobles who refused to take an oath
+to drive the heretics from their states. The ninth class consisted of
+governors of kingdoms, provinces and towns, who did not defend the
+Church against heretics, when they were required by the Inquisition. The
+tenth class comprised those who refused to repeal the statutes in force
+in towns and cities, when they were contrary to the measures decreed by
+the holy office. The eleventh class of suspected persons, were all
+lawyers, notaries, and other persons belonging to the law, who assisted
+heretics by their advice; or concealed papers, records, and other
+writings, which might make their errors, dwellings, or stations known.
+In the twelfth class of suspected were those persons who have given
+ecclesiastical sepulture to known heretics. Those who refused to take an
+oath in the trials of heretics when they were required to do it, were
+also liable to suspicion. The fourteenth class were deceased persons who
+had been denounced<a name="page_023" id="page_023"></a> as heretics. The Popes, in order to render heresy
+more odious, had decreed that the bodies of dead heretics should be
+disinterred and burnt, their property confiscated, and their memory
+pronounced infamous. The same suspicion fell upon writings which
+contained heretical doctrines, or which might lead to them. Lastly, the
+Jews and Moors were considered as subject to the holy office, when they
+engaged Catholics to embrace their faith, either by their writings or
+discourse.</p>
+
+<p>Although all the persons guilty of the crimes above-mentioned were under
+the jurisdiction of the holy office, yet the Pope, his legates, his
+nuncios, his officers, and familiars were exempt; and if any of these
+were denounced as heretics, the inquisitor could only take the secret
+information and refer it to the Pope. Bishops were also exempt, but
+kings had not that privilege.</p>
+
+<p>As the bishops were the ordinary inquisitors by divine right, it seems
+just that they should have had the power of receiving informations, and
+proceeding against the apostolical inquisitors in matters of faith; but
+the Pope rendered his delegates independent, by decreeing that none but
+an apostolical inquisitor could proceed against another. The inquisitor
+and the bishop acted together, but each had the right of pursuing
+heretics separately: the orders for imprisonment could only be issued by
+both together, and if they did not accord they referred to the Pope. The
+inquisitors could require the assistance of secular power in the
+exercise of their authority, and it could not be refused without
+incurring the punishment of excommunication and suspicion of heresy. The
+bishop was obliged to lend his house for the prisoners; besides this,
+the inquisitors had a particular prison to secure the persons of the
+accused.</p>
+
+<p>The first inquisitors had no fixed salary: the holy office was founded
+on devotion and zeal for the faith; its members were almost all monks,
+who had made a vow of poverty, and<a name="page_024" id="page_024"></a> the priests who were associated in
+their labours, were generally canons, or provided with benefices. But
+when the inquisitors began to make journeys, accompanied by recorders,
+alguazils, and an armed force, the Pope decreed that all their expenses
+should be defrayed by the bishops, on the pretence that the inquisitors
+laboured for the destruction of heresy in their dioceses. This measure
+displeased the bishops, still more as they were deprived of part of
+their authority. The expenses of the Inquisition were afterwards
+defrayed by the fines and confiscations of the condemned heretics: these
+resources were the only funds of the holy office; it never possessed any
+fixed revenue.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Of the Manner of Proceeding in the Tribunals of the Old Inquisition.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">When a priest was appointed an inquisitor by the Pope, or by a delegate
+of the holy see, he wrote to the king, who issued a royal mandate to all
+the tribunals of the towns where the inquisitor would pass to perform
+his office, commanding them, on pain of the most severe penalties, to
+arrest all the persons whom he should mark as heretics, or suspect of
+heresy, and to execute the judgments passed upon them. The same order
+obliged the magistrates to furnish the inquisitor and his attendants
+with a lodging, and to protect them from insult and every inconvenience.
+When the inquisitor arrived at the town where he intended to enter upon
+his office, he officially informed the magistrate, and required his
+attendance, fixing the time and place.</p>
+
+<p>The commander of the town presented himself before the delegate, and
+took an oath to put in force all the laws against heretics. If the
+officer or magistrate refused to obey, the inquisitor excommunicated
+him; if he made no difficulty, the inquisitor appointed a day for the
+people to meet in the church, when he preached, and read an edict which
+commanded<a name="page_025" id="page_025"></a> that all informations should be given within a certain
+period. The inquisitor afterwards declared that all who should
+voluntarily confess themselves heretics, should receive absolution, and
+be subjected to a slight penance, but that those who were denounced
+should be proceeded against with severity.</p>
+
+<p>If any accusations took place during the interval, they were registered,
+but did not take effect until it was known that the accused would not
+come voluntarily before the tribunal. After the expiration of the period
+allowed, the informer was summoned; he was told that there were three
+ways of proceeding to discover the truth,&mdash;accusation, information, and
+inquisition, and was asked to which he gave the preference. If he chose
+the first, he was invited to accuse the denounced person, but at the
+same time to consider that he was subject to the law of retaliation if
+he was found to be a calumniator. This manner of proceeding was adopted
+by very few persons: the greater number declared, that fear of the
+punishments with which the holy office menaced those who did not inform
+against heretics was the cause of their appearance; and they desired
+that their information might be kept secret, on account of the danger
+they incurred of being assassinated if they were known.</p>
+
+<p>The inquisitor interrogated the witnesses, assisted by the recorder and
+two priests, who were commissioned to observe if the declarations were
+faithfully taken down, and to be present when they were read to the
+witnesses, who were then asked if they acknowledged all that was read to
+them. If the crime or suspicion of heresy was proved in the information,
+the criminal was arrested and taken to the ecclesiastical prison. After
+his arrest, he was examined, and his answers compared with the testimony
+of the witnesses. If the accused confessed himself guilty of one heresy,
+it was in vain for him to assert that he was innocent of the others; he
+was not permitted to defend himself, because his crime was proved. He<a name="page_026" id="page_026"></a>
+was asked if he would abjure the heresy of which he acknowledged himself
+guilty. If he consented, he was reconciled, and the canonical penance
+was imposed on him, with some other punishment; if he refused, he was
+declared an obstinate heretic, and was delivered up to secular justice,
+with a copy of his sentence.</p>
+
+<p>If the accused denied the charge, and undertook to defend himself, a
+copy of the process was given to him, but without the names of the
+accuser or the witnesses, and with every circumstance omitted which
+might lead to their discovery.</p>
+
+<p>The accused was asked if he had enemies, and if he knew their motives
+for hating him. He was also permitted to declare that he suspected any
+particular person of wishing to ruin him. In either case the proof was
+admitted, and the inquisitor considered it in passing judgment. The
+inquisitor sometimes asked the accused if he knew certain persons; these
+individuals were the accusers and witnesses; if he replied in the
+negative, he could not afterwards challenge them as enemies: in the
+course of time, every one concluded that these persons were the accuser
+and the witnesses, and the custom was abandoned. The accused person was
+also permitted to appeal to the Pope, who rejected or admitted his
+appeal, according to the rules of justice. There was no regular
+proceeding before the Inquisition, and the judges did not fix a time to
+establish the proof of the facts. After the replies and defence of the
+accused, the inquisitor and the bishop of the diocese, or their
+delegates, proceeded to pass sentence without any other formalities. If
+the accused denied the charges, although he was convicted or strongly
+suspected, he was tortured, to force him to confess his crime; or if it
+was thought that there was no necessity for it, the judges proceeded to
+pass the final sentence.</p>
+
+<p>If the crime imputed to the accused was not proved, he was acquitted,
+and a copy of the declaration given to him,<a name="page_027" id="page_027"></a> but the name of his accuser
+was not communicated. If he had been calumniated, he was obliged to
+clear himself publicly by the canonical method, in the town where it had
+taken place; he afterwards abjured all heresy, and received the
+absolution <i>ad cautelam</i><a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> for all the censures which he had incurred.
+In order to proportion the punishment to the suspicion, it was divided
+into three degrees, named <i>slight</i>, <i>serious</i>, and <i>violent</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The person who was declared to be suspected, though in the least degree,
+was called upon to renounce all heresies, and particularly that of which
+he was suspected. If he consented, he was reconciled, and was subjected
+to punishments and penances; if he refused, he was excommunicated; and
+if he did not demand absolution, or promise to abjure after the space of
+one year, he was considered as an obstinate heretic, and proceeded
+against as such. If the accused was a <i>formal</i> heretic, willing to
+abjure, and not guilty of having relapsed, he was reconciled with
+penances.</p>
+
+<p>A person was considered as relapsed if he had already been condemned, or
+<i>violently</i> suspected of the same errors. The abjurations were made in
+the place where the inquisitor resided, sometimes in the episcopal
+palace, in the convent of Dominicans, or in the house of the inquisitor,
+but most generally in the churches. The Sunday before this ceremony, the
+day on which it was to take place was announced in all the churches of
+the town, and the inhabitants were requested to attend the sermon which
+would be preached by the inquisitor against heresy. On the appointed day
+the clergy and the people assembled round a scaffold, where the person
+<i>slightly suspected</i> stood bare-headed, that he might be seen by every
+one. The mass was performed, and the inquisitor preached against the
+particular heresy which was the cause of the ceremony; he announced that
+the person on the scaffold<a name="page_028" id="page_028"></a> was <i>slightly suspected</i> of having fallen
+into it, and read the process to the people: he concluded by saying,
+that the culprit was ready to abjure. A cross and the Bible was given to
+the offender, who read his abjuration, and signed it, if he could write;
+the inquisitor then gave him absolution, and imposed upon him those
+penances which were thought most useful.</p>
+
+<p>When the suspicion of heresy was <i>violent</i>, the <i>auto-da-fé</i> took place
+on a Sunday, or festival-day, and all the other churches were closed,
+that the concourse of people might be greater in that where the ceremony
+was to be performed. The offender was warned, not only to be a good
+Catholic for the future, but to conduct himself in such a manner as not
+to be accused a second time; as, if he relapsed, he would suffer capital
+punishment, although he might abjure and be reconciled. If the offender
+was suspected in the highest degree, he was treated as an heretic, and
+wore the habit of a penitent during the ceremony; it was composed of
+brown stuff, with a scapulary which had two yellow crosses fastened on
+it.</p>
+
+<p>If the suspected person was to clear himself from calumny by the
+canonical method, the ceremony was also announced before it took place,
+and he was obliged to take an oath that he was not an heretic, and to
+produce twelve witnesses who had known him for the last ten years, to
+swear that they believed his affirmation to be true. He then abjured all
+heresies.</p>
+
+<p>If the accused was repentant, and demanded to be reconciled after having
+relapsed, he was to be delivered over to secular justice, and was
+destined to suffer capital punishment. The inquisitors, after having
+passed judgment on him, engaged some priests, who were in their
+confidence, to inform him of his situation, and induce him to demand the
+sacrament of penance and the communion. When these ministers had passed
+two or three days with the prisoner, an <i>auto-da-fé</i><a name="page_029" id="page_029"></a> was announced; the
+sentence was read which delivered the culprit over to secular justice,
+and recommended the judges to treat him with humanity.</p>
+
+<p>If the accused was an impenitent heretic, he was condemned, but the
+<i>auto-da-fé</i> was never celebrated until every means had been tried to
+convert him; if he was obstinate, he was delivered up to the justice of
+the king, and burnt. If the unfortunate heretic had relapsed, it was in
+vain for him to return to the true faith; he could not avoid death, and
+the only favour shewn him was, that he was first strangled, and
+afterwards burnt. Those who escaped from the prisons, or fled to avoid
+being arrested, were burnt in effigy.</p>
+
+<p>The tribunal of the Inquisition being ecclesiastical, had originally
+only the power of inflicting spiritual punishments; but the laws of the
+emperors during the fourth and following centuries, and other
+circumstances, caused the inquisitors of the thirteenth century to
+assume the right of imposing punishments entirely temporal, except that
+of death. The sentence of the Inquisition imposed a variety of fines and
+personal penalties; such as entire or partial confiscation; perpetual,
+or a limited period of imprisonment; exile, or transportation; infamy,
+and the loss of employments, honours, and dignities. Those persons who
+abjured as <i>seriously suspected</i> of heresy, were condemned to be
+imprisoned for a certain time proportioned to the degree of suspicion.
+If the accused was <i>violently suspected</i>, he was condemned to perpetual
+imprisonment, but the inquisitor had the power of mitigating the
+sentence, if he judged that the prisoner repented sincerely. If the
+abjurer had been a <i>formal</i> heretic, he was imprisoned for life, and the
+inquisitor had not the power of shortening the duration of the
+punishment.</p>
+
+<p>Among the punishments to which heretics were condemned, must be
+enumerated that of wearing the habit of a penitent, known in Spain under
+the name of <i>San Benito</i>, which is a<a name="page_030" id="page_030"></a> corruption of <i>saco bendito</i>. Its
+real name in Spanish was <i>Zamarra</i>. The first became the common name,
+because the penitential habit was called <i>sac</i> in the Jewish history.</p>
+
+<p>Before the thirteenth century it was the custom to bless the <i>sac</i> which
+was worn in public penance, and hence it derived the epithet of
+<i>bendito</i> (blessed). It was a close tunic, made like the cassock of a
+priest, with crosses of a different colour affixed to the breast. St.
+Dominic and the other inquisitors caused the <i>reconciled heretics</i> to
+wear these crosses, as a protection against the Catholics who massacred
+all known heretics, although they might be unarmed. The <i>reconciled
+heretics</i> wore two crosses to distinguish them from pure Catholics, who
+only wore one as crusaders.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.<br /><br />
+<small>ESTABLISHMENT Of THE MODERN INQUISITION IN SPAIN.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> state of the Inquisition in the kingdom of Aragon, at the accession
+of Ferdinand and Isabella, has been shown in a preceding chapter. This
+tribunal was then introduced into the kingdom of Castile, after having
+been reformed by statutes and regulations so severe, that the Aragonese
+violently resisted the fresh burdens which were imposed on them.</p>
+
+<p>This is the Inquisition which has reigned in Spain since the year 1481,
+which was destroyed, to the satisfaction of all Europe, and which has
+since been re-established to the grief of all enlightened Spaniards.</p>
+
+<p>The war against the Albigenses was the first cause of the establishment
+of the Inquisition; and the pretended necessity of punishing the
+apostacy of the newly-converted Spanish<a name="page_031" id="page_031"></a> Jews, was the reason for
+introducing it in a reformed state. It is important to remark, that the
+immense trade carried on by the Spanish Jews had thrown into their hands
+the greatest part of the wealth of the Peninsula; and that they had
+acquired great power and influence in Castile under Alphonso IX., Peter
+I., and Henry II.; and in Aragon under Peter IV. and John I. The
+Christians, who could not rival them in industry, had almost all become
+their debtors, and envy soon made them the enemies of their creditors.
+This disposition was fostered by evil-minded men, and popular commotions
+were the consequence in almost all the towns of the two kingdoms. In
+1391, five thousand Jews were sacrificed to the fury of the people in
+different towns. Several were known to have escaped death by becoming
+Christians; many others sought to save themselves in following their
+example; and in a short time more than a million persons renounced the
+law of Moses to embrace the Christian faith. The number of conversions
+increased considerably during the ten first years of the fifteenth
+century, through the zeal of St. Vincent Ferrier and several other
+missionaries; they were seconded by the famous conferences which took
+place in 1413 between several Rabbis and the converted Jew, Jerome de
+Santafé. The converted Jews were named <i>New Christians</i>; they were also
+called Marranos, or the cursed race, from an oath which the Jews were in
+the habit of using among themselves. As the fear of death was the cause
+of most of these conversions, many repented, and secretly returned to
+Judaism, though they outwardly conformed to Christianity. The constraint
+to which they were obliged to submit was sometimes too painful, and
+several were discovered. This was the ostensible reason for the
+establishment of a tribunal which gave Ferdinand an opportunity of
+confiscating immense riches, and which Sextus IV. could not but approve,
+as it tended to augment the credit of the maxims of the court of Rome;<a name="page_032" id="page_032"></a>
+it is to these projects, concealed under the appearance of zeal for
+religion, that the Inquisition of Spain owes its origin.</p>
+
+<p>In 1477, Philip de Barbaris, inquisitor of the kingdom of Sicily, went
+to Seville, to obtain from Ferdinand and Isabella the confirmation of a
+privilege granted in 1233, by the Emperor Frederic, which gave to the
+Inquisition of Sicily the right of seizing a third part of the property
+of condemned heretics. Barbaris, through zeal for the interests of the
+Pope, endeavoured to persuade the king that the Christian religion
+derived the greatest advantages from the fear which the judgments of the
+Inquisition inspired. He was eagerly seconded by Alphonso de Hojida,
+prior of the convent of Dominicans at Seville; and Nicholas Franco, the
+nuncio of the Pope at the court of Spain. A report was then spread in
+different parts of the kingdom that the <i>New Christians</i>, with the
+unbaptized Jews, insulted the images of Jesus Christ, and had even
+crucified Christian children in mockery of his sufferings on the cross.
+Ferdinand was willing to receive the Inquisition into his states: the
+only obstacle was the refusal of Isabella; that excellent queen could
+not approve of measures so contrary to the gentleness of her character,
+but her consent was obtained by alarming her conscience: she was told
+that it became a religious duty to adopt them in the present
+circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>Isabella suffered herself to be led away by the representations of her
+council, and commissioned her ambassador at Rome, Don Francis de
+Santillan, Bishop of Osma, to solicit in her name a bull for the
+establishment of the Inquisition in Castile, which was granted in 1478.
+It authorized Ferdinand and Isabella to name the priests who were to be
+commissioned to discover in their states all heretics, apostates, and
+favourers of these crimes. As this measure was displeasing to Isabella,
+her council, by her order, suspended the execution of the bull until
+less severe remedies had been tried.<a name="page_033" id="page_033"></a></p>
+
+<p>The queen commissioned D. Diego Alphonso de Solis, Bishop of Cadiz,
+Diego de Merlo, and Alphonso de Hojida, prior of the convent of
+Dominicans, to observe the effects produced by gentle means, and give a
+faithful account of them. Their reports were such as might be expected
+from the situation of affairs; and the Dominican fathers, the nuncio,
+and even the king, desired that the measures preferred by Isabella
+should be declared insufficient.</p>
+
+<p>The events of this year proved how displeasing the institution was to
+the Castilians. In the beginning of the year 1480, the Cortes assembled
+at Toledo. It was occupied in providing means to prevent the evil which
+the communication of the Jews with Christians might produce: the ancient
+regulations were renewed; and among others, those which obliged
+unbaptized Jews to wear some distinguishing mark, and to inhabit
+separate quarters, to which they were compelled to retire before night:
+they were also prohibited from exercising the professions of physicians,
+surgeons, merchants, barbers, and innkeepers; yet the Cortes had no
+intention either of approving or demanding that the Inquisition should
+be established in the kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>The consent of the queen was obtained; and while the two sovereigns were
+at Medina del Campo, on the 17th of November, 1480, they named as the
+first inquisitors Michael Morillo and John de San Martin, both
+Dominicans, as adviser and accessor of these two monks, Doctor John Ruiz
+de Medina, a counsellor of the queen's; and as (procurator-fiscal)
+attorney, John Lopez del Barco, the queen's chaplain.</p>
+
+<p>On the 9th of October an order was sent by the king and queen to all the
+governors of provinces to furnish the inquisitors and their suite with
+everything they might require in their journey to Seville; an
+extraordinary circumstance in that time, and which proves the influence
+which the Dominicans had already acquired. Their privileges were the
+same as those granted in 1223 by the Emperor<a name="page_034" id="page_034"></a> Frederic. The Castilians
+were so far from being pleased at the introduction of the Inquisition,
+that the inquisitors, on their arrival at Seville, found it impossible
+to collect the small number of persons necessary to the performance of
+their functions, although they shewed their commission; and the Council
+of Spain was obliged to issue another order, that the prefect and other
+authorities of Seville, and the diocese of Cadiz, should assist the
+inquisitors in their installation; this order was also interpreted in
+such a manner that it was only executed in those towns which belonged to
+the queen. The <i>New Christians</i> then immediately emigrated into the
+states of the Duke de Medina Sidonia, the Marquis of Cadiz, the Count
+D'Arcos, and other nobles; and the new tribunal declared that their
+heresy was proved by their emigration.</p>
+
+<p>The inquisitors established their tribunal in the Dominican convent of
+St. Paul, at Seville; and on the 2nd of January, 1481, they issued their
+first edict, which commanded the Marquis of Cadiz, the Count D'Arcos,
+and all grandees of Spain, to seize the persons of the emigrants within
+fifteen days; and to send them under an escort to Seville, and
+sequestrate their property, on pain of excommunication, besides the
+other punishments to which they would be liable as favourers of heresy.
+The number of prisoners was soon so considerable, that the convent
+assigned to the inquisitors was not sufficiently large to contain them,
+and the tribunal was removed to the Castle de Triana, situated near
+Seville.</p>
+
+<p>The inquisitors soon published a second edict, named the Edict of Grace,
+to engage those who had apostatized to surrender themselves voluntarily:
+it promised that if they came with true repentance, their property
+should not be confiscated, and they should receive absolution; but if,
+on the contrary, they suffered the time of <i>grace</i> to elapse, or were
+denounced by others, they would be prosecuted with all the<a name="page_035" id="page_035"></a> severity of
+the tribunal. Several suffered themselves to be persuaded; but the
+inquisitors only granted them absolution when they had declared upon
+oath the names, condition, and place of dwelling, of all the apostates
+whom they knew or had heard spoken of. They were also obliged to keep
+these revelations secret; and by these means a great number of <i>New
+Christians</i> fell into the hands of the inquisitors. When the period of
+grace was passed, a new edict was published, which commanded all persons
+to denounce those who had embraced the Judaic heresy, on pain of mortal
+sin and excommunication. The consequence of this edict was, that an
+heretic was only informed that he was accused, at the moment when he was
+arrested and dragged to the dungeons of the Inquisition.</p>
+
+<p>The same fate awaited the <i>converted</i> Jew, who might have acquired
+certain habits in his infancy, which, though not contrary to
+Christianity, might be represented as certain signs of apostacy. The
+inquisitors mentioned in their edict several cases where accusation was
+commanded. The following cases are so equivocal, that altogether they
+would scarcely form a simple presumption in the present time. A convert
+was considered as relapsed into heresy, if he kept the sabbath out of
+respect to the law which he had abandoned; this was sufficiently proved
+if he wore better linen and garments on that day than those which he
+commonly used, or had not a fire in his house from the preceding
+evening; if he took the suet and fat from the animals which were
+intended for his food, and washed the blood from it; if he examined the
+blade of the knife before he killed the animals, and covered the blood
+with earth; if he blessed the table after the manner of the Jews; if he
+has drunk of the wine named caser, (a word derived from caxer, which
+means <i>lawful</i>,) and which is prepared by Jews; if he pronounces the
+bahara, or benediction, when he takes the vessel of wine into his hands,
+and pronounces certain words before he gives it to another person; if he
+eats of an animal killed by Jews; if he has recited the<a name="page_036" id="page_036"></a> Psalms of David
+without repeating the Gloria Patri at the end; if he gives his son a
+Hebrew name chosen among those used by the Jews; if he plunges him seven
+days after his birth into a basin containing water, gold, silver,
+seed-pearl, wheat, barley, and other substances, pronouncing at the same
+time certain words, according to the custom of the Jews; if he draws the
+horoscope of his children at their birth; if he performs the ruaya, a
+ceremony which consists in inviting his relations and friends to a
+repast the day before he undertakes a journey; if he turned his face to
+the wall at the time of his death, or has been placed in that posture
+before he expired; if he has washed, or caused to be washed, in hot
+water the body of a dead person, and interred him in a new shroud, with
+hose, shirt, and a mantle, and placed a piece of money in his mouth; if
+he has uttered a discourse in praise of the dead, or recited melancholy
+verses; if he has emptied the pitchers and other vessels of water in the
+house of the dead person, or in those of his neighbours, according to
+the custom of the Jews; if he sits behind the door of the deceased as a
+sign of grief, or eats fish and olives instead of meat, to honour his
+memory; if he remains in his house one year after the death of any one,
+to prove his grief. All these articles show the artifice used by the
+inquisitors in order to prove to Isabella that a great number of Judaic
+heretics existed in the dioceses of Cadiz and Seville. These measures,
+so well adapted to multiply victims, could not fail in their effect, and
+the tribunal soon began its cruel executions. On the 6th of January,
+1481, six persons were burnt, seventeen on the 26th of March following,
+and a still greater number a month after; on the 4th of November, the
+same year, two hundred and ninety-eight <i>New Christians</i> had suffered
+the punishment of burning, and seventy-nine were condemned to the
+horrors of perpetual imprisonment in the town of Seville alone. In other
+parts of the province and in the diocese of Cadiz, two thousand of these
+unfortunate<a name="page_037" id="page_037"></a> creatures were burnt; according to Mariana, a still greater
+number were burnt in effigy, and one thousand seven hundred suffered
+different canonical punishments.</p>
+
+<p>The great number of persons condemned to be burnt, obliged the prefect
+of Seville to construct a scaffold of stone in a field near the town,
+name Tablada; it was called Quemadero, and still exists. Four statues,
+of plaster, were erected on it, and bore the name of the <i>Four
+Prophets</i>; the condemned persons were enclosed alive in these figures,
+and perished by a slow and horrible death<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The dread which these executions inspired in the <i>New Christians</i> caused
+a great number to emigrate to France, Portugal, and even to Africa. Many
+of those who had been condemned for contumacy had fled to Rome, and
+demanded justice of the Pope against their judges. The sovereign pontiff
+wrote on the 29th of January to Ferdinand and Isabella, and complained
+that the inquisitors did not follow the rule of right in declaring those
+to be heretics who were not guilty. His Holiness added that he would
+have pronounced their deprivation but from respect to the royal decree
+which had instituted them in their office, but he revoked the
+authorization which he had given. On the 11th of the following month the
+Pope despatched a new brief, in which, without mentioning the first, he
+says, the general of the Dominicans, Alphonso de St. Cebriant, having
+proved to him the necessity of increasing the number of inquisitors, he
+had appointed to that office Alphonso de St. Cebriant, and seven monks
+of his order. It was at this time that Queen Isabella requested the Pope
+to give the Inquisition a permanent form which should be satisfactory to
+all parties; she required that the<a name="page_038" id="page_038"></a> judgments passed in Spain should be
+definitive and without appeal to Rome, and complained at the same time
+that many persons accused her of being influenced in all that she did
+for the tribunal by a desire to seize the wealth of the condemned.</p>
+
+<p>When Sixtus IV. received this letter he had just learnt that his bulls
+had met with some resistance in Sicily from the viceroy and other
+magistrates, and artfully took advantage of Isabella's request to
+confirm his authority in that kingdom. He replied to the queen, and
+praised her zeal for the Inquisition; appeased her scruples of
+conscience in regard to the confiscations; and assured her that he would
+have complied with all her demands, if the cardinals, and those charged
+with the administration of affairs, had not found insurmountable
+difficulties in so doing. He exhorted her to maintain the Inquisition in
+her states, and above all to take proper measures that the apostolical
+bulls should be received and executed in Sicily.</p>
+
+<p>The councillors to whom the Pope had submitted the demands of Isabella,
+approved of the creation of an apostolical judge of appeal in Spain; and
+proposed at the same time that no person descended from the Jews, either
+by the male or female side, should be admitted among the inquisitorial
+judges. Don Inigo Manrique was named sole judge of appeals in all
+matters of faith.<a name="page_039" id="page_039"></a></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.<br /><br />
+<small>CREATION OF A GRAND INQUISITOR-GENERAL; OF A ROYAL COUNCIL OF THE
+INQUISITION; OF SUBALTERN TRIBUNALS AND ORGANIC LAWS: ESTABLISHMENT OF
+THE HOLY OFFICE IN ARAGON.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">I<small>N</small> 1483, Father Thomas de Torquemada was appointed inquisitor-general of
+Aragon, and the immense powers of his office were confirmed in 1486, by
+Innocent VIII. and by the two successors of that pontiff. It would have
+been impossible to find a man more proper to fulfil the intentions of
+Ferdinand in multiplying the number of confiscations than Torquemada. He
+first created four inferior tribunals at Seville, Cordova, Jaen, and
+Villa-Real (now Ciudad-Real); the latter was soon after transferred to
+Toledo. He then permitted the Dominican fathers to exercise their
+functions in the kingdom of Castile: these monks, who held their
+commission from the holy see, did not submit to the authority of
+Torquemada without some resistance; they declared that they were not his
+delegates. Torquemada did not pronounce their deposition, as he feared
+it would injure the execution of the enterprise which he was commencing,
+but prepared to form laws which he found very necessary. He chose as
+assistants and councillors, two Civilians, named John Gutierrez de
+Chabes, and Tristan de Medina. At this time Ferdinand, perceiving how
+important it was to the interest of the revenue to organize the
+tribunal, created a royal council of the Inquisition, and appointed
+Torquemada president, and as councillors, Don Alphonso Carillo, Bishop
+of Mazara in Sicily, Sancho Velasquez de Cuellar and Ponce de Valencia,
+both doctors of law. Torquemada commissioned his two assistants to
+arrange the laws for the new council, and convoked a junta, which was
+composed of the inquisitors of the four tribunals which he had
+established, the two assistants,<a name="page_040" id="page_040"></a> and the members of the royal council.
+This assembly was held at Seville, and published the first laws of the
+Spanish tribunal under the name of instructions in 1484. These
+instructions were divided into twenty-eight articles.</p>
+
+<p>The 1st article regulated the manner in which the establishment of the
+Inquisition should be announced in the country where it was to be
+introduced.</p>
+
+<p>The 2nd article commanded that an edict should be published, accompanied
+with censures against those who did not accuse themselves voluntarily
+during the term of grace.</p>
+
+<p>By the 3rd, a delay of thirty days was appointed for heretics to declare
+themselves.</p>
+
+<p>The 4th regulated that all voluntary confessions should be written in
+the presence of the inquisitors and a recorder.</p>
+
+<p>The 5th, that absolution should not be given secretly to any individual
+voluntarily confessing, unless no person was acquainted with his crime.</p>
+
+<p>The 6th ordained, that part of the penance of a <i>reconciled heretic</i>
+should consist in being deprived of all honourable employments, and of
+the use of gold, silver, pearls, silk, and fine wool.</p>
+
+<p>By the 7th article, pecuniary penalties were imposed on all who made a
+voluntary confession.</p>
+
+<p>By the 8th, the person who accused himself after the term of grace could
+not be exempted from the punishment of confiscation.</p>
+
+<p>The 9th article decreed, that if persons under twenty years of age
+accuse themselves after the term of grace, and it is proved that they
+were drawn into error by their parents, a slight punishment shall be
+inflicted.</p>
+
+<p>The 10th obliged the inquisitors to declare, in their act of
+reconciliation, the exact time when the offender fell into heresy, that
+the portion of property to be confiscated might be ascertained.</p>
+
+<p>The 11th article decreed, that if a heretic, detained in<a name="page_041" id="page_041"></a> the prisons of
+the holy office, demanded absolution, and appeared to feel true
+repentance, that it might be granted to him, imposing, at the same time,
+perpetual imprisonment.</p>
+
+<p>By the 12th, if the inquisitors thought the repentance of the prisoner
+was pretended, in the case indicated by the former article, they were
+permitted to refuse the absolution, to declare him a false penitent, and
+as such condemn him to be burnt.</p>
+
+<p>By the 13th, if a man, absolved after his confession, should boast of
+having concealed several crimes, or if information should be obtained
+that he had committed more than he had confessed, he was to be arrested
+and judged as a false penitent.</p>
+
+<p>By the 14th article, the accused was to be condemned as impenitent, if
+he persisted in his denials even after the publication of the testimony.</p>
+
+<p>By the 15th, if a semi-proof existed against a person who denied his
+crime, he was to be put to the torture; if he confessed his crime during
+the torture, and afterwards confirmed his confession, he was punished as
+convicted; if he retracted, he was tortured again, or condemned to an
+extraordinary punishment.</p>
+
+<p>The 16th article prohibited the communication of the entire deposition
+of the witnesses to the accused.</p>
+
+<p>The 17th article obliged the inquisitors to interrogate the witnesses
+themselves, if it was not impossible.</p>
+
+<p>The 18th article decrees, that one or two inquisitors should be present
+when the prisoner was tortured, or appoint a commissioner if they were
+occupied elsewhere, to receive his declarations.</p>
+
+<p>By the 19th article, if the accused did not appear when summoned,
+according to the prescribed form, he was condemned as a heretic.</p>
+
+<p>The 20th article decrees, that if it is proved that any person died a
+heretic, by his writings or conduct, that he shall<a name="page_042" id="page_042"></a> be judged and
+condemned as such, his body disinterred and burnt, and his property
+confiscated.</p>
+
+<p>By the 21st, the inquisitors were commanded to extend their jurisdiction
+over the vassals of nobles; if they refused to permit it, they were to
+be censured.</p>
+
+<p>The 22nd decreed, that if a man, burnt as a heretic, left children under
+age, a portion of their father's property should be granted to them
+under the title of alms, and the inquisitors shall be obliged to confide
+their education to proper persons.</p>
+
+<p>By the 23rd, if a heretic, reconciled during the term of grace, without
+having incurred the punishment of confiscation, possessed property
+belonging to a condemned person, this property was not to be included in
+the pardon.</p>
+
+<p>The 24th obliged the reconciled to give his Christian slaves their
+liberty, when his property was not confiscated, if the king granted the
+pardon on that condition.</p>
+
+<p>The 25th prohibited the inquisitors, and other persons attached to the
+tribunal, from receiving presents, on pain of excommunication,
+deprivation of their employments, restitution, and a penalty of twice
+the value of the gifts received.</p>
+
+<p>The 26th recommends to the officers of the Inquisition to live in peace
+together.</p>
+
+<p>The 27th commands that they shall carefully watch the conduct of their
+inferior officers.</p>
+
+<p>The 28th and last, commits to the prudence of the inquisitors the
+discussion of all points not mentioned in the foregoing articles.</p>
+
+<p>Ferdinand having convoked at Tarazona the Cortes of his kingdom of
+Aragon, decreed that the Inquisition should be reformed in a
+privy-council. After this resolution, Torquemada named Gaspard Juglar, a
+dominican, and Peter Arbuès d'Epila, as inquisitors for the
+archbishopric of Saragossa. A royal ordinance commanded all the
+authorities to aid and assist them in their office, and the magistrate
+known by the name of Chief Justice of Aragon, took the oath with<a name="page_043" id="page_043"></a>
+several others. This circumstance did not prevent the resistance which
+the Aragonese opposed to the tribunal; on the contrary it augmented, and
+rose to such a height, that it might have been termed national.</p>
+
+<p>The principal persons employed in the Court of Aragon were descended
+from <i>New Christians</i>: among these were Louis Gonzalez, the royal
+secretary for the affairs of the kingdom; Philip de Clemente,
+prothonotary; Alphonso de la Caballeria, vice-chancellor; and Gabriel
+Sanchez, grand treasurer; who were all descended from Jews condemned, in
+their time, by the Inquisition. These men, and many others employed in
+the court, had allied themselves to the principal grandees in the
+kingdom, and used the influence which they derived from this
+circumstance, to engage the representatives of the nation to appeal to
+the Pope and the king, against the inquisitorial code. Commissioners
+were sent to Rome and the Court of Spain, to demand the suspension of
+the articles relating to confiscation, as contrary to the laws of the
+kingdom of Aragon. They were persuaded that the Inquisition would not
+maintain itself if this measure was abandoned. While the deputies of the
+Cortes of Aragon were at Rome, and with the king, the inquisitors
+condemned several <i>New Christians</i> as Judaic heretics. These executions
+increased the irritation of the Aragonese; and when the deputies wrote
+from the Court of Spain, that they were not satisfied with the state of
+affairs, they resolved to sacrifice one or two of the inquisitors, with
+the hope that no one would dare to take the office, and that the king
+would renounce his design. The project of assassination having been
+approved by the conspirators, a voluntary contribution was raised among
+all the Aragonese of the Jewish race; and it was proved by the trials of
+Sancho de Paternoy and others, that Don Blasco d'Alagon received ten
+thousand reals, which were destined to reward the assassins of the
+Inquisitor Arbuès, John de la Abadia, a noble of Aragon, but descended<a name="page_044" id="page_044"></a>
+from Jewish ancestors on the female side, took upon himself the
+direction of the enterprise. The assassination was confided to John
+d'Esperaindeo, to Vidal d'Uranso, his servant, to Matthew Ram, Tristan
+de Leonis, Anthony Gran, and Bernard Leofante. They failed several times
+in their attempts, as Peter Arbuès, being informed of their design, took
+the necessary precautions to secure his life.</p>
+
+<p>It appears, from the examination of some of the murderers, that the
+inquisitor wore a coat of mail under his vest, and a kind of helmet
+covered with a cap. He was at last assassinated in the metropolitan
+church, during the performance of the matins, on the 15th of November,
+1485. Vidal d'Uranso wounded him so severely in the back of the neck,
+that he died two days after. The next day the murder was known in the
+town, but its effects were different from what had been expected, for
+all the <i>Old Christians</i>, or those who were not of Jewish origin,
+persuaded that the <i>New Christians</i> had committed the crime, assembled
+to pursue them and revenge the death of the inquisitor. The disturbance
+was violent, and its consequences would have been terrible, if the young
+archbishop, Don Alphonso of Aragon, had not shewn himself, and assured
+the multitude that the criminal should be punished. Policy inspired
+Ferdinand and Isabella with the idea of honouring the memory of Arbuès
+with a solemnity which contributed to make him pass for a saint, and
+caused a particular worship to be addressed to him. This took place long
+after, when Pope Alexander VII. had beatified him as a martyr, in 1664.
+A magnificent monument was erected to his memory, by Ferdinand and
+Isabella. While the sovereigns were occupied in honouring the remains of
+Peter Arbuès, the inquisitors of Saragossa were labouring without
+ceasing to discover the authors and accomplices of his murder, and to
+punish them as Judaic heretics and enemies to the holy office. It would
+be difficult to enumerate the number of families plunged into misery
+through their<a name="page_045" id="page_045"></a> vengeance; two hundred victims were soon sacrificed.
+Vidal d'Uranso, one of the assassins, revealed all he knew of the
+conspiracy, which was the cause of the discovery of its authors. There
+was scarcely a single family in the three first orders of nobility,
+which was not disgraced by having at least one of its members in the
+<i>auto-da-fé</i>, wearing the habit of a penitent.</p>
+
+<p>Don James Diaz d'Aux Armendarix, lord of the town of Cadreita, a knight
+of Navarre, and ancestor of the Dukes of Albuquerque, was condemned to a
+public penance, for having concealed in his house, for one night,
+several persons who fled from Saragossa. The same punishment was
+inflicted on several other illustrious knights of the town of Tudela in
+Navarre, for having received and concealed other fugitives. Don James de
+Navarre (the son of Eleanor, Queen of Navarre, and Gaston de Foix) was
+imprisoned in the dungeons of the Inquisition, and was subjected to a
+public penance for having assisted several of the conspirators in their
+flight. The inquisitors knew, when they had the audacity to imprison
+him, that he was not beloved by Ferdinand, who always feared him,
+although he was not legitimate.</p>
+
+<p>Don Lope Ximenez de Urrea, first count of Aranda; Don Louis Gonzalez,
+secretary to the king; Don Alphonso de la Caballeria, vice-chancellor of
+the kingdom; and many other persons of equal rank, were condemned to the
+same punishment. John de Esperaindeo and the other assassins of Arbuès
+were hung, after having their hands cut off. Their bodies were
+quartered, and their limbs exposed in the highways. John de l'Abadia
+killed himself in prison the day before the execution, but his corpse
+was treated in the same manner as the others. The hands of Vidal
+d'Uranso were not cut off until he had expired, because he had been
+promised his pardon if he discovered the conspirators.</p>
+
+<p>All the other provinces of Aragon made an equal resistance to the
+introduction of the new Inquisition. The seditions<a name="page_046" id="page_046"></a> at Teruel were only
+quelled in 1485, by extreme severity. The town and bishopric of Lerida,
+and other towns in Catalonia, obstinately resisted the establishment of
+the reform, and were not reduced to obedience until 1487. Barcelona
+refused to acknowledge Torquemada or any of his delegates, on account of
+a privilege which it possessed of having an inquisitor with a special
+title. The king applied to the Pope, who instituted Torquemada special
+inquisitor of the town and bishopric of Barcelona, with the power of
+appointing others to the office. The king was obliged to employ the same
+method with the inhabitants of Majorca and those of Sardinia, who did
+not receive the Inquisition until 1490 and 1492. It is an incontestable
+fact in the history of the Spanish Inquisition, that it was introduced
+entirely against the consent of the provinces, and only by the influence
+of the Dominican monks.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.<br /><br />
+<small>ADDITIONAL ACTS TO THE FIRST CONSTITUTION OF THE HOLY OFFICE; CONSEQUENCES OF THEM, AND APPEALS TO ROME AGAINST THEM.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> inquisitor-general judged it necessary to augment the laws of the
+holy office; and added eleven new articles to them; the substance of
+them is as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1st. That each inferior tribunal should consist of two inquisitors as
+civilians, an attorney, an alguazil, a recorder and other persons, if
+necessary, who were to receive a fixed salary. The same article
+prohibits the admission of the servants or creatures of the inquisitors
+into the tribunal.</p>
+
+<p>2nd. That if any of the persons employed should receive presents from
+the accused or his family, he should be immediately deprived of his
+office.<a name="page_047" id="page_047"></a></p>
+
+<p>3rd. That the holy office should employ an able civilian at Rome, under
+the title of agent, and that this expense, should be supported by the
+money arising from the confiscations.</p>
+
+<p>4th. That the contracts signed before the year 1479, by persons whose
+property had since been seized, should be regarded as valid; but if it
+was proved that any deception had been used in the transactions, that
+the culprits should be punished by a hundred strokes of a whip, and
+branded on the face with a red-hot iron.</p>
+
+<p>5th. That the nobles who should receive fugitives in their estates,
+should be compelled to deliver up to government the property committed
+to their care; and if they claimed the fulfilments of contracts signed
+by the accused for their profit, that the attorney should commence an
+action to reclaim the property at belonging to the revenue.</p>
+
+<p>6th. That the notaries of the Inquisition should keep an account of the
+property of the condemned persons.</p>
+
+<p>7th. That the stewards of the holy office could sell the confiscated
+property, and receive the rents of the estates which might be let.</p>
+
+<p>8th. That each steward should inspect the property belonging to his
+tribunal.</p>
+
+<p>9th. That a steward could not sequestrate the property of a condemned
+person, without an order from the Inquisition; and even in that case,
+that he should be accompanied by an alguazil, and place the effects and
+an inventory of them in the hands of a third person.</p>
+
+<p>10th. That the steward should pay the salaries of the inquisitors
+quarterly, that they might not be obliged to receive presents.</p>
+
+<p>11th. That in all circumstances not foreseen in the new regulations, the
+inquisitors should conduct themselves with prudence, and apply to the
+government in all difficult cases.</p>
+
+<p>The nature of these articles proves that the number of confiscations<a name="page_048" id="page_048"></a>
+had been considerable. Ferdinand and Isabella often gave the property of
+the condemned persons to their wives and children, granted them pensions
+on the property, or a certain sum to be paid by the receiver-general.</p>
+
+<p>These sums, and the care which people took to conceal their effects,
+diminished the funds of the Inquisition; besides which, most of the <i>New
+Christians</i> were merchants or artisans, and it often happened that the
+receivers who paid the royal gifts were unable to pay the salaries of
+the inquisitors. Torquemada, in 1488, decreed that the royal gifts
+should not be paid, until the salaries and other expenses of the
+Inquisition had been defrayed, and wrote to request the approbation of
+Ferdinand, who refused it. The inquisitor-general was then obliged to
+permit the inquisitors to impose pecuniary penalties on reconciled
+persons (which permission was afterwards revoked). As experience showed
+that the revenue of the Inquisition was never sufficient, on account of
+the great number of prisoners which it was obliged to maintain, and the
+expenses incurred by the agent at Rome, Ferdinand and Isabella requested
+the Pope to place at the disposal of the holy office, a prebendary in
+each cathedral in their dominions; to which he consented in 1501. The
+receivers finding themselves unable to defray the expenses of the
+administration, demanded restitution of many persons whom they accused
+of retaining estates belonging to the Inquisition. This conduct caused
+so many complaints, that the council of the Inquisition was obliged to
+prohibit the receivers from molesting the proprietors of estates which
+had been sold before the year 1479. It is not surprising that the
+receivers should employ such measures to augment the revenue, when the
+inquisitors contributed to impoverish it themselves, by disposing of it
+according to their caprices, and without the permission of the
+sovereigns. This abuse rose to such a height, that Ferdinand and
+Isabella complained to the Pope, who prohibited the inquisitors from
+disposing of their revenues without an order<a name="page_049" id="page_049"></a> from the king, on pain of
+excommunication. The inquisitors were afterwards obliged to refund the
+sums which they had seized.</p>
+
+<p>In 1488 the inquisitor-general formed, with the assistance of the
+supreme council, a new ordinance, which consisted of fifteen articles.</p>
+
+<p>The first decreed that the regulations of 1484 should be followed in all
+things, except in regard to the confiscations, which were to be
+regulated by the rules of equity.</p>
+
+<p>The 2nd enjoins the inquisitors to proceed in a uniform manner, on
+account of the abuses produced by a contrary system.</p>
+
+<p>The 3rd prohibits inquisitors from delaying to pass sentence, on the
+pretence of waiting for the full proof of the crime.</p>
+
+<p>The 4th imports, that as there are not in all the tribunals civilians of
+sufficient ability to be consulted in the preparation of the definitive
+sentences, the inquisitors shall send the writings of the trials to the
+inquisitor-general, in order to be examined by the civilians of the
+supreme council.</p>
+
+<p>The 5th decrees that no person shall be allowed to hold any
+communication with the prisoners, except the priests, who were obliged
+to visit the prisons once in a fortnight.</p>
+
+<p>The 6th commands that the testimony of witnesses shall be received in
+the presence of as small a number of persons as possible, that secrecy
+may not be violated.</p>
+
+<p>The 7th, that the writings and papers belonging to the Inquisition shall
+be kept in the place of residence of the inquisitors, and locked up in a
+chest; the key of which shall be kept by the notary of the tribunal, who
+must not give it up, on pain of losing his place.</p>
+
+<p>The 8th article decrees, that if the inquisitors of a district arrest a
+man already pursued by another tribunal, all the papers relating to his
+trial shall be placed in the hands of the first.<a name="page_050" id="page_050"></a></p>
+
+<p>The 9th article decrees, that if there are papers in the archives of a
+tribunal which may be of use to another, the expenses incurred in
+sending them shall be paid by it.</p>
+
+<p>The 10th article declares, that as there are not prisons enough for all
+who are condemned to perpetual imprisonment, they shall be permitted to
+remain in their houses, but not to go out, on pain of being punished
+with the utmost severity.</p>
+
+<p>In the 11th, the inquisitors are recommended to execute rigorously all
+those laws which prohibit the children and grandchildren of condemned
+persons from exercising any honourable employment, and from wearing any
+garment of silk, or fine wool, or any ornament of gold, silver, or
+precious stones.</p>
+
+<p>The 12th article decrees, that males cannot be admitted to
+reconciliation and abjuration before the age of fourteen years, or
+females before that of twelve; if they had abjured before that age, a
+ratification was necessary.</p>
+
+<p>The 13th prohibited the receivers from paying the royal gifts, until the
+expenses of the Inquisition were defrayed.</p>
+
+<p>The 14th declares, that the holy office should petition the sovereigns
+to build a prison in each town where it was established, for the
+reception of those who might be condemned to that punishment. It also
+recommends that the cells should be arranged in such a manner, that the
+prisoners might exercise their respective professions, and thus maintain
+themselves.</p>
+
+<p>The 15th and last article obliged the notaries, fiscals, and alguazils,
+and other officers of the Inquisition, to perform their functions in
+person.</p>
+
+<p>The inquisitor-general found that these regulations were not sufficient
+to prevent abuses; he therefore convoked a junta of inquisitors at
+Toledo. The decrees of this assembly were published at Avila in 1498,
+and were as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>First, that each tribunal should be composed of two inquisitors, one a
+civilian, the other a theologian. They were<a name="page_051" id="page_051"></a> prohibited from inflicting
+imprisonment or torture, or communicating the charges made by the
+witnesses, without the consent of both.</p>
+
+<p>Secondly, that the inquisitors should not allow their dependents to
+carry any defensive arms, except where their office obliges them to do
+so.</p>
+
+<p>Thirdly, that no person should be imprisoned if his crime had not been
+sufficiently proved; and that when the arrest had taken place, his
+judgment should be immediately pronounced, without waiting for fresh
+proofs.</p>
+
+<p>Fourthly, that the Inquisition should acquit deceased persons, if
+sufficient proof was not produced, and not delay the trial to wait for
+fresh accusations, as it was injurious to the children, whose
+establishment was prevented, from the uncertainty of the result of the
+trial.</p>
+
+<p>Fifthly, that the entire failure of the funds of the holy office should
+not occasion the imposition of a greater number of pecuniary penalties.</p>
+
+<p>Sixthly, that the inquisitors should not change imprisonment, or any
+other corporeal punishment, to a pecuniary penalty, but for the
+punishment of fasting, alms, pilgrimages, or other similar penances.</p>
+
+<p>Seventhly, that the inquisitors should carefully examine into the
+expediency of admitting to reconciliation those who confessed their
+crimes after their arrest, since they might be considered as
+contumacious, as the Inquisition had been established many years.</p>
+
+<p>Eighthly, that the inquisitors should punish false witnesses publicly.</p>
+
+<p>Ninthly, that two men related in any degree should not be employed in
+the holy office, nor a master and his servant, even in case their
+functions should be entirely distinct.</p>
+
+<p>Tenthly, that each tribunal should have archives secured by three locks,
+the keys of which should be placed in the hands of the two notaries and
+the fiscal.<a name="page_052" id="page_052"></a></p>
+
+<p>Eleventhly, that the notary should receive the testimony of witnesses
+only in the presence of an inquisitor, and that the two priests
+commissioned to prove the truth of the deposition should not belong to
+the tribunal.</p>
+
+<p>Twelfthly, that the inquisitor should establish the Inquisition in all
+towns where it did not already exist.</p>
+
+<p>Thirteenthly, that in all difficult cases the inquisitors should consult
+the council.</p>
+
+<p>Fourteenthly, that the women should have a prison separated from that of
+the men.</p>
+
+<p>Fifteenthly, that the officers of the tribunal should perform their
+functions six hours in a day, and that they should attend the
+inquisitors whenever they were required.</p>
+
+<p>Sixteenthly, that after the inquisitors had received the oath of the
+witnesses in presence of the fiscal, he should be obliged to retire.</p>
+
+<p>Besides these ordinances, Torquemada established several particular
+regulations for each individual belonging to the tribunal: all the
+persons employed were obliged to take an oath that they would not reveal
+anything they might see or hear: the inquisitor was not allowed to
+remain alone with the prisoner; the gaoler could not allow any person to
+speak with him, and was obliged to examine if any writings were
+concealed in the food which was given him. These were the last
+regulations framed by Torquemada, but Diego Deza, his successor,
+published a fifth <i>instruction</i> at Seville, in 1500.</p>
+
+<p>Such were the laws of the holy office in Spain. This code caused the
+emigration of more than a hundred thousand families useful to the state,
+and the loss of many millions of francs which were spent at the court of
+Rome, either for the bulls which it expedited, or by those who repaired
+thither to solicit their absolution from the Popes. The holy see was far
+from complaining of this practice, as it brought immense sums to the
+treasury, and no person who presented<a name="page_053" id="page_053"></a> himself with his money before the
+apostolical penitentiary, failed of obtaining the absolution he
+solicited, or an order for absolution elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>This conduct displeased the inquisitors: depending on the protection of
+Ferdinand and Isabella, they expostulated with the Pope, who annulled
+the absolutions already granted, thus deceiving those who had spent the
+greatest part of their fortunes in endeavouring to obtain them. He then
+promised new pardons on new conditions, contrary to the engagement he
+had entered into with Ferdinand, to abolish every means of appeal to the
+Court of Rome. Such was the constant practice of the holy see during
+thirty years after the establishment of the Inquisition in Spain.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.<br /><br />
+<small>EXPULSION OF THE JEWS.&mdash;PROCEEDINGS AGAINST BISHOPS.&mdash;DEATH OF TORQUEMADA.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">I<small>N</small> 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella conquered the kingdom of Grenada. This
+event offered a multitude of victims to the holy office in the persons
+of the Moors, who were converted merely in the hope of obtaining
+consideration, and after their baptism returned to Mahometanism. John de
+Navagiero, in his travels in Spain, states, that Ferdinand had promised
+the Morescoes, (as those Moors were called who became Christians,) that
+the Inquisition should not interfere with them for the space of forty
+years, but that the Inquisition was established in the kingdom of
+Grenada, on the pretence that many Jews had taken refuge there. This
+statement is not exact; the sovereigns only promised that the Moorish
+Christians should not be prosecuted except for serious crimes, and the
+Inquisition was not introduced among them before 1526.<a name="page_054" id="page_054"></a></p>
+
+<p>It was in the year 1492 that the unbaptized Jews were expelled from
+Spain. They were accused of persuading those of their nation who had
+become Christians to apostatize, and of crucifying children on
+Good-Friday, in mockery of the Saviour of the world, and of many other
+offences of the same nature. The Jewish physicians, surgeons, and
+apothecaries, were also accused of having taken advantage of their
+professions, to cause the death of a great number of Christians, and
+among others, that of Henry III., which was attributed to his physician,
+Don Maïr.</p>
+
+<p>The Jews, in order to avert the danger which threatened them, offered to
+supply Ferdinand with thirty thousand pieces of silver to carry on the
+war against Grenada; they promised to live peaceably, to comply with the
+regulations formed for them, in retiring to their houses in the quarters
+assigned to them before night, and in renouncing all professions which
+were reserved for the Christians. Ferdinand and Isabella were willing to
+listen to these propositions; but Torquemada, being informed of their
+inclinations, had the boldness to appear before them with a crucifix in
+his hand, and to address them in these words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Judas sold his master for thirty pieces of silver, your highnesses are
+about to do the same for thirty thousand; behold him, take him, and
+hasten to self him."</p>
+
+<p>The fanaticism of the Dominican wrought a sudden change in the minds of
+the sovereigns, and they issued a decree on the 31st of March 1492, by
+which all the Jews were compelled to quit Spain before the 31st of July
+ensuing, on pain of death, and the confiscation of their property; the
+decree also prohibited Christians from receiving them into their houses
+after that period. They were permitted to sell their stock, to carry
+away their furniture and other effects, <i>except gold and silver, for
+which they were to accept letters of change, or any merchandise not
+prohibited</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Torquemada commissioned all preachers to exhort them<a name="page_055" id="page_055"></a> to receive
+baptism, and remain in the kingdom. A small number suffered themselves
+to be persuaded; the rest sold their goods at so low a price, that
+Andrew Bernaldez (a contemporary historian) declares, in his history of
+the Catholic Kings, that he saw <i>the Jews give a house for an ass, and a
+vineyard for a small quantity of cloth or linen</i>.</p>
+
+<p>According to Mariana, eight hundred thousand Jews quitted Spain, and if
+the Moors, who emigrated to Africa, and the Christians who settled in
+the New World, are added to the number, we shall find that Ferdinand and
+Isabella lost, through these cruel measures, two millions of subjects.
+Bernaldez affirms, that the Jews carried a quantity of gold with them,
+concealed in their garments and saddles, and even in their intestines,
+for they reduced the ducats into small pieces, and swallowed them. A
+great number afterwards returned to Spain, and received baptism. Some
+returned from the kingdom of Fez, where the Moors had seized their money
+and effects, and even killed the women, to take the gold which they
+expected to find within them. These cruelties can only be attributed to
+the fanaticism of Torquemada, to the avarice and superstition of
+Ferdinand, and to the inconsiderate zeal of Isabella, who, nevertheless,
+possessed great gentleness of character, and an enlightened mind.</p>
+
+<p>The other European courts were not thus influenced by fanaticism, and
+paid no attention to a bull of Innocent VIII., which commanded all
+governments to arrest, at the desire of Torquemada, the fugitives whom
+he should designate, on pain of excommunication; the monarch was the
+only person exempted from the penalty.</p>
+
+<p>The insolent fanatic, Torquemada, while he affected to refuse the honour
+of episcopacy through modesty, was the first who gave the fatal example
+of subjecting bishops to trial. Not satisfied with having obtained from
+Sixtus IV. the briefs which prohibited bishops of Jewish origin from
+interfering in the affairs of the Inquisition, he even wished to<a name="page_056" id="page_056"></a> put
+two on their trial, namely, Don Juan Arias Davila, Bishop of Segovia;
+and Don Pedro de Aranda, Bishop of Calahorra. He made his resolution
+known to the Pope, who informed him that his predecessor, Boniface
+VIII., had prohibited the Inquisition from proceeding against bishops,
+archbishops, or cardinals, without an apostolical commission; but if any
+prelate was accused of heresy, he charged Torquemada to send him a copy
+of the informations, that he might decide on the method to be pursued.</p>
+
+<p>Torquemada immediately began to take secret informations of the conduct
+of the bishops, and the Pope sent Antonio Palavicini, Bishop of Tournai,
+to Spain, with the title of apostolical nuncio, when he received the
+informations of Torquemada, and returned to Rome, where the two bishops
+were cited to appear and defend themselves. Don Juan Arias Davila was
+the son of Diego Arias Davila, who was of Jewish origin, and was
+baptized after the preaching of St. Vincent Ferrier; he afterwards
+became chief financier to the kings John II. and Henry IV. Henry IV.
+ennobled him, and gave him the lordship of the Castle of Puñonrostro,
+and several other places which form the countship of Puñonrostro, and
+the title of Grandee of Spain, which has been possessed by his
+descendants from the time of Pedro Arias Davila, the first count, and
+brother to the bishop, and who was also chief financier to Henry IV. and
+Ferdinand V. The rank of the bishop did not intimidate Torquemada;
+informations were taken by his order, and the result was, that Diego
+Arias Davila died a Judaic heretic: the object which the
+inquisitor-general had in view, was to condemn his memory, confiscate
+his property, and to disinter his body, in order to burn it with his
+effigy. As, in all affairs of this nature, the children are cited to
+appear, Don Juan Arias Davila was obliged to repair to Rome in 1490, to
+defend his father and himself, although he had arrived at a great age,
+and had been Bishop of Segovia thirty years. He was well<a name="page_057" id="page_057"></a> received by
+Alexander VI., who appointed him to accompany his nephew, the Cardinal
+Montreal, to Naples, when he went to crown Ferdinand II. Davila returned
+to Rome, and died there in 1497, after having cleared the memory of his
+father.</p>
+
+<p>Don Pedro Aranda, Bishop of Calahorra, was not so fortunate. He was the
+son of Gonzales Alonzo, a Jew, who was also baptized in the time of St.
+Vincent Ferrier, and who was afterwards master of a chapel. Gonzales had
+the pleasure of seeing both his sons attain the dignity of bishops: the
+eldest was Archbishop of Montreal in Sicily, the second was made Bishop
+of Calahorra, in 1478, and president of the Council of Castile in 1482;
+yet in 1488 he was the object of a secret instruction, directed by
+Torquemada, which however did not prevent him from convoking a synod in
+the town of Logrogna, in 1492. At that period Torquemada, and the other
+inquisitors of Valladolid, undertook the trial of Gonzales Alonzo, to
+prove that he had died a Judaic heretic. The inquisitors of Valladolid
+and the bishop of the diocese could not agree on the sentence to be
+pronounced on the accused; and his son, Don Pedro Aranda, obtained a
+brief from Alexander VI., by which this affair was referred to Don Inigo
+Manrique, Bishop of Cordova, and John de St. John, prior of the
+Benedictines at Valladolid. They were commissioned to pronounce judgment
+and execute the sentence, without any interference on the part of the
+Inquisition. Their decision was favourable to Gonzales.</p>
+
+<p>The bishop, his son, gained the esteem of the Pope, who made him chief
+major-domo of the pontifical palace, and sent him as ambassador to
+Venice, in 1494. These marks of favour did not cause the inquisitors to
+relax in their zeal: they proceeded in their trial against Don Pedro,
+for heresy: his judges were the archbishop, the Governor of Rome, and
+two bishops, auditors of the apostolical palace. Don Pedro called one
+hundred and one witnesses for his defence; but unfortunately every one
+of them had something to advance<a name="page_058" id="page_058"></a> against him, on different points. The
+judges made their report to the Pope, in a secret consistory, in 1498,
+who, with the cardinals, condemned the bishop to be deprived of his
+offices and benefices, to be degraded from his episcopal dignity, and
+reduced to the rank of a simple layman. He was confined in the Castle of
+Santangelo, where he died some time after.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas de Torquemada, first inquisitor-general of Spain, died the 16th
+of November, 1498. The miseries which were the consequences of the
+system which he adopted, and recommended to his successors, justify the
+general hatred which followed him to the tomb, and compelled him to take
+precautions for his personal safety. Ferdinand and Isabella permitted
+him to use an escort of fifty <i>familiars</i> of the Inquisition on
+horseback, and two hundred others on foot, whenever he travelled. He
+also kept the horn of a unicorn on his table, which was supposed to
+discover and neutralize poisons. It is not surprising that many should
+have conspired against his life, when his cruel administration is
+considered: the Pope himself was alarmed at his barbarity, and the
+complaints which were made against him; and Torquemada was obliged to
+send his colleague, Antonio Badoja, three times to Rome, to defend him
+against the accusations of his enemies.</p>
+
+<p>At last Alexander VI., weary of the continual clamours of which he was
+the object, resolved to deprive him of his dignity, but was deterred
+from so doing through consideration for the Court of Spain. He therefore
+expedited a brief in 1494, saying, that as Torquemada had arrived at a
+great age, and suffered from many infirmities, he had named four
+inquisitors-general, invested with the same powers which he possessed.</p>
+
+<p>The familiars of the holy office, who were employed as the body-guard of
+the inquisitor-general, were the successors of the familiars of the Old
+Inquisition. They were commissioned to pursue the heretics, and persons
+suspected of<a name="page_059" id="page_059"></a> heresy, to assist the officers of the tribunal in taking
+them to prison, and to do all that the inquisitors might require.</p>
+
+<p>It has been shown that the Spaniards received the Inquisition with
+reluctance; but as they were obliged to endure it when once established,
+some prudent persons thought they should be more secure from the danger
+of incurring suspicion, if they appeared devoted to the cause, which was
+the reason why several illustrious gentlemen offered to become
+<i>familiars of the holy office</i>, and were admitted into the congregation
+of St. Peter. Their example was followed by the inferior classes, and
+encouraged by Ferdinand and Isabella, who bestowed several immunities
+and privileges on them.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.<br /><br />
+<small>OF THE PROCEDURE OF THE MODERN INQUISITION.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">A<small>FTER</small> the death of the Inquisitor-general, Torquemada, Ferdinand and
+Isabella proposed Don Diego Deza, a Dominican, to the Pope, as his
+successor. Deza was Bishop of Jaen, and afterwards became Archbishop of
+Seville. The Pope signed his bulls of confirmation on the 1st of
+December, 1498, but limited his authority to the affairs of the kingdom
+of Castile. Deza was displeased at a restriction which did not exist in
+the bulls of his two colleagues, and refused to accept the nomination,
+until the Pope invested him with the same power over Aragon, in a bull,
+in 1499. The new inquisitor-general did not show less severity in the
+exercise of his office than his predecessor; but, before I enter on this
+part of the history, it is necessary to give some account of the mode of
+proceeding of the holy office, as it was the work of Torquemada, the
+effect of the laws which he formed, and properly belongs to his
+history.<a name="page_060" id="page_060"></a></p>
+
+<p>The processes in the Inquisition began by a denunciation, or some other
+information, such as a discovery accidentally made before the tribunal
+in another trial. When the denunciation is signed, it takes the form of
+a declaration, in which the informer, after having sworn to the truth of
+his deposition, designates those persons whom he presumes, or believes,
+to have anything to depose against the accused person. These persons are
+then heard, and their depositions, with that of the first witness, form
+the <i>summary of the information, or the preparatory instruction</i>.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Inquest.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">When the tribunal judged that the actions or words which were denounced
+were sufficient to warrant an inquiry to establish the proofs, the
+persons who had been cited as knowing the object of the declaration were
+examined, and were obliged to take an oath not to reveal the questions
+which were put to them. None of the witnesses were informed of the
+subject on which they were to make their depositions; they were only
+asked in general terms, <i>if they had ever seen or heard anything which
+was, or appeared, contrary to the Catholic faith, or the rights of the
+Inquisition</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Personal experience has shown me that the witnesses who were ignorant of
+the cause of their citation often recollected circumstances entirely
+foreign to the subject, which they made known, and were then
+interrogated as if their examination had no other object; this
+accidental deposition served instead of a denunciation, and a new
+process was commenced.</p>
+
+<p>The declarations were written down by the commissary or notary, who
+usually aggravated the denunciation, as much as the arbitrary
+interpretation of the improper or equivocal expressions used by ignorant
+persons would permit. The<a name="page_061" id="page_061"></a> declaration was twice read to the witnesses,
+<i>who did not fail to approve all that had been written</i>.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Censure of the Qualifiers.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">When the inquisitors examine the preliminary <i>instruction</i>, if they find
+sufficient cause to proceed, they send a circular to all the tribunals
+in the province to inquire if any charges against the accused exist in
+their registers. This proceeding is called the <i>review of the
+registers</i>. Extracts are made of the propositions against the accused,
+and if each is expressed in different terms, which is almost always the
+case, they are sent as accusations advanced on different occasions. This
+writing was then remitted to the theologians, <i>qualifiers of the holy
+office</i>, who write at the bottom of the page if the propositions merit
+the <i>theological censure</i>, as heretical, if they give occasion to
+suppose that the person who pronounced them approved of any heresy, or
+if he is only suspected of that crime.</p>
+
+<p>The declaration of the <i>qualifiers</i> determines the proceedings against
+the accused, until the trial is prepared for the definite sentence. The
+<i>qualifiers</i> were generally scholastic monks, almost entirely
+unacquainted with true dogmatic theology, and who carried fanaticism and
+superstition to such a height as to find heresy in everything which they
+had not studied: this disposition has often caused them to censure some
+of the doctrines of the fathers of the church.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Prisons.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">When the qualification has been made, the procurator-fiscal demands that
+the denounced person shall be removed to the <i>secret prisons</i> of the
+<i>holy office</i>. The tribunal has three sorts of prisons, public,
+intermediate, and secret. The first are those where persons are
+imprisoned, who are not guilty<a name="page_062" id="page_062"></a> of heresy, but of some crime which the
+Inquisition has the privilege of punishing: the second are destined for
+those servants of the holy office who have committed some crime in the
+exercise of their functions, without incurring suspicion of heresy.
+Those who are detained in these prisons are permitted to communicate
+with others, unless they are condemned to solitary confinement. The
+secret prisons are those where all heretics, or persons suspected of
+heresy, are confined; they can only communicate with the judges of the
+tribunal.</p>
+
+<p>These prisons are not, as they have been represented, damp, dirty, and
+unhealthy; they are vaulted chambers, well lighted, not damp, and large
+enough for a person to take some exercise in. The real horrors of the
+prisons are, that no one can enter them without becoming infamous in
+public opinion; and the solitude and the darkness to which the prisoner
+is condemned for fifteen hours in the day during the winter, as he is
+not allowed light before the hour of seven in the morning, or after four
+in the evening. Some authors have stated, that the prisoners were
+chained; these means are only employed on extraordinary occasions, and
+to prevent them from destroying themselves.</p>
+
+<h3><i>First Audiences.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">In the three first days following the imprisonment of the culprit, he
+had three <i>audiences</i> of <i>monition</i>, or caution, recommending him to
+speak the truth, without concealing anything that he had done or said,
+or that he can impute to others, contrary to the faith. He was told that
+if he followed this recommendation he would be treated leniently; but in
+the contrary case, he would be proceeded against with severity. Until
+then the prisoner is ignorant of the cause of his arrest; he is only
+told that no person is taken to the prison of the holy office without
+sufficient proof that<a name="page_063" id="page_063"></a> he has spoken against the Catholic faith, and,
+therefore, it is for his interest to confess his crimes voluntarily.
+Some prisoners confessed themselves guilty of the crimes stated in the
+preparatory instruction; others acknowledged more; others less;
+generally the prisoners declared that their consciences did not reproach
+them, but that they would endeavour to recollect the faults which they
+had committed if the accusations of the witnesses were read to them.</p>
+
+<p>The advantages of the confession were, that it lessened the duration of
+the trial, and rendered the punishments inflicted on the accused less
+severe when the reconciliation took place. Whatever promises might be
+made to the prisoners, they could not avoid the disgrace of the
+<i>san-benito</i> and <i>auto-da-fé</i>, or preserve their honour or their
+property, if they acknowledged themselves <i>formal</i> heretics.</p>
+
+<p>Another custom of the Inquisition was to examine the prisoner on his
+genealogy and parentage, in order to discover by the registers of the
+tribunal if any of his family had been punished for heresy, supposing
+that he might have inherited the erroneous doctrines of his ancestors.
+He was also obliged to recite the <i>Pater</i>, the <i>Credo</i>, and other forms
+of Christian doctrine, because the presumption that he had erred in his
+faith was stronger, if he did not know them, had forgotten them, or if
+he made mistakes in the repetition. In short, the Inquisition employed
+every means, and neglected nothing in the trial of the prisoners, to
+make them appear guilty of heresy, and all this was done with an
+appearance of charity and compassion, and in the name of Jesus Christ.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Charges.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">When the ceremony of the three first audiences is finished, the
+procurator-fiscal forms his act of accusation against the prisoner, from
+the preliminary instruction. Although a semi-proof only exists, he
+reports the facts in the depositions as if<a name="page_064" id="page_064"></a> they were proved; and what
+is still more illegal, he does not reduce the articles of his
+<i>requisition</i> to the number of facts, but following the practice in
+forming the extracts of the propositions for the act of <i>qualification</i>,
+he multiplies them according to the variations in the statements; so
+that an accusation which ought to be reduced to one point, contains five
+or six charges, which appear to indicate that the accused has advanced
+so many heretical opinions on different occasions, without any
+foundation but the different manner in which each witness relates the
+conversation.</p>
+
+<p>This mode of proceeding produces the worst effects; it confuses the
+prisoner where the charges are read to him, and if he has not coolness
+and intelligence, he imagines that several crimes are imputed to him,
+and replies, for instance, to the third article, and relates the facts
+in different words from those which he employed in answering the second;
+this variation taking place in each article, he sometimes contradicts
+himself, and thus furnishes the fiscal with fresh accusations against
+him, for he is accused of not adhering to truth in his replies.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Torture.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">Although the prisoner has confessed all that the witnesses deposed
+against him in the first audiences, yet the fiscal terminates his
+<i>requisition</i> by saying, that he is guilty of concealment and denial,
+that he is, therefore, impenitent and obstinate, and demands that the
+question shall be applied to the accused.</p>
+
+<p>It is true, that it is so long since torture has been inflicted by the
+inquisitors, that the custom may be looked upon as abolished, and the
+fiscal only makes the demand in conformity to the example of his
+predecessors, yet it is equally cruel to make the prisoners fear it.</p>
+
+<p>In former times, if the inquisitors judged that the prisoner<a name="page_065" id="page_065"></a> had not
+made a full confession, they ordered him to be tortured: the object was
+to make him confess all that formed the substance of the process. I
+shall not describe the different modes of torture employed by the
+Inquisition, as it has been already done by many historians: I shall
+only say that none of them can be accused of exaggeration. When the
+accused acknowledged the crimes imputed to them, during the torture,
+they were obliged the next day to ratify or retract their confession
+upon oath. Almost all confirmed their first statement, because they were
+subjected to the torture a second time if they dared to retract.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Requisition.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">The requisition or accusation of the procurator-fiscal was never given
+to the prisoner in writing, that he might not reflect on the charges in
+prison and prepare his replies. The prisoner is conducted to the
+audience-chamber, where a secretary reads the charges, in the presence
+of the inquisitors and the fiscal: between each article he calls upon
+the prisoner to reply to it instantly, and declare if it is true or
+false.</p>
+
+<p>It is evident that this proceeding is intended to embarrass the
+prisoner, by compelling him to reply without previous reflection. Such
+stratagems are allowed in other tribunals where the prisoners are guilty
+of homicide, theft, or other offences against society; but it must be
+allowed that it is against the spirit of Christianity to employ them
+where zeal for religion and the salvation of others seem to be the
+motives for acting.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Defence.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">When the charges and the <i>accusation</i> have been read, the inquisitors
+ask the prisoner if he wishes to make a defence; if he replies in the
+affirmative, a copy of the <i>accusation</i> and<a name="page_066" id="page_066"></a> the replies is taken. He is
+then required to select the lawyer whom he wishes to employ for his
+defence, from the list of those belonging to the holy office. Some
+prisoners required permission to seek a defender out of the tribunal, a
+pretension which is not contrary to any law, particularly if the lawyer
+has taken an oath of secrecy; yet this simple and natural right has
+seldom been granted by the inquisitors.</p>
+
+<p>It is of little consequence to the accused to be defended by an able
+man, as the lawyer is not allowed to see the original process, or to
+communicate with his client. One of the notaries draws up a copy of the
+result of the <i>preliminary instruction</i>, in which he reports the
+deposition of the witnesses, without mentioning their names, or the
+circumstances of time or place, and (what is more extraordinary) without
+stating what has been said in defence of the prisoner. He entirely omits
+the declarations of the persons who, having been summoned and
+interrogated by the tribunal, have persisted in affirming that they knew
+nothing of the subject on which they were examined. This extract is
+accompanied by the censure of the <i>qualifiers</i>, and the demand of the
+fiscal for the examination, and the accusation, and the replies of the
+accused. This is all that is given to the defender in the
+audience-chamber, where the inquisitors have commanded him to attend. He
+is then obliged to promise to defend the prisoner if he thinks that it
+is just to do so; but, in the contrary case, that he will use all the
+means in his power to persuade him to solicit his pardon of the
+tribunal, by a sincere confession of his sins, and a demand to be
+reconciled to the church.</p>
+
+<p>Those who have acquired any experience in criminal proceedings, are
+aware of the great advantages which may be derived from the comparison
+of the testimony of the witnesses in the defence of the accused; but the
+direction given<a name="page_067" id="page_067"></a> to the proceedings by the Inquisition is such, that the
+lawyer can rarely find any means of defence but that which arises from
+the difference and variations in the depositions on the actions and
+words imputed to the prisoner.</p>
+
+<p>As this is not sufficient, (because the semi-proof exists,) the defender
+generally demands to see the prisoner, that he may inquire if it is his
+intention to challenge the witnesses, to destroy, either in part, or
+entirely, the proof established against him. If he replies in the
+affirmative, the inquisitors order proceedings to prove the irregularity
+of the witnesses.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Proof.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">It is then necessary to separate all the original declarations of the
+witnesses from the process, and send them to the places which they
+inhabit to receive a <i>ratification</i>. This takes place without the
+knowledge of the prisoner, and as he is not represented by any person
+during this formality, it is impossible that the challenge of a witness
+should succeed, even if he was the greatest enemy of the prisoner. If
+the witness was at Madrid at the time of the instruction, and afterwards
+went to the Philippine Isles, the course of the trial was suspended, and
+the prisoner was obliged to wait till the ratification arrived from
+Asia. If he demanded an audience, to complain of the delay, he was
+answered with ambiguity, that the tribunal could not proceed with
+greater haste, as it was occupied with particular measures.</p>
+
+<p>The prisoner made his challenge of the witnesses by naming those whom he
+considered as his enemies, giving his reasons for mistrusting them, and
+writing on the margin of each article the names of those persons who
+could attest the facts which are the causes of the challenge. The
+inquisitors decree that they shall be examined, unless some motive
+prevents it.<a name="page_068" id="page_068"></a></p>
+
+<p>As the prisoner is not acquainted with the proceedings, he often accuses
+persons who have not been summoned as witnesses. The article in which
+they are mentioned is passed over with those of the witnesses who have
+not deposed against him, or who have spoken in his favour. Thus he
+encounters his accusers only by chance.</p>
+
+<p>It sometimes happens that the procurator-fiscal secretly obtains the
+proof of the morality of the witnesses, in order to destroy the effect
+of the challenge; and as this is more easy to accomplish than the
+measures taken by the prisoner, they are generally rendered useless,
+because in doubtful cases the inquisitors are always disposed to depend
+upon the witness, if he is not known to be the declared enemy of the
+accused.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Publication of the Proofs.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">When the proof is established, the tribunal publishes the state of the
+trial, the depositions, and the act of judgment. But these terms are not
+to be understood in the common sense, since the publication was only an
+unfaithful copy of the declarations and other facts contained in the
+extract formed for the use of the defender. A secretary reads it to the
+prisoner in the presence of the inquisitors; after each article he asks
+him if he acknowledges the truth of what he has just heard; he then
+reads the declarations, and if the prisoner has not yet alleged any
+thing against the witnesses, that privilege is given him, because, after
+hearing the deposition, he is generally able to designate the person who
+has made it.</p>
+
+<p>This reading is only a fresh snare; for if the least contradiction is
+perceived, he may be considered guilty of duplicity, concealment, or a
+false confession, and the tribunal may refuse to grant the
+reconciliation, although he demand it, and even condemn him to
+<i>relaxation</i>.<a name="page_069" id="page_069"></a></p>
+
+<h3><i>Definitive Censure of the Qualifiers.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">After this ceremony the <i>qualifiers</i> are summoned, who receive the
+original writing of the sentence passed in the <i>summary</i> instruction,
+with the extract of the replies of the prisoner in his last examination,
+and the declarations of the witnesses which were communicated to him.
+They are commissioned to qualify the propositions a second time, to
+examine his explanation, and to decide if his replies have destroyed the
+suspicion of heresy which he had incurred, or if he had confirmed it,
+and was to be looked upon as a <i>formal</i> heretic.</p>
+
+<p>Every one must be sensible of the importance of this censure, since it
+led to the definite sentence; yet the <i>qualifiers</i> scarcely took the
+trouble to hear a rapid perusal of the proceedings; they hastily gave
+their opinion, and this was the last important act in the proceedings,
+as the rest was a mere formality.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Sentence.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">The trial was then considered as finished. The diocesan in ordinary was
+convoked, that with the inquisitors he might decide upon the proper
+sentence. In the first ages of the holy office these functions were
+confided to <i>consultors</i>: these were doctors of law, but as they could
+only give their opinion, and as the inquisitors pronounced the
+definitive sentence, the latter always prevailed if they chanced to
+differ. The accused had the right of appealing to the <i>Supreme</i> Council,
+but appeals to Rome were more frequent. The inquisitors of the provinces
+were afterwards obliged to submit their opinion to the council before
+they pronounced the definitive sentence; the council modified and
+reformed it; their decision was sent to the inquisitors, who then
+established the judgment in their own names, although it might<a name="page_070" id="page_070"></a> be
+contrary to their previous opinion. This proceeding rendered the office
+of the consultors useless, and it was discontinued.</p>
+
+<p>Although the prisoner was acquitted, he was not acquainted with the
+names of his denouncers and the witnesses. He rarely obtained a more
+public reparation than the liberty of returning to his house with a
+certificate of absolution.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Execution of the Sentence.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">The nature of the punishments inflicted by the Inquisition has been
+already described; it is, therefore, only necessary to remark that the
+sentences were not communicated to the victims until the commencement of
+the execution, since the condemned were sent to the <i>autos-da-fé</i>,
+either to be reconciled or given over to secular justice; on leaving
+prison the <i>familiars</i> attired them in the <i>san-benito</i>, with a paper
+mitre on their heads, a cord round their necks, and a wax taper in their
+hands.</p>
+
+<p>When the prisoner arrives at the place of execution, his sentence is
+read, and he is then reconciled or <i>relaxed</i>, which means, that he is
+condemned to be burnt by the justice of the king.</p>
+
+<h3><i>San-benito.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">The <i>San-benito</i> was a species of <i>scapulary</i>, which only descended to
+the knees, that it might not be confounded with those worn by some
+monks: this motive also made the inquisitors prefer common woollen stuff
+of a yellow colour with red crosses for the <i>San-benito</i>. Such were the
+penitential habits in 1514, when Cardinal Ximenez de Cisneros altered
+the common crosses for those of St. Andrew. The inquisitors afterwards
+had a different habit for each class of penitents.</p>
+
+<p>Those who abjured as <i>slightly</i> suspected of heresy, wore the scapulary
+of yellow stuff without the cross. If he abjured<a name="page_071" id="page_071"></a> as <i>violently
+suspected</i>, he wore half the cross; if he was a <i>formal heretic</i>, he
+wore it entire. There were also three different kinds of garments for
+those who were condemned to death. The first was for those who repented
+before they were sentenced. It was a simple yellow scapulary with a red
+cross, and a conical cap, denominated <i>Caroza</i>, which was formed of the
+same stuff as the <i>San-benito</i>, and decorated with similar crosses.</p>
+
+<p>The second was destined for those who had been condemned to be burnt,
+but who had repented after their sentence, and before they were
+conducted to the <i>autos-da-fé</i>. The <i>San-benito</i> and the <i>Caroza</i> were
+made of the same stuff. On the lower part of the scapulary a bust was
+painted, in the midst of a fire, the flames of which were reversed, to
+show that the culprit was not to be burnt until he had been strangled.
+The <i>Caroza</i> was painted in the same manner.</p>
+
+<p>The third was for those who were impenitent. It was similar to the
+others, with a bust, and the flames in the natural direction, to show
+that the person who wore it was to be burnt alive; grotesque figures of
+devils were also painted on the <i>San-benito</i> and <i>Caroza</i>.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X.<br /><br />
+<small>OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS DURING THE MINISTRY OF THE INQUISITORS DEZA AND CISNEROS.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> new inquisitor-general was scarcely in possession of his office,
+when he began to establish regulations to increase the activity of the
+Inquisition. In 1500 he published a constitution in seven articles; and
+in 1504 four new articles relative to the confiscations.</p>
+
+<p>To prove his zeal, Deza proposed to Ferdinand that the<a name="page_072" id="page_072"></a> Inquisition
+should be introduced into Sicily and Naples in its present form, and
+that it should be under the authority of the Spanish inquisitor-general,
+instead of being dependent on the Court of Rome. The king undertook to
+introduce it into Sicily by a decree in 1500; but the inhabitants made
+great resistance, and he was obliged to pursue the plan which had
+succeeded in Aragon, by commanding the viceroy and other magistrates to
+assist the inquisitors. Several seditions were quelled before the
+sub-delegated inquisitor-general, Don Pedro Velorad, Archbishop of
+Messina, could enter upon his office.</p>
+
+<p>In 1516 the Sicilians, weary of the proceedings of the Inquisition,
+revolted and set all the prisoners at liberty. Melchior de Cervera, the
+inquisitor, only escaped death by a concurrence of extraordinary
+circumstances; the viceroy was also in the greatest danger. The
+islanders were thus freed from the yoke of this detested tribunal; but
+they did not long enjoy liberty, for they were not able to resist the
+power of Charles V., who obliged them to receive it a second time.
+Naples was more fortunate. Ferdinand, in 1504, commanded the viceroy,
+Gonzales Fernandez de Cordova, surnamed <i>the Great Captain</i>, to assist
+the Archbishop of Messina with all his power, in establishing the
+Inquisition; but the Neapolitans opposed it so obstinately, that the
+viceroy judged it prudent to desist, and informed the king that it would
+be extremely dangerous to combat so decided a resistance.</p>
+
+<p>In 1510 Ferdinand again attempted to introduce the new Inquisition; but
+his efforts were unavailing, and he was obliged to declare that he would
+be satisfied if the Neapolitans would banish all the <i>New Christians</i>
+who had taken refuge in their towns when they were driven from Spain.</p>
+
+<p>Deza persuaded Ferdinand and Isabella to introduce the Inquisition into
+the kingdom of Grenada, although a promise to the contrary had been made
+to the baptized Moors.<a name="page_073" id="page_073"></a> The queen rejected the proposition, but granted
+one that differed little from it, namely, that the jurisdiction of the
+inquisitors of Cordova should extend over Grenada, but permitting them
+to prosecute only in cases of actual apostasy. From that period the
+Moors have been known in history by the name of <i>Morescoes</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The principal inquisitor of Cordova was Don Diego de Lucero; the
+severity of his character caused great misery throughout the kingdom of
+Cordova.</p>
+
+<p>The moderation and exhortations of Ximenez de Cisneros, Archbishop of
+Toledo, and Don Ferdinand de Talavera, had converted more than 50,000
+Moors, and the conversions would have been still more numerous, if some
+priests had not treated the Moors with severity, and excited a general
+revolt.</p>
+
+<p>In 1501 the sovereigns declared in an edict, that by the grace of God,
+there were no infidels in the kingdom of Grenada, and to render the
+conversions more secure, they forbade any Moors to enter the territory;
+they also prohibited the slaves of that nation from holding any
+communication with others, that their conversion might not be retarded,
+or with those who had been baptized, as they might induce them to
+apostatize. All who did not conform to these laws incurred the
+punishment of death.</p>
+
+<p>In February, 1502, Ferdinand and Isabella commanded all the free Moors
+of both sexes, above fourteen and twelve years of age, to quit the
+kingdom of Spain before the month of May following: they were allowed to
+sell their goods as the Jews had been; but were prohibited from going to
+Africa, which was then at war with Spain. The states of the Grand
+Seignior and other countries were assigned to them as places of refuge:
+as several baptized Moors sold their property and went to Africa, a
+royal ordinance was published, importing that, for the space of two
+years, no person could sell his property, or leave the kingdom of
+Castile, except to<a name="page_074" id="page_074"></a> go into Aragon or Portugal, without a permission,
+which would only be granted to those who gave a security for their
+return when they had terminated their affairs.</p>
+
+<p>Deza was not contented with exciting the zeal of Ferdinand and Isabella
+against the Moors; he also proposed measures against the Jews on the
+occasion of the arrival of different strangers in Spain, but who were
+not of those expelled in 1492. He obtained a royal ordinance in 1499,
+which applied those measures to them which had been established against
+the first Jews. The council of the Inquisition had already decreed that
+the converted Jews should be obliged to prove their baptism, and that
+they lived with the other Christians; that those who had been rabbins or
+masters of the law should be obliged to change the place of their
+residence; that they should appear every Sunday and on festival days in
+the churches, and be carefully instructed in the christian doctrine.
+Ferdinand permitted the inquisitors of Aragon to take cognizance of
+usury and other crimes foreign to their jurisdiction, contrary to the
+oath which he had taken to observe the laws of that kingdom, which
+ordained that they should be punished by the secular judge.</p>
+
+<p>Deza was at the head of the Inquisition eight years. If the calculation
+of his victims is formed after the inscription at Seville, we shall find
+that 38,440 persons were punished during that time, of whom 2592 were
+burnt in person, 896 in effigy, and 34,952 condemned to different
+penances. Among this crowd of persons who were persecuted by the
+Inquisition, there were many distinguished by their birth, their
+learning, their fortunes, and their offices. The sanguinary inquisitor,
+Lucero, made the venerable Don Ferdinand de Talavera, first Archbishop
+of Grenada, the object of a shameful persecution. He became jealous of
+the reputation for sanctity and charity which this prelate had acquired,
+and raised doubts of his faith, by reminding Isabella, that he had
+opposed the establishment of the<a name="page_075" id="page_075"></a> Inquisition in 1478, and the following
+years; and by publishing that, although his father was noble, and of the
+illustrious family of Contreras, yet he was of Jewish origin by the
+mother's side. The inquisitor concluded from these circumstances that he
+could commence a <i>secret instruction</i> against the holy prelate. Deza
+commissioned the Archbishop of Toledo, Ximenez de Cisneros, to receive
+the preparatory informations on the faith of the Archbishop of Grenada;
+Cisneros informed the Pope of the commission which he had received, and
+the pontiff commanded his apostolical nuncio, the Bishop of Bristol, to
+take the affair under his direction, and prohibited Deza and the
+Inquisitors from pursuing it. The Pope, in a Council of Cardinals and
+Bishops, acquitted the Archbishop of Grenada, who died in 1507, some
+months after this judgment, after three years of the greatest anxiety,
+as the inquisitor Lucero had caused many of his relations to be
+arrested, although they were all innocent.</p>
+
+<p>The persecution suffered by the learned Antonio Lebrija was not less
+cruel. He had been tutor to Isabella, and was honoured by the friendship
+and protection of Ximenez de Cisneros: he was well acquainted with the
+Greek and Hebrew, and discovered and corrected in the Latin text of the
+Vulgate some errors which had been committed by the transcribers before
+the invention of printing. He was accused by some scholastic
+theologians; his papers were seized, and after being treated with the
+greatest cruelty, he had the grief of seeing the suspicion of heresy
+established against him, and was obliged to live in that species of
+disgrace until he could write his apology under the protection of
+Ximenez de Cisneros.</p>
+
+<p>The inhumanity of the inquisitor Lucero had still more serious
+consequences: as he declared almost all the accused persons guilty of
+concealment, and condemned them as <i>false penitents</i>, some persons added
+imaginary circumstances to<a name="page_076" id="page_076"></a> their confessions, and declared that
+synagogues were held in different houses in Cordova, Grenada, and other
+towns; they added, that even monks and nuns attended at them, and went
+in procession from all parts of Castile; they also affirmed that many
+Spanish families of <i>Old Christians</i>, whom they named, assisted at the
+Jewish feasts. In consequence of these declarations, Lucero arrested
+such an immense number of persons, that Cordova was on the point of
+revolting against the Inquisition. The municipality, the bishop, the
+chapter of the cathedral, and all the nobility sent deputies to the
+inquisitor-general, to demand that Lucero should be recalled. Deza
+refused to listen to their claim, until the cruelties of which Lucero
+was accused were proved. Lucero had then the audacity to note down as
+favourers of Judaism, knights, ladies, canons, monks, nuns, and
+respectable persons of every class.</p>
+
+<p>At this period, 1506, Philip I. ascended the throne of Castile; the
+Bishop of Cordova informed him of what was passing, and the relations of
+the prisoners demanded that they should be tried by another tribunal.
+Philip commanded Deza to retire to his archbishopric of Seville, and to
+invest Don Diego Ramirez de Guzman, Bishop of Catania, with the powers
+of inquisitor-general; at the same time all the papers relative to this
+affair were submitted to the Supreme Council of Castile. Ramirez de
+Guzman suspended Lucero, and the other inquisitors of Cordova, from
+their functions. The affair would have terminated happily, but for the
+death of the king in the same year.</p>
+
+<p>Deza was no sooner informed of that event than he again resumed his
+office of inquisitor-general, and annulled all that had been done during
+his retirement. Ferdinand V. resumed the government of the kingdom, as
+father of Queen Joanna, widow of Philip I., as her mind was disordered.
+Some time elapsed, however, before he began to reign, as he was at
+Naples at the time of the death of the King of<a name="page_077" id="page_077"></a> Spain. At this period,
+all the inhabitants of Cordova, and some members of the Council of
+Castile, declared against Deza, and published that he was of the race of
+<i>Marranos</i>, that is, a descendant of the Jews.</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis de Priego excited the Cordovans to a revolt; they forced the
+prisons of the holy office, and liberated an immense number of
+prisoners. They seized the persons of the procurator-fiscal, one of the
+notaries, and several other officers of the tribunal; Priego would also
+have arrested Lucero, but he escaped by means of an excellent mule.
+These events alarmed the inquisitor-general to such a degree, that he
+resigned his office, and retired to his diocese with the greatest
+precaution. This proceeding restored tranquillity in Cordova, but did
+not terminate the trials.</p>
+
+<p>When the Regent of Spain arrived in that kingdom, he named Don Francisco
+Ximenez de Cisneros inquisitor-general for the crown of Castile, and Don
+Juan Enguera, Bishop of Vic, for that of Aragon. The Pope expedited
+their bulls in 1507, and made Cisneros a cardinal.</p>
+
+<p>Ximenez de Cisneros began to exercise his new employment on the 1st
+October, when the conspiracy against the holy office had become almost
+general, on account of the events at Cordova, of which the Council of
+Castile took cognizance. All its members who had been of the party of
+Philip I. signalized themselves by their hatred against the Inquisition.
+This aversion made Ximenez de Cisneros feel the necessity of conducting
+himself with extreme caution, that he might not give occasion for a
+general convocation of the Cortes, which would have deprived him of the
+high office of governor of the kingdom, which he then possessed.</p>
+
+<p>The events at Cordova forced a great number of persons to appeal to
+Rome. The Pope appointed two prelates to examine the trials, and made
+Cardinal Cisneros judge of appeals, with the power of bringing all the
+trials begun by the apostolical commissioners before him.<a name="page_078" id="page_078"></a></p>
+
+<p>The cardinal immediately suspended the inquisitor Lucero, and sent him
+prisoner to Burgos; he also imprisoned all those witnesses who were
+suspected of having made false depositions, because some of the charges
+were so absurd that no one could believe them. The examination of the
+trials made the cardinal perceive, that an affair which implicated some
+of the most illustrious families of Spain could not be treated with too
+much delicacy:&mdash;he therefore obtained the king's permission to form a
+junta, which he named the <i>Catholic Congregation</i>: it was composed of
+twenty-two respectable persons, namely, the inquisitor-general (who was
+the president); the inquisitor-general of Aragon; the Bishop of Ciudad
+Rodrigo; those of Calahorra and Barcelona; the mitred abbot of the
+Benedictines at Valladolid; the president of the Council of Castile, and
+eight of its members; the vice-chancellor and the president of the
+Chancery of Aragon; two counsellors of the <i>Supreme</i>; two provincial
+inquisitors, and an auditor of the Chancery of Valladolid.</p>
+
+<p>Their first assembly was held at Burgos, on Ascension-day, in 1508, and
+on the 9th of July they decreed that the characters of the witnesses
+were vile, contemptible, and unworthy of confidence; that their
+declarations were full of contradictions; that they contained things
+unworthy of belief, and contrary to common sense; that the prisoners
+were consequently at liberty; that their honour, and that of the
+prisoners who had died, was re-established; that the houses which had
+been destroyed, as having been used for synagogues, should be rebuilt;
+and that the judgment and the notes in the register should be erased.</p>
+
+<p>This decision of the <i>Catholic junta</i> was proclaimed at Valladolid on
+the 1st August, in the same year, in the presence of the king, and a
+multitude of nobles, and other inhabitants of all classes.</p>
+
+<p>Cardinal Ximenez de Cisneros had genius, knowledge,<a name="page_079" id="page_079"></a> and was just, which
+he proved in the affair of Cordova, and in the protection which he
+granted to Lebrija and other learned men on different occasions. I shall
+here remark the error into which several writers have fallen, in
+accusing Cisneros of having taken a great part in the establishment of
+the holy office, when it is certain that, in concert with Cardinal
+Mendoza and Talavera, he endeavoured to prevent it. When he was chosen
+as chief of an institution which had more power and was better obeyed
+than many sovereigns, circumstances made it a duty to uphold and defend
+it, and he was obliged to oppose innovations in the manner of
+proceeding, although the events at Cordova had shown him the
+inconveniences of the secrecy preserved by the tribunal.</p>
+
+<p>The division of the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile, which took place at
+this time, and the idea that it was no longer necessary to have as many
+inquisitorial tribunals as bishoprics, were the reasons that induced
+Cisneros to distribute them by provinces. He established the holy office
+at Seville, Cordova, Jaen, Toledo, in Estremadura, at Murcia,
+Valladolid, and Calahorra, and determined the extent of territory for
+the jurisdiction of each tribunal: at this time he also sent inquisitors
+to the Canary isles. In 1513, the inquisition was introduced at Cuença;
+in 1524, at Grenada; under Philip II., at Santiago de Galicia; and under
+Philip IV., at Madrid. Cisneros also judged it necessary, in 1516, to
+have a tribunal at Oran, and soon after in America.</p>
+
+<p>The inquisitor-general of Aragon adopted the same system, and sent
+inquisitors to Saragossa, Barcelona, Valencia, Majorca, Sardinia, and
+Sicily; and, at a later period, to Pampeluna, after the conquest of
+Navarre: but this kingdom being united in 1515 to that of Castile, its
+tribunal was subjected to the inquisitor-general of that kingdom, who
+suppressed it some time after, and transferred the territory to that of
+Calahorra.<a name="page_080" id="page_080"></a></p>
+
+<p>During the eleven years of his ministry, (which ended by his death in
+1517,) Cisneros permitted the condemnation of 52,855 individuals, 3564
+were burnt in person, 1232 in effigy, and 4832 suffered different
+punishments. Although this number of executions is immense, yet it must
+be acknowledged that Cisneros had taken measures to relax the activity
+of the Inquisition; the most important was, that he assigned particular
+churches to the <i>New Christians</i>, and charged the curates to increase
+their zeal in instructing them, and to visit them often in their own
+houses.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Offer made to the King to obtain the publicity of the Proceedings.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">In 1512, a report being spread among the <i>New Christians</i> that Ferdinand
+intended to make war against his nephew, the King of Navarre, they
+offered him 600,000 ducats of gold towards the expenses of the war if he
+would consent to make a law that the trials of the Inquisition should be
+public: the king was on the point of treating with the <i>New Christians</i>,
+when Cisneros placed a large sum of money at his disposal; the king
+accepted it, though it was less than the first, and abandoned the idea
+of a reform.</p>
+
+<p>After the death of that prince, and while Charles V. was in Flanders, in
+1517, the <i>New Christians</i> again offered, on the same conditions,
+800,000 ducats for the expenses of his journey to Spain. William de
+Croy, Duke d'Ariscot, the favourite governor of the young monarch,
+persuaded him to consult the colleges, universities, and learned men of
+Spain and Flanders; they all replied that the communication of the names
+and the entire depositions of the witnesses was consonant to all rights
+natural, human, and divine. When the cardinal-inquisitor was informed of
+this decision, he sent deputies, and wrote to the king to combat it; he
+reminded him that a similar proposal had been refused by his
+grandfather;<a name="page_081" id="page_081"></a> but he did not tell him the most important circumstance,
+that he had refused it for a sum of money. Charles V. left the affair
+undecided until his arrival in Spain, but he terminated it according to
+the general hopes after the death of Cisneros, in 1518.</p>
+
+<p>The particular favour which Ferdinand granted to the Inquisition did not
+prevent him from maintaining the rights of his crown. In 1509, he
+published a law which prohibited, on pain of death, any person from
+presenting to the inquisitors any bull, or writing of that nature,
+obtained from the Pope, or his legates, without first applying to the
+king that it might be examined by his council.</p>
+
+<p>This right of the crown of Spain over the decisions of the Pope has been
+lately renewed by a law of Charles III.; yet the law has often been
+impotent against the enterprises, the decisions, and the briefs of the
+Popes.</p>
+
+<p>Ferdinand named Don Louis Mercader inquisitor-general for the kingdom of
+Aragon, after the death of the Bishop of Vic. Mercader died in 1516,
+while the government was in the hands of Charles of Austria, the
+grandson of Ferdinand, who died in the same year, leaving no children by
+his second marriage.</p>
+
+<p>Charles, his grandson, resided in Flanders, but he sent into Spain
+several men who enjoyed his confidence: amongst them were his governor,
+the Duke d'Ariscot, and Adrian de Florencio, who was Dean of Louvain,
+and born at Utrecht. As the two sovereignties of Castile and Aragon were
+now united, it appeared natural that there should be but one
+inquisitor-general for the monarchy, but Cisneros had too much
+penetration to omit this opportunity of recommending himself to the
+favorite, and, consequently, to the prince. Instead of demanding this
+union, he wrote to the king to represent that it appeared to him
+expedient to bestow the bishopric of Tortosa and the office of
+inquisitor-general of<a name="page_082" id="page_082"></a> Aragon on the Dean of Louvain, and it was easy to
+obviate the difficulty of his being a foreigner by giving him letters of
+naturalization. This plan was executed; the double nomination was sent
+to Rome, and the Pope granted the bulls. Adrian took possession of
+Majorca on the 7th of February, 1517: this nomination was followed by
+one to the office of Cisneros, who died on the 6th of November
+following. Although he was elected Pope on the 9th of January, 1522, he
+continued in his office until the 10th of September in the following
+year, when he signed the bulls of his successor, Don Alphonso Manrique
+de Lara, Archbishop of Seville.</p>
+
+<p>During the period that the Inquisition remained separate from that of
+Castile, it was often violently attacked, and more than once was on the
+point of being abolished, or at least subjected to a reform, which would
+have left it without the power of exciting terror. Ferdinand having
+assembled the Cortes of the kingdom at Monzon, in 1510, the deputies of
+the towns and cities loudly complained that the inquisitors abused their
+powers, not only in matters of faith, but in several points which were
+not in their jurisdiction. The deputies also represented, that they
+interfered in the regulation of the contributions, and that the taxes
+were shamefully diminished by the reductions which they made in the
+lists; that their authority had made them so bold and insolent, that
+they created themselves judges in all doubtful cases; and where their
+competence was denied, they had recourse to excommunication; that they
+oppressed the magistrates, who feared that they should be obliged to do
+public penance in an <i>auto-da-fé</i>; that this misfortune had already
+happened to the viceroys and governors of Barcelona, Valencia, Majorca,
+Sardinia, and Sicily, and to several persons of high rank; in
+consequence, they entreated his Majesty to maintain the execution of the
+laws and statues of the kingdom of Aragon, and to oblige the officers of
+the Inquisition to confine<a name="page_083" id="page_083"></a> themselves to matter of faith, and to pursue
+them according to the rules of common law, in giving them the publicity
+of criminal proceedings.</p>
+
+<p>This representation of the Cortes acquainted the king with the
+disposition of the public; yet he avoided giving a direct reply, and
+said that it was impossible to decide upon so important an affair
+without having acquired a profound knowledge of facts; that he requested
+them to collect all that came to their knowledge, and to lay them before
+him in the first assembly. This took place in the same town, in 1512.
+The resolutions which were then adopted form a treaty between the
+sovereign and his people: it contains twenty-five articles, all tending
+to restrain the extent of the jurisdiction of the inquisitors.</p>
+
+<p>It was there stated that they could not interfere in trials for bigamy
+and usury, unless the culprits had fallen into the crime of heresy in
+asserting that these offences were not sinful; nor in the proceedings
+instituted against blasphemers by other tribunals, unless the blasphemy
+was heretical: they were also prohibited from proceeding in a trial
+without the concurrence of the <i>ordinaire diocesan</i>: the
+inquisitor-general was likewise restrained from pronouncing judgment in
+cases of appeal without the consent of his counsellors; and that the
+execution of the sentence which had caused it should be delayed. No
+measures were taken for the publicity of the proceedings, or with regard
+to the confiscations; but it was agreed that the contracts and other
+engagements, signed by one who had the reputation of a good catholic,
+should be valid, although he should be afterwards proved to have been a
+heretic at the time of the transaction.</p>
+
+<p>The king soon repented of having given his word to the Cortes; and,
+seconded by the intrigues of the inquisitors, he solicited and obtained
+a dispensation from his promise, on the 30th of April, 1513. One of the
+clauses of the dispensation reinstates the tribunals of the holy office
+in all the privileges<a name="page_084" id="page_084"></a> which they had formerly possessed. This conduct
+of the king caused a general revolt; and he was obliged to request the
+Pope to confirm the regulations of the Cortes, and subject those who did
+not conform to them to the censure of the church. The Pope saw the
+necessity of compliance, and granted the bull in 1515.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI.<br /><br />
+<small>AN ATTEMPT MADE BY THE CORTES OF CASTILE AND ARAGON TO REFORM THE
+INQUISITION.&mdash;OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS UNDER ADRIAN, FOURTH
+INQUISITOR-GENERAL.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> Inquisition was never in so much danger as during the first year of
+the reign of Charles V. When the young monarch arrived in Spain, he was
+disposed to abolish the Inquisition, or at least to regulate the
+proceedings according to those of other tribunals. In 1518 a general
+assembly of the Cortes was held at Valladolid, when the representatives
+solicited that his highness would command the office of the holy
+Inquisition to conform to the rules of the canons and the common law.
+The Cortes likewise sent ten thousand pieces of gold to the chancellor
+Selvagio, and promised the same sum when the decree which they solicited
+should be put in execution. The king replied that he would take proper
+measures to remedy the evil of which they complained: in consequence, he
+engaged the Cortes to publish the abuses which had been introduced, and
+to indicate the means of abolishing them.</p>
+
+<p>When the assembly at Valladolid had terminated their labours, Charles
+convoked the Cortes of Aragon at Saragossa, where he was accompanied by
+the chancellor Selvagio, who had prepared a royal ordinance, to be
+published according<a name="page_085" id="page_085"></a> to the demand of the Cortes of Castile. It was
+composed of thirty-nine articles: the proceedings of the tribunal were
+regulated in it, with the ages, the rank, and salaries of the judges and
+subaltern officers.</p>
+
+<p>The result of this new code was, that the inquisitors could not question
+a witness to obtain information on any subject but that for which he was
+summoned.</p>
+
+<p>That each denouncer should be subject to a strict examination, to
+discover his motives for the accusation.</p>
+
+<p>That the order for imprisonment could not be given without the
+concurrence of the diocesan in ordinary, or until they had examined each
+witness a second time.</p>
+
+<p>That the prisons should be public, neat, and convenient.</p>
+
+<p>That the prisoners should be allowed to see their relations, their
+friends, and their counsel.</p>
+
+<p>That they might choose a lawyer or procurator in whom they placed
+confidence.</p>
+
+<p>That the accusation should be immediately communicated to them, with the
+name of the place where, and the time when, the witnesses had declared
+the crime to have been committed.</p>
+
+<p>That if the accused demanded a copy of the accusation and the
+examination, it should be given to him.</p>
+
+<p>That when the proofs and the depositions were all received, they should
+be communicated entirely to the prisoner, <i>as in the present time there
+are no persons powerful enough to inspire the witnesses with fear,
+except in cases where the prisoner is a duke, marquis, count, bishop, or
+in possession of some other dignity of the church</i>.</p>
+
+<p>That in this case, in order to conceal the names of the witnesses, the
+judge shall draw up a writing, declaring upon oath, that he believes
+this measure to be necessary for the preservation of the lives of the
+witnesses; that this act shall deprive the prisoner of his right of
+appealing against it.</p>
+
+<p>That if it is considered absolutely necessary to make use<a name="page_086" id="page_086"></a> of the
+torture, it shall only be administered in moderation, and without
+recurring to the cruel inventions hitherto employed.</p>
+
+<p>That it shall only be employed once for what personally concerns the
+accused; never to obtain from him information of other individuals; and
+only in the case of persons mentioned in the law.</p>
+
+<p>That the definitive sentences, and even the interlocutory orders, shall
+be subject to the right of appeal, as to their double effect.</p>
+
+<p>That when the preparatory examination of the judgment is commenced, the
+parties and their counsel may attend at this revision of the process,
+and demand that the reading may be made in their presence.</p>
+
+<p>That if the proof of the crime is not then established, the prisoner
+shall be acquitted, without being liable to a punishment as being still
+suspected.</p>
+
+<p>That if the accused desires to clear himself, on oath, he shall be
+allowed to seek witnesses, and to converse with them in private; and
+that their being descendants of the Jews shall not prevent their
+admission.</p>
+
+<p>That the challenge of witnesses shall be permitted; and if one of those
+called by the procurator-fiscal is convicted of giving false testimony,
+he shall be subject to the punishment of retaliation, according to a law
+of Ferdinand and Isabella, in the beginning of their reign.</p>
+
+<p>That when an accused person has been reconciled, he shall not be
+arrested for things which he has not confessed, because it is to be
+supposed that he forgot them.</p>
+
+<p>That no persons shall be molested or imprisoned for a simple presumption
+of heresy, arising from their having been brought up among Jews or
+heretics.</p>
+
+<p>That the San-benitos shall be taken out of the churches, and that they
+no longer be worn in the streets.</p>
+
+<p>That the punishment of perpetual imprisonment shall be<a name="page_087" id="page_087"></a> abolished,
+<i>because the prisoners die of hunger, and cannot serve God</i>.</p>
+
+<p>That the statutes recently established to prevent <i>New Christians</i> from
+being admitted into convents, shall be considered as null and void,
+because they are contrary to all laws, human and divine.</p>
+
+<p>That where an individual is sentenced to imprisonment, an inventory
+shall be taken of his property, and they shall not be sequestrated or
+sold.</p>
+
+<p>That he, and his wife, and children, shall possess his revenues during
+his detention, and shall be allowed to employ them to prepare his means
+of defence against the Inquisition.</p>
+
+<p>That when a man is condemned, his children shall inherit his property.</p>
+
+<p>That no donation shall be made on their property, until it has been
+definitively confiscated.</p>
+
+<p>That the spirit and letter of the canons shall be complied with in all
+things, without regard to any particular custom previously in use.</p>
+
+<p>That the king shall be supplicated to obtain a bull from the Pope to
+ratify these measures.</p>
+
+<p>That until this bull is obtained, the king shall be requested to command
+the inquisitors to conform to these regulations, in the trials already
+commenced, and in those which may begin from this time.</p>
+
+<p>This excellent code of laws was never put in execution, because the
+chancellor Selvagio, who framed it, died before its publication; and
+Cardinal Adrian so totally changed the ideas and inclinations of Charles
+V. that he became an ardent defender of the Inquisition.</p>
+
+<p>Charles V. had sworn at Saragossa, in 1518, to respect the privileges
+and customs of the Aragonese, particularly the resolutions of the Cortes
+at Saragossa, Tarazona, and<a name="page_088" id="page_088"></a> Monzon, and consequently that he would not
+suffer the inquisitors to commence any trials for usury.</p>
+
+<p>But a new assembly of the Cortes having been convoked at Saragossa,
+towards the end of the year 1518, the deputies of Aragon represented to
+the king, that the agreement of the Cortes at Monzon, in 1512, was not
+sufficient to remedy the abuses which the inquisitors had introduced;
+they therefore entreated his Majesty to add to it thirty-one articles
+which they had adopted. These articles differed little from those of the
+Cortes of Castile.</p>
+
+<p>The king, after having consulted his council, replied, "<i>that it was his
+pleasure that the holy canons, and the decrees of the holy see, should
+be conformed to in regard to all the articles which had been presented
+to him. That if difficulties or doubts should occur, which required
+explanation, they should apply to the Pope</i>; that if any person wished
+to accuse an inquisitor of abuse in the exercise of his office, he might
+do so by applying to the inquisitor-general, who would pronounce
+sentence according to equity; and that the king would cause them to be
+punished as an example; <i>that he engaged by oath to observe himself, and
+cause others to observe, the order and declaration which he addressed to
+the assembly, as well as the articles which the Pope might add to those
+of the Cortes</i>; that he also promised, upon oath, never to demand a
+dispensation from his promise; and that if one was addressed to him he
+would never make use of it, as he at that time renounced all the rights
+which might arise from it."</p>
+
+<p>This reply induced the Cortes to believe that the king had granted all
+their requests; they considered that the trials would be there conducted
+as before other ecclesiastical tribunals. Persuaded that this was the
+king's intention, the Cortes resolved to show their gratitude by a
+voluntary contribution of money.<a name="page_089" id="page_089"></a></p>
+
+<p>Some time elapsed before the agreement was approved by the Pope. The
+Emperor wrote the following letter from Cologne, in 1520, to his
+ambassador at Rome:&mdash;"In regard to the transactions of the Cortes, it
+will be sufficient if his Holiness will approve an act sent to Don Louiz
+Carroz, and afterwards to Don Jerome Vich, which is written by the hand
+of the venerable Cardinal of Tortosa, and that of the great chancellor,
+without any extension or interpretation, as I have often demanded
+earnestly."</p>
+
+<p>The Aragonese, who did not even believe it possible to obtain this last
+point, entreated the inquisitor-general to command the inquisitors of
+Saragossa to conform immediately to the regulations of the agreement,
+without waiting for the confirmation of the Pope, because almost all the
+articles were the same as those in the convention of 1512, which the
+Pope had approved.</p>
+
+<p>Cardinal Adrian complied with the request, and wrote to the inquisitors.
+They replied, that they thought themselves obliged to take the orders of
+the king before they obeyed him. Charles addressed an ordinance to them,
+in which he commanded them to execute all that he had promised and sworn
+in the preceding year.</p>
+
+<p>At last the Pope confirmed the resolutions by a bull, which was
+proclaimed with great solemnity. However, it soon appeared that this
+publication would have no effect, because the promise of the king was,
+that the canons and apostolical ordinances should be strictly observed
+in regard to the articles; and in conforming to this they only executed
+the bull of 1515.</p>
+
+<p>On the 21st of January, 1521, the Emperor ordered the secretary of the
+Cortes to be set at liberty; for although the inquisitor-general, in
+1520, had decreed that he should be <i>relaxed</i>, and the prisoner had been
+informed of it, yet he refused to quit the prison, affirming that the
+decree which<a name="page_090" id="page_090"></a> set him at liberty, tended more to make him appear guilty
+than innocent, by the use of the word <i>relaxed</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Similar debates took place in Catalonia, where the king convoked a
+Cortes at Barcelona, in 1519, to take the oath of maintaining the
+privileges of the province. The Catalans, informed of the effect
+produced by the representations of the Cortes of Aragon, likewise
+demanded a reform of several abuses of their Inquisition relative to the
+taxes, as well as usury, bigamy, and other crimes of that class. The
+king, after having heard their remonstrances, made nearly the same reply
+as to the Cortes of Saragossa, and wrote to the Pope to demand a
+ratification of the articles. The Pope approved them in a bull in 1520;
+but Charles did not wait for its arrival to enforce the execution of his
+promise, which is proved by his order to Don Diego de Mendoza, his
+lieutenant-general in Catalonia. Yet he declares in his letter to his
+lieutenant, that he only made these promises <i>on account of the
+importunities of some representatives</i> of towns, and some <i>men who were
+among the members of the Cortes</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In consequence of some events in Aragon, during the period which elapsed
+before the bull of confirmation was issued, Leo X. was on the point of
+destroying the Inquisition; but intimidated by the policy of Charles V.,
+he left the hydra in the same state.</p>
+
+<p>John Prat, the secretary of the Cortes of Aragon, drew up the
+proposition of the representatives, and the reply of the king, to be
+addressed to the Pope; the chancellor of the king had done the same.
+This proceeding particularly displeased the inquisitors of Saragossa;
+and to avoid the danger which they believed themselves to be in, they
+began to intrigue at court, and soon succeeded in rendering the king
+averse to the cause of the deputies of Aragon. They insinuated that Prat
+had drawn up the act which was to be sent to Rome, in such a manner, as
+to represent the reply of<a name="page_091" id="page_091"></a> the king as obligatory, not only in the
+literal sense of the words, but in supposing that he had admitted the
+articles as being conformed to the common law; and that they,
+consequently, only wanted the ratification of the Pope, which there was
+no doubt of obtaining, as it was known that the deputies of Aragon were
+supported by several cardinals, and had sent them considerable sums of
+money.</p>
+
+<p>The papers which contained these details were sent to Cardinal Adrian,
+who communicated them to the king, and obtained permission to order the
+inquisitors of Saragossa to make an inquiry if this recital was true,
+when they would be authorized to arrest Prat. Everything happened
+according to the hopes of the inquisitors.</p>
+
+<p>Prat was arrested on the 5th of May, 1509, and the next day the king
+wrote to the Pope, to request that he would not expedite the bull. It
+was intended that the prisoner should be transferred to Barcelona, but
+the <i>permanent deputation</i> (who then represented the Aragonese during
+the intervals of the assembling of the Cortes) wrote to the king, that
+this proceeding was contrary to the statutes which he had sworn to
+maintain. The deputation also judged it necessary to convoke a new
+Cortes, who represented to the king the dangerous consequences of the
+removal of Secretary Prat, whose fidelity had been particularly remarked
+during the reign of Ferdinand; and entreated him to set Prat at liberty,
+not only because they believed him to be just, faithful, and loyal, but
+that it was impossible to levy the supply which had been offered to the
+king, unless this request was granted. The king prevented the removal of
+the prisoner, but would not liberate him.</p>
+
+<p>The deputation of the Cortes sent commissioners to Barcelona, to say
+that the sum of money offered to the king was conditional, and at the
+same time convoked the <i>tiers-état</i>. Charles being informed of it,
+commanded the dissolution of the assembly, which replied, that the kings
+of Aragon had<a name="page_092" id="page_092"></a> no right to use so violent a measure, without the consent
+of the people; it decreed that the levy should not be raised, and
+applied to the Court of Rome for the ratification of the articles of
+Saragossa.</p>
+
+<p>Leo X. was at that time displeased with the Inquisition of Spain, on
+account of its refusal to admit certain briefs of inhibition in the
+tribunals of Toledo, Seville, Valencia, and Sicily; and forgetting the
+consideration which he owed to Charles (who was then emperor of
+Germany), he resolved to reform the holy office, and to compel it to
+submit to the rules of common law.</p>
+
+<p>In consequence of this resolution he expedited three briefs addressed to
+the king, the cardinal inquisitor-general, and the inquisitors of
+Saragossa, in which, after explaining his intention, he decrees that the
+inquisitors shall be deprived of their offices, and that the bishops and
+their chapters should present two canons to the inquisitor-general, who
+should appoint one: he added that this choice should be confirmed by the
+holy see, and that these new inquisitors should be subjected every two
+years to a judicial censure.</p>
+
+<p>The deputies received these briefs, and immediately required the
+inquisitors to conform to them; they replied that they would await the
+orders of their immediate chief. The king wrote to his uncle Don
+Alphonso of Aragon, Archbishop of Saragossa, to enter into an agreement
+with the deputies, and at the same time he sent an
+ambassador-extraordinary to Rome to demand a revocation of the briefs.
+The Aragonese then promised to levy the supply if the secretary Prat was
+liberated, but protested that they would not admit any proposition
+contrary to the promise which the king had made.</p>
+
+<p>This prince instructed his ambassador to inform the Pope of all that had
+passed in the Cortes of Castile, but to keep silence on the most
+important circumstances, and to assure his Holiness that no complaints
+had been made of the Inquisition<a name="page_093" id="page_093"></a> since Cardinal Adrian had been
+inquisitor-general. Charles also required that no brief should be
+expedited to cause the <i>San-benitos</i> to be removed from the churches, or
+to prohibit them from being worn in the streets.</p>
+
+<p>The Pope, seeing the importance which Charles attached to these things,
+wrote to Cardinal Adrian, that although he was perfectly informed of all
+that was passing, and that he had resolved to do justice to the claims
+of the Cortes, yet he would not carry the affair further without the
+consent of the King, to whom he promised to make no innovations; but he
+requested him to pay great attention to what was passing, as he heard
+serious complaints every day from all parts of the kingdom, of the
+avarice and injustice of the inquisitors.</p>
+
+<p>This brief offended the deputies, but they continued their importunities
+at the Court of Rome with so much ardour, that their credit balanced the
+power of Charles V.; and though they did not obtain the extension of the
+articles, they prevented the revocation of the reforming briefs, and
+Charles was obliged to be satisfied with that addressed to Cardinal
+Adrian.</p>
+
+<p>Leo X. died on the 1st of December, 1521, and Cardinal Adrian succeeded
+him on the 9th of January, 1522: he did not quit his office of
+inquisitor-general until the 10th of September, 1523, when he bestowed
+it on Don Alphonso Manrique, Archbishop of Seville.</p>
+
+<p>According to the most moderate calculation from the inscription at
+Seville, it appears that 240,025 persons were condemned by the
+Inquisition during the five years of the ministry of Adrian; 1620 were
+burnt in person; 560 in effigy; and 21,845 subjected to different
+penances. If the year 1523, which may be considered as an interregnum
+until the inscription of Seville, which is of the year 1524, is added to
+this, the number of victims sacrificed by the Inquisition may be
+estimated at 234,526 persons, an immense number, though it is far below
+the truth.<a name="page_094" id="page_094"></a></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII.<br /><br />
+<small>CONDUCT OF THE INQUISITORS TOWARDS THE MORESCOES.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> New Christians of Jewish origin flattered themselves, at the
+commencement of the ministry of Don Alphonso Manrique, that they should
+obtain the publication of the names and charges of the witnesses, as he
+had supported their request in 1516: but the inquisitors persuaded him
+that such a proceeding tended to the destruction of the holy office, and
+the triumph of the enemies of the faith; and that the appearance of two
+new sects of <i>Morescoes</i> and <i>Lutherans</i> rendered a great degree of
+severity indispensable.</p>
+
+<p>It has been already stated, that an order from Ferdinand and Isabella,
+in 1502, had compelled all those Moors who refused to become Christians,
+to quit Spain. Although this law was executed in Castile, it did not
+affect the Moors of Aragon, as the King had yielded to the solicitations
+of the nobles, who represented the immense injury which it would do
+them, in destroying the population of their domains, where there were
+scarcely any baptized inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p>The two sovereigns renewed their promise in 1510, and Charles V. took an
+oath to the same effect in the Cortes of Saragossa in 1519.</p>
+
+<p>A civil war soon after broke out in Aragon, similar to one in Castile,
+about the same time. The factious were almost all common people, who
+hated the nobles: they endeavoured to injure them as much as possible;
+and knowing that the Moors, who were their vassals, were obliged to
+serve them in a more laborious manner, on account of the difference of
+their religion, they baptized all the Moors who fell into their hands.
+Above sixteen thousand thus received baptism; but as they were forced to
+it, many afterwards returned to<a name="page_095" id="page_095"></a> their former creed. The emperor
+punished the chiefs of the insurrection, and many Moors, fearing the
+same fate, quitted Spain, and retired to the kingdom of Algiers; so that
+in 1523, more than five thousand houses were left without inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p>Charles V., irritated at this conduct, persuaded himself that he ought
+not to suffer any Moors to remain in his dominions, and demanded a
+dispensation from his oath to the Cortes of Saragossa. The Pope at first
+refused, on account of the scandal of such a proceeding; but the emperor
+insisted, and it was granted in 1524: the Pope, however, engaged him, at
+the same time, to charge the inquisitors to accelerate the conversion of
+the Moors, by announcing, that if they did not become Christians within
+a certain period, they would be obliged to quit Spain, on pain of being
+reduced to slavery. Doubts were afterwards raised, of the validity of
+the baptism administered to the Moors in Valencia by the rebels; but
+Charles assembled a council, which, after many debates, decided, on the
+23d of March, 1525, that it was valid, as the infidels had not offered
+any resistance.</p>
+
+<p>The greatest part of the Moorish people fled to the mountains and the
+Sierra de Bernia, and resisted the arms of Charles, until the month of
+August, when they surrendered, after obtaining an amnesty. The Moors of
+Almonacid refused baptism, and took up arms; their town was taken, and
+several put to death, and the rest became Christians.</p>
+
+<p>In the borough of Correa, the Moors assassinated the lord of the
+district, and seventeen Christians, who endeavoured to compel them to
+embrace Christianity. At last the revolt became general throughout the
+kingdom of Valencia, where they formed nearly twenty-six thousand
+families; they fortified themselves in the town of the Sierra d'Espadan,
+and a considerable period elapsed before they were reduced by the royal
+army. They then implored the protection of Germaine de Foix, second wife
+to Ferdinand V., and who was<a name="page_096" id="page_096"></a> then married to Don Ferdinand of Aragon,
+Duke of Calabria. This princess granted a passport to twelve of their
+deputies, whom they sent to court to learn the real intentions of the
+emperor. They demanded a delay of five years before they became
+Christians, or left Spain by the port of Alicant. These demands being
+refused, they offered to become Christians, on condition that the
+inquisitors should not be permitted to prosecute them for the space of
+forty years; this was also cruelly refused them.</p>
+
+<p>They then applied to the inquisitor-general Manrique, who received them
+graciously, and supposing that they would freely consent to receive
+baptism, he offered to employ his influence with the emperor. On the
+16th of January, 1526, they remitted a memorial to him, in which they
+demanded, 1st, that during forty years they should not be liable to be
+prosecuted by the holy office; 2ndly, that they might be allowed to
+preserve their language, and their manner of clothing themselves; 3rdly,
+that they might have a cemetery separate from that of the old
+Christians; 4thly, that they might be able to marry their relations
+during the space of forty years, and that the marriages already
+contracted should not be interfered with; 5thly, that the ministers of
+their religion should continue to receive the revenues of the mosques
+converted into churches; 6thly, that they might be allowed the use of
+arms like other Christians; 7thly, that the charges and rents which they
+paid to their lords should not be more burdensome than those of other
+Christians; 8thly, that they should not be obliged to pay the municipal
+expenses of royal towns, unless they were allowed to hold offices, and
+enjoy the honours depending on them.</p>
+
+<p>These articles being submitted to the emperor, they were granted, with a
+few restrictions, and the Moors were all baptized, with the exception of
+some thousands who fled to the mountains, and resisted the royal force
+during the year 1526. When they were reduced, they received baptism,
+and<a name="page_097" id="page_097"></a> the punishment of slavery which they had incurred was commuted for
+a fine of twelve thousand ducats.</p>
+
+<p>The Aragonese, fearing that the Moors dispersed among them would be
+subjected to the same laws as those of Valencia, represented to the
+emperor, through the medium of his relation the Count de Ribagorza, that
+they had never caused any trouble either in politics or religion; that
+they could not have any communication with Africa, on account of the
+distance of the countries; and that many of them were excellent workmen
+in the fabrication of arms, and, consequently, their banishment would
+occasion great loss to the kingdom of Aragon. The representations of the
+Aragonese were unavailing: the emperor commanded the inquisitors to
+subject the Moors of Aragon to the same laws as those of Valencia, and
+they were baptized without resistance in 1526.</p>
+
+<p>In 1530 the Pope gave the inquisitor-general, the necessary power to
+absolve all the Moors of Aragon as often as they should relapse into
+heresy and repent, without inflicting any public penance or infamous
+punishments. The motives expressed in the bull for this conduct were,
+that they were much sooner converted by gentle means than severity. It
+is natural to inquire why a different policy was adopted with respect to
+the Jews; they were all rich merchants, while scarcely one in five
+thousand was found among the Moors. Occupied in the cultivation of the
+ground and the care of their flocks, they were always poor; sometimes
+workmen of singular intelligence, talent, and address were found among
+them.</p>
+
+<p>The Morescoes of Grenada also occupied the attention of the emperor,
+although the events which passed among them were of less importance.</p>
+
+<p>When the emperor was at Grenada in 1526, a memorial from the Morescoes
+was presented to him, by Don Ferdinand Benegas, Don Michael d'Aragon and
+Diego Lopez Benaxara; they were all members of the municipality, and
+illustrious<a name="page_098" id="page_098"></a> nobles, as they were descended in the direct male line from
+the Moorish kings of Grenada. They represented that the Moors suffered
+much from the priests, judges, notaries, alguazils, and other Old
+Christians. The emperor appeared touched by the recital, and
+commissioned a bishop to go into the countries inhabited by the Moors
+and examine into the state of religion. The bishop visited the kingdom
+of Grenada, and found that the Moors had reason to complain; but he also
+discovered that there were scarcely seven Catholics among all these
+people; all the others had returned to Mahometanism, either because they
+had not been properly instructed, or because they were permitted to
+exercise their old religion in public.</p>
+
+<p>The emperor convoked a council, which decreed that the inquisitorial
+tribunal of Jaen should be transferred to Grenada. Several other
+measures were adopted and approved by the emperor; the most important
+was a promise of pardon to the Moors for all that had passed, and a
+notice that they would be treated with the utmost severity, if they
+again relapsed into heresy. The Morescoes submitted, and obtained for
+eighty thousand ducats the privileges of wearing the costume of their
+nation, and that the Inquisition should not be allowed to seize their
+property if they relapsed.</p>
+
+<p>The inquisitors of Grenada celebrated an <i>auto-da-fé</i> in 1528 with the
+greatest ceremony, in order to inspire the Moors with more respect and
+fear. However no Moors were burnt, but only baptized Jews who had
+returned to Judaism.</p>
+
+<p>The Moors still continued to emigrate to Africa, although they were
+treated with moderation. Philip II. obtained a brief from Paul IV., by
+which the confessors were authorized to absolve the Moors secretly,
+without imposing any penance or pecuniary penalty, on the condition that
+they demanded absolution voluntarily. The system of indulgence which bad
+been adopted did not prevent Louis Albosein<a name="page_099" id="page_099"></a> from being condemned to the
+flames. After emigrating to Africa, he returned to Valencia with several
+other renegadoes, with the intention of exciting the Morescoes to a
+revolt; the plot was discovered, the conspirators disarmed, and Louis
+was burnt in 1562.</p>
+
+<p>In 1567 the Pope expedited a brief in favour of the Morescoes of
+Valencia, but those of Grenada revolted, and elected for their king Don
+Ferdinand Valor, a descendant of their former sovereigns of the dynasty
+of Abenhumeyas. This rebellion continued for some time; and Philip II.
+endeavoured to quell it by issuing edicts of pardon even for those
+crimes which came under the jurisdiction of the Inquisition. An amnesty
+was granted to the Moors on condition that they came to solicit it, and
+many took advantage of the permission. To prevent emigration, the king
+remitted the penalty of confiscation, but the inquisitors, by means of
+the impenetrable secrecy which they always preserved, rendered the
+benevolent intentions of the sovereign of no avail. They did not publish
+the briefs of indulgence granted by the Court of Rome, knowing that a
+great number of the <i>relapsed</i> would take advantage of them; these
+people, not being aware of their privileges, were condemned and burnt.
+These examples of cruelty increased the hatred of the Moors for this
+sanguinary tribunal, and were the cause of many seditions, which, in
+1609, led to the entire expulsion of the Moors, to the number of a
+million souls; so that in the space of an hundred and thirty-nine years
+the Inquisition deprived the kingdom of Spain of three millions of
+inhabitants, Jews, Morescoes, and Moors.<a name="page_100" id="page_100"></a></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII.<br /><br />
+<small>OF THE PROHIBITION OF BOOKS AND OTHER ARTICLES.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> opinions of Luther, Carolstadt, Zuingle, &OElig;colampadius,
+Melancthon, Muncer, and Calvin, were first promulgated during the
+ministry of Don Alphonso Manrique, the fifth inquisitor-general. These
+reformers were called <i>Protestants</i> after the imperial diet at Spire, in
+1529.</p>
+
+<p>Leo the Xth had already condemned the opinions of Luther as heretical,
+which induced Manrique to enact severe punishments for those who should
+openly maintain or write in favour of them.</p>
+
+<p>In 1490 several Hebrew bibles and books written by Jews were burnt at
+Seville; at Salamanca more than six thousand volumes of magic and
+sorcery were committed to the flames. In 1502 Ferdinand and Isabella
+appointed the presidents of the Chanceries of Valladolid and Ciudad
+Real, the Archbishops of Seville, Toledo, Grenada, the Bishops of
+Burgos, Salamanca, and Zamora, to decide on all affairs relating to the
+examination, censure, printing, introduction, or sale of books. In 1521
+the Pope wrote to the governors of the provinces of Castile during the
+absence of Charles V., recommending them to prevent the introduction of
+the works of Luther into the kingdom; and Cardinal Adrian, in the same
+year, ordered the inquisitors to seize all books of that nature: this
+order was repeated in 1523.</p>
+
+<p>In 1530 the <i>Supreme</i> Council wrote to the inquisitors during the
+absence of Cardinal Manrique, on the necessity of executing the measures
+which had been ordained; adding, that information had been received that
+the writings of Luther had been introduced into the Kingdom under
+fictitious titles, or as works entirely composed by Catholics<a name="page_101" id="page_101"></a> authors;
+and in order to repress this intolerable abuse, they were commanded to
+visit all public libraries for those books, and to add to the edict of
+denunciation, a particular article, to oblige all Catholics to denounce
+any person who might read or keep them in their houses. In 1535 Cardinal
+Manrique addressed an order to the inquisitors, and another in the same
+year prohibiting the universities of the kingdom from explaining,
+reading, or even selling the <i>Colloquies of Erasmus</i>. In 1528 he
+anathematised some other works of the same author, although he had
+defended him in 1527, in an assembly which met to examine his writings.</p>
+
+<p>Erasmus was considered in Spain as a supporter of the Catholic faith
+against the doctrine of Luther, and his enemies were only a few
+scholastic theologians, who were not acquainted with the Greek and
+Hebrew tongues. The Spanish theologians who wrote against him were,
+Diego Lopez de Zuñiga, Sancho de Carranza, professor of theology in the
+university of Alcala de Henarés, Brother Louis de Carjaval, a
+Franciscan, Edward Lee, the English ambassador, and Pedro Vittoria, a
+theologian of Salamanca.</p>
+
+<p>After this first attack, in the Lent of the year 1527, two monks
+denounced several propositions in the works of Erasmus, as heretical.
+Alphonso Manrique (although he was then the friend of Erasmus) was
+obliged to submit these propositions to the examination of qualifiers;
+but he appointed the most learned men of the kingdom to that office.</p>
+
+<p>This assembly of doctors lasted two months, when the plague, which then
+desolated some parts of the kingdom, obliged them to separate, before
+they had decided on the judgment to be pronounced; it appears from
+several letters written by Erasmus about that time that he hoped it
+would be favourable to him.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a><a name="page_102" id="page_102"></a></p>
+
+<p>But the Supreme Council qualified his <i>Colloquies</i>, his <i>Eulogy of
+Folly</i>, and his <i>Paraphrase</i>, and prohibited them from being read. In
+later times, this prohibition was extended to several other books of the
+same author, and the Inquisition recommended in its edicts that the
+works of Erasmus should be read with caution.</p>
+
+<p>The emperor Charles V. commissioned the University of Louvain to form a
+list of dangerous books, and in 1539 he obtained a bull of approbation
+from the Pope. The index was published in 1546 by the university in all
+the states of Flanders, six years after a decree had been issued to
+prohibit the writings of Luther from being read or bought on pain of
+death.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<p>This severe measure displeased all ranks. The princes of Germany openly
+complained of it, and offered to assist Charles in his war against the
+Turks, if he would allow the people liberty in matters of religion.
+Charles paid no attention to their remonstrances, and this bad policy
+accelerated the progress of Lutheranism.</p>
+
+<p>In 1549, the inquisitor-general, with the approbation of the Supreme
+Council, added some new works to the list of those which had been
+prohibited, and addressed two ordinances to the inquisitors, enjoining
+them in the first, not to allow any person to possess them, and in the
+second, commanding the consultors of the holy office neither to read nor
+keep them, though the execution of the decrees might throw them into
+their hands.</p>
+
+<p>In 1546 the emperor commanded the University of Louvain to publish the
+index, with additions. This work appeared in 1550, and the prince
+remitted it to the inquisitor-general, and it was printed by the order
+of the Supreme Council, with a supplement composed of books prohibited
+in Spain; some time after the council framed another index, which was
+certified by the secretary.<a name="page_103" id="page_103"></a></p>
+
+<p>All the Inquisitions received copies, and a bull from Julius III., which
+renewed the prohibitions and revoked the permissions contrary to the new
+bulls: he charged the inquisitors to seize as many books as they could;
+to publish prohibitory edicts, accompanied by censures; to prosecute
+those who did not obey them, as suspected of heresy; and to give an
+account of the books which they had read and preserved.</p>
+
+<p>The Pope added, that he was informed that a great number were in the
+possession of librarians and private persons, particularly the Spanish
+Bibles mentioned in the catalogue, and the Missal and Diurnal in the
+supplement.</p>
+
+<p>The Council of Trent, after acknowledging the necessity of treating the
+writings of heretics with great severity, commissioned the celebrated
+Carranza to compose the catalogue. After having examined the great
+number of books submitted to the council, he sent all those which did
+not contain any thing reprehensible to the Dominican convent in the city
+of Trent, and caused the rest to be burnt, or torn, and thrown into the
+Adige.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> Carranza soon after accompanied Philip II. to England, where
+he not only converted many Lutherans, but caused many bibles which had
+been translated to be burnt.</p>
+
+<p>Some bibles, which had been introduced into Spain, and were not upon the
+list, were also prohibited; and the inquisitors were commanded to
+publish the interdict, and to employ severe measures against those who
+refused to obey it. The ordinances of the Council of Castile, composed
+by the order of the king, and approved by him, were published in the
+same year; they gave the council the privilege of permitting books to be
+printed, on the condition that they should be examined previously, if
+the subject of which they treated was important.<a name="page_104" id="page_104"></a></p>
+
+<p>Charles V. and Philip II. had regulated the circulation of books in
+their American states. In 1543 the viceroys and other authorities were
+commanded to prevent the introduction or printing of tales and romances.</p>
+
+<p>In 1550 a new decree obliged the tribunal of the commerce of Seville to
+register all the books destined for the colonies, to certify that they
+were not prohibited.</p>
+
+<p>In 1556 the government commanded that no work relating to the affairs of
+America should be published without a permission from the council of the
+Indies, and that those already printed should not be sold unless they
+were examined and approved, which obliged all those who possessed any to
+submit them to the council. The officers of the customs in America were
+also obliged to seize all the prohibited books which might be imported,
+and remit them to the archbishops and bishops, who, in this case,
+possessed the same powers as the inquisitors of Spain.</p>
+
+<p>Lastly, Philip II. in 1560 decreed new measures, and the <i>surveillance</i>
+was afterwards as strictly observed in the colonies of the New World as
+in the Peninsula.</p>
+
+<p>Although Charles V. and Philip II. neglected nothing that could prevent
+the introduction of prohibited books into Spain, several which were
+favourable to the Lutheran heresy penetrated into the kingdom. In 1558
+the inquisitor-general published an edict more severe than any of the
+preceding; and also drew up an instruction for the use of the
+inquisitors; importing, that all books mentioned in the printed
+catalogue should be seized; that a public <i>auto-da-fé</i> should be made of
+those tending to heresy; that the commentaries and notes attributed to
+Melancthon should be suppressed in all the treatises on grammar where
+they were introduced; that the bibles marked as being suspected should
+be examined; that no books should be seized except those mentioned in
+the list; that all the books printed in Germany since 1519 without the
+name of the author should<a name="page_105" id="page_105"></a> be examined; that the translation of
+<i>Theophylact</i> by <i>&OElig;colampadius</i> should be seized; likewise some
+volumes of the works of St. John Chrysostom, which had been translated
+by that arch-heretic and <i>Wolfang Nusculus</i>; that the commentaries by
+heretics on works composed by catholics should be suppressed; and that a
+book on medicine might be seized, although it was not mentioned in the
+index.</p>
+
+<p>When this edict was published, Francis Sanchez, professor of theology in
+the university of Salamanca, wrote to inform the Supreme Council, that
+he had occupied himself for several years in examining dangerous books,
+and gave his opinion on the course which ought to be pursued.</p>
+
+<p>The council, in consequence, decreed that those theologians in the
+university who had studied the Oriental languages, should be obliged, as
+well as other persons, to give up their Hebrew and Greek Bibles to the
+commissaries of the holy office, on pain of excommunication; that the
+proprietors of Greek, Arabic, and Hebrew books, not mentioned in the
+list, should not be molested; that the order concerning the books
+printed without the name of the author, related only to modern
+productions; that the request made by some persons to be allowed to keep
+<i>Pomponius Mela</i>, with the commentary of <i>Nadicano</i>, should be refused;
+that these books should be remitted to the council to be examined; that
+the order to seize all works containing errors should only be applied to
+modern books; and that the <i>Summa Armata</i> of Durand, of Cajetan, Peter
+Lombard, Origen, Theophylact, Tertullian, Lactantius, Lucian, Aristotle,
+Plato, Seneca, and other authors of that class, should be allowed to
+circulate; that the council, being informed that several catalogues of
+prohibited books existed, would unite them, and compose one general
+catalogue.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1558 the terrible law of Philip II. was published, which
+decreed the punishments of death and confiscation for all those who
+should sell, buy, keep, or read,<a name="page_106" id="page_106"></a> the books prohibited by the holy
+office; and, to ensure the execution of this sanguinary law, the index
+was printed, that the people might not allege ignorance in their
+defence.</p>
+
+<p>A bull of 1559 enjoins confessors to interrogate their penitents on this
+subject, and to remind them that they were obliged to denounce the
+guilty on pain of excommunication. A particular article subjects the
+confessors to the same punishment if they neglected this duty, even if
+their penitents were of the highest rank.</p>
+
+<p>This severe law was however mitigated in 1561, when the Cardinal of
+Alexandria, inquisitor-general of Rome, published a decree, announcing,
+in the name of Pius. IV., that some of the prohibitions of books had
+been withdrawn. This decree also granted permission to read and possess
+some books which had been suppressed only because they were written by
+heretics.</p>
+
+<p>Valdes, the inquisitor-general of Spain, immediately wrote to the
+inquisitors of the provinces, to suspend the execution of the edict,
+until he had received the orders of the king, to whom he had represented
+the danger arising from a measure which annulled the punishment of
+excommunication; but Valdes had another motive in the proceeding.</p>
+
+<p>In 1559, this inquisitor had published a printed catalogue of prohibited
+books, which was much more extended than that of 1558, and in which,
+according to the advice of Francis Sanchez, he had introduced all the
+works mentioned in the catalogues of Rome, Lisbon, Louvain, and those of
+Spain of an earlier date. He divided them into six classes. The first
+consisted of Latin books; the second of those written in Castilian; the
+third of those in the Teutonic language; the fourth of German books; the
+fifth of French; and the sixth of Portuguese. Valdes, in a note at the
+end of his index, gave notice that there were many books subject to the
+prohibition, not mentioned in the list, but that they<a name="page_107" id="page_107"></a> would be added.
+He appointed the punishment of excommunication, and a penalty of two
+hundred ducats, for those persons who should read any of these books,
+and in this number were included some which were permitted to be read by
+the last edict of the Pope.</p>
+
+<p>Valdes had inserted in his catalogue some books which had not only been
+considered catholic, but were in the hands of everybody and full of true
+piety, particularly some works of Don Hernand de Talavera, the venerable
+Juan d'Avila, Bartholomew Carranza de Miranda, Archbishop of Toledo;
+Hernand de Villegas, Louis de Granada, a Dominican; and St. Francis
+Borgia.</p>
+
+<p>The catalogue of Valdes contained other general prohibitions. This
+proscription included all Hebrew books, and those in other tongues which
+treated of the Jewish customs; those of the Arabs, or those which in any
+way treated of the Mahometan religion; all works composed or translated
+by an heretic, or a person condemned by the holy office; all treatises
+in the Spanish language with a preface, letter, prologue, summary,
+notes, additions, paraphrase, explanation, glossary, or writing of that
+nature added by an heretic; all sermons, writings, letters, discourses
+on the Christian religion, its mysteries, sacraments, or the Holy
+Scriptures, if these works were inedited manuscripts.</p>
+
+<p>Lastly, the same prohibition was extended to a multitude of translations
+of the Bible, and other books which had been written by men of great
+piety, and had always been considered at proper guides to virtue: of
+this number were the works of Denis, <i>the Carthusian</i>; the author known
+by the same of <i>the Idiot</i>; the Bishop Roffense, and many other writers.</p>
+
+<p>In the eighteenth session of the Council of Trent (which began on the
+26th February, 1562), the bishops found that it was necessary to examine
+the books which were denounced as suspicions, on account of the
+complaints which had been<a name="page_108" id="page_108"></a> made on the prohibition of the great number
+of works which had been unjustly enrolled in the decree of Paul IV. The
+council appointed commissioners to examine them, and they made a report
+of their labour in the last session in 1563: they had drawn up a
+catalogue of the works which they considered necessary to be prohibited.
+It was submitted to Pius V., who published it in 1564, with ten general
+rules for the solution of any difficulties which might be discovered. A
+great number of books, which had been unjustly condemned by Valdes, were
+omitted in this index, and the Catechism of Carranza was declared to be
+orthodox by an assembly of theologians who had been appointed to examine
+it.</p>
+
+<p>In 1565 the Doctor Gonzales Illescas published the first part of his
+<i>Pontifical History</i>. It was immediately seized by the holy office, and
+the second part, printed at Valladolid in 1567, shared the same fate. A
+short time after, Illescas was persecuted by the inquisitors of
+Valladolid; and, to preserve himself from becoming their victim, was
+obliged to suppress his work and write another, omitting the articles
+against some of the popes: this work appeared in 1574. Although the holy
+office had so carefully suppressed the first edition, it was inserted in
+the index of 1583, as if some copies had been still in existence.</p>
+
+<p>In 1567 the council commanded the theological works of Brother John
+Fero, a Franciscan of Italy, to be seized, with the notes and
+corrections of Brother Michael de Medina, and some other works of the
+same author, who ended his days in the dungeons of the Inquisition in
+1578, before his sentence had been pronounced. After his death, his
+<i>Apology for John Fero</i> was inserted in the expurgatory index.</p>
+
+<p>In 1568 the Supreme Council charged the officers of the Inquisition to
+watch the frontiers of Guipuscoa, Navarre, Aragon, and Catalonia, with
+the greatest vigilance, to prevent the introduction of prohibited books.
+This resolution<a name="page_109" id="page_109"></a> was adopted, because information had been received that
+a great number of Lutheran books in the Castilian tongue were packed and
+sent in hogsheads of the wines of Champagne and Burgundy, with so much
+art, that the officers of the customs could not discover the deception.</p>
+
+<p>In 1570 the council prohibited a work on the Pentateuch by Brother
+Jerome de Holcastro; and the <i>Petit Office</i>, printed at Paris in 1556.
+The motive for this suppression was singular: the frontispiece was
+decorated with a cross and a swan, with the motto, "I<small>N HOC CIGNO
+VINCES</small>." It is plain that the <i>Petit Office</i> was prohibited, because a C
+was used instead of the S in the word <i>signo</i>. The same severity was
+shewn in all cases where the books had this symbol, or any allegories of
+that nature.</p>
+
+<p>In 1571 the inquisitors caused a Spanish Bible, printed at Baste, to be
+seized, and Philip II. wrote to the Duke of Alva, the governor of the
+Low Countries, to compose an index for the use of the Flemish people,
+with the assistance of the learned Arias Montanus. He presided in an
+assembly of theologians, who judged that the new index should only
+consist of the Latin prohibited by the Inquisition, or which it was
+necessary to correct. This measure was applied only to some well-known
+authors who were dead, and to some others, still living; but more
+particularly to the works of Erasmus, and with circumstances which might
+lead to the supposition, that his books were the principal objects of
+the prohibition, and that of the other authors merely a pretext to
+conceal the injury done to him. This catalogue was printed at Antwerp in
+1571, with a preface by Arias Montanus, a royal decree and a
+proclamation of the Duke of Alva enforcing the execution of it. This
+list is known by the name of the <i>Expurgatory Index of the Duke of
+Alva</i>. The holy office had no part in this affair, as the Flemings had
+refused to recognise their authority.</p>
+
+<p>In 1582 the inquisitor-general, Don Gaspard de Quiroga,<a name="page_110" id="page_110"></a> published a new
+<i>Prohibitory Index</i>. It is remarkable <i>that the Index of his predecessor
+Valdes is mentioned in this list</i>.</p>
+
+<p>That which was published in 1584 was drawn up by Juan de Mariana, who
+soon after had some of his own works prohibited. In 1611, a new index
+was formed under the inquisitor-general Don Bernard de Roxas de
+Sandoval.</p>
+
+<p>The Cardinal Zapata, who succeeded Roxas, adopted one more extended in
+1620, and it was used by his successor, Don Antonio de Sotomayer, in
+1630. This catalogue was the first which the inquisitors presumed to
+publish from their own authority, and without being commissioned by
+government. Don Diego Sarmiento Valladares, inquisitor-general, in 1681,
+began to reprint it with additions, and it was finished by Don Vidal
+Marin, who published it in 1707.</p>
+
+<p>Don Francis Perez del Prado, another inquisitor-general, commissioned
+the Jesuits Casani and Carrasco to compose a new catalogue. Although
+these monks were not authorized by the Supreme Council, they inserted in
+the list all the books which they supposed to be favourable to the
+Jansenists, Baius and Father Quesnel. Their conduct was denounced to the
+Supreme Council by the Dominican Concina, and some other monks; the
+Jesuits were examined, and defended themselves: the council, though it
+could not approve, did not carry the affair further; it had not
+sufficient power to balance the influence of the Jesuit Francis Rabago,
+who was confessor to Ferdinand VI.</p>
+
+<p>Among the books which they prohibited were the works of Cardinal
+<i>Norris</i>, which were held in general estimation by the learned
+throughout Christendom. Benedict XIV., in 1748, addressed a brief to the
+inquisitor-general, commanding him to revoke the prohibition; as this
+order was not obeyed, the Pope complained to the king, but was unable to
+obtain his request until ten years after, when the Jesuit Rabago no
+longer directed the conscience of the monarch.<a name="page_111" id="page_111"></a></p>
+
+<p>The index of the Jesuits also contained several treatises of the
+venerable Don Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, Archbishop and Viceroy of
+Mexico. The congregation of rites afterwards declared that there was
+nothing in them worthy of censure, and the inquisitor-general was
+obliged to revoke the prohibition in an edict, the copies of which were
+immediately bought up by some friends of the Jesuits. To give an idea of
+the criticism of Perez del Prado, it is sufficient to say that he
+bitterly lamented the misfortunes of the age he lived in, saying, "<i>That
+some individuals had carried their audacity to the execrable extremity
+of demanding permission to read the Holy Scriptures in the vulgar
+tongue</i>, without <i>fearing to encounter mortal poison therein</i>."</p>
+
+<p>In 1792 a new index was published, without the consent, and even in
+opposition to the Supreme Council, by Don Augustine Rubin de Cevallos,
+inquisitor-general. It is this index which is still in force, but the
+prohibitions and expurgatory measures have since been multiplied.</p>
+
+<p>The prohibitory decrees are preceded by <i>qualification</i>. The process is
+instituted before the supreme council; but as the information is
+generally laid before the inquisitors of the court, they appoint the
+qualifiers who censure the book. A copy of the work and the denunciation
+is sent to the first qualifier, and afterwards to the second, unsigned
+by the opinion of the first; if they do not accord, copies are sent a
+third time before it is submitted to the Supreme Council. The
+inquisitors of the provinces have likewise the privilege of receiving
+informations: they proceed in the same manner; but the council always
+commission the inquisitors of the court to censure books, because they
+were more sure of their qualifiers.</p>
+
+<p>If any person presumed to buy, keep, or read prohibited books, he
+rendered himself liable to be suspected of heresy by the inquisitors,
+although it might not be proved that he became an heretic from such
+reading; he incurred the<a name="page_112" id="page_112"></a> punishment of major excommunication, and was
+proceeded against by the tribunal: the result of this action was the
+absolution <i>ad cautelam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>During the last years of the eighteenth century, no person has been
+imprisoned for reading prohibited books, unless he was convicted of
+having advanced or written heretical propositions. The punishment
+inflicted was merely a pecuniary penalty, and a declaration that the
+individual was slightly suspected of heresy; it must be acknowledged
+that this qualification was omitted, if there was any reason to suppose
+that the accused had erred from motives of curiosity, and not from a
+tendency to false doctrine. Nevertheless all these proceedings are
+arbitrary, and the inquisitors have the power of pursuing the infringers
+of this law as if they were heretics.</p>
+
+<p>The permission to read prohibited books, rendered all actions instituted
+against those who violated the law ineffectual. The Pope granted it for
+a sum of money, without inquiring if the person who demanded it was
+capable of abusing the permission. The inquisitor-general of Spain acted
+with more prudence; he took secret informations on the conduct of the
+solicitor, and required him to state in writing the object of his
+demand, and the subject on which he wished to consult the prohibited
+books. Where the permission granted was general, the books mentioned in
+the edicts were excepted. In this sense the works of Rousseau,
+Montesquieu, Mirabeau, Diderot, d'Alembert, Voltaire, and several other
+modern philosophers, among whom was Filangieri, were excepted from the
+privilege. During the last years of the Inquisition, the permissions
+granted by the Court of Rome did not defend the persons who received
+them from the inquisitorial actions; they were subject to revision, and
+the inquisitor-general did not authorize the use of them without great
+difficulty, and as if the Court of Rome had never granted them.</p>
+
+<p>The Inquisition also prohibited pictures, medals, prints,<a name="page_113" id="page_113"></a> and a number
+of other things, with as much severity as books. Thus fans, snuff-boxes,
+mirrors, and other articles of furniture, were often the cause of great
+troubles and difficulties to those who possessed them, if they happened
+to be adorned with the mythological figure which might be considered as
+indecent.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV.<br /><br />
+<small>PARTICULAR TRIALS FOR SUSPICION OF LUTHERANISM, AND SOME OTHER CRIMES.</small></h2>
+
+<h3><i>Edicts against Lutherans, Illuminati, &amp;c.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">The inquisitor-general, who perceived the necessity of arresting the
+progress of Lutheranism in Spain, decreed, in concert with the Council
+of the Inquisition, several new articles in addition to the annual
+edict. These articles oblige every Christian to declare, if he knows or
+has heard of any person who has said, maintained, or thought that the
+sect of Luther is good, or that his partisans will be saved, and
+approved nor believed any of his condemned propositions: for example,
+that it is not necessary to confess sins to a priest, and that it is
+sufficient to confess to God; that neither the Pope nor the priests have
+the power of remitting sins; that the body of Jesus is not actually
+present in the consecrated host; that it is not permitted to pray to
+saints, or expose images in churches; that faith and baptism are
+sufficient for salvation, and that good works are not necessary; that
+every Christian may, although not of the priesthood, receive the
+confession of another Christian, and administer the sacrament to him;
+that the Pope has not the power of granting indulgences; that priests
+and monks may lawfully marry; that God did not establish the regular
+religions orders; that the state of marriage<a name="page_114" id="page_114"></a> is better and more perfect
+than that of celibacy; that there ought to be no festivals but the
+sabbath, and that it is not sinful to eat meat on Friday, in Lent, or on
+other fast-days.</p>
+
+<p>Alphonso Manrique also gave permission to the inquisitors of the
+provinces to take any measures they might think proper, to discover
+those persons who had embraced the heresy of the <i>illuminati</i>,
+(<i>alumbrados</i>.) These people, who were also called <i>dejados</i>
+(<i>quietists</i>), formed a sect whose chief, it is said, was that <i>Muncer</i>
+who had already established that of the Anabaptists. Some time after,
+the Council of the Inquisition added several articles relative to the
+<i>illuminati</i> to those already mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>I am of opinion, that the first Spaniards who followed the doctrines of
+Luther were Franciscan monks; for Clement VII., in 1526, authorized the
+general and provincials of the order of Minor Friars of St. Francis
+d'Assiz, to absolve those of the community who had fallen into that
+heresy, after they had taken an oath to renounce it for ever. Several
+monks of the same order had already represented to the Pope, that by the
+privileges granted to them in the bull <i>mare magnum</i>, and confirmed by
+other decrees of the holy see, no stranger had a right to interfere in
+their affairs, and that they did not recognize any judge but the judge
+of their institution, even in cases of apostasy.</p>
+
+<p>Manrique, embarrassed in his ministry by the pretensions of the
+Franciscans, wrote to the Pope, who expedited, in 1525, a brief, by
+which the inquisitor-general was empowered to take cognizance of these
+affairs, assisted by a monk named by the prelate of the order, and that,
+in cases of appeal from judgment, the Pope should be applied to: but
+these appeals were afterwards ordered to be made before the
+inquisitor-general.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Trials of Several Persons.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">During the ministry of the inquisitor-general Manrique,<a name="page_115" id="page_115"></a> history points
+out several illustrious and innocent victims of the tribunal, who were
+suspected of Lutheranism: such was the venerable Juan d'Avila, who would
+have been beatified, if he had been a monk, but he was only a secular
+priest: he was called, in Spain, the <i>Apostle of Andalusia</i>, on account
+of his exemplary life and his charitable actions. St. Theresa de Jesus
+informs us, in her works, that she derived much assistance from his
+counsels and doctrine. He preached the gospel with simplicity, and never
+introduced into his discourses those questions which at that time so
+disgracefully agitated the scholastic theologians. Some envious monks,
+irritated at his aversion for disputes, united to plan his ruin. They
+denounced some of his propositions to the Inquisition, as tending to
+Lutheranism and the doctrines of the <i>illuminati</i>. In 1534, Juan d'Avila
+was confined in the secret prison of the holy office, by an order of the
+inquisitors; they did not make their resolution known to the Supreme
+Council or to the ordinary, on the pretence that this measure was only
+ordained in case of a difference of opinion. Although this proceeding
+was contrary to the laws of the Inquisition, to the royal ordinances,
+and those of the Supreme Council, yet they contemned these violations,
+and even tacitly approved them, as no reprimand was addressed to the
+offenders. This act of the Inquisition, which took place at Seville,
+much affected the inquisitor-general: he occupied the see of that city,
+and had the greatest esteem for Juan d'Avila, whom he regarded as a
+saint, which was a fortunate circumstance for him, as the protection of
+Manrique, as chief of the Inquisition, greatly contributed to prove his
+innocence; d'Avila was acquitted, and continued to preach with the same
+zeal and charity until his death.</p>
+
+<p>This year was more fatal to two men, who are celebrated in the literary
+history of Spain&mdash;Juan de Vergara, and Bernardin de Tobar, his brother:
+they were arrested by the Inquisition of Toledo, and were not released
+from its dungeons,<a name="page_116" id="page_116"></a> until they had been subjected to the abjuration (<i>de
+levi</i>) of the Lutheran heresy, to receive the absolution of censures <i>ad
+cautelam</i>, and to several penances. Juan de Vergara was a canon of
+Toledo, and had been secretary to Cardinal Ximenez de Cisneros, and to
+Don Alphonso de Fonseca, his successor in the see of that city. Nicholas
+Antonio has inserted, in his library, a notice of the literary
+productions of this Spaniard, and does justice to his virtue and merit.
+His profound knowledge of the Greek and Hebrew languages was the cause
+of his misfortune; he had remarked some faults in the translation of the
+Vulgate, and thus gave the signal for persecution to some monks who had
+only studied Latin and the jargon of the schools. The chapter of Toledo
+honoured his memory in placing on his tomb an epitaph, which is
+preserved by the author I have cited. Vergara had a claim on the
+gratitude of this community, for having composed the inscriptions which
+decorate the choir of their church.</p>
+
+<p>Bernardin de Tobar is less known, but Peter Martyr d'Angleria mentions
+him among the learned men of the sixteenth century, and John Louis
+Vives, a learned man of that age, says, in writing to Erasmus: "We live
+in a difficult time; it is dangerous either to speak or be silent;
+Vergara, his brother Bernardin de Tobar, and several other learned men,
+have been arrested in Spain<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>Among this number was one of whom Vives could not give a particular
+account. I speak of Alphonso Virues, a Benedictine, born at Olmedo, and
+one of the best theologians of his time. He had a profound knowledge of
+the oriental languages, and had composed several works. He was a member
+of the commission which judged the works of Erasmus in 1527, and
+preacher to Charles V., who listened to his discourses with so much
+pleasure that he took him to<a name="page_117" id="page_117"></a> Germany, and on his return to Spain would
+not hear any other person. These distinctions excited the envy of the
+monks, and they would have succeeded in their endeavours to ruin him,
+but for the firmness and constancy of the emperor in protecting him.</p>
+
+<p>Virues was suspected of being favourable to the opinions of Luther, and
+thrown into the secret prisons of the holy office at Seville. The
+emperor, who knew him well, both from his sermons, and the intercourse
+which took place during their travels in Germany, felt this blow
+acutely, and not doubting that Virues was the victim of an intrigue
+which the inquisitor-general ought to have prevented, he exiled
+Manrique, who was obliged to retire to his archbishopric of Seville,
+where he died in 1538. Not content with this, Charles commanded the
+Supreme Council to address an ordinance to all the tribunals of the
+Inquisition, importing, that in case of a preliminary instruction
+sufficiently serious to cause the arrest of a monk, the decree of
+imprisonment should be delayed, and that the inquisitors should send an
+entire and faithful copy of the commencement of the proceedings to the
+Supreme Council, and wait for the orders which would be sent them after
+the examination of the writings.</p>
+
+<p>The unfortunate Virues, nevertheless, suffered all the horrors of a
+secret imprisonment for four years. During this period, as he writes to
+Charles V., "he was scarcely allowed to breathe, or to occupy himself
+with anything but charges, replies, testimonies, defences, libels,
+means, acts (<i>nomina quæ et ipso p&oelig;ne timendo sono ... words which
+cannot be heard without terrors</i>), or with heresies, blasphemies,
+errors, anathemas, schisms, and other monsters, which, with labour that
+may be compared to those of Hercules, I have at last conquered with the
+aid of Jesus Christ, so that I am now justified through your majesty's
+protection<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>."<a name="page_118" id="page_118"></a></p>
+
+<p>One of the means employed by Virues for his defence, was to demand that
+the tribunal should pay attention to the points of doctrine which he had
+established, and prepared to attack Melancthon and other Lutherans
+before the diet of Ratisbon; but this demand did not gain the object
+which he had in view, which was a complete absolution, because his
+enemies had denounced propositions advanced in public. Although he
+proved that they were extremely Catholic, when examined with the text,
+yet he could not prevent them from incurring the theological censure in
+the form given by the denunciation: he was obliged to submit to an
+abjuration of all heresies, particularly that of Luther and his
+adherents. The definitive sentence was pronounced in 1537: he was
+declared to be suspected of professing the errors of Luther, and
+condemned to be absolved from the censures <i>ad cautelam</i>; to be confined
+in a monastery for two years, and prohibited from preaching the word of
+God for two years after his release.</p>
+
+<p>The emperor, when informed of these transactions, complained to the
+Pope, who, in 1538, addressed a brief to Virues, which contained a
+dispensation from the different penances to which he had been condemned:
+it also re-instated him in his office of preacher; and declared, that
+what had passed could not exclude him from any office, not even from
+episcopacy.</p>
+
+<p>It is surprising that the affair of Virues, and many others, did not
+make Charles V. perceive the nature of the Inquisition, and that he
+still continued to protect that institution. However, the trial of his
+preacher, and several other crosses which he experienced about that
+time, were the reasons why he deprived the holy office of the royal
+jurisdiction in 1535, and it was not restored until the year 1545. This
+favour for Virues was so constant, that he soon after presented him to
+the Pope for the bishopric of the Canaries; but the Pope refused him,
+alleging that the suspicions raised against the<a name="page_119" id="page_119"></a> purity of his faith
+rendered him improper to be invested with the dignity of a bishop,
+although the bull had declared him to be eligible. The emperor insisted,
+and the Pope at length yielded to his pressing solicitations. Virues was
+made Bishop of the Canaries in 1540.</p>
+
+<p>In 1527 the Inquisition of Valladolid was occupied by an affair, of
+which it is necessary to give an account, that the compassion and
+indulgence which the inquisitors always professed in their acts, and
+other forms of justice, may be justly appreciated.</p>
+
+<p>One Diego Vallejo, of the village of Palacios de Meneses, in the diocese
+of Palencia, having been arrested for blasphemy by the Inquisition,
+declared, among other things, that two months before, on the 24th of
+April, 1526, two physicians, named Alphonso Garcia and Juan de Salas,
+were disputing on the subject of medicine, before him and Ferdinand
+Ramirez, his son-in-law: the first maintained his opinion on the
+authority of certain writers; Salas affirmed that these writers were
+deceived; Garcia replied that his opinion was proved by the text of the
+evangelists, which caused Salas to say <i>that they had lied as well as
+the others</i>. Ferdinand Ramirez (who had also been arrested upon
+suspicion of Judaism) was examined the same day; his deposition was the
+same as that of Vallejo, but he added, that Salas returned to his house
+some hours after, and in speaking of what had passed, said, "<i>What folly
+I have asserted!</i>" When the tribunal had finished the affair of Ramirez
+and Vallejo, they arrested Juan de Salas.</p>
+
+<p>The inquisitors (without the concurrence of the diocesan, without
+consultors or qualifiers, and without communicating with the Supreme
+Council) decreed the arrest of Juan de Salas on the 14th of February,
+1527, as if the declarations of Ramirez and Vallejo had been sufficient.
+The audiences of <i>admonition</i> were granted, and the depositions were
+communicated without the names of the persons or place. He<a name="page_120" id="page_120"></a> replied that
+the circumstances were not correctly stated. The other physician was
+then called, who declared, that in conversing with Salas on the
+evangelists, he heard him say, <i>that some of them had lied</i>. He was
+asked if any one had reproached Salas for this expression; Garcia
+replied, that an hour after he had advised him to give himself up to the
+Inquisition, and that he had promised to do so. The inquisitor then
+asked if he was inimical to the accused; the witness replied in the
+negative. On the 16th of April the ratification of Ramirez and Garcia
+took place. On the 6th of May the prisoner presented two requisitions or
+means of defence: in the first he protested against all that had been
+said contrary to his declaration, and pointed out the differences in the
+depositions of the witnesses; the second was an <i>interrogatory</i> in
+thirteen questions, two of which tended to prove his orthodoxy, and the
+others to justify the motives of the challenge which he had presented
+against certain persons who had been called upon to depose in his trial.
+This piece contains, in the margin, the witnesses to be consulted for
+each question. It will be seen that the prisoner took advantage of the
+laws of the holy office in his defence; but the inquisitors, instead of
+conforming to their own regulations, erased the names of several persons
+designated in the list of the accused witnesses on his side, and would
+not hear them. Nevertheless, the facts mentioned in the interrogatory
+were proved by fourteen witnesses, and on the 25th of May the fiscal
+gave his conclusions.</p>
+
+<p>The fact related by Ramirez, the contradictions in the depositions of
+the witnesses; the difference in the report of both, from that of the
+accuser; the important advantages gained by the prisoner in justifying
+his challenge, in only having two witnesses against him (who had both
+been prosecuted, one for blasphemy, the other for Judaism), and in being
+accused of only one proposition; lastly, the possibility that the
+accused had forgotten many things during the space<a name="page_121" id="page_121"></a> of a year, are
+circumstances which would make any one suppose that Juan de Salas would
+have been acquitted, or that they would, at least, (if they supposed
+that he had denied the truth,) have contented themselves with imposing
+the penance of the suspicion <i>de levi</i> upon him; but instead of this,
+the inquisitor Moriz, without the concurrence of his colleague Alvarado,
+decreed that Salas should be tortured, as guilty of concealment. In this
+act the following deposition is found:&mdash;"We ordain that the said torture
+be employed in the manner and during the time that we shall think
+proper, after having protested as we still protest, that, in case of
+injury, death, or fractured limbs, the fault can only be imputed to the
+said licentiate Salas." The decree of Moriz took effect: I subjoin the
+verbal process of the execution.</p>
+
+<p>"At Valladolid, on the 21st of June, 1527, the licentiate Moriz,
+inquisitor, caused the licentiate Juan de Salas to appear before him,
+and the sentence was read and notified to him. After the reading, the
+said licentiate Salas declared, that <i>he had not said that of which he
+was accused</i>; and the said licentiate Moriz immediately caused him to be
+conducted to the chamber of torture, where, being stripped to his shirt,
+Salas was put by the shoulders into the <i>chevalet</i>, where the
+executioner, Pedro Porras, fastened him by the arms and legs with cords
+of hemp, of which he made <i>eleven turns</i> round each limb; Salas, during
+the time that the said Pedro was tying him thus, was warned to speak the
+truth several times, to which he always replied, <i>that he had never said
+what he was accused of</i>. He recited the creed, "Quicumque vult," and
+several times gave thanks to God and our Lady; and the said Salas being
+still tied as before mentioned, a fine wet cloth was put over his face,
+and about a pint of water was poured into his mouth and nostrils, from
+an earthen vessel with a hole at the bottom, and containing about two
+quarts: nevertheless, Salas still persisted <i>in denying the<a name="page_122" id="page_122"></a>
+accusation</i>. Then Pedro de Porras <i>tightened the cords</i> on the right
+leg, and poured a second measure of water on the face; the cords <i>were
+tightened a second time</i> on the same leg, but Juan de Salas still
+persisted in <i>denying that he had ever said any thing of the kind</i>; and
+although pressed to tell the truth several times, <i>he still denied the
+accusation</i>. Then the said licentiate Moriz, having declared that <i>the
+torture was</i> <small>BEGUN BUT NOT FINISHED</small>, commanded that it should cease. The
+accused was withdrawn from the chevalet or rack, at which execution, I,
+Henry Paz, was present from the beginning to the end.&mdash;Henry Paz,
+notary."</p>
+
+<p>If this execution was but the beginning of the torture, how was it to
+finish? By the death of the sufferer? In order to understand this
+statement, it is necessary to know that the instrument, which in
+Castilian is called <i>escalera</i> (and which has also the name of <i>burro</i>,
+and is translated into French by the word <i>chevalet</i>), is a machine of
+wood, invented to torture the accused. It is formed like a groove, large
+enough to hold the body of a man, without a bottom, but a stick crosses
+it, over which the body falls in such a position, that the feet are much
+higher than the head; consequently, a violent and painful respiration
+ensues, with intolerable pains in the sides, the arms, and legs, where
+the pressure of the cords is so great, even before the <i>garot</i> has been
+used, that they penetrate to the bone.</p>
+
+<p>If we observe the manner in which the people who carry merchandise on
+mules or in carts tighten the cords by means of sticks, we can easily
+imagine the torments which the unfortunate John de Salas must have
+suffered. The introduction of a liquid is not less likely to kill those
+whom the inquisitors torture, and it has happened more than once. The
+mouth, during the torture, is in the most unfavourable position for
+respiration, so much so, that a person would die if he remained several
+hours in it; a piece of fine wet linen is introduced into the throat, on
+which the water from the<a name="page_123" id="page_123"></a> vessel is poured so slowly, that it requires
+an hour to consume a pint, although it descends without intermission. In
+this state the patient finds it impossible to breathe, as the water
+enters the nostrils at the same time, and the rupture of a blood-vessel
+in the lungs is often the result.</p>
+
+<p>Raymond Gonzales de Montes (who, in 1558, was so fortunate as to escape
+from the prisons of the holy office at Seville) wrote a book in Latin,
+on the Inquisition, under the name of <i>Reginaldus Gonsalvius
+Montanus</i><a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>. He informs us that the cord was wound eight or ten times
+round the legs. Eleven turns were made round the limbs of Salas, besides
+those of the <i>garot</i>. We may form an idea of the humanity of the
+Inquisition of Valladolid, from the definitive sentence pronounced by
+the licentiate Moriz and his colleague, Doctor Alvarado, without any
+other formality, after they had taken (if we may believe them) the
+advice of persons noted for their learning and virtue, but without the
+adjournment which ought to have preceded it, and without the concurrence
+of the diocesan in ordinary. They declared that the fiscal had not
+entirely proved the accusation, and that the prisoner had succeeded in
+destroying some of the charges; but that on account of the suspicion
+arising from the trial, Juan de Salas was condemned to the punishment of
+the public <i>auto-da-fé</i>, in his shirt, without a cloak, his head
+uncovered, and with a torch in his hand; that he should abjure heresy
+publicly, and that he should pay ten ducats of gold to the Inquisition,
+and fulfil his penance in the church assigned. It is seen, by a
+certificate afterwards given in, that Juan de Salas performed his
+<i>auto-da-fé</i> on the 24th of June, 1528, and that his father paid the
+fine: the trial offers no other peculiarity. This affair, and several
+others of a<a name="page_124" id="page_124"></a> similar nature, caused the Supreme Council to publish a
+decree in 1558, commanding that the torture should not be administered
+without an order from the council.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Letter-Orders, relating to the Proceedings.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">The abuse of the secrecy of the proceedings caused a number of
+complaints to be addressed to the inquisitor-general. He usually
+referred them to the Supreme Council, which, during the administration
+of Manrique, addressed several circulars to the provincial tribunals: it
+is necessary to make known the most important.</p>
+
+<p>In one of these writings, dated March 14th, 1528, it is said, that if an
+accused person (when asked a general question) declares at first that he
+knows nothing on the subject, and afterwards, when questioned on a
+particular fact, confesses that he is acquainted with it (in case the
+inquisitors think proper to take down the second declaration, to make
+use of it against a third), they should insert the first question and
+the answer of the accused in the same verbal process, because it might
+assist in determining the degree of confidence to be placed in his
+declarations.</p>
+
+<p>On the 16th of March, 1530, another instruction of the council appeared.
+It directed that the facts related by the witnesses in favour of the
+prisoner should be mentioned as well as those against him. This
+direction, however just, has not been strictly followed, since it was
+never observed in the extract of the publication of the depositions
+given to the accused and his defender; consequently, no advantage could
+be derived by the prisoner from the declarations in his favour.</p>
+
+<p>Another circular of the 13th of May in the same year, says, that if an
+accused person challenges a witness, he must be interrogated on the
+foundation of the proceedings, as he might have facts to depose against
+the accused.</p>
+
+<p>On the 16th June, 1531, the council wrote to the tribunals,<a name="page_125" id="page_125"></a> that if the
+accused challenged several persons, on the supposition that they will
+depose against him, the witnesses whom he calls to prove the facts which
+caused the challenge, shall be examined on each individual, although
+they have not made any deposition, in order that the accused may not
+suppose at the time of the publication of the depositions, from an
+omission (if there should be any), that some have deposed against him,
+and that the others are not mentioned, or have not said anything.</p>
+
+<p>Another instruction on the 13th of May, 1532, directs, that the
+relations of the accused shall not be admitted as witnesses in the proof
+of the challenge.</p>
+
+<p>In another decree of the 5th March, 1535, it is ordained that the
+witness shall be asked if there is any enmity between them and the
+accused.</p>
+
+<p>On the 20th of July, the council obliged the tribunals to insert in the
+extract of the publication of the depositions, the day, the month, and
+the hour when each witness gave his evidence.</p>
+
+<p>In March, 1525, it was decreed, that when the extract was given to the
+accused, he was not to be informed that any witness had declared the
+fact to be known to others, because if they said nothing against him, it
+was not proper to inform the accused of it, as he would learn, from that
+circumstance, that some persons had spoken in his favour, or at least
+had declared that they knew nothing against him.</p>
+
+<p>Another regulation of the 8th of April, 1533, prohibited the inquisitors
+from communicating the extract of the publication of the depositions to
+the accused, before the ratification of the declarations.</p>
+
+<p>The council decreed, on the 22d December, 1536, that in transacting any
+business relating to circumstances which took place in the house of a
+person deceased, so that the corpse was still exposed to view, and that
+its position, figure, or other circumstance, might tend to discover if
+he died a heretic<a name="page_126" id="page_126"></a> or not, the name of the defunct, his house, and other
+details, should be communicated to the witnesses, that they might be
+enabled to recollect the event, and to assist them in making their
+declaration.</p>
+
+<p>Yet the council, on the 30th August, 1537, decreed that the time and
+place of the events should be inserted in the extract of the publication
+of the depositions, because it was of consequence to the interests of
+the accused; it would be done even in supposing that he would learn from
+it the names of the witnesses.</p>
+
+<p>This rule is too contrary to the inquisitorial system, not to inspire a
+wish to seek for the principle and the cause; it may be found in the bad
+reputation which the Inquisition had acquired by the proceedings against
+Alphonso Virues, which induced Charles V. to deprive it of the royal
+jurisdiction: but although the council registered the order of the
+sovereign, he decreed, on the 15th of December, in this year, and on the
+22nd of February, 1538, that the extract should not contain any article
+which could make known the witnesses; thus annulling the order imposed
+in the preceding year. During the last years of the Inquisition, neither
+the time nor place were indicated in the act of the publication of the
+depositions.</p>
+
+<p>In June, 1537, the council being consulted by the Inquisition of Toledo,
+decreed, as general rules&mdash;1st, that all who <i>calmly</i> uttered the
+blasphemies, <i>I deny God, I abjure God</i>, should be punished severely;
+but those who uttered these words in anger, should not be subject to
+prosecution: 2nd, to punish all Christians accused of bigamy, if the
+guilty person supposed it permitted; and in the contrary case to abstain
+from prosecution; 3rdly, to ascertain, in cases of sorcery, if there had
+been any compact with the devil; if the compact had existed, the
+Inquisition was directed to judge the accused&mdash;if it had not, they were
+to leave the cause to the secular tribunals.<a name="page_127" id="page_127"></a></p>
+
+<p>The second and third of these regulations are contrary to the system of
+the holy office, which leads me to suppose that the temporary disgrace
+and exile of Manrique contributed to this moderation, which could not
+last long: the inquisitors have always proceeded against persons guilty
+of these crimes, on the pretence of examining if any circumstance might
+cause suspicion of heresy. The same spirit is found in another order of
+the 19th February, 1533: it obliges the inquisitors to receive all the
+papers which the relations of the accused wish to communicate to them.
+The council made this rule, because these writings (though useless on
+the trial) might yet be serviceable in proving the innocence or guilt of
+the accused.</p>
+
+<p>On the 10th May, 1531, the council decreed, that if bulls of
+dispensation from the use of the <i>San-benito</i>, imprisonment, or other
+punishments, were presented to the Inquisition, the procurator-fiscal
+should demand that they should be suppressed, as well as those obtained
+by the children and grandchildren of persons declared infamous by the
+holy office: the council supported this rule by alleging that children
+always followed the example of their heretical ancestors, and that it
+was a scandal to see them occupying honourable employments.</p>
+
+<p>On the 22nd of March in the same year the council wrote to the tribunal
+of the provinces, that it had remarked, in one of the trials, that
+certain writings had not been digested in the places where the facts
+mentioned had happened; whence they concluded that these formalities had
+not been fulfilled at the proper time, but at the moment when the
+proceedings were to begin: the council then recommended them to avoid
+these abuses, as contrary to the instructions. But the orders of the
+council were not obeyed: the same irregularity was renewed, and produced
+another still more dangerous, which during my time had the most serious
+consequences. In order to supply what might be omitted in the course of
+the<a name="page_128" id="page_128"></a> trial, the inquisitors adopted the custom of writing each act,
+declaration, and deposition, on separate sheets of paper. As in these
+tribunals they did not make use of stamped paper, and as the pieces of
+the process were not numbered, it often happened that those which they
+wished to conceal from the council, the diocesan in ordinary, or other
+interested parties, were changed or suppressed. This man&oelig;uvre was
+employed by the inquisitors in the affair of the Archbishop of Toledo,
+Carranza, and I have myself seen several attestations of the secretary
+changed at the request of the inquisitors of Madrid.</p>
+
+<p>The circular of the 11th of July in the same year is more remarkable,
+and had more success than the preceding. The inquisitors of the
+provinces were directed to refer to the Supreme Council all sentences
+pronounced without the unanimity of the inquisitors, the diocesan and
+the consulters, even supposing that there was only one dissentient
+voice. The inquisitors were afterwards obliged to consult the council on
+all the judgments which they passed; and I must confess that this
+measure was extremely useful, because, in a difference of opinion, the
+decisions of the <i>supreme</i> were much more just than those of the
+tribunals of the provinces, from being composed of a greater number of
+enlightened judges.</p>
+
+<p>The council displayed the same love of justice in 1536, when it decreed
+that those convicted of making use of gold, silver, silk, or precious
+stones, should be punished by pecuniary fines, and not by fire, although
+they had been prohibited from so doing on pain of being <i>relaxed</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The decree most contrary to the wisdom which ought to have animated the
+council, was that of the 7th of December, 1532, in which it was ordained
+that each provincial Inquisition should state the number and rank of the
+persons condemned to different punishments within their jurisdictions,
+since their establishment, and to deposit in the churches those
+<i>San-benitos</i> which had not been placed there, without even excepting
+those of persons who had confessed and suffered<a name="page_129" id="page_129"></a> their punishment during
+the term of grace. This direction was executed with a severity worthy of
+the Inquisition; at Toledo those San-benitos were renewed which had been
+destroyed by time, and they were likewise sent to the parishes of the
+condemned persons. The consequences of these proceedings were the ruin
+and extinction of many families, as the children could not establish
+themselves according to the rank they had possessed; while the
+condemnation of their ancestors by the Inquisition remained unknown. The
+council discovered too late the injustice it had committed in respect to
+the <i>San-benito</i> since it revoked the decree seven years after, in 1539.</p>
+
+<p>It is not necessary to give the history of the quarrels which took place
+between the Inquisition and the different civil authorities, during the
+administration of Manrique. A scandalous enterprise of the Supreme
+Council ought nevertheless to be mentioned. In 1531, it presumed to
+condemn the president of the royal court of appeals, in Majorca, to ask
+pardon of the holy office, to attend mass (as a penitent), with a wax
+taper in his hand, and to receive the absolution of censures, for having
+defended the jurisdiction of the criminal tribunal in an affair which
+involved several persons, among whom was one Gabriel Nebel, a servant of
+the summoner of the holy office.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV.<br /><br />
+<small>PROSECUTIONS OF SORCERERS, MAGICIANS, ENCHANTERS, NECROMANCERS, AND OTHERS.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">U<small>NDER</small> the administration of the inquisitor-general, Manrique, the
+Inquisition was particularly occupied by the sect of sorcerers.<a name="page_130" id="page_130"></a></p>
+
+<p>Pope Adrian VI. (who had been inquisitor-general in Spain), published a
+bull on the 20th July, 1523, in which he says, that in the time of his
+predecessor Julius II. a numerous sect had been discovered in Lombardy,
+which abjured the Christian faith, and abused the ceremonies of religion
+and the eucharist. These sectarians acknowledged the devil as their
+patron, and promised obedience to him.</p>
+
+<p>They sent maladies to animals and destroyed the fruits of the earth by
+their enchantments. An inquisitor having attempted to arrest and bring
+them to punishment, the ecclesiastical and secular judges opposed him,
+which led Julius II. to declare that these crimes were within the
+jurisdiction of the Inquisition, as well as all other heresies. In
+consequence Adrian VI. reminded the different Inquisitions of their duty
+in this respect.</p>
+
+<p>This bull was not necessary in Spain, as the Inquisition of Aragon had
+taken cognizance of magic and sorcery, since the pontificate of John
+XXII.</p>
+
+<p>It appears that the Inquisition of Calahorra, burnt more than thirty
+women as sorceresses and magicians in the year 1507. In 1527, a great
+number of women who practised magic were discovered in Navarre.</p>
+
+<p>These crimes increased so much in the province of Biscay, that Charles
+V. found it necessary to notice it. Persuaded that the ignorance in
+which the people were left by the priests was the cause of these
+superstitions, he wrote in December, 1527, to the Bishop of Calahorra,
+and to the provincials of the Dominicans and Franciscans, to select a
+number of able preachers from their communities, to teach the doctrine
+of the Christian religion on this point. But these ministers of the
+gospel, even those who had acquired a reputation for learning, believed
+as well as the enchanters in these illusions.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, Father Martin de Castañaga, a Franciscan monk, composed in
+that time, a book in Spanish, entitled,<a name="page_131" id="page_131"></a> <i>A Treatise on Superstitions
+and Enchantments</i>. I have read this work, and I acknowledge (with the
+exception of a few articles, in which the author appears too credulous,)
+that it would be difficult even in the present time to write with more
+moderation or discernment. The Bishop of Calahorra, Don Alphonso de
+Castilla, having read this treatise, had it printed in quarto, and sent
+it to the priests in his diocese, with a pastoral letter, in 1529.</p>
+
+<p>The Inquisition of Saragossa condemned several sorceresses who had
+formed part of the association in Navarre, or had been sent into Aragon
+to gain disciples. The inquisitors, the ordinary, and the consulters,
+were not of the same opinion; the greatest number voted for the
+execution of the sorceresses, the others for reconciliation and
+perpetual imprisonment. The minority gave up their opinion in deference
+to the greater number, and thus relaxation was pronounced unanimously,
+without any of the formalities prescribed, and the unfortunate women
+perished in the flames. The <i>Supreme</i> Council which was informed of this
+event by one of its members, who had learnt it from an inquisitor of
+Saragossa, addressed a circular on the 23rd of March, 1536, to all the
+tribunals, stating the Inquisition of Saragossa had failed in its duty,
+in not having consulted the council, after having found that the
+opinions of its members were different.</p>
+
+<p>The inquisitor-general Manrique, being informed that the sect of
+sorcerers made great progress in different parts of the Peninsula, added
+several articles to the edict of denunciation: the substance of them
+was, that all Christians were obliged to declare to the Inquisition:</p>
+
+<p>First, If they had heard that any person had familiar spirits, and that
+he invoked demons in circles, questioning them and expecting their
+answer, as a magician, or in virtue of an express or tacit compact; that
+he had mingled holy things with profane objects, and worshipped in the
+creature that which belongs only to the Creator.<a name="page_132" id="page_132"></a></p>
+
+<p>Secondly, If he had studied judicial astrology to discover the future,
+by observing the conjunction of the stars at the birth of persons.</p>
+
+<p>Thirdly, If any person in order to discover the future, had employed
+<i>geomancy</i>, <i>hydromancy</i>, <i>aëromancy</i>, <i>piromancy</i>, <i>onomancy</i>,
+<i>necromancy</i>, or sorceries by beans, dice, or wheat.</p>
+
+<p>Fourthly, If a Christian had made an express compact with the devil,
+practised enchantments by magic, with instruments, circles, characters,
+or diabolical signs; by invoking and consulting demons, with the hope of
+a reply, and placing confidence in them; by offering them incense, or
+the <i>smoke</i> of good or bad substances; by offering sacrifices to them;
+in abusing sacraments or holy things; by promising obedience to them,
+and adoring or worshipping them in any manner.</p>
+
+<p>Fifthly, If any one constructed, or procured mirrors, rings, phials, or
+other vessels, for the purpose of attracting, enclosing, and preserving
+a demon, who replies to his questions, and assists him in obtaining his
+wishes; or who had endeavoured to discover the future, by interrogating
+the demons in possessed people; or tried to produce the same effect by
+invoking the devil under the name of <i>holy angel</i> or <i>white angel</i>, and
+by asking things of him with prayers and humility; by practising other
+superstitious ceremonies with vases, phials of water, or consecrated
+tapers; by the inspection of the nails, and of the palm of the hand
+rubbed with vinegar; or by endeavouring to obtain representations of
+objects by means of phantoms, in order to learn secret things, or which
+had not then happened.</p>
+
+<p>Sixthly, If any one had read or possessed, or read or possessed at
+present, any manuscript or book on these matters, or concerning all
+other species of divination, which is not performed by natural and
+physical effects.</p>
+
+<p>Although the edicts and punishments for sorcery were extremely severe,
+they have appeared from time to time in<a name="page_133" id="page_133"></a> different parts of Spain. The
+history of the sorceresses of the valley of Bastan, in Navarre, has been
+particularly celebrated. These women were taken before the Inquisition
+of Logroño, and confessed the greatest extravagancies. They were
+condemned to an <i>auto-da-fé</i>, in 1610; their history was published at
+Madrid, in 1810, with very pleasant remarks by the Moliere of Spain, Don
+Leandro de Moratin, who deserves a better fate than he experiences.</p>
+
+<h3><i>History of a famous Magician.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">The history of Doctor Eugene Torralba, a physician of Cuença, ought not
+to be passed over, as it offers several remarkable events, and is
+mentioned in the <i>History of the famous knight, Don Quixote de la
+Mancha</i>. This person is also introduced in different parts of a poem,
+entitled, <i>Carlos Famoso</i><a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>, composed by Louis Zapata, dedicated to
+Philip II., and printed at Valencia, in 1556.</p>
+
+<p>The author of <i>Don Quixote</i>, in the adventure of the Countess Trifaldi,
+represents that famous knight, as mounted upon <i>Clavileno</i>, with Sancho
+Panza behind him, having their eyes covered; the squire wishes to
+uncover his eyes to see if they had arrived at the region of fire. Don
+Quixote says, "Take care not to do it, and remember the true history of
+the licentiate Torralba, who being mounted on a cane, with his eyes
+covered, was conveyed through the air by devils, and arrived at Rome in
+twelve hours, and descended on the tower of Nona, which is in a street
+of that city, where he saw the tumult, assault, and death of the
+Constable de Bourbon, and returned to Madrid before morning, where he
+gave an account of what he had seen. He also related that while he was
+in the air, the devil told him to open his eyes, and that he saw himself
+so near the moon that he might have<a name="page_134" id="page_134"></a> touched it with his hand, and that
+he did not dare to look towards the earth for fear of fainting."</p>
+
+<p>The Doctor Eugene Torralba was born in the town of Cuença. In an
+examination he stated, that at the age of fifteen he went to Rome, where
+he was made a page of Don Francis Soderini, Bishop of Volterra, who was
+made a cardinal in 1503. He studied medicine under several masters, who
+in their disputes attacked the immortality of the soul, and though they
+did not succeed in convincing him, caused him to incline to pyrrhonism.
+Torralba was a physician in 1501, at which period he became intimately
+acquainted with Master Alphonso of Rome, who had renounced the law of
+Moses for that of Mahomet, which he quitted for the Christian doctrine,
+and finished by preferring natural religion. Alphonso told him that
+Jesus Christ was only a man, and supported his opinion with several
+arguments: this doctrine did not entirely eradicate the faith of
+Torralba, but he no longer knew on which side the truth lay.</p>
+
+<p>Among the friends he acquired at Rome, was a monk of St. Dominic, called
+Brother Peter. This man told him one day that he had in his service one
+of the good angels, whose name was <i>Zequiel</i>, so powerful in the
+knowledge of the future, that no other could equal him; but that he
+abhorred the practice of obliging men to make a compact with him; that
+he was always free, and only served the person who placed confidence in
+him through friendship, and that he allowed him to reveal the secrets he
+communicated, but that any constraint employed to force him to answer
+questions made him for ever abandon the society of the man to whom he
+had attached himself. Brother Peter asked him if he would not like to
+have <i>Zequiel</i> for his friend, adding that he could obtain that favour
+on account of the friendship which subsisted between them; Torralba
+expressed the greatest desire to become acquainted with the spirit of
+Brother Peter.</p>
+
+<p><i>Zequiel</i> soon appeared in the shape of a young man, fair,<a name="page_135" id="page_135"></a> with flaxen
+hair, dressed in flesh colour, with a black surtout; he said to
+Torralba, <i>I will belong to thee as long as thou livest, and will follow
+thee wherever thou goest</i>. After this promise <i>Zequiel</i> appeared to
+Torralba at the different quarters of the moon, and whenever he wished
+to go from one place to another, sometimes in the figure of a traveller,
+sometimes like a hermit. <i>Zequiel</i> never spoke against the Christian
+religion, or advised him to commit any bad action; on the contrary, he
+reproached him when he committed a fault, and attended the church
+service with him: he always spoke in Latin or Italian, although he was
+with Torralba in Spain, France, and Turkey: he continued to visit him
+during his imprisonment but seldom, and did not reveal any secrets to
+him, and Torralba desired the spirit to leave him, because he caused
+agitation and prevented him from sleeping; but this did not prevent him
+from returning and relating things which wearied him.</p>
+
+<p>Torralba went to Spain in 1502. Some time after he travelled over all
+Italy, and settled at Rome under the protection of Cardinal Volterra; he
+there acquired the reputation of a good physician, and engaged the
+favour of several cardinals. He studied chiromancy, and acquired some
+knowledge of the art. <i>Zequiel</i> revealed to Torralba the secret virtues
+of several plants in curing certain maladies; having made use of this
+information to procure money, <i>Zequiel</i> reproached him for it, saying,
+that as these remedies had cost him no labour, he ought to bestow them
+gratuitously.</p>
+
+<p>Torralba having appeared sad sometimes because he was in want of money,
+the angel said to him, <i>Why are you sad for want of money?</i> Some time
+after, Torralba found six ducats in his chamber, and the same thing was
+repeated several times, which made him suppose that <i>Zequiel</i> had placed
+them there, although he would not acknowledge it when questioned.<a name="page_136" id="page_136"></a></p>
+
+<p>The greatest part of the information which <i>Zequiel</i> communicated to
+Torralba related to political occurrences. Thus, when Torralba returned
+to Spain in 1510, being at the court of Ferdinand the Catholic,
+<i>Zequiel</i> told him that this prince would soon receive disagreeable
+news. Torralba hastened to inform the Archbishop of Toledo, Ximenez de
+Cisneros, and the great captain Gonzales Fernandez de Cordova; and the
+same day a courier brought letters from Africa, which announced the
+failure of the expedition against the Moors, and the death of Don Garcia
+de Toledo, son of the Duke of Alva, who commanded it.</p>
+
+<p>Ximenez de Cisneros having learnt that the Cardinal de Volterra had seen
+<i>Zequiel</i>, expressed a wish to see him also, and to become acquainted
+with the nature and qualities of this spirit. Torralba, to gratify the
+archbishop, entreated the angel to appear to him under any human form:
+<i>Zequiel</i> did not think proper to do so; but to soften the severity of
+his refusal, he commissioned Torralba to inform Ximenez de Cisneros that
+he would be a king, which was in a manner verified, as he became
+absolute governor of the Spains and the Indies.</p>
+
+<p>Another time when he was at Rome, the angel told him that Peter Margano
+would lose his life if he went out of the city. Torralba had not time to
+inform his friend; he went out, and was assassinated.</p>
+
+<p><i>Zequiel</i> told him that Cardinal Sienna would come to a tragical end,
+which was verified in 1517, after the sentence which Leo X. pronounced
+against him.</p>
+
+<p>When he returned to Rome in 1513, Torralba had a great desire to see his
+intimate friend Thomas de Becara, who was then at Venice. <i>Zequiel</i>, who
+knew his wish, took him to that city, and brought him back to Rome in so
+short a time, that the person with whom he was in the habit of
+associating did not perceive his absence.</p>
+
+<p>The Cardinal de Santa Cruz, in 1516, commissioned Torralba<a name="page_137" id="page_137"></a> to pass a
+night with his physician, Doctor Morales, in the house of a Spanish lady
+named <i>Rosales</i>, to ascertain if what this woman related of a phantom
+which she saw every night in the form of a murdered man, was to be
+believed; Doctor Morales had remained a whole night in the house, and
+had not seen anything when the Spanish lady announced the presence of
+the ghost, and the Cardinal hoped to discover something by means of
+Torralba. At the hour of one the woman uttered her cry of alarm; Morales
+saw nothing, but Torralba perceived the figure, which was that of a dead
+man; behind him appeared another phantom with the features of a woman.
+Torralba said to him with a loud voice, <i>What dost thou seek here?</i> The
+phantom replied, <i>A treasure</i>, and disappeared. <i>Zequiel</i>, on being
+questioned, replied that under the house there was the body of a man who
+had been assassinated with a poignard.</p>
+
+<p>In 1519, Torralba returned to Spain, accompanied by Don Diego de Zuñiga,
+a relation of the Duke de Bejar, and brother to Don Antonio, grand prior
+of Castile, who was his intimate friend. At Barcelonetta, near Turin,
+while they were walking with the secretary Acebedo (who had been marshal
+of the camp in Italy and Savoy), Acebedo and Zuñiga thought they saw
+something pass by Torralba which they could not define; he informed them
+that it was his angel <i>Zequiel</i>, who had approached to speak to him.
+Zuñiga wished much to see him, but <i>Zequiel</i> would not appear.</p>
+
+<p>At Barcelona, Torralba saw, in the house of the Canon Juan Garcia, a
+book on chiromancy, and in some notes a process for winning money at
+play. Zuñiga wished to learn it, and Torralba copied the characters, and
+told his friend to write them himself on paper with the blood of a bat,
+and keep them about his person while he played.</p>
+
+<p>Being at Valladolid in 1520, Torralba told Don Diego that he would
+return to Rome, because he had the means of getting there in a short
+time, by being mounted on a stick<a name="page_138" id="page_138"></a> and guided through the air by a cloud
+of fire. Torralba really went to that city, where Cardinal Volterra and
+the grand prior requested him to give up his <i>familiar spirit</i> to them.
+Torralba proposed it to <i>Zequiel</i>, and even entreated him to consent,
+but without success.</p>
+
+<p>In 1525 the angel told him that he would do well if he returned to
+Spain, because he would obtain the place of physician to the infanta
+Eleonora, queen dowager of Portugal, and afterwards married to Francis
+I., King of France. The doctor communicated this affair to the Duke de
+Bejar, and to Don Stephen-Manuel Merino, Archbishop of Bari; they
+solicited and obtained for him the place which he aspired to.</p>
+
+<p>Lastly, on the 5th of May in the same year, <i>Zequiel</i> told the doctor
+that Rome would be taken by the imperial troops the next day. Torralba
+entreated his angel to take him to Rome to witness this important event;
+he complied, and they left Valladolid at the hour of eleven at night:
+when they were at a short distance from the city, the angel gave
+Torralba a knotted stick, and said to him, <i>Shut your eyes, do not fear,
+take this in your hands, and no evil will befal you</i>. When the moment to
+open his eyes arrived, he found himself so near the sea, that he might
+have touched it with his hand; the black cloud which surrounded them was
+succeeded by a brilliant light, which made Torralba fear that he should
+be consumed. <i>Zequiel</i> perceiving his fear, said, <i>Reassure yourself,
+fool!</i> Torralba again closed his eyes, and when <i>Zequiel</i> told him to
+open them, he found himself in the tower of Nona in Rome. They then
+heard the clock of the Castle St. Angelo sound the fifth hour of the
+night, which is midnight according to the manner of computing time in
+Spain, so that they had been travelling one hour. Torralba went all over
+Rome with <i>Zequiel</i>, and afterwards witnessed the pillage of the city:
+he entered the house of the Bishop Copis, a German, who lived in the
+tower of<a name="page_139" id="page_139"></a> St. Ginia; he saw the Constable de Bourbon expire, the Pope
+shut himself up in the Castle of St. Angelo, and all the other events of
+that terrible day. In an hour and a half they had returned to
+Valladolid, where <i>Zequiel</i> quitted him, saying, <i>Another time you will
+believe what I tell you</i>. Torralba published all that he had seen; and
+as the court soon received the same news, Torralba (who was then
+physician to the Admiral of Castile) was spoken of as a great magician.</p>
+
+<p>These rumours were the cause of his denunciation; he was arrested at
+Cuença by the Inquisition in the beginning of the year 1508. He was
+denounced by his intimate friend Diego de Zuñiga, who, after having been
+as foolishly captivated as Torralba, with the miracles of the good
+angel, became fanatical and superstitious. Torralba at first confessed
+all that has been related of <i>Zequiel</i>, supposing that he should not be
+tried for the doubts he had expressed of the immortality of the soul and
+the divinity of our Saviour. When the judges had collected sufficient
+evidence, they assembled to give their <i>votes</i>, but as they did not
+accord, they applied to the council, which decreed that Torralba should
+be tortured, <i>as much as his age and rank permitted</i>, to discover his
+motives in receiving and keeping near him the spirit <i>Zequiel</i>; and if
+he believed him to be a bad angel, as a witness declared that he had
+said so; if he had made a compact with him; what had passed at the first
+interview; if at that time or afterwards he had employed conjurations to
+invoke him; immediately after this the tribunal was to pronounce the
+definitive sentence.</p>
+
+<p>Torralba had never varied, until that time, in his account of his
+familiar spirit, whom he always affirmed to be of the order of good
+angels, but the torture made him say, that he now perceived him to be a
+bad angel, since he was the cause of his misfortune. He was asked if
+<i>Zequiel</i> had told him that he would be arrested by the Inquisition; he
+replied that<a name="page_140" id="page_140"></a> he had told him of it several times, desiring him not to
+go to Cuença, because he would meet with a misfortune there, but that he
+thought he might disregard this advice. He also declared that there was
+no compact between them, and that every circumstance had passed as he
+had related it.</p>
+
+<p>The inquisitors considered all these details to be true; and after
+taking a new declaration from Torralba, they suspended his trial for the
+space of one year, from motives of compassion, and with the hope of
+seeing if this famous necromancer would be converted, and confess the
+compact and sorcery which he had constantly denied.</p>
+
+<p>A new witness recalled the memory of his dispute, and his doubts of the
+immortality of the soul, and the divinity of Jesus Christ, which caused
+another declaration of the Doctor in January, 1530. The council being
+informed of it, commanded the Inquisition to commission some pious and
+learned persons to endeavour to convert the accused. Francisco Antonio
+Barragan, prior of the Dominican Convent at Cuença, and Diego Manrique,
+a canon of the cathedral, undertook this task, and exhorted him
+vehemently. The prisoner replied that he sincerely repented of his
+faults, but that it was impossible for him to confess what he had not
+done, and that he could not follow the advice given him, to renounce all
+communication with <i>Zequiel</i> because the spirit was more powerful than
+he was; but he promised that he would not desire his presence, or
+consent to any of his propositions.</p>
+
+<p>On the 6th of March, 1531, Torralba was condemned to the usual
+abjuration of all heresies, and to suffer the punishment of imprisonment
+and the <i>San-benito</i> during the pleasure of the inquisitor-general; to
+hold no further communion with the spirit <i>Zequiel</i>, and never to attend
+to any of his propositions: these conditions were imposed on him for the
+safety of his conscience and the good of his soul.</p>
+
+<p>The inquisitor soon put an end to the punishment of Torralba,<a name="page_141" id="page_141"></a> in
+consideration, as he said, of all that he had suffered during an
+imprisonment of four years: but the true motive of the pardon granted to
+Torralba was the interest which the Admiral of Castile took in his fate;
+he retained him as his physician for several years after his judgment.</p>
+
+<p>The truth of the marvellous facts related by Torralba rests solely upon
+his confession, and the report of the witnesses whom he had induced to
+believe all that he had told them. Torralba cited none but deceased
+persons in eight declarations which he made, except Don Diego de Zuñiga.
+It was necessary to remark this to show the degree of confidence to be
+placed in some parts of his narration. It may be supposed that a great
+number of different accounts of this affair were spread, to which I
+attribute the additions and alterations in some circumstances which
+Louis Zapata introduced into his poem of <i>Carlos Famoso</i>, thirty years
+after the sentence passed on Torralba, and of those details which
+Cervantes eighty years later thought proper to put in the mouth of Don
+Quixote.</p>
+
+<p>I terminate, by this account of Doctor Torralba, the history of the
+administration of Cardinal Don Alphonso Manrique, Archbishop of Seville,
+who died in that city on the 28th of September, 1538, with the
+reputation of being a friend and benefactor to the poor. His charity and
+some other qualities worthy of his birth have gained him a place among
+the illustrious men of his age. He had several natural children before
+he entered into orders: Don Jerome Manrique is cited as having been most
+worthy of his father; he successively attained the dignities of
+Provincial Inquisitor, Counsellor of the <i>Supreme</i>, Bishop of Carthagena
+and Avila, president of the Chancery of Valladolid, and, lastly,
+Inquisitor-general.</p>
+
+<p>At the death of Don Alphonso Manrique, there were nineteen provincial
+tribunals; they were established at Seville, Cordova, Toledo,
+Valladolid, Murcia, Calahorra,<a name="page_142" id="page_142"></a> Estremadura, Saragossa, Valencia,
+Barcelona, Majorca, in the Canaries, at Cuença, in Navarre, Grenada,
+Sicily, Sardinia, in Tierra Firma, and the isles of the American Ocean.
+The Inquisition of Jaen had been united to that of Grenada.</p>
+
+<p>The Inquisition had afterwards three tribunals in America, at Mexico,
+Lima, and Carthagena. In the Indies they had been decreed but not
+organized.</p>
+
+<p>By omitting the tribunals of America, Sardinia, and Sicily, we shall
+find that there were fifteen in Spain, which respectively burnt,
+annually, about ten individuals in person, five in effigy, and subjected
+fifty to different penances: so that in all Spain one hundred and fifty
+persons were burnt every year; sixty-five in effigy, and seven hundred
+and fifty suffered different canonical penances, which, multiplied by
+the fifteen years of the administration of Manrique, shows that two
+thousand two hundred and fifty individuals were burnt, one thousand one
+hundred and twenty-five in effigy, and eleven thousand two hundred and
+fifty condemned to penances; in all, fourteen thousand, six hundred and
+twenty-five condemnations. This number scarcely deserves to be mentioned
+in comparison with those of preceding times; but still it appears
+enormous, particularly if the excessive abuse of the secret proceedings
+is considered.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVI" id="CHAPTER_XVI"></a>CHAPTER XVI.<br /><br />
+<small>OF THE TRIAL OF THE FALSE NUNCIO OF PORTUGAL, AND OTHER IMPORTANT EVENTS
+DURING THE TIME OF CARDINAL TABERA, SIXTH INQUISITOR-GENERAL.</small></h2>
+
+<h3><i>Quarrels of the Inquisition with the Court of Rome.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">Charles V. appointed Cardinal Don Juan Pardo de Tabera, Archbishop of
+Toledo, to succeed Cardinal Manrique,<a name="page_143" id="page_143"></a> in the office of
+inquisitor-general; his bulls of institution were expedited in September
+1539, and a month after he entered upon his office, so that the
+<i>Supreme</i> Council governed the Inquisition for the space of one year.</p>
+
+<p>It was under the inquisitor Tabera, that the congregation of the holy
+office was founded at Rome, on the 1st of April, 1543. It gave the title
+and privilege of inquisitors-general of the faith, for all the Christian
+world, to several cardinals; two of the number were Spaniards, Don Juan
+Alvarez de Toledo, Bishop of Burgos, a son of the Duke of Alva, and Don
+Thomas Badia, cardinal-priest of the title of St. Silvestre, and master
+of the sacred palace. These two cardinals were of the order of St.
+Dominic.</p>
+
+<p>This new creation alarmed the Inquisition of Spain for its supremacy;
+but the Pope formally declared that it was not his intention to alter
+anything that had been established, and the institution of the
+inquisitors-general would not interfere with the privileges of the other
+inquisitors. Yet the general Inquisition attempted several times to give
+laws to that of Spain, particularly in the prohibition of some writings
+which had been proscribed at Rome. The inquisitors-general wrote to
+those of Spain, to register the censure of the theologians, because they
+were to be looked upon as the most learned of the Catholic church, and
+because their opinion was supported by the confirmation of the supreme
+head of the church, whom the cardinals asserted to be infallible when he
+acted (as in this case) as sovereign pontiff. He approved and commanded
+the decrees of the congregation of cardinals, to be received and
+executed with submission.</p>
+
+<p>These pretensions of the Court of Rome did not inspire the inquisitors
+of Spain with any awe; they have always defended their privileges with
+so much vigour, that they often refused to execute the apostolical
+briefs, when they were contrary to the decisions they had made
+conjointly with the <i>Supreme</i> Council. We find examples of this
+resistance under<a name="page_144" id="page_144"></a> Urban VIII., in the condemnation of the works of the
+Jesuit, John Baptist Poza, which had been pronounced at Rome; and under
+Benedict XIV., when the inquisitor-general, Don Francis Perezdel Prado,
+Bishop of Teruel, refused to enter upon the <i>prohibitory index</i> the
+works of Cardinal Noris, in opposition to the request, and even the
+formal demand, of that great Pope.</p>
+
+<p>Although the inquisitors of Spain pretended that their authority was
+canonical and spiritual, and had been delegated to them by the sovereign
+pontiff, who is infallible when he pronounces <i>ex cathedrâ</i>, yet they
+always opposed this infallibility in fact, and refused to submit to his
+decrees, when contrary to their particular system. The inquisitors would
+have acted differently, if they had not been certain that by applying to
+the king and interesting his policy, they would force the royal
+authority to take a part in their quarrels, and oppose the measures of
+the pontiff, who, if they had not possessed that powerful support, would
+have treated them as rebels, and degraded them to the rank of simple
+priests by depriving them of their employments.</p>
+
+<h3><i>History of the Viceroys of Sicily and Catalonia.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">In 1535, Charles V. had deprived the Inquisition of the right of
+exercising the royal jurisdiction, and it was not restored to them till
+1545; consequently, in 1543, they had not the privilege of trying their
+officers, familiars, or other secular attendants of the holy office, for
+matters not relating to religion. This royal decree was known to the
+Captain-general of Catalonia, Don Pedro Cardona, when he commenced
+proceedings against the gaoler, a familiar and a servant of the
+grand-serjeant of the Inquisition of Barcelona, for carrying arms, which
+was prohibited in his government.</p>
+
+<p>The inquisitors of Barcelona had become insolent, from having always
+prevailed in affairs of this nature, and they<a name="page_145" id="page_145"></a> instituted proceedings
+against Don Pedro Cardona, as a rebel against the holy office; without
+respecting his high situations of captain-general, and military governor
+of the province, or the rank and name of his illustrious family. Being
+informed that the emperor was only nine leagues from Barcelona, they
+denounced the act of his lieutenant to him, and represented, through
+Cardinal Tabera, that if Cardona was not condemned to make a public
+reparation, the people would lose all respect for the Inquisition, and
+an incalculable injury be done to the Catholic religion throughout the
+kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>The emperor, blinded by fanaticism, not only favoured the inquisitors
+against all justice, and in contempt of his own ordinance of 1535; but
+he wrote to Cardona, that the interests of the faith required that he
+should submit to receive the absolution <i>ad cautelam</i>. This order deeply
+afflicted Don Pedro, but he resolved to obey his master, and demanded
+absolution. The inquisitors, to render their triumph greater, celebrated
+an <i>auto-da-fé</i>, in the cathedral of Barcelona, where Cardona was
+compelled to attend, standing without a sword, and with a taper in his
+hand, during the celebration of mass, and the ceremony of his
+absolution.</p>
+
+<p>Charles V. had also deprived the Inquisition of Sicily of the royal
+jurisdiction, for the space of five years, and afterwards prolonged it
+to ten; but the inquisitors represented, through Cardinal Tabera, that
+the inconveniences arising from this measure were so great, that Don
+Ferdinand Gonzaga, Prince de Malfeta, the viceroy and captain-general of
+the island, was informed that the suspension was to be revoked at the
+expiration of the tenth year, without a particular order. The Marquis de
+Terranova had been viceroy and governor-general; he was constable and
+admiral of Naples, a grandee of Spain of the first class, and related to
+the emperor through the house of Aragon. Two familiars of the
+Inquisition had been taken before the civil tribunal, by his orders, for
+some crimes which they had committed.<a name="page_146" id="page_146"></a> Philip of Austria, Prince of
+Asturias, the eldest son of Charles V., then aged sixteen, governed the
+Spanish dominions during the absence of his father; and as he was not
+less superstitious, his conduct towards the Marquis de Terranova was the
+same as that of the emperor to Don Pedro Cardona. I consider it
+necessary to give the letter of the Prince to the Marquis de Terranova;
+it was as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I, the Prince, Honourable marquis, admiral and constable, our dear
+counsellor: you know what happened when you commanded two familiars of
+the holy office to be whipped (while you were governor of this kingdom,
+and not well informed of the affair). So great a contempt for that holy
+tribunal has been the result, that it has been impossible for it to
+command anything with the success which it formerly obtained. On the
+contrary, several persons of this kingdom have presumed to insult and
+use violence towards the officers of the Inquisition, and to prevent and
+disturb them in the exercise of their office, according to the
+complaints and informations which we have received on this affair. The
+reverend Cardinal of Toledo, inquisitor-general, and the members of the
+council of the general Inquisition, have deliberated with his majesty,
+and it has been found proper and convenient that you should do penance
+for the fault you have committed; saying that it should be gentle and
+moderate, in consideration of the services you have rendered his
+majesty. In consequence, the inquisitor-general and the council, guided
+by their esteem for your person, have commanded the inquisitor Gongora
+to speak to you, and represent your fault, that you may accomplish the
+penance imposed, which (according to the nature of the fact, and the
+evil which has been the result) ought to have been much more severe, as
+you will learn from what the inquisitors have been commanded to say to
+you. As to the rest, this has only been decreed for the glory of God,
+the honour of the holy office, and the good of your conscience. We
+require and charge you, for the sake of the<a name="page_147" id="page_147"></a> good example which you owe
+to others, to accept and accomplish this penance, with the submission
+which is due to the church, and without waiting to be compelled by means
+of excommunication and ecclesiastical censures; the submission which we
+ask of you will not affect your honour, but will be profitable to you in
+freeing you from all inquietude and vexation; it is approved by his
+majesty, will give us pleasure, and we undertake to treat you in all
+that concerns you with the favour that we have used towards you, and
+which we will show whenever there is an opportunity. Given at
+Valladolid, 15th December, 1543. I, the Prince." This letter is marked
+by several members of the council, and countersigned <i>Juan Garcia,
+pro-secretary</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The silence which is observed on the nature of the penance imposed on
+the viceroy is remarkable; but whatever gentleness and moderation was
+affected, it was the same as that of Don Pedro Cordona. The only
+difference to be observed was, that it did not take place in the
+cathedral, but in the church of the Dominican convent; it was also
+thought necessary, by way of compensation, to prevent the Marquis from
+kneeling, except during the elevation of the host, that he might be more
+exposed to the sight of the people, and to condemn him to pay an hundred
+ducats to the familiars whom he had punished.</p>
+
+<h3><i>History of the False Nuncio of the Pope in Portugal.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">The history of the quarrels of the Inquisition with the royal authority
+affords another conflict of jurisdiction. I speak of the affair of the
+famous Juan Perez de Saavedra mentioned in histories, romances, and
+dramatic pieces, under the name of <i>the False Nuncio of Portugal</i>, and
+who generally passes for the founder of the Inquisition in that kingdom.
+The critic Feijoo has supposed that the history of this affair was
+fabulous. The narration of Saavedra, which<a name="page_148" id="page_148"></a> Feijoo quotes, contains
+fables, but it also contains truths belonging to the history of the
+Inquisition. It is necessary to enter into the details of this history:
+I shall first relate the facts according to the narrative which Saavedra
+wrote for the Cardinal Espinosa in 1567; I shall afterwards establish
+the truth on some points which that impostor contrived to obscure.</p>
+
+<p>Juan Perez de Saavedra was born at Cordova. His father was a captain in
+a regiment of infantry, and a perpetual member of the municipality of
+that city, from a privilege acquired by his family; his mother, Anne de
+Guzman, was descended from a family as noble as that of her husband.
+Saavedra, who was possessed of great talents and information, employed
+himself for some time in forging apostolical bulls, royal ordinances,
+regulations of councils and tribunals, letters of change, and the
+signatures of a great number of persons: he imitated them so perfectly,
+that he made use of them without exciting any doubts of their
+authenticity, and passed for a knight commander of the military order of
+St. Jago, and received the salary, which was three thousand ducats, for
+the space of a year and a half. In a short time, by means of the royal
+orders which he counterfeited, he acquired three hundred and sixty
+thousand ducats, and the secret of this great fortune would never have
+been revealed (as he expresses himself in his confession) <i>if he had not
+clothed himself in scarlet</i>, that is, if he had not taken it into his
+head to feign himself a cardinal, in order to exercise the functions of
+a legate <i>à latere</i>.</p>
+
+<p>He says, that being in the kingdom of Algarves, a short time after the
+institution of the Jesuits had been confirmed by Paul III., a priest of
+that society arrived in the country, furnished with an apostolical
+brief, which authorized him to found a college of the order in the
+kingdom of Portugal; that having heard him preach on St. Andrew's Day,
+he was so pleased with him, that he invited him to dinner, and kept<a name="page_149" id="page_149"></a> him
+several days in his house. The jesuit, having discovered his talent
+during this period, expressed a wish to have a <i>fac-simile</i> of his
+brief, containing an eulogy on the Society of Jesus. He performed this
+task with so much success, that the brief might have been taken for the
+original; and they at last agreed that, to complete the good which would
+accrue to Portugal from the establishment of the Society of Jesus, it
+would be proper to introduce the Inquisition on the same plan as that of
+Spain. Saavedra then went to Tabilla, a town in the same province,
+where, with the assistance of the jesuit, he made the apostolical bull
+which was necessary for their purpose, and forged letters from Charles
+V. and Prince Philip his son, to the King of Portugal, John III. This
+bull was supposed to have been sent to Saavedra, as legate, to establish
+the Inquisition in Portugal, if the king consented.</p>
+
+<p>Saavedra afterwards passed the frontier, and went to Ayamonte, in the
+kingdom of Seville. The Provincial and Franciscan monks of Andalusia had
+lately arrived there from Rome. Saavedra thought he would try if the
+bull would pass as authentic: he told the Provincial that some
+individual going to Portugal had dropped a parchment on the road, which
+he showed him, and begged to know if it was of importance, as, in that
+case, he would lose no time in restoring it to the person who had
+dropped it. The Provincial took the parchment for an original writing
+and true bull; he made the contents known to Saavedra, and expatiated on
+the advantages which Portugal would derive from it.</p>
+
+<p>Saavedra went to Seville, and took into his service two confidants, one
+of whom was to be his secretary, the other his major-domo; he bought
+litters and silver-plate, and adopted the dress of a Roman cardinal; he
+sent his confidants to Cordova and Grenada to hire servants, and
+commanded them to go with his suite to Badajoz, where they<a name="page_150" id="page_150"></a> gave out
+that they were the familiars of a Cardinal from Rome, who would pass
+through the city in his way to Portugal, to establish the Inquisition by
+the order of the Pope; they also announced that he would soon arrive, as
+he travelled post.</p>
+
+<p>At the appointed time Saavedra appeared at Badajoz, where his servants
+publicly kissed his hand as the Pope's Legate. He left Badajoz for
+Seville, where he was received into the archiepiscopal palace of
+Cardinal Loaisa, who resided at Madrid in the quality of apostolical
+commissary-general of the holy crusade. He received the greatest marks
+of respect and devotion from Don Juan Fernandez de Temiño, the
+vicar-general. He remained eighteen days in this city, and during that
+time obtained, by false obligations, the sum of eleven hundred and
+thirty ducats from the heirs of the Marquis de Tarifa. He afterwards
+took the road to Llerena (where the Inquisition of Estremadura had been
+established), after going to different towns in the province; he was
+lodged in part of the buildings of the Inquisition, which was then
+occupied by the Inquisitors Don Pedro Alvarez Becerra and Don Louis de
+Cardenas, to whom he said that he meant to visit the Inquisition of
+Llerena in his quality of legate; and, after having fulfilled that part
+of his mission, he should proceed to Portugal, where he should establish
+the holy office on the plan of that of Spain.</p>
+
+<p>Saavedra then returned to Badajoz, from whence he sent his secretary to
+Lisbon with his bulls and papers, that the court being informed of his
+arrival, might prepare to receive him. The mission of this agent caused
+great doubts and agitation at the court, where such a novelty was little
+expected: nevertheless, the king sent a nobleman to the frontier to
+receive the Cardinal Legate, who made his entry into Lisbon, where he
+passed three months, and was treated with every mark of respect: he then
+undertook a long journey into different parts of the kingdom, going over
+the<a name="page_151" id="page_151"></a> dioceses, and taking a detailed account of them; it would have been
+difficult to discover the aim of his apostolical solicitude, if some
+unforeseen circumstances had not put an end to his imposture.</p>
+
+<p>The Inquisition of Spain discovered this intrigue through the address of
+Cardinal Tabera, who shared the cares of government with the Prince of
+Asturias, at the time when Charles V. was absent in France. In
+consequence of the measures concerted between the cardinal and the
+Marquis de Villaneuva de Barcarrota, the governor of Badajoz, Saavedra
+was arrested at Nieva de Guadiana in the Portuguese territory, on the
+23rd of January, 1541, where he was at table with the curate of the
+village, who had entreated that he would do him the honour of visiting
+his parish, as he had the others in the diocese. This request was only a
+snare, in order to arrest the impostor with more safety.</p>
+
+<p>Saavedra says that, when he was arrested, three treasures which he had
+with him were seized; one of twenty thousand ducats, the produce of the
+fines of the condemned, destined for the holy office; the second of a
+hundred and fifty thousand ducats, which, he said, he intended to apply
+to the use of the church, and other good works; the third of ninety
+thousand ducats, which belonged to himself. Saavedra was taken to Madrid
+by the order of the procurator-general of the kingdom, and there
+imprisoned. The alcaldes of the court went to him, and received his
+declaration, which was necessary to the trial. The tribunal of the
+Inquisition had not then been established at Madrid, which was subject
+to that of Toledo. The inquisitors pretended that this affair ought to
+come before them, because it was to be presumed that the prisoner had
+renounced the Catholic religion, from the fictions which he had invented
+to procure money; as if Catholics did not commit greater crimes every
+day!</p>
+
+<p>As the inquisitor-general was the lieutenant of the prince, the holy
+office was sure to prevail. Tabera, wishing to satisfy<a name="page_152" id="page_152"></a> both parties,
+decreed that the alcaldes should remain in possession of the person of
+Saavedra, and proceed against him for his exactions, forgeries, and
+other political crimes, and that the holy office should take cognizance
+of the crimes against the faith which he had been guilty of, under the
+title of a cardinal.</p>
+
+<p>The inquisitor reflected that Saavedra was a man of great talent, and
+that he therefore should be treated with moderation; besides that, he
+had always conducted himself like a real judge, except that he only
+condemned the accused to pay fines.</p>
+
+<p>Saavedra declared that these reasons made the inquisitor-general wish to
+be personally acquainted with him; that he caused him to be brought
+before him, heard him with interest, and offered to protect him,
+promising to give him for a judge any one that he named: that he then
+expressed a wish to be judged by Doctor Arias, inquisitor at Llerena;
+this was granted, and caused great murmurs against the cardinal and the
+court at Madrid, where it was whispered that Tabera had appropriated the
+ninety thousand ducats which had been taken from Saavedra: that Doctor
+Arias condemned him to serve ten years in the king's galleys; that,
+after a detention of two years, the alcaldes of Madrid pronounced his
+definitive sentence, one of the principal parts of which was, that after
+having fulfilled the inquisitorial sentence, he could not be set at
+liberty, or quit the galleys without the permission of his majesty, on
+pain of death; that he was sent to the galleys in 1544; that in 1554,
+although the period of his punishment had expired, he could not obtain
+his liberty: then, persuaded that his affair depended more on the
+Inquisition than the alcaldes of the court, he endeavoured to interest
+the Pope in his fate, representing that he had done several things
+extremely useful to religion and the state, in the exercise of his false
+legation; that Paul IV. sent him a brief, which was addressed to the
+inquisitor-general Don Ferdinand Valdes,<a name="page_153" id="page_153"></a> whom his holiness charged to
+obtain Saavedra's liberty; that he received this brief when the king's
+galleys were in the port of St. Mary; that he immediately forwarded it
+to the bishop coadjutor of Seville, and he sent it to the
+inquisitor-general, who was his archbishop. Valdes having communicated
+the affair to Philip II., that prince gave orders that Saavedra should
+be set at liberty, that he might immediately repair to court. Saavedra
+arrived there in 1562, after having passed nineteen years in the
+galleys. He was presented to the king, who desired to hear his history
+from his own lips, and to have it in writing; while Saavedra related it
+to the king, Antonio Perez wrote down the singular events of his life:
+lastly, Saavedra himself wrote it in 1567, for the inquisitor-general,
+Don Diego Espinosa.</p>
+
+<p>The history of Saavedra has furnished the subject for a Spanish comedy,
+entitled the "<i>False Nuncio of Portugal</i>," in which not only all the
+unities of time, place, and action are wanting, but the rule which only
+admits probable events is infringed; but this ought not to surprise in
+poets, since the hero himself has taken the same liberty in the
+narrative which he composed for the amusement of Cardinal Espinosa. It
+is certain that he was imprisoned on the 25th of January, 1541, as he
+states in his history. But this point, so well established, proves that
+he imposed in other circumstances; for example, if what he relates of
+the Jesuit in Algarves is true, it could not have happened until the
+year 1540, because Paul III. only expedited his bull of approval for the
+<i>Society of Jesus</i>, on the 27th of September, 1540; now the sermon
+preached by the Jesuit on St. Andrew's day corresponds with the 30th of
+November in the same year, that is, on the fifty-second day before his
+imprisonment; this interval would not be sufficient for his journeys to
+Ayamonte, Llerena, Seville, Badajoz, and in Portugal. Thus Saavedra did
+not speak truth, either in stating the period of his appearing to the
+world as a Cardinal, and the motives which<a name="page_154" id="page_154"></a> induced him to enter into
+the intrigue with the Jesuit; or when he said that he sustained his part
+for three months at Lisbon, and during three months which he employed in
+visiting different towns in the kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>Besides, the number and names of the disciples of St. Ignatius were
+known at that period; and it is certain that before the bull of
+approbation was obtained, the founder of the order had appointed St.
+Francis Xavier and Simon Rodriguez, a Portuguese, to preach in Portugal;
+and that these monks left Rome on the 15th of March, 1540, with the
+Portuguese ambassador; that on their arrival at Lisbon, John III. wished
+to receive them into his palace; that they refused that honour, and
+lodged in the hospital; that St. Francis Xavier embarked for the East
+Indies, with the new governor, on the 8th of April, 1541, and that
+Rodriguez remained in Portugal to preach, as he had already done, to the
+great satisfaction of the inhabitants, who had a high opinion of his
+virtues: these circumstances render it improbable that the Jesuit would
+ask for a forged brief, and enter into an intrigue with a layman.</p>
+
+<p>Saavedra says, that the court of Lisbon was disturbed at the news of the
+arrival of a nuncio in Portugal. This would not be extraordinary, as
+neither the Pope nor any other person had written to the court on the
+subject, and as the Pope had appointed Don Henry, archbishop of Braga,
+the king's brother, inquisitor-general in the preceding year. But if the
+arrival of the legate caused so much surprise, it was natural that the
+king should write to the Pope, whose answer would have arrived two
+months afterwards, and Saavedra would have been detected before the end
+of the third month, and thus there would have been no necessity for the
+king of Spain to arrest him.</p>
+
+<p>It is not more certain that Saavedra established the Inquisition in
+Portugal. The expulsion of the Jews took place in 1492; many of them
+retired to Portugal: among them<a name="page_155" id="page_155"></a> were some that had been baptized, and
+John II. consented to receive them into his states, if they would behave
+like faithful Christians. King Manuel ordered them to quit the kingdom,
+and to leave all their children under the age of fourteen, who were to
+be made Christians; they offered to receive baptism, if the king would
+promise not to establish the Inquisition for twenty years; the king
+granted their request, and also that the names of the witnesses should
+be communicated to them, if they were accused of heresy after that
+period, besides the power of bequeathing their effects if they were
+condemned. In 1507, Manuel confirmed these privileges, prolonging the
+first twenty years, and rendering the others perpetual: in 1520, John
+renewed the first concession for another twenty years.</p>
+
+<p>Clement VII., being informed that the baptized Jews in Portugal did not
+show much attachment to the Christian religion, and that the Protestant
+and Lutheran heresies made great progress in the kingdom, appointed
+Brother Diego de Silva inquisitor for that country. He attempted to
+exercise his functions, but the new Christians claimed their rights,
+which were to last for several years; a trial was the result of this
+opposition. Clement VII. died, and his successor, Paul III., granted to
+the New Christians a privilege which they could not obtain in Portugal;
+that they might confide, to persons chosen by themselves, their defence
+before the prince of the sense to be given to the dispositions of their
+privileges, which had been interpreted to their prejudice. In the same
+year, the Pope granted them a pardon for all that had passed.</p>
+
+<p>The king afterwards represented that the converted Jews abused their
+privileges, some returning to Judaism, and others adopting the errors of
+the Protestants. This circumstance induced the Pontiff to publish
+another bull on the 25th of March, 1536, which is considered as the
+foundation of the Inquisition in Portugal. The Pope appointed as
+inquisitors,<a name="page_156" id="page_156"></a> the Bishops of Coïmbra, Lamego, and Ceuta; and decreed at
+the same time, that another bishop or priest of the king's nomination
+should be associated with them. The Pope granted to each inquisitor the
+power of proceeding against heretics and their adherents, in concert
+with the diocesan in ordinary, or alone, if he refused to assist; they
+were likewise obliged for the first three years, in the proceedings
+against heretics, to conform to the manner of proceeding in cases of
+theft or homicide, and after that period to the rules of common law; the
+practice of confiscation was abolished, and the heirs of the condemned
+could inherit as if he died intestate. Lastly, the Pope commanded that a
+sufficient number of tribunals should be instituted, for the execution
+of these measures<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>. The king appointed Don Diego de Silva, bishop of
+Ceuta, first inquisitor-general.</p>
+
+<p>Such was the origin of the Inquisition in Portugal, four years before
+Saavedra arrived in that country. In 1539, the Pope appointed Don Henry,
+archbishop of Braga, to succeed the first inquisitor-general. The third
+grand inquisitor was Don George de Almeida, archbishop of Lisbon.</p>
+
+<p>All that I have now stated is taken from authentic documents. I conclude
+from them that Juan Perez de Saavedra forged his brief of cardinal <i>à
+latere</i>, presented it in December, 1540, and succeeded in concealing his
+forgery; that what he related of the Jesuit was not true, or happened
+differently; that seeing the Inquisition established in a manner
+contrary to his opinions, he insinuated that it would be better to take
+that of Spain as a model, which was well known to the inquisitors of
+Llerena, and that he would visit the different parts of the kingdom to
+facilitate this design; that he travelled through part of the kingdom in
+the month of December, and continued his journeys in January in the
+following year, when he was arrested, before the court of Lisbon
+received information<a name="page_157" id="page_157"></a> of his imposture. I have no doubt that Saavedra
+amassed great sums, but I am far from thinking that they were as
+considerable as he affirmed them to be.</p>
+
+<p>Cardinal Tabera, sixth inquisitor-general, died on the 1st of August,
+1545: at his death the number of tribunals was the same as when he was
+placed at the head of the Inquisition: he had re-established that of
+Jaen, but the tribunal of Navarre was united with that of Calahorra.</p>
+
+<p>The number of victims, calculated as it was for the time of Manrique,
+affords, for the seven years of Cardinal Tabera's ministry, seven
+thousand seven hundred and twenty individuals condemned and punished;
+eight hundred and forty were burnt in person, four hundred and twenty in
+effigy; the rest, in number five thousand, four hundred, and sixty, were
+subjected to different penances. I firmly believe that the number was
+much more considerable; but faithful to my system of impartiality, I
+have stated the most moderate calculation.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVII" id="CHAPTER_XVII"></a>CHAPTER XVII.<br /><br />
+<small>OF THE INQUISITIONS OF NAPLES, SICILY, AND MALTA, AND OF THE EVENTS OF
+THE TIME OF CARDINAL LOAISA, SEVENTH INQUISITOR-GENERAL.</small></h2>
+
+<h3><i>Naples.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">Charles V. appointed, to succeed Cardinal Pardo de Tabera, Cardinal Don
+Garcia de Loaisa, Archbishop of Seville, who was the seventh
+inquisitor-general. This prelate had arrived at a great age, since he
+had signed different ordinances of the Supreme Council in 1517. He had
+been the confessor of Charles V., prior-general of the order of St.
+Dominic, Bishop of Osma and Siguenza, and apostolical commissary of the
+Holy Crusade. The Court of Rome expedited<a name="page_158" id="page_158"></a> his bulls of confirmation on
+the 18th of February, 1546, and he died on the 22nd of April, in the
+same year.</p>
+
+<p>In 1546, Charles V. resolved to establish the Inquisition at Naples,
+although his grandfather had failed in the attempt in 1504 and 1510. He
+commissioned his viceroy, Don Pedro de Toledo, Marquis of Villa Franca
+del Bierzo, to select inquisitors and officers from among the
+inhabitants, to send to the government a list of the persons chosen, and
+all the necessary documents, that the inquisitor-general might be able
+to delegate the necessary powers to the new inquisitors: when these
+measures had been taken, the tribunal was to be established with all the
+forms of the inquisitorial jurisdiction.</p>
+
+<p>Frederic Munter, professor of theology in the literary academy at
+Copenhagen, has supposed that the intrigues of Don Pedro de Toledo were
+the causes of the introduction of the Inquisition; but he was not able
+to consult the original documents, which are now in my hands, and this
+impossibility was the cause of his errors in his history of the Sicilian
+Inquisition.</p>
+
+<p>The efforts of Charles V., to establish the Inquisition at Naples, arose
+from the progress which Lutheranism made in Germany, and his fear that
+it would penetrate into other countries. His inclinations were fostered
+by Cardinal Loaisa, and the councillors of the Inquisition: the only
+part that Don Pedro took in this affair, was, that he was the first
+person to whom the emperor confided his intentions, and the only one who
+had sufficient wisdom to advise his master to relinquish his designs,
+when he found the evil they would cause. The orders of the emperor were
+executed without meeting any opposition; but scarcely was it known that
+some persons had been arrested by the new Inquisition, than the people
+rebelled, crying, "<i>Long live the Emperor! Perish the Inquisition!</i>" The
+Neapolitans flew to arms, they compelled the Spanish troops to retire to
+the fortresses, and Charles V. was obliged to abandon his enterprise.<a name="page_159" id="page_159"></a></p>
+
+<p>It is worthy of remark, that Paul III. openly protected the Neapolitan
+rebels; being displeased that the Inquisition of Naples should depend on
+that of Spain, he complained that his predecessors, Innocent VIII.,
+Alexander VI., and Julius II., had done much evil in not making the
+inquisitors entirely dependant on the Popes, and in allowing an
+intermediate authority, which rendered that of the holy see of no
+effect.</p>
+
+<p>Paul III., without communicating these motives to the Neapolitans, told
+them that they were right in resisting the will of their master, since
+the Spanish Inquisition was extremely severe, and did not follow the
+example of that of Rome, which had been established three years, and of
+which no complaints had been made.</p>
+
+<p>In 1563, Philip II. attempted to introduce his favourite tribunal at
+Naples, but the inhabitants had recourse to their usual method, and the
+despot was obliged to yield.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Sicily and Malta.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">The holy office of Sicily triumphed in the same year still more
+completely than it had done in 1543. In 1500, Ferdinand V. endeavoured
+to establish the Spanish Inquisition in that kingdom, after having
+suppressed that of the Pope's, which was confided to the monks of St.
+Dominic; but all his efforts failed, until the year 1503. In 1520,
+Charles V. wrote to the Pope to request that he would not admit any
+appeals from persons condemned by the Sicilian Inquisition, because they
+could apply for that purpose to the inquisitor-general of Spain, in
+virtue of apostolical concessions granted by his predecessors, and
+confirmed by himself.</p>
+
+<p>This proceeding, and the particular favour which the emperor bestowed on
+the holy office, singularly increased the pride of the inquisitors, and
+their audacity in abusing the secrecy of their trials. But the hatred of
+the people for the<a name="page_160" id="page_160"></a> Inquisition, and their rebellion in 1535, compelled
+Charles V. to revoke the privileges which he had granted, and deprive it
+of the royal jurisdiction for five years.</p>
+
+<p>This measure humiliated the inquisitors, but they contrived to
+re-establish their authority in 1538, when the inquisitor Don Arnauld
+Albertius was viceroy <i>ad interim</i>: his presence emboldened them to
+persecute all who offended them; but their despotism was not of long
+duration. The viceroy returned to Sicily; and finding that the aversion
+of the inhabitants for the Inquisition was still the same, he
+communicated it to the emperor, who, as an indispensable measure,
+prolonged the suspension of their privileges for a fresh term of five
+years. The aversion inspired by the holy office was not without a cause,
+as will be seen in the following affair, which happened in 1532.</p>
+
+<p>Antonio Napoles, a rich inhabitant of the island, had been thrown into
+the secret prisons of the Inquisition: Francis Napoles, his son, applied
+to the Pope, and described this act of authority as the result of a
+miserable intrigue of some men of the lowest class, of whom the
+inquisitors had been the dupes, and had granted them a degree of
+confidence which nothing could justify, since his father had acted like
+a good Catholic from his infancy. He represented that the dean of the
+inquisitors had leagued with his father's enemies, and detained him in
+prison five months, to the scandal and discontent of the inhabitants of
+Palermo, and without affording him any means of defence; Francis
+entreated his holiness not to allow the inquisitor to judge his father.
+The Pope referred the affair to his commissioners in Sicily, Don Thomas
+Guerrero and Don Sebastian Martinez. Scarcely had the inquisitors of
+Madrid received information of this event, than they pressed the emperor
+and Cardinal Manrique to write to the Pope, and represent to him that
+the existence of this commission destroyed the privileges of the Spanish
+Inquisition, on which that of Sicily depended. The weak<a name="page_161" id="page_161"></a> Clement VII.
+hastened to suppress the commission, and caused Guerrero to send all the
+writings of the process to the Spanish inquisitor-general. He appointed
+Doctor Don Augustin Camargo, inquisitor of Sicily, to continue the
+trial, or in his place any other inquisitor, so that Antonio Napoles
+fell into the hands of his enemy. He was condemned as an heretic, his
+property confiscated, (although he was admitted to reconciliation,) and
+to be imprisoned for life. What can justify the conduct of the Pope, the
+cardinal, and the judges?</p>
+
+<p>The inquisitors of Sicily depended on the protection of the court of
+Madrid, and supposed, that when all fear of rebellion had ceased, their
+privileges would be restored: this was really the case; the emperor, in
+1543, signed a royal ordinance, which annulled the suspension at the end
+of the tenth year. This event inspired the inquisitors with the boldness
+to signify to the Marquis de Terranova, that he must accomplish the
+penance to which he had been condemned.</p>
+
+<p>An act appeared on the 16th of June, 1546, renewing the former
+concessions, and granting new ones. The Inquisition resolved to
+celebrate its victory; a solemn <i>auto-da-fé</i> was celebrated, in which
+four contumacious persons were burnt in effigy. Similar ceremonies took
+place in 1549 and 1551. The inquisitors now became as insolent as
+formerly, treated the Sicilians of all classes with so much severity,
+that a new sedition was excited in Palermo against the holy office, at
+the time when the edict <i>of the faith</i> was about to be published. The
+viceroy succeeded in restoring tranquillity, and the inquisitors
+appeared more moderate, at least while they were under the influence of
+fear, and instead of the solemn <i>autos-da-fé</i> which had caused so much
+indignation, satisfied themselves with celebrating them, from time to
+time, privately in the hall of the tribunal; but in 1569 they ordained
+one which was general, and gave rise to a circumstance which deserves to
+be recorded.<a name="page_162" id="page_162"></a></p>
+
+<p>Among the prisoners of the Inquisition, was an unfortunate creature who
+had inspired the Marchioness of Pescari, the wife of the viceroy, with
+some interest. The inquisitors, thinking it necessary to conciliate the
+first magistrate of the island, remitted his punishment at the request
+of the marchioness, but at the same time informed the inquisitor-general
+of the circumstance, to avoid all reproach. The Supreme Council having
+deliberated on the affair, addressed a severe reprimand to the
+inquisitors, for having assumed a right which they did not possess,
+<i>because, in affairs of that nature, intercession could not be
+admitted</i>.</p>
+
+<p>When the island of Malta belonged to the Spanish monarchy, it was
+subject to the Inquisition of Sicily; but when it was given to the
+knights of St. John of Jerusalem, it would have been contrary to the
+dignity of the grand-master to permit the exercise of foreign
+jurisdiction in it, after having received that of ecclesiastical power
+from the Pope.</p>
+
+<p>A man was arrested in the island as an heretic, and the Inquisition of
+Sicily took informations on the affair. The grand-master wrote to demand
+them; the inquisitors consulted the council, which directed them, in
+1575, not only to refuse them, but to claim the prisoner. The
+grand-master, resolved to defend his privileges, caused the man to be
+tried in the island, and he was acquitted. This act displeased the
+inquisitors, who, to revenge themselves, took advantage of an occurrence
+which took place in the following year.</p>
+
+<p>Don Pedro de la Roca, a Spaniard, and a knight of Malta, killed the
+first alguazil of the Sicilian Inquisition in the city of Messina. He
+was arrested and conducted to the secret prisons of the holy office. The
+grand-master claimed his knight, as he alone had a right to try him. The
+council being consulted, commanded the inquisitors to condemn and punish
+the accused as an homicide. The inquisitor-general communicated this
+resolution to Philip II., who wrote to the grand-master to terminate the
+dispute.<a name="page_163" id="page_163"></a></p>
+
+<p>The quarrels between the secular powers and the Inquisition were not
+less violent in Sicily: in 1580 and 1597 attempts were made to appease
+them, but without success; and in 1606 the Sicilians had the
+mortification of seeing their viceroy, the Duke de Frias, constable of
+Castile, prosecuted and subjected to their censures.</p>
+
+<p>In 1592 the Duke of Alva, who was then viceroy, endeavoured by indirect
+means to repress the insolence of the inquisitors. Perceiving that the
+nobility of all classes were enrolled among the <i>familiars</i> of the holy
+office, in order to enjoy its privileges, and to keep the people in
+greater order, he represented to the king that the power of the
+sovereign and the authority of his lieutenant were almost null, and
+would be entirely so in time, if these different classes continued to
+enjoy privileges which had the effect of neutralizing the measures of
+government. Charles II. acknowledged that this state of things was
+contrary to the dignity of his crown; and he decreed that no person
+employed by the king should possess those prerogatives, even if he was a
+<i>familiar</i> or officer of the Inquisition. The people then began to feel
+less respect for the tribunal; and this was the commencement of its
+decline.</p>
+
+<p>In 1713, Sicily no longer formed a part of the Spanish dominions, and
+Charles de Bourbon in 1739 obtained a bull, which created an
+inquisitor-general for that country, independent of Spain; and in 1782,
+Ferdinand IV., who succeeded Charles, suppressed this odious tribunal.
+During the two hundred and seventy-nine years of its existence, the
+solemn and general <i>autos-da-fé</i> were celebrated of which Munter speaks,
+and several others which were performed in the hall of the tribunal.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1546, which corresponds with the administration of Cardinal
+Loaisa, the number of condemned in the fifteen Spanish tribunals
+amounted to seven hundred and eighty individuals.<a name="page_164" id="page_164"></a></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVIII" id="CHAPTER_XVIII"></a>CHAPTER XVIII.<br /><br />
+<small>OF IMPORTANT EVENTS DURING THE FIRST YEARS OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE
+EIGHTH INQUISITOR-GENERAL; RELIGION OF CHARLES V. DURING THE LAST YEARS
+OF HIS LIFE.</small></h2>
+
+<h3><i>Trials during the first years of the ministry of Valdés.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">Don Ferdinand Valdes was the successor of Cardinal Loaisa in the
+archbishopric of Seville, and the office of inquisitor-general. At the
+time of his appointment he was bishop of Siguenza, and president of the
+royal Council of Castile, after having been successively a member of the
+grand College of St. Bartholomew de Salamanca, of the Council of
+Administration for the archbishopric of Toledo, for the Cardinal Ximenez
+de Cisneros, visitor of the Inquisition of Cuença and of the Royal
+Council of Navarre, a member of the Council of State, canon of the
+metropolitan church of Santiago de Galicia, counsellor of the Supreme
+Inquisition, bishop of Elna, Orensa, Oviedo and Leon, and president of
+the Royal Chancery of Valladolid. So many honours could not render him
+insensible to the mortification of not being a cardinal like his
+predecessors, and of seeing Bartholomew Carranza elevated to the see of
+Toledo. This was the true cause of his cruel persecution of Carranza.</p>
+
+<p>The Pope approved the nomination of Valdés in January, 1547, and he took
+possession of his office in the following month. Valdés displayed an
+almost sanguinary disposition during his administration. It led him to
+demand from the Pope the power of condemning Lutherans to be burnt, even
+though they had not relapsed, and had desired to be reconciled. I shall
+here make known the most illustrious of the victims sacrificed before
+the abdication of Charles V., as it is<a name="page_165" id="page_165"></a> necessary to make a separate
+article for the events of that nature under the reign of Philip II.</p>
+
+<p>Among the condemned persons who appeared in the <i>auto-da-fé</i> of Seville
+in 1552, was Juan Gil, a native of Olvera, in Aragon, and a canon in the
+metropolitan church of that city; he is better known by the name of
+Doctor <i>Egidius</i>. He was first condemned, as violently suspected, to
+abjure the Lutheran heresy, and to be subjected to a penance; but four
+years after his death, in 1556, he was condemned, and, as having
+relapsed, his body was disinterred, and burnt with his effigy; his
+memory was declared infamous, and his property confiscated, for having
+died as a Lutheran. Raymond Gonzales de Montes was his companion in
+prison, but succeeded in escaping, and was burnt in effigy. In a work
+written on the Spanish Inquisition, he has introduced several
+particulars relating to the life of <i>Juan Gil</i>. He informs us that
+Egidius studied theology at Alcala de Henares, and there obtained the
+title of Doctor. He acquired so great a reputation, that he was compared
+to Peter Lombard, to St. Thomas d'Aquinas, to John Scott, and other
+theologians of the greatest merit. His talents induced the chapter of
+Seville to offer him unanimously the office of preacher to the
+cathedral. Egidius had very little talent for preaching, and the canons
+soon repented of having appointed him.</p>
+
+<p>Rodrigo de Valero told Egidius that the books from which he derived his
+knowledge were worth nothing, and that his preaching would never be
+admired, if he did not study the Bible. Egidius took his advice, and in
+time acquired a style of preaching extremely agreeable to the people,
+but his success raised him many enemies.</p>
+
+<p>The emperor gave him the Bishopric of Tortosa in 1550, which increasing
+the envy and hatred of his enemies, they denounced him to the
+Inquisition of Seville as a Lutheran heretic, for some propositions
+which he had advanced in his sermons, and which they separated from the
+other parts, to<a name="page_166" id="page_166"></a> give them a different sense from what they would
+otherwise have had; they took advantage of the favour he showed to
+Rodrigo Valero in 1540 during his trial, and of some other
+circumstances, to injure him.</p>
+
+<p>Egidius was taken to the secret prisons of the holy office in 1550: he
+made use of this opportunity to compose his apology, which rendered the
+storm his enemies had raised still more violent. His simplicity had made
+him, in his apology, establish as certain principles, some propositions
+which the scholastic theologians looked upon as erroneous, and tending
+to heresy. The conduct and morals of Egidius were so pure, that the
+emperor wrote in his favour, the chapter of Seville followed his
+example, and (what is still more remarkable) the licentiate, Correa,
+Dean of the inquisitors, was touched by his innocence, and undertook to
+defend him against his colleague, Pedro Diaz, who bore the greatest
+hatred to the accused. This circumstance was particularly mortifying to
+Egidius, as his enemy formerly held the same opinions, and had likewise
+studied in the school of Rodrigo Valero.</p>
+
+<p>The interest which Egidius had inspired induced the inquisitors to
+accede to his proposal of a discussion between him and some learned
+theologians. Brother Garcia de Arias, of the convent of St. Isidore of
+Seville, was chosen; but his opinion was not deemed sufficient, and Juan
+Gil demanded the Dominican friar, Dominic Soto, should be summoned to
+the conference. This incidence retarded the trial, but Soto at last
+arrived at Seville.</p>
+
+<p>According to Gonzales de Montes, this theologian held the same opinions
+as Egidius; but to prevent the suspicions which might arise from this
+circumstance, he persuaded Egidius to draw up a sort of confession of
+faith. They agreed that both should write their opinions, and only
+communicate them to each other in public. This author states that these
+confessions of faith were compared, and found to accord perfectly.<a name="page_167" id="page_167"></a></p>
+
+<p>The inquisitors being informed of this arrangement, declared that, as
+the reputation of a bishop was concerned, it was necessary to convoke a
+public assembly, where Dominic Soto should explain the object of the
+meeting in a sermon, and read his confession of faith; that Egidius
+should afterwards read his, that the assembly might judge of the
+conformity of their opinions. The inquisitors caused two pulpits to be
+prepared, but, either by chance, or from a private order, they were so
+far apart, that Egidius could not hear what Soto said.</p>
+
+<p>Soto<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> read an exposition of his principles entirely different from
+that on which they had agreed in their private conferences; and as
+Egidius did not hear him, and supposed that he was reading the same
+confession which he had approved, he consequently made signs with his
+head and hands that be accorded with his propositions. Egidius then
+began to read his confession of faith, but those who understood the
+subject, soon perceived that there was not the slightest resemblance
+between them, and that Egidius held several opinions entirely opposite
+to some propositions advanced by Dominic Soto, and acknowledged as
+dogmatical by <i>the tribunal of the faith</i>: this circumstance effaced the
+favourable impressions produced by the gestures of Egidius. The
+inquisitors added these writings to those of the trial, and passed
+judgment upon Egidius according to the advice of Soto. He was declared
+violently suspected of the Lutheran heresy, and condemned to three
+years' imprisonment; he was prohibited from preaching, writing, or
+explaining theology for the space of ten years, and never to leave the
+kingdom on pain of being considered and punished as a formal heretic.</p>
+
+<p>Egidius remained in prison until 1555; he was at first extremely
+astonished at his situation, after having perfectly agreed with the
+Dominican on all the points in question. He<a name="page_168" id="page_168"></a> was not undeceived, until
+some of his fellow-prisoners informed him of the difference of his
+articles with those of Soto, and the treachery of that monk.</p>
+
+<p>Egidius took advantage of the short interval of liberty which followed
+his imprisonment to go to Valladolid, where he had an interview with
+Doctor Cazalla and other Lutherans in that city: on his return to
+Seville he fell sick, and died in 1556. The tribunal being informed of
+his intercourse with heretics, instituted another trial, and pronounced
+that he died an heretic; his body was disinterred, and burnt with his
+effigy, in a solemn <i>auto-da-fé</i>, his memory declared infamous, and his
+property confiscated: this sentence was executed in 1560.</p>
+
+<p>It will be necessary here to quote a letter of Don Bartholomew Carranza
+to Brother Louis de la Cruz, a Dominican, and his disciple. The
+archbishop mentions as a well-known circumstance, that his catechism had
+been presented to the holy office; Brother Melchior Cano and Dominic
+Soto had been commissioned to censure it, and that they had judged
+unfavourably of his work. He complained much of this conduct in Soto; he
+said he could not comprehend such scruples <i>in a man who had been so
+indulgent to the Doctor Egidius who was considered as an heretic, while,
+on the contrary, the author of the Catechism had combated the opinions
+of the heretics of England and Flanders</i>; that Soto had judged the book
+of a Dominican monk no less favourably, while he treated an archbishop,
+whom he was bound to respect, without consideration; that he would, in
+consequence, write to Rome and Flanders, where he hoped that his
+propositions would be more favourably received than at Valladolid; but
+that, at all events, Pedro de Soto, confessor to the emperor, would
+write to Dominic, and he hoped that the Almighty would allay the tempest
+which had been raised around him.</p>
+
+<p>Brother Pedro wrote to Dominic Soto, and a correspondence ensued between
+him and the archbishop Carranza, on<a name="page_169" id="page_169"></a> the censure of the catechism, and
+other works. These letters were found among the papers of Carranza, when
+he was arrested by the Inquisition. They proved that Dominic Soto had
+violated the secrecy which he had sworn to maintain before the
+Inquisition: some details were found in them relating to the violence
+which had been used to make him condemn the catechism of Carranza; he
+was arrested by the Inquisition of Valladolid, on account of these
+expressions.</p>
+
+<p>It appears from the archbishop's letter, that the censure of Brother
+Dominic on Egidius was mild and conciliating, which does not accord with
+the substitution of the false exposition of his principles mentioned by
+Gonzales de Montes. I must observe that this author writes like a man
+blinded by his hatred of his enemies, whom he calls papists, hypocrites,
+and idolaters; he even carries his fanaticism so far as to look upon the
+deaths of the three judges of Egidius during his lifetime as a
+particular effect of divine justice.</p>
+
+<p>As the affair of Juan Gil is connected with the history of Rodrigo
+Valero, I shall here relate it. He was born of a good family in Lebrija.
+In his youth, he was extremely irregular and dissipated, but all at once
+he quitted society, and shut himself up to study the Scriptures with so
+much ardour, that his conversation, and his contempt for food and
+clothing, made him pass for a madman.</p>
+
+<p>He endeavoured to persuade priests and monks, that the Roman church was
+far from holding the pure doctrine of the Evangelists, and became one of
+the sect of Luther. His attachment to their doctrine was so great, that
+when he was asked from whom he held his mission, he replied from God
+himself through the inspiration of the Holy Spirit.</p>
+
+<p>This fanatic was denounced to the holy office, which paid no attention
+to it, being persuaded that Rodrigo was mad. But as he continued to
+preach in the streets in favour of Lutheranism, and as no part of his
+conduct showed that he was deranged, he was arrested, and would have
+been condemned<a name="page_170" id="page_170"></a> to be delivered over to secular justice, if the
+inquisitors had not persisted in believing him to be mad, and if his
+disciple Egidius, whose opinions were not then known, had not undertaken
+his defence. Nevertheless, he was condemned in 1540 as an heretic and
+<i>false apostle</i>; he was admitted to reconciliation, deprived of his
+property, condemned to the <i>San-benito</i>, to perpetual imprisonment, and
+to assist on every Sunday at the grand mass of St. Saviour of Seville.</p>
+
+<p>Several times, when he heard the preacher advance propositions contrary
+to his own, he raised his voice, and reproached him for his doctrine:
+this boldness confirmed the inquisitors in the opinion that he was
+deprived of reason: he was shut up in a convent in the town of San Lucar
+de Barrameda, where he died at the age of fifty. Gonzales de Montes
+considers him as a man miraculously sent by God to preach the truth: he
+adds, that his <i>San-benito</i> was suspended in the metropolitan church of
+Seville, where it excited great curiosity, as he was the first person
+condemned as a <i>false apostle</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Although, during the period of which I have related the history, there
+were fewer Judaic heretics than in former times, yet there were many
+more than might be supposed. Of this number was <i>Mary de Bourgogne</i>, who
+was born at Saragossa: her father-in-law was a native of Burgundy, of
+Jewish extraction. A <i>New Christian</i> slave, (who had renounced the law
+of Moses, to obtain his liberty, and was afterwards burnt for having
+relapsed,) in 1552, denounced Mary de Bourgogne, who resided in the city
+of Murcia, and had attained her eighty-fifth year. This man deposed
+that, before his conversion, some person asked him if he was a
+Christian; he replied that he was a Jew, and that Mary then said to him,
+<i>You are right, for the Christians have neither faith nor law</i>. It will
+no doubt appear incredible, but the trial proves that in 1557 she was
+still in prison, waiting until sufficient proof was found to condemn<a name="page_171" id="page_171"></a>
+her. After having waited in vain, the inquisitors commanded that Mary
+should be <i>tortured, though she was then ninety years old</i>, and the
+council had decreed that in such cases the criminal should only be
+intimidated by the preparations. The inquisitor Cano says, that the
+<i>moderate</i> torture was applied; but such were the effects of this gentle
+application, that the unfortunate Mary ceased to live and suffer in a
+few days after.</p>
+
+<p>The inquisitors took advantage of some expressions which escaped from
+the unfortunate woman during the torture, to condemn her as a Judaic
+heretic, in order to confiscate her property, which was considerable.
+Her memory, her children, and her descendants in the male line were
+declared infamous, her bones and effigy were burnt, and her property
+confiscated.</p>
+
+<p>The Supreme Council showed a certain degree of moderation in another
+affair, before the tribunal of Toledo. Michael Sanchez died in prison,
+before his sentence, which was a pecuniary penalty, could be announced
+to him: the inquisitors were uncertain if his property was liable for
+this penalty; they applied to the council, which replied in the
+negative.</p>
+
+<p>I now terminate the history of the remarkable events of the reign of
+Charles V. After a reign of forty years, this prince abdicated the crown
+in favour of his son Philip II., on the 16th of January, 1556. He did
+not long survive his abdication; he died in the convent of the
+Jeronimites, at Yuste in the province of Estremadura, on the 21st of
+September, 1558, aged fifty-seven years and twenty-one days. He had made
+his will at Brussels on the 16th of June, 1554, and a codicil in the
+monastery of Yuste, twelve days before his death.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Religion of Charles V.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">Some historians have asserted, that Charles V. adopted,<a name="page_172" id="page_172"></a> in his retreat,
+the opinions of the German protestants; that in his last illness he
+confessed himself to Constantine Ponce de la Fuente, his preacher, who
+was afterwards known to be a Lutheran; that after his death Philip II.
+commissioned the inquisitors to examine the affair, and that the holy
+office took possession of the emperor's will, to examine if it contained
+anything contrary to the true faith. These statements compel me to enter
+into some details which will elucidate this point of history.</p>
+
+<p>To ascertain that the report on the religion of Charles V. is only an
+invention of the protestants and the enemies of Philip II., it is
+sufficient to read the life of that prince, and that of his father,
+composed by Gregorio Leti. Although this historian has made use of the
+least authentic documents, in his work, he is entirely silent on this
+point. He enters into a minute detail of the life and occupations of
+Charles V. in his retreat, and he relates many decisive proofs of his
+attachment to the catholic faith, and his zeal in wishing that it might
+triumph over the Lutheran heresy; and though no dependance can be placed
+on what he says concerning the conversations of the emperor with the
+Archbishop Carranza, (since there is nothing relating to them in his
+trial, which I have read,) yet it must be confessed that his recital is
+otherwise very exact.</p>
+
+<p>It is not true that Constantine Ponce de la Fuente attended the emperor
+in his last moments, either as his preacher, (which office he had filled
+in Germany,) or as a bishop, since he did not possess that dignity, as
+foreign authors have asserted without any foundation, or as his
+confessor, since he had never directed his conscience, though the
+emperor had always looked upon him as one of the most learned and
+respectable priests in his kingdom. Lastly, Ponce de la Fuente could not
+assist Charles V. in his last moments, since it appears from his trial
+before the Inquisition of Seville, that he was in the secret prisons of
+the holy office long before<a name="page_173" id="page_173"></a> the illness of the emperor. Don Prudent de
+Sandoval, Bishop of Tui and Pampeluna, speaking of the last
+circumstances of the life of Charles V., relates that when that prince
+heard of the imprisonment of Ponce, he said, <i>Oh! if Constantine is an
+heretic, he is a great heretic</i>: an expression very different from that
+which he used on hearing that a monk named Dominic de Guzman had been
+arrested in the same city: <i>They might rather imprison him as a fool
+than an heretic.</i></p>
+
+<p>In his codicil, written twelve days before his death, Charles V. thus
+expresses himself: "When I had been informed that many persons had been
+arrested in some provinces, and that others were to be taken, as accused
+of Lutheranism, I wrote to the princess my daughter, to inform her in
+what manner they should be punished, and the evil remedied. I also wrote
+afterwards to Louis Quixada, and authorized him to act in my name in the
+same affair; and although I am persuaded that the king my son, the
+princess my daughter, and the ministers, have already, and will always,
+make every possible effort to destroy so great an evil, with all the
+severity and promptitude which it requires; yet, considering what I owe
+to the service of our Lord, the triumph of his faith, the preservation
+of his church and the Christian religion, (in the defence of which I
+have performed such painful labours at the risk of my life, as every one
+knows;) and particularly desiring, above all, to inspire my son, whose
+catholic sentiments I know, with the wish of imitating my conduct, and
+which I hope he will do, from knowing his virtue and piety, I beg and
+recommend to him very particularly, as much as I can and am obliged to
+do, and command him moreover in my quality of father, and by the
+obedience which he owes me, to labour with diligence, as in a point
+which particularly interests him, that the heretics shall be prosecuted
+and chastised with all the severity which their crimes deserve, <i>without
+permitting any criminal to be excepted, without any respect for the
+entreaties,<a name="page_174" id="page_174"></a> or rank, or quality of the persons</i>: and that my intentions
+may have their full and entire effect, I desire him to protect the holy
+office of the Inquisition, for the great numbers of crimes which it
+prevents or punishes, <i>remembering that I have charged him to do so in
+my will</i>, that he may fulfil his duty as a prince, and render himself
+worthy that the Lord should make his reign prosperous, conduct his
+affairs, and protect him against his enemies, to my consolation<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>I have already stated, that no dependance can be placed on the account
+given by Gregorio Leti of the conversations of the emperor with Don
+Bartholomew Carranza de Miranda, archbishop of Toledo. It is certain
+that the emperor had a great esteem for Carranza, which induced him to
+give him the bishopric of Cusco in America, in 1542, and of the Canaries
+in 1549; to send him as theologian of the emperor to the council of
+Trent, in 1545 and 1551; and to London with his son Philip II., King of
+Naples and England, in 1554, to preach against the Lutherans.
+Nevertheless, when he was informed, in his retreat at Yuste, that
+Carranza had accepted the archbishopric of Toledo, to which King Philip
+had appointed him, he began to feel less esteem for him, because he did
+not know that Carranza had refused that dignity, and named three persons
+whom he considered more worthy to occupy it. Philip was not only
+displeased at this refusal, but he commanded him to obey the will of his
+sovereign, and wrote to the Pope, who supported his order by a
+particular brief addressed to Br. Bartholomew.</p>
+
+<p>Charles V., at this period, had Br. Juan de Regla, a Jeronimite, and a
+learned theologian, for his confessor. He had assisted at the Council of
+Trent with Carranza, whom he always treated as an enemy, because he was
+jealous of his great reputation. I shall hereafter prove the disposition
+of Juan de Regla towards Carranza; at present I shall only<a name="page_175" id="page_175"></a> show that he
+had great part in his disgrace with the emperor, for being suspected of
+professing the same doctrines as Egidius, Constantine, Cazalla, and
+others. Regla became more fanatic than charitable, during the
+persecution which he suffered from the Inquisition of Saragossa, when he
+was prior of the Convent of Santa Fè; he was condemned to abjure
+eighteen Lutheran propositions, of which the inquisitors declared him to
+be suspected. The emperor was also informed, through the private
+correspondence of his children, that the Inquisition was occupied in
+preparing the trial of the archbishop for heresy, when he came to visit
+him in his last illness; and his presence was so disagreeable, that,
+instead of conversing with him, as Leti affirms, he did not speak one
+word. Sandoval, with more probability, thus expresses himself: "This
+evening the archbishop of Toledo, Carranza, arrived, but he could not
+see the emperor. This prince had waited for him with much impatience
+since he had quitted England, because he wished to have an explanation
+on certain things which had been reported of him, and seemed to show
+that his faith was suspected; for that of the prince was extremely
+lively, and anything which appeared contrary to sound doctrine gave him
+great pain. The archbishop returned on another day; the emperor who
+wished much to hear him, admitted him into his presence, and told him to
+sit down, but did not talk to him, and on that night he became much
+worse.<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>"</p>
+
+<p>The animosity of Juan de Regla against the archbishop of Toledo, was
+soon manifested in two voluntary informations before the
+Inquisitor-General Valdes, on the 9th and 23rd of December, in 1558, at
+Valladolid. I shall at a future period explain all the articles of the
+denunciation of Juan de Regla, but it is necessary to anticipate the
+order of time in affairs, to prove that Charles V. was not disposed to
+favour Carranza in the latter part of his life.<a name="page_176" id="page_176"></a></p>
+
+<p>The first denunciation took place on the 9th of December: it imported,
+that on the day before the death of the emperor, the archbishop of
+Toledo kissed his majesty's hand, and left the room; that he soon after
+returned; and that he did so several times, <i>though the emperor showed
+very little desire to see him</i>, and that he gave him absolution before
+he confessed him; which Juan da Regla imputed to the archbishop as a
+sign of contempt or neglect of the sacrament: that in one of these
+visits he said to the emperor, <i>Your majesty may be full of confidence,
+for there is not, nor ever has been any sin, the death of Jesus having
+sufficed to efface it</i>; that this discourse appeared bad to him, and
+that there were present Br. Pedro de Sotomayor and Br. Diego Ximenez,
+Dominicans; Br. Marcos Oriols de Cardona and Br. Francis Villalba, monks
+of St. Jerome: the last was his majesty's preacher; the Count de Oropesa
+and Don Diego de Toledo his brother; Don Louis d'Avila Zuñiga, grand
+commander of the military order of Alcantara, and Don Louis de Quixada,
+major-domo to the emperor.</p>
+
+<p>The inquisitor-general would not admit the Dominican monks as witnesses,
+because he supposed them subject to the archbishop: the evidences of
+Count Oropesa and his brother were likewise rejected, because they were
+his friends. The monk of St. Jerome declared that the archbishop arrived
+at Yuste on a Sunday, two days before the death of the emperor; that
+this prince <i>would not see him or allow him to enter</i>, but his
+major-domo, Don Louis de Quixada, undertook to introduce him; that
+Carranza threw himself on his knees in the chamber, and that the
+emperor, <i>without saying a word to him</i>, fixed his eyes upon him, like a
+person who wishes to express himself by a look: that the persons who
+were present retired: that when the archbishop came out of the chamber
+he appeared discontented, and he the witness believed that he was so,
+having heard from William, the emperor's barber, that on the day when
+the news of the<a name="page_177" id="page_177"></a> nomination of Carranza to the archbishopric of Toledo
+arrived, his majesty said, <i>When I gave him the bishopric of the
+Canaries he refused it; now he accepts the archbishopric of Toledo; we
+shall see what we are to think of his virtue</i>; that their private
+interview lasted a quarter of an hour, and the archbishop called in the
+attendants. When they entered, the archbishop threw himself on his
+knees, and his majesty made a sign for him to sit down, and repeat some
+words of consolation; that the prelate again threw himself on his knees,
+and repeated the four first verses of the psalm <i>De profundis</i>, not
+literally, but paraphrasing the text. His majesty made him a sign to
+stop, and Carranza then retired with the other attendants; that on
+another day, about the hour of ten in the evening, just before the
+emperor expired, Carranza visited him, because he had been informed of
+his danger, and gave him the crucifix to kiss, and at the same time
+addressed some words of consolation to him, at which the monks Juan de
+Regla, Francis de Villalba, Francis Angulo, prior, and Louis de St.
+Gregoria, were scandalized. These persons conversed together afterwards,
+and said that the prelate ought not to have spoken thus; but the witness
+could not recollect what the words were. They were repeated to him, and
+he replied that he believed they might be the same, but that he could
+not be certain, as he was reading the passion of our Saviour, <i>according
+to St. Luke</i>, at the time; he only remarked that the monks looked at one
+another with a kind of mystery.</p>
+
+<p>Neither Francis Angulo, nor Louis de St. Gregoria were examined, perhaps
+they were dead. Francis de Villalba, preacher to the emperor, declared,
+that he had not heard anything in the emperor's apartment which was
+worthy of being reported to the Inquisition. Being questioned as to what
+he thought of the discourse which the archbishop had addressed to the
+emperor, he replied that he was only present once, when the prelate
+recited some verses of the <i>De profundis<a name="page_178" id="page_178"></a></i>; that Don Louis d'Avila
+afterwards requested him to speak to the emperor, and that he made him
+an exhortation. When examined on the subject of the words and the
+scandal, he replied that he did not hear or see anything that could
+offend him.</p>
+
+<p>Don Louis d'Avila y Zuñiga cited the entrance of the prelate; and that
+he took a crucifix and knelt down, saying with a loud voice, <i>behold him
+who answers for all; there is no longer any sin, all is pardoned</i>. The
+witness did not recollect if the archbishop said, <i>and however numerous
+the sins may be, they are all pardoned</i>: that these words did not appear
+proper to him, and he requested the emperor's preacher to make him an
+exhortation, who afterwards told him that his majesty appeared
+satisfied.</p>
+
+<p>Don Louis de Quixada deposed that the archbishop was with the emperor,
+three times before his death, that he saw him take a crucifix, and that
+he pronounced some words on the subject of Jesus Christ dying for our
+sins, but he could not recollect them, because his employment as
+major-domo occupied him at the time.</p>
+
+<p>These circumstances show that Charles V. was far from being inclined to
+Lutheranism at his death. It is equally false that the inquisitors took
+his will, to examine if it contained any sentiments tending to heresy. I
+have read or consulted a multitude of books and papers in the archives
+of the Inquisition, and could not discover anything to support the
+opinion; so that nothing now remains but to seek the origin of this
+fable.</p>
+
+<p>A number of circumstances may have caused the Inquisition to be
+mentioned in relating the death of Charles V. The first is, that
+Carranza, who attended him at his death, was soon after arrested by the
+holy office; the second, that his two preachers, Constantine Ponce and
+Augustine Cazalla, were condemned by that tribunal; the third, that his
+confessor, Juan de Regla, was obliged to abjure certain propositions;<a name="page_179" id="page_179"></a>
+the fourth, that the emperor himself had been threatened with
+excommunication three years before, as a favourer of heretics, by Paul
+IV.; the fifth, that Philip II. made use of the Inquisition in a variety
+of circumstances entirely political.</p>
+
+<p>Charles V. died a Catholic; and it is only to be regretted that he
+associated so many superstitions with his Catholicism, and showed so
+much attachment to the Inquisition during his life.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIX" id="CHAPTER_XIX"></a>CHAPTER XIX.<br /><br />
+<small>OF THE PROCEEDINGS AGAINST CHARLES V. AND PHILIP II.: AS SCHISMATICS AND
+FAVOURERS OF HERESY.&mdash;PROGRESS OF THE INQUISITION UNDER THE LAST OF
+THESE PRINCES.&mdash;CONSEQUENCES OF THE PARTICULAR FAVOUR WHICH HE SHOWED
+TOWARDS IT.</small></h2>
+
+<h3><i>Trials of Charles V., Philip II., and the Duke of Alva.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">In 1555, John Peter Carafa, a noble Neapolitan, and as such the subject
+of Charles V. and Philip II., was elevated to the holy see, under the
+name of Paul IV., at the age of seventy-nine years. Charles V. had then
+renounced the crown of Sicily, in favour of Prince Philip, who was about
+to marry the Queen of England. The new Pope mortally hated the emperor,
+not only because he could not bear to be a subject to the house of
+Austria, but because this prince and his son favoured the families of
+<i>Colonna</i> and <i>Sforza</i>, which he looked upon as the rivals of his house.
+The kingdom of Naples passed at that time for a fief of the holy see.
+Paul IV. undertook to deprive Charles of the imperial purple, and his
+son of the crown of Sicily, and to dispose of it in favour of one of his
+nephews, with the assistance of the King of France, or to give the
+kingdom to some French prince.<a name="page_180" id="page_180"></a> He commenced the proceedings against
+Charles V. and Philip, by the preparatory instruction, to show that they
+were enemies of the holy see, particularly in protecting the families of
+<i>Sforza</i> and <i>Colonna</i>, whose hatred for the Pontiff was well known.</p>
+
+<p>To these reasons it was to be alleged that Charles V. was a favourer of
+heretics, and suspected of Lutheranism, since the publication of the
+imperial decrees at the diet of Augsburg, in 1554. The fiscal of the
+apostolical chamber then demanded that the Pope should declare Charles
+V. to be deprived of the imperial crown, and that of Spain and its
+dependencies, and Philip of the throne of Naples; that bulls of
+excommunication should be issued against them, and the people of
+Germany, Spain, Italy, and particularly of Naples, released from their
+oath of fidelity. Paul IV. suspended the trial at this stage of the
+proceedings, to continue it when he judged it convenient. He revoked at
+the same time all the bulls which his predecessors had expedited in
+favour of the Spanish monarchs, for the collection of the annual subsidy
+imposed on the clergy, and for the funds destined for the <i>holy
+crusade</i>. The Pope was not content with this hostile measure; he entered
+into an alliance with Henry II., King of France, to make war upon the
+house of Austria, until its princes were deprived of their kingdoms.</p>
+
+<p>Charles V. was then at Brussels, occupied in ceding the empire of
+Germany to his brother Ferdinand, King of Hungary and Bohemia, and in
+making over the crown of Spain and the countship of Flanders to his son.
+This policy was useful to Charles V., as it threw the weight of the
+embarrassment on Philip, who had just arrived from England to receive
+his father's instructions how to govern Spain. The circumstances in
+which they found themselves required the greatest prudence, for they not
+only had to fear the abuse which the Pope might make of his apostolical
+and temporal power, but also the consequences of the alliances which his
+holiness had just signed with the King of France.<a name="page_181" id="page_181"></a></p>
+
+<p>Besides the Council of State (which Charles and Philip always consulted
+before they decided on any subject) they deemed it necessary to have
+judgments of <i>conscience</i>, to balance the authority of the supreme head
+of the Catholic Church. On the 15th of November, 1555, the famous
+consultation of Brother Melchior Cano was framed at Valladolid, which
+was published at Madrid in 1809, in my <i>collection of different papers,
+ancient and modern, on matrimonial dispensations, and other
+ecclesiastical dispensations</i>. The decision of Cano was, that in all
+similar cases the only and proper remedy is not only to deprive the
+temporal sovereign of Rome of the power of injuring, but to reduce him
+to the necessity of accepting reasonable terms, and of acting with more
+prudence in future. Other theologians decided that the concessions made
+by the Court of Rome were irrevocable, and had the force of a true
+contract passed for the benefit of an empire or kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>The Pope, informed of these decisions, commanded the inquisitor-general
+to punish the authors of it; he was supported by most of the prelates of
+the kingdom, at the head of whom was the Cardinal Siliceo, Archbishop of
+Toledo, who had been the king's preceptor. Philip, who had been King of
+Spain from January, 1556, wrote from London, in the month of July
+following, the letter to his sister, the governess of the kingdom, which
+I have inserted in my diplomatic collection. It is as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Since I informed you of the conduct of the Pope, and of the news
+received from Rome, I have learnt that his holiness proposes to
+excommunicate the emperor and me, to put my states under an interdict,
+and to prohibit the divine service. Having consulted learned men on this
+subject, it appears that it is not only an abuse of the power of the
+sovereign pontiff, founded only on the hatred and passion, which,
+certainly, has not been provoked by our conduct, but that we are not
+obliged to submit to what he has ordained<a name="page_182" id="page_182"></a> in respect to our persons, on
+account of the great scandal which would be caused by our confessing
+ourselves guilty, since we are not so, and the great sin which we should
+commit in so doing. In consequence, it has been decided, that if I am
+interdicted from certain things, I am not obliged to deprive myself of
+them, as those do who are excommunicated, although a censure may be sent
+to me from Rome, according to the disposition of his holiness. For after
+having destroyed the sects in England, brought this country under the
+influence of the church, pursued and punished the heretics without
+ceasing, and obtained a success which has always been constant, I see
+that his holiness evidently wishes to ruin my kingdom, without
+considering what he owes to his dignity; and I have no doubt that he
+would succeed if we consented to his demands, since he has already
+revoked all the legations which Cardinal Pole received for this kingdom,
+and which had produced so much benefit. These reasons, other important
+considerations, the necessity of preparing for all events, and of
+protecting our people from being surprised, have induced us to draw up,
+in the name of his majesty, and in our own, an act of recusation in
+form, of which I intended to send you a copy; but as this piece is very
+long, and the courier is setting out for France, it could not be done,
+and I will send it by the courier going by sea, who will soon set out.
+When you receive it, you must write to the prelates, the grandees, to
+the cities, universities, and the heads of orders, and inform them of
+all that has passed: you must direct them to look upon the censures and
+interdict sent from Rome as non-existent, because they are null, unjust,
+and without foundation, for I have taken counsel on what is permitted in
+these circumstances. If any act of the Pope should arrive in the
+interim, it will be sufficient to prevent it from being received,
+accepted, or executed; but to preclude the necessity of coming to this
+extremity, you must cause the frontiers to be strictly guarded, as we
+have<a name="page_183" id="page_183"></a> done in England, that none of these pieces should be notified or
+delivered, and <i>punish very severely any person who shall dare to
+distribute them, because it is not to be permitted that we should
+continue to dissimulate</i>. If it is impossible to prevent their
+introduction, and if any one attempts to put them in force, you must
+oppose their execution, as we have powerful motives for this command;
+and this prohibition must extend to the kingdom of Aragon, to which you
+must write if it is necessary. It has been since known, that in the bull
+published on Holy Thursday, the Pope has excommunicated all those who
+have taken or shall take the property of the church, <i>whether they are
+kings or emperors</i>, and that on Good Friday, he commanded the prayer for
+his majesty to be omitted, although the Jews, Moors, heretics, and
+schismatics are prayed for on that day. This proves that the evil is
+becoming serious, and induces us to recommend more particularly the
+execution of the measures which we have prescribed, and of which we
+shall give an account to his majesty<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>Philip, for the time, prevented the inquisitor-general from trying any
+of those persons who had been marked as suspected of heresy, among whom
+were not only the theologians and canonists who had been consulted, but
+many counsellors of state who supported their opinion against Cardinal
+Siliceo and his adherents<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The Pope was obstinate in his resolutions; and deceived by the
+tranquillity which Philip suffered him to enjoy in Rome, he placed
+himself at the brink of the precipice. The Duke of Alva, who was viceroy
+of Naples (and whose character was at least as harsh as that of the
+Pope), in September 1556, left his government, and occupied the states
+of the holy see, even to the gates of Rome; and Paul IV., finding that
+the republic of Venice had deserted him, and being<a name="page_184" id="page_184"></a> pressed by the
+cardinals and people, demanded an armistice, which was granted. Instead
+of taking advantage of this favour to make peace on reasonable terms,
+the Pope confirmed his alliance with Henry II., and raised a war between
+that monarch and the King of Spain, although Charles V. had, in 1555,
+signed a truce of five years with that prince. Henry, having lost the
+famous battle of St. Quentin, on the 10th of August, 1557, the Pope
+became so alarmed, that he demanded a peace at the time when the Duke of
+Alva was preparing to enter Rome at the head of his army. The viceroy
+renounced his design, but had the boldness to tell the Pope that he
+would not make peace until he had asked pardon of the king, his master,
+for having treated him with so little respect. This message increased
+the alarm of the old pontiff, who had recourse to the mediation of
+Venice. The Pope refused to negociate with the Duke of Alva, but said
+that he would consent to any proposal from the King of Spain, as he was
+persuaded that he would not impose any condition on him contrary to his
+honour, or to the dignity of the holy see.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke of Alva wrote to Philip, to request that, in this instance, he
+would display the severity necessary to prevent new divisions. But this
+prince (who had signed on the 10th of July, 1556, the excellent letter
+already quoted) had no person in the following year to inspire him with
+sufficient energy to follow the advice of his viceroy. He wrote to
+command him to conclude a peace immediately, "as he would rather lose
+the privileges of his crown, than infringe those of the holy see in the
+slightest degree."</p>
+
+<p>The Duke of Alva was extremely displeased at this resolution, but he
+immediately obeyed his master, and this singular peace was signed on the
+14th of September, 1557, by the Duke of Alva, and Cardinal Carafa,
+nephew and plenipotentiary to the Pope. The envoy made no reparation to
+Philip II., and the following singular article is part of the<a name="page_185" id="page_185"></a>
+treaty:&mdash;"His holiness will receive from the Catholic king, through his
+plenipotentiary, the Duke of Alva, all the necessary submissions to
+obtain the pardon of his offences, without prejudicing the engagement of
+the king to send an ambassador extraordinary for the particular object
+of the pardon which he demands, it being understood that his holiness
+will restore him to favour as a submissive son, and worthy to share the
+benefits which the holy see is accustomed to bestow on its children and
+the other Christian princes."</p>
+
+<p>The haughty pontiff acknowledged that he had obtained more than he had
+hoped for, and to show his satisfaction, bestowed the highest honours on
+the Duke of Alva; he invited him to eat at his own table, and received
+him in the palace of the Vatican.</p>
+
+<p>Gregorio Leti is right in attributing all the evils that have since
+arisen from the excessive authority which the priests have arrogated
+over laymen, to this conduct of Philip II. Paul IV. soon displayed his
+contempt for Philip II. and his father, since, in five months after the
+treaty, on the 13th of February, 1558, he addressed a brief to the
+inquisitor-general Valdés, in which he revived all the regulations of
+the councils and pontiffs against heretics and schismatics. He commanded
+him to prosecute them, and punish them according to the constitutions,
+and, above all, to deprive all such persons of their dignities and
+offices, whether they were bishops, archbishops, patriarchs, cardinals,
+or legates, <i>barons, counts, marquisses, dukes, princes, kings, or
+emperors</i>. Fortunately, neither Charles V. nor his son had embraced the
+opinions of Luther, yet it was certainly the intention of the Pope to
+subject them to the dispositions of his bull.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Of the Inquisitions of Sardinia, Flanders, Milan, Naples, Galicia,
+America, and the Sea.</i></h3>
+
+<p>In 1562, Philip II. commanded the Inquisition of Sardinia<a name="page_186" id="page_186"></a> to conform
+rigorously to the rules of the holy office of Spain in prosecuting the
+accused, although it was represented to him that they had hitherto only
+known those of Ferdinand V., which were less severe.</p>
+
+<p>Philip did not treat his Flemish subjects with less rigour. In 1522
+Charles V. appointed Francis de Hult, a lay counsellor of Brabant,
+inquisitor-general for the states of Flanders; and Adrian VI. invested
+him with the apostolical jurisdiction, on the condition that he had
+priests and theologians for assessors. Soon after three provincial
+inquisitors were appointed, the overseer of the regular canons of Ypres
+for Flanders and its dependencies; the overseer of the clergy of Mons
+for Hainault, and the Dean of Louvain for Brabant, Holland, and the
+other provinces. The inquisitors-general appointed by Clement VII. were
+Cardinal Everard de la Marche, Bishop of Liege, and Francis de Hult,
+before mentioned. This measure did not deprive the other inquisitors of
+their privileges; those of Louvain, in 1527, celebrated several
+<i>autos-da-fé</i>, and condemned sixty persons to different punishments. In
+1529 terrible edicts were issued against heretics, which were renewed in
+1531, but with some mitigation.</p>
+
+<p>At the death of the Dean of Louvain, Paul III. in 1537, appointed as
+inquisitor-general for the Low Country the successor in the deanery, and
+the canon Douce; they were approved by Charles V. In 1555 Julius III.
+authorised the sub-delegates of the dean and canon; Paul IV. did the
+same in 1560 for the overseer of Valcanet, and the theological doctor of
+Louvain, Michael Bayo. All these men took the title of <i>ecclesiastical
+ministers</i> from the year 1550, when Charles V. prohibited them from ever
+taking the name of <i>inquisitors</i>, because it was obnoxious to the
+people. The Flemish Inquisition was extremely severe in the first period
+of its existence; it inflicted the same punishments as that of Spain,
+but applied them to a greater number of cases.<a name="page_187" id="page_187"></a> Philip II. moderated the
+action of this tribunal by an edict in 1556.</p>
+
+<p>Such was the state of the Flemish Inquisition in 1559, when a bull of
+Paul IV. was received from Rome, by which three ecclesiastical provinces
+were created, the bishoprics of which were subjected to the jurisdiction
+of the Archbishops of Malines, Cambray, and Utrecht: twelve canons were
+instituted for each cathedral, three of whom were to be inquisitors for
+life. This measure caused the first indication of the rebellion which
+raged in Holland and the United Provinces in 1562. The people maintained
+that they had only tolerated the inquisitors since 1522, because they
+considered them as temporary agents; but that they would never allow the
+permanent establishment of an institution so obnoxious to the provinces.
+This opposition increased when it was known that Philip II. intended to
+organize the eighteen Inquisitions of Flanders, on the plan of that of
+Spain, which had long been regarded as a sanguinary tribunal.</p>
+
+<p>This project was the more dreaded, as many Spaniards had fled from the
+Inquisition to Holland. These emigrations were most numerous after the
+year 1550, when several Bibles, which had been printed in the Spanish
+language in the Low Countries, were prohibited as containing the
+opinions of the new heretics. Notwithstanding the obstinacy with which
+the King of Spain pursued the establishment of the Inquisition in
+Flanders, he failed in his enterprise, and also in his attempt to force
+the Low Countries to receive the regular tribunal. The Flemings
+persisted in opposing everything resembling the Inquisition, and their
+resistance was the cause of the long and bloody wars which exhausted the
+treasures and armies of Spain during half a century.</p>
+
+<p>In the following year, 1563, Philip II. decreed the necessary measures
+to establish the Inquisition at Milan. He communicated his design to the
+Pope, who appeared to approve it, but was really displeased, because it
+tended to<a name="page_188" id="page_188"></a> diminish the power of the holy see. The Milanese immediately
+protested against the introduction of a tribunal, of which they had
+formed the most unfavourable opinion. The bishops of Lombardy were not
+less averse to it, as they knew that in Spain the bishops were not only
+deprived of all power, but had fallen into contempt from the despotism
+of the inquisitors, who had taken possession of the episcopal
+privileges, and enjoyed them in peace under the protection of the
+sovereign, who had no adviser in these affairs but the
+inquisitor-general.</p>
+
+<p>The city of Milan sent deputies to the Pope (who was a native of that
+place), to entreat him to preserve his country from the danger which
+threatened it. They also sent deputies to Madrid to demand that things
+should remain in the same state, and applied at the same time to the
+Milanese bishops at the Council of Trent to support their cause before
+that celebrated assembly. Pius IV. told the deputies that he would never
+allow the Spanish Inquisition to be established in Milan, <i>as he knew
+its extreme severity</i>, and promised that their tribunal should be
+dependent on the Court of Rome, whose decrees were extremely mild, and
+gave the accused every facility in their defence.</p>
+
+<p>During the course of this negotiation, the Duke de Sesa, wishing to
+execute his master's private orders, established the tribunal of the
+Inquisition in the city of Milan, of which he was the governor, and
+published the names of the sub-delegated inquisitors. This declaration
+displeased the Milanese, who began to excite popular commotions, and
+cried <i>Long live the king! perish the Inquisition!</i></p>
+
+<p>The Milanese bishops at the Council of Trent disinclined all the Italian
+prelates to the Spanish Inquisition; the legates of the Pope who
+presided at the council, declared in favour of the Milanese, and
+Cardinal S. Charles Borromeo pleaded the cause of his countrymen in the
+college of cardinals, and placed them under their protection. The Duke<a name="page_189" id="page_189"></a>
+de Sesa, who observed all that passed, foresaw that the result would be
+disagreeable to his master, and wrote to Philip, who abandoned his
+design<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>These events did not prevent Philip II. from attempting to introduce the
+inquisition at Naples, although both Ferdinand V. and Charles V. had
+failed in the enterprise; but his efforts only served to disgrace him
+and destroy his authority in Naples, as they had before done in Flanders
+and Milan.</p>
+
+<p>It may be supposed that Philip did not forget his American dominions.
+Ferdinand V. having resolved to establish the Inquisition in the New
+World, charged Cardinal Ximenez de Cisneros with the conduct of the
+affair, and in 1516 he appointed Don Juan Quevedo, Bishop of Cuba, the
+<i>delegated</i> inquisitor-general, for the Spanish colonies then known by
+the name of the <i>kingdom of Terra Firma</i>, and gave him the power of
+appointing judges and officers for the tribunal. Charles V. wished to
+extend the benefits of this <i>pious</i> institution, and Cardinal Adrian, by
+his order, appointed, on the 7th of January, 1519, Don Alphonso Manso,
+Bishop of Porto Rico, and Brother Pedro de Cordova, inquisitors for the
+<i>Indies and Isles of the Ocean</i>, and gave them the requisite powers to
+establish the tribunal.</p>
+
+<p>The new inquisitors began to prosecute the baptized Indians, who still
+retained some idolatrous practices. The viceroys informed the King of
+Spain of the evils produced by this system: in fact the Indians fled
+into the interior, and joined the savage tribes, which considerably
+retarded the progress of population in those vast countries. Charles V.
+in 1538 prohibited the inquisitors from prosecuting the Indians, who
+were to be under the jurisdiction of the bishops. The inquisitors of
+America were not more submissive than<a name="page_190" id="page_190"></a> those of Spain, which obliged the
+prince to renew his orders in 1549. Philip II. undertook to organize the
+tribunal on the plan of that of Spain. In 1553 and 1565 he renewed his
+father's injunctions to leave the Indians under the jurisdiction of the
+bishops; and in 1569 he published a royal ordinance, importing that the
+inquisitor-general had appointed inquisitors, and commanding the
+viceroys and governors to give them every assistance in their
+establishment. These inquisitors were received with great ceremony at
+Panama and Lima, when they first formed the tribunal.</p>
+
+<p>In 1570 Philip II. appointed an Inquisition at Mexico, and in 1571
+established three tribunals for all America; one at Lima, one at Mexico,
+and the other at Carthagena, assigning to each the extent of territory
+which they were to possess, and subjecting them to the authority of the
+inquisitor-general and the Supreme Council.</p>
+
+<p>The first <i>auto-da-fé</i> in Mexico took place in 1574; it was celebrated
+with so much pomp and splendour, that eye-witnesses have declared that
+it could only be compared to that of Valladolid in 1559, at which Philip
+II. and the royal family attended. A Frenchman and an Englishman were
+burnt as impenitent Lutherans; eighty persons were reconciled, and
+subjected to different penances. The Inquisition of Carthagena was not
+established at this period; it was founded in 1610 by Philip III.</p>
+
+<p>The great fleet of the Catholic league against the Emperor of
+Constantinople, which gained the famous battle of Lepanto, inspired
+Philip II. with the project of creating an Inquisition for heretics who
+might be found in ships. As the authority of the inquisitor-general did
+not extend beyond the dominions of the King of Spain, it was considered
+necessary to apply to the Pope, who in 1571 granted the brief, which was
+demanded, authorizing the inquisitor-general to create the new tribunal,
+and appoint judges and officers. It was first known by the name of the
+<i>Inquisition<a name="page_191" id="page_191"></a> of the Galleys</i>, but it was afterwards called the
+<i>Inquisition of the Fleets and Armies</i>; it existed but for a short
+period, as it was found to impede the progress of navigation.</p>
+
+<p>The Inquisition was unknown in Galicia for more than a century before
+this period. This province formed part of the district subject to the
+holy office of old Castile and the kingdom of Leon; it had escaped this
+scourge, but at last Philip II. resolved that it should have an
+Inquisition to superintend the sea-ports, in order to prevent the
+introduction of pernicious books, and the entrance of persons who would
+teach the doctrines of the Protestants. The royal ordinance which
+established the Inquisition in Galicia was expedited in 1574, and the
+tribunal was organised in the same year.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Disputes with the Inquisition of Portugal.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">The establishment of the power of Philip II. in Portugal, after the
+death of the Cardinal King Don Henry, who had occupied the throne until
+1580, gave that prince another opportunity of signalizing his zeal for
+the Inquisition. I have already indicated the period of its institution,
+and the attendant circumstances<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>. Don Henry was inquisitor-general
+from 1539 to 1578, when he succeeded to the crown of Portugal, after the
+death of his nephew Don Sebastian. He bestowed the archbishopric of
+Lisbon, which he occupied at the time of his accession, on Don George
+Almeida, and likewise appointed him the third inquisitor-general of the
+kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>In 1544, Don Henry (who then occupied the see of Evora), and Cardinal
+Don Juan Pardo de Tabera, inquisitor-general of Spain, with the consent
+of their respective sovereigns, published a circular, in which they
+announced, that as the two states were so near each other, and the
+extent of the<a name="page_192" id="page_192"></a> frontier favoured the flight of the persons prosecuted by
+the Inquisition, they had agreed, 1st, to communicate reciprocally
+everything which might interest the Inquisition; 2nd, to arrest in their
+respective jurisdictions those subjects who were designated; 3rdly, to
+keep them prisoners, and to claim the writings of the trial, because
+this measure was less inconvenient than the exchange of the prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>This convention was observed for some time; but in 1588 the inquisitors
+of Lisbon sent a requisition to those of Valladolid, to deliver up to
+them Gonzales Baez, who had been arrested at Medina del Campo: they
+replied that this demand could not be admitted, as it was contrary to
+the convention. The inquisitors of Portugal acknowledged the justice of
+this claim; but those of Spain, who in 1568 found themselves in the same
+situation, refused to conform to the measure, because they had at their
+head Cardinal Espinosa, who was all-powerful with Philip. The cardinal
+informed Don Henry that he had not ratified the convention, and that he
+considered it more proper that the prisoner should be given up to the
+tribunal which had instituted the trial. He requested Cardinal Henry to
+apply to both their sovereigns, and promised to propose to the King of
+Spain a measure which should be a general rule for all cases in future.</p>
+
+<p>Don Henry commissioned Francis Pereira, the Portuguese ambassador at
+Madrid, to terminate this dispute with Cardinal Espinosa. While this
+affair was being negotiated, several Spaniards who had been condemned by
+the tribunal of Llerena to be burnt in effigy as contumacious, were
+arrested in Portugal by the inquisitors of Evora, who immediately
+demanded the writings of the trial according to the convention of 1544.
+The tribunal of Llerena replied that it was impossible not to follow the
+example of Cardinal Espinosa. Almost at the same time these inquisitors
+arrested some Portuguese who had escaped from their country. The Bishop
+of Portalegre, inquisitor of Evora,<a name="page_193" id="page_193"></a> reclaimed the prisoners, but the
+tribunal refused to give them up, if the inhabitants of Albuquerque, who
+had been arrested by the Inquisition of Evora, were not returned.
+Cardinal Henry yielded to the Spanish Inquisition, but wrote to them on
+the 5th of December to address a formal requisition on this subject,
+while the Inquisition of Evora would do the same to Cardinal Espinosa.
+The Supreme Council consented to this arrangement, and the prisoners
+were exchanged.</p>
+
+<p>The inquisitor-general, Don Henry, died in 1580. The crown of Portugal
+then descended to Philip II., as being the son of the Empress Isabella,
+the sister of John III., King of Portugal. As the office of
+grand-inquisitor was vacant, he wished to suppress it, and place
+Portugal under the dominion of that of Spain. He represented to the Pope
+that there would be more unity in the proceedings: but this attempt was
+unsuccessful, as he had only been acknowledged king, on condition that
+the crown should continue independent of that of Spain.</p>
+
+<p>When the Duke of Braganza was proclaimed King of Portugal in the reign
+of Philip IV., Don Francis de Castro grand-inquisitor, and Don John de
+Vasconcellas, a member of the council of the Inquisition, remained
+faithful to the King of Spain. The new sovereign (who had taken the name
+of John IV.) wished to increase his party. Influenced by the advice of
+England, which had favoured the insurrection, he resolved to restore to
+the Jews the liberty which they enjoyed before the establishment of the
+Inquisition; but he was opposed by the two inquisitors above mentioned.
+The council even condemned a decision of the university of Paris, in
+which it was said that the king could appoint and consecrate bishops
+without bulls from Rome, if Pope Innocent X. refused to grant them. John
+IV. threatened the inquisitors with imprisonment, and even with death,
+but they were ready to suffer anything rather than consent to the
+emancipation<a name="page_194" id="page_194"></a> of the Jews. Don Francis de Castro died, and it was
+necessary to appoint another inquisitor-general; but the bulls of
+confirmation were not less difficult to obtain than those for bishops,
+as the Popes, Urban VIII., Innocent X., and Alexander VII., avoided
+declaring in favour of either the King of Spain or the Duke of Braganza.
+At last Portugal triumphed over the efforts of Spain, and the
+Inquisitions of the two kingdoms seldom had any communication.</p>
+
+<p>That I may not pass over any event tending to prove the attachment of
+Philip II. for the Inquisition, I shall here mention a project for a
+military order of the holy office, which would never have been
+conceived, if the partiality of the monarch for this tribunal had not
+been generally known.</p>
+
+<p>Some fanatics thought to please him by founding a new military order
+under the name of <i>St. Mary of the White Sword</i>. The object of this
+institution was to defend the Catholic religion, the kingdom of Spain,
+its frontiers, and forts, from any invasion; to prevent the ingress of
+Jews, Moors, and heretics; and to execute any measures which the
+inquisitor might command. To be a member of this order it was necessary
+to produce proofs and witnesses that they descended neither from Jews,
+Moors, nor any Spaniard condemned and punished by the holy office;
+nobility was not necessary. The members of this association were
+independent of the jurisdiction of the bishops and civil authorities;
+they were all to take the field and fight in defence of the frontier
+towns, but they acknowledged no chief but the inquisitor-general.</p>
+
+<p>This scheme was adopted by the provinces of Castile, Leon, the Asturias,
+Aragon, Navarre, Galicia, Guipuscoa, Alava, Biscay, Valencia, and
+Catalonia. The statutes of the order received the approbation of the
+inquisitor-general and the Supreme Council; the founders and the
+representatives of the metropolitan churches of Toledo, Seville,
+Santiago, Grenada, Tarragona, Saragossa, Valencia, and forty-eight<a name="page_195" id="page_195"></a>
+noble families known for having never mixed their blood with that of the
+New Christians, addressed an humble supplication to the king to obtain
+the confirmation of them. They represented that the order of the <i>White
+Sword</i> offered the greatest advantages to Spain; that it would increase
+the army without any expense of public treasure; that its services would
+reform and ameliorate the morals of the people; lastly, that it would
+shed fresh lustre on the nobility of the kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>Philip commissioned his Sovereign Council to examine the plan of this
+institution, which was likewise discussed in several assemblies
+appointed by his majesty. The opinions were various; but I shall make
+known that of a Spanish gentleman, as it deserves to be recorded.</p>
+
+<p>Don Pedro Venegas, of Cordova, represented to the king, that the new
+order was not necessary, as the Inquisition had not found the want of it
+in the most difficult circumstances; that the bishops reformed the
+morals of the people as much as could be expected from human nature;
+that Spain had never wanted troops even when part of the Peninsula was
+occupied by enemies; that other military orders existed, who were
+obliged to obey their respective grand-masters; that these dignities
+were now possessed by the monarch in virtue of apostolical bulls; that
+the new establishment might one day attack the authority of the
+sovereign, if the inquisitor-general made a bad use of the troops at his
+disposal; that several similar instances had been known of the
+grand-masters of the orders above mentioned; that this institution would
+create two parties in the kingdom, that of the Old Christians and that
+of the New, and that the distinction granted to the first would cause
+murders and civil wars, and threaten the monarchy with ruin.</p>
+
+<p>Philip II. thought seriously on what the grand-masters of the military
+orders had done, and being jealous of his authority, he was not disposed
+to place an army in the power<a name="page_196" id="page_196"></a> of the inquisitor-general, who might
+follow their example; he therefore commanded that the proceedings should
+be suspended, and the interested persons informed that it had not been
+found necessary to create a new order.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XX" id="CHAPTER_XX"></a>CHAPTER XX.<br /><br />
+<small>THE INQUISITION CELEBRATES AT VALLADOLID, IN 1559, TWO AUTOS-DA-FE
+AGAINST THE LUTHERANS, IN THE PRESENCE OF SOME MEMBERS OF THE ROYAL
+FAMILY.</small></h2>
+
+<h3><i>First Auto-da-fé.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">The trial of Juan Gil, Bishop of Tortosa, so much alarmed many
+Lutherans, that they quitted the kingdom. Of this number were
+Cassiodorus de Beina, Juan Perez de Pineda, Cyprian de Valera, and
+Julian Hernandez; the three first published catechisms, translations of
+the Bible, and other works written in the Castilian tongue, in foreign
+countries<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a>. Juan Perez published his at Venice in 1556, and they were
+soon after introduced into Spain by Hernandez, who was arrested by the
+Inquisition. The citations and inquiries made in consequence of the
+trial of Hernandez, in order to discover the religious opinions of the
+persons with whom he associated, caused an infinite number of trials to
+be instituted during the fifteen years following, in all the tribunals
+of Spain, particularly in those of Seville and Valladolid. In 1557 and
+1558, the Inquisition arrested a great number of persons distinguished
+by their birth, their offices, or their doctrine. Some indications found
+in the writings of the trials, of a vast scheme tending to the
+propagation of the<a name="page_197" id="page_197"></a> opinions of Luther, persuaded Philip II. and the
+inquisitor Valdés that it was necessary to treat all the convicted
+persons with the utmost severity. Philip wrote to Rome on the subject on
+the 4th January, 1559. The Pope addressed to Valdés a brief, in which he
+authorized him to give over to secular justice all dogmatizing
+Lutherans, even those who had not relapsed, and who, to avoid capital
+punishment, had given equivocal signs of repentance. If history had
+nothing to allege against Philip II. and the inquisitor Valdés, but the
+solicitation for this bull, it would be sufficient to devote their names
+to infamy.</p>
+
+<p>On the 5th of January, 1559, a second bull revoked all the permissions
+granted for reading prohibited books, and charged the inquisitor-general
+to prosecute all who should read or keep them in their houses; and as
+his Holiness was informed that a great number of writings which tended
+to propagate the Lutheran doctrines were circulating in Spain, the bull
+commanded the confessors to ask their penitents if they knew or had
+heard of any persons possessing, reading, or dispersing them; that they
+should also impose upon them the obligation of communicating such
+circumstances to the holy office on pain of excommunication; and that
+the confessors who omitted this duty should be punished as guilty, even
+if persons they absolved were bishops, archbishops, patriarchs,
+cardinals, <i>kings</i>, or <i>emperors</i>. It is easy to perceive how much these
+measures must have increased the number of accusations; and to encourage
+the informers, Philip renewed the edict of Ferdinand V., published at
+Toro in 1505, by which they were entitled to the fourth part of the
+confiscated property.</p>
+
+<p>The multitude of accusations caused by these bulls, induced the
+inquisitor-general to delegate his powers to Don Pedro de la Gasca,
+Bishop of Palencia, who established himself at Valladolid, and to Don
+Juan Gonzales de Munebrega, Bishop of Tarragona, who repaired to
+Seville. Valdés at<a name="page_198" id="page_198"></a> the same time executed the dispositions of another
+bull, which granted to the holy office, on account of its increased
+expenses in travelling and maintaining so great a number of prisoners,
+the revenues of a canonship in each metropolitan church, cathedral, and
+college, in the kingdom. Another brief granted them a subsidy of one
+hundred thousand ducats of gold, to be imposed on the ecclesiastical
+revenues of the kingdom, to pay the debts contracted from the same
+cause. It is surprising that, after eighty years of confiscation, the
+establishment should complain of distress. These bulls, however, were
+not sufficient to procure money, owing to the resistance of several
+chapters, particularly that of Majorca. In 1574 they still remained
+unexecuted, when Gregory XIII. confirmed them, and the King of Spain was
+obliged to force the rebel canons to submit.</p>
+
+<p>The arrest and trial of so great a number of Spaniards necessarily
+caused an <i>auto-da-fé</i> to be celebrated in many tribunals; but as the
+victims in those of Valladolid and Seville were persons distinguished,
+some for their nobility, others for their doctrine, and all for the
+purity of their lives, the ceremonies in these cities were more noted
+than the others; and I do not hesitate in affirming that all that has
+been written against the Spanish Inquisition in Germany and France was
+only caused by the treatment of the Lutherans at Seville and Valladolid
+(for, until then, scarcely anything had been written on the subject),
+though the number of Lutherans who perished was small, when compared to
+the enormous and almost incredible number of those who had suffered as
+Jews or Mahometans.</p>
+
+<p>The first solemn <i>auto-da-fé</i> of Valladolid was celebrated on the 21st
+of May, 1559, in the grand square, and in the presence of the Prince Don
+Carlos, and the Princess Juana, of the civil authorities, and of a
+considerable number of the grandees of Spain, besides an immense
+multitude of people. The arrangement of the scaffolds and seats have<a name="page_199" id="page_199"></a>
+been already described in several works, and represented in prints.
+Fourteen persons were relaxed, the bones and effigy of a woman burnt,
+and sixteen individuals were admitted to reconciliation, with penances.
+Some details of the principal persons may be found interesting.</p>
+
+<p>Donna Eleonora de Vibero (the wife of Pedro Cazalla, who held an office
+in the Treasury), daughter of Juan de Vibero, who had a similar
+employment, and Constance Ortiz, was proprietress of a chapel in the
+Benedictine convent of Valladolid. She had been interred without any
+doubt of her orthodoxy; but she was accused of Lutheranism by the fiscal
+of the Inquisition, though he said she had concealed her opinions, by
+receiving the sacraments and the eucharist at her death. He supported
+his accusation by the testimony of several witnesses who had been
+tortured or threatened, the result of which was that the house of
+Eleonora de Vibero had been used as a temple by the Lutherans. Her
+memory and her posterity were condemned to infamy, her property
+confiscated, her body disinterred and burnt with her effigy, and her
+house razed to the ground, and prohibited from being rebuilt; a monument
+with an inscription relating to this event was placed on the spot. I
+have seen the column and the inscription; I have heard that it was
+destroyed in 1809.</p>
+
+<p>The other principal persons who perished in this <i>auto-da-fé</i> were,
+Doctor Augustin Cazalla, priest and canon of Salamanca, almoner and
+preacher to the king and emperor; he was the son of Pedro Cazalla and
+Eleonora de Vibero, and descended from the Jews both by his father and
+mother. He was accused of professing the Lutheran heresy; of having
+dogmatized in the Lutheran conventicle of Valladolid, and corresponded
+with the heretics of Seville. Cazalla denied the facts imputed to him in
+several declarations on oath, and in others which he presented when the
+<i>publication of the proofs</i> took place. The torture was decreed:
+Cazalla,<a name="page_200" id="page_200"></a> on the 4th of March, was conducted to the dungeon where it was
+to be inflicted, but it did not take place, as the prisoner promised to
+make a confession. He gave it in writing, and ratified it on the 16th,
+acknowledging that he was a Lutheran, but denied having taught the
+doctrine. He explained the motives which had prevented him from making
+this declaration before; and promised to be a good catholic for the
+future, if reconciliation was granted to him; but the inquisitors did
+not think proper to spare him the capital punishment, as the witnesses
+affirmed that he had dogmatized. Cazalla, however, continued to give
+every possible proof of conversion until his execution: when he saw that
+death was inevitable, he began to preach to his companions in
+misfortune. Two days before his death, he related some particulars of
+his life. He was born in 1510: at the age of seventeen he had
+Bartholomew Carranza de Miranda for his confessor, in the college of St.
+Gregory at Valladolid; he continued his studies at Alcala de Henares,
+where he remained till 1536. In 1545 Charles V. made him his preacher;
+in the following year he accompanied that prince to Germany, and stayed
+there till 1552, preaching against the Lutherans; he returned in that
+year to Spain, and retired to Salamanca, where he lived for three years,
+going sometimes to Valladolid. He once attended, by the emperor's order,
+at an assembly where Don Antonio Fonseca, president of the Royal Council
+of Castile, presided, and at which the Licentiate Otalora, the Doctors
+Ribera and Velasco, auditors of the council and chancery, and Brothers
+Alphonso de Castro and Bartholomew Carranza assisted. The object of the
+meeting was to decide on the course to be pursued on the occasion of
+certain briefs which the Court of Rome had expedited against those who
+approved of the decrees of the Council of Trent, which continued to
+assemble in that city, though the Pope had commanded that it should be
+transferred to Bologna. Cazalla declared that all the members<a name="page_201" id="page_201"></a> of the
+junta acknowledged that the Pope only acted from motives of personal
+interest; and that Bartholomew Carranza particularly distinguished
+himself by inveighing against the abuses of the Court of Rome. On the
+20th of May, the day before his death, he received a visit from Brother
+Antonio de la Carrera, a monk of St. Jerome, who was sent to him by the
+inquisitors, to inform him that they were not satisfied with his
+declarations, and to exhort him, for the good of his conscience, to
+confess all that he knew of himself and others. Cazalla answered, that
+he could not say more, without bearing false-witness. The monk replied,
+that he had always denied that he had dogmatized, though the contrary
+was proved by the witnesses. He said, that this crime had been unjustly
+imputed to him; that he was guilty of not having undeceived those who
+held bad doctrines; but that he had only spoken of his opinions to
+persons who thought as he did: Brother Antonio then exhorted him to
+prepare for death on the following day. This information was a
+thunderbolt to Cazalla, who had expected to be admitted to a
+reconciliation. He demanded if his punishment might not be commuted:
+Carrera told him, that if he confessed what he had hitherto concealed,
+he might hope for mercy. <i>Well then</i>, said Cazalla, <i>I must prepare to
+die in the grace of God; for it is impossible that I should add anything
+to what I have already said, unless I lie</i>. He then began to encourage
+himself to suffer death; he confessed several times in the same night,
+and the next day to Antonio de la Carrera. When he arrived at the place
+of the <i>auto-da-fé</i>, he asked permission to preach to those who were to
+suffer with him; he could not obtain it, but he addressed a few words to
+them: as he was a penitent, he was strangled before, he was burnt. When
+he was fastened to the stake, he confessed for the last time, and his
+confessor was so affected by all that he had seen and heard during the
+last twenty-four hours, that he afterwards wrote, "that he had no doubt
+that Doctor Cazalla was in Heaven."<a name="page_202" id="page_202"></a></p>
+
+<p>Francis de Vibero Cazalla, brother to Augustin, a priest, and Curate of
+Hormigos in the diocese of Palencia, at first denied the charges,
+confessed them when tortured, ratified his confession, and demanded to
+be admitted to reconciliation. This was refused, as it was supposed that
+he had only confessed from the fear of death. In fact, he ridiculed his
+brother's exhortations on the scaffold, and expired in the flames
+without showing any signs of repentance. He was degraded from the
+priesthood, as well as his brother, before he ascended the scaffold.</p>
+
+<p>Donna Beatrice de Cazalla, sister to the above-mentioned persons, and
+Alphonso Perez, at first denied the charges, confessed during the
+torture, demanded reconciliation, but were strangled and burnt.</p>
+
+<p>Don Christobal de Ocampo, of Seville, a knight of the order of St. John,
+and almoner to the Grand Prior of Castile and Leon, and Don Christobal
+de Padilla, a knight and inhabitant of Zamora, were condemned to the
+same punishment for Lutheranism.</p>
+
+<p>The licentiate Antonio Herrezuelo, a lawyer of the city of Toro,
+condemned as a Lutheran, died without any signs of repentance. Doctor
+Cazalla addressed some words to him in particular; Antonio ridiculed his
+discourse, although he was already fastened to the stake. One of the
+archers, furious at so much courage, plunged his lance into the body of
+Herrezuelo; he died without uttering a word.</p>
+
+<p>Juan Garcia, a goldsmith of Valladolid, and the licentiate Perez de
+Herrera, judge of the court against smugglers, in Logrono, suffered as
+Lutherans. Gonzalez Baez, the Portuguese mentioned in the preceding
+chapter, suffered as a Judaic heretic.</p>
+
+<p>Donna Catherine de Ortega, widow of the commander Loaisa, and daughter
+to Hernand Diaz, fiscal of the Royal Council of Castile, was condemned
+as a Lutheran, and made her confession. She suffered the same fate with
+Catherine<a name="page_203" id="page_203"></a> Roman de Pedrosa, Isabella d'Estrada, and Jane Blazquiez, a
+servant of the Marchioness d'Alcanizes. None of these persons had
+dogmatized, none had relapsed, but they were condemned because they only
+confessed during the torture.</p>
+
+<p>Among the persons reconciled were distinguished,&mdash;Don Pedro Sarmiento de
+Roxas, a knight of the order of St. Jago, commander of Quintana, and the
+son of the first Marquis of Poza. He was condemned as a Lutheran,
+deprived of his orders, clothed in the perpetual <i>San-benito</i>,
+imprisoned for life, devoted to infamy, and his property confiscated.</p>
+
+<p>Don Louis de Roxas, nephew of the above, was charged with the same
+crime; he was exiled from Madrid, Valladolid, and Palencia, and
+prohibited from leaving Spain; his property was confiscated, and he was
+declared incapable of succeeding to the marquisate of Poza, which passed
+to his youngest brother.</p>
+
+<p>Donna Mencia de Figueroa, wife of Don Pedro Sarmiento de Roxas, and an
+attendant of the Queen of Spain, was condemned, for Lutheranism, to wear
+the <i>San-benito</i>, to imprisonment for life, and the confiscation of her
+property.</p>
+
+<p>Donna Anna Henriquez de Roxas, daughter of the Marquis d'Alcanizes, and
+the wife of Don Juan Alphonso de Fonseca Mexia, was condemned as a
+Lutheran. She appeared in the <i>auto-da-fé</i> with the <i>San-benito</i>, and
+was afterwards shut up in a monastery. She was twenty-four years of age,
+was perfectly acquainted with the Latin tongue, and had read the works
+of Calvin, and those of Constantine Ponce de la Fuente.</p>
+
+<p>Donna Maria de Roxas, a nun of the convent of St. Catherine of
+Valladolid, and daughter to the first Marquis de Poza. She was condemned
+as a Lutheran, conducted to the <i>auto-da-fé</i> with the <i>San-benito</i>, and
+secluded for life in her convent. The Inquisition commanded that she
+should be treated as the lowest in the community in the choir and
+refectory, and deprived of the power of voting.<a name="page_204" id="page_204"></a></p>
+
+<p>Don Juan de Ulloa Pereira, a knight commander of the order of St. John
+of Jerusalem. He was son and brother to the Lords de la Mota, who were
+soon after made Marquisses, and an inhabitant of Toro. He was condemned,
+for Lutheranism, to wear the <i>San-benito</i>, to be imprisoned for life,
+and to be deprived of his property. He was declared infamous, incapable
+of obtaining dignities, stript of the habit and cross of his order, and
+banished from Madrid, Valladolid, and Toro, but was prohibited from
+quitting the kingdom. In 1565, Ulloa represented his situation to the
+Pope, reminding him of his services in fighting against the Turks,
+particularly when he took five ships of the pirate Caramani Arraez; he
+added that the inquisitor-general had remitted the continuation of his
+penance for more than a year, but that he wished to regain his rank as a
+knight, as he was still capable of serving. The Pope granted a brief in
+favour of Ulloa, rehabilitating him in his privileges as a knight, with
+a particular clause, stating that what had passed could not prevent him
+from attaining the superior dignities of his order, provided the
+inquisitor-general and the grand master of Malta approved the decree.
+Ulloa was then reinstated in his commandery.</p>
+
+<p>Juan de Vibero Cazalla, a brother of Augustin, and Donna Juana Silva de
+Ribera, his wife, were condemned, as Lutherans, to be deprived of their
+liberty and their property, and to wear the <i>San-benito</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Donna Constance de Vibero Cazalla, sister of Augustin, and widow of
+Hernand Ortiz, was condemned to wear the <i>San-benito</i>, to perpetual
+imprisonment, and the confiscation of her property. When Augustin saw
+his sister pass, he turned to the princess governess, and said to her:
+<i>Princess, I entreat your highness to have compassion on that
+unfortunate woman, who will leave thirteen orphans</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Eleonora de Cisneros, aged twenty-four, the wife of Antonio Herrezuelo,
+and Donna Francisca Zuñiga de Baeza, were<a name="page_205" id="page_205"></a> condemned to the
+<i>San-benito</i>, imprisonment, and confiscation.</p>
+
+<p>Marina de Saavedra, the widow of Juan Cisneros de Soto, a distinguished
+gentleman, Isabella Minguez, a servant of Donna Beatrice Cazalla, and
+Antonio Minguez, the brother of Isabella, suffered the same punishment.</p>
+
+<p>Anthony Wasor, an Englishman, servant to Don Louis de Roxas, was
+condemned to wear the <i>San-benito</i>, to lose his property, and be
+confined in a convent for one year.</p>
+
+<p>Daniel de la Quadra lost his liberty and property, and took the
+perpetual <i>San-benito</i>, as a Lutheran.</p>
+
+<p>The sermon on the faith was preached by the celebrated Melchior Cano,
+after all the assembly had witnessed a scandalous transaction. When the
+court and all the other attendants had taken their places, Don Francis
+Baca, Inquisitor of Valladolid, advanced towards the Prince of Asturias,
+Don Carlos, and his aunt, the princess Juana, to demand and receive from
+them an oath to maintain and defend the Inquisition, and to reveal to it
+all that might have been said against the faith by any person within
+their knowledge. It had been decreed at the establishment of the
+Inquisition, that the magistrate who presided at an <i>auto-da-fé</i> should
+take a similar oath, but sovereigns cannot be considered as magistrates.
+Don Carlos and his aunt took the oath, but subsequent events show how
+much he was displeased at the boldness of this inquisitor: he was then
+aged fourteen years.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Second Auto-da-fé.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">The second <i>Auto-da-fé</i> of Valladolid took place on the 8th of October,
+in the same year, 1559; it was still more splendid than the first, on
+account of the presence of Philip II. The inquisitors had waited his
+return from the Low Countries, to do him honour in this grand festival.</p>
+
+<p>Thirteen persons, with a corpse and an effigy, were burnt,<a name="page_206" id="page_206"></a> and sixteen
+admitted to reconciliation. The king was accompanied by his son, his
+sister, the Prince of Parma, three ambassadors from France, the
+Archbishop of Seville, the Bishops of Palencia and Zamora, and other
+bishops elect; there were also present, the constable and admiral, the
+Dukes de Naxara and d'Arcos, the Marquis de Denia, afterwards Duke of
+Lerma, the Marquis d'Astorga, and the Count de Ureña, afterwards Duke of
+Ossuna, the Count de Benavente, the Count de Buendia, the last
+grand-master of the military order of Montesa, Don Louis Borgia, the
+Grand Prior of Castile and Leon, a knight of the order of St. John of
+Jerusalem, Don Antonio de Toledo, son and brother to the Dukes of Alva;
+several other grandees of Spain, not named in the verbal-process of this
+execution, and many persons of lower rank: the Countess de Ribadabia,
+and other ladies of distinction, besides the councils, the tribunals,
+and other authorities.</p>
+
+<p>The sermon on the faith was preached by the Bishop of Cuença: the
+Bishops of Palencia and Zamora degraded the condemned priests; and the
+inquisitor-general, the Archbishop of Seville, demanded and received
+from the king the same oath which had been administered to Don Carlos.
+The condemned persons were:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Don Carlos de Seso, a noble of Verona, son to the Bishop of Placenza in
+Italy, and one of the most noble families in the country; he was
+forty-three years of age, passed for a learned man, who had rendered
+great services to the emperor, and had held the office of Corregidor of
+Toro. He married Donna Isabella de Castilla, daughter of Don Francis de
+Castilla, who were descended from the king Don Pedro <i>the Cruel</i>. After
+his marriage he settled at Villamediana, near Logroño. He there openly
+preached heresy, and was the principal author of the progress of
+Lutheranism at Valladolid, Palencia, Zamora, and the boroughs depending
+on those cities. He was arrested at Logroño, and taken to the<a name="page_207" id="page_207"></a> secret
+prisons of Valladolid. He answered the requisition of the fiscal on the
+28th of June, 1558. His sentence was communicated to him on the 7th of
+October, 1559, and he was told to prepare to suffer death on the
+following day. De Seso asked for ink and paper, and wrote his
+confession, which was entirely Lutheran; he said that this doctrine, and
+not that taught by the Roman Church, which had been corrupted for
+several centuries, was the true faith of the gospel; that he would die
+in that belief, and that he offered himself to God in memory of the
+passion of Jesus Christ. It would be difficult to express the vigour and
+energy of his writing, which filled two sheets of paper. De Seso was
+exhorted during the night, and on the morning of the 8th, but without
+success; he was gagged, that he might not have the power of preaching
+his doctrine. When he was fastened to the stake, the gag was taken from
+his mouth, and he was again exhorted to confess himself; he replied with
+a loud voice, and great firmness: "If I had sufficient time, I would
+convince you that you are lost, by not following my example. Hasten to
+light the wood which is to consume me." The executioners complied, and
+De Seso died impenitent.</p>
+
+<p>Pedro de Cazalla, curate of the parish of Pedrosa; he was the brother of
+Augustin Cazalla, and aged thirty-three. He was arrested on the 23rd of
+April, 1558, and confessed that he was a Lutheran. He demanded to be
+reconciled, but was sentenced to be <i>relaxed</i> because he had preached
+the heretical doctrine. On the 7th of October he was informed of his
+sentence, but refused to confess; when he was fastened to the stake, he
+asked for a confessor, and was then strangled, and afterwards burnt.</p>
+
+<p>Dominic Sanchez, a priest of Villamediana, adopted the Lutheran heresy,
+after having heard De Seso and read his books. He was condemned to be
+burnt, and followed the example of Pedro de Cazalla.</p>
+
+<p>Dominic de Roxas, a Dominican priest; he was a disciple<a name="page_208" id="page_208"></a> of Bartholomew
+Carranza. His father was the Marquis de Poza, who had two children
+punished in the first <i>auto-da-fé</i>. Brother Dominic was forty years of
+age. He was taken at Calahorra, disguised as a layman; he had taken the
+habit to conceal himself from the agents of the Inquisition, until he
+could escape to Flanders, after an interview which he wished to have
+with Don Carlos de Seso. He made his first declaration before the Holy
+Office, on the 13th of May, 1558; he was obliged to make several others,
+because he retracted in one what he advanced in another; he was
+condemned to the torture for these recantations. Brother Dominic
+intreated that he might be spared the horrors of the question, as he
+dreaded it more than death. This request was granted on condition that
+he would promise to reveal what he had hitherto concealed; he consented,
+and added several new declarations to the first; he afterwards demanded
+to be reconciled. On the 7th of October, he was exhorted to prepare for
+death; he then made some discoveries in favour of persons against whom
+he had spoken in the preceding examinations; but he refused to confess,
+and when he descended from the scaffold of the <i>auto-da-fé</i>, he turned
+towards the king, and exclaimed, that he was going to die for the true
+faith, which was that of Luther. Philip II. commanded that he should be
+gagged. He was still in that situation when he was fastened to the
+stake; but when they began to light the fire his courage failed, he
+demanded a confessor, received absolution, and was strangled.</p>
+
+<p>Juan Sanchez, a servant of Pedro de Cazalla, and Donna Catherine
+Hortega; he was thirty-three years of age. The fear of being arrested by
+the Inquisition induced him to go to Valladolid, in order to escape to
+the Low Countries, under the forged name of Juan de Vibar. The
+inquisitors were informed of his intention by his letters written at
+Castrourdiales, addressed to Donna Catherine Hortega, while she was in
+prison. The inquisitors gave information to the king,<a name="page_209" id="page_209"></a> who commissioned
+Don Francis de Castilla Alcalde, of the court, to arrest him. Sanchez
+was taken at Turlingen, and transferred to Valladolid, where he was
+condemned to <i>relaxation</i>, as a dogmatizing and impenitent Lutheran. He
+was gagged until he was fastened to the stake. As he did not ask for a
+confessor, the pile was lighted, and when the cords which held him were
+burnt, he darted to the top of the scaffold, from whence he could see
+that several of the condemned confessed, that they might avoid the
+flames. The priests again exhorted him to confess, but seeing that De
+Seso remained firm in his resolution, he returned and told them to add
+more wood, for that he would die like Don Carlos de Seso. The archers
+and executioners obeyed his injunctions, and he perished in the flames.</p>
+
+<p>Donna Euphrosyne Rios, a nun of the order of Santa Clara of Valladolid,
+was convicted of Lutheranism by twenty-two witnesses; she continued
+impenitent until she was fastened to the stake, when she confessed, and
+was strangled and burnt.</p>
+
+<p>Donna Marina de Guevara, a nun of the convent of Belen at Valladolid, of
+the order of Cistercians; she was related to the family of Poza. Marina
+confessed the facts, but could not avoid her condemnation, though she
+demanded to be reconciled. This was the more surprising, as the
+inquisitor-general made great efforts to save her life; he was the
+intimate friend of several of her relations, and being informed that the
+inquisitors of Valladolid intended to condemn her, he authorized Don
+Alphonso Tellez Giron, Lord of Montalban and cousin to Marina, and the
+Duke of Ossuna, to visit the accused, and press her to confess what she
+denied, and the witnesses affirmed; but Marina said that she could not
+add anything to what she had already declared.</p>
+
+<p>She was condemned to be <i>relaxed</i>, but the sentence was not immediately
+published, as it was the custom to do so only on the day before the
+<i>auto-da-fé</i>; and as the rules of<a name="page_210" id="page_210"></a> 1541 allow the sentence of death to
+be revoked if the criminals repent before they are given up to secular
+justice, the inquisitor-general sent Don Alphonso Giron a second time to
+his cousin, to exhort her to confess all, and avoid death. This conduct
+of Valdés displeased the inquisitors of Valladolid, who spoke of it as a
+singular and scandalous preference. Valdés applied to the Supreme
+Council, which commanded that the visit should be made in the presence
+of one or two inquisitors. This last attempt did not succeed better than
+the first; Marina persisted in her declaration, and was burnt.</p>
+
+<p>Donna Catherine de Reinoso, a nun in the same convent, Donna Margaret de
+Santisteban, and Donna, Maria de Miranda, nuns of Santa Clara at
+Valladolid, were likewise strangled and burnt as Lutherans.</p>
+
+<p>Pedro de Sotelo and Francis d'Almarzo suffered the same punishment for
+Lutheranism, with Francis Blanco, a New Christian; who had abjured
+Mahometanism, and had afterwards fallen into error.</p>
+
+<p>Jane Sanchez, of the class of women called Beates, was condemned as a
+Lutheran: when she was informed of her sentence, she cut her throat with
+a pair of scissors, and died impenitent some days after in prison. Her
+corpse was taken to the <i>auto-da-fé</i> on a bier, and burnt with her
+effigy.</p>
+
+<p>Sixteen persons were condemned to penances. I shall only mention those
+distinguished for their rank or the nature of their trials.</p>
+
+<p>Donna Isabella de Castilla, the wife of Don Carlos de Seso, voluntarily
+confessed that she had adopted some of her husband's opinions; she was
+condemned to wear the <i>san-benito</i>, to be imprisoned for life, and to be
+deprived of her property.</p>
+
+<p>Donna Catherine de Castilla, the niece of the above, suffered the same
+punishment.</p>
+
+<p>Donna Francisca de Zuñiga Reinoso, sister to Donna Catherine,<a name="page_211" id="page_211"></a> who was
+burnt in the same <i>auto-da-fé</i>, and a nun in the same convent was
+condemned, with Donna Philippina de Heredia and Donna Catherine
+d'Alcaraz, two of her companions, to be deprived of the power of voting
+in her community, and prohibited from going out of the convent.</p>
+
+<p>Antonio Sanchez, an inhabitant of Salamanca, was punished as a false
+witness; it was proved that he had deposed falsely for the purpose of
+causing a Jew to be burnt: he was condemned to receive two hundred
+stripes; was deprived of half his property, and sent to the galleys for
+five years. The compassion of the inquisitors for this sort of criminals
+is an incontestable fact, although they did not hesitate to condemn
+heretics to death, if they had only concealment, or an insincere
+repentance to reproach them with.</p>
+
+<p>Pedro d'Aguilar, a shearer, born at Tordesillas, pretended to be an
+alguazil of the Inquisition, and appeared at Valladolid with the <i>wand</i>
+of the Holy Office on the day of the celebration of the first
+<i>auto-da-fé</i>; he afterwards went to a town in the province of Campos,
+where he said that he was commissioned to open the tomb of a bishop, and
+take the bones to be burnt in an <i>auto-da-fé</i>, as belonging to a man who
+had died in the Judaic heresy. Pedro was condemned to receive four
+hundred stripes, to have his property confiscated, and to be sent to the
+galleys for life. This affair proves that the inquisitors considered it
+a much greater crime to pretend to be an alguazil of the Holy Office,
+than to bear false-witness, and to cause the death of a man, the
+confiscation of his property, and the condemnation of his posterity to
+infamy!</p>
+
+<p>Such is the history of the two celebrated <i>autos-da-fé</i> of Valladolid,
+of which so much has been said, although nothing certain was known of
+them. It is an interesting circumstance that the Inquisition was at the
+same time proceeding against forty-five persons distinguished for their
+rank or personal qualities; of these forty-five persons, ten had been<a name="page_212" id="page_212"></a>
+arrested. It is not to be supposed that the inquisitors only prosecuted
+these persons: the trial of Carranza, Archbishop of Seville, was the
+origin of a great number against bishops and other distinguished
+individuals. I have confined myself to those of which I could consult
+the papers; it would be a task beyond the strength of one man to read
+all that have accumulated in the archives.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXI" id="CHAPTER_XXI"></a>CHAPTER XXI.<br /><br /><small>
+HISTORY OF TWO AUTOS-DA-FE, CELEBRATED AGAINST THE LUTHERANS IN THE CITY OF SEVILLE.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">A<small>N</small> <i>auto-da-fé</i> was celebrated on the 24th of September, 1559, in the
+place of St. Francis, at Seville, not less remarkable for the rank of
+the condemned, than for the nature of their trials. Four bishops
+attended at it; the coadjutor of Seville, those of Largo and the
+Canaries, who happened to be in the city, and of Tarrazona, whom the
+king had authorized to reside at Seville as vice-inquisitor-general.</p>
+
+<p>The inquisitors of the district of Seville were Don Michel del Carpio,
+Don Andres Gasco, and Don Francis Galdo; Don Juan de Obando represented
+the archbishop. I make this remark, to show that none of the judges were
+named <i>Vargas</i>, as the author of a romance entitled <i>Cornelia Bororquia</i>
+has asserted.</p>
+
+<p>This <i>auto-da-fé</i> was celebrated before the royal court of justice, the
+chapter of the cathedral, some grandees of Spain, and a great number of
+titled persons and gentlemen; the Duchess of Bejar was present with
+several ladies, and an immense concourse of people. Twenty-one persons
+were <i>relaxed</i>, with an effigy of a contumacious person, and eighty
+persons condemned to penances, the greatest number of whom were
+Lutherans; I shall mention the most remarkable instances.<a name="page_213" id="page_213"></a></p>
+
+<p>The effigy was that of Francis Zafra, the beneficed priest of the parish
+of St. Vincent of Seville, who was condemned as a Lutheran, but had made
+his escape. Gonzalez de Montes gives a long account of this man, which I
+found to be correct, on examining the papers of the holy office. He says
+that Francis Zafra was well versed in the Scriptures; for some time he
+succeeded in concealing his inclination to Lutheranism, and was employed
+by the inquisitors to qualify denounced propositions, and that he was
+thus enabled to save many persons from being condemned. He had received
+into his house one of the women called <i>Beates</i>, who (after obstinately
+supporting the new doctrines) became so much deranged, that he was
+obliged to confine and scourge her, to calm her violence. In 1555, this
+woman escaped, and denounced three hundred persons as Lutherans to the
+Inquisition: the inquisitors drew up a list of them; Francis Zafra was
+summoned, and although he was mentioned as one of the principal
+heretics, proved that they could not receive the evidence of a person
+whose mind was so much disordered<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a>. As the holy office never
+neglected anything that could assist in discovering heresy, this list
+caused the conduct of many persons to be strictly observed, and more
+than eight hundred were arrested; Francis Zafra was one of the
+prisoners, but he contrived to escape, and was burnt in effigy as
+contumacious.</p>
+
+<p>The first person I shall mention as condemned to relaxation, was Donna
+Isabella de Baena, a rich lady of Seville. Her house was razed to the
+ground for having served as a temple to the Lutherans.</p>
+
+<p>I find, among the other victims at Seville, Don Juan Ponce de Leon,
+youngest son to the Count de Baylen; he was cousin-german to the Duke
+d'Arcos, and related to the Duchess de Bejar, who were both present at
+his <i>auto-da-fé</i>.<a name="page_214" id="page_214"></a> He was condemned as an impenitent Lutheran: he at
+first denied the charges, but confessed during the torture: the
+inquisitors sent a priest, with whom he was well acquainted, to persuade
+him that it would be to his advantage if he confessed the truth. Ponce
+was deceived, and made the confession they required; but on discovering
+his mistake, the day before the <i>auto-da-fé</i>, he made one truly
+Lutheran, and treated the priest who attended him with contempt.
+Gonzalez de Montes pretends that he persisted in his sentiments, but he
+is mistaken, for Ponce confessed when he was fastened to the stake, and
+strangled before he was burnt.</p>
+
+<p>Don Juan Gonzalez, a priest of Seville, and a celebrated preacher of
+Andalusia, embraced Mahometanism at twelve years of age, because his
+parents were Moors, but he was reconciled by the Inquisition. Some time
+after he was imprisoned as a Lutheran, but obstinately persisted in
+refusing to confess, even when tortured; affirming that his opinions
+were founded on the Holy Scriptures, and that, consequently, he could
+not be a heretic. This example was imitated by his two sisters, who
+suffered in the same <i>auto-da-fé</i>: When the gags were taken from their
+mouths, Don Juan told them to sing the 106th psalm. They died (say the
+Protestants) in the faith of Jesus Christ, and detesting the errors of
+the <i>Papists</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Brother Garcia de Arias (surnamed the <i>White Doctor</i>, on account of the
+extreme whiteness of his hair) was a Jeronimite of the Convent of St.
+Isidore, at Seville; he was condemned as an impenitent Lutheran, and
+perished in the flames. He had professed the doctrines of Luther for
+several years, but his sentiments were known only to the principal
+partisans of the heresy, such as Vargas, Egidius, and Constantine: his
+prudence was so great, that he was looked upon as an orthodox theologian
+and of the greatest piety: he even carried his dissimulation so far as
+to profess to be an enemy to the Lutherans. He was several times
+employed to<a name="page_215" id="page_215"></a> qualify heretical propositions, and appeared to be so
+devoted to the inquisitorial system, that though he was denounced
+several times, the inquisitors declared that the informers acted out of
+hatred to him. However, the informations were communicated to him, that
+he might be more cautious in his conversations with suspicious persons.</p>
+
+<p>His conduct towards Gregorio Riuz ought to be recorded. Riuz was
+denounced for some explanations of doctrine in a sermon; being obliged
+to appear and defend his doctrine before theologians, he applied to his
+friend, the White Doctor, who wished to hear his exposition of the
+principles he intended for his defence, and the solutions he had
+prepared for the difficulties which he might meet with. When the
+assembly took place, the Inquisitors commissioned Arias to argue against
+Riuz, who was much surprised to see him at this conference, and still
+more so, when he heard him speak in such a manner, that the answers he
+had prepared were entirely useless. Riuz sunk under this attack, and the
+doctor Arias was severely reproached for his treachery by the Lutheran
+doctors, Vargas, Egidius, and Constantine.</p>
+
+<p>Arias taught the Lutheran doctrine to some monks of his convent: one of
+them (Brother Cassiodorus) made so much progress in it, that he
+converted almost all the monks of the community, so that the monastic
+exercises were no longer practised. Twelve of these persons being
+alarmed at this state of things fled to Germany; the rest who remained
+at Seville, were condemned by the Inquisition. The same fate awaited
+Garcia d'Arias; the depositions against him continued to multiply, and
+he was at last arrested. Foreseeing the result of his trial, he made a
+confession of his faith, and undertook to prove, that the opinions of
+Luther were founded on the gospel. He persevered in his impenitence, and
+no Catholic could convert him, because he understood doctrine better
+than those who disputed with him.</p>
+
+<p>Donna Maria de Virues, Donna Maria Cornel, and Donna<a name="page_216" id="page_216"></a> Maria Bohorques,
+also perished in this <i>auto-da-fé</i>. They were all young, and of the
+highest class of nobility. The history of the last of these ladies ought
+to be made known, on account of some circumstances in her trial, and
+because a Spaniard has composed a <i>novel</i> under the title of <i>Cornelia
+Bororquia</i>, which he affirms to be rather a history than a romance,
+although it is neither the one nor the other, but a collection of scenes
+and events badly conceived, in which he has not even given the actors
+their true names, from not having understood the History of the
+Inquisition by Limborch. This historian has mentioned two of the ladies
+by the names of <i>Cornelia</i> and <i>Bohorquia</i>, which means <i>Donna Maria
+Cornel</i>, and <i>Donna Maria Bohorquia</i>. The Spanish author has united
+these names, to designate <i>Cornelia Bororquia</i> an imaginary person. He
+has supposed a love-intrigue between her and the inquisitor-general,
+which is absurd, since he was at Madrid. He has also introduced
+examinations which never took place in the tribunal; in short, the
+intention of the author was to criticise and ridicule the Inquisition,
+and the fear of being punished for it induced him to fly to Bayonne. A
+good cause becomes bad when falsehood is employed in its defence: the
+true history of the Inquisition is sufficient to show how much it merits
+the detestation of the human race, and it is therefore useless to employ
+fictions or satire. The same may be said of the <i>Gusmanade</i>, a French
+poem, containing assertions false and injurious to the memory of St.
+Dominic de Guzman, whose personal conduct was very pure, though he may
+be blamed for his conduct to the Albigenses.</p>
+
+<p>Donna Maria de Bohorques, was the natural daughter of Pedro Garcia de
+Xerez Bohorques of one of the first families of Seville, and from which
+sprung the Marquises de Ruchena, grandees of the first class. She was
+not twenty-one years of age when she was arrested as a Lutheran. She had
+been instructed by the doctor, Juan Gil (or Egidius), was perfectly
+acquainted with the Latin language, and understood<a name="page_217" id="page_217"></a> Greek; she had many
+Lutheran books, and had committed to memory the Gospels, and some of the
+principal works which explain the text in a Lutheran sense. She was
+conducted to the secret prisons, where she acknowledged her opinions,
+and defended them as Catholic. She said that some of the facts and
+propositions contained in the depositions were true, but denied the
+others, either because she had forgotten them, or was afraid to
+compromise others. She was then tortured, and confessed that her sister,
+Jane Bohorques, was acquainted with her sentiments, and had not
+disapproved them. The fatal consequences of this confession will be
+shown hereafter. The definitive sentence was pronounced, and Maria
+Bohorques was condemned to <i>relaxation</i>. As the sentence was not
+communicated to the prisoner till the day before the <i>auto-da-fé</i>, the
+inquisitors desired that Maria should be exhorted during the interval.
+Two Jesuits and two Dominicans were successively sent to her. They
+returned full of admiration at the learning of the prisoner, but
+displeased at her obstinacy, in explaining the texts of Scripture which
+they proposed, in a Lutheran sense. On the day before the <i>auto-da-fé</i>,
+two other Dominicans went with the first, to make a last effort to
+convert Maria, and they were followed by several other theologians of
+different religious orders. Maria received them with as much pleasure as
+politeness, but she told them, that they might spare themselves the
+trouble of speaking to her of their doctrines, as they could not be more
+concerned for her salvation than she was herself; that she would
+renounce her opinions if she felt the least uncertainty; but that she
+was still more convinced that she was right, since so many <i>popish</i>
+theologians had not been able to advance any arguments, for which she
+had not prepared a solid and conclusive answer. At the place of
+execution, Don Juan Ponce de Leon, who had abjured heresy, exhorted
+Maria to do the same. She received his advice very ill, and called him
+<i>ignorant, an idiot, and a<a name="page_218" id="page_218"></a> babbler</i>: she added, that it was no longer a
+time to dispute, and that the few moments they had to live ought to be
+employed in meditating on the passion and death of their Redeemer, to
+reanimate the faith by which they were to be justified and saved.
+Although she was so obstinate, several priests, and a great number of
+monks, earnestly entreated that she might be spared, in consideration of
+her extreme youth and surprising merit, if she would consent to repeat
+the <i>Credo</i>. The inquisitors granted their request; but scarcely had
+Maria finished it, than she began to interpret the articles on the
+Catholic faith, and the judgment of the quick and the dead, according to
+the opinions of Luther: they did not give her time to conclude; the
+executioner strangled her, and she was afterwards burnt. Such is the
+true history of Maria Bohorques, according to the writings of the
+Inquisition.</p>
+
+<p>Paul IV. died at Rome on the 18th of August, 1559, a few days before the
+<i>auto-da-fé</i> at Seville. When the Romans learnt this event, they went in
+crowds to the Inquisition, set all the prisoners at liberty, and burnt
+the house and the archives of the tribunal. It cost much money and
+trouble to prevent the enraged populace from burning the convent <i>De la
+Sapienza</i> of the Dominicans, who conducted all the affairs of the Roman
+Inquisition. The principal commissioner was wounded, and his house
+burnt. The statue of Paul IV. was taken from the capitol and destroyed;
+the arms of the house of Carafa were everywhere defaced, and even the
+mortal remains of the Pope would have been abused, if the Canons of the
+Vatican had not interred him secretly, and if the guards had not
+defended the pontifical residence<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a>. This revolt of the Romans did not
+alarm the inquisitors of Spain, where the people had been brought up by
+the monks in different principles from those professed by their
+ancestors under the reign of Ferdinand, and the first ten years of that
+of Charles V.<a name="page_219" id="page_219"></a></p>
+
+<h3><i>Auto-da-fé of the year 1560.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">The inquisitors of Seville, who had perhaps depended on the presence of
+Philip II., prepared another <i>auto-da-fé</i> for him similar to that of
+Valladolid. When they had lost all hope of that honour, the ceremony was
+performed: it took place on the 22nd of December, 1560. Fourteen
+individuals were burnt in person (<i>i. e.</i> relaxed), and three in effigy;
+thirty-four were subjected to penances, and the reconciliation of three
+other persons was read before the <i>auto-da-fé</i>. The effigies were those
+of the Doctors Egidius, Constantine, and Juan Perez.</p>
+
+<p>Constantine Ponce de la Fuente was born at <i>San Clemente de la Mancha</i>,
+in the diocese of Cuença; he finished his studies at Alcala de Henares,
+with the Doctor Juan Gil, or <i>Egidius</i>; and with Vargas, who died during
+his trial. These three theologians were the principal chiefs of the
+Lutherans at Seville, whom they secretly directed, enjoying at the same
+time the reputation of good Catholics and virtuous priests. Egidius
+preached much in the metropolitan church; Constantine was less ardent in
+his zeal, but he obtained as much applause; Vargas explained the
+Scriptures in the pulpit of the municipality. Constantine refused the
+dignity of magisterial canon, which was offered to him both by the
+Chapter of Cuença and that of Toledo. Charles V. appointed him his
+almoner and preacher; in this quality he took him to Germany, where he
+made a long stay. On his return to Seville, he directed the College <i>de
+la Doctrina</i>, and there established a pulpit to preach the Holy
+Scriptures, of which he appointed the salary: he undertook to fill the
+office, and during this period the Canons' corporation offered him the
+place of magisterial canon; exempting him from the usual competition.
+Some of the canons recollecting the unfortunate consequences of the
+election of Juan Gil (who was appointed in the same manner), wished that
+the competition should take place. Constantine was requested to submit
+to<a name="page_220" id="page_220"></a> it, and assured that he would triumph over the competitors. This, in
+fact, took place in 1556, in opposition to the appeals and intrigues of
+the only person who had the courage to compete with him. While
+Constantine continued to enjoy general esteem, the declarations of a
+great number of prisoners who were arrested for Lutheranism, caused his
+arrest in 1558, some months before the death of Charles V. During the
+time that he was preparing his defence, an accident happened which
+rendered it useless.</p>
+
+<p>Isabella Martinez, a widow of Seville, was arrested as a Lutheran. Her
+property was sequestrated; but it was soon found, that Francis Beltran,
+her son, had concealed several chests of valuable effects before the
+inventory was taken. Constantine had committed some prohibited books to
+the care of this woman, who concealed them in her cellar. The
+inquisitors sent Louis Sotelo, the alguazil of the holy office, to
+Francis Beltran, to claim the effects which he had concealed. Francis,
+on seeing the alguazil, did not doubt that his mother had declared the
+concealment of the books given to her care by Constantine, and without
+waiting until Sotelo should tell him the cause of his visit, he said,
+<i>Señor Sotelo, I suppose that you come for the things deposited in my
+mother's house. If you will promise that I shall not be punished for not
+giving information of them, I will show you what there is hidden there.</i>
+Beltran then conducted the alguazil to his mother's house, and pulled
+down part of the wall, behind which the Lutheran books of Constantine
+had been concealed; Sotelo, astonished at this sight, told him that he
+should take possession of the books, but that he did not consider
+himself bound by his promise, as he only came to claim the effects which
+he had concealed. This declaration increased the alarm of Beltran, and
+he gave everything up to the alguazil, on condition that he might remain
+free in his house. This denunciation had been made by a servant, who
+hoped to obtain the benefit of the act of Ferdinand V., which assigns
+the fourth part of the concealed effects to the informer.<a name="page_221" id="page_221"></a></p>
+
+<p>Among the prohibited books, were found several writings by Constantine
+Ponce de Fuente, which treated of the true church according to the
+principles of the Lutherans, and proved in their manner, that this
+church was not that of the <i>papists</i>: he also discussed in them several
+other points on which the Lutherans differed from the Catholics.
+Constantine could not deny these papers, as they were in his own
+hand-writing; he confessed that they contained the profession of his
+faith, but refused to name his accomplices and disciples. The
+inquisitors, instead of decreeing the torture, plunged him into a deep,
+humid, and obscure dungeon, where the air, impregnated with the most
+dangerous miasma, soon altered his health. Overcome by this persecution,
+he exclaimed, "<i>My God, were there no Scythians or cannibals into whose
+hands to deliver me, rather than to let me fall into the power of these
+barbarians!</i>" This situation could not last long; Constantine fell sick,
+and died of a dysentery: it was reported, when the <i>auto-da-fé</i> was
+celebrated, that he had killed himself to avoid his punishment. His
+trial was as celebrated as his person. The inquisitors caused the
+<i>merits</i> or charges against him to be read in a pulpit close to their
+seats, where the people could not hear them; the Corregidor Calderon
+remarked the circumstance twice, and they were obliged to begin it again
+where those of the other trials were read. Constantine had published the
+first part of a catechism; the second was not printed. The following
+works of Constantine were inserted in the prohibitory Index, published
+in 1559, by Don Ferdinand Valdés:&mdash;An Abridgment of the Christian
+Doctrine; a Dialogue on the same subject, between a Master and his
+Disciple; The Confession of a Sinner to Jesus Christ; A Christian
+Catechism; An Exposition of the Psalm, <i>Beatus qui non abiit in concilio
+impiorum</i>. Alphonso de Ulloa, in his Life of Charles V., gives the
+highest praise to the works of Constantine, particularly his Treatise on
+the Christian Doctrine, which was translated into Italian<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>. The
+effigy of Contantine<a name="page_222" id="page_222"></a> was not like those of the other condemned persons
+(which were an unformed mass surmounted by a head); it was an entire
+figure with the arms spread, as Constantine was accustomed to do when
+preaching, and was clothed in garments which appeared to have belonged
+to him. After the <i>auto-da-fé</i>, this figure was taken back to the Holy
+Office, and a common effigy was burnt with the bones of the condemned.</p>
+
+<p>Another prisoner died in the dungeons of the Inquisition; he was
+(according to Gonzalez de Montis) a monk of the Convent of St. Isidore,
+named Ferdinand. The same author affirms, that one Olmedo, a Lutheran,
+was likewise carried off by an epidemic disease which ravaged the
+prisons, and that he uttered groans similar to those of Constantine when
+he was dying. I have not found that any Inquisition in Spain has, of
+late years, condemned any person to this sort of dungeon, unless the
+torture was decreed; the inquisitors of that time cannot be pardoned for
+making them a common prison.</p>
+
+<p>The Doctor Juan Perez de Pineda, whose effigy was the third in the
+<i>auto-da-fé</i>, was born at Montilla in Andalusia; he was placed at the
+head of the College <i>de la Doctrina</i>, in which the young people of
+Seville were educated.</p>
+
+<p>He made his escape when he was informed that the inquisitors were about
+to arrest him as suspected of Lutheranism. Proceedings were instituted
+against him as contumacious, and he was condemned as a formal Lutheran
+heretic. He had composed several works: the Index prohibited the
+following: The Holy Bible, translated into the Castilian tongue; a
+Catechism, printed at Venice in 1556 by Pedro Daniel; The Psalms of
+David in Spanish; and a Summary of the Christian Doctrine. Juan Perez
+had attained a great age when he was condemned. Of the fourteen persons
+who were reconciled in the second <i>auto-da-fé</i> the most remarkable
+were:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Julian Hernandez, surnamed the <i>Little</i>, a native of Villaverdè. The
+wish to promulgate Lutheran books in Seville induced him to go to
+Germany. He gave the books to Don<a name="page_223" id="page_223"></a> Juan Ponce de Leon, who undertook to
+distribute them. He passed more than three years in the prisons of the
+Holy Office, and was tortured several times, to force him to discover
+his accomplices. He bore the torture with a fortitude far above his
+physical strength, and remained faithful to his creed. When he arrived
+at the stake he arranged the wood around him so as to burn quickly; the
+Doctor Ferdinand Rodriguez, who attended him, demanded that the gag
+should be taken from his month, that he might make his confession, but
+Júlian opposed it, and he was burnt.</p>
+
+<p>Nicholas Burton, born in England, was condemned at an impenitent
+Lutheran heretic. It is impossible to justify the conduct of the
+inquisitors to this Englishman, and several other foreigners who had not
+settled in Spain, and were merely returning to their respective
+countries after having transacted their commercial affairs. This man
+came to Spain in a vessel laden with merchandise, which, he said, was
+all his own property, but of which some part belonged to John Fronton,
+who was reconciled in this <i>auto-da-fé</i>. Burton refused to abjure, and
+was burnt alive; the inquisitors seized his vessel and its freight, thus
+proving that avarice was the principal motive of the Inquisition. The
+inquisitors were guilty of a great cruelty in this instance, and the
+commerce of Spain would perhaps have been destroyed, if the violence
+committed against Burton, and some others, had not been protested
+against by the different powers, which induced Philip IV. to prohibit
+the inquisitors from molesting foreign merchants and travellers, if they
+did not attempt to promulgate heretical opinions; but the inquisitors
+eluded this order, by pretending that they brought prohibited books into
+the kingdom, or spoke in favour of heresy.</p>
+
+<p>Gonzalez de Montes speaks of the arrival in Spain of a very rich
+stranger, named Rehukin, whose vessel was finer and better built than
+any that had ever appeared at San-Lucar de Barrameda. The Inquisition
+arrested him as an heretic, and<a name="page_224" id="page_224"></a> confiscated his property; the merchant
+proved that the vessel did not belong to him, and that it could not be
+included in the confiscation; but his efforts to recover it were
+useless.</p>
+
+<p>Two other foreigners shared the fate of Burton. One was an Englishman
+named William Brook, born at Sarum, and a sailor; the other was a
+Frenchman of Bayonne, named Fabianne, whose trade required his presence
+in Spain.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Beata</i> protected by Francis Zafra, who had recovered her senses,
+but persisted in her heresy, was burnt in this <i>auto-da-fé</i>, with five
+women of her family. Thirty-four persons were condemned to penances. The
+most remarkable instances were:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>John Fronton, an Englishman of the city of Bristol, who came to Seville,
+where he was informed of the arrest of Nicholas Burton. He was the
+proprietor of a considerable part of the merchandise taken from Burton,
+and after proving this fact by documents which he brought from England
+he claimed restitution. He was subjected to great delays and expenses,
+but as it was impossible to deny his rights, the inquisitors promised to
+restore the merchandise: in the mean time they contrived that witnesses
+should appear and depose that John Fronton had advanced heretical
+propositions, and he was taken to the secret prisons. The fear of death
+induced Fronton to say everything that the inquisitors required, and he
+demanded reconciliation. He was declared to be <i>violently suspected</i> of
+the Lutheran heresy. This was sufficient to authorize the inquisitors to
+seize his property, and he was reconciled, condemned to forfeit his
+merchandise, and to wear the <i>san-benito</i> for the space of one year.
+This is a remarkable proof of the mischief produced by the secrecy of
+the inquisitorial proceedings. If the affair of John Fronton had been
+made public, any lawyer would have shown the nullity and falsehood of
+the <i>instruction</i>. Yet there are Englishmen who defend the tribunal of
+the holy office as a useful institution, and I have heard an <i>English
+Catholic priest</i><a name="page_225" id="page_225"></a> speak in its defence. I represented that he did not
+understand the nature of the tribunal; that I was not less attached to
+the Catholic religion than he, or any inquisitor might be; but that if
+the spirit of peace and charity, humility and disinterestedness,
+inculcated by the Holy Scriptures, is compared with the system of
+severity, craft, and malice, dictated by the laws of the holy office,
+and the power possessed by the inquisitors (from the secrecy of their
+proceedings) of abusing their authority in defiance of natural and
+divine laws, the orders of the Popes and the royal decrees, it will be
+impossible not to detest the tribunal as only tending to produce
+hypocrisy.</p>
+
+<p>Gaspard de Benavides was an alcalde of the prison of the Inquisition,
+and appeared in the <i>auto-da-fé</i> with a flambeau; he was banished for
+life from Seville, and lost his place, for <i>having failed in zeal and
+attention in his employment</i>. Let this qualification and the sentence be
+compared with the crime of which he was accused. He purloined part of
+the small rations of the prisoners, the food which he gave them was of a
+bad quality, and he made them pay for it, as if it was superior; he did
+not take care to prepare it properly, it was badly cooked and seasoned;
+he deceived them in the price of wood, and made false bills of
+expenditure. If any of the prisoners complained, he removed them to a
+dark and humid dungeon, where he left them for a fortnight or even
+longer, to punish them for murmuring; he did not fail to tell them that
+he did this by the order of the inquisitors, and that they were released
+at his intercession. When any prisoner demanded an audience, Gaspard
+(fearing that they would denounce him) did not inform the inquisitors of
+the request, and told the prisoner the next day that the inquisitors
+were so much occupied that they could not grant audiences. In short,
+there was no sort of injustice which he did not commit, until the moment
+when his conduct was discovered by chance.<a name="page_226" id="page_226"></a></p>
+
+<p>Maria Gonzalez, a servant of this man, was condemned to receive two
+hundred stripes, and to be banished for ten years. Her crime was, having
+received money from some prisoners, and having permitted them to see and
+converse with each other.</p>
+
+<p>Donna Jane Bohorques was declared innocent. She was the legitimate
+daughter of Don Pedro Garcia de Xeres y Bohorques, and the sister of
+Donna Maria Bohorques, who perished in a former <i>auto-da-fé</i>. She had
+married Don Francis de Vargas, lord of the borough of Higuera. She was
+taken to the secret prisons when her unfortunate sister declared that
+she was acquainted with her opinions, and had not opposed them; as if
+silence could prove that she had admitted the doctrine to be true. Jane
+Bohorques was six months gone with child; but this did not prevent the
+inquisitors from proceeding in her trial, a cruelty which will not
+surprise, when it is considered that she was arrested before any proof
+of her crime had been obtained. She was delivered in the prison; her
+child was taken from her at the end of eight days, in defiance of the
+most sacred rights of nature, and she was imprisoned in one of the
+common dungeons of the holy office. The inquisitors thought they did all
+that humanity required in giving her a less inconvenient cell than the
+common prison. It fortunately happened that she had as a companion in
+her cell a young girl who was afterwards burnt as a Lutheran, and who
+pitying her situation, treated her with the utmost tenderness during her
+convalescence. She soon required the same care; she was tortured, and
+all her limbs were bruised and almost dislocated. Jane Bohorques
+attended her in this dreadful state. Jane Bohorques was not yet quite
+recovered, when she was tortured in the same manner. The cords with
+which her still feeble limbs were bound penetrated to the bone, and
+several blood vessels breaking in her body, torrents of blood flowed
+from her mouth. She was taken back to her<a name="page_227" id="page_227"></a> dungeon in a dying state, and
+expired a few days after. The inquisitors thought they expiated this
+cruel murder by declaring Jane Bohorques innocent, in the <i>auto-da-fé</i>
+of this day. Under what an overwhelming responsibility will these
+monsters appear before the tribunal of the Almighty!</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXII" id="CHAPTER_XXII"></a>CHAPTER XXII.<br /><br />
+<small>OF THE ORDINANCES OF 1561, WHICH HAVE BEEN FOLLOWED IN THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE HOLY OFFICE, UNTIL THE PRESENT TIME.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> ancient laws of the holy office had been almost entirely forgotten,
+and the inquisitors merely followed a kind of routine in transacting
+their affairs. The inquisitor-general Valdés found it necessary to
+remedy this evil; and as a multitude of extraordinary cases had occurred
+since the publication of the Codes of Torquemada and his successor Deza,
+which had obliged the inquisitors to publish supplements and new
+declarations, he resolved to frame a new code, composed of those laws
+which experience had shown to be useful. This edict was published at
+Madrid, on the 2nd of September, 1561; it was composed of eighty-one
+articles, which have been, till the present time, the laws by which the
+proceedings of the Inquisition have been regulated.</p>
+
+<p><i>Preamble.</i> "We, Don Ferdinand Valdés, by the grace of God, Archbishop
+of Seville, apostolical inquisitor-general against heresy and apostacy
+in all the kingdoms and domains of his majesty, &amp;c.; we inform you,
+venerable apostolical inquisitors, that we understand, that although it
+has been provided by the ordinances of the holy office, that the same
+manner of proceeding should be exactly followed in all the Inquisitions,
+there are, nevertheless, some tribunals where<a name="page_228" id="page_228"></a> this measure has not
+been, and is not well observed. In order to prevent any difference for
+the future, in the conduct of the tribunals, and the forms which should
+be followed, it has been resolved, after communicating and consulting
+with the council of the general Inquisition, that the following order
+shall be observed by the tribunals of the holy office:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1st. When the inquisitors admit an information, which shows that
+propositions have been advanced which ought to be denounced to the holy
+office, they must consult theologians of learning and integrity, and
+capable of qualifying the said propositions; they shall give their
+opinion in writing, accompanied by their signature.</p>
+
+<p>2nd. If it is certain from the opinion of the theologians that the
+object of their examination is a matter of faith, or if it is apparent
+without consulting them, and the denounced fact is sufficiently proved,
+the procurator-fiscal shall denounce the author of it, and the
+individuals implicated, if there are any, and shall require that they be
+arrested<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>3rd. The inquisitors shall be assembled to decide if imprisonment should
+be decreed; in doubtful cases, they shall summon consultors, if they
+find it necessary<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>4th. When the proof is not sufficient to cause the arrest of the
+denounced person, the inquisitor shall not cite him to appear, or
+subject him to any examination, because experience has shown, that an
+heretic who is at liberty will not confess, and this measure only makes
+him more reserved and attentive in avoiding everything that may increase
+the suspicions or the proofs brought against him.<a name="page_229" id="page_229"></a></p>
+
+<p>5th. If the inquisitors are not unanimous in decreeing an arrest, the
+writings of the trial shall be sent to the council, and this must
+likewise take place even when they are unanimous in their decisions, if
+the individuals to be arrested are persons of quality and consideration.</p>
+
+<p>6th. The inquisitors shall sign the decree of arrest, and address it to
+the <i>grand alguazil</i> of the holy office. When it relates to a formal
+heresy, this measure shall be immediately followed by the sequestration
+of the property of the denounced person. If several persons are to be
+imprisoned, a decree of arrest shall be expedited for each individual,
+distinct and independent of each other, to be separately executed: this
+precaution is necessary to ensure secrecy, in case one <i>alguazil</i> cannot
+arrest all the criminals. A note shall be entered in the trial, stating
+the day on which the decree of arrest was delivered, and the person who
+received it.</p>
+
+<p>7th. The <i>alguazil</i> shall be accompanied, in the execution of the decree
+of imprisonment, by the recorder of the sequestrations, and the
+stewards. He shall appoint a depositary, and if the steward does not
+approve of the person mentioned, he shall appoint another himself, as he
+is responsible for the property.</p>
+
+<p>8th. The recorder of the sequestrations shall note all the effects
+separately, with the day, the month, and year of the seizure; he shall
+sign it with the <i>alguazil</i>, the steward, the depositary, and the
+witnesses; he shall give a copy of this writing to the depositary; but
+if the others demand copies, he is permitted to require payment for
+them.</p>
+
+<p>9th. The <i>alguazil</i> shall deduct from the sequestrated property a
+sufficient portion to defray the expenses of the food, lodging, and
+journey of the prisoner; he shall give an account of what he received
+when he arrives at the Inquisition. If any money remains he shall give
+it to the cashier, to be employed in the maintenance of the prisoner.</p>
+
+<p>10th. The <i>alguazil</i> shall require the prisoner to give up his money,
+papers, arms, and everything which it might be<a name="page_230" id="page_230"></a> dangerous for him to be
+in possession of; he shall not allow him to have any communication,
+either by speech or writing with the other prisoners, without receiving
+permission from the inquisitors. He shall remit all the effects found
+upon the person of the prisoner to the goaler, and shall take a receipt,
+with the date of the day on which the remittance took place. The gaoler
+shall inform the inquisitors of the arrival of the prisoner, and he
+shall lodge him in such a manner, that he cannot have at his disposal
+anything which might be dangerous in his hands, unless they are confided
+to him, and he is obliged to be responsible. One of the notaries of the
+holy office shall be present, and shall draw up the verbal process of
+the decree of imprisonment and its execution; even the hour when the
+prisoner entered the prison must be mentioned, as this point is
+important in the accounts of the cashier.</p>
+
+<p>11th. The gaoler shall not lodge several prisoners together; he shall
+not permit them to communicate with each other, unless the inquisitors
+allow it.</p>
+
+<p>12th. The gaoler shall be provided with a register, in which all the
+effects in the chamber of the prisoner, with the clothes and food which
+he receives from each detained person, shall be noted; he shall sign the
+statement with the recorder of the sequestrations, and shall give notice
+of it to the inquisitors; he shall not remit any food or clothing to the
+prisoners without examining them with great attention, to ascertain if
+they contain letters, arms, or anything of which they might make a bad
+use.</p>
+
+<p>13th. When the inquisitors think proper, they shall order the prisoner
+to be brought into the chamber of audience; they shall cause him to sit
+on a bench or small seat, and take an oath to speak the truth, at this
+time, and on all succeeding audiences; they shall ask him his name, his
+surname, his age, his country, the place where he dwells, his profession
+and rank, and the time of his arrest; they shall treat him with
+humanity, and respect his rank, but without derogating from the
+authority of judges, that the accused may not infringe<a name="page_231" id="page_231"></a> the respect due
+to them, or commit any reprehensible act towards their persons. The
+accused shall stand while the act of denunciation by the fiscal is read.</p>
+
+<p>14th. The accused shall be afterwards examined on his genealogy. He
+shall be asked if he is married: if more than once, what woman he
+married: how many children he had by each marriage, their age, as well
+as their rank and place of dwelling. The recorder shall write down these
+details, paying attention to place each name at the beginning of a line,
+because this practice is useful in consulting registers, to discover if
+the accused is not descended from Jews, Moors, heretics, or other
+individuals punished by the holy office.</p>
+
+<p>15th. When the preceding ceremony has passed, the accused shall be
+required to give an abridged history of his life, mentioning those towns
+where he has made a considerable stay, the motives of his sojourn, the
+persons he associated with, the friends he acquired, his studies, the
+masters he studied under, the period when he began them, and the time
+that he continued them; if he had been out of Spain, at what time and
+with whom he had quitted the country, and how long he had been absent.
+He shall be asked if he is instructed in the truths of the Christian
+religion, and shall be required to repeat the <i>Pater-noster</i>, the <i>Ave
+Maria</i>, and the <i>Credo</i>. He shall be asked if he has confessed himself,
+and to what confessors. When he has given an account of all these
+things, he shall be asked if he knows or suspects the cause of his
+arrest, and his reply shall regulate the questions put to him
+afterwards. The inquisitors shall avoid interrupting the accused while
+he is speaking, and shall allow him to express himself freely while the
+recorder writes down his declarations, unless they are foreign to the
+trial. They shall ask all necessary questions, but shall avoid fatiguing
+him by examining him on subjects not relating to the trial, unless he
+gives occasion for it by his replies.</p>
+
+<p>16th. It is proper that the inquisitors should always suspect<a name="page_232" id="page_232"></a> that they
+have been deceived by the witnesses, and that they shall be so by the
+accused, and that they should not take either side; for, if they adopt
+an opinion too soon, they will not be able to act with that impartiality
+which is suitable to their station, and on the contrary will be liable
+to fall into error.</p>
+
+<p>17th. The inquisitors shall not speak to the accused during the
+audience, or at other times, of any affair not relating to his own. The
+recorder shall write down the questions and replies; and, after the
+audience, he shall read it to the accused, that he may sign it. If he
+wishes to add, retrench, alter, or elucidate, any article, the recorder
+shall write after his dictation, without suppressing or certifying the
+articles already written.</p>
+
+<p>18th. The fiscal shall present his act of accusation within the time
+prescribed by the ordinances; he shall accuse the prisoner of being an
+heretic in general terms, and afterwards mention, in particular, the
+facts and propositions of which he is charged. The inquisitors have not
+the right of punishing an accused person for crimes which do not relate
+to matters of faith; but if the preparatory instruction mentions any,
+the fiscal shall make it the object of an accusation, because this
+circumstance, and that of his general good or bad conduct, assists in
+determining the degree of credence to be given to his replies, and
+serves for other purposes in his trial.</p>
+
+<p>19th. Although the accused may confess all the charges brought against
+him in the first audiences of <i>admonition</i>, yet the fiscal shall draw up
+and present his act of accusation, because experience has shown, that it
+is better that a trial, caused by the <i>denunciation</i> of a person who is
+a party in the cause, should be continued and judged at the prosecution
+of the <i>denunciator</i>; that the inquisitors may be at liberty to
+deliberate on the application of punishments and penances, which would
+not be the case if they proceeded <i>officially</i>.</p>
+
+<p>20th. Whenever the accused shall be admitted to an<a name="page_233" id="page_233"></a> audience, he shall
+be reminded of the oath which he has taken to speak the truth.</p>
+
+<p>21st. At the end of his requisition, the fiscal shall introduce a
+clause, importing, that if the inquisitors do not think his accusation
+sufficiently proved, they are requested to decree the torture for the
+accused, because, as it cannot be inflicted without previous notice, it
+is proper that the accused should be informed that it has been required;
+and this moment appears the most convenient, because the prisoner is not
+prepared for it, and he will receive the notice with less agitation.</p>
+
+<p>22nd. The fiscal shall himself present his requisition, or demand in
+accusation, to the inquisitors; the recorder shall read it in the
+presence of the prisoner, the fiscal shall make oath that he does not
+act from bad intentions, and retire; the accused shall then reply
+successively to all the articles of the act, and the recorder shall
+write down his answers in the same order, even if they are only denials.</p>
+
+<p>23rd. The inquisitors shall give the prisoner to understand that it is
+of great consequence to him to speak the truth. One of the advocates of
+the holy office shall be appointed to defend him, who shall communicate
+with him in the presence of an inquisitor, in order to prepare himself
+to reply in writing to the accusation, after swearing fidelity to the
+accused, and secrecy to the tribunal, although he had already taken that
+oath at the time that he was appointed the <i>advocate of the prisoners of
+the holy office</i>. He must endeavour to persuade the accused that it is
+of the greatest consequence to be sincere, to ask pardon and submit to a
+penance if he acknowledges his guilt. His reply shall be communicated to
+the fiscal, who, with the prisoner and his advocate, shall be present at
+the audience, and shall demand the proofs. The inquisitors shall admit
+the requisition, but without naming the day or informing the parties of
+it, because neither the accused nor any other person in his name<a name="page_234" id="page_234"></a> has
+the right of being present when the witnesses take their oaths.</p>
+
+<p>24th. The recorder shall read to the advocate all that the accused has
+declared relating to himself, but shall omit all that he has said
+concerning others; this communication is necessary to the advocate, that
+he may establish the defence of his client. If he wishes to make any
+additions to his declaration, the advocate must be obliged to retire.</p>
+
+<p>25th. If the accused has attained the age of twenty-five years, a
+guardian shall be appointed for him before the accusation is read. The
+advocate may fill that office, or any other person of known honour and
+integrity. The prisoner, with the approbation of his guardian, shall
+ratify all that he has declared in former audiences; and he shall
+afterwards be attended by the same person in all the circumstances of
+the trial.</p>
+
+<p>26th. Where the proof has been admitted, the fiscal shall announce in
+the presence of the accused, that he reproduces and presents the
+witnesses and the proofs which existed in the writings and the registers
+of the holy office; he shall demand that they proceed to the
+<i>ratification</i> of the witnesses who have been examined in the
+preparatory instruction, that the witnesses shall be confronted and the
+depositions published. If the accused or his advocate speak at this
+time, the recorder shall write down all that they say.</p>
+
+<p>27th. If the accused confesses himself guilty of another crime, after
+the proof is admitted, the fiscal shall accuse him of it, and he shall
+be prosecuted according to the ordinary forms. If the proof of the first
+crime is increased, it will be sufficient to inform the prisoner of the
+circumstance.</p>
+
+<p>28th. In the interval between the proof and the publication, the
+prisoner may demand audiences, through the gaoler. The inquisitors must
+grant them without delay, in order to profit by the inclination of the
+accused, which may change from day to day.<a name="page_235" id="page_235"></a></p>
+
+<p>29th. The inquisitors must not neglect to cause the <i>ratification</i> of
+the witnesses, or to take any measures to discover the truth.</p>
+
+<p>30th. The <i>ratification</i> of the witnesses shall take place before
+responsible persons, such as two priests, Christians of an ancient race,
+and of a pure life and reputation. The witnesses shall be asked in their
+presence if they recollect having deposed in any trial before the
+Inquisition: if they reply in the affirmative, they shall be questioned
+on the circumstances, and the persons interested in it. When they have
+given satisfaction on this article, they shall be informed that the
+fiscal has presented them as witnesses in the trial of the prisoner.
+Their first declaration shall be read to them, and if they say that they
+have attested those facts, they shall be required to ratify them, making
+any additions, suppressions, explanations, and alterations, which they
+may think proper. These shall all be mentioned in the verbal process: it
+shall also be stated if the witness is at that time at liberty or
+detained in the chamber of audience, or in his chamber, and why he has
+not appeared in the ordinary place.</p>
+
+<p>31st. When the ratification of the witnesses is concluded, the
+publication shall be prepared, taking a copy of each deposition; it
+shall be literal, except in all that may tend to discover the witnesses
+to the accused. If the declaration is too long, it shall be divided into
+several chapters. At the publication of the depositions, they shall not
+be read to the accused all at once, nor all the articles of a long
+declaration. The first head of the deposition of the first witness shall
+be read to him, that he may reply to it with more precision and
+facility; they shall then pass to the second chapter, then to the third,
+following the same order in all the depositions. The inquisitors shall
+hasten, as much as possible, the publication of the depositions, to
+spare the accused the anxiety of a long delay; they shall avoid all that
+may lead him to suppose that new charges have been brought against him,
+or<a name="page_236" id="page_236"></a> that those already made are more extended than in their own
+declarations; and although such circumstances may have occurred, and the
+accused has denied the charges, they shall cause the delay of the
+formalities and the conclusion of the trial.</p>
+
+<p>32nd. The inquisitors shall fulfil the form of the <i>publication</i>,
+dictating to the recorder all that is to be written in the presence of
+the accused, or they shall write it themselves and sign it. This writing
+shall be dated with the year, the month, and the day, when the witness
+deposed, provided that it is not convenient to do so; it would be
+improper if the deponent was in prison. They shall also mention the time
+and place when the facts occurred, because this is useful to the accused
+in his defence; but the place must only be designated in general terms.
+In the copy of the deposition the <i>third person</i> shall be used, although
+the witness spoke to the <i>first</i>. Thus it must be said: The witness has
+seen or heard the accused conversing with an individual, &amp;c.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p>
+
+<p>33rd. If an accused, who has made declarations in several sittings,
+reveals crimes committed by persons whom he named, and afterwards makes
+new declarations, only cites these persons in a vague and general
+manner, employing for example, the words, <i>all those whom I have named</i>,
+or a similar expression; these accusations cannot be brought against any
+accused person, as they do not apply in a direct manner; this must
+oblige the inquisitors to pay attention to the prisoner who speaks of
+different individuals, and cause him to name them one after the other,
+and afterwards to state the facts or words which he imputes to them.</p>
+
+<p>34th. Although the accused has denied the charges, the publication of
+the depositions must be read to him, that he<a name="page_237" id="page_237"></a> may not call in question
+the regularity of the proceedings of the tribunal which has arrested
+him, and that the judges may rely with more confidence on the law when
+they pass sentence; for this discretionary power exists only if the
+accused is convicted and confesses himself guilty; otherwise the charges
+brought against him by the witnesses, whose declarations have not been
+mentioned to him, cannot be of any value, particularly in a trial of
+this kind, when the accused is not present at the oath of the witnesses.</p>
+
+<p>35th. When the accused has replied to the publication of the
+depositions, he shall be permitted to consult with his advocate, in the
+presence of an inquisitor and the recorder, that he may prepare his
+defence. The recorder shall write down the particulars of the conference
+which he considers worthy of attention. Neither the inquisitor nor
+recorder, still less the advocate, shall remain alone with the accused.
+It shall be the same with all other persons, except the gaoler or his
+deputy. It is sometimes eligible that learned and pious persons should
+visit the accused, to exhort them to confess what they obstinately deny,
+though they have been convicted. These interviews can only take place in
+the presence of the recorder or an inquisitor. Procurators shall not be
+permitted to be appointed for the prisoner, though the <i>old
+instructions</i> have established this measure, because experience has
+shown that great inconvenience arises from it<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a>; besides which, the
+accused derives little advantage from it<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a>. If any unforeseen
+circumstance renders this measure necessary, the advocate may be
+appointed to fill the office.</p>
+
+<p>36th. If the accused wishes to write, to fix the points of<a name="page_238" id="page_238"></a> his defence,
+he shall be furnished with paper: but the sheets shall be counted and
+numbered by the recorder, that the accused may give them back again
+either written upon or blank. When his work is finished, he shall be
+allowed to converse with his advocate, to whom he may communicate what
+he has written, on condition that his defender restores the original
+without taking a copy when he presents his address to the tribunal. When
+there is an examination in the defence of the prisoner, he shall be
+required to name, on the margin of each article, the witnesses he wishes
+to call, that those who are the most worthy of credit may be examined.
+He must also be required to name as witnesses none but Christians of an
+ancient race, who are neither his servants nor relations, unless it is a
+case when the questions can only be answered by them<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a>. Before the
+address is presented by the advocate, if the accused requires it, it
+shall be communicated to him, and the inquisitors shall desire the
+advocate to confine himself to the defence of the accused in what he has
+to say, and to observe a strict silence on everything said in the world,
+as experience has shown the inconvenience of this sort of revelations,
+even in respect to the accused persons; they shall cause him to restore
+all the papers, without taking copies of them, or even of the address,
+of which he must give up the notes, if there are any.</p>
+
+<p>37th. Whenever the prisoner is admitted to an audience, the fiscal shall
+examine the state of the trial, to ascertain if he has declared anything
+new of himself or others; he shall receive his declaration judicially,
+and mark the names of the persons of whom he has said anything, and all
+the other points which might elucidate the affair, in the margin.<a name="page_239" id="page_239"></a></p>
+
+<p>38th. The inquisitors shall receive the informations relative to the
+defence of the accused, the depositions in his favour, the indirect
+proofs and challenges of the witnesses, with as much care and attention
+as they receive those of the fiscal; that the detention of the prisoner,
+which prevents him from acting for himself, may not be an obstacle to
+the discovery of the truth.</p>
+
+<p>39th. When the inquisitors receive important information in defence of
+the prisoner, he shall be brought before the tribunal accompanied by his
+advocate; they shall inform him that the proofs of all the circumstances
+which might mitigate his crime have been received, and that they can
+conclude the trial, unless any other demand occurs on their part, in
+which case they will do everything which may be permitted for the
+prisoner. If he declares that he has nothing more to say, the fiscal may
+give in his conclusions. It will be proper, however, that he should not
+do it immediately, that he may take advantage of every circumstance that
+may take place. If the accused demands the publication of the
+depositions in his defence, it must be refused, as it may tend to
+discover the persons who have deposed against him<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>40th. When the trial is so far advanced that the sentence may be passed,
+the inquisitors shall convoke the ordinary and the consulters. As there
+is no reporter, the dean of the inquisitors shall report the trial,
+without giving any opinion, and the recorder shall read it in the
+presence of the inquisitors and the fiscal, who shall sit by the
+consultors, and retire when he has heard the report, before the judges
+give their votes. The consultors shall give their votes first, and then
+the ordinary, the inquisitors after him, and the dean the last. Each
+voter shall be at liberty to make any observations<a name="page_240" id="page_240"></a> which he thinks
+proper in giving his vote, without being interrupted or prevented. If
+the inquisitors gave different votes, they shall explain their motives,
+to prove that there is nothing arbitrary in their conduct. The recorder
+shall write each opinion in a register prepared for the purpose, and
+shall afterwards join it to the trial, to give testimony of it.</p>
+
+<p>41st. When the accused confesses himself guilty, and his confessions
+have the required conditions, if he is not relapsed, he shall be
+admitted to reconciliation; his property shall be seized; he shall be
+clothed in the habit of a penitent, or a <i>san-benito</i> (which is a
+scapulary of linen or yellow cloth, with two crosses of St. Andrew of
+another colour), and he shall be confined in the prison for those who
+are condemned to perpetual imprisonment, namely, that of <i>Mercy</i>. As to
+the colours of the habit he is to wear, and the confiscation of his
+property, there are <i>Fueros</i> and privileges existing in some provinces
+of Aragon, and other rules and customs which must be conformed to, in
+acquitting the criminal, and restoring his ordinary garments to him,
+according to the sentence. If it is proper that he should remain in
+prison for an unlimited time, it shall be said in his sentence, that his
+punishment shall last as long as the inquisitors think proper. If the
+accused has really relapsed, after abjuring a <i>formal</i> heresy, or is a
+<i>false penitent</i> when he has abjured as <i>violently</i> suspected, and is
+convicted in the present trial of the same heresy, he shall be given up
+to the common judge according to the civil law, and his punishment shall
+not be remitted, although he may protest that his repentance is sincere,
+and his confession true in this case.</p>
+
+<p>42nd. The abjuration must be written after the sentence, and signed by
+the accused: if he is incapable of signing it, this ceremony must be
+performed by an inquisitor and the recorder: if the condemned abjures in
+a public <i>auto-da-fé</i>, the abjuration must be signed the next day, in
+the chamber of audience.<a name="page_241" id="page_241"></a></p>
+
+<p>43rd. If the accused is convicted of heresy, bad faith, and obstinacy,
+he shall be <i>relaxed</i>, but the inquisitors must not neglect to endeavour
+to convert him, that he may die in the faith of the church.</p>
+
+<p>44th. If an accused who has been condemned, and informed of his sentence
+on the day before the <i>auto-da-fé</i>, repents during the night and
+confesses his sins, or part of them, in a manner that shows true
+repentance, he shall not be conducted to the <i>auto-da-fé</i>, but his
+execution shall be suspended, because it might be improper to allow him
+to hear the names of the persons condemned to death, and those condemned
+to other punishments, for this knowledge and the report of the offence
+might assist him in preparing his judicial confession. If the accused is
+converted on the scaffold of the <i>auto-da-fé</i>, before he has heard his
+sentence, the inquisitors must suppose that the fear of death has more
+influence in this conversion than true repentance; but if, from
+different circumstances and the nature of the confession, they wish to
+suspend the execution, they are permitted to do so, considering at the
+same time that confessions made in such circumstances are not worthy of
+belief, and more particularly those which accuse other individuals.</p>
+
+<p>45th. The inquisitors must maturely consider motives and circumstances
+before they decree the torture; and when they have resolved to have
+recourse to it, they must state the motive: they must declare if the
+torture is to be employed <i>in caput proprium</i>, because the accused is
+subjected to it as persisting in his denials, and incompletely convicted
+in his own trial; or if he suffers it <i>in caput alienum</i>, as a witness
+who denies, in the trial of another accused, the facts of which he has
+been a joint witness. If he is convicted of bad faith in his own cause,
+and is consequently liable to be <i>relaxed</i>, or if he is equally so in
+any other affair, he may be tortured, though he must be given up to the
+secular judge for what concerns him personally. If he does not<a name="page_242" id="page_242"></a> reveal
+anything in being tortured as a witness, he shall nevertheless be
+condemned as an accused; but if the question forces him to confess his
+crime, and that of another person, and he solicits the indulgence of his
+judges, the inquisitors shall conform to the rules of right.</p>
+
+<p>46th. If only a semi-proof of the crime exists, or if appearances will
+not admit of the acquittal of the prisoner, he shall make an abjuration
+as being either <i>violently</i> or <i>slightly</i> suspected. As this measure is
+not a punishment for the past, but a precaution for the future,
+pecuniary penalties shall be imposed; but he shall be informed that if
+he again commits the crime for which he was denounced, he will be
+considered as having <i>relapsed</i>, and be delivered over to the secular
+judge: for this purpose he shall sign his act of abjuration.</p>
+
+<p>47th. In cases where only the semi-proof, or some indications of a crime
+exist, the accused has been sometimes permitted to clear himself
+canonically before the number of persons appointed in the ancient
+instructions; the inquisitors, the ordinary, and the consultors, may
+therefore allow it if they think proper, but they must observe that this
+proceeding is very dangerous, not often used, and can only be employed
+with great caution<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>48th. The third manner of proceeding in this case is to employ the
+<i>question</i>. This measure is thought to be dangerous and not certain,
+because its effects depend upon the physical strength of the subject;
+consequently no rule can<a name="page_243" id="page_243"></a> be prescribed on this point, but it is left to
+the prudence and equity of the judges. Nevertheless the question shall
+only be decreed by the ordinary, the consultors, and the inquisitors, or
+applied without their concurrence, as circumstances may occur, when
+their presence would be necessary<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>49th. When it is necessary to decree the torture, the accused shall be
+informed of the motives for employing it, and the offences for which he
+is to suffer it; but after it has been decided he shall not be examined
+on any particular fact, he shall be allowed to say what he pleases.
+Experience has shown that if he is questioned on any subject when pain
+has reduced him to the last extremity, he will say anything that is
+required of him, which may be injurious to other persons, in making them
+parties concerned, and producing other inconveniences.</p>
+
+<p>50th. The question shall not be decreed until the process is terminated,
+and the defence of the accused has been heard. As the sentence of
+recourse to the question admits of an appeal, the inquisitors shall
+consult the council, if the case is doubtful; if the accused can
+maintain his appeal, it shall be admitted. But if the point of law is
+clear, the inquisitors are not required to consult the council, or to
+admit the application of the accused; they are at liberty to proceed
+immediately to execution, as if it had not been made.</p>
+
+<p>51st. If the inquisitors think that the appeal ought to be admitted,
+they shall send the writings of the process to the Supreme Council,
+without informing the parties, or any individual not belonging to the
+tribunal, because the council will send an order to the inquisitors, if
+it is considered proper that they should be made acquainted with it.</p>
+
+<p>52nd. If an inquisitor is challenged, and there is another<a name="page_244" id="page_244"></a> in the
+tribunal, the first shall abstain from performing his office, and the
+second shall take his place, after the council has been informed of the
+circumstance. If there is only one inquisitor in the tribunal, the
+proceedings shall be suspended until the decision of the Supreme Council
+has been received; the same course shall be pursued if there are several
+inquisitors, and they are all challenged.</p>
+
+<p>53rd. Twenty-four hours after the accused has been put to the question,
+he shall be asked if he persists in his declarations, and if he will
+ratify them. The notary of the tribunal shall appoint the time for this
+formality, and likewise that for the application of the question. If at
+this moment the accused confesses his crimes, and afterwards ratifies
+his declarations in such a manner that the inquisitors may believe him
+to be converted, repentant, and sincere in his confessions, he may be
+admitted to reconciliation, notwithstanding the article in the ordinance
+of Seville, in 1484. If the accused retracts his declaration, the
+inquisitors shall proceed according to rule.</p>
+
+<p>54th. When the inquisitors, the ordinary, and the consultors decree the
+question, they shall not decide on what is to be done after it has been
+administered, as the result is uncertain, nothing being regulated on
+this point. If the accused resists the torture, the judges shall
+deliberate on the nature, form, and quality of the torture which he has
+suffered; on the degree of intensity with which it was inflicted; on the
+age, strength, health, and vigour of the patient: they shall compare all
+these circumstances, with the number, the seriousness of the indications
+which lead to the supposition of his guilt, and they shall decide if he
+is already cleared by what he has suffered; in the affirmative they
+shall declare him free from prosecution, in the other case he shall
+abjure according to the nature of the suspicion.</p>
+
+<p>55th. The judges, notary, and the executioners shall be present at the
+torture; when it is over, the inquisitors shall<a name="page_245" id="page_245"></a> cause an individual who
+has been wounded to be properly attended, without allowing any suspected
+person to approach him, until he has ratified his declarations.</p>
+
+<p>56th. The inquisitors shall take every precaution that the gaoler shall
+not insinuate anything to the accused relating to his defence, that he
+may only follow his inclination in all that he says. This measure does
+not allow the gaoler to fill the office of guardian or defender to the
+prisoner, or even representative of the fiscal; he may however serve as
+a writer for the accused, if he does not know how to write: in this case
+he shall be prohibited from substituting his own ideas for those of the
+accused.</p>
+
+<p>57th. The affair being for the second time in a state for passing
+sentence, there shall be a new audience of the inquisitors, the
+ordinary, the consultors, the fiscal and the notary. The fiscal shall
+hear the report of the last incidents, to ascertain if it contains
+anything important relating to his office; after it has been read he
+shall retire, that the judges may remain alone when they proceed to
+vote.</p>
+
+<p>58th. When the inquisitors release an accused person from the secret
+prisons, he shall be conducted to the chamber of audience; they shall
+there ask him if the gaoler treated him and the other prisoners well, or
+ill; if he has communicated with him or other persons on subjects
+foreign to the trial; if he has seen or known that other prisoners
+conversed with persons not confined in the prison, or if the gaoler gave
+them any advice. They shall command him to keep secret these details,
+and all that has passed since his detention, and shall make him sign a
+promise to this effect, if he knows how to write, that he may fear to
+break it.</p>
+
+<p>59th. If a prisoner dies before his trial is terminated, and his
+declarations have not extenuated the charges of the witnesses, so as to
+give a sufficient cause for reconciliation, the inquisitors shall give
+notice of his death to his children, his heirs, or other persons who
+have the right of defending his<a name="page_246" id="page_246"></a> memory and property; and, if there is
+cause to pursue the trial of the deceased, a copy of the depositions and
+the act of accusation shall be remitted to them, and all that they
+advance in defence of the accused shall be received.</p>
+
+<p>60th. If the mind of an accused person becomes deranged before the
+conclusion of the trial, a guardian or defender shall be appointed for
+him; if the children or relations of the accused present any means of
+defence in his favour to the tribunal, when he is in possession of his
+senses, the inquisitors shall not permit them to be joined to the other
+writings of the process, because neither the children nor relations of
+the accused are lawful parties; yet in a distinct and separate writing
+they may decree what they think fit, and take measures to discover the
+truth, without communicating with the prisoner, or the persons who
+represent him.</p>
+
+<p>61st. When sufficient proof exists to authorize proceedings against the
+memory and property of a deceased person, according to the <i>ancient
+instruction</i>, the accusation of the fiscal shall be signified to the
+children, the heirs, or other interested persons, each of whom shall
+receive a copy of the notification. If no person presents himself to
+defend the memory of the accused, or to appeal against the seizure of
+his goods, the inquisitors shall appoint a defender, and pursue the
+trial, considering him as a party. If any one interested in the affair
+appears, his rights shall be admitted, although he should be a prisoner
+in the holy office at the time; but he shall be obliged to choose a free
+person to act for him. Until the affair is terminated, the sequestration
+of the property cannot take place, because it has passed into other
+hands: yet the possessors shall be deprived of it, if the deceased is
+found guilty.</p>
+
+<p>62nd. If a person is found not liable to prosecution, this resolution of
+the tribunal shall be announced in the <i>auto-da-fé</i> by a public act, in
+any manner most suitable to the interested party; the errors with which
+he was charged shall not be<a name="page_247" id="page_247"></a> designated, if the accusation is not
+proved. If a deceased person is pronounced free from prosecution, the
+judgment shall be formally published, because the action was public and
+notorious.</p>
+
+<p>63rd. When a defender is appointed for the memory of a person accused
+after his death, in default of interested persons to take his defence,
+the choice must only fall on a person not belonging to the Inquisition;
+but he must be required to keep all the proceedings secret, and not to
+communicate the <i>depositions</i> and the accusations to any but the lawyers
+of the prisoners, unless a decision of the inquisitors authorize him to
+make them known to other persons.</p>
+
+<p>64th. When absent individuals are to be tried, they shall be summoned to
+appear, by three public acts of citation at different intervals,
+according to the known or supposed place of their residence. The fiscal
+shall denounce them contumacious, at the end of each citation.</p>
+
+<p>65th. The inquisitors may take cognizance of several crimes which
+occasion suspicion of heresy, although they do not consider the accused
+an heretic, on account of certain circumstances; such as bigamy,
+blasphemy, and suspicious propositions. In these cases the application
+of the punishments depends upon the prudence of the judges, who ought to
+follow the rules of right, and consider the gravity of the offence.
+However, if they condemn the accused to corporeal punishment, such as
+whipping, or the galleys, they shall not say that it may be commuted for
+pecuniary penalties; for this measure would be an extortion, and an
+infringement of the respect due to the tribunal.</p>
+
+<p>66th. If the inquisitors and the ordinary differ in opinion when they
+assemble to give their votes on the definitive sentence, the trial shall
+be referred to the Supreme Council; but if the division is produced by
+the manner in which the consultors have voted, the inquisitors may pass
+them over, (although they may be more numerous,) and establish the<a name="page_248" id="page_248"></a>
+definitive sentence on their own votes, and that of the ordinary, unless
+the importance of the case compels them to apply to the council, even if
+the inquisitors, the consultors, and ordinary are unanimous<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>67th. The <i>secret notaries</i> shall draw up as many literal and certified
+copies of the declarations of the witnesses, and the confessions of the
+accused, as there are persons designated as guilty, or suspected of the
+crime of heresy, that there may be a separate proceeding against each;
+for the writings which contain the original charges are not sufficient,
+since experience has shown that it always causes confusion, and the
+prescribed method has been employed several times, although it increases
+the labour of the notaries.</p>
+
+<p>68th. When the inquisitors are informed that any of the prisoners have
+communicated with other detained persons, they shall ascertain the truth
+of the fact, inform themselves of the name and quality of the denounced
+persons, and if they are accused of the same species of crime. These
+details shall be mentioned in the process of each prisoner. In these
+cases little credit can be given to any subsequent declarations made by
+these persons, either in their own cause, or in the trial of another.</p>
+
+<p>69th. Where a trial has been suspended by the inquisitors, if another
+commences, though for a different crime, the charges of the first shall
+be added to those of the second, and the fiscal shall maintain them in
+his act of accusation, because they aggravate the new crime of which the
+prisoner is accused.</p>
+
+<p>70th. When two or more prisoners have been placed in the same prison,
+they shall not be afterwards separated, or introduced to other
+companions; if extraordinary circumstances make it impossible to comply
+with this order, they shall be stated in the process of each person, and
+this incident<a name="page_249" id="page_249"></a> ought to diminish the weight of their declarations after
+the change; for it is certain that each prisoner will tell his
+companions all that he knows and has seen, and that these reports will
+influence the other prisoners in the recantations which they sometimes
+oppose to their first confessions.</p>
+
+<p>71st. If a prisoner falls sick, the inquisitors must carefully provide
+him with every assistance, and more particularly attend to all that
+relates to his soul. If he asks for a confessor, the inquisitors shall
+summon a learned man, worthy of possessing their confidence; they shall
+recommend that he shall not undertake any commission for any person,
+during the sacramental confession; and if the accused gives him one out
+of the tribunal of penance, that he shall communicate to the Inquisition
+everything relating to his trial. The confessor shall be required to
+inform the accused that he cannot be absolved in the sacrament of
+penitence, unless he confesses the crime of which he is accused. If the
+sick person is in danger of dying, or is a woman about to be delivered,
+the rules appointed for such cases shall be followed. If the accused
+does not ask for a confessor, and the physician declares that he is in
+danger, he shall be induced to make the request, and to confess himself.
+If the accused makes a judicial confession of his crime, agreeing with
+the charges, he shall be reconciled, and when he has been acquitted by
+the tribunal, the confessor shall give him absolution. In case of death,
+ecclesiastical sepulture shall be granted, but secretly, unless it is
+inconvenient. If the accused demands a confessor when he is in good
+health, it may be useful to refuse it, as he cannot be absolved until
+after his reconciliation; unless he has already judicially confessed
+enough to justify the charges: in that case the confessor may encourage
+him to be patient.</p>
+
+<p>72nd. The witnesses in a trial shall not be confronted, because
+experience has shown that this measure is useless and inconvenient,
+independently of the infringement of the law of secrecy which is the
+result.<a name="page_250" id="page_250"></a></p>
+
+<p>73rd. When an inquisitor visits the towns of the district of his
+tribunal, he shall not undertake any trial for heresy, or arrest any
+denounced person, but he shall receive the declarations and send them to
+the tribunal. Yet if it is the case of a person whose flight may be
+apprehended, he may be arrested and sent to the prisons of the holy
+office; the inquisitor may also decide upon affairs of small
+consequence, such as heretical blasphemies, which may be judged without
+arresting the parties. The inquisitor shall not exercise this authority
+without being empowered by the ordinary.</p>
+
+<p>74th. In the definitive sentence pronounced against an individual
+declared guilty of heresy, and condemned to be deprived of his property,
+the period when he first fell into heresy shall be indicated, because
+this knowledge may be useful to the steward of the confiscations; it
+shall likewise be mentioned if this declaration is founded on the
+confession of the accused, on the depositions of the witnesses, or on
+both. If this formality is omitted, and the steward demands that it
+shall be fulfilled, the inquisitors shall comply; if it cannot be done
+by all together, it shall at least be executed by one of them, or the
+consultors.</p>
+
+<p>75th. An account shall be given by the gaoler of the common and daily
+nourishment of each prisoner, according to the price of the eatables; if
+there is in the prison a person of quality, or who is rich and has
+several domestics, he shall be supplied with the quantity of food which
+he requires, but only on condition that the remnants be distributed to
+the poor, and not given to the gaoler.</p>
+
+<p>76th. If the prisoner has a wife or children, and they require to be
+maintained from his sequestrated property, a certain sum for each day
+shall be allowed them, proportioned to their number, age, quality, and
+the state of their health, as well as to the extent and value of these
+possessions. If any of the children exercise any profession, and can
+thus provide for themselves, they shall not receive any part of the
+allowance.<a name="page_251" id="page_251"></a></p>
+
+<p>77th. When any trials are terminated and sentences passed, the
+inquisitors shall fix the day for the celebration of an <i>auto-da-fé</i>.
+They give notice of it to the ecclesiastical chapter and the
+municipality of the town, and likewise to the president and the judges
+of the royal court, if there is one, that they may assemble with the
+tribunal, and accompany it to the ceremony according to custom. They
+shall use proper means that the execution of those who are to be
+<i>relaxed</i> shall take place before night, in order to prevent accidents.</p>
+
+<p>78th. The inquisitors shall not permit any person to enter the prisons
+on the day before the <i>auto-da-fé</i>, except the confessors and the
+<i>familiars</i> of the holy office when their employments make it necessary.
+The <i>familiars</i> shall receive the prisoner and be responsible for him,
+after the notary has taken evidence of it in writing, and shall be
+required to take him back to the prisons after the ceremony of the
+<i>auto-da-fé</i>, if he is not given over to the secular judge; they shall
+not allow any person to speak to him on the road, or inform him of
+anything that is passing.</p>
+
+<p>79th. On the day after the <i>auto-da-fé</i>, the inquisitors shall cause all
+the reconciled persons to be brought into their presence. They shall
+explain to each the sentence which had been read the day before, and
+shall tell him to what punishment he would have been condemned if he had
+not confessed his crime; they shall examine them all, particularly on
+what passes in the prisons, and they shall afterwards give them into the
+custody of the gaoler of the <i>perpetual</i> prisons, who shall be
+commissioned to observe that they accomplish their penances, and to
+inform them when they fail. He shall also be required to supply the
+prisoners with everything they want, and to procure work for those who
+can occupy themselves, that they may contribute to their subsistence,
+and be able to alleviate their misery.</p>
+
+<p>80th. The inquisitors shall visit the <i>perpetual</i> prisons from time to
+time, to observe the conduct of the prisoners,<a name="page_252" id="page_252"></a> and if they are well
+treated. In those places where there is no <i>perpetual</i> prison, a house
+shall be provided instead; for without this precaution it is impossible
+to inflict the punishment of imprisonment on those who are condemned to
+it, or to ascertain if they faithfully accomplish their penances.</p>
+
+<p>81st. The <i>San-benitos</i> of all those persons who have been condemned to
+<i>relaxation</i>, shall be exposed in their respective parishes, after they
+have been burnt in person or in effigy; the same shall be done with the
+<i>San-benitos</i> of the reconciled persons, after they have left them off:
+no <i>San-benitos</i> shall be suspended in the churches for those
+individuals who have been reconciled before the term of grace, as they
+have not been condemned to wear them. The inscription for the
+<i>San-benito</i> shall consist of the names of the condemned persons, a
+notice of the heresies for which they were punished, and of the time
+when they suffered their penance in order to perpetuate the disgrace of
+the heretics and their descendants.</p>
+
+<p>As this formulary is still in force in the tribunals of the holy office,
+it appeared to me useless to follow minutely the details of the events
+of the reign of each inquisitor-general, since the nature of the
+institution may be known by the picture I have given of its laws and
+ordinances, and by the observations which I shall have occasion to make
+in the remainder of the history.</p>
+
+<p>I shall only add, that Don Ferdinand Valdés was, in 1566, succeeded by
+Don Diego Espinosa, Bishop of Siguenza and President of the Council of
+Castile. Espinosa died on the 5th of September, 1572. Don Pedro Ponce de
+Leon, Bishop of Placentia and Estremadura, was the next
+inquisitor-general, but he died before he had entered on his office.</p>
+
+<p>The king appointed the Cardinal Gaspard de Quiroga, Archbishop of
+Toledo, to be the eleventh inquisitor-general: he died on the 20th
+November, 1594.<a name="page_253" id="page_253"></a></p>
+
+<p>Don Jerome Manrique de Lara succeeded Quiroga; he was Bishop of Avila,
+and the son of Cardinal Manrique, who had filled the same office under
+Charles V.</p>
+
+<p>Don Jerome died in September, 1595, and after him Don Pedro
+Portocarrero, Bishop of Cordova, was at the head of the Inquisition.</p>
+
+<p>The fourteenth inquisitor-general was the Cardinal Don Ferdinand Niño de
+Guevara, Archbishop of Seville, who took possession in December 1599,
+during the reign of Philip III.</p>
+
+<p>It was under Philip II. that the Inquisition committed the greatest
+cruelties; and the reign of this prince is the most remarkable period of
+the history of the holy office.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIII" id="CHAPTER_XXIII"></a>CHAPTER XXIII.<br /><br />
+<small>OF SOME AUTOS-DA-FE CELEBRATED IN MURCIA.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> opinions of Luther, Calvin, and the other Protestant reformers, were
+not disseminated in the other cities in Spain with the same rapidity as
+at Seville and Valladolid; but there is reason to believe that all Spain
+would soon have been infected with the heresy, but for the extreme
+severity shown towards the Lutherans. From 1560 to 1570 at least one
+<i>auto-da-fé</i> was celebrated every year in every Inquisition of the
+kingdom, and some heretics of the new sect always appeared among the
+condemned persons. Yet the progress of Lutheranism cannot be compared to
+that of Judaism and Mahometanism, because these religions had been long
+established, and the ancestors of a great number of Spanish families had
+professed them. An opinion may be formed of what passed in the other
+tribunals from some notices of the proceedings of that of Murcia.</p>
+
+<p>On the 7th of June, 1557, a solemn <i>auto-da-fé</i> was celebrated at
+Murcia, where eleven individuals were burnt, and forty-three were
+reconciled. On the 12th of February,<a name="page_254" id="page_254"></a> 1559, thirty victims were burnt
+with five effigies, and forty-three were reconciled. On the 14th
+February, in the same year, 1560, fourteen persons were burnt, and
+twenty effigies: twenty-nine persons were subjected to penances.</p>
+
+<p>On the 8th of September, in the same year, sixteen individuals perished
+in the flames, and forty-eight were condemned to penances.</p>
+
+<p>On the 15th of March, 1562, another <i>auto-da-fé</i> took place, composed of
+twenty-three persons, who were burnt, and of sixty-three who were
+condemned to penances. They were all punished as Judaic heretics: among
+the first may be remarked, Fray Louis de Valdecañas, a Franciscan,
+descended from the ancient Jews; he was condemned for having preached
+the law of Moses; Juan de Santa-Fé, Alvarez Xuarez, and Paul d'Ayllon,
+alderman or sheriffs; Pedro Gutierrez, a member of the municipality; and
+Juan de Leon, syndic of the city.</p>
+
+<p>An <i>auto-da-fé</i> was celebrated in the same town on the 20th of May,
+1563; seventeen persons were burnt in person, and four in effigy;
+forty-seven others were subjected to penances. I shall mention those
+distinguished by their rank or some particularity in their trials.</p>
+
+<p>Don Philip of Aragon, son of the Emperor of Fez and Morocco, came to
+Spain while he was very young, and became a Christian; he had for his
+godfather Ferdinand of Aragon, Viceroy of Valencia, Duke of Calabria,
+and eldest son of the King of Naples, Frederic III. Neither his rank, as
+the son of an emperor, nor the advantage of having a prince for his
+godfather, were sufficient to prevent the inquisitors from exposing him
+to the disgrace of appearing in a solemn <i>auto-da-fé</i>; he was introduced
+in the ceremony with the paper mitre on his head, terminated by long
+horns, and covered with figures of devils. In this state he was admitted
+to public reconciliation, after which he was to be imprisoned for three
+years in a convent, then banished for ever from the<a name="page_255" id="page_255"></a> town of Elche where
+he had settled, and from the kingdoms of Valencia, Aragon, Murcia, and
+Grenada. The inquisitors boasted much of the lenity of this sentence,
+and informed the public that it was occasioned by Don Philip's having
+given himself up, instead of taking flight as he might have done. It
+appears that, after his baptism, he had shown some interest and
+inclination to the sect of Mahomet; he had also given assistance to some
+apostates, and had shown himself a favourer and concealer of heretics.
+He was also accused of having made a compact with the devil, and having
+practised sorcery.</p>
+
+<p>The licentiate Antonio de Villena, a native of Albacete, and a priest
+and preacher much esteemed at court, appeared in the <i>auto-da-fé</i> in his
+shirt, with his head uncovered and a flambeau in his hand; he abjured
+heresy as slightly suspected. He was reconciled, and condemned to one
+year's imprisonment, without the privilege of celebrating the holy
+mysteries; deprived for ever of the power of preaching, banished from
+Madrid for two years, and obliged to pay five hundred ducats toward the
+expenses of the holy office. His crime was having spoken ill of the
+Inquisition, and of the inquisitor-general Valdés, saying that he
+persecuted him, and that he would find an opportunity of complaining to
+the king. He had also been unfortunate enough to betray the system of
+the prisons of the holy office, after having been detained there twice
+for suspicious propositions.</p>
+
+<p>Juan de Sotomayor, of Jewish origin, and a native of the town of Murcia,
+appeared in the <i>auto-da-fé</i> as a penitent, with the gag and the cord
+round his neck. He was condemned to receive two hundred stripes, to wear
+the <i>San-benito</i>, and to be imprisoned in the <i>House of Mercy</i> for life,
+with a threat that he should be treated with still greater severity if
+he presumed to converse with any one on the affairs of the Inquisition.
+Juan de Sotomayor had already been arrested and condemned to a penance,
+as suspected of Judaism.<a name="page_256" id="page_256"></a> When he was set at liberty, he conversed with
+several persons on the subject, repeated the confession he had made, and
+some other circumstances. This was the crime for which he was condemned
+to receive two hundred stripes, and to be imprisoned for life!</p>
+
+<p>Francis Guillen, a merchant, of Jewish origin, appeared in the
+<i>auto-da-fé</i>, with several persons condemned to be <i>relaxed</i>, in virtue
+of a definitive sentence confirmed by the Supreme Council, which was to
+be read during the ceremony, with the charges against him. In the midst
+of the <i>auto-da-fé</i> Francis announced that he had new declarations to
+make. Immediately Don Jerome Manrique (son of the Cardinal of that name,
+and who was afterwards inquisitor-general) descended from the tribunal,
+took off the insignia of <i>relaxation</i>, and gave Francis those belonging
+to a person intended to be reconciled.</p>
+
+<p>The history of this trial proves the arbitrary conduct, and the disorder
+with which the inquisitors pursued and judged the causes, and executed
+their sentences.</p>
+
+<p>More than twenty witnesses deposed that Francis Guillen had attended
+assemblies of the Jews in 1551, and the following years. He was sent to
+the secret prisons, and his sentence of <i>relaxation</i> was pronounced in
+December, 1561. The process having been sent to the Supreme Council, the
+Council remarked that two new witnesses having been heard before the end
+of the trial, their depositions had not been communicated to the
+condemned; in consequence they commanded that this formality should be
+fulfilled, and that the votes should be afterwards given, according to
+law. The inquisitors obeyed, but they did not agree on the sentence;
+some voted for relaxation, the others that the trial should be
+suspended, and that the accused should be induced to acknowledge that
+which was admitted to be true, from the state of the depositions.
+Francis had three audiences, in which he confessed several other facts
+which related to himself, or concerned<a name="page_257" id="page_257"></a> other persons; the inquisitors
+then voted a second time for the definitive sentence. Francis was
+unanimously declared to be a false penitent, for having confessed only a
+part of his crimes, and he was condemned to be <i>relaxed</i>; but it was
+agreed that as he had concealed facts concerning persons of
+consideration, he should be induced to make a more extended declaration.</p>
+
+<p>On the 27th of April, Guillen named twelve accomplices in his heresy,
+and ratified his declaration. On the 9th of May it was decreed that he
+should be told to prepare to die the next day. Francis inquired if his
+life would be spared, supposing that he revealed all he knew: they
+replied that he might depend upon the clemency of his judges. He
+demanded another audience, named a great many persons as his
+accomplices, and designated Fray Louis de Valdecanas as the principal
+preacher of the party. Some time after he accused other persons. On the
+night of the 19th the inquisitors assembled, with the ordinary and
+consultors, and decided that Francis should appear in the <i>auto-da-fé</i>
+with the habit of the <i>relaxed</i> persons, in order to make him suppose
+that he was condemned to die; but that he should be reconciled, with the
+punishment of the <i>san-benito</i>, perpetual imprisonment, and
+confiscation.</p>
+
+<p>When he was placed among those destined to the flames, Francis demanded
+an audience. The inquisitor Marinque then informed him of his sentence;
+and when he was taken back to the prison, he made a new declaration
+against nine persons, alleging that he had forgotten them in his other
+depositions: he ratified these on the 22nd of the same month.</p>
+
+<p>Some days after the inquisitor-general caused the tribunal to be
+visited; the visitor declared that the judges had acted contrary to the
+laws in conducting Francis to the <i>auto-da-fé</i> in the habit of a relaxed
+person, when they had decided on his reconciliation. The inquisitors
+endeavoured to justify themselves by saying that they thought it would
+frighten<a name="page_258" id="page_258"></a> the accused into making new declarations. The visitor
+commanded that Francis should be reconciled and taken to the prison of
+the <i>Penitents</i>, likewise called that of <i>Mercy</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Francis, who was probably a little deranged, declared several times that
+he had deceived the inquisitors by accusing some persons as heretics who
+were innocent, because he hoped that he should escape death by this
+proceeding. These words were reported to the inquisitors, and Francis
+was taken to the secret prisons. There was an act of accusation against
+him; he acknowledged all the articles of the fiscal, and affirmed upon
+oath that all his declarations were true; he ratified them, and begged
+that he might be pardoned. On the 19th of January, 1564, he was
+condemned to appear in the <i>auto-da-fé</i> with the gag, to receive two
+hundred stripes, and to pass three years in the house of <i>Penitence</i>.
+Francis suffered the stripes, but they did not render him more prudent,
+for he declared, even in the prison, that he was unjustly treated, for
+all that he had said was false, and dictated by fear.</p>
+
+<p>In 1565, the Inquisition of Murcia received the visit of a new
+commissary, who obliged Francis to appear before him as a witness, to
+ratify a declaration which he had made against Catherine Perez, his
+wife, for Judaism. The following dialogue took place between the visitor
+and the witness:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Do you remember making a declaration against Catherine Perez, your
+wife?&mdash;Yes.</p>
+
+<p>What was that declaration?&mdash;It will be found in the writings of the
+trial. (The declaration was here read to Francis.)</p>
+
+<p>Is what you have just heard true?&mdash;No.</p>
+
+<p>Why then did you affirm that it was so?&mdash;Because I heard an inquisitor
+say it.</p>
+
+<p>Are the declarations against other persons true?&mdash;No.</p>
+
+<p>Why did you make them?&mdash;Because I perceived in the <i>auto-da-fé</i> at which
+I assisted, that the contents were read<a name="page_259" id="page_259"></a> in the publication of the
+depositions, and I thought that if I declared it to be true, I should
+avoid death as being a good penitent.</p>
+
+<p>Why did you make your ratification after the <i>auto-da-fé</i>, when the
+fiscal presented you as a witness against your wife, and other
+persons?&mdash;For the same reason.</p>
+
+<p>After this conversation, Francis was sent back to the prison, where he
+wrote a kind of memorial, in which he said that none of the witnesses
+were admissible against him, because they differed and contradicted each
+other in their declarations.</p>
+
+<p>When the visitor was gone, the inquisitors recommenced their
+prosecution; the fiscal accused Francis Guillen of the crime of
+<i>revocation</i>, saying that he had imposed on them from fear, ignorance,
+or some other motive. When Francis again found himself in danger, he, as
+might have been expected, declared that his first depositions were true,
+and that the cause of his retracting was a mental indisposition, with
+which he had been affected. On the 10th November, 1565, Francis was
+condemned to appear in the <i>auto-da-fé</i>, to receive three hundred
+stripes, and to pass the rest of his life in a prison. The punishment of
+imprisonment was commuted for that of serving in the galleys, as long as
+the strength and health of Francis allowed of it. The judges reserved
+the right of deciding this point themselves. The prisoner was conducted
+to the <i>auto-da-fé</i> on the 9th of December, and suffered the punishment
+of whipping; he was then transferred to the common royal prison.</p>
+
+<p>After he arrived there, he wrote to his judges, declaring himself
+incapable of serving in the galleys. The tribunal revised the judgment,
+and sent him to the house of <i>Mercy</i>. This proceeding displeased the
+fiscal, who protested against it, saying, that the office of the judges
+did not extend beyond the sentence, and that they had not the right of
+commuting the punishment, without the consent of the
+inquisitor-general;<a name="page_260" id="page_260"></a> the affair stopped here, and Francis had been
+sufficiently punished for his indiscretion to render him more cautious
+for the future.</p>
+
+<p>The irregularity and disorder of the proceedings of this tribunal may be
+seen still more clearly in another trial before the Inquisition of
+Murcia, about the same time, and which was undertaken in consequence of
+the depositions of Guillen. It was instituted against <i>Melchior
+Hernandez</i>, a merchant of Toledo, which place he afterwards left to
+establish himself at Murcia. As he was descended from the Jews, he was
+suspected of being attached to the religion of his ancestors. After
+being taken to the secret prisons from the informations of seven
+witnesses, he had his first audience of <i>admonition</i> on the 5th of June,
+1564; he was accused of having frequented a clandestine synagogue in
+Murcia, from 1551 to 1557, when the assembly was discovered; and of
+having acted and discoursed in a manner that proved his apostasy. Two
+witnesses afterwards appeared, and the accused having denied all the
+charges, the publication of the nine deponents was given to him: he
+persisted in his denial, and by the advice of his defender, alleged that
+the evidence of the witnesses could not be admitted, as they
+contradicted each other, and several of them were known to be his
+enemies.</p>
+
+<p>To prove this, and to challenge some other persons, he presented a
+memorial which was admitted, although it was afterwards considered to
+have failed in disproving the charges.</p>
+
+<p>A new witness was heard, when Melchior fell dangerously ill. On the 25th
+of January, 1565, he made the sacramental confession, and on the 29th
+demanded an audience, when he said that his memory was bad, but he
+remembered being in a house in 1553, where a number of persons, whom he
+named, were assembled; he denied having uttered anything concerning the
+law of Moses, and that the only thing he could reproach himself with,
+was not having declared that the others had made it the subject of
+conversation.<a name="page_261" id="page_261"></a></p>
+
+<p>Four days after, he declared that all that had been said in the assembly
+was spoken in jest. Several days after this he said that he had not
+heard what these persons said; and that he had affirmed the contrary,
+because the witnesses had deposed to that effect.</p>
+
+<p>Another witness, who was in the prison, was produced, who deposed, that
+after Melchior had written his memorial, he formed a plan of escaping,
+and endeavoured to induce his companions to accompany him. The
+procurator-fiscal read to him the act of accusation, and he denied all
+that it contained.</p>
+
+<p>At this period, the visitor Don Martin de Coscojales arrived, and
+examined the prisoner, who affirmed that if he had said anything, he was
+induced to do it from the fear of death. The advocate made his defence;
+Melchior wrote a memorial, which he read to his judges, in which he
+challenged several persons as if they had deposed against him.</p>
+
+<p>On the 24th September, 1565, Melchior suffered the <i>question in caput
+alienum</i>, with the view of making him confess what he knew of some
+suspected persons, but he bore it without speaking. On the 18th of
+October he was declared to be a Jewish heretic, guilty of concealment in
+his judicial confession, and condemned to <i>relaxation</i>, as a false
+penitent and obstinate heretic.</p>
+
+<p>Although the sentence was pronounced, it was resolved to press Melchior
+once more to reveal the truth. The <i>auto-da-fé</i> was to be celebrated on
+the 9th of December, 1565; he was exhorted on the 7th; he replied that
+he had confessed all he knew; yet, when he was told on the 8th to
+prepare for death, he demanded an audience, and declared that he had
+seen and heard the suspected persons and several others, and that they
+spoke of the law of Moses, but that he considered these conversations to
+be of no consequence, and a mere pastime.</p>
+
+<p>On the 9th, before daylight, Melchior was dressed in the<a name="page_262" id="page_262"></a> garb of the
+<i>relaxed</i> persons, when perceiving that his confessions were not
+sufficient to save him, he demanded an audience, and mentioned the
+persons designated in the information, as forming part of the assembly,
+besides twelve other individuals who had not been named to him; but he
+added that he did not approve of their doctrine.</p>
+
+<p>Some minutes after, finding that the marks of condemnation were not
+taken from him, he added the names of two or three accomplices, declared
+the name of the person who had preached on the Law of Moses, and even
+confessed that he approved of some of the things which he had heard.</p>
+
+<p>Lastly, when his confessions did not produce the effect he wished, he
+said, that he really believed in what was preached in the synagogue, and
+persisted in this belief for a year; but that he had not confessed,
+because he thought there was no proof of his heresy in the depositions
+of the witnesses. The inquisitors decreed that Melchior should not
+appear in the <i>auto-da-fé</i> of this day, and that they would consult on
+the proper measures to be taken.</p>
+
+<p>On the 14th of December, Melchior ratified his propositions of the 9th,
+but on the condition that all that had passed should not separate him
+from the Catholic communion, or cause him to be considered as a Judaic
+heretic. On the 18th he desired another audience, and again confessed
+that he believed in the Law of Moses. Yet on the 29th of June, 1566, he
+declared that the Holy Scriptures were read in the assembly, that he
+believed part of what he heard, and had consulted a priest on the
+subject; that the priest told him it ought to be held in contempt, and
+that this decision had regulated his subsequent conduct.</p>
+
+<p>On the 6th of May, 1566, the tribunal assembled to decide whether the
+definitive sentence pronounced against Melchior should be executed. Two
+of the consultors voted in the affirmative; the inquisitors, the
+ordinary, and the other consultors agreed that Melchior had confessed
+enough to<a name="page_263" id="page_263"></a> entitle him to reconciliation. In an audience on the 28th of
+May, the accused again asked pardon, alleging that he had only believed
+what he heard, until he was undeceived by the priest. On the 30th he
+declared that he thought all he had heard necessary to salvation.</p>
+
+<p>In the October following, he was again admitted to an audience, where he
+spoke against the inquisitor, who had received his confession on the day
+of the <i>auto-da-fé</i> (this was Don Jerome Manrique); he complained of the
+ill treatment he had been subjected to, in order to obtain new
+declarations. He acknowledged that his confessions on that day were
+true, but added that the presence of two inquisitors was necessary to
+prevent the abuse of authority which took place in his case.</p>
+
+<p>The fiscal protested against the act of reconciliation granted to
+Melchior on the 6th of May, 1566, and demanded that the sentence of
+<i>relaxation</i> pronounced on the 8th of October, 1565, should be executed,
+because the accused had shown no signs of true repentance, and would not
+fail to seduce others into heresy if he was pardoned. The inquisitors
+consulted the Supreme Council, which decided that the prisoner should be
+examined again before the ordinary and consultors, and the affair
+submitted to the Council. The sentence was pronounced on the 9th of May,
+1567; three of the judges voted for the <i>relaxation</i>, and two for the
+<i>reconciliation</i> of the accused.</p>
+
+<p>The Supreme Council decreed on the 6th of May, that Melchior should be
+<i>relaxed</i>, and the tribunal of Murcia pronounced a second definitive
+sentence according to the orders which they received. The execution was
+to take place on the 8th of the following month.</p>
+
+<p>In contempt of the rules of common law, Melchior was called up on the
+5th, 6th, and 7th of June, and exhorted to discover his accomplices; as
+he did not know that he was already sentenced, he referred them to what
+he had confessed<a name="page_264" id="page_264"></a> before. But when he found that he was to be arrayed in
+the habit of a <i>relaxed</i> person, he declared that he could name other
+accomplices. The inquisitor went to the prison, and Melchior designated
+another house where the Jews assembled, and named seven persons, whom he
+said he had seen there; he also wrote a list of seven synagogues, and of
+fourteen persons who frequented them. He afterwards named another house
+of Judaic heretics.</p>
+
+<p>He was conducted to the <i>auto-da-fé</i> with the other persons condemned to
+be burnt. When he arrived at the place of execution, he demanded another
+audience, in which he named two other houses, and twelve heretics; on
+being told that this declaration was not sufficient to confirm the
+result of the trial, he said he would endeavour to recollect others, and
+a few minutes after he denounced seven persons. Before the conclusion of
+the <i>auto-da-fé</i>, he desired to make a third confession, and named two
+houses and six individuals; the inquisitors then agreed to suspend the
+execution, and to send Melchior back to the prison. This was what he
+wished, and on the 12th of June he signed his ratification; but when
+told that he was suspected of having other accomplices, he replied that
+he did not remember any other.</p>
+
+<p>On the 13th, Melchior declared that he was mistaken in naming a certain
+person among his accomplices, but pretended to remember another house,
+and two persons whom he named.</p>
+
+<p>The procurator-fiscal again spoke in favour of the <i>relaxation</i> of the
+accused, alleging that he had been guilty of concealment; Melchior,
+supposing that his death was resolved upon, demanded an audience on the
+23rd of June, and endeavoured to excite the compassion of his judges.
+"What more could I do," he exclaimed, "than accuse myself falsely? Know
+that I have never been summoned to any assembly, that I never attended
+them for any purposes but those of commerce."<a name="page_265" id="page_265"></a></p>
+
+<p>Melchior was summoned to fifteen audiences during the months of July,
+August, and September; his replies were always the same. On the 16th of
+October another witness appeared, but Melchior denied his statement, as
+well as that of a witness who was examined on the 30th of December.
+Melchior wrote his defence, and demanded that his own witnesses should
+be heard, in order to prove that he was not at Murcia, but at Toledo, at
+the time specified by his accusers; but the inquisitors did not think
+the evidence offered by the accused sufficient to invalidate that of the
+witnesses against him.</p>
+
+<p>Melchior was at last sentenced to <i>relaxation</i> for the third time, on
+the 20th of March; he, however, had not forgotten the means he had
+formerly used to save himself, and returned from the <i>auto-da-fé</i>. In
+five subsequent audiences, he made a long declaration against himself,
+and denounced a great number of persons. He was then told that he was
+still guilty of concealment in not mentioning several persons not less
+distinguished and well known than those he had already denounced, and
+that he could not be supposed to have forgotten them.</p>
+
+<p>This proceeding destroyed the tranquillity which Melchior had hitherto
+shown; and after a long invective against the inquisitors and all who
+had appeared on the trial, he said, "What can you do to me? burn me?
+well, then, be it so: I cannot confess what I do not know. Nevertheless
+know that all I have said of myself is true, but what I have declared of
+others is entirely false. I have only invented it because I perceived
+that you wished me to denounce innocent persons; and being unacquainted
+with the names and quality of these unfortunate people, I named all whom
+I could think of, in the hope of finding an end of my misery. I now
+perceive that my situation admits of no relief, and I therefore retract
+all my depositions; and now I have fulfilled this duty, burn me as soon
+as you please."<a name="page_266" id="page_266"></a></p>
+
+<p>The trial was sent to the Supreme Council, which confirmed the sentence
+of <i>relaxation</i> for the third time, and wrote to reprimand the tribunal
+for having <i>summoned</i> the accused before them after passing the
+sentence, since an audience should only take place at the request of the
+accused.</p>
+
+<p>Instead of submitting to this opinion, the inquisitors called Melchior
+before them on the 31st of May, and asked him if he had nothing else to
+communicate; he replied in the negative: they then represented to him
+that his declarations contained many contradictions, and that it was
+necessary for the good of his soul, that he should finally make a
+confession of the truth, respecting himself and all the guilty persons
+he was acquainted with.</p>
+
+<p>These words show the cunning of the inquisitors; their object was to
+induce the accused to retract his last declaration: but Melchior,
+knowing the character of the inquisitors, replied, that if they wished
+to know the truth, they would find it in the declaration which he made
+before the Señor <i>Ayora</i>, when he visited the tribunal. This writing was
+examined, and it was found that Melchior had said, <i>that he knew nothing
+of the subject on which he was examined</i>. The following conversation
+then took place:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"How can this declaration be true, when you have several times declared
+that you have attended the Jewish assemblies, believed in their
+doctrines, and persevered in the belief for the space of one year, until
+you were undeceived by a priest?"&mdash;"I spoke falsely when I made a
+declaration against myself."</p>
+
+<p>"But how is it that what you have confessed of yourself, and many other
+things which you now deny, are the result of the depositions of a great
+many witnesses?"&mdash;"I do not know if that is true or false, for I have
+not seen the writings of the trial; but if the witnesses have said that
+which is imputed to them, it is because they were placed in the same<a name="page_267" id="page_267"></a>
+situation as I am. They do not love me better than I love myself; and I
+have certainly declared against myself both truth and falsehood."</p>
+
+<p>"What motive had you for declaring things injurious to yourself, if they
+were false?"&mdash;"I did not think it would be injurious to me; on the
+contrary, I expected to derive great advantages from it, because I saw
+that if I did not confess anything, I should be considered as
+impenitent, and the truth would lead me to the scaffold. I thought that
+falsehood would be most useful to me, and I found it so in two
+<i>autos-da-fé</i>."</p>
+
+<p>On the 6th of June Melchior Hernandez was informed that he must prepare
+for death on the following day. He was clothed in the habit of the
+persons condemned to be burnt, and a confessor was appointed for him. At
+two o'clock in the morning he demanded an audience, saying that he
+wished to acquit his conscience. An inquisitor, attended by a secretary,
+went to his cell; Melchior then declared "that, at the point of
+appearing before the tribunal of the Almighty, and without any hope of
+escaping from death by new delays, he thought himself bound to declare
+that he had never conversed with any person on the Mosaical Law; that
+all he had said on this subject was founded on the wish to preserve
+life, and the belief that his confessions were pleasing to the
+inquisitors; that he asked pardon of the persons implicated, that God
+might pardon him, and that no injury might be done to their honour and
+reputation."</p>
+
+<p>The inquisitor represented that he ought not to speak falsely, even from
+a motive of compassion for the denounced persons; that the declarations
+of the witnesses had every appearance of truth, and he therefore
+entreated him, in the name of God, not to increase his sins at the hour
+of death. Melchior merely repeated that all his former declarations were
+false. The royal judge condemned him to be strangled, and his body was
+afterwards burnt.<a name="page_268" id="page_268"></a></p>
+
+<p>Some doubts may be entertained of the sincerity of the last declarations
+of Melchior Hernandez, but the extreme irregularity of the proceedings
+of the tribunal must be evident to every one. The intervention of the
+Supreme Council proves that the same system was pursued in the other
+tribunals, since it approved of their proceedings, and exercised the
+rights of revocation and censure.</p>
+
+<p>In 1564 another <i>auto-da-fé</i> took place at Murcia, one person and eleven
+effigies were burnt; there were also forty-eight penitents, but the
+following circumstance was the cause of this ceremony being more
+particularly remembered. Pedro Hernandez had been reconciled in 1561, as
+suspected of Judaism. In 1564 he fell sick, and through the mediation of
+his confessor demanded an audience of the inquisitors. One of them went
+to his house, and Pedro told him that he had denied the crime of which
+he was accused, and had afterwards made a confession, alleging as an
+excuse for this conduct, that a French priest had given him absolution.
+He now confessed that this was not true, and that he wished to relieve
+his conscience by acknowledging it before he died. The inquisitors
+presented this declaration to the tribunal, which immediately caused
+Pedro to be taken from his bed and conveyed to their prisons, where he
+died three days after.</p>
+
+<p>Three other <i>autos-da-fé</i> took place at Murcia in the years 1565, 1567,
+and 1568, in which thirty-five persons were burnt, and a considerable
+number condemned to penances.<a name="page_269" id="page_269"></a></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIV" id="CHAPTER_XXIV"></a>CHAPTER XXIV.<br /><br />
+<small>OF THE AUTOS-DA-FE CELEBRATED BY THE INQUISITIONS OF TOLEDO, SARAGOSSA,
+VALENCIA, LOGRONO, GRENADA, CUENCA, AND SARDINIA, DURING THE REIGN OF
+PHILIP II.</small></h2>
+
+<h3><i>Inquisition of Toledo.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">On the 25th of February, 1560, the inquisitors of Toledo celebrated an
+<i>auto-da-fé</i>, in which several persons were burnt, with some effigies,
+and a great number subjected to penances. This <i>auto-da-fé</i> was
+performed to entertain the new queen, Elizabeth de Valois, the daughter
+of Henry II., King of France. It is rather surprising that this
+melancholy ceremony was chosen to amuse a royal princess of thirteen
+years of age, and who in her native country had been accustomed to
+brilliant festivals, suitable to her rank and age. The Cortes general of
+the kingdoms was also assembled at Toledo at the same time, to swear
+allegiance to the heir-presumptive, Don Carlos, so that this
+<i>auto-da-fé</i>, with the exception of the number of victims, was as solemn
+as any of those in Valladolid.</p>
+
+<p>In 1561, another <i>auto-da-fé</i> took place in the same town; four
+impenitent Lutherans were burnt, and eighteen reconciled. Among those
+condemned to penances was one of the king's pages, a native of Brussels,
+named Don <i>Charles Estrect</i>, but the young queen Elizabeth obtained his
+pardon.</p>
+
+<p>On the 17th of June, 1565 (which was Trinity Sunday), an <i>auto-da-fé</i> of
+forty-five persons was celebrated; eleven were burnt, and thirty-four
+condemned to penances. Some of these were Lutherans, but the greater
+number were Jews. Among those designated as Protestants, some were
+called<a name="page_270" id="page_270"></a> <i>Lutherans</i>, others the <i>Faithful</i>; there was a third called
+<i>Huguenaos</i>, after <i>Huguenots</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Although the Inquisition of Toledo celebrated as many <i>autos-da-fé</i> as
+the other tribunals, I do not find any persons of distinction among the
+victims, until the <i>auto-da-fé</i> of the 4th of June, 1571, when two men
+were burnt in person, and three in effigy, for Lutheranism, and
+thirty-one individuals were condemned to penances. One of the men who
+were burnt ought to be particularly mentioned. He was called the <i>Doctor
+Sigismond Archel</i>, of Cagliari, in Sardinia. He had been arrested at
+Madrid, in 1562, as a dogmatizing Lutheran, and after remaining for a
+long time in the prisons at Toledo, he contrived to make his escape. He
+had not time to get out of the kingdom; descriptions of his person were
+sent to all parts of the frontier, and he was again arrested, and fell
+into the hands of his judges. He persisted in denying the facts imputed
+to him, until the <i>publication of the witnesses</i>, when he confessed, and
+maintained not only that he was not a heretic, but that he was a better
+Catholic than the <i>Papists</i>. He was condemned to be burnt, but
+persevered in his system, and declared that he was a martyr; he insulted
+the priests when they exhorted him, and was then gagged until he was
+fastened to the stake. The archers, perceiving that he pretended to the
+glory of martyrdom, pierced him with their lances, while the
+executioners were lighting the faggots.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Inquisition of Saragossa</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">The Inquisition of Saragossa also celebrated an <i>auto-da-fé</i> every year,
+when several people were burnt, and about twenty reconciled. Most of
+these were <i>Huguenots</i> who had quitted Bearn, to establish themselves as
+merchants in Saragossa, Huesca, Barbastro, and other cities. The
+progress which the Calvinistic doctrines had made in Spain, is proved by
+an ordinance of the Supreme Council, in which we read,<a name="page_271" id="page_271"></a> that "Don Louis
+de Benegas, the ambassador of Spain at Vienna, informed the
+inquisitor-general, on the 14th of April, 1568, that he had learnt from
+particular reports, that the Calvinists congratulated each other on the
+peace signed between France and Spain, and that they hoped that their
+religion would make as much progress in Spain as in England, Flanders,
+and other countries, because the great number of Spaniards who had
+secretly adopted it might easily hold communication with the Protestants
+of Bearn, through Arragon." These, and other reports, induced the
+council to recommend additional vigilance to the inquisitors.</p>
+
+<p>The following circumstance shows the injustice and cruelty of the
+Inquisition in a strong light. In 1578, a man was condemned, on
+suspicion of heresy, to receive two hundred stripes, to be sent for five
+years to the galleys, and to pay an hundred ducats. His crime was
+sending Spanish horses into France. Since the reign of Alphonso XI., in
+the fourteenth century, the introduction of Spanish horses into France
+was prohibited, on pain of death and confiscation; the particular
+circumstances which caused so disproportionate a punishment to the crime
+to be established are not known; it was however renewed in 1499, by
+Ferdinand the Catholic. No one will deny that the officers of the
+customs were the proper persons to arrest these smugglers; but when the
+civil wars broke out between the Catholics and Protestants in France,
+Philip thought proper to employ the Inquisition in repressing the
+practice, pretending, according to the Papal bull, that those who
+furnished the Protestants with arms, ammunition, &amp;c., were favourers of
+heretics, and liable to suspicion of heresy. Philip II. commissioned the
+Inquisition of Logroño, Saragossa, and Barcelona, to take cognizance of
+all the crimes relating to the introduction of Spanish horses into
+France.</p>
+
+<p>The Council of the Inquisition added a clause to the annual edict of
+denunciations, which obliged every Spanish Catholic Christian to
+denounce persons known to have<a name="page_272" id="page_272"></a> bought horses to send to France, for the
+use of the Protestants. Besides these motives of religion, the zeal of
+the inhabitants was excited by the promise of a reward.</p>
+
+<p>In 1575, the punishment of whipping was decreed for this crime; but
+though the law is expressed in general terms, the following event shows
+that it was only inflicted on those whose power and credit were small.
+In 1576, a Commissary of the Inquisition met a servant of the viceroy of
+Arragon going into France with two horses; he seized the horses, but
+allowed the servant to go away. He gave an account of his proceedings to
+the inquisitors, who approved of his conduct in not arresting the
+servant; their opinion was confirmed by the Supreme Council. The
+inquisitors were on the point of writing to the viceroy, to demand an
+explanation of the conduct of his servant, and the destination of the
+horses, when the council ordered them to desist, if they thought it
+would be disagreeable to the viceroy.</p>
+
+<p>This law was afterwards applied to those who were suspected of
+smuggling, and to those who favoured the practice. In 1607, Philip II.
+ordered the inquisitors to offer rewards to those who intercepted this
+trade, and the people were at last inspired with so great a horror of
+it, and those who practised it became so odious, that the government was
+obliged to declare that the misfortune of being convicted and punished
+for this crime, did not exclude a person from enjoying honours and
+offices.</p>
+
+<p>The inquisitors, always eager to extend their jurisdiction, wished to
+have the right of undertaking the trials for smuggling saltpetre,
+sulphur, and gunpowder; this attempt did not succeed, and was, in fact,
+the cause of their being deprived of the powers bestowed on them by
+Philip, respecting the introduction of horses into France.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Inquisition of Grenada.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">In the yearly <i>autos-da-fé</i> of the Inquisition of Grenada,<a name="page_273" id="page_273"></a> there
+generally appeared about twenty condemned persons; for although the
+Morescoes who denounced themselves were treated with great clemency, yet
+there were many who refused to accuse themselves, either from the fear
+which the severity of the Inquisition inspired, or because they were
+persuaded that those who declared they had been treated with great
+gentleness, did not dare to assert the contrary; and others, after
+having emigrated to Africa, had returned to Spain without considering
+the danger they were in of being arrested by the Inquisition.</p>
+
+<p>On the 27th of May, 1593, a grand <i>auto-da-fé</i> took place at Grenada;
+five individuals were burnt in person, and five in effigy; eighty-seven
+were condemned to penances. The only considerable person among these,
+was Donna Inez Alvarez, the wife of Thomas Martinez, alguazil to the
+royal chancery. She was condemned to be burnt, but making a confession
+on the scaffold, she was reconciled.</p>
+
+<p>The proceedings were the same in the Inquisition of Valencia. The number
+of Morescoes who relapsed into Mahometanism, and refused to accuse
+themselves, was so considerable, that many appeared in every
+<i>auto-da-fé</i>, either to be burnt as <i>impenitent</i>, or to suffer different
+penances.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Inquisition of Logroño.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">The Inquisition of Logroño was not less active in prosecuting heretics.
+An <i>auto-da-fé</i> was celebrated every year, composed of about twenty
+persons condemned for Judaism, and some others for different heresies,
+particularly Lutheranism; for after the time of Don Carlos de Seso,
+corregidor of Toro (who was arrested at Logroño, in 1558, and burnt in
+the following year at Valladolid), there were always some individuals to
+be found who professed his opinions, and succeeded in obtaining Lutheran
+books. The council which was informed of this circumstance, wrote to the
+inquisitors in<a name="page_274" id="page_274"></a> 1568, enjoining them to redouble their vigilance in
+preventing the introduction of heretical books, and informed them, that
+Don Diego de Guzman, ambassador to England, had written that the
+Protestants of that country boasted that their doctrine was well
+received in Spain, particularly in Navarre, and that it was even
+preached there.</p>
+
+<p>While the inquisitors of Logroño were preparing for the <i>auto-da-fé</i> of
+1570, they had the mortification of being blamed for their conduct in
+two instances by the Supreme Council. One was in the case of Lope de
+Arguinaraz, and the other in that of Juan Floristan Maestuz, who were
+accused of Judaism. Arguinaraz denied the fact, was tortured, and then
+confessed having committed the actions, but asserted that he did not do
+them with the sentiments and belief that he was accused of. He ratified
+his confession some days after, and demanded reconciliation. The judges
+when they assembled to vote for the definitive sentence, resolved to
+refer the case to the Supreme Council, which pronounced that they had
+not sufficiently examined the accused on the sentiments and intentions
+which he entertained in committing the actions he had confessed, and
+commanded them to return to that stage of the trial, and vote according
+to the result. The inquisitors sent an account of the motives of their
+conduct, and gave notice that they should wait until the council had
+considered their observations, before they proceeded further. The reply
+to this message enjoined the inquisitors to execute the orders they had
+received immediately, and harshly reproached them for not having obeyed
+them in silence, and for having failed in their duty, in the
+interrogation, when they ought to have examined the accused on his
+doctrine.</p>
+
+<p>In the other affair of Juan Floristan Maestuz, the council expressed its
+surprise, that the inquisitors did not examine the accused on some
+heretical propositions which were proved against him, though he refused
+to confess even during the<a name="page_275" id="page_275"></a> torture; and above all, that the inquisitor,
+who had qualified the accused as <i>negatively</i> perjured, had voted for
+his reconciliation, since the constitutions of the holy office
+prohibited the reconciliation of those who persisted denying the charges
+proved against him. The reconciliation of the two prisoners took place
+in the <i>auto-da-fé</i>.</p>
+
+<p>An <i>auto-da-fé</i> took place at Logroño, on the 14th of November, 1593,
+where forty-nine persons appeared; five were burnt in person, seven in
+effigy; the others were subjected to penances.</p>
+
+<p>The custom of celebrating one <i>general auto-da-fé</i> every year was so
+well established, that when the inquisitors of Cuença, in 1558, gave up
+a man to secular justice in a <i>particular auto-da-fé</i>, it was doubted if
+the rules of the holy office permitted it; and though the council
+decided in the affirmative, the custom of reserving all the condemned
+persons for the general <i>auto-da-fé</i> prevailed, unless any very
+particular circumstance made it necessary to deviate from it.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Inquisition of Sardinia.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">I have already stated, that Philip II. introduced the Spanish
+constitution into Sardinia, in 1562. Don Diego Calvo first began to put
+it into execution, but the novelty made so great an impression on the
+inhabitants, that they demanded that the tribunal should be visited.
+This commission was confided by the inquisitor-general to the
+licentiate, Martinez del Villar, who fulfilled it in 1567. He received
+so many complaints against the inquisitor Calvo, that he was recalled,
+and Martinez took his place; he, however, did not remain there long, but
+was succeeded by Don Alphonso de Lorca.</p>
+
+<p>In 1575, an appeal was made to Rome against the tribunal of Sardinia,
+and Philip II. interposed in its defence. Don Francis Minuta, a
+Sardinian gentleman, had been subjected to a penance for bigamy, and
+condemned to serve for three<a name="page_276" id="page_276"></a> years as a common soldier in the galleys
+of Spain, and without the liberty of going out of the Goletta, in Malta.
+He had not been there a month, before he contrived to escape, and
+returned to Sardinia; the inquisitor-general then ordered him to be
+again arrested, and doubled his punishment; Minuta was taken back to the
+Goletta, whence he escaped a second time, and fled to Rome. He
+represented to the Pope that he was not guilty of bigamy, and that the
+manner in which the inquisitor-general had treated him was unjust, since
+he had left the fort with the permission of the governor. Don Francis
+demanded, and obtained of the Pope, two briefs of commission: the first
+for the examination of the principal question, that of bigamy; the other
+to judge of the reasons which he advanced against the sentence, which
+prolonged his detention. In the interim, the inquisitor of Sardinia
+declared him a contumacious fugitive, and condemned him to eight years'
+labour in the galleys. The apostolical judge required the inquisitor to
+suspend the proceedings; he informed the inquisitor-general, who applied
+to the king, whose interference they had never requested in vain. Philip
+II. wrote to Don Juan de Zuñiga, his ambassador at Rome, to demand a
+revocation of the briefs of commission, and to obtain permission for the
+inquisitor of the island to continue the prosecution, or that it might
+at least be referred to the inquisitor-general, to whom the right of
+judging the cause belonged. The Pope revoked his bulls to please the
+King of Spain, and the unfortunate Don Francis Minuta experienced the
+fate which he might have expected; for, in cases of this nature, the
+inquisitor-general always delegates one of the members of the accused
+tribunal to be the examining judge, on pretence that they are in
+possession of the writings of the trial.</p>
+
+<p>Don Andrea Minuta, brother to Don Francis, was also condemned to the
+same punishment for three years. He fled to Rome, and appealing to the
+Pope, obtained a brief of<a name="page_277" id="page_277"></a> commission for a bishop of Sardinia. Philip
+II. made the same request to the Pope, and Andrea was treated in the
+same way as his brother.</p>
+
+<p>Don Pedro Guisa, Baron de Casteli, in Sardinia, was prosecuted and
+condemned for the same crime of bigamy; but having learnt what had
+happened to the two brothers Minuta, he had recourse to entreaties and
+humiliations, to appease the inquisitor-general and obtain a commutation
+of his punishment.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXV" id="CHAPTER_XXV"></a>CHAPTER XXV.<br /><br />
+<small>OF THE LEARNED MEN WHO HAVE BEEN PERSECUTED BY THE INQUISITION.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">A<small>MONG</small> the many evils which the Inquisition has inflicted on Spain, the
+obstacles which it opposes to the progress of the arts and sciences, and
+literature, are not the least deplorable. The partisans of the holy
+office have never allowed this, yet it is a certain truth. The
+apologists, of whom I speak, maintain, that the Inquisition only opposes
+the invasion of heretical opinions, and leaves those who do not attack
+the doctrines of the faith in perfect liberty,&mdash;consequently, that it
+does not influence the arts and sciences. If this pretension was just,
+there are many excellent works which might be read, and which are only
+prohibited because they contain doctrines opposed to the opinions of the
+scholastic theologians.</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine was certainly a very zealous partisan of religion in its
+greatest purity, yet he made a great distinction between a dogmatic
+proposition and one not defined. He acknowledged that in the second case
+a Catholic was free to maintain the argument for, or against, according
+to the dictates of his reason. St. Augustine did not suppose that the
+freedom of opinion would be opposed by such theological<a name="page_278" id="page_278"></a> censures as the
+qualifiers of the holy office have established in modern times. They
+have had great influence on the prohibition of books, and even on the
+condemnation of their authors. They are employed against the first, on
+pretence that they contain propositions <i>favourable to heresy, ill
+sounding, savouring of heresy, fomenting heresy, or tending to heresy</i>;
+against the authors, in declaring them suspected of having adopted
+heresy in their hearts.</p>
+
+<p>In the present time the qualifiers have extended the prohibitions, by
+saying that the books contained propositions <i>offensive to persons of
+high rank, seditious, tending to disturb public tranquillity, contrary
+to the government of the state, and opposed to the obedience which has
+been taught by Jesus Christ and his apostles</i>.</p>
+
+<p>These censures are generally passed by scholastic theologians. The work
+of <i>Filangieri</i>, entitled <i>The Science of Legislation</i>, was censured by
+Fray Joseph de Cardenas, a Capuchin, who thought himself competent to do
+it, though he had only read the first volume of the Spanish translation,
+which contained only half of that of the original.</p>
+
+<p>The prohibition applies most to those books which treat of theology, and
+the canonical laws, particularly if they are well written, and contain
+the doctrines taught by the fathers, the councils, and even by the popes
+who reigned in the seven first centuries, but which have been forgotten
+or opposed by the theologians of the barbarous times, who wished to
+establish the system of the union of the two powers in the person of the
+sovereign pontiff.</p>
+
+<p>The theological censures likewise attack works on philosophy, on civil
+and natural law, and on the people. Those books which have been
+published on mathematics, astronomy, physic, and other subjects which
+depend upon these, have not been more highly favoured. The Spaniards
+have, consequently, been deprived of the advantages which other nations
+have derived from all the recent discoveries.<a name="page_279" id="page_279"></a></p>
+
+<p>Since the establishment of the holy office, there has scarcely been any
+man celebrated for his learning, who has not been prosecuted as a
+heretic. In the list which follows, I shall not (unless particular
+circumstances render it necessary) include any learned man who has been
+prosecuted for having embraced Judaism, Mahometanism, or any sect
+equally prohibited by the Catholic religion. Those only will be
+mentioned who suffered in their liberty, honour and fortunes, from not
+having adopted erroneous scholastic opinions.</p>
+
+<p>The names are disposed in an alphabetical order, that the reader may be
+enabled to find the article he wishes to consult more quickly.</p>
+
+<p><i>Abady-la-Sierra</i> (D. Augustin), bishop of Barbastro. See Chapter 29.</p>
+
+<p><i>Abady-la-Sierra</i> (D. Manuel), archbishop of Selimbria, <i>ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Almodobar</i> (Duke of). See following Chapter.</p>
+
+<p><i>Aranda</i> (Count d'). <i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Arellano</i> (D. Joseph Xavier Rodriguez d'), archbishop of Burgos. See
+Chapter 29.</p>
+
+<p><i>Avila</i> (the venerable Juan d'), secular priest, born at Almodovar del
+Campo, surnamed the Apostle of Andalusia. See Chapters 13 and 14.</p>
+
+<p><i>Azara</i> (Doctor Nicholas d'). See the following Chapter.</p>
+
+<p><i>Balvoa</i> (Doctor Juan de), doctoral canon of the cathedral of Salamanca,
+and law professor in the university of that city. He was one of the most
+distinguished literati of his age. Nicolas Antonio only mentions one of
+his works, entitled <i>Salmantine Lessons</i>. He composed several others,
+one of which would have caused him to be arrested by the Inquisition, if
+he had not been protected by the inquisitor-general, Cardinal Don
+Antonio Zapata, and by some of the councillors of the tribunal. It was a
+memoir which he had drawn up and presented in 1627, to Philip IV., in
+the name of the universities of Salamanca, Valladolid and Alcala. The<a name="page_280" id="page_280"></a>
+object of this memoir was to induce the king to refuse the permission
+which the Jesuits had requested, to change the <i>Imperial</i> College of
+Madrid into a university.</p>
+
+<p>The Jesuits denounced the work, and qualified some of the propositions
+as <i>erroneous, offensive to pious ears, scandalous and injurious to the
+government, and to the regular ecclesiastics of the Society of Jesus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The council caused the memoir to be examined by <i>qualifiers</i>, who
+declared that it did not merit theological censure, and the council
+abandoned the affair. The Jesuits then employed the influence of the
+Count Duke d'Olivarez with the king, but the attempt was unsuccessful.
+The other work which is attributed to Balvoa, is perhaps that which was
+printed at Rome in 1636, in the printing-office of the apostolic
+chamber. It is written in Latin, in quarto, and bears the name of
+Alphonso de Vargas de Toledo, with this title: <i>An Exposition made by
+Alphonso de Vargas to the Christian Kings and Princes, of the Stratagems
+and political Artifices which the Members of the Society of Jesus employ
+to establish a universal Monarchy in their favour, a Work which proves
+the Deceit of the Jesuits towards the Kings and Nations who have
+received them favourably; their Perfidy and Disobedience, even to the
+Pope, and the immoderate Desire of Innovation which they have always
+shown in Matters of Religion</i>. It has been said that this work was
+printed at Frankfort, with the exception of the justificatory pieces.
+The author advances and proves heavy charges against the Jesuits.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bails</i> (D. Benito), professor of mathematics at Madrid, and author of a
+work on that science, used in the schools. The Inquisition instituted
+his trial towards the end of the reign of Charles III., as suspected of
+atheism and materialism. Bails was deprived of the use of his limbs, and
+incapable of attending to his affairs; yet he was arrested and taken to
+the prisons of the holy office, with one of his nieces, who obtained
+permission to share his captivity, that she might continue to<a name="page_281" id="page_281"></a> render
+him the assistance which his situation rendered necessary. He prepared
+his defence in the best manner he was able; and before the publication
+of the depositions, he acknowledged enough to show that he was sincere
+in his confession and repentance. When he was examined on his internal
+belief, he declared that he had had some doubts on the existence of a
+God, and the immortality of the soul, but that he had never actually
+been an atheist, or a materialist; that during his solitude in the
+prison, he had reflected on the subject, and was ready to abjure all
+heresies, and particularly those of which he was suspected. He demanded
+reconciliation, and a penance, which he promised to accomplish as well
+as his health would allow him. His situation was considered; and instead
+of sending him to a convent, whither his niece could not have followed
+him, he was kept for some time in the secret prisons of the holy office:
+he was afterwards removed to his own house, which served for his prison,
+and he was obliged to pay for his food during his imprisonment, and
+subjected to several other penances, one of which was being obliged to
+confess to a priest, who was appointed three times in the year,&mdash;at
+Christmas, Easter, and Pentecost.</p>
+
+<p><i>Balza</i> (Francis), Franciscan, and a celebrated preacher in the reign of
+Charles III. When the Jesuits were driven from Spain, he openly preached
+against the relaxed morals of the age; he inveighed against the authors
+who had introduced and propagated them, and endeavoured to inspire
+people with a horror of reading their works. As some of these authors
+were Jesuits, he declaimed violently against those persons who blamed
+the king for the measures he had taken, to drive them out of the
+kingdom. Balza was denounced at Logroño, and the inquisitors gave him to
+understand, that he would be treated with severity if he did not change
+his tone.</p>
+
+<p><i>Barriovero</i> (Doctor Ferdinand de), theologist of the church of Toledo,
+and a professor in the university. He was tried<a name="page_282" id="page_282"></a> in 1558, for approving
+the doctrine of the Catechism of Don Bartholomew Carranza. He allayed
+the storm by retracting, when he received the king's order to do so, and
+by sending his recantation to the Pope, when the Archbishops of Granada
+and Santiago, and the Bishop of Jaen adopted that measure.</p>
+
+<p><i>Belando</i> (Fray Nicolas de Jesus), Franciscan: he was prosecuted on
+account of his <i>Civil History of Spain</i>. In this work he gives an
+account of all the events from the accession of Philip IV. to 1733. The
+inquisitors prohibited this book entirely from political motives, and
+not from anything relating to doctrine; their judgment against Belando
+was given on the 6th of December, 1774. The inquisitors had no respect
+either for the license at the beginning of the book, the dedication to
+Philip V., or for the favourable opinion of an enlightened member of the
+Council of Castile, who was commissioned by his majesty to examine it,
+before he allowed it to be dedicated to him. The author appealed against
+the sentence, and demanded to be heard: he offered to reply to all the
+observations, and to make any alterations or suppressions in his work
+which the tribunal should suggest. This attempt of Belando to defend his
+book was considered as a crime, and he was confined in the dungeons of
+the holy office, where he suffered the harshest treatment. He only left
+them to be imprisoned for life in a convent, and he was prohibited from
+ever composing another work. He was stripped of the honours which
+distinguished him in his order, and more severe penances were inflicted
+on him than if he had been an heretic.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bercial</i> (Clement Sanchez del), priest, archdeacon of Valderas, and
+dignitary of the church of Leon. He was prosecuted and punished in the
+time of Charles V. for Lutheranism. He was condemned for some
+propositions in a work called <i>Sacramental</i>. In 1559, the
+inquisitor-general Valdez placed this book in the <i>Index</i>.<a name="page_283" id="page_283"></a></p>
+
+<p><i>Berroçosa</i> (Fray Manuel Santos), author of a work called <i>Essays on the
+Theatre of Rome</i>. He was imprisoned by the Inquisition of Toledo,
+because he spoke of the court of Rome, in his Essays, in a manner
+displeasing to the Jesuits and inquisitors. The proceedings in this
+trial were so arbitrary, that the work in question was not examined
+until the affair was nearly finished. The writings of this trial were
+taken from the archives of the Inquisition, for some unknown reason. In
+1768 they were laid, by the king's order, before the council
+extraordinary of bishops, who were assembled to consider the affairs of
+the Jesuits.</p>
+
+<p><i>Blanco</i> (Don Francis), archbishop of Santiago. See Chapter 29.</p>
+
+<p><i>Brozas</i> (Francis Sanchez de Las), generally called <i>el Brocense</i>; he
+was born in the village of Las Brozas, from whence he took his name. He
+was one of the greatest <i>humanists</i> of his age, and the most
+distinguished Spaniard of that party in the time of Philip II. During
+this reign he published several works, which are mentioned by Nicolas
+Antonio in his catalogue. The severe <i>Justus Lipse</i> calls him the
+<i>Mercury and Apollo of Spain</i>, and Gaspard Scioppius, the <i>divine man</i>.
+He was prosecuted by the Inquisition of Valladolid several times for
+some propositions contained in his works, but principally in a book in
+octavo, entitled, <i>Escolias à las quatro Sylvas escritas en verso
+heroico por Angelo Policiano, intituladas Nutricia, Rustico, Manto y
+Ambra</i>; viz. "Commentaries on the four Sylvas, written in heroic verse
+by Angelo Politiano, called <i>Nutricia</i>, <i>Rustico</i>, <i>Manto</i>, and
+<i>Ambra</i>." <i>El Brocense</i> completely satisfied the qualifiers, and his
+work was not inscribed on the Index.</p>
+
+<p><i>Baruaga</i> (Don Thomas Saenz), archbishop of Saragossa. See Chapter 29.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cadena</i> (Louis de la), second chancellor of the university of Alcala de
+Henares, and nephew of Doctor Pedro de Lerma, who was the first who
+possessed that dignity. Cadena was<a name="page_284" id="page_284"></a> one of the most learned men of his
+time; he understood Hebrew, Greek, Arabic, and other eastern languages;
+he wrote Latin with the greatest elegance, and enjoyed a high reputation
+among the literati. The learned Alvaro Gomez de Castro says, in his
+<i>History of Cardinal Ximenez de Cisneros</i>, that he had formed the design
+of destroying the bad scholastic taste which reigned in the
+universities. This enterprise cost Cadena dear: those who were attached
+to the opinions of the schools denounced him to the Inquisition of
+Toledo, as suspected of Lutheranism; the archbishops Ximenez de Cisneros
+and Fonseca, who protected the persecuted members of the university of
+Alcala, were no more; and Cadena was obliged to follow the example of
+his uncle, and fly to Paris to escape the dungeons of the holy office.
+He was received as a doctor in the Sorbonne, and died a professor in
+that celebrated house.</p>
+
+<p><i>Campomanes.</i> See following Chapter.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cano</i> (Melchior), bishop of Canary. See Chapter 29.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cañuelo</i> (Don Louis), advocate of the king's council during the reign
+of Charles III. He was subjected to a penance, and abjured, <i>de levi</i>,
+for having inserted certain propositions in some numbers of a periodical
+work called <i>The Censor</i>, which appeared without the name of the author.
+Cañuelo often published declamations against superstition in the
+<i>Censor</i>, in which he proved the evil which might be produced by a blind
+and vain confidence in the indulgences and pardons obtained by those who
+wore the scapulary of our Lady of Mount Carmel, in reciting <i>neuvaines</i>,
+and in the other outward exercises of devotion, which he said were
+detrimental to the purity of religion. He also presumed to ridicule the
+pompous titles given by the monks to the saints of their orders: thus
+St. Augustine was called the <i>Eagle of Doctors</i>; St. Bernard, <i>Honied</i>;
+St. Thomas, <i>Angelic</i>; St. Buonaventure, <i>Seraphic</i>; St. John de la
+Cruix, <i>Mystic</i>; St. Francis, <i>Cherubim</i>; and St. Dominic, <i>Burning</i>. He
+one<a name="page_285" id="page_285"></a> day offered a recompense to any one who would apply the name of
+<i>Cardinal</i> to St. Jerome, and that of <i>Doctor</i> to St. Theresa de Jesus.
+The monks whom he ridiculed could not forgive his boldness, and they
+persecuted him with virulence. The numbers of his work were prohibited,
+although they were already published; and he was forbidden to write on
+any subject which had the least relation to doctrine, morals, or the
+received opinions on piety and devotion.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cantalapiedra</i> (Martin Martinez de), professor of theology, and very
+learned in the Oriental tongues. He was prosecuted during the reign of
+Philip II. for publishing a book called <i>Hippotiposeon</i>, &amp;c.; it was
+prohibited, and inserted in the <i>Index</i> of Cardinal Quiroga in 1583.
+This author was suspected of Lutheranism, from having too much enforced
+the necessity of consulting the original books of the Holy Scriptures,
+in preference to the interpretations: he abjured <i>de levi</i>, submitted to
+a penance, and was forbidden to write again. This example gives us an
+idea of the judgment and discrimination of the judges and qualifiers.</p>
+
+<p><i>Carranza</i> (Don Bartholomew), archbishop of Toledo. See Chapters 32, 33,
+and 34.</p>
+
+<p><i>Casas</i> (Don Fray Bartholomew de Las), a Dominican, bishop of Chiapa and
+afterwards of Cuzco, resigned his see to live in Spain; he was the
+defender of the right and liberty of the native Indians. He wrote
+several excellent works which are mentioned by Nicholas Antonio. In one
+of these, he endeavours to prove that the kings have not the power of
+disposing of the property and liberty of their American subjects, and of
+giving them to other masters, either under a feodal tenure, or from a
+right of conquest. This work was denounced to the Inquisition as opposed
+to the declarations of St. Paul and St. Peter, concerning the submission
+of serfs and vassals to their lords. The author was much grieved when he
+heard that it was intended to prosecute him; but the council only
+required of him, in an official<a name="page_286" id="page_286"></a> manner, the remittance of the work and
+the manuscript. It was afterwards printed several times in other
+countries, which is mentioned by M. Peignot in his <i>Dictionnaire
+Critique, et Bibliographique des Livres remarquables qui ont été brulés,
+supprimées ou censurés</i>. Casas died at Madrid in 1566 at the age of
+ninety-two. He had the pleasure of seeing another of his works in favour
+of the Americans approved by the censors, although it had been
+criticised by Juan Gines de Sepulveda. Charles V. ordered this writing
+to be suppressed, although it was favourable to the royal authority: he
+likewise made several ordinances in favour of the Americans, and if they
+had been executed, fewer reproaches would have been bestowed on the
+Spaniards who governed the new world.</p>
+
+<p><i>Castillo</i> (Fray Ferdinand del), a Dominican, and one of the most
+illustrious men of his order. He was implicated in the proceedings
+against the Lutherans at Valladolid in the year 1559. Fray Dominic de
+Roxas, Pedro Cazalla, and Don Carlos de Seso, wishing to prove that
+their opinions on <i>justification</i> were orthodox, declared that they were
+the same as those of Fray Ferdinand del Castillo, who was universally
+acknowledged to be eminent for virtue and wisdom; he had been a member
+of the College of St. Gregory at Valladolid; afterwards professor of
+philosophy and theology at Grenada: he was at this time a preacher of
+great eminence at Madrid. The three witnesses ratified their
+declarations on the 3rd, 4th, and 5th of October, 1559; they were to be
+burnt on the 8th of the same month. Fortunately for Fray Ferdinand, the
+three witnesses had not positively asserted that he had maintained the
+doctrine of <i>justification</i> in the manner that they did, or in the same
+sense, but that he had expressed himself in such a manner that it might
+be supposed. Fray Ferdinand was ordered to repair to Valladolid, where
+he was confined in the College of St. Gregory, and was summoned to
+appear before the tribunal. He cleared himself<a name="page_287" id="page_287"></a> from the charges brought
+against him, and even obtained a certificate of his acquittal, that his
+honour and reputation might not be affected. He returned to Madrid,
+where he was made a prior, and was afterwards sent to Medina with the
+same dignity; lastly he was appointed preacher to Philip II. This prince
+often consulted him on difficult affairs, and appointed him to accompany
+the Duke of Ossuna in his embassy to Lisbon. Castillo was one of those
+who took the greatest part in inducing the Cardinal King, Don Henry, to
+call Philip II. to succeed him on the throne of Portugal, and he was
+subsequently made preceptor to the infant Don Ferdinand. He wrote the
+history of the order of St. Dominic, a work which is much esteemed by
+the learned of the present day. Castillo died on the 29th of March,
+1593: his life had been a model of austerity, and he fasted on bread and
+water three times a week.</p>
+
+<p><i>Centeno</i> (Fray Pedro), an Augustine monk. He was one of the most
+learned men of his order, and one of the most distinguished literati in
+Spain, during the reigns of Charles III. and Charles IV. Centeno
+incurred the hatred of all the monks, priests, and seculars, by his
+periodical work, entitled, <i>The Universal Apologist for all unfortunate
+Authors</i>. Centeno attacked the bad taste which predominated in
+literature, with the most delicate irony, so that the scholastic
+theologians, who knew nothing of good taste, dreaded to come under his
+examination. The ironical praise which he lavished on them, was more to
+be feared than his sharpest satire: his papers were universally read
+with pleasure, and his decisions generally adopted by his readers. The
+prejudices which prevailed in Spain did not fail to create him many
+enemies. He relied on the purity of his religious opinions, and the
+extent of his knowledge; but he was denounced at the holy office, and
+the denunciations were as different as the stations and characters of
+those who attacked him. He was accused of <i>impiety</i> (a crime then
+considered in Spain as equal to <i>atheism</i>,<a name="page_288" id="page_288"></a> or <i>materialism</i>), at the
+same time that others accused him of being a Lutheran and a Jansenist.
+The great reputation enjoyed by the accused, the protection which the
+Count de Florida Blanca, first secretary of state, afforded him, the
+fear that hatred, envy and resentment had induced the accusers to invent
+calumnies, and the impossibility that Centeno could be at the same time
+an atheist and a Lutheran, prevented the tribunal from sending him to
+their dungeons; they therefore confined him in the Convent of St.
+Philip, where he dwelt, commanding him to appear before the tribunal
+when summoned. His great knowledge of doctrine enabled him to defend
+himself with advantage: if his discourse had been printed, his fame must
+have much increased by it; yet he was condemned as <i>violently</i> suspected
+of heresy, and was compelled to abjure and perform different penances.
+This treatment plunged Centeno into a profound melancholy, which
+alienated his reason; he died in this state in the convent of Arenas,
+where he was confined.</p>
+
+<p>The principal accusations against him were, 1st. That he had disapproved
+of the <i>Novenas</i>, the rosaries, processions, stations, and other pious
+exercises. This charge was supported by a quotation from the funeral
+oration of a nobleman, in which he had said that beneficence was the
+favourite virtue of the deceased; that it was in the constant practice
+of it that true devotion consisted, and not in the mere exterior
+exercises of religion, which required neither care nor trouble, or any
+sacrifices of money, or other things. 2d. That he denied the existence
+of <i>limboes</i>, places destined to receive the souls of those who die
+before the age of reason, without receiving baptism: the argument
+brought to support this charge was the suppression of the question and
+answer on the article <i>Limbo</i>, which he had obliged the author of the
+Catechism to make. This work had been printed for the use of the
+charity-schools at Madrid, of which he had been appointed censor; the
+accused replied to the first accusation, by<a name="page_289" id="page_289"></a> giving clear and perfect
+explanations, founded on the texts of Scripture and the Holy Fathers,
+and on the principles of true devotion: he proved the perfect connection
+of his defence with the expressions he had used in the sermon, of which
+he produced the original copy, as a proof of his innocence. On the
+second charge, he said that the existence of <i>Limbus</i> was not defined as
+an article of faith; that it ought not to be mentioned in a catechism,
+where, according to his opinion, nothing ought to be considered but
+<i>doctrine</i>; and that he had suppressed the question, that the Christians
+might not confound this subject which was still an object of discussion
+among the Catholics, with those already decided by the Church. He was
+formally summoned to declare whether he believed in the existence of
+<i>Limbus</i>; he replied that he was not obliged to answer, because it did
+not relate to an article of faith; but that as he had no motives to
+conceal his opinions, he would confess that he did not believe in the
+existence. He demanded permission to compose a theological treatise, in
+which he offered to demonstrate the truth of what he advanced, humbly
+submitting to the decisions of the Church: this permission being
+granted, he wrote an hundred and twenty pages in folio, in close lines,
+so that it would form an octavo volume. I had the curiosity to read it,
+and was astonished at his immense and profound erudition: this writing
+contains all that the Fathers and the great theologians have said since
+the time of Jesus Christ, particularly since St. Augustine, on the
+future lot of those who die without receiving baptism, and before they
+have committed any mortal sin. His defence could not save him. A
+barefooted Carmelite and a Minime were the principal qualifiers, who
+censured Centeno as <i>violently suspected of heresy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cespedes</i> (Doctor Paul de), born at Cordova, prebendary of the
+Cathedral of that city, and residing at Rome. The Inquisition of
+Valladolid tried him in 1560, for some letters which he had written to
+Don Bartholomew Carranza, archbishop<a name="page_290" id="page_290"></a> of Toledo, and which were found
+among the papers of that prelate, with the copies of his replies. In one
+of these letters dated from Rome, on the 17th of February, 1559, he
+gives him an account of his proceedings in his favour, and allowed
+himself to speak ill of the inquisitor-general and the Inquisition of
+Spain. Cespedes was a great literati, a great painter, and poet, and a
+very clever modeller in wax: he composed a poem, in stanzas of eight
+verses, on <i>Repentance</i>. Juan de Verzosa and Francis Pacheco (both
+mentioned with approbation by Nicholas Antonio) have highly praised this
+poem. Cespedes continued to reside at Rome, and thus the inquisitors of
+Valladolid could not execute their projects of vengeance.</p>
+
+<p><i>Chumacero</i> (Don Juan de). See the following Chapter.</p>
+
+<p><i>Clavijo y Faxardo</i> (Don Joseph de), principal director of the museum of
+natural history at Madrid, and a learned man, who had a great taste for
+science. The Inquisition of the <i>Court</i> tried him on the suspicion that
+he had adopted the antichristian principles of modern philosophy. He was
+confined to the city of Madrid, which was fortunate for him, as he thus
+preserved his honour and his office; he appeared privately before the
+tribunal, and was only condemned to private penances; he also made his
+abjuration, <i>de levi</i>, with closed doors, in the hall of the tribunal.
+It is true that the proofs against him were weak, and he gave to his
+propositions an air of Catholicism. He had lived for some time in Paris,
+where he had been intimate with Buffon and Voltaire. He edited a
+journal, called <i>The Thinker</i>. M. Langle, in his <i>Travels in Spain</i>,
+says, that this work is without merit; if this author judged truly, it
+would, perhaps, be the only truth in his book. Clavijo was appointed
+editor of the <i>Mercury</i>, by the government, he also published a
+translation of "Buffon's Natural History," with notes. As this book is
+written with great purity of style, and without gallicisms, it is an
+important acquisition to those who seek<a name="page_291" id="page_291"></a> a work rich in the beauties of
+the Spanish language. The Count d'Aranda also gave him the direction of
+a company of tragic actors: Clavijo endeavoured to fulfil the intention
+of the minister, but religious fanaticism arrested the progress of the
+design.</p>
+
+<p><i>Clement</i> (Don Joseph), bishop of Barcelona. See the following Chapter.</p>
+
+<p><i>Corpus Christi</i> (Fray Mancio de), Dominican, doctor and professor of
+theology, in the university of Alcala de Henares. He was tried by the
+Inquisition of Valladolid for having given a favourable opinion of the
+Catechism of Carranza. On the 21st of February, 1559, he remitted those
+of the doctors of his university, who had carefully examined some
+propositions of a doubtful nature, and of which they acknowledged the
+orthodoxy. He escaped the dungeons, by retracting, at the request of
+Philip II. A brief of Gregory XIII. obliged him to restore the
+definitive sentence which he had passed on the Catechism and other works
+of Carranza, and in which he had condemned an hundred and thirty-one
+propositions of that prelate. On the 17th of October, 1559, he addressed
+a letter to the inquisitor-general, in which he asked pardon, and
+submitted to any penances which might be imposed on him.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cruz</i> (Father Louis de la), Dominican, disciple of Don Bartholomew
+Carranza de Miranda, a member of the college of St. Gregory, at
+Valladolid, and extremely well versed in doctrine and theology. He was
+imprisoned in the dungeons of the Inquisition at Valladolid, for being
+implicated in the affair of Cazalla and his companions. The quotations
+made by the friends of Cazalla from his works, created a suspicion that
+he was a Lutheran: it is true that he had held a regular correspondence
+with Carranza, and had given him his opinion of his Catechism. He was
+accused of having bribed the minister of the holy office to obtain
+information of his old master; but he vindicated himself by proving that
+he had<a name="page_292" id="page_292"></a> acquired some knowledge of the affair, in his conversations with
+Melchior Cano, and with one of the condemned Lutherans whom he had
+exhorted. Fray Louis was arrested in the month of June, 1559, and on the
+7th of August he drew up a writing of six pages, in which he made many
+confessions. He soon became subject to fits of insanity, owing to his
+anxious thoughts during his trial. In June, 1560, he was removed to the
+ecclesiastical prison of the bishop, that he might be taken care of. It
+was impossible to prove any of the charges against him, yet the
+Inquisition kept him in prison until Carranza was released. At last,
+after five years of captivity, he abjured, <i>de levi</i>, and was sentenced
+to a seclusion of a few years as a penance.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cuesta</i> (Don Andres de la). See Chapter 29.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cuesta</i> (Don Antonio de la), archdeacon of the cathedral of Avila. The
+Inquisition of Valladolid ordered him to be arrested in 1801, as
+suspected of Jansenism and heresy; but he fled to Paris, where he lived
+during the five years of his trial: it would have been much longer if
+government had not interposed, as will be seen in the following article.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cuesta</i> (Don Jerome de la), penitentiary canon of the cathedral of
+Avila. He was arrested for Jansenism, and heresy, while his brother
+Antonio was pursued, to whom he furnished the means of flight, at the
+expense of his own safety. He passed five years in the prisons of the
+Inquisition, and he would have been detained for a much longer time, but
+for the solicitations addressed to Charles IV., by persons of the
+highest rank, who obtained permission to cause the original writings of
+the trial to be laid before his majesty. Don Jerome proved that the
+prosecution of himself and his brother originated in the intrigues of
+Don Raphael de Muzquiz, bishop of Avila, and formerly confessor to the
+queen, and archbishop of Santiago, and of Don Vincent Soto de Valcarce,
+bishop of Valladolid. When the depositions of the witnesses were read to
+Don Jerome, his great penetration<a name="page_293" id="page_293"></a> enabled him to recognise them, and he
+clearly proved their injustice. The archbishop of Santiago made many
+representations to the king against the two brothers, the Inquisitors of
+Valladolid, and some members of the Supreme Council; he did not even
+spare Don Ramon Joseph de Arce, archbishop of Saragossa, patriarch of
+the Indies, and inquisitor-general: he accused them all of partiality in
+favour of the two brothers, who were, besides, countrymen of the chief
+of the holy office. The tribunal of Valladolid pronounced Don Jerome
+innocent; the votes were divided in the council: the king then examined
+the writings, and declared, that, from the reports he had received, the
+two brothers were innocent of the crimes of which they were accused. He
+authorized Don Antonio to return to Spain, created him and his brother
+knights of the order of Charles III., and commanded the
+inquisitor-general to appoint them honorary inquisitors. Don Francisco
+de Salazar, bishop of Avila, (who in quality of Inquisitor of
+Valladolid, and member of the council, had taken a great part in this
+intrigue,) received an order from his majesty to reinstate the brothers
+in their stalls. This is one of the very rare instances, where the King
+of Spain took an active part in the affairs of the Inquisition, and one
+of the still more rare occurrences where innocence has triumphed.</p>
+
+<p><i>Delgado</i> (Don Francis), archbishop of Santiago. See Chapter 29.</p>
+
+<p><i>Feyjoo</i> (Benedict), Benedictine, born in the Asturias, and a
+distinguished literati. He was one of the first who restored good taste
+in Spain: the works which he has composed, have been enumerated by Don
+Juan Sempere y Guarinos in the <i>Catalogue of the Authors who flourished
+during the Reign of Charles III.</i> This learned man was denounced at the
+different tribunals of the Inquisition, as being suspected of the
+different heresies of the fifteenth century, and of that of the ancient
+Iconoclasts; most of his accusers were<a name="page_294" id="page_294"></a> ignorant and prejudicial monks,
+of whom he had made enemies by the arguments in his <i>Critical Theatre</i>
+against false devotion, false miracles, and some superstitious customs.
+It was fortunate for the author that the council of the Inquisition was
+well acquainted with the purity of his principles and Catholicism.
+Although the progress of knowledge has been extremely slow in Spain, it
+must be confessed that it has even penetrated into the interior of the
+<i>Holy House</i> during the last part of the eighteenth century.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fernandes</i> (Juan), doctor of theology, prior of the cathedral of
+Palencia. He was prosecuted from the declarations of some Lutherans who
+were executed in 1559, particularly that of Fray Dominic de Roxas, who
+quoted several propositions of Fernandez, in which he pretended to find,
+especially on the subject of justification, the same opinions as his
+own. The fiscal presented Fray Dominic as a witness in the trial of
+Fernandez: he persisted in his declaration (he was already condemned to
+<i>relaxation</i>, but did not know it), and expected to be reconciled as a
+penitent. Fernandez, however, only received a reprimand for not having
+observed, in his discourse, the prudence which became a doctor of
+theology, at a period when heresy was so common in the kingdom.</p>
+
+<p><i>Frago</i> (Don Pedro), bishop of Jaca. See Chapter 29.</p>
+
+<p><i>Gonzalo</i> (Don Vitorian Lopez), bishop of Murcia. <i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Gorrionereo</i> (Don Antonio), bishop of Almeria. <i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Guerrero</i> (Don Pedro), archbishop of Grenada. <i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Grenada</i> (Fray Louis de). <i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Gracian</i> (Fray Jerome), Carmelite, born at Valladolid, and the son of
+Diego Gracian, secretary to Charles V., and Jane Dantisqui, daughter of
+the ambassador of Poland, at the court of the emperor. He was a doctor
+of theology, and professor of philosophy at the university of Alcala. He
+wrote several works of a mystical nature, and some others on literary
+subjects, which are mentioned by Nicolas Antonio. He was prior of a
+convent of barefooted Carmelites at<a name="page_295" id="page_295"></a> Seville, which he founded when St.
+Theresa and her community, of whom he was the director, were attacked by
+the Inquisition. The tribunal of Seville prosecuted him as a heretic, of
+the sect of the <i>Illuminati</i>; but his trial failed for want of proof.
+Father Jerome experienced many vicissitudes; but as they have been
+related by historians it is unnecessary to mention them here.</p>
+
+<p><i>Gudiel de Peralta</i>. See the following Chapter.</p>
+
+<p><i>Gonzalez</i> (Gil), Jesuit, born at Toledo in 1532. He was prosecuted by
+the Inquisition of Valladolid, in 1559, for having begun a Latin
+translation of the Catechism of Carranza. When this prelate was informed
+that his work was to be translated into the language of theologians, he
+made some corrections in it, thinking it not sufficiently clear, and in
+July requested Gil Gonzalez to undertake the task. St. Francis de
+Borgia, having heard of the trial of the archbishop, commanded Gonzalez
+to communicate to the Inquisition all that he had been requested to do.
+He obeyed; and in August informed the inquisitor-general of the order he
+had received, and his promptitude in submitting to it. In September he
+renewed his declarations, gave up the Castilian copy of the Catechism,
+with the corrections of Carranza, and all that he had written of the
+translation. He thus escaped persecution, and died in peace at Madrid in
+1596.</p>
+
+<p><i>Illescas</i> (Gonsalvo de). See Chapter 13.</p>
+
+<p><i>Iriarte</i> (Don Thomas), born in the island of Canary, master of the
+archives of the minister for foreign affairs, and of the first secretary
+of state, author of a poem on <i>Music</i>, a volume of <i>Fables</i>, and other
+poetical works. He was prosecuted by the Inquisition of Madrid, during
+the last years of the reign of Charles III., as suspected of professing
+the antichristian philosophy. He was confined to the city, and received
+an order to appear when he was summoned: the proceedings were private,
+and he replied in a satisfactory manner to the accusations, but the
+inquisitors did not think<a name="page_296" id="page_296"></a> fit to acquit him; they declared him to be
+<i>slightly suspected</i>: he abjured and obtained absolution in private, the
+penance imposed was likewise private, and few persons knew that he had
+been tried. Don Thomas Iriarte had two brothers, one called Don Dominic,
+who concluded a treaty of peace with the French Republic at Basle; and
+the other, Don Bernard, counsellor of the Indies, and knight of the
+order of Charles III.</p>
+
+<p><i>Isla</i> (Francis de), Jesuit. He was the author of several works, during
+the reign of Charles III.; and also published, under a feigned name, the
+<i>History of the famous Preacher Fray Gerund de Campazas otherwise called
+Zotes, written at Madrid in 1750 and 1770, by the Licentiate Don Francis
+Lobon de Salazar</i>. This work is a fine satire, in two volumes, against
+the preachers who make a bad use of texts by quoting them in the wrong
+place, and distorting their meaning to support an extravagant
+proposition. This work produced very beneficial effects in Spain; all
+the preachers dreaded the epithet of <i>Fray Gerund</i>. This fictitious hero
+might be called the Don Quixote of the pulpit, since the effects of this
+romance were the same as those of Don Quixote de la Mancha, which was
+intended to cure the Spaniards of their ridiculous mania for books of
+chivalry. The monks united against this work; they declared it to be
+impious, injurious to the ecclesiastical state, and the author suspected
+of all the heresies of those who speak with contempt of mendicant
+friars. The holy office received an infinite number of denunciations
+against this work. The qualifiers were of opinion that it ought to be
+prohibited, because the author, in ridiculing those who made a bad use
+of the sacred text, had fallen into the same error in composing the
+sermons preached by his hero. These volumes were consequently forbidden,
+but a publisher at Bayonne reprinted them with a third volume composed
+of the different essays which had appeared in Spain, either for or
+against the history of Fray Gerund.<a name="page_297" id="page_297"></a> The true author did not put his
+name to the work, but he was known, and the Inquisition having arrested
+him, reproached him for what he had done. Isla alleged his laudable
+intention of correcting the defects which had been introduced into the
+pulpit by bad preachers, and the affair finished there. The Jesuits at
+that time had still some power at Madrid, and many of their society were
+judges of the holy office.</p>
+
+<p><i>Jesus</i> (St. Theresa de). See Chapter 27.</p>
+
+<p><i>Jovellanos.</i> See Chapter 43.</p>
+
+<p><i>Joven de Salas</i> (Don Joseph Ignacio), born in one of the towns of the
+Pyrenees, advocate to the king's councils, and a very learned man. He
+was chosen by several grandees of Spain to defend the right of their
+families to the succession of the elder branches, and for other
+interesting trials. He was denounced to the Inquisition for having read
+prohibited books: the inquest did not furnish sufficient proof to
+authorize imprisonment. His aversion for popular commotions, his love
+for social order, the absence of all the royal family, and the
+impossibility of resisting the invasion, induced him in 1808 to submit
+to the conqueror. The great merit of Joven obtained him the office of a
+counsellor of state under King Joseph: for this reason the political
+inquisitors who surround the throne of Ferdinand VII. induced him to
+banish this respectable old man, who lives at Bordeaux full of years and
+virtues.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lainez</i> (Diego). See Chapter 29.</p>
+
+<p><i>Laplana</i> (Don Joseph), bishop of Tarrazona. <i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Lara</i> (Don Juan Perez de). See the following Chapter.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lebrija</i> (Antonio de). See Chapter 10.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ledesma</i> (Fray Juan de), Dominican, professor of theology in the
+college of St. Peter Martyr, at Toledo. He was tried by the Inquisition
+of Valladolid in 1559, for having expressed a favourable opinion of the
+Catechism of Carranza; the proceedings were transferred to the tribunal<a name="page_298" id="page_298"></a>
+of Toledo, which continued the trial without imprisoning Fray Juan, who
+was only confined to his college. Fray Juan declared that he had not
+perceived the heresies in Carranza's work, for that relying on the
+learning, virtue, and zeal of the author, he had read it without
+examining it particularly; he added, that as he had not fallen into any
+error knowingly, which he acknowledged as such, he abided by the
+censures of the qualifiers. He abjured <i>de levi</i>; a small private
+canonical penance was imposed on him to be performed in secret, and he
+received the absolution <i>ad cautelam</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Leon</i> (Fray Louis de), an Augustine. He was born in 1527, of Lope de
+Belmonte, a judge and member of the chancery of Grenada, and of Donna
+Inez de Valera, his wife. He distinguished himself by the purity of his
+language and the beauty of his verses, which are looked upon as models
+of elegance. He took the monastic habit at Salamanca in 1544. His
+discernment was very great, and his knowledge of theology was so
+profound, that he was not surpassed by any of his contemporaries, and
+had very few rivals. He understood the Greek and Hebrew languages
+sufficiently to read them, and wrote Latin with peculiar elegance. He
+composed several works in verse and prose, which are mentioned by
+Nicolas Antonio. Experience has shown that it is impossible to possess
+superior talents without exciting envy; it is not therefore surprising
+that he was denounced to the holy office of Valladolid as being
+suspected of Lutheranism, at the time that he was professor of theology
+at Salamanca. Although he was innocent, he was kept in prison for five
+years. The solitude in which he lived during this period was so painful
+to him, that he could not help commemorating it in one of his works,
+taking for his text the 26th Psalm. Having been acquitted, he resumed
+his professorship; but his long captivity, the inaction in which he had
+lived, and his grief at being dishonoured, had considerably injured his
+health. He however had still sufficient<a name="page_299" id="page_299"></a> strength to compose, in 1558,
+rules for the use of his order. He died at Madrid on the 23rd of August,
+1591, during the chapter of which he was named vicar-general.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lerma</i> (Pedro de), doctor, professor of theology and first chancellor
+of the university of Alcala. He was very learned in the oriental
+languages, which he had studied at Paris, where he had obtained the
+degree of Doctor in Theology: he was also one of the Junta convoked at
+Valladolid in 1527, by the inquisitor-general Manrique, to examine the
+works of Erasmus. He endeavoured to revive good taste in ecclesiastical
+literature in the university of Alcala, exhorting every one to take
+their opinions from the ancient sources. The scholastic theologians who
+did not understand the oriental languages, and who were accustomed to
+read the councils and the Holy Fathers only in the quotations of other
+authors, adopted the usual resource of the envious; they denounced him
+to the Inquisition of Toledo as suspected of Lutheranism. Pedro, being
+informed that he would be arrested, fled to Paris, where he died dean of
+the doctors of the Sorbonne, and professor of theology in that school.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ludeña</i> (Fray Juan). See Chapter 29.</p>
+
+<p><i>Linacero</i> (Don Michael Raymond), canon of Toledo, preceptor of the
+archbishop of that city, the Cardinal de Bourbon. In 1768 he received an
+admonition from the holy office, while he was only curé of Ugena,
+because he had in his possession the <i>Ecclesiastical History</i> written by
+Racine. This work had not yet been prohibited; but an order of the king
+forbade any person to read it, and the inquisitors compelled Linacero to
+give it up. After the king's death the tribunal prohibited this work as
+infected with Jansenism.</p>
+
+<p><i>Melendez Valdéz</i> (Don Juan), a native of Estremadura; after having been
+a professor at Salamanca, he was appointed judge of the royal court of
+appeal at Valladolid, by Charles III. Charles IV. promoted him to the
+office of<a name="page_300" id="page_300"></a> the king's attorney in the royal Council of Castile, the
+chamber of the alcades of the royal house and of the Court of Madrid. He
+was the Spanish Anacreon of the nineteenth century, and the fame of his
+odes will last while good poetry is made. One of these gave rise to
+several denunciations in 1796, and Melendez was accused of conversing
+like a man who had read prohibited books, such as Filangieri,
+Puffendorf, Grotius, Rousseau, Montesquieu, and others. This attack
+failed from want of proof. In 1808 Melendez was barbarously treated by
+assassins of the same description as those who massacred the Marquis de
+Perales and the intendant Truxillo, at Madrid; the Marquis del Socorro,
+at Cadiz; the Count del Aguila, at Seville; the Count de Torre del
+Fresno, at Badajoz, and many distinguished Spaniards in other places.
+Melendez survived almost by a miracle, and sought safety in the French
+army. King Joseph appointed him a counsellor of state. Melendez accepted
+the place for the same reasons as <i>Joven de Salas</i>; he afterwards
+incurred the same fate, and died at Montpelier in 1817. The <i>Mercury</i> of
+France and the other Parisian journals have published his panegyric. I
+shall therefore only add that at Valladolid in 1788 he gave me a small
+poem of his own composition to read; it was called <i>The Magistrate</i>.
+When the second edition of his poems appeared, this poem was inserted,
+and on my inquiring the reason, he gave me the following account of it.
+"As I was always much occupied in composing poetry, even after I was
+appointed judge of the royal court of appeal, some of my colleagues
+harshly censured my conduct, saying that the composition of lyric and
+amatory verses was very unbecoming the dignity of the magistracy: one of
+them said maliciously, that I might perhaps know what a troubadour was,
+but not what a magistrate should be. I then composed this poem, and
+intended to publish it, but afterwards changed my mind, that it<a name="page_301" id="page_301"></a> might
+not occasion a suspicion that I wished to revenge myself." This poem, in
+my opinion, has much merit, and I hope it will be included in the first
+edition of the poems of Melendez.</p>
+
+<p><i>Macanaz</i>, (Don Melchior de). See the following Chapter.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mariana</i> (Juan de), Jesuit. He was a natural son of Juan Martinez de
+Mariana, afterwards canon and dean of the college of Talavera de la
+Reyna, where Mariana was born in 1536. When he had finished his studies
+at Alcala, and had become well skilled in the oriental tongues and in
+theology, he quitted Spain to travel in foreign countries: he professed
+theology in Rome, Sicily, and at Paris. When he returned he wrote his
+history of Spain, and was often consulted by the government in affairs
+of a difficult and delicate nature. He was chosen as an arbitrator in
+the great question concerning the royal Polyglott Bible of Antwerp, and,
+contrary to the wishes and intrigues of his brethren, he decided in
+favour of Benedict Arias Montanus. In 1583 he was commissioned to form
+an Index, in which he left out the work of St. Francis Borgia. The
+Jesuits, who are not accustomed to forgive such conduct, did not
+afterwards treat him with the consideration to which he was entitled. He
+proved the vices of the government of their society in a work called,
+<i>Of the Maladies of the Society of Jesus</i>. This work was not published
+till after the death of the author; but his brethren were acquainted
+with some parts of it, which increased their hatred towards him. In 1599
+he published and dedicated to Philip III. his treatise <i>de Rege et Regis
+institutione</i>, which was burnt at Paris by the common executioner. He
+also published in 1609, seven treatises in one folio volume, one of them
+is on the <i>Exchange of Money</i>, and another on <i>Death and Immortality</i>.
+These works exposed him to prosecutions from the government and the holy
+office. I have read his defence, and the doctrine he professed is so
+pure and solid, that I am persuaded it would<a name="page_302" id="page_302"></a> be favourably received if
+it was printed. The sentence of the king was more lenient than he could
+have expected, after having, in his dedication to that monarch, shown
+himself the advocate of the <i>regicide</i>, disguised under the name of the
+<i>tyrannicide</i>. He did not escape so well from the inquisitors: they made
+some retrenchments in his work on the <i>Exchange of Money</i>, and it was
+prohibited until he had been punished. A penance was imposed on the
+author, and he was confined a long time in his college. He died at
+Toledo in 1623, at the age of eighty-seven. Nicholas Antonio mentions
+other works by the same author. In the <i>Dictionnaire</i> of Peignot there
+are some details which might be interesting to a literary person.</p>
+
+<p><i>Medina</i> (Fray Michel de). See Chapter 29.</p>
+
+<p><i>Meneses</i> (Fray Philip de), Dominican, and professor of theology at
+Alcala de Henares; he gave a favourable opinion of the Catechism of
+Carranza. The Inquisition of Toledo received from that of Valladolid the
+writings of his trial, summoned Fray Philip, and condemned him to the
+same punishment as Fray Juan de Ludeña.</p>
+
+<p><i>Merida</i> (Pedro de), canon of Palencia: he was commissioned by Carranza
+to take possession of the see of Toledo in his name, and administer to
+the archbishopric. He was mentioned by Pedro Cazalla and others, as
+partaking their sentiments on the subject of <i>justification</i>. He
+corresponded with Carranza, and in his trial the Inquisition took
+advantage of several letters in which he spoke ill of the holy office.
+He was arrested at Valladolid, abjured <i>de levi</i>, was subjected to a
+penance and a pecuniary penalty.</p>
+
+<p><i>Moñino</i> (Don Joseph). See the following Chapter.</p>
+
+<p><i>Molina</i> (Don Michel de), bishop of Albaracin. See Chapter 29.</p>
+
+<p><i>Montanus</i> (Benedict Arias). <i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Montemayor</i> (Prudencio de), Jesuit, born at Ceniecros, in Rioja, and
+professor of theology at Salamanca. He composed<a name="page_303" id="page_303"></a> several works, which
+are mentioned by Nicholas Antonio. The Inquisition of Valladolid tried
+him on suspicion of Pelagianism, arising from some theological
+conclusions which he maintained and printed in 1600. He defended
+himself, and explained what he had advanced like a true Catholic. The
+inquisitors ceased to prosecute him personally, but they prohibited his
+conclusions. The Jesuits have always been reproached with their
+adherence to the system of the heresiarch Pelagius, on the subject of
+grace and free-will. Montemayor afterwards endeavoured to vindicate his
+honour and that of his order, in a discourse, entitled <i>A Reply to the
+Five Calumnies invented against the Society of Jesus, and promulgated in
+the City of Salamanca</i>. He died in that city in 1641, at a very advanced
+age.</p>
+
+<p><i>Montijo</i> (Donna Maria-Frances Portocarrero, Countess of), a grandee of
+Spain: she deserves a distinguished rank among the literati of Spain.
+Her claims to celebrity are not only supported by her translation of the
+<i>Christian Instructions on the Sacrament of Marriage</i>, by M. Le
+Tourneux, but by her great love for good literature, and by her efforts
+to render the taste for it more common. Her amiable and benevolent
+character made her house a favourite resort for many virtuous and
+enlightened ecclesiastics: among these may be distinguished Don Antonio
+de Palafox, bishop of Cuença, and brother-in-law to the Countess; Don
+Antonio de Tabira, bishop of Salamanca; Don Joseph de Jeregui, preceptor
+to the Infants of Spain; Don Juan Antonio Rodrigalvarez, archdeacon of
+Cuença; Don Juaquin Ivarra, and Don Antonio de Posada, canon of St.
+Isidore at Madrid. All these ecclesiastics, and the Countess herself,
+were the victims of the calumnies of fanatical priests and monks, who
+were the partisans of the Jesuits and of their maxims on discipline and
+morals; they were accused of Jansenism. The hatred of their enemies was
+so great, that Don Balthazar Calvo, Canon of St. Isidore, and Fray
+Antonio de Guerrero,<a name="page_304" id="page_304"></a> a Dominican, declared in the pulpit, that there
+existed in one of the first houses in the capital a conventicle of
+Jansenists, protected by a lady of distinction: they took care to speak
+of her in such a manner that the person could not be mistaken. The
+nuncio of the Court of Rome informed the Pope of all these
+circumstances, and his Holiness immediately addressed letters of thanks
+to these two preachers and some other individuals, for the zeal they had
+shown in defending the faith. These letters were, in a manner, the
+signal for a denunciation against all persons suspected of Jansenism,
+and did not fail to produce that effect. Besides the suspicion of
+Jansenism, the Countess of Montijo was accused of holding a religious
+and literary correspondence with Monsignor Henri Gregoire, then bishop
+of Blois, and one of the most Catholic and learned men in France, a
+Member of the Institute, and author of several works, one of which was a
+<i>Letter to the Inquisitor-general of Spain</i>, in which he invites him to
+propose the suppression of the Inquisition of which he is the head. The
+accusers supposed Monsignor Gregoire to be the head of the Jansenists in
+France; but they concealed the fact that this bishop had several times
+exposed himself to death to give the victims of the revolution the last
+spiritual aid, and to maintain the Catholic religion when Robespierre
+endeavoured to destroy it. The accusers, who dwelt upon the mention
+which had been made of the Countess in the national council of France,
+held by the bishops who had taken the oaths, and of which Monsignor
+Gregoire was a member. The inquisitors received secret informations of
+this affair; but no facts or heretical propositions were proved, and
+they had not courage to issue the orders for an arrest. The rank and
+birth of the accused gave them the means of putting an end to the
+persecution: a sort of court intrigue, however, caused the Countess to
+be sent from Madrid. She retired to Logroño, where she died in 1808,
+with the reputation of being virtuous, and charitable to the poor.<a name="page_305" id="page_305"></a></p>
+
+<p><i>Mur</i> (Don Joseph de). See following Chapter.</p>
+
+<p><i>Olavide</i> (Don Paul). <i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Palafox y Mendoza</i> (Don Juan de). See Chapter 30.</p>
+
+<p><i>Palafox</i> (Don Antonio de), bishop of Cuença. He was prosecuted by the
+Inquisition of Madrid on suspicion of Jansenism, but his trial did not
+proceed further than the <i>preparatory instruction</i>, as nothing but
+conjectures could be brought against him. He was tried at the same time
+with his sister-in-law, the Countess de Montijo. This prelate made a
+learned and energetic representation to the king, in which he proved
+that the ex-jesuits who had returned to Spain were the authors of the
+prosecutions against himself and his friends; and they left nothing
+undone to ruin those who were not of their party.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pedroche</i> (Fray Thomas de), Dominican, and a professor at Toledo; he
+gave a favourable opinion of the Catechism of Carranza, and received the
+same treatment as Fray Juan de Ledesma.</p>
+
+<p><i>Peña</i> (Fray Juan de la), Dominican, director of the studies of the
+college of St. Gregory at Valladolid, and a professor of Salamanca. In
+1558 he gave a favourable opinion of the Catechism of Carranza. He was
+summoned by the inquisitors on the 15th of March, 1559, to qualify
+twenty propositions of an author whose name they concealed from him; on
+the 5th of April following, he gave his reply, containing nineteen pages
+of writing. He declared that the propositions were Catholic; that some
+of them were ambiguous, which might cause them to be considered as
+tending to Lutheranism, but that it did not appear that the author had
+advanced them with any bad intention. The Archbishop Carranza, being
+thrown into prison on the 22nd of August in the same year, De la Peña
+became alarmed, and wrote to the Inquisition, saying, that he had been
+intimate with that prelate, because he believed him to be a good
+Catholic; that this reason had also prevented him from denouncing a
+favourable<a name="page_306" id="page_306"></a> opinion which he had expressed of one Don Carlos de Seso,
+one of the Lutherans who were tried in this year; that Carranza had not
+condemned him, because he did not think him an heretic, although he had
+advanced propositions which were tinctured with Lutheranism. De la Peña
+added, that, seeing the archbishop arrested, he had confessed this, lest
+his silence might be construed into a crime. His precaution was
+unavailing. De la Peña appeared guilty, from the opinion he had given of
+the Catechism, and two other accusations were brought against him: the
+first was, that he had said that there was no foundation for denouncing
+the proposition of Carranza, which states, <i>that it is not yet decided
+if faith was lost in committing a mortal sin</i>; the second, that he had
+asserted when the archbishop was arrested, <i>that even if he was an
+heretic, the holy office ought to overlook it, lest the Lutherans in
+Holland should acknowledge him as a martyr, which they had already done
+to several individuals who had been punished</i>. De la Peña's reply
+displeased the inquisitors; they sharply reproved him, condemned him to
+several penances, and commanded him to be more cautious for the future.</p>
+
+<p><i>Perez</i> (Antonio), secretary of state. See Chapter 35.</p>
+
+<p><i>Quiros</i> (Don Joseph), priest, advocate to the king's council at Madrid.
+Being informed of the persecution of Belando by the Inquisition, on
+account of his <i>Civil History of Spain</i>, he drew up a writing, in which
+he endeavoured to prove that the inquisitors ought to have examined the
+author before they condemned his work. This liberty cost him dear;
+although he was seventy years old, and his legs swelled continually, he
+was sent to the secret prisons, and as if this was not sufficient, he
+was kept during the months of February and March in a cold, damp
+chamber, where he was obliged to endure all the rigour of the season,
+and nearly sunk under it. Philip V. was at last informed of the state to
+which Quiros was reduced, and he obtained his liberty after <a name="page_307" id="page_307"></a>forty-four
+days of suffering, on the condition of never again writing on the
+affairs of the Inquisition, unless he wished to experience greater
+severity.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ramos del Manzano</i> (Don Francis). See following Chapter.</p>
+
+<p><i>Regla</i> (Fray Juan de). See Chapter 29.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ricardos</i> (Don Antonio), Count de Trullas in his own right, and of
+Torrepalma in that of his wife and cousin; captain-general of the royal
+armies, and commander-in-chief of that of Roussillon against the French
+republic in the years 1793 and 1794. He was suspected of being an
+<i>esprit fort</i>, or an incredulous philosopher, and the dean of the
+inquisitors invited him to attend the <i>auto-da-fé</i> of Don Paul de
+Olavide; they thought that he might consider some of the declarations as
+relating to himself, though his name was not mentioned, particularly as
+he had been very intimate with Olavide, and their religious sentiments
+were very similar on some points. This was the only mortification which
+the Inquisition could inflict upon Ricardos, as they had not sufficient
+proof to authorize a prosecution.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ripalda</i> (Jerome de), Jesuit, born at Teruel in Aragon towards the end
+of the sixteenth century and the beginning of the seventeenth. He was
+one of the most learned theologians of his order; he professed theology,
+and wrote two Treatises, one mystic and the other on <i>Christian
+Doctrine</i>, which has been used by the schools for near a century, with
+the exception of some alterations which have been made in the new
+editions of his Catechism. Nicholas Antonio says that he died, with the
+reputation of being a saint, in 1618, aged eighty-four. He had been for
+some time director to St. Theresa de Jesus. It is possible that the
+forty-four last years of Ripalda's life may have been exemplary, but the
+impartiality of an historian compels me to say, that Jerome Ripalda was
+tried by the Inquisition of Valladolid as an <i>illuminati</i>, or
+<i>quietist</i>, and tinctured with the heresy<a name="page_308" id="page_308"></a> of <i>Molinos</i>; that he
+confessed some of the charges, asked pardon, and implored his judges to
+be merciful; and that a penance was imposed on him in 1574, as being
+<i>suspected de vehementi</i>. The sincere repentance which he showed induced
+the inquisitor-general, Quiroga, to shorten the duration of his penance;
+I must add that the purity of Ripalda's faith and morals after this
+event were such as to render him worthy of the esteem and respect of
+mankind.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ribera</i> (Don Juan de). See Chapter 30.</p>
+
+<p><i>Roda</i> (Don Manuel de). See following Chapter.</p>
+
+<p><i>Rodrigalvarez</i> (Don Juan Antonio), priest, canon of St. Isidore at
+Madrid, afterwards archdeacon of Cuença, and provisor and vicar-general
+of that diocese; he wrote several historical works. Rodrigalvarez was
+implicated in the denunciation of Don Balthazar Calvo, his colleague,
+who, giving way to personal considerations, and instigated by the
+ex-jesuits lately arrived from Italy, inflicted such cruel
+mortifications on Rodrigalvarez and Posada his colleague, that they were
+obliged to complain to the Prince of Peace, and to implore his
+assistance. The trial begun by the Inquisition did not furnish
+sufficient proof of their guilt, and it was not continued. The trials of
+Don Antonio Posada, and Don Juaquin Ibarra, mentioned in the article
+<i>Montijo</i>, finished in the same manner.</p>
+
+<p><i>Roman</i> (Fray Jerome), an Augustine, born at Logroño. He was very
+learned in the oriental languages, and directed his attention towards
+the study of sacred and profane history. In prosecuting this design, he
+travelled over a great part of Europe, examining the different archives,
+and making extracts of all that appeared likely to increase the success
+of the great works which he had projected. Being appointed historian to
+his order, he published the history of it from the year 1569; in it he
+gives an account of the lives of the saints and illustrious men who had
+belonged to it, with many interesting details. His wish to publish the
+historical facts<a name="page_309" id="page_309"></a> which he had collected during his travels, induced him
+to write a book called the <i>Republics of the World</i>; in this work he
+treats very learnedly of the ancient and modern republics: it was
+printed at Medina del Campo, in 1575, and again in 1595 at Salamanca.
+Unfortunately for the author, it contained several truths which
+displeased some persons powerful enough to injure him; he experienced
+some persecution, and the Inquisition of Valladolid reprimanded him, and
+ordered his work to be corrected. He died in 1597, leaving some MSS.
+which are mentioned by Nicholas Antonio.</p>
+
+<p><i>Salazar</i> (Fray Ambrose de), Dominican, and professor of theology at
+Salamanca. The Inquisition of Valladolid tried him in 1559, on two
+accusations: the first was founded on the declarations of Fray Dominic
+de Roxas and Fray Louis de la Cruz, during their imprisonment: they
+imputed to Fray Ambrose some propositions which tended to Lutheranism;
+the second charge was founded on the favourable opinion which he had
+given of the Catechism of Carranza. The trial was not continued, on
+account of the death of Fray Ambrose in 1560, in the thirty-eighth year
+of his age: it was supposed that fear, and his imprisonment in the holy
+office, where Carranza was detained, hastened his death. He left, in
+order to be printed, some <i>Commentaries on the first part of the Sum of
+St. Thomas</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Salas</i> (Don Ramon de), born at Belchite in Aragon, was a professor at
+Salamanca, and one of its greatest literati: he was prosecuted in 1796
+by the Inquisition of Madrid, on suspicion of having adopted the
+principles of the modern philosophers, Voltaire, Rousseau, and others,
+whose works he had read. He acknowledged that he was acquainted with
+their works, but added that he had only read them in order to refute
+them, which he had done in several public theses, maintained at
+Salamanca by some of his pupils, under his direction. All these theses
+were introduced in the trial.<a name="page_310" id="page_310"></a> He replied in a satisfactory manner to
+all the allegations, and the qualifiers did not find anything in his
+writings which deserved theological censure. The judges not only
+acquitted him, but on being informed that Father Poveda, a Dominican,
+had intrigued against him, thought that he had a right to a public
+reparation. On the 22nd of October, in the same year, they sent their
+sentence and the writings of the trial, together with the considerations
+and the points of doctrine on which they were founded, to the Supreme
+Council, at the same time expressing their opinion on the right of Salas
+to a reparation.</p>
+
+<p>Father Poveda, by his intrigues, caused the trial to be sent back to the
+inquisitors, with an order to make fresh inquiries, which was done, but
+the qualifiers and judges persisted in their first sentence. The
+intrigues again began in the council, which returned the trial to the
+Inquisition a second time, with an order to make another inquest
+extraordinary: a third qualification, and a third sentence were the
+result, confirming the innocence of Salas. This was not what was
+intended; the accused had a powerful enemy in the council: this was Don
+Philip Vallejo, archbishop of Santiago, and governor of the Council of
+Castile; he had been inimical to Salas, from having had certain literary
+discussions with him at the university of Salamanca, when he was bishop
+of that see. The trial was suspended, to afford time for the archbishop
+to procure new denunciations, to add to those he had already obtained.
+Salas requested that his imprisonment might be ameliorated, and that he
+might only be confined to the city of Madrid. The council refused this
+favour; he then demanded permission to apply to the king, but this was
+also refused. He was at last condemned to abjure <i>de levi</i>; received the
+absolution and censures <i>ad cautelam</i>; and was banished from the
+capital. He retired to Guadalaxara, and there complained to his
+sovereign of the injustice of the Council of the Inquisition. Charles
+IV. ordered the writings of<a name="page_311" id="page_311"></a> the trial to be sent to his minister of
+justice. Cardinal de Lorenzana, inquisitor-general, endeavoured to
+prevent it, but his efforts were ineffectual. When the affair was
+examined by the minister, the intrigue was discovered, and a resolution
+was formed to expedite a royal ordinance, forbidding the inquisitors to
+arrest any individual for the future, without first informing the king
+of their intention. The decree was drawn up by Don Eugene Llaguno,
+minister of justice, and he presented it to his majesty for signature;
+the king told him that it must first be shown to the Prince of Peace, as
+he had taken part in the deliberation, and would see if it was properly
+drawn up. Unfortunately for mankind, this delay of one day gave Vallejo
+time to renew his intrigues, so that the Prince of Peace changed his
+mind, and the royal decree was so different from what was expected, that
+the affair was ordered to be left in the same state.</p>
+
+<p><i>San Ambrosio</i> (Fray Ferdinand de), Dominican; he was a learned man, and
+well skilled in the conduct of affairs. The Inquisition of Valladolid
+tried him in 1559: he was accused of having taken measures in favour of
+Carranza; of having profited by his sojourn at Rome in the same year, to
+prejudice his Holiness against the tribunal, to engage him to cause the
+trial to be transferred to Rome, and not to allow the archbishop to be
+arrested. The prosecutions soon ceased, because the accused remained at
+Rome.</p>
+
+<p><i>Saloedo.</i> See following Chapter.</p>
+
+<p><i>Salgado.</i> <i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Samaniego</i> (Don Felix-Maria de), lord of the town of Arraya, and an
+inhabitant of Laguardia in the province of Alava. He composed some
+fables and lyric poems of great merit, and was one of the greatest
+Spanish literati, during the reign of Charles IV. The Inquisition of
+Logroño prosecuted him, on suspicion of having embraced the errors of
+the modern philosophers, and of having read prohibited books. He was on
+the point of being arrested, when, discovering<a name="page_312" id="page_312"></a> it by chance, he
+immediately set off for Madrid, where Don Eugene Llaguno, the minister
+of justice, and his friend and countryman, privately arranged his
+affairs with the inquisitor-general.</p>
+
+<p><i>Samaniego</i> (Don Philip). See following Chapter.</p>
+
+<p><i>Santo Domingo</i> (Fray Antonio de), Dominican, rector of the college of
+St. Gregory at Valladolid, was prosecuted by the Inquisition of that
+city in 1559 and 1560. The proceeding was founded on several
+accusations; in 1558, he had approved of some reprehensible propositions
+in the Catechism of Carranza: he was also accused of having said in
+1559, <i>that the arrest of this prelate was as unjust as that of Jesus
+Christ</i>; that the prosecutions of the tribunal were of the same
+character; that Fray Melchior Cano ought to die first, because he was
+the most guilty; and that his death would be as agreeable to God as the
+sacrifice of mass. The accused was imprisoned, and a penance was imposed
+on him.</p>
+
+<p><i>Santa Maria</i> (Fray Juan de), barefooted Franciscan, and confessor to
+the Infanta Maria-Anne of Austria, Empress of Germany, and daughter to
+Philip IV. In 1616 he published a work called <i>Christian Republics and
+Politics</i>, which he dedicated to Philip III. Having occasion to say in
+this work that the Pope Zachariah had deposed Childeric, King of France,
+and crowned Pepin in his place, he added; "<i>It is from this time that we
+date the right which the Popes have arrogated to themselves of deposing
+and establishing kings</i>." The Inquisition receiving information of it,
+reprimanded the author, and altered the sentence as follows: "<i>It is
+from this time that the Popes have made use of their right of deposing
+and establishing kings</i>."</p>
+
+<p><i>Sese</i> (Don Joseph de). See following Chapter.</p>
+
+<p><i>Siguenza</i> (Fr. Joseph de), Jeronimite of the Convent of the Escurial;
+he was born in the town of that name. He was one of the most learned men
+of the reigns of Philip II., and Philip III., and well versed in history
+and the oriental<a name="page_313" id="page_313"></a> languages. In 1595 he published the life of St.
+Jerome, and in 1600, a history of his order. He experienced much
+persecution, because he was one of the best preachers of his time, and
+the most esteemed by the king. The other monks (whose sermons were not
+so well received) denounced him to the Inquisition of Toledo, as
+suspected of Lutheranism. He remained in seclusion for nearly a year, in
+the monastery of <i>La Sisla</i>, belonging to his order, and he was obliged
+to appear before the tribunal whenever he was summoned. He justified
+himself, was acquitted, and died the superior of the convent of the
+Escurial.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sobanos.</i> See Chapter 26.</p>
+
+<p><i>Solorzano.</i> See following Chapter.</p>
+
+<p><i>Soto</i> (Fray Dominic). See Chapter 29.</p>
+
+<p><i>Soto</i> (Fray Pedro). <i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Sotomayor</i> (Fray Pedro), Dominican; he was one of those who, in 1558,
+approved the Catechism of Carranza. The Inquisition of Valladolid tried
+him in 1559, on the suspicion that he was tinctured with some heretical
+sentiments attributed to the archbishop; he was confined in the Convent
+of St. Paul, and afterwards severely reprimanded. He did not suffer any
+other punishment, because he declared (like all the others), that his
+confidence in the virtue and great learning of the author of the
+Catechism had induced him to act without any bad intention.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tabira</i> (Don Antonio), bishop of Salamanca, knight of the order of St.
+James, almoner and preacher to the king, and the author of several
+unpublished works: his great virtue, his literary talent and exquisite
+judgment, made him the ornament of the church during the reigns of
+Charles III. and Charles IV. The government consulted him several times
+on affairs of the greatest importance, and his opinions deserved the
+approbation of enlightened men: his sermons passed in Spain for the best
+which the age had produced. In 1809, I published the reply of this
+prelate to a consultation<a name="page_314" id="page_314"></a> addressed to him in 1799, concerning the
+validity of marriages contracted before the civil authority, as in
+France. The piety and erudition of Tabira are displayed in this writing.
+It was impossible that the ex-jesuits should not employ the influence of
+their party to persecute a prelate who gave the preference to a decision
+given by the church legally assembled in a general council, to a bull
+expedited by its chief. Calvo, Guerrero, and other <i>Jesuits of the short
+robe</i>, attacked Tabira as a Jansenist; they denounced him to the holy
+office, but did not succeed in their attempt, since they could not
+impute to him any fact tending to heresy.</p>
+
+<p><i>Talavera</i> (Don Ferdinand de), first archbishop of Grenada. See Chapter
+10.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tobar</i> (Bernardine de). See Chapter 14.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tordesillas</i> (Fray Francis de), Dominican, member of the college of St.
+Gregory of Valladolid, and pupil of Carranza: he was a learned
+theologian. Tordesillas was imprisoned a short time after his master, on
+the suspicion that he entertained the same opinions. He appears to have
+justified this suspicion, by the care which he took to copy all his
+treatises on theology, and other works. He abjured <i>de levi</i>, submitted
+to a penance, and was obliged to relinquish giving lessons on theology.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tormo</i> (Don Gabriel de), bishop of Orihuela. See Chapter 26.</p>
+
+<p><i>Urquijo</i> (Don Marianno Louis de), secretary of state under Charles IV.
+See Chapter 43.</p>
+
+<p><i>Valdés</i> (Juan de), author of some works which are mentioned by Nicolas
+Antonio; one of them, the <i>Commentary on the First Epistle of St. Paul
+to the Corinthians</i>, is prohibited in the Index. He was tried on account
+of this treatise and another, which was found among the papers of
+Carranza, and which was at first supposed to be his composition; this
+work is called <i>Thoughts on the Interpretations of the Holy Scriptures</i>.
+Valdés also composed another called<a name="page_315" id="page_315"></a> <i>Acharo</i>; all these works were
+noted as being Lutheran, and the author was declared to be a <i>formal
+heretic</i>. Valdés left Spain, and thus escaped imprisonment. In 1559,
+Fray Louis de la Cruz, a prisoner in the Inquisition of Valladolid,
+declared that Valdés was living at Naples; that his <i>Thoughts</i>, &amp;c. had
+been sent twenty years before to Carranza, in the form of a letter, but
+that it had its origin in the <i>Christian Institutions</i> of Thaulero. Fray
+Dominic de Roxas (another prisoner in the Inquisition) spoke of this
+Valdés as if he was the secretary of Charles V.; if that was the case,
+he must be called <i>Juan Alonzo de Valdés</i>. Nicolas Antonio mentions him
+as a different person in his <i>Bibliothèque</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Vergara</i> (Juan de). See Chapter 14.</p>
+
+<p><i>Vicente</i> (Doctor Don Gregory de), priest and professor of philosophy at
+Valladolid. The tribunal of this city tried and imprisoned him in 1801,
+for some theses which had been maintained and printed in Spanish, on the
+manner of studying, examining, and defending true religion. He abjured
+<i>naturalism</i> publicly in a lesser <i>auto-da-fé</i>, and several penances
+were imposed on him. His theses appear to be orthodox, if they are
+understood literally. The masters of scholastic theology declared
+against Vicente, because he had attacked the manner of teaching and
+studying religion practised in his time; he was also accused of having
+preached against the pious exercises of devotion. The sermon which was
+the origin of this accusation was severely examined, and it was found
+that he had said, that true devotion consists in the actual practice of
+virtue, and not in exterior ceremonies; his theses were publicly
+condemned, and he was detained in prison for eight years. He was nephew
+to an inquisitor of Santiago, which induced those of Valladolid to
+pronounce him to be insane, in order to save him; but when he returned
+home he gave such unequivocal proofs of being in his senses, that the
+inquisitors thought the honour of the tribunal would not allow the
+affair to be left in this state, and again arrested<a name="page_316" id="page_316"></a> him. He had been in
+the prison more than a year when the <i>auto-da-fé</i> was celebrated.</p>
+
+<p><i>Villagarcia</i> (Fray Juan), Dominican, a pupil of Carranza, and his
+companion during his travels in Germany, England, and Flanders. He was
+one of the greatest theologians of his age. His arrest took place at
+Medemblick, in Flanders, at the same time as that of the Archbishop of
+Torrelaguna, in Spain. He was imprisoned at Valladolid, on the 19th of
+September, 1559. Several letters were found among his papers, and those
+of the archbishop, from Fray Louis de la Cruz, and Fray Francis de
+Tordesillas, in which they gave an account of all that they could learn
+concerning the trial of the archbishop. The same errors were imputed to
+Villagarcia as to Carranza, principally because he had copied part of
+the prelate's MS. works. Some person having told him that Carranza's
+Catechism would be better in Latin than in the vulgar tongue, he
+occupied himself in translating it, during his stay in England. This was
+the source of another accusation, and a consultation took place to
+decide if he ought not to receive the question <i>in caput alienum</i>, in
+order to make him confess certain facts brought against the archbishop,
+but without any proof concerning his having read the works of
+<i>&OElig;colampadius</i> and other prohibited books. The opinions were
+different, and the council decreed, that Villagarcia should first be
+formally examined on some other propositions. His replies were so
+favourable to the archbishop, that he could not have answered more
+conclusively for himself. Villagarcia remained four years in prison; he
+abjured, and was subjected to several penances, one of which was, never
+again to teach or write on theology.</p>
+
+<p><i>Villalba</i> (Fray Francis de). See Chapter 29.</p>
+
+<p><i>Villegas</i> (Alphonso de). See Chapter 13.</p>
+
+<p><i>Virues</i> (Don Alphonso de). See Chapter 14.</p>
+
+<p><i>Yeregui</i> (Don Joseph de), secular priest, doctor of theology and canon
+law, born at Vergara de Guipuzcoa: he<a name="page_317" id="page_317"></a> was preceptor to the infants Don
+Gabriel and Don Antonio de Bourbon, and knight of the royal order of
+Charles III. He published a good catechism, and was denounced three
+times to the Inquisition of Madrid, on suspicion of being a Jansenist.
+In 1792, he was commanded not to go out of the city of Madrid. He lived
+in this kind of captivity for six months, and was then acquitted by the
+inquisitors of the court. Unfortunately he had enemies in the Supreme
+Council, who wished to order the trial to be suspended, and they would
+have succeeded if the inquisitor-general, Rubin de Cevallos, had not
+died at that time. His successor, Don Manuel Abady-la-Sierra, archbishop
+of Selimbria, professed the same opinions as Yeregui, who at last
+received a certificate of absolution, and regained his liberty; the king
+then appointed him to be an honorary inquisitor. Yeregui in his new
+office incurred other inconveniences, because he had spoken to his
+friends of the circumstances of his trial, which was interpreted as a
+sign of contempt for the holy office, which always enjoins secrecy to
+those who appear before it. Yeregui however apologized, and refuted all
+that had been published concerning his opinions of the Inquisition.</p>
+
+<p><i>Zeballos</i> (Jerome de), native of Escalona; he was a professor in the
+university of Salamanca, and a member of the municipality of Toledo. In
+1609 he published at Rome a volume in folio, containing several
+treatises on jurisprudence; the first is a <i>Discourse on the principal
+Reasons of the King of Spain and his Council, for taking Cognizance of
+Ecclesiastical Trials, or Trials between Ecclesiastics, when a Writ of
+Error is brought in</i>. Among the questions which he discusses, is the
+following: "Is an ecclesiastical judge permitted to arrest and imprison
+laymen in a trial on canonical affairs, without the intervention of the
+royal judge?" The same author published at Salamanca, in 1613, another
+volume in folio, entitled, <i>Of the Cognizance of Ecclesiastical Trials,
+between Ecclesiastics, when an Appeal is made<a name="page_318" id="page_318"></a> by one of the Parties to
+the Royal Authority</i>. He wrote some other works recorded by Nicolas
+Antonio. Some priests, who thought it heresy to defend the privileges of
+the king against the power of the clergy, denounced Zeballos to the
+Inquisition of Toledo. The members of this tribunal did not arrest him,
+but sent him the heads of the accusations against the two works already
+mentioned; he justified himself completely, and they were permitted to
+be in circulation. Some time after the Inquisition of Rome placed them
+on its Index, and that of Spain suppressed some passages, which are not
+found in the modern editions.</p>
+
+<p>This list might have been augmented by the names of many less
+distinguished men, and I did not think it necessary to include those
+Spaniards whose works have been prohibited, but who were not personally
+attacked by the holy office. Those already mentioned are sufficient to
+show the danger of attempting to introduce the taste for good literature
+in Spain.</p>
+
+<p>Charles III., wishing to be made acquainted with the affairs of the
+Jesuits, and some other circumstances relating to them, assembled a
+council in 1768, composed of five archbishops and bishops; they were
+occupied in consulting upon the tribunal of the Inquisition, and
+particularly of the prohibition of books. Don Joseph Moñino, Count de
+Florida-Blanca, and Don Pedro Rodriguez de Campomanes, Count de
+Campomanes, the king's procurators in the Council of Castile, made a
+report to the assembly. Some extracts from it will be interesting in
+this part of the history.</p>
+
+<p>Speaking of the clandestine introduction of a brief relating to the
+Jesuits on the 16th of April, 1767, and of another concerning the
+affairs of the Duke of Parma, on the 30th of January, 1768, these
+ministers thus express themselves: "The council is not ignorant of the
+intrigues employed by the nuncios with the Inquisition, to gain their
+ends by clandestine means. During the first fifteen centuries<a name="page_319" id="page_319"></a> there
+were no tribunals of the Inquisition in Spain. The bishops alone were
+acquainted with points of doctrine, and heretics and blasphemers were
+punished by civil law. The abuse of the prohibitions of books commanded
+by the Inquisition, is one cause of the ignorance which prevails over
+the greatest part of this nation.... According to the bulls which
+created the holy office, the bishops are joint judges with the
+inquisitors, and sometimes the principal judges in the affairs which
+depend on the tribunal. This power of the bishops was acquired by their
+rank and their respectable office of pastors. Why then have these
+natural judges of all discussions which may arise on matters of faith
+and the morals of the faithful, no part or influence in the prohibitions
+of books, and the choice of qualifiers? It is from this circumstance
+that the subject has been treated with a negligence which excites and
+perpetuates the complaints of learned men.... Supposing that the
+regulations of Benedict XIV. were not sufficiently clear, the same
+cannot be said of the brief of Innocent VIII., which commands the
+Inquisition to follow the rules of justice in their proceedings: Can
+there be anything more just, than that the parties should be heard? Is
+it not contrary to the public interest, that books which might be useful
+in instructing subjects should be prohibited, from passion, or to gain
+some particular end? The fiscal would say too much if he dwelt upon this
+subject, to prove how much the tribunal has always abused its authority,
+in commanding the prohibition of doctrines which even Rome has not dared
+to condemn, such as the four propositions of the clergy of France, in
+supporting the indirect power of the Court of Rome against that of
+kings; and lastly, in sanctioning opinions equally reprehensible. It
+might be proved that the tribunal has constantly favoured and encouraged
+the wickedness committed by certain ecclesiastics who remain unmolested,
+contrary to the respect due to the king and his magistrates. <i>The
+regular priests of the<a name="page_320" id="page_320"></a> Society of Jesus</i> have had the greatest
+influence in the holy office, since the minority of Charles II., when
+the Jesuit Juan Everard Nitardo, confessor to the queen-mother, was
+inquisitor-general.... The last general expurgatory index, published in
+1747, is still remembered. <i>Casani</i> and <i>Carrasco</i> (both Jesuits) so
+falsified and confused it, that it was a disgrace to the tribunal: the
+fact is so well known, and had such important consequences, that that
+circumstance alone furnished sufficient motives to suppress the
+Inquisition entirely, or at least to reform it, since it only uses its
+authority to injure the state, and the purity of morals and the
+Christian religion.... It may be said that the expurgatory index drawn
+up in Spain is more injurious to the rights of the sovereign and the
+instruction of his subjects, than that of Rome. In that court the
+qualifiers are well chosen, the prohibitions moderate, and the interests
+of individuals are never considered.... We cannot forbear to mention the
+memoir presented by Monsignor Bossuet to Louis XIV., against the
+inquisitor-general Rocaberti, on the subject of a decree of the
+Inquisition of Toledo, in which the doctrine, refusing to the Pope the
+direct, or indirect power of depriving sovereigns of their kingdoms, is
+declared to be erroneous and schismatic.... The procurators cannot
+conceal from themselves that the tribunals of the Inquisition compose
+the most fanatical body in the state, and the most attached to the
+Jesuits, who have been banished from the kingdom; that the inquisitors
+profess the same doctrines and the same maxims; lastly, that it is
+necessary to accomplish a reform in the Inquisition."</p>
+
+<p>In their conclusion, the procurators proposed, that in consideration of
+the edict of 1762, and to ensure its execution, the holy office should
+be compelled to hear the defence of the authors of the works before they
+are prohibited, according to the provision of the bull <i>Sollicita et
+Provida</i>, of Benedict XIV.; that the tribunal should only condemn those<a name="page_321" id="page_321"></a>
+books which contain errors in doctrine, superstition, or relaxed moral
+opinions; that it should particularly avoid prohibiting works written in
+the defence of the prerogatives of the crown; that it should not be
+allowed to seize or retain any unprohibited book, on pretence of
+correcting or qualifying it, but should leave it to the proprietor; that
+it should be obliged to present to the king the minutes of the decrees
+of prohibition before publication, and to the Council of Castile all the
+briefs sent to it, in order that they may be submitted to his majesty
+for his approbation.</p>
+
+<p>The Council of Castile, with the extraordinary Council of Archbishops
+and Bishops, approved of the opinion of the king's procurators. They
+presented it to Charles III., who wished to know the opinion of Don
+Manuel de Roda, Marquis de Roda, minister of justice. This nobleman (one
+of the most distinguished scholars in Spain, during the last century)
+remitted his opinion to his majesty on the 16th of March in the same
+year: it entirely accorded with those of the fiscals; he added, "on the
+5th of September, 1761, the King of Naples, being informed of what was
+passing at Rome concerning the condemnation of Mazengui's work,
+commanded that the Inquisition of Sicily and the ecclesiastical
+superiors throughout his states should not print or publish, in any way
+whatever, any kind of proclamation without permission from his
+majesty.... I was then at Rome, and I demanded in your majesty's name
+some reparation from his Holiness, for the offence committed by his
+nuncio at Madrid, in inducing the inquisitor-general to publish the
+brief, for the prohibition of Mazengui's work, without his knowledge....
+His Holiness approved of the nuncio's proceedings; but was convinced of
+the justice of our complaint, when I supported it by facts and
+arguments. The Pope, however, did not dare to express his opinion
+openly, as he was entirely governed by Cardinal Torregiani, who had
+managed all the intrigues under the influence of the Jesuits....
+Torregiani knew that the brief<a name="page_322" id="page_322"></a> would not be received in any court
+either in Italy, France, or even at Venice. The Pope wrote to that
+Republic to prevent the work from being reprinted; but it was,
+nevertheless, published not only then against the Pope's command, but
+afterwards with a dedicatory epistle to his Holiness.... I have seen, in
+the library of the Vatican, a printed proclamation of the Inquisition of
+Spain in 1693: this tribunal condemns two authors, called the
+<i>Barclayos</i>, because their books contained two propositions which the
+Romans consider heretical: one was, that "<i>the Pope has no authority
+over the temporalities of kings, and can neither depose them, nor
+release their subjects from their oath of fidelity</i>; the other, that
+<i>the authority of the general council is greater than that of the
+Pope</i>."</p>
+
+<p>The same minister, in 1776, wrote a letter from Aranjuez to Don Philip
+Bertran, inquisitor-general. Speaking with approbation of his intention
+to correct the Spanish expurgatory index, he says, "A thousand
+absurdities were committed in the last expurgatory (confided in 1747 by
+the Bishop of Teruel to two Jesuits), and it is necessary to correct
+them; the fact is proved by the denunciations and printed notes of Fray
+Martin Llobet. But the appendix, or catalogue of authors called
+<i>Jansenists</i>, is the most intolerable; the names are all taken from the
+<i>Bibliothèque Janseniste</i> of Father Colonia, a Jesuit, which was
+condemned by a brief of Benedict XIV. Instead of placing this work in
+the Index, as it ought to have been, the names are copied from it. You
+know the brief addressed by that Pope to the Bishop of Teruel, on the
+31st of July, 1748, and in which he disapproves of the insertion of the
+works of Cardinal Noris in the Index. His Holiness also addressed five
+letters to Ferdinand VI. on the same subject, but neither the Popes nor
+the king could get the name of <i>Noris</i> erased from the Index for ten
+years: at that time the Bishop of Teruel (who had at last consented)
+died, and, the king dismissed his confessor,<a name="page_323" id="page_323"></a> the Jesuit Rabago, who had
+been the most averse to the measure. I took the necessary steps, and the
+king's order was sent to Monsignor Quintano, inquisitor-general, and his
+majesty's confessor, with whom I had a long conference on this subject:
+I at last obtained a decree, declaring <i>that the works of Noris had
+neither been condemned, censured, nor denounced to the holy office</i>.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVI" id="CHAPTER_XXVI"></a>CHAPTER XXVI.<br /><br />
+<small>OFFENCES COMMITTED BY THE INQUISITORS AGAINST THE ROYAL AUTHORITY AND MAGISTRATES.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">I<small>N</small> addition to the prevention of the progress of literature, the
+Inquisition was so much dreaded by the magistrates, that criminals were
+frequently left unpunished. Ferdinand and his successors had granted
+privileges to this tribunal, which the encroachments of the inquisitors
+soon rendered insupportable. They even endeavoured to humiliate three
+sovereigns: Clement VIII.; the Prince of Bearn, King of Navarre; and the
+Grand Master of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, at Malta. They also
+attacked and qualified, as suspected of heresy, the whole Council of
+Castile; excited seditions in several cities by their arbitrary
+measures; and persecuted several members of their own <i>Supreme</i> Council.</p>
+
+<p>This system of domination has never been repressed either by the general
+laws of Spain and America, the particular resolutions taken in each of
+the kingdoms of the crown of Aragon, the king's ordinations, or the
+circular letters of the Council of the Inquisition. The inquisitors have
+been punished (though rarely) by being deprived of their offices; this,
+however, had no effect. Lastly, the general conventions have not been
+less impotent in restraining the ambition<a name="page_324" id="page_324"></a> which led them to endeavour
+to establish their dominion throughout the world by fear.</p>
+
+<p>The Inquisition presents to our view a tribunal, whose judges have
+neither obeyed the laws of the kingdom in which it was established, the
+bulls of the Popes, the first constitutions of the tribunal, or the
+particular orders of its chiefs; which has even dared to resist the
+power of the Pope, in whose name it acts, and has disowned the king's
+authority eleven different times; which has suffered books to circulate,
+favouring regicides and the authority of the Popes to dethrone kings,
+and at the same time condemned and prohibited works containing a
+contrary doctrine, and defending the rights of the sovereign; which
+acted in this manner in circumstances entirely foreign to the crime of
+heresy, which was the only one they were competent to judge. Some
+examples will be given of the contests for jurisdiction which have so
+much injured Spain.</p>
+
+<p>In 1553, the inquisitors of Calahorra excommunicated and arrested the
+licentiate Izquierdo, <i>alcalde-major</i> of Arnedo, for having attempted to
+prosecute Juan Escudero, a familiar of the holy office, who had
+assassinated a soldier. They also ordered divine service to cease at
+Arnedo. The Chancery of Valladolid demanded the writings of the trial,
+but the inquisitors eluded two of their ordinances. In the mean time the
+culprit was left at liberty in the town of Calahorra, and afterwards
+made his escape, so that the crime remained unpunished.</p>
+
+<p>In 1567, the inquisitors of Murcia excommunicated the Chapter of the
+Cathedral, and the municipality of that city; their competence was
+contested, and the Supreme Council decided that some members of the
+chapter and municipality should make public reparation in the capital of
+the kingdom, and receive absolution; they received it in public, and in
+the character of penitents, before the altar.</p>
+
+<p>In 1568, a royal ordinance prescribed the execution of the<a name="page_325" id="page_325"></a> Convention,
+known as that of <i>Cardinal Espinoza</i>. It was issued, on the inquisitors
+of Valencia claiming the right of judging in affairs concerning the
+police of the city and many others, such as contributions, smuggling,
+trade, <i>&amp;c.</i> They asserted that this right belonged to them,
+particularly if one of the individuals concerned in the affair was in
+the service of the Inquisition. They would not allow any criminal to be
+arrested in the houses of the inquisitors either in the town or country,
+while even the churches were no longer a refuge for those they pursued.</p>
+
+<p>In 1569, the tribunal of Barcelona excommunicated and imprisoned the
+military deputy and the civil vice-governor of the city, and several of
+their people. Their crime was, having exacted from an usher of the
+Inquisition a certain privilege called <i>la Merchandise</i>. The Royal
+Council of Aragon contested the competence of the Council of the
+Inquisition; but Philip II. put an end to the dispute, by liberating the
+prisoners: the inquisitors were not punished for disobeying the law,
+which forbids them to excommunicate a magistrate.</p>
+
+<p>In 1574 the Inquisition of Saragossa excommunicated the members of the
+deputation which represented the kingdom of Aragon during the interval
+of the assembly of the Cortes. The deputies complained to Pius V., who
+paid no attention to them: after his death they applied to his
+successor, Gregory XIII. The Pope commissioned the inquisitor-general to
+arrange the affair; but, being influenced by the Supreme Council, he
+rejected the papal commission, and asserted that the cognizance of the
+complaint belonged to him by right. Philip II., that fanatical protector
+of the holy office, commanded his ambassador at Rome to defend the
+Inquisition to the Pope; and he obtained what he required, while the
+deputies were still suffering under the excommunication, which lasted
+nearly two years. It must be remarked, that this deputation was composed
+of eight persons: two of them were ecclesiastics, generally bishops; two
+for the highest order of<a name="page_326" id="page_326"></a> nobility, who were counts or grandees of
+Spain; two gentlemen of illustrious birth to represent the second class
+of nobility; and two for the third class, selected from the most
+distinguished citizens.</p>
+
+<p>In 1588, the inquisitors of Toledo excommunicated the licentiate Gudiel,
+alcalde of the king's house, and judge of the royal court of justice at
+Madrid: this magistrate had prosecuted Iñigo Ordoñez, secretary of the
+holy office, for having wounded Juan de Berrgos, who died in
+consequence, and for having wilfully fired a pistol at the Canon Don
+Francis Monsalve. The Council of the Inquisition pleaded the cause of
+the culprit before the king, and excused the use of censures, alleging
+that <i>such was the usual proceeding of the holy office</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In 1591, violent contests took place between the Inquisition of
+Saragossa and the chief justice of Aragon. Two seditions were the
+result, and several grandees of Spain, many gentlemen, and a still
+greater number of private individuals, were condemned to death. An
+account of the intrigues of the inquisitors in this affair will be given
+in the trial of Antonio Perez.</p>
+
+<p>In 1598, the Inquisitors of Seville went to the metropolitan church,
+with the president and members of the royal court of justice, to attend
+the funeral of Philip II.; they pretended that they ought to precede the
+judges, who resisted, and the inquisitors excommunicated them in the
+church. The king's attorney protested against this act, and the
+scandalous scene which ensued may be easily conceived. The judges
+repairing to the place where they held their sessions, declared that the
+inquisitors had used violence in proceeding against the law, and passed
+a decree commanding the inquisitors to take off the excommunication. The
+inquisitors did not obey the order, and the judges repeated it, with the
+threat of depriving them of all civil rights, and condemning them to
+banishment and confiscation. Philip III. disapproved of the<a name="page_327" id="page_327"></a> conduct of
+the inquisitors, commanded them to take off the excommunication and
+repair to Madrid, where they were confined to the city. In the December
+following, the king issued a decree, importing that the inquisitors
+should only take precedence in the ceremony of the <i>auto-da-fé</i>. The
+inquisitor-general Portocarrero was deprived of his office, and banished
+to his bishopric of Cuença.</p>
+
+<p>In 1622 the town of Lorca, which was within the jurisdiction of the
+Inquisition of Murcia, appointed a familiar of the holy office to be the
+collector of a tax upon the sale of goods called <i>Alcabala</i>. The man
+refused the employment, but his representations were not admitted, upon
+which the inquisitors excommunicated the judge of Lorca, and required
+the assistance of Don Pedro Porres, the corregidor of Murcia, to take
+him to their prisons. On his refusal, they excommunicated him also, and
+decreed that divine service should cease in all the churches of Murcia.
+This measure threw the inhabitants into the greatest consternation, and
+they entreated their bishop, Don Antonio Trejo, to interpose his
+authority. This prelate remonstrated with the inquisitors; but not
+succeeding, in order to tranquillize the people, he published a mandate,
+announcing that he was not obliged to submit to the interdict, or to the
+order for the <i>cessation of divine service</i>. Don Andres Pacheco, the
+inquisitor-general, condemned the mandate, and ordered this measure to
+be proclaimed in all the churches of Murcia. At the same time he imposed
+a penalty of eight thousand ducats on the bishop, and cited him to
+appear within twenty days at Madrid, to answer the complaint preferred
+against him, by the fiscal of the Supreme Council, on pain of another
+penalty of four thousand ducats. The bishop and the chapter of his
+cathedral sent the dean and a canon to Madrid as his deputies. The
+inquisitor-general excommunicated them, without hearing their defence,
+and threw them into separate prisons, and at the same time caused this
+excommunication to be announced in<a name="page_328" id="page_328"></a> all the pulpits of Madrid. The
+inquisitors also excommunicated the Curé of St. Catherine, who refused
+to submit to this interdict without an order from his bishop. The king
+and the Pope were at last obliged to interfere, they re-established the
+bishop in his rights; but this act of justice did not destroy the cause
+of the evil which was complained of.</p>
+
+<p>In the same year, the Inquisitors of Toledo excommunicated the
+sub-prefect of that city, who had seized and sentenced a butcher as a
+thief, and convicted him of having sold bad meat with false weights: the
+inquisitors pretended that the culprit came under their jurisdiction,
+because he furnished the holy office with meat, and they accordingly
+required that the prisoners and the writings of the trial should be
+given up to them. Their demand was refused, because the offence was
+committed in the exercise of a public profession. The inquisitors then
+published the excommunication in all the churches of Toledo; they
+imprisoned the usher and the porter of the sub-prefect for having obeyed
+their master, and they remained in prison several days; they were then
+subject to the punishment of having their beards and hair shaven, which
+was at that time considered infamous, and to appear in the chamber of
+audience without their shoes and girdles; they were examined on their
+genealogy, to discover if they were descended from the Moors or Jews;
+they were made to repeat the catechism as if they were heretics, and
+were then condemned to perpetual banishment; the inquisitors even
+refused to give them a certificate, to show that they had not been
+condemned for heresy. The compassion excited by the fate of these
+unfortunate men was so general, that the people rose against the
+Inquisition; but some persons of high rank, and who were devoted to the
+public good, succeeded in appeasing the tumult. The king being informed
+of what had passed by the Council of Castile, appointed an extraordinary
+commission of eleven members selected from his councils; they passed
+several resolutions against the inquisitors, which<a name="page_329" id="page_329"></a> had only the effect
+of correcting the present disorder, without entirely destroying the
+evil.</p>
+
+<p>In the following year, the Inquisitors of Grenada excommunicated Don
+Louis Gudiel de Peralta, and Don Mathias Gonzalez; the first a member of
+the royal civil court, and the other the king's procurator in the same
+court. They condemned as heretical two works of these excellent
+jurisconsults, in which they defended the rights of the royal
+jurisdiction in all cases of <i>competence</i>. The Council of Castile
+respectfully remonstrated with the king, and showed that the inquisitors
+acted in opposition to <i>Instructions to the holy office of 1485</i>, which
+directed them to consult the king in affairs of this nature. In order to
+remedy this abuse, a committee was appointed in 1625, to decide upon all
+difficulties which might arise on this subject. This committee did not
+exist long, but it was re-established in 1657.</p>
+
+<p>In 1530, the Inquisitors of Valladolid behaved with still greater
+insolence. The bishop of that city (who was at the same time president
+of the royal chancery) was to officiate pontifically in a solemn mass.
+The inquisitors chose that day to publish the edict of <i>denunciations</i>;
+and asserting that their power as inquisitors was superior to that of
+the bishop, they attempted to take away the canopy which was raised when
+the prelate officiated. The canons resisted, and the inquisitors sent
+some of their officers to the church, who arrested Don Alonso Niño the
+chanter, and Don Francis Milan a canon; they carried them away in their
+canonical robes, and deposited them in that dress in the prisons of the
+holy office. The Council of Castile made a representation to the king on
+this event, which was the origin of the convention of the following
+year, known as that of <i>Cardinal Zapata</i>. Several resolutions were
+passed, and it was decided that censures should only be employed in
+cases of emergency; but this had little effect on the inquisitors. Much
+more would have been done, if the king had taken the advice of<a name="page_330" id="page_330"></a> the
+Council of Castile, which (after giving an account of evils arising from
+the system of the inquisitors) recommended, that he should allow the
+other tribunals to proceed against them for abuse of power. This advice
+was addressed to the king by his councils, in the consultations of the
+year 1634, 1669, 1682, 1696, 1761, and in several others, when the
+Inquisition of Spain prohibited works in which the privileges of the
+crown were defended, particularly that of Don Joseph de Mur, president
+of the royal court at Majorca. It was printed in that island in 1615,
+and called, <i>Allegations in favour of the King, on the Conflicts for
+Jurisdiction which have arisen between the Royal Court of Justice and
+the Tribunal of the Inquisition of Majorca</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In 1634, another contest took place on the subject of competency,
+concerning certain taxes which had been received from an inhabitant of
+Vicalboro, near Madrid. The inquisitors of Toledo excommunicated a judge
+of the royal court, and of the king's court, and committed the greatest
+excesses against the authority of the Council of Castile, which,
+impressed with a sense of its dignity, as the Supreme Senate of the
+nation, commanded the Dean-inquisitor of Toledo to repair to Madrid, to
+answer in person the charges brought against him, and threatened, in
+case he refused, to deprive him of his property and temporal rights. It
+also condemned a priest, the secretary of the holy office, to banishment
+and confiscation, and ordered the Inquisitor of Madrid to give up the
+prisoners and the writings of the trial to the chamber of judges of the
+court. The council made an address to the king, requesting him to forbid
+the inquisitors the use of censures, and to deliver his people from the
+oppression under which they suffered. The king merely renewed the
+prohibition of employing excommunication without an absolute necessity,
+and decreed that it should never be employed against judges without a
+particular permission. This ordinance shows the neglect or contempt into
+which the Convention<a name="page_331" id="page_331"></a> of Cardinal Zapata had fallen, only three years
+after it had been established.</p>
+
+<p>In 1640 the Inquisitors of Valladolid had another contest with the
+bishop, who complained to the king, representing that the permission
+granted by royal council to print or publish, without suppressing what
+those authors who depend on the Inquisition write on the privileges of
+that tribunal, would have the most fatal consequences. This assertion
+was proved in 1641. Some disputes arose on the subject of competency,
+between the Inquisition and the Chancery of Valladolid; the Council of
+Castile was obliged to consult the king several times during the course
+of the affair, and in one of its memorials stated, <i>that the
+jurisdiction which the inquisitors exercise in the name of the king is
+temporal, secular, and precarious, and cannot be defended by the use of
+censures</i>. The members of the Council of the Inquisition in which Don
+Antonio de Sotomayor the inquisitor-general presided, carried their
+presumption so far as to convoke an assembly of ignorant scholastic
+theologians, all chosen from the monks, to <i>qualify</i> the proposition
+advanced by the Council of Castile. These qualifiers, eager to display
+their penetration, divided it into three parts.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>First part.</i> The jurisdiction which the inquisitors exercise in the
+name of the king is temporal and secular.&mdash;Q<small>UALIFICATION.</small> <i>This
+proposition is probable, if considered on the fairest side.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Second part.</i> The said jurisdiction is precarious.&mdash;Q<small>UALIFICATION.</small>
+<i>This proposition is false, improbable, and contrary to the welfare of
+his majesty.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Third part.</i> Ecclesiastical censures cannot be employed to defend the
+said jurisdiction.&mdash;Q<small>UALIFICATION.</small> <i>This proposition is audacious, and
+approaching to heresy.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>After this measure, the fiscal of the Council of the Inquisition accused
+the Council of Castile; he demanded that the tribunal should procure the
+copies and the minutes of the<a name="page_332" id="page_332"></a> consultation addressed to the king; that
+the condemnation of it should be published, and the authors should be
+proceeded against. The council of the holy office, intending to act
+according to circumstances, represented all that had passed to the king,
+referring to the judgment of the theologians. The king, with the
+carelessness which was natural to him, merely told the
+inquisitor-general that he had failed in his duty, in approving a
+proceeding so contrary to the honour and dignity of the senate of the
+nation. The effects of the obstinacy and violence of the inquisitors was
+felt for some time after. In 1643, the king obliged Don Antonio de
+Sotomayor to give in his resignation.</p>
+
+<p>In America, the ordinances of the king, and other regulations, could not
+prevent violent quarrels from arising between the civil tribunals and
+those of the holy office. But in all these affairs the viceroys showed
+more firmness, and repressed the arrogance of the inquisitors with more
+success than was displayed in the Peninsula. This is not surprising,
+because in distant countries the inquisitors are not supported by an
+inquisitor-general, who, possessing the king's favour, may influence him
+in private conversations. Besides this, the viceroys, jealous of the
+power with which they are invested, are careful that it shall meet with
+no obstacles or contradictions.</p>
+
+<p>In 1686, a quarrel arose between the inquisitors of Carthagena in
+America, and the bishop. The inquisitor Don Francis Barela, after
+excommunicating the prelate, caused his decree to be read in all the
+churches. The bishop replied, and showed by his manner to the
+inquisitor, his contempt for the excommunication. Don Francis (in
+concurrence with his consultors) arrested and threw into prison the
+bishop and many respectable persons of the cathedral and the city, who
+had spoken freely on the subject. The Pope being informed of this affair
+on the 13th February, 1687, commanded the inquisitor-general, Don Diego
+Sarmiento de Valladares, to<a name="page_333" id="page_333"></a> cause the inquisitor Barela and the
+consultors to be brought to Madrid, and to deprive them of their
+offices. This order not being obeyed, on the 15th of December he
+expedited a second brief, which was comminatory. The inquisitor-general
+then had recourse to the king, and gave so unfaithful an account of the
+transaction, that neither his majesty nor the council of the Indies were
+ever informed of the truth. The Pope persisted in his resolution, and
+wished to decide on the affair himself. It was not finished when Clement
+XI. ascended the pontifical throne; this Pope assembled the cardinals,
+and taking their opinions, confirmed by a formal decree all that the
+bishop had done, and annulled the extravagant measures of the
+inquisitor. A bull, in 1706, commanded the restitution of the penalties
+which had been imposed, and suppressed the tribunal of Carthagena. This
+suppression was not executed, because it was contrary to the king's
+policy.</p>
+
+<p>In 1713, the Cardinal Francis Judice, inquisitor-general, prohibited a
+work of Don Melchior Macanaz, procurator of the king in the Council of
+Castile: the cardinal knew that this work had been printed by the order
+of Philip V., who had approved it after having read it. The king was at
+first very much irritated at this proceeding; but the cardinal,
+accustomed to the intrigues of Rome and Paris, succeeded in eluding the
+orders of his sovereign; although he was not in the kingdom, he
+continued to exercise his office, and sent orders to his creatures which
+were extremely displeasing to Philip. This prince could not obtain the
+dismission of Judice, until Cardinal Alberoni had exerted his influence
+at Rome and Paris, to second his master's views. Judice retired in 1716.</p>
+
+<p>Don Melchior Macanaz continued to live in exile. His trial became
+important, from the great number of denunciations which were made
+against different works which he had written: in some of these he
+inveighed against the abuses which were committed at the Court of Rome,
+against those<a name="page_334" id="page_334"></a> of the immunities of the clergy and of the ecclesiastical
+tribunals, and called the public attention to the fatal effects of
+increasing the number of monks and other societies. The qualifiers, in
+judging his works, clearly showed the spirit of hatred and revenge which
+actuated them. In the trial of Macanaz, one of his works, called <i>A
+Critical Defence of the Inquisition</i>, is mentioned; the inquisitors
+qualified it as <i>ironical</i>, because they found some things in it which
+were not true. They were confirmed in their opinion some time after, by
+another work of Macanaz, called <i>An Apology for the Defence of Fray
+Nicolas Jesus de Belando, in Favour of the Civil History of Spain,
+unjustly prohibited by the Inquisition</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Although the inquisitors treated him with so much severity, Ferdinand
+VI., and the inquisitor-general Don Manuel Quintano Bonifaz, permitted
+Macanaz to return to Spain, and the king sent him to Aix-la-Chapelle as
+his ambassador.</p>
+
+<p>In 1768, the inquisitors endeavoured to obtain the right of trying
+persons for polygamy: Charles III. ordered that the cognizance of this
+offence should belong to the secular judge, except when the criminals
+thought that it was permitted. It was his pleasure that the inquisitors
+"should only punish heresy and apostasy, and, above all, that none of
+his people should be subjected to the disgrace of an arrest, if they had
+not been previously convicted of a crime."</p>
+
+<p>In 1771, the Council of the Inquisition represented to the king, that
+the simple fact of marrying another person, while the first wife was
+alive, was sufficient to create a suspicion that the persons guilty of
+it erred in faith on the article of marriage. For this reason the
+inquisitors continued to receive the denunciations on this pretended
+heresy, and to take cognizance of it.</p>
+
+<p>In 1781, the inquisitor-general commanded that the confessionals in the
+convents of nuns should be placed within sight of the persons in the
+churches. This was done by the inquisitors, without consulting the
+archbishops and bishops<a name="page_335" id="page_335"></a> of the dioceses; they were extremely offended
+at this conduct, but dissembled their anger, that the public
+tranquillity might not be disturbed.</p>
+
+<p>In 1797, the Inquisitors of Grenada removed the confessional of the
+convent of the nuns of St. Paul, which was under the immediate direction
+of the archbishop: the ecclesiastical governor of the archbishopric
+complained to the king. The minister of justice, Don Gaspar Melchior de
+Jovellanos, resolved to take advantage of this event; he addressed
+himself to the Archbishop of Burgos, inquisitor-general, to the Bishops
+of Huesca, Tuy, Placentia, Osma, Avila, and to Don Joseph Espiga, the
+king's almoner, and requested them to propose "whatever they thought
+most proper to correct the abuses committed in the holy office, and to
+destroy the false principles on which that tribunal founded all its
+measures." The archbishop (as may be supposed) sent notes favourable to
+the tribunal; those of all the others were of quite an opposite nature.
+This attempt, however, did not lead to any satisfactory result:
+Jovellanos quitted the ministry before Charles IV. had decided on the
+subject; the minister who succeeded him had other views, and Jovellanos
+was denounced on suspicion of heresy.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Of the Magistrates who were persecuted.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">The examples which have been given of the quarrels between the
+Inquisition and the civil tribunals, sufficiently prove the constant
+attention of the inquisitors in endeavouring to extend their influence
+and privileges, even in defiance of the sovereign power; yet a list of
+the persecuted magistrates may be useful and interesting.</p>
+
+<p><i>Almodovar</i> (Don Christopher Ximenez de Gongora, duke of). He was
+ambassador to the Court of Vienna, and published a work <i>on the
+Establishments of the European Nations beyond Sea</i>. This book is only a
+free translation of that of<a name="page_336" id="page_336"></a> the Abbé Raynal. He concealed his name
+under that of <i>Eduardo Malo de Luque</i>, which is the anagram of El Duque
+de Almodovar. He presented some copies of his book to the king, but
+though he had taken this precaution, and had suppressed some articles,
+he was denounced to the Inquisition as being tinctured with the opinions
+of the incredulous philosophers. The inquisitors endeavoured to find out
+how the duke conversed in society with learned men; but they did not
+learn enough to authorize an accusation, as it almost always happened,
+during the reigns of Charles III. and Charles IV., when they wished to
+attack the literati.</p>
+
+<p><i>Aranda</i> (Don Pedro-Paul Abarca de Bolea y Ximenez d'Urrea, Count d'),
+grandee of Spain. He rendered himself more illustrious by his talents
+and learning than he was by his birth and high offices. As a soldier he
+attained the rank of Captain-general, which is equivalent to that of
+Field-marshal: his diplomatic talents obtained the office of ambassador
+to Paris; his knowledge as a statesman, that of prime-minister,
+secretary of state, under Charles IV.; and for his talents as a
+politician he was made president of the Council of Castile. In these
+four branches of the art of governing he was always truly great. He was
+president in the royal council extraordinary, assembled by Charles III.
+to consider the affairs of the Jesuits. Although the members of this
+assembly deliberated in secret, the public were informed not only of its
+objects in general, but the particular opinions of each councillor. The
+Count d'Aranda was denounced to the holy office as being suspected of
+professing the sentiments of the philosophers of the eighteenth century,
+because his political opinions were extremely liberal. The ordinance
+signed by Charles III. in 1770 (forbidding the inquisitors to take
+cognizance of any crime but heresy) was thought to be the work of the
+Count d'Aranda, and the inquisitors hated him in consequence. The trial
+of Don Paul Olavide, which took place about this time, furnished<a name="page_337" id="page_337"></a> some
+details which caused a suspicion that the opinions of the Count d'Aranda
+on the subject of mere exterior devotion were the same as those of the
+accused. However the inquisitors could not obtain a sufficient mass of
+evidence to authorize proceedings against him, and he died after having
+been denounced four times to the holy office, but without ever being put
+upon his trial.</p>
+
+<p><i>Arroyo</i> (Don Stephen d'), corregidor of Ecija, a town in Andalusia, and
+a member of the royal civil court of the district of Granada. He was
+excommunicated by the Inquisition of Cordova in 1664, because he opposed
+the attempts made by the inquisitors to extend their jurisdiction at the
+expense of the civil tribunals.</p>
+
+<p><i>Avalos</i> (Don Diego Lopez d'), corregidor of the city of Cordova, was
+threatened to be excommunicated and imprisoned in 1501, because he
+refused to give up two archers of the holy office, who had been taken to
+the royal prison, unless they were demanded with the proper forms.</p>
+
+<p><i>Azara</i> (Don Joseph Nicolas d'), born in Aragon, was successively
+director of the office of the minister for foreign affairs, minister
+plenipotentiary at Rome, and ambassador extraordinary to Paris. He
+published a translation of the <i>Life of Cicero</i>, with notes,
+illustrations, and plates. He was considered one of the most learned men
+in Spain during the reigns of Charles III. and his successor. Although
+he almost always resided in Italy or France, his name was in the
+registers of the holy office. He was denounced at Saragossa and Madrid
+as an incredulous philosopher; but there were no proofs, and the trial
+was suspended until fresh charges should be brought against him.</p>
+
+<p><i>Aragon</i> (the deputation of). See the preceding Article.</p>
+
+<p><i>Aragon.</i> The Chief Justice of Aragon was invested with supreme power,
+and placed between the king and the nation, to decide without appeal, if
+the king's ministers infringed the laws established at the beginning of
+the monarchy.<a name="page_338" id="page_338"></a> Even the king was obliged to submit to the decisions of
+this magistrate in all constitutional affairs. In order to prevent
+disputes between the two powers, the chief justice and his tribunal were
+independent of the king in the criminal proceedings. The inquisitors of
+Saragossa, regardless of these regulations, commenced proceedings
+against the chief justice, and in 1591 threatened to excommunicate him.
+Some account of this affair will be given in the trial of Antonio Perez.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bañüelos</i> (Don Vincent) was excommunicated by the Inquisition of
+Toledo, for endeavouring to defend the jurisdiction of the civil
+tribunal in a trial for homicide.</p>
+
+<p><i>Barcelona.</i> See the preceding Article.</p>
+
+<p><i>Barrientos</i> (the commandant), knight of the military order of St. Jago,
+and Corregidor and Sub-prefect of Logroño, was obliged, in 1516, to go
+to Madrid, and appear before the inquisitor-general of the Supreme
+Council, to ask pardon for having refused to lend assistance to the
+archers of the holy office in arresting some monks. He was subjected to
+the lesser <i>auto-da-fé</i>, attended mass, standing with a torch in his
+hand, and received some slight strokes of a whip from the inquisitor;
+this ceremony was concluded by a solemn absolution from all censures.</p>
+
+<p><i>Benalcazar</i> (the Count de) was excommunicated and menaced with an
+arrest by the inquisitors of Estremadura in 1500. The same threat was
+made to the governor of the fortress of Benalcazar; their offence was
+having defended their temporal power against the pretensions of the holy
+office, in the case of a woman who was arrested for having uttered some
+words against the faith.</p>
+
+<p><i>Campomanes</i> (Don Pedro Rodriguez de Campomanes, Count de) was, perhaps,
+the most eminent literary man in Spain, during the reigns of Charles
+III. and Charles IV. He is the author of several works mentioned in the
+<i>Spanish Library of the time of Charles III.</i> published by Don Juan<a name="page_339" id="page_339"></a> de
+Sempere Guarinos. He first filled the office of procurator to the king
+in the Council of Castile, and in the chamber of the king, of which he
+was afterwards the governor. In all his works he constantly maintained
+the independence of sovereigns with respect to the Court of Rome, the
+obligation that all the citizens of the state should pay their part of
+the public expenses, and the impossibility that the contentious
+jurisdiction should form part of the ecclesiastical power, unless
+accorded by the special favour of the sovereign. It is easy to suppose
+that Campomanes had a great many enemies among the clergy; he was
+denounced to the holy office as an anti-catholic philosopher. The
+charges were numerous, but they did not prove that he had advanced any
+heretical proposition; they only tended to create a suspicion that his
+works were opposed to the spirit of Christianity. He was invited to
+attend the <i>auto-da-fé</i> of Don Paul Olavide, in order to inform him of
+the punishment he would incur by professing the same opinions; but
+though the inquisitors knew him to be their enemy, they did not dare to
+go any further.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cardona</i> (Don Pedro de), captain-general of Catalonia. See Chapter 16.</p>
+
+<p><i>Castile</i> (Council of). See preceding Article.</p>
+
+<p><i>Chaves</i> (Don Gregorio Antonio de), corregidor and sub-prefect of
+Cordova, was excommunicated and threatened with imprisonment by the
+inquisitors of Cordova in 1660.</p>
+
+<p><i>Chumacero</i> (Don Juan), Count de Guaro, president of the Council of
+Castile, ambassador at Rome, composed several works which are mentioned
+by Nicolas Antonio, and some discourses in defence of the temporal
+against the ecclesiastical power, and in favour of the independence of
+sovereigns against the abuses of the Court of Rome. The inquisitors of
+Spain, at the instigation of the Pope's nuncio, undertook to condemn his
+doctrine, and to prohibit his works, with those of some other authors
+who wrote in the same spirit, in<a name="page_340" id="page_340"></a> order to force them to retract, on
+pain of excommunication and imprisonment.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cordova</i> (Don Pedro Fernandez de), Marquis de Priego, member of the
+municipality of Cordova, was persecuted by the Inquisition in 1506. See
+Chapter 10.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cordova</i> (Don Diego Fernandez de), Count de Cabra, and also a member of
+the municipality of Cordova, was treated in the same manner. <i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Godoy</i> (Don Manuel), Prince of Peace, Duke of Alcudia, secretary of
+state to Charles IV. See Chapter 43.</p>
+
+<p><i>Gonzalez</i> (Don Mathias). See the preceding Article.</p>
+
+<p><i>Gudiel</i> (the Licentiate). <i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Gudiel de Peralta</i> (Don Louis). <i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Guzman</i> (Don Gaspar de), Count-Duke d'Olivarez, prime minister to
+Philip IV. See Chapter 37.</p>
+
+<p><i>Izquierdo</i> (the Licentiate). See the preceding Article.</p>
+
+<p><i>Jovellanos</i> (Don Gaspard Melchior de), Secretary of State in the
+department of grace and justice under Charles IV., was one of the most
+learned men in Spain; he wrote several pamphlets on politics and
+different branches of literature. In 1798 he resolved to reform the mode
+of proceeding in the holy office, and intended to take advantage of a
+memorial which I had composed in 1794, according to the orders of the
+inquisitor-general Abad-y-la-Sierra; but from a secret court intrigue he
+was denounced to the Inquisition as a Jansenist and an enemy to the
+tribunal. Charles IV. was persuaded first to banish him to his native
+place Gijon, in the Asturias, and afterwards to confine him in the
+Chartreuse, in the island of Majorca, where he was informed that he was
+to study the Christian doctrine. This treatment was extremely unjust,
+for Jovellanos was not only a good Catholic, but a just and
+irreproachable man, whose memory will do honour to Spain.</p>
+
+<p><i>Juan</i> (D. Gabriel de), president of the royal Court of Appeal at
+Majorca, was excommunicated in 1531; he maintained the rights of the
+sovereign against the inquisitors.<a name="page_341" id="page_341"></a></p>
+
+<p><i>Lara</i> (Don Juan Perez de), procurator to the king, and fiscal of the
+royal Court of Appeal at Seville, was extremely ill-treated by the
+inquisitors in 1637, because he maintained the rights of the royal
+jurisdiction in a manifesto, which the inquisitors declared contained
+propositions offensive to the holy office.</p>
+
+<p><i>Macanaz</i> (Don Melchior de). See the preceding article.</p>
+
+<p><i>Moñino</i> (Don Joseph), Count de Florida-Blanca, first secretary of state
+under Charles III., and Charles IV. He had been successively an advocate
+at Madrid, procurator to the king and fiscal of the Council of Castile,
+and minister plenipotentiary at Rome. His celebrity as a lawyer was the
+origin of his elevation, and his subsequent conduct fully justified the
+favourable opinion which had been formed of him. In his quality of
+fiscal he wrote several works. Don Juan Sempere Guarinos, in his
+<i>Catalogue of the Authors of the Reign of Charles III.</i>, has inserted
+notices of those which had been printed and those which remained
+unpublished. Among the first are some of great merit: the <i>Advice of a
+Fiscal</i>, which he gave to the council on the memorial presented to
+Charles III. by Don Isidro Carbajal y Lancaster, Bishop of Cuença, and
+on the <i>impartial judgment</i> of the brief issued by Clement XIII. against
+the sovereign Duke of Parma, induced some ignorant and prejudiced
+priests to denounce him to the Inquisition as an enemy to religion. The
+Count furnished them with additional arms against himself, when he gave
+his opinion as procurator-fiscal on the abuses committed by the
+inquisitors in the prohibition of books, and on the system which they
+had adopted of taking cognizance of crimes not relating to doctrine.
+However, the inquisitors, not finding in his writings any proposition
+which might be qualified as heretical, were afraid to continue the trial
+of a minister for whom the king showed the greatest esteem.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mur</i> (Don Joseph de), president of the royal Court of Appeal at
+Majorca, being obliged to maintain the rights of the<a name="page_342" id="page_342"></a> tribunal against
+the holy office, composed, in 1615, a work on competency, in which he
+supported the royal jurisdiction against the ecclesiastical power in all
+contests not relating to spiritual concerns. The holy office made the
+author suffer much, and inserted his work in the <i>Index</i>. Philip IV.
+caused it to be erased in 1641, at the request of the Council of
+Castile.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ossuna</i> (the Duke of). See Chapter 37.</p>
+
+<p><i>Olavide</i> (Don Paul), born at Lima, in Peru, <i>Assistant</i>, that is,
+Prefect of Seville, and director of the towns and villages recently
+built in the <i>Sierra-Morena</i> and in Andalusia, was arrested in 1776, and
+taken to the secret prisons of the Inquisition of Madrid; on the
+suspicion that he held impious opinions, particularly those of Rousseau
+and Voltaire, with whom he maintained an intimate correspondence. It
+appeared from the trial, that Olavide had, in the new towns which he
+governed, uttered the opinions of these philosophers, on the exterior
+worship which is rendered to God in this country. The accused denied
+many of the words and actions imputed to him; he explained others which
+might not have been understood by the witnesses, but he confessed enough
+to induce the inquisitors to believe that he secretly held the same
+opinions as his two friends. Olavide asked pardon for his imprudence,
+but declared that he could not do so for the crime of heresy, as he had
+never lost his interior faith. On the 24th of November, 1778, an
+<i>auto-da-fé</i> was celebrated with closed doors, in the hall of the
+Inquisition of Madrid, in the presence of sixty persons of high rank:
+Don Paul Olavide appeared before them, in the habit of a penitent, and
+holding in his hand an extinguished torch. The sentence declared him to
+be convicted of <i>formal heresy</i>; he ought to have appeared in the
+<i>San-benito</i>, with a cord round his neck, but this was dispensed with,
+as well as the obligation of wearing the <i>San-benito</i> afterwards. He was
+condemned to pass eight years in a convent, and to live according<a name="page_343" id="page_343"></a> to
+the orders of a spiritual director chosen by the Inquisition; to be
+banished from Madrid, Seville, Cordova, and the new town in the Sierra
+Morena. His property was confiscated; he was forbidden to possess any
+office or honourable title; to ride on horseback, or to wear any jewels
+or ornaments of gold, silver, pearls, diamonds, precious stones, or
+habits of silk, or fine wool, but only those of coarse serge or some
+other stuff of that kind. The reading of the <i>factum</i> of his trial, by
+the secretary, lasted four hours; the fiscal accused him of having
+advanced seventy heretical propositions, and seventy-two witnesses were
+examined. Towards the conclusion, Olavide exclaimed, <i>Whatever the
+fiscal may say, I have never lost my faith</i>. No answer was made to him.
+When he heard his sentence he fainted, and fell off the bench on which
+he had been permitted to sit. When he had recovered, and the reading of
+the sentence was finished, he received absolution on his knees, after
+having read and signed his profession of faith; he was then taken back
+to the prison. The sixty individuals who were invited to this ceremony
+were dukes, counts, marquises, generals, members of the councils, and
+knights of different military orders; they were most of them his
+friends. These persons were, from some circumstances in the trial,
+suspected of partaking his opinions, and the invitation was intended to
+inform them of what they might expect, and to induce them to be more
+reserved in their conversation. Olavide went to the convent where he was
+to be confined, but made his escape some time after, and retired to
+France. He lived at Paris under the name of the <i>Count de Pilo</i>, a title
+which he had never borne in Spain. A few years after he published a
+work, called <i>The Gospel Triumphant; or, the Converted Philosopher</i>.
+This composition obtained his pardon, and permission to return to Spain,
+where no penances were imposed on him.</p>
+
+<p><i>Perez</i> (Antonio). See Chapter 35.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ramos del Manzano</i> (Don Francis), Count de Francos,<a name="page_344" id="page_344"></a> tutor of Charles
+II. and president of the Sovereign Council of the Indies, composed some
+treatises on politics, which are mentioned by Nicolas Antonio. In these
+writings he maintains the prerogatives and independence of the
+sovereigns against the indirect powers of the Popes, the abuses of the
+Court of Rome, and the ecclesiastical judges in the holy office. The
+Count de Francos suffered much persecution, and his works were
+prohibited; if Philip IV. had not protected him, he would have been
+arrested, and his books burnt.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ricla</i> (the Count de), minister of war, and lieutenant-general in the
+army under Charles III., was denounced to the holy office as having
+adopted the opinions of the philosophers of the eighteenth century.
+There was not sufficient proof against him, and the trial was suspended.</p>
+
+<p><i>Roda</i> (Don Manuel de), Marquis de Roda, minister and secretary of state
+in the department of grace and justice, under Charles III. He had been a
+celebrated advocate at Madrid, and minister-plenipotentiary at Rome; his
+talents and learning made him of the greatest use to Charles III. in the
+important affairs relative to the expulsion of the Jesuits. The
+imputation of Jansenism, incurred by the archbishops and bishops of the
+Council extraordinary, was also brought against this minister, who had
+made many enemies by advising Charles III. to reform the six great
+colleges established at Salamanca, Alcala, and Valladolid. This
+denunciation failed, because it contained no <i>particular proposition</i>
+which deserved to be censured.</p>
+
+<p><i>Salcedo</i> (Don Pedro Gonzalez de), procurator to the king in the Council
+of Castile, published a treatise <i>On Political Law</i>, and some other
+works, in which he attacked the abuses committed by the judges of the
+privileged tribunals, and the pretensions of the inquisitors and other
+ecclesiastics to the royal jurisdictions. He was persecuted, and his
+works were condemned, but Philip IV. revoked the prohibition; however
+some passages were afterwards retrenched, and they are not found in the
+later editions.<a name="page_345" id="page_345"></a></p>
+
+<p><i>Salgado</i> (Don Francis de), member of the Council of Castile, published
+some works in defence of the royal jurisdiction against the
+ecclesiastical authority; they are mentioned by Nicolas Antonio. The
+Court of Rome condemned them; the inquisitors of Spain persecuted the
+author, but when they were on the point of publishing the prohibition of
+his works, Philip IV. commanded them to suspend their proceedings.</p>
+
+<p><i>Samaniego</i> (Don Philip de), priest, archdeacon of Pampeluna, knight of
+the order of St. James, counsellor to the king, and chief secretary and
+interpreter of foreign languages. He was invited to attend the
+<i>auto-da-fé</i> of Don Paul Olavide, and was so alarmed that he voluntarily
+denounced himself. He presented a declaration, in which he confessed
+that he had read prohibited books, such as those of Voltaire, Mirabeau,
+Rousseau, Hobbes, Spinosa, Montesquieu, Bayle, d'Alembert, Diderot, and
+others; that from this course of reading he had fallen into a religious
+pyrrhonism; that having thought seriously on the subject, he had
+resolved to remain firmly attached to the Catholic faith, and that in
+consequence he had resolved to demand to be absolved from the censures
+<i>ad cautelam</i>. The tribunal ordered that he should confirm his
+declaration by taking an oath. They then obliged him to confess by what
+means he had obtained the books, whom he had received them from, and
+where they were at that time; with what persons he had conversed on the
+subject of religion, and revealed his opinions; what individuals had
+refuted or adopted them; who had appeared to be ignorant of the
+doctrine, or were acquainted with it; and lastly, how long he had known
+it himself: these declarations were the conditions on which he was to
+receive absolution. Samaniego wrote a declaration, in which almost all
+the learned men of the court were implicated. Some of these persons had
+been invited to the <i>auto-da-fé</i> of Don Paul Olavide.<a name="page_346" id="page_346"></a></p>
+
+<p><i>Sardinia</i> (the viceroy of) was excommunicated in 1498, and punished by
+the inquisitors for having lent assistance to the Archbishop of Cagliari
+in taking a criminal from the prisons of the holy office to those of the
+archbishopric.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sesé</i> (Don Joseph de), president of the royal Court of Appeal of the
+kingdom of Aragon. This magistrate wrote a work, in which he had
+collected many definitive sentences which had been pronounced in trials
+for competency; they were all favourable to the secular power. The
+author was the victim of his zeal; he was persecuted, and his work
+prohibited, but Philip IV. caused it to be revoked.</p>
+
+<p><i>Solorzano</i> (Don Juan de), member of the Sovereign Council of the
+Indies. He was the author of a work on <i>Indian Politics</i>, and several
+others of the same nature. They were written in the same spirit as those
+of Salgado; Solorzano and his works shared his fate.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sotomayor</i> (Don Guiterre de), knight commander of the order of
+Alcantara, brother of the Count de Benalcazar, and governor of the
+fortress of that name. See <i>Benalcazar</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Terranova</i> (the Marquis de). See Chapter 16.</p>
+
+<p><i>Toledo</i> (the royal judge of) was excommunicated, imprisoned, and
+received much ill treatment from the inquisitors in 1622, in a contest
+for jurisdiction.</p>
+
+<p><i>Valdés</i> (Don Antonio), member of the royal Council of Castile. He was
+excommunicated by the inquisitors in 1639, because he refused to exempt
+the familiars of the holy office who possess land, from paying a
+contribution.</p>
+
+<p><i>Valencia</i> (the viceroy of), captain-general, was obliged in 1488, to
+appear before the Supreme Council of the Inquisition, and ask pardon and
+absolution for having set at liberty a soldier who was detained in the
+prisons of the holy office. He had the mortification of being obliged to
+appear in a <i>lesser auto-da-fé</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Vera</i> (Don Juan-Antonio de). See Chapter 36.</p>
+
+<p><i>Zarate</i> (Diego Ruiz de), chief alcade of Cordova, was<a name="page_347" id="page_347"></a> punished by the
+Supreme Council in 1500, and suspended from his office for six months,
+because he refused to allow the inquisitors of Cordova to take
+cognizance of the trial of the chief alguazil of that city.</p>
+
+<p>Many other instances might be quoted: but these are sufficient to show
+that the nature of the tribunal of the holy office will be contrary to
+the independence of the sovereign, while the royal jurisdiction is
+confounded with that of the inquisitors, and while the members of the
+holy office are exempted from the civil and criminal jurisdiction of the
+royal tribunals.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVII" id="CHAPTER_XXVII"></a>CHAPTER XXVII.<br /><br />
+<small>OF THE TRIALS OF SEVERAL SOVEREIGNS AND PRINCES UNDERTAKEN BY THE INQUISITION.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">I<small>T</small> is not surprising that the Inquisition should persecute magistrates
+and learned men, when it has not scrupled to attack kings, princes, and
+grandees. Some writers (particularly the French and Flemish) have
+singularly exaggerated the accounts of these trials; some of them having
+but a vague and slight foundation for what they have advanced, and
+others have filled their accounts with invectives and fictions. The
+history is derived from the archives and writings of the trials of the
+Inquisition, and I have attended more to these authentic documents than
+to the narratives of those who have not had the same advantages. This
+Chapter will contain <i>all that is certainly known</i> of the trials of the
+princes and other potentates by the Inquisition.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Holy Tribunal</i> was scarcely established in Aragon, when it attacked
+Don James de Navarre, sometimes called the <i>Infant of Tudela</i>, and the
+<i>Infant of Navarre</i>. His<a name="page_348" id="page_348"></a> crime was an act of benevolence. The
+assassination of Pedro Arbues, the first inquisitor of Aragon, which
+took place in 1485, obliged many of the principal inhabitants of
+Saragossa to take flight. One of these persons went to Tudela de
+Navarre, where the Infant of Navarre resided, and asked and obtained an
+asylum in his house for several days, until he could make his escape
+into France. The inquisitors being informed of this humane action,
+arrested and took Don James to their prisons in 1487, as an enemy to the
+holy office. He was condemned to hear solemn mass, standing in the
+presence of a great concourse of people, and of his cousin Don Alphonso
+of Aragon (a natural son of Ferdinand V. and Archbishop of Saragossa),
+and to receive absolution from the censures which he was supposed to
+have incurred, after submitting to be <i>scourged</i> by two priests, and
+having gone through all the ceremonies prescribed in such cases by the
+Roman ritual.</p>
+
+<p>In 1488, the Inquisition tried John Pic de la Mirandola and de
+Concordia, a prince who was considered a prodigy of science, from the
+age of twenty-three years. Innocent VIII. instigated them to this
+measure by a brief addressed to Ferdinand and Isabella, dated the 16th
+of December, 1487, in which he said, that he had been informed that John
+Pic was going into Spain, with the intention of maintaining, in the
+universities and other schools of the kingdom, the erroneous doctrine of
+several theses which he had already published at Rome, and had abjured,
+which rendered him still more culpable. His Holiness added, that he was
+most afflicted in perceiving that the youth, the pleasing manners and
+agreeable conversation of the prince would gain him many partisans; he
+said that these considerations had induced him to request the two
+sovereigns to arrest the prince when he arrived in Spain, as the fear of
+corporal punishment might have more effect than the anathemas of the
+Church. De la Mirandola doubtless received information of what awaited<a name="page_349" id="page_349"></a>
+him in Spain, as he did not undertake the journey; at least nothing is
+to be found in the archives concerning it. The learned historian Fleury
+must have been ignorant of the existence of this bull, since he says
+that the affair of the Prince de la Mirandola terminated in the
+suppression of his theses at Rome, in 1486. This prince had published
+and defended nine hundred propositions on theology, mathematics,
+physics, cabala, and other sciences. Thirteen of these were examined and
+qualified as heretical; the author published an apology, showing the
+ignorance of his judges. His adversaries, finding that they could not
+dispute with him, accused him of being a magician; and asserted, that so
+much knowledge in so young a person could only be acquired by a compact
+with the devil.</p>
+
+<p>In 1507 the Inquisition, instigated by Ferdinand V., undertook to
+prosecute and arrest Cæsar Borgia, Duke de Valentinois, and
+brother-in-law to John d'Albret, King of Navarre. It is most probable
+that this prince would have been taken, if he had not been killed in the
+same year before Viana, not far from Logroño, by the governor of a
+fortress, Juan Garces de los Fayos. Cæsar Borgia was the natural son of
+Don Rodrigo de Borgia (afterwards raised to the papal see, by the name
+of Alexander VI.), and the famous <i>Vanoci</i>. He had been a cardinal, but,
+in 1499, his father, in compliance with the request of Louis XII. King
+of France, who adopted him, granted him dispensations to marry the
+sister of the King of Navarre; he then obtained the titles and estates
+of the dukedom of Valentinois. A short time after the death of Cæsar
+Borgia's father, in 1503, he was arrested at Naples, by the order of
+Gonzalo de Cordova, viceroy of that monarchy, on the pretence that he
+disturbed the tranquillity of the kingdom. He was taken to Spain, and
+confined in the Castle of Medina del Campo, from whence he made his
+escape, and fled to Navarre. Ferdinand, finding that his niece, the
+Queen of Navarre, would not give<a name="page_350" id="page_350"></a> up this prince to him, resolved to
+secure him by means of the Inquisition.</p>
+
+<p>It has been already stated that the inquisitors did not prosecute the
+memory of Charles V.; but in 1565, they were concerned in the
+proceedings against Jane d'Albret, the hereditary Queen of Navarre, and
+against her son, Henry de Bourbon, afterwards Henry IV. of France, and
+his sister, Margaret de Bourbon Albret, who married the sovereign Duke
+of Bar. The holy office, however, did not take an active part in this
+affair. After Ferdinand V. had taken possession of the five districts of
+the kingdom of Navarre, called <i>Merindades</i>, he refused to recognise
+either Jane or Henry de Bourbon as sovereigns of Navarre. These princes
+were deprived of all their dominions, except the sixth <i>Merindade</i> of
+Navarre, by a papal bull in 1512; the Court of Rome also refused to
+grant them the title of Kings of Navarre until the year 1561. The first
+to whom it was given was Anthony de Bourbon.</p>
+
+<p>Charles V. had ordered in his will that the right of his successors to
+the crown of Navarre should be examined, and that it should be restored
+to its rightful owners if it had been unjustly seized. In 1561, Philip
+II., who had not yet thought of executing the intentions of his father,
+perceiving that the king, Anthony de Bourbon, inclined towards
+Calvinism, entered into a negociation with him on this subject. In order
+to attach him to the Catholic party, Philip promised to obtain a
+dissolution of his marriage with Jane, who was a heretic, to induce his
+holiness to excommunicate her, and to give her states to him, with the
+consent of the Kings of France and Spain; to restore Navarre, or to give
+the island of Sardinia in exchange for it, and to negotiate a marriage
+between him and Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland. Anthony accepted this
+offer, but died before it could be executed. Philip then, through the
+intrigues of his agents at Rome, obtained the excommunication of Jane
+d'Albret, and<a name="page_351" id="page_351"></a> that her states should be offered to the first Catholic
+prince who would take possession of them on the condition of expelling
+the heretics. Pius V. published a bull on the 28th September, 1563,
+excommunicating Queen Jane, for having adopted the heresy of Calvin, and
+promulgating his doctrines in her states; and according to the
+requisition of the procurator-fiscal of the Inquisition, his Holiness
+summoned her to appear at Rome, within six months, to answer these
+charges.</p>
+
+<p>Catherine de Medicis, regent of France, who was then reconciled to the
+Prince of Condé, the brother of the late King of Navarre, was displeased
+at the Inquisition of Rome; and in order to stop the proceedings, sent
+an ambassador extraordinary to the Pope, with a very learned memorial,
+which has been printed, with the bull, in the <i>Mémoires du Prince de
+Condé</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Charles IX., and Catherine de Medicis, his mother, wrote to Philip II.,
+(who was married to Elizabeth of France, the daughter of Catherine,) and
+informed him of what had passed, requesting that he would act in concert
+with them. Philip replied, that he not only disapproved of the conduct
+of the court of Rome, but he offered to protect the Princess Jane
+against any one who should attempt to deprive her of her states. It has,
+however, been proved by the letters of the French king to the Cardinal
+d'Armagnac, that Philip at the same time offered assistance to the
+Catholic subjects of Jane, to induce them to rebel against her, and that
+he privately introduced Spanish troops into her territories. This event
+was the origin of a confederation, known by the name of the <i>Catholic
+League</i>, which forms part of the histories of M. de Varillas, and of the
+secret memoirs of M. de Villeroi.</p>
+
+<p>The Spanish monarch endeavoured to obtain, by means of the Inquisition
+of Spain, what he had been refused by that of Rome. The
+inquisitor-general Cardinal Espinosa, in concert with the Cardinal de
+Lorraine, caused several witnesses to be examined, to prove that Jane
+d'Albret and her children<a name="page_352" id="page_352"></a> were Huguenots, and that, as they encouraged
+this heresy in their states, it might spread into Spain. Espinosa (who
+pretended that Philip was ignorant of his proceedings) informed the
+council that it was necessary to impart this circumstance to his
+majesty, and entreat him to do all in his power to prevent Jane from
+persecuting the Catholics.</p>
+
+<p>Philip secretly directed the affairs of the <i>League</i> in France by means
+of communications with the chiefs of the party; and according to his
+orders the inquisitor-general formed a plot to carry off the Queen of
+Navarre and her two children, and confine them in the dungeons of the
+Inquisition of Saragossa. He hoped to succeed in this enterprise,
+through the assistance afforded him by the Cardinal de Lorraine, and the
+other chiefs of the <i>League</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Those French historians who wrote after this period (such as the Abbé
+St. Real, Mercier, and others) have endeavoured to throw all the odium
+of this plot on Philip II. and the Duke of Alva; but as truth is the
+first duty of historians, I am compelled to say, that the De Guises were
+the authors of it. Nicolas de Neuville, Lord of Villeroy, minister and
+first secretary of state during the reigns of Charles IX., Henry III.,
+Henry IV., and Louis XIII., has left details of this affair, in a
+<i>Memoir</i> which was found after his death among his papers, and which has
+been printed with many others, under the title of <i>Secret Memoirs of M.
+de Villeroi</i>. This author, who was a contemporary, and acquainted with
+the secrets of the government, seems to be more deserving of confidence
+than any other.</p>
+
+<p>Philip II. took advantage of the attempt, though it entirely failed; and
+wrote to represent to the Pope, that his subjects in the neighbourhood
+of France might imbibe the heresy, and demanded and obtained an order to
+separate from the bishopric of Bayonne the villages of the valley of
+Bastan, and those of the arch-priesthood of Fontarabia.<a name="page_353" id="page_353"></a></p>
+
+<p>In 1563, the Inquisition of Murcia condemned another prince, called Don
+Philip of Aragon. See Chapter 23.</p>
+
+<p>In 1589, the Prince Alexander Farnese, governor-general of the Low
+Countries and Flanders, and uncle to Philip II., was denounced to the
+Inquisition of Spain, as suspected of Lutheranism, and a favourer of
+heretics; it was also said, that he intended to become the sovereign of
+Flanders, for which purpose he courted the Protestants. No proofs of
+heresy were produced, and the inquisitor-general suspended the
+proceedings. Although the enemies of Prince Farnese made every effort to
+ruin him, Philip did not deprive him of his office, and he remained
+Governor of the Low Countries till his death in 1592. It has been said
+that he was poisoned by Philip II.</p>
+
+<p>The Cardinal Quiroga, and the Council of the Inquisition, treated the
+Sovereign Pontiff, Sextus Quintus, with little respect. This Pope
+published a translation of the Bible in Italian, and prefaced it by a
+bull, in which he recommended every one to read it, saying, that the
+faithful would derive the greatest advantages from it. This conduct of
+the Pope was contrary to all the regulations from the time of Leo X. All
+doctrinal works had been forbidden to be in the vulgar tongue for fifty
+years, by the expurgatory index of the council, and by the inquisitions
+of Rome and Madrid. The Cardinals, Quiroga at Madrid, and Toledo at
+Rome, and others, represented to Philip II., that great evils would
+arise from it, if he did not employ his influence to induce the Pope to
+relinquish his design. Philip commissioned the Count d'Olivarez to
+expostulate with the Pontiff; the Count obeyed, but at the peril of his
+life, for Sextus Quintus was on the point of depriving him of it,
+without respect for the rights of nations, or for the privileges of
+Olivarez as an ambassador.</p>
+
+<p>This formidable Pope died in 1592, and Philip was suspected of having
+shortened his days by slow poison. After<a name="page_354" id="page_354"></a> this event, the Inquisition of
+Spain having received witnesses to prove that the <i>infallible</i> oracle of
+the law was a favourer of heretics, condemned the Sextine Bible, as they
+had already condemned those of Cassiodorus de Reyna, and many others.</p>
+
+<p>A preparatory instruction was commenced against Don John of Austria, a
+natural son of Philip IV., but the proceedings were suspended by the
+king. This event was caused by the intrigues of the inquisitor-general,
+John Everard Nitardo, who was the mortal enemy of Don John; and some
+persons were found base enough to accuse the king's brother of
+Lutheranism, in order to flatter him.</p>
+
+<p>The Grandees of Spain may be numbered among the princes, since Charles
+V. declared them to possess that title, and that they were equal in rank
+to the sovereigns of the Circles of Germany; they had likewise the
+privileges of being seated and covered in the presence of the king, as,
+for example, when the emperor was crowned.</p>
+
+<p>Among the princes humiliated by the Inquisition, the following persons
+must be included. The Marquis de Priego, the grand-master of the
+military order of Montesa, the Duke de Gandia, St. Francis de Borgia,
+the blessed Juan de Ribera, the venerable Don Juan de Palafox, and many
+others, among whom were several ladies. None of these trials had any
+serious result; the denounced persons only received a severe
+remonstrance, except in the case of the Dowager Marchioness d'Alcanices,
+who was imprisoned in the Convent of St. Catherine, at Valladolid. These
+persons were all innocent; the only foundation for the accusations was
+their intimacy with the Doctors Pedro and Augustine Cazalla, Fray
+Dominic de Roxas, and Don Pedro Samiento de Roxas: they were also
+accused of having heard conversations on justification, and of not
+having denounced them.<a name="page_355" id="page_355"></a></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVIII" id="CHAPTER_XXVIII"></a>CHAPTER XXVIII.<br /><br />
+<small>OF THE CONDUCT OF THE HOLY OFFICE TOWARDS THOSE PRIESTS WHO ABUSED THE SACRAMENT OF CONFESSION.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">W<small>HILE</small> the Inquisition was occupied in persecuting the peaceable
+Lutherans, they were obliged to take measures to punish Catholic
+priests, who abused the ministry of confession, by seducing their
+penitents. The inquisitors were compelled to act with great reserve and
+caution in this affair, that they might not furnish the Lutherans with
+new arguments against auricular confession, and the Catholics with a
+motive for employing it less frequently.</p>
+
+<p>On the 18th of January, 1556, Paul IV. addressed a brief to the
+Inquisitors of Granada, in which his Holiness commanded them to
+prosecute those priests whom the <i>public voice</i> accused of seduction,
+and not to pardon <i>one</i> of them. He also recommended that they should
+ascertain if the doctrine of the priests on the sacrament of penitence
+was orthodox, and if it was necessary to pursue the course prescribed
+for the prosecution of heretics. The inquisitors communicated this brief
+to the Archbishop of Granada, and the Council of the Inquisition, which
+informed them in reply, that the publication of the brief in the usual
+form would produce great inconveniences, and that it was necessary to
+act with prudence and moderation.</p>
+
+<p>For this reason the archbishop summoned the curés, and other
+ecclesiastics, while the inquisitors did the same with the prelates of
+the regular communities, to recommend to them to notify the brief of the
+Pope to all the confessors, that they might be more strict in their
+conduct for the future, and that the people might not be made acquainted
+with the order of his Holiness. At the same time, informations were<a name="page_356" id="page_356"></a>
+taken against those who were suspected, and some who were guilty were
+privately punished under other pretexts.</p>
+
+<p>This measure convinced the Pope that the abuse was not confined to the
+kingdom of Granada; and, in 1561, he addressed a brief to the
+inquisitor-general Valdés, authorizing him to proceed against the
+confessors guilty of this crime in the domains of Philip, as if they
+were heretics. As this bull did not affect the inquisitors-general who
+succeeded Valdés, several others were afterwards expedited.</p>
+
+<p>It was the custom to read the <i>Edict of Denunciations</i> in the churches
+every year, on some Sunday in Lent, and as the number of crimes
+increased, new articles were added to the Edict. The inquisitors of some
+provinces introduced that of the priests who corrupted their penitents,
+and Raynaldus Gonzalvius Montanus, speaking of the occurrences at
+Seville after the publication of this edict, declares that it was
+published in 1563, and that the denunciations were so numerous that the
+notaries of the holy office refused to receive them, and that the
+inquisitors were obliged to relinquish the prosecution of the criminals.</p>
+
+<p>The edict was not published till 1564, and the denunciations were much
+less numerous than he pretends. The denunciations ceased, because the
+obligation imposed on the penitents to inform against the criminals was
+annulled by the Supreme Council. Several other edicts were afterwards
+published on this subject, and they were framed to include a great
+number of cases.</p>
+
+<p>This crime is never punished in a public <i>auto-da-fé</i>, because it might
+prevent the faithful from confessing themselves. The <i>auto-da-fé</i> was
+held in the hall of the holy office; the secular confessors were
+summoned to attend it, two from each of the establishments in the town,
+and four from that of the condemned person, if there were any. No laymen
+were permitted to be present, except the notaries. When the sentence,
+and the motives for it, had been read, the<a name="page_357" id="page_357"></a> dean of the inquisitors
+exhorted the criminal to acknowledge his crime, and prepared him to make
+the abjuration of all heresies in general, and of that of which he was
+suspected in particular. He then placed himself on his knees, pronounced
+his confession of faith, and signed his abjuration: the inquisitor
+absolved him <i>ad cautelam</i> from all the censures he had incurred: this
+act terminated the <i>auto-da-fé</i>, the criminal was taken back to the
+prison, and the next day he was transferred to the convent in which he
+was to be imprisoned, according to his sentence. The confessors who
+attended this ceremony, were commanded to inform others of the affair,
+to deter them from committing the same crime.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIX" id="CHAPTER_XXIX"></a>CHAPTER XXIX.<br /><br />
+<small>OF THE TRIALS INSTITUTED BY THE INQUISITION AGAINST THE PRELATES AND SPANISH DOCTORS OF THE COUNCIL OF TRENT.</small></h2>
+
+<h3><i>Prelates.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">Eight venerable prelates and nine doctors of theology, who were sent by
+Spain to the Council of Trent, were attacked in secret by the
+Inquisition of their country. From particular circumstances, rather than
+from the will of the inquisitors, some of these trials were suspended,
+before any attempt had been made on the liberty of the doctors.</p>
+
+<p>The trial of the Archbishop of Toledo ought to be introduced in this
+place, but its importance and interest renders it worthy of a separate
+chapter.</p>
+
+<p><i>Don Pedro Guerrero</i>, born at Leza-de-rio-Leza, in Rioxa, archbishop of
+Granada, was one of those prelates who, from their learning and virtue,
+had the greatest influence in the<a name="page_358" id="page_358"></a> Council of Trent. He was prosecuted
+by the Inquisition of Valladolid, for the favourable opinion he
+expressed in 1558, of the Catechism of Carranza, and for the letters he
+wrote to him in the following year. It was also known that he voted for
+the archbishop, in the commission employed by the Council of Trent to
+examine his book, and likewise in the particular congregation of that
+assembly, which approved his conduct in 1563. Guerrero averted the
+danger by retracting his opinion in 1574, when he was informed of the
+inclinations of Philip on this subject. He then gave a new opinion,
+entirely different from the first, persuaded that it would be sent to
+Rome, which in fact was done, in order to strengthen the charges against
+Carranza: this is proved by the letter of the Supreme Council to Philip
+II., in which it announces that the censures which his majesty had
+demanded of the Archbishop of Granada were prepared, and that it was
+absolutely necessary to send them to Rome, because <i>it was to be
+apprehended that the affair would be soon concluded, that the trial went
+on quickly</i><a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a>, and <i>that it was necessary to send this document, on
+account of the high esteem in which the opinion of the archbishop was
+held in Rome</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It would be difficult to give a just idea of the intrigues which were
+employed to obtain so contrary an opinion from Guerrero. The Pope
+commanded, in a particular brief, that those censors who had been
+favourable to the Catechism should examine and censure it again, and
+afterwards give their opinions of the inedited works of Carranza. On the
+arrival of this brief, the Cardinal Quiroga, who was in the king's
+confidence, despatched persons whom he could depend upon, to the
+Archbishop of Granada, to induce him to renew his censure, <i>without
+saying that he had done it before, to conform to the king's intentions,
+but as if he only did it in obedience to the orders of his Holiness</i>.
+This intrigue is<a name="page_359" id="page_359"></a> proved by the private instructions which Quiroga gave
+to his messengers. It must be confessed that the conduct of the
+Archbishop of Granada does little honour to his memory, but it must also
+be remembered how formidable the policy of Philip II. rendered him, and
+that Guerrero was advanced in years.</p>
+
+<p><i>Don Francisco Blanco</i>, born at Capillas, in the bishopric of Leon, had
+been bishop of Orense and Malaga, when he was prosecuted on suspicion of
+Lutheranism, for the same reason as Guerrero.</p>
+
+<p>The arrest of Carranza alarmed Blanco so much, that he wrote immediately
+to the inquisitor-general, and sent him several inedited works of the
+archbishop of Toledo. He received an order to repair to Valladolid,
+where he entered into the convent of Augustins: he made his declarations
+on the 14th of September, and on the 13th of October, 1559, acknowledged
+two of his approbations, but declared that he could not consent to
+ratify them, until he had re-examined the book, since he had given them
+without reflection, and was only influenced by the great reputation of
+Carranza. It is impossible to read his declarations, and the letters
+which he wrote to the inquisitor-general, without perceiving the extreme
+terror which had seized him. He had recourse to the same means as
+Guerrero, to extricate himself from his embarrassment. This prelate died
+in 1581, after having composed several works, which are mentioned by
+Nicholas Antonio.</p>
+
+<p><i>Don Francisco Delgado</i>, born at Villa de Pen, in Rioxa, founder of the
+eldership of the Counts de Berberana, bishop of Lugo, and afterwards of
+Jaen, and one of the fathers of the council of Trent, was suspected of
+heresy for the same reasons as the two preceding prelates. He avoided
+the sentence which threatened him, by retracting his opinions in 1574.</p>
+
+<p><i>Don Andres Cuesta</i>, bishop of Leon, was prosecuted for the same cause.
+The inquisitor-general wrote to him before<a name="page_360" id="page_360"></a> the arrest of Carranza, to
+know if he had given a favourable opinion of his Catechism. The Bishop
+replied in the affirmative, and sent him a copy of his opinion. Valdés
+kept this paper, but could not make any use of it. As the Archbishop of
+Toledo had then been arrested, the trial of the Bishop of Leon was
+begun, and the inquisitor-general resolved to summon him to Valladolid.
+Valdes informed the king of this resolution, and he wrote to Cuesta,
+saying, that all that was to be done was in the cause of God, and the
+service of his majesty. The Bishop of Leon submitted without resistance;
+and on the 14th of October, 1559, he was examined in the Council of the
+Inquisition, and in the presence of all its members. The opinion which
+he had given of the catechism, in 1558, was shown to him, and he
+acknowledged it to be his, but said that if he examined it again, he
+should be able to judge differently of Carranza's doctrine. He returned
+to his diocese, and sent another favourable opinion of the catechism to
+the inquisitor-general; it was founded on many doctrinal considerations
+and reflections, which he had not made in that which he sent to
+Carranza. His letters, declarations, and opinions, show a bold and
+strong mind, which may induce one to believe that he was not provoked to
+retract in 1574, or that his trial recommenced at that period; for the
+inquisitor-general and the Supreme Council finding in 1560 that the
+trial of Carranza caused them much trouble and embarrassment, resolved
+to <i>suspend</i> the trials of the other bishops, until the result of the
+first was known.</p>
+
+<p><i>Don Antonio Gorrionero</i>, bishop of Almeria, was prosecuted for his
+favourable opinion of the Catechism, and some letters which he wrote on
+the subject. He however attended the third convocation of the council of
+Trent, which took place in 1560, and the following years.</p>
+
+<p><i>Don Fray Melchior Cano</i>, born in Tarancon, in the province of Cuença:
+he had resigned the bishopric of the Canaries, and attended the second
+session of the Council of<a name="page_361" id="page_361"></a> Trent, in 1552. He was a member of the order
+of St. Dominic, as well as Carranza, and his rival in the government and
+administration of the affairs of his order, particularly after Carranza
+had obtained the preference, when they were both candidates for the
+office of Provincial of Castile. When the Catechism was denounced to the
+Inquisition, Valdés appointed Cano to examine it, affecting to favour
+its author, by choosing qualifiers from the monks of his order, but not
+doubting, at the same time, that the opinion of Fray Melchior would be
+unfavourable.</p>
+
+<p>Fray Melchior examined the catechism, and some inedited works of
+Carranza; but it appears that he did not strictly observe the secrecy
+recommended by the inquisitors, since Carranza received information of
+what was passing, while he was in Flanders, and wrote to Fray Melchior,
+who replied to him from Valladolid, in 1559. About this time, Fray
+Dominic de Roxas, and some other Lutherans confined in the secret
+prisons of the holy office, deposed to certain facts, which caused some
+suspicion of Fray Melchior.</p>
+
+<p>However, the prosecution begun against him had no result; for at the
+time when Cano was about to be reproved by the inquisitor-general, he
+offered him the dedication of his Treatise <i>de Locis Theologicis</i>, which
+was accepted; and as he had not time to publish it, he left it to the
+inquisitor-general in his will, some time before his death, which
+happened in 1560. His censure of the Catechism of Carranza, and some
+propositions which he had maintained against the archbishop, and which
+caused the faith of that prelate to be suspected, contributed to
+preserve him from punishment. His calumnious discourse concerning
+Carranza was no doubt the reason why he was thought to be his denouncer.</p>
+
+<p><i>Don Pedro del Frago</i>, bishop of Jaca, was born in 1490, in Uncastillo,
+in the diocese of Jaca. Pedro studied at Paris, and became a Doctor of
+the Sorbonne: he learnt Hebrew and Greek, and was considered one of the
+best Latin<a name="page_362" id="page_362"></a> poets of his age. He was appointed theologian to Charles V.,
+for the first convocation of the Council of Trent; he assisted at it in
+1545, and when the second assembly took place in 1551, he preached a
+Latin sermon to the fathers, on Assumption-day: this discourse forms
+part of the collection of documents relating to the council. In 1561,
+Philip II. created him Bishop of Alguer in Sardinia, and he attended the
+third convocation of the council in that quality. Don Pedro was made,
+first, Bishop of Jaca, in 1572; and in the following year, when he was
+sixty-four years of age, the Council of the Inquisition commanded the
+inquisitors of Saragossa to take informations against this worthy
+prelate, as suspected of heresy, because he had been denounced as not
+being known to confess himself, and that he had no regular confessor; he
+was likewise accused of not celebrating mass with sufficient solemnity.
+It is surprising that the council should admit these charges, since a
+bishop is not obliged to have a regular confessor, and it is not
+necessary for any person to confess, so that the public may be informed
+of it. The other charge brought against an old man of sixty-four, shows
+that there was nothing more serious to accuse him of. Philip II., to
+reward his services, gave Don Pedro the bishopric of Huesca, in 1577,
+where he founded an episcopal seminary. He died in 1584. He held a synod
+at Huesca, in which he established constitutions, which he had drawn up
+and caused to be printed; he also composed a Journal of the most
+remarkable events in the Council of Trent, from the year 1542 to 1560,
+and much Latin poetry.</p>
+
+<p>Among the doctors of theology of the Council of Trent, who were
+persecuted or punished by the Inquisition, the most celebrated is
+<i>Benedict Arias Montano</i>, perhaps the most learned man of his age in the
+oriental tongues.</p>
+
+<p>Several towns in Spain have disputed the honour of being the place of
+his birth. Montano understood Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, Greek,
+Latin, French, Italian,<a name="page_363" id="page_363"></a> English, Dutch, and German: he was almoner to
+the king, a knight of the order of St. Jago, and doctor of theology in
+the university of Alcala.</p>
+
+<p>As there were no more copies in the trade of the <i>Polyglott</i> Bible of
+the Cardinal Ximenez de Cisneros, the celebrated Plantin, a printer at
+Antwerp, represented to Philip II. the advantages which might arise from
+a new edition, with corrections and additions. The king approved of the
+scheme, and in 1568 appointed Arias Montano to be the director of the
+undertaking; he went to Flanders to fulfil the intentions of that
+monarch, and to compose the Expurgatory <i>Index</i>, known as that of the
+Duke of Alva's. In order to make the re-impression of the Polyglott
+Bible as perfect as possible, a great number of unpublished copies of
+the Bible, in all languages, were procured; this great work is in eight
+folio volumes. St. Pius V. and Gregory XIII. expressed their approbation
+of the execution of this undertaking, in particular briefs addressed to
+their nuncios in Flanders. Arias Montano went to Rome, and presented a
+copy to the Pope in person: he made a very eloquent speech in Latin on
+the occasion, which gave great pleasure to the Pope and cardinals. The
+King of Spain made presents of these Bibles to all the princes of
+Christendom: it has been called the <i>Royal Bible</i>, because it was done
+by the king's command; the <i>Philippine</i>, from his name; of <i>Antwerp</i>,
+because it was printed in that place; <i>Plantinian</i>, from the name of the
+printer; <i>Polyglott</i>, from being in several tongues; and of <i>Montano</i>,
+because he had the direction of it, though he was assisted by many
+learned men of the universities of Paris, Louvain, and Alcala de
+Henares.</p>
+
+<p>Arias returned to Spain, where the reputation he had acquired caused
+many persons to become his enemies, particularly among the Jesuits,
+because he had not consulted Diego Lainez, Alphonso Salmeron, or the
+other Jesuits of the Council of Trent: he made another enemy in Leon de<a name="page_364" id="page_364"></a>
+Castro, a secular priest, professor of the oriental languages at
+Salamanca, because he did not consult the university, and employ him in
+the work. The certainty that he should be protected by the Jesuits
+induced him to denounce Arias Montano to the Inquisition of Rome: this
+denunciation was in Latin: he addressed another, in Spanish, to the
+Supreme Council at Madrid. Leon de Castro accused him of having given
+the Hebrew text of the Bible according to the Jewish MSS., and of having
+made the version accord with the opinions of the rabbis, without
+regarding those of the fathers of the church. He also qualified him as
+suspected of Judaism, because he affected to take the title of Rabbi,
+<i>master</i>; this, however, may be looked upon as a calumny, for in a copy
+of this Bible, which I have seen, his superscription is that of
+<i>Thalmud</i>, which means <i>disciple</i>. Other accusations were brought
+against him by the Jesuits. Leon de Castro, impatient to see Arias
+arrested, wrote on the 9th of November, 1576, to Don Fernando de la Vega
+de Fonseca, a counsellor of the <i>supreme</i>, and renewed his denunciation,
+showing by his letter that he was only actuated by resentment, at
+finding his pretended zeal so ill repaid. There is no doubt that Arias
+would have been arrested, if he had not been protected by the king, and
+if the Pope had not signified his approbation of his Bible by a special
+brief; he, however, thought it necessary to go to Rome to justify
+himself.</p>
+
+<p>Leon de Castro circulated copies of his denunciation, and the Jesuits
+did the same. He was attacked by Fray Luis Estrada, in a discourse
+addressed to Montano, in 1574; and his denunciation was also refuted by
+Pedro Chacon, another learned Spaniard, who proved the injury that would
+accrue to the Christian religion, if it was admitted that the Hebrew
+MSS. were falsified. De Castro published a reply, which he called
+<i>Apologetic</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Arias returned from Rome, and he could depend upon<a name="page_365" id="page_365"></a> the favour of the
+king; he was not arrested, but confined to the city of Madrid. The
+council decreed that a copy of the denunciations should be given to him;
+Arias replied to and refuted the charges, insinuating that this attack
+was a plot of the Jesuits.</p>
+
+<p>The inquisitor-general, in concert with the council, appointed different
+theologians as qualifiers in the trial of Arias, and remitted to them
+the denunciation of de Castro and his apology, the reply of the accused,
+and the two writings of Estrada and Chacon. The principal censor was
+Juan de Mariana, a Jesuit, who was considered very learned in the
+oriental languages, and in theology. This choice, in which the Jesuits
+had some influence, induced them to suppose that Arias would be
+condemned. They were, however, disappointed; for though Mariana declared
+that the Polyglott Bible was full of errors and inaccuracies, he
+acknowledged that they were of no importance, and were not deserving of
+theological censure. This decision induced the council to pronounce in
+favour of Arias, who was soon after informed that he had gained his
+cause at Rome. Mariana was never forgiven by the Jesuits for his
+impartiality, and they afterwards made him a victim of the Inquisition.</p>
+
+<p><i>Doctor Don Diego Sobaños</i>, rector of the university of Alcala, a
+theologian of the third convocation of the Council of Trent, not only
+expressed a favourable opinion of the Catechism of Carranza, but chiefly
+by his ascendancy over the theologians of his university, induced them
+to approve the work. He was tried by the Inquisition of Valladolid, and
+condemned to a pecuniary penalty, and to be absolved <i>ad cautelam</i>, from
+the censures which he had incurred by approving the Catechism.</p>
+
+<p><i>Diego Lainez</i>, born in Almazan, in the diocese of Siguenza, second
+general of the Society of Jesus, was denounced to the Inquisition as
+suspected of Lutheranism, and the heresy of the <i>illuminati</i>. The
+Jesuits did not pardon Valdés for<a name="page_366" id="page_366"></a> having prosecuted their general, and
+they contributed to his dismission in 1566. Diego Lainez, who was at
+Rome, succeeded in evading the jurisdiction of the Inquisition of Spain.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fray Juan de Regla</i>, a Jeronimite, who had been confessor to Charles
+V., and provincial of his order in Spain, theologian of the Council of
+Trent at the second convocation, was arrested by the Inquisition of
+Saragossa, on the denunciation of the Jesuits, as suspected of
+Lutheranism: he abjured eighteen propositions, was absolved and
+subjected to a penance.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fray Francisco Villalba</i>, a Jeronimite of Montamarta, born at Zamora,
+was one of the theologians at the second Council of Trent, and preacher
+to Charles V. and Philip II. He attended the emperor at his death, and
+pronounced his funeral oration. Philip II. had often consulted him. The
+Inquisition of Toledo began an action against him as a Lutheran, and
+being descended from the Jews. This arose from the envy of some monks of
+his order, who denounced him. The general of his order, and his
+coadjutors, made inquiries on the genealogy of Villalba, and discovered
+that he was not descended either from the Jews or any persons punished
+by the Inquisition. The protection of the king prevented the Inquisition
+from obtaining witnesses soon enough to substantiate the charges, and
+they did not dare to arrest him without further information. At this
+period, in 1575, Villalba died at the Escurial, leaving, among honest
+Spaniards, the reputation of being a good Catholic.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fray Michel de Medina</i>, a Franciscan, was a theologian of the third
+convocation of the Council of Trent. He was born at Benalcazar, and
+became a member of the college of St. Peter and St. Paul at the
+university of Alcala, and guardian of the convent of Franciscans at
+Toledo; he died in 1578, in the secret prisons of that city, after
+having been sentenced as suspected of professing the opinions of
+Luther.<a name="page_367" id="page_367"></a> This accusation was occasioned by his great esteem for the
+theological writings of Fray Juan de Fero, a monk of his order. He
+published some of his works, which were denounced to the Inquisition,
+and Medina wrote an apology for them, which was placed in the index by
+Cardinal Quiroga, in 1583. Nicolas Antonio has given notices of some
+works of Medina, and asserts that he justified himself on his doctrine.
+This statement is inaccurate, for Medina was declared to be suspected,
+and however innocent he may be supposed, his works were condemned, and
+he would have been obliged to abjure and receive absolution <i>ad
+cautelam</i>, if death had not arrested the progress of his trial.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fray Pedro de Soto</i>, a Dominican, confessor to Charles V. and first
+theologian of Pope Pius IV. in the third convocation of the Council of
+Trent. He was persecuted by the Inquisition of Valladolid in 1560, on
+suspicion of Lutheranism: this suspicion was founded on the declarations
+of some accomplices of Cazalla, of the favourable opinion given by Fray
+Pedro on the Catechism of Carranza, of his letters to the archbishop,
+his efforts to induce Fray Dominic de Soto to retract his first opinions
+of the work, and to approve it, and on what he said at the council.
+Pedro de Soto was not arrested, as he died at Trent in 1563, during the
+first forms of his trial. He was taken by Philip II. to England, to
+labour in the cause of religion. Nicolas Antonio mentions his works.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fray Dominic de Soto</i>, a Dominican, professor at Salamanca, attended
+the two first convocations of the Council of Trent; he had a great
+knowledge of theology, but he showed himself full of deceit and without
+any resolution, when, wishing to favour two adverse parties at the same
+time, he lost the esteem of both. An account of his conduct towards the
+Doctor Egidius has been already given. He did not act with more
+sincerity in the affair of the companion of his studies, the Archbishop
+of Toledo. The inquisitors of Valladolid<a name="page_368" id="page_368"></a> commissioned him to examine
+and censure the Catechism of Carranza: he noted two hundred
+propositions, as <i>heretical</i>, <i>ill-sounding</i>, or <i>favouring the
+heretics</i>. The archbishop being informed of his conduct, wrote to Pedro
+de Soto in September, 1558, to complain of Fray Dominic, and begged that
+he would take his part and defend him. An epistolary correspondence was
+the result of this letter, and when Carranza was arrested, the letters
+were found among his papers: among them was one which deserves
+particular attention; in it Fray Dominic speaks of the trials he had
+been put to by the inquisitors of Valladolid, and the violence which was
+used to make him censure the Catechism as he had done, although he had
+said that he thought it good and according with sound doctrine. These
+words were the origin of his trial, and it is certain that he would have
+been arrested and taken to the secret prisons; but he died on the 17th
+of December, 1560, when his trial began to assume a dangerous aspect.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fray Juan de Ludeña</i>, Dominican, born at Madrid, prior of the convent
+of St. Paul at Valladolid, and the author of several controversial works
+against the Lutherans. He was prosecuted by the Inquisition of
+Valladolid in 1559 for Lutheranism, because he gave a favourable opinion
+of the Catechism of Carranza. He was not taken to the prisons, but
+appeared at the <i>audiences of the charges</i> in the hall of the tribunal.
+He justified himself by declaring that he had only read the work through
+rapidly, on account of his great confidence in the virtue of the author,
+and because he did not discover any error in doctrine: he was condemned
+to a private penance, which was not at all humiliating. This precaution,
+which prevented his trial from becoming public, gave him the liberty of
+attending the third convocation of the Council of Trent in the quality
+of procurator to the Bishop of Siguenza, and of preaching before the
+fathers of that assembly on the first Sunday in Advent, 1563. If Ludeña
+had had the<a name="page_369" id="page_369"></a> boldness to defend his censure, he would certainly have
+been punished severely.</p>
+
+<p>To this account a list of other prelates prosecuted by the Inquisition
+is added, but those mentioned in the former chapters are omitted.</p>
+
+<p><i>Abad y la Sierra</i> (Don Augustine), bishop of Barbastro. He was
+denounced at Madrid in 1796 as a Jansenist, because he corresponded with
+some of the French bishops who had taken the oaths. This denunciation
+had no result. He was attacked a second time at Saragossa in 1801. His
+accusers renewed the charge of correspondence with the French bishops,
+and his having granted matrimonial dispensations according to a royal
+order was imputed to him as a crime. This accusation failed as well as
+the former.</p>
+
+<p><i>Abad y la Sierra</i> (Don Manuel), archbishop of Selimbria <i>in partibus
+infidelium</i>, inquisitor-general after Don Augustine Rubin de Cevallos.
+In 1794 Charles IV. commanded him to quit his office, and to retire to
+Sopetran, a Benedictine monastery near Madrid. Don Manuel was possessed
+of great talents and profound learning; his opinions were enlightened in
+the highest degree. In 1793 this prelate commanded me to make him a plan
+for an establishment of learned qualifiers to censure books and persons.
+After being informed of the principles of my system, he commissioned me
+to write a work to expose the vices of the procedure of the holy office,
+and to propose one more useful to religion and the state. When this
+prelate lost his office of inquisitor-general, he was denounced as a
+Jansenist by a fanatical monk, but the information was neglected.</p>
+
+<p><i>Arrellano</i> (Don Joseph Xavier Rodriguez d'), archbishop of Burgos, and
+a member of the council extraordinary of Charles III. This prelate has
+composed a great number of works on the theological principles of the
+<i>Summary of St. Thomas</i>, which are taught by the Dominicans, and are in
+opposition to the moral of the Jesuits. The partisans of the<a name="page_370" id="page_370"></a> Jesuits,
+and some friends of the Inquisition, denounced Arellano as a Jansenist,
+because he expressed opinions favourable to temporal power, and defended
+the royal and civil authorities against the holy office. The inquisitors
+could not take any advantage of the denunciation, because it did not
+express any particular proposition.</p>
+
+<p><i>Buruaga</i> (Don Thomas Saenz de). He was archbishop of Saragossa, and
+incurred the same danger as Arellano.</p>
+
+<p><i>Muzquiz</i> (Don Raphaël de), born at Viana in Navarre. He was almoner and
+preacher to Charles III. and Charles IV., confessor of the Queen Louisa,
+successively bishop of Avila and archbishop of Santiago. He was
+implicated in the affairs of Don Antonio de la Cuesta and his brother,
+and this was sufficient to induce the inquisitors to prosecute him. This
+prelate was one of the persecutors of the two brothers. Charles IV.,
+having ordered the writings of the trial to be submitted to him,
+discovered the intrigue, and condemned the archbishop to pay a
+considerable fine, and receive a reprimand.</p>
+
+<p><i>Acuña</i> (Don Antonio), bishop of Zamora, commander of one of the armies
+of Castile, which were raised by the people for the war of the <i>Commons</i>
+against the oppression of the Flemings, who governed Spain in the name
+of Charles V. That prince wished that the bishop and the priests who
+engaged in the war, as soldiers, should be punished by the Inquisition
+as suspected of heresy, because they acted in opposition to the spirit
+of peace taught by Jesus Christ and his Apostles, and contrary to the
+spirit of the Catholic Church. Leo X., however, pretended that it would
+be a scandal if the bishop was punished by the holy office; and that it
+would be sufficient if he was judged at Rome, and the priests by their
+diocesan prelates.</p>
+
+<p><i>La Plana-Castillon</i> (Don Joseph de), bishop of Tarragona. He was a
+member of the council-extraordinary convoked by Charles III. The
+inquisitors noted him as a Jansenist for the same reasons as
+<i>Arellano</i>.<a name="page_371" id="page_371"></a></p>
+
+<p><i>Mendoza</i> (Don Alvarez de), bishop of Avila. He was noted in the
+registers of the Inquisition as suspected of heresy, from the
+declarations of some of the witnesses in the trial of Carranza.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXX" id="CHAPTER_XXX"></a>CHAPTER XXX.<br /><br />
+<small>OF THE PROSECUTION OF SEVERAL SAINTS AND HOLY PERSONS BY THE INQUISITION.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">A<small>N</small> account has been already given of the persecutions of Don Ferdinand
+de Talavera, first Archbishop of Granada; of Juan Davila, surnamed the
+Apostle of Andalusia; and of San Juan de Dios, founder of the
+congregation of Hospitallers. The following is a list of other holy
+persons who have been prosecuted by the holy office:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>St. Ignacius de Loyola was denounced as an <i>illuminati</i> to the
+Inquisition of Valladolid; and when the inquisitors were about to arrest
+him, he went to France, afterwards to Italy, and arrived at Rome, where
+he was tried and acquitted; after having been so likewise in Spain by a
+juridical sentence of the vicar-general of the Bishop of Salamanca. His
+real name was Iñigo.</p>
+
+<p>Melchior Cano says, in an unpublished work written during the life of
+Iñigo, "that he fled from Spain when the Inquisition intended to arrest
+him as a heretic of the sect of <i>Illuminati</i>. He went to Rome, and
+wished to be judged by the Pope. As no person appeared to accuse him, he
+was discharged."</p>
+
+<p>It is certain that St. Ignacius was arrested at Salamanca in 1527, as a
+<i>fanatic</i> and <i>illuminati</i>, and that he recovered his liberty in about
+twenty-two days; he was enjoined in his preaching from qualifying mortal
+or venial sins, until he had studied theology four years. It is also
+true that when the inquisitors of Valladolid learnt that the saint was
+in prison,<a name="page_372" id="page_372"></a> they wrote to cause an inquest to be made of the words and
+actions which caused a suspicion that he was one of the <i>Illuminati</i>.</p>
+
+<p>But it is not proved that Ignacius quitted Spain to escape from
+punishment; it appears that he only fulfilled his intention of studying
+theology at Paris. The humility of the saint was so great, that when he
+was denounced a second time in that city, to Matthew d'Ory the
+apostolical inquisitor, he surrendered himself voluntarily, and had no
+difficulty in proving his orthodoxy.</p>
+
+<p>It is not more certain that he went to Rome at that time, since he was
+still at Paris in 1535, and he afterwards returned to Spain, where he
+remained a year without being molested, though he preached in several
+provinces. He then embarked for Italy, went first to Bologna, and then
+to Venice, where he was a third time denounced as a heretic, but
+justified himself to the papal nuncio, and was admitted into the
+priesthood in that city. Ignacius arrived in Rome in 1538.</p>
+
+<p>It cannot be proved that he was acquitted at Rome because he had no
+accuser, since any criminal may be prosecuted by the minister of the
+public and punished. It is true that there was not at that time a
+particular tribunal of the Inquisition at Rome; but the civil judges
+could punish heretics, and the procurator-fiscal impeached the
+criminals. St. Ignacius was again denounced by a Spaniard named Navarro.
+The informer deposed that Ignacius had been accused and convicted of
+several heresies in Spain, France, and Venice, and charged him with some
+other crimes. Fortunately his three judges knew his innocence, and he
+was acquitted. His accuser was banished for life, and three Spaniards
+who had supported his evidence were condemned to retract.</p>
+
+<p>Thus it appears that Melchior Cano was misinformed when he wrote, ten
+years after, that Iñigo was acquitted because no accuser appeared.<a name="page_373" id="page_373"></a></p>
+
+<p>St. Francis de Borgia, a disciple of Loyola, and third general of his
+order, succeeded Lainez, in 1565, and died 1572. He had been the Duke de
+Gandia, and was cousin to the king in the third degree, by his mother,
+Jane of Arragon.</p>
+
+<p>In 1559, the Inquisition of Valladolid tried several Lutherans, who were
+condemned. Many of these heretics, who endeavoured to justify themselves
+by supporting their doctrine by the opinions of St. Francis de Borgia,
+whose virtue was well known, related some discourses and actions of this
+saint, to prove that they thought as he did on the justification of
+souls by faith, on the passion and death of Jesus Christ; and added, to
+strengthen their defence, the authority of some mystic treatises. Among
+these involuntary persecutors, was Fray Dominic de Roxas, his near
+relation, and advantage was taken of a former denunciation of his
+<i>Treatise on Christian Works</i>, which he composed while he was known as
+the Duke of Gandia.</p>
+
+<p>This book, the discourse of Melchior Cano, and the Dominicans, caused
+him to be accused as favouring the heresy of the <i>Illuminati</i>. Neither
+his merit, nor his near relationship to the king, would have saved him
+from the prisons of Valladolid, if he had not hastened to Rome the
+moment he was informed that his trial had commenced, and that his
+enemies would endeavour to secure his person. He escaped from the
+Inquisition, but he had the mortification of seeing his work twice
+placed in the Index, in 1559 and in 1583.</p>
+
+<p>Juan de Ribera was a natural son of Don Pedro Afan de Ribera, Duke of
+Alcala, and Viceroy of Naples and Catalonia. In 1568, he passed from the
+bishopric of Badajoz to the archbishopric of Valencia. His life was
+irreproachable; but his great charity and ardent zeal, in endeavouring
+to reform the clergy, made him many enemies.</p>
+
+<p>In 1570 Philip II. commanded him to visit the University of Valencia,
+and reform some of its rules. The archbishop began to fulfil his
+commission, but offended some of the<a name="page_374" id="page_374"></a> doctors, who conspired against
+him. They circulated defamatory libels concerning him, during a whole
+year, and the affair was carried so far that a monk prayed for his
+conversion publicly in the church of Valencia. Ribera was denounced to
+the Inquisition, as a heretic, fanatic, and one of the <i>Illuminati</i>.</p>
+
+<p>St. Juan de Ribera would not demand the punishment of his slanderers;
+but the procurator-fiscal being informed that Onuphrius Gacet, a member
+of the college, was the principal author of the intrigue, denounced him
+to the provisor and vicar-general of the archbishop. Gacet being
+convicted, was imprisoned. The archbishop did not think it proper that a
+judge belonging to his own household should take cognizance of offences
+which concerned him personally; and in order to remove all suspicion of
+partiality, he wished that the trial should be transferred to the
+Inquisition of Valencia, as some of the libels and texts of Scripture
+were employed in so scandalous a manner, that they came under the
+jurisdiction of the tribunal.</p>
+
+<p>St. Juan de Ribera communicated his design to the Cardinal Espinosa,
+inquisitor-general, who commanded the inquisitors of Valencia to
+continue the trial. The inquisitors had already begun the preparatory
+instruction against the archbishop according to the denunciations;
+witnesses were found to support them, which is not surprising, since
+every accuser caused the men devoted to his party to sign his deposition
+as witnesses. The trial, however, took a sudden turn; instead of
+proceeding in the usual forms, the inquisitor caused a decree to be read
+in all the churches of Valencia, enjoining every individual to denounce
+all those who employed passages of the Holy Scriptures in a scandalous
+manner, on pain of excommunication. The informations began, and the
+inquisitors arrested both priests and laymen. The affair was carried on
+as a matter of faith; some of the accused were already condemned, and
+others on the point of being so, when the procurator<a name="page_375" id="page_375"></a> of the holy office
+declared that doubts existed of the competence of the inquisitors, and
+advised that the affair should be referred to the Pope, who would
+appease the scruples.</p>
+
+<p>The tribunal approved of the proposition, and in 1572, Gregory XIII.
+expedited a brief, which contained all that has been here related, and
+authorized the inquisitor-general, and the provincial inquisitors, to
+decide in similar cases, and at the same time sanctioned all that had
+been done. The inquisitors then condemned several persons, some to
+corporal punishments, others to pecuniary penalties, declaring that they
+should have been more severe, but from consideration for the archbishop,
+who had solicited the pardon of the criminals, that no person might
+suffer from an injury done to him.</p>
+
+<p>St. Theresa de Jesus, one of the most celebrated women in Spain for her
+talents, was accused before the Inquisition of Seville. She was not
+imprisoned, because the trial was suspended after the preparatory
+instructions. She was born at Avila, in 1515.</p>
+
+<p>St. Juan de la Crux, who united with St. Theresa in reforming the
+Convents of Carmelites, was born at Ontiveros in the diocese of Avila,
+in 1542. He was prosecuted by the Inquisitions of Seville, Toledo, and
+Valladolid. He was denounced as a fanatic, and of the <i>Illuminati</i>: the
+proceedings did not go farther than the preparatory instruction. St.
+Juan de la Crux died at Ubeda, in 1591. He composed several works on
+mental orisons.</p>
+
+<p>St. Joseph de Calasanz, founder of the institute of regular clerks of
+the Christian schools. He was imprisoned in the dungeons of the holy
+office as a fanatic, and of the <i>Illuminati</i>; but he justified himself
+and was acquitted. He died some time after, at the age of ninety-two. He
+was born in 1556.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Venerables.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">The venerable Fray Louis de Grenada, born in 1504, was<a name="page_376" id="page_376"></a> the disciple of
+Juan d'Avila; he was of the order of St. Dominic, and left several works
+on religion. He was implicated in the trial of the Lutherans at
+Valladolid; Fray Dominic de Roxas defended his opinions, by saying that
+they were the same as those of Fray Louis de Grenada, Carranza, and
+other good Catholics. The procurator-fiscal made Fray Dominic renew his
+declaration, with the intention of producing him as a witness in the
+trial of Fray Louis: Fray Dominic was burnt five days after. A sentence
+condemning some of his works was also brought against Fray Louis.</p>
+
+<p>He was denounced a third time as one of the <i>Illuminati</i>, but was
+acquitted. Fray Louis died in 1588. His works are well known: it is
+singular that the Index in which his condemnation was published, was
+afterwards prohibited by the inquisitor-general Quiroga.</p>
+
+<p>The venerable Don Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, the natural son of Don
+James Palafox, afterwards Marquis de Hariza and of Donna Maria de
+Mendoza (who soon after became a Carmelite); he was born in 1600. He was
+made Bishop de la Puebla de los Angelos, in America, in 1639; afterwards
+Archbishop and Viceroy of Mexico; and lastly, Bishop of Osma, in Spain,
+in 1653. He died in 1659, leaving several works on history, devotion,
+and mysticity, and with so great a reputation of sanctity, that his
+canonization is pending at Rome.</p>
+
+<p>Don Juan had great disputes with the Jesuits in America, on account of
+the privileges of his rank, of which the Fathers wished to deprive him.
+The most important of his writings, is his letter to Pope Innocent X.,
+who terminated their disputes, to a certain degree, by a brief, in 1648.
+The Jesuits did not consider themselves vanquished; they denounced the
+archbishop as one of the <i>Illuminati</i> and a false devotee, at Rome, at
+Madrid, and at Mexico. The provincial inquisitors of the last city
+applied to the Supreme Council, and the venerable Palafox suffered
+everything from<a name="page_377" id="page_377"></a> them which they could inflict, except imprisonment.
+They condemned and prohibited the writings which the archbishop had
+published in his defence, and circulated those of his adversaries, and
+some libels which they had framed to ruin Don Antonio Gabiola,
+procurator-fiscal to the Inquisition, who openly disapproved of the
+conduct of the Jesuits.</p>
+
+<p>This officer wrote to Palafox in 1647, exhorting him to make every
+effort, that the trials before the Inquisition of Mexico should proceed
+in a regular manner, according to the spirit of the institution, and
+encouraging him to oppose his formidable enemies.</p>
+
+<p>The Jesuits, by their intrigues, succeeded in causing some of the works
+of Palafox to be placed in the Index, but the congregation of cardinals
+having afterwards declared that they contained nothing reprehensible, or
+which could impede his beatification, the inquisitors were obliged to
+efface them from the catalogue.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXI" id="CHAPTER_XXXI"></a>CHAPTER XXXI.<br /><br />
+<small>OF THE CELEBRATED TRIAL OF DON CARLOS, PRINCE OF THE ASTURIAS.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">A<small>LL</small> Europe has believed that Philip II. caused the Inquisition to
+proceed against Don Carlos his only son; that the inquisitors condemned
+the prince to death, and that they only differed on the manner in which
+the sentence was to be executed. Some writers have gone so far as to
+record the conversations which took place, on this occasion, between
+Philip and the inquisitor-general, Don Carlos and other persons, with as
+much confidence as if they had been present at them, and have even
+quoted part of the sentence as if they had read it.</p>
+
+<p>As it has been my principal aim to ascertain the truth, I<a name="page_378" id="page_378"></a> have examined
+the archives of the Council of the Inquisition and others, and I, in
+consequence, affirm, that Don Carlos was never tried or condemned by the
+Inquisition; an opinion only was given against the prince by the
+councillors of state, whose president was the Cardinal Espinosa, who at
+that time was the king's favourite. The circumstance of the cardinal
+being inquisitor-general may have been the cause of the mistake; the
+deaths of the Count de Egmont and other noblemen, and the intention of
+establishing the Inquisition in the Low Countries, may have tended to
+confirm the general opinion.</p>
+
+<p>Don Carlos lost his life in consequence of a verbal sentence approved by
+his father, and the holy office was not concerned in it. As I wrote only
+the history of the Inquisition, this fact renders it unnecessary to say
+more on the subject; but as almost all the historians of Europe have
+said that the inquisitors condemned Don Carlos, the beat way of
+disproving it is to relate the facts as they occurred.</p>
+
+<p>Don Carlos was born at Valladolid, on the 8th of July in 1545, and lost
+his mother, Maria of Portugal, four days after his birth. Charles V.
+scarcely ever saw him until the year 1557, when he abdicated and retired
+to the monastery of St. Juste in Estremadura. He visited his grandson in
+passing through Valladolid. It is not true that Charles V. educated Don
+Carlos, and formed his mind; but during his various journeys he gave him
+good preceptors. The young prince was nine years old, and his father was
+on the point of embarking for England, when the emperor wrote a letter
+from Germany, dated the 3rd of July, 1554, in which he speaks (among
+other tutors intended for his grandson) of Don Honorato Juanez, one of
+the greatest humanists of his age, and afterwards Bishop of Osma<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a>. It
+is evident that Don Carlos was not fond of learning, by a letter from
+his father,<a name="page_379" id="page_379"></a> dated Brussels, 15th of March, 1558, in which he thanks the
+preceptor for the trouble he took to give his pupil a taste for reading
+and to inculcate moral principles; he desires him to pursue the same
+plan, adding, that "though Don Carlos may not profit by it so much as he
+ought, it will not be entirely useless. I have also written to Don
+Garcia to pay particular attention in selecting those who see and visit
+the prince; it will be better to put a taste for study into his head
+than many other things<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a>." Philip had imbibed a very disadvantageous
+opinion of his son's character; he had been informed that the prince
+amused himself with cutting the throats of the young rabbits which were
+brought to him, and that he appeared to take pleasure in seeing them
+expire. Fabian Estrada relates that the same thing was remarked by a
+Venetian ambassador<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>War had been declared between France and Spain, and the two powers were
+on the point of giving battle in August, 1558, but at the same time were
+negotiating a peace in the secret conference held at the Abbey of
+Corpans. One of the articles states that Don Carlos, when he arrived at
+a proper age, should marry Isabella, daughter to Henry II., King of
+France: the prince was thirteen years of age, and the princess twelve.
+This circumstance, and the custom observed at that period, of keeping
+the preliminaries of a peace secret till its conclusion, entirely
+disproves all that has been said of the love of the young princess,
+which is the more improbable, as she had never even seen the prince's
+picture, and very unfavourable accounts of his education had been
+received. Charles V., after his retirement, had been heard to say, that
+he thought his grandson showed a very vicious disposition. This may be
+attributed to the education given him by his uncle and aunt, Maximilian,
+King of Bohemia, afterwards<a name="page_380" id="page_380"></a> Emperor, and Jane of Austria. They paid the
+greatest attention to the health of Don Carlos, but neglected to repress
+his violent inclinations, and confided the care of forming his character
+to his governor, his master, and his principal chaplain.</p>
+
+<p>The secret preliminaries only preceded the definitive treaty of peace,
+which was concluded at Cambray on the 8th of April, 1559. Mary, Queen of
+England, died during the interval, and Philip II., being then a widower,
+and only thirty-two years of age, while Don Carlos was scarcely
+fourteen, Henry II. thought it better to marry his daughter to the king.
+The marriage of Isabella to Philip was therefore agreed upon in the
+twenty-seventh article, and the secret article in the preliminaries was
+not mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>The marriage was celebrated at Toledo, on the 2nd of February, 1560. The
+general Cortes of the kingdom was then held: the members took the oaths
+of fidelity to Don Carlos, and acknowledged him as the successor to the
+crown, on the 22nd of the same month. The young queen could not attend
+this ceremony, as she was attacked by the small pox a few days after her
+marriage. Don Carlos had also fallen sick of the quartan fever, some
+time before the arrival of the queen in Spain. Although this disorder
+did not prevent him from riding on horseback, and attending at the
+assembly of the Cortes, it appears, from contemporary writers, that it
+rendered him thin, weak, and pale. This circumstance makes it improbable
+that he was handsome, and renders the journey which Mercier pretends
+that he made to meet the queen at Alcala extremely doubtful.</p>
+
+<p>When she became convalescent, Isabella must certainly have been made
+acquainted with the neglected education of Don Carlos, his bad
+principles, and his insupportable pride. She could not be ignorant how
+ill he treated his attendants; that when he was angry he broke anything
+he could seize; and she was probably informed of his behaviour to the
+Duke of Alva, at the assembly of the Cortes. The duke had the<a name="page_381" id="page_381"></a> entire
+regulation of everything relating to the ceremonies, and was so much
+occupied, that he forgot to attend Don Carlos when he ought to have
+taken the oath of fidelity. He was sought for, and found, but the young
+prince was furious, and insulted him so grossly, that he almost made him
+forget the respect which was due to him. The king compelled Don Carlos
+to make an apology to the duke; but it was too late, they hated each
+other mortally all their lives.</p>
+
+<p>I have not found in the MSS. I have examined, anything which might lead
+to the supposition that Don Carlos was in love with the queen; the
+opinion must have been founded on the article in the secret
+preliminaries, which, there is reason to suppose, the prince was never
+acquainted with. He had scarcely recovered, and the queen was still in a
+state of convalescence, when the king sent him to Alcala de Henares. He
+was accompanied by Don John of Austria, his uncle, and by Alexander
+Farnese, the hereditary Prince of Parma, his cousin; his governor,
+master, and almoner, also attended him, with other domestics. The king
+expected that this journey would restore the health of his son, and also
+wished that he should apply himself to his studies, for he did not yet
+understand Latin. Don Honorato Juanez perceived his dislike to learning
+foreign languages, and therefore gave him his lessons in Spanish.</p>
+
+<p>On the 9th of May, 1552, Don Carlos, who was then seventeen years of
+age, fell down the staircase of his palace, and received several wounds,
+principally in the spine and head, some of which appeared to be mortal.
+As soon as the king was informed of the accident, he set off for the
+palace, that he might give him every assistance, and ordered all the
+archbishops, and other superior ecclesiastics of the kingdom, to offer
+up prayers for the recovery of his son. The king, supposing him to be
+already at the point of death, sent for the body of the blessed Diego, a
+lay Franciscan, by which it<a name="page_382" id="page_382"></a> was said that many miracles had been
+performed. This body was laid upon that of Don Carlos, and as he began
+to recover from that time, it was attributed to the protection of St.
+Diego, who was canonized a short time after, at the request of Philip
+II. It must be observed, that the prince was attended by the celebrated
+Don Andrea Basilio, the king's physician, who opened his skull, freed it
+from a considerable quantity of water which had accumulated, and thus
+saved his life; but he never entirely recovered, and was subject to
+pains and weakness in the head, which prevented him from studying, and
+by producing a disorder in his ideas, rendered his character still more
+insupportable.</p>
+
+<p>Don Carlos returned to court in 1564, emancipated from his masters:
+Philip recompensed Don Honorato Juanez, by making him bishop of Osma.
+The solid piety and amiableness of this prelate had inspired Don Carlos
+with an affection which their separation did not interrupt: this is
+proved by his letters, which do not give a very advantageous idea of his
+capacity or information. He often left sentences imperfect, and a
+different meaning might be inferred from them from what he wished to
+express. The following is a letter addressed to the prelate:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"To my master the bishop.&mdash;My master: I have received your letter in the
+wood: I am well. God knows how much I should have been delighted to go
+to see you with the queen<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a>: let me know how you were, and if there
+was much expense. I went from Alameda to Buitrago, which appeared to me
+very well. I went to the wood in two days; I returned here in two days,
+where I have been from Wednesday till to day. I am well; I finish. From
+the country, June 2nd. My best friend in this world. I will do every
+thing that you wish: I, the Prince." He finishes another letter dated on
+St. John's day, in the same terms.<a name="page_383" id="page_383"></a></p>
+
+<p>Don Carlos was so much attached to the bishop, that he obtained a brief
+from the Pope, granting him permission to reside half the year in
+Madrid, that he might enjoy his society; but the infirmities of Don
+Honorato prevented him from making use of the permission, and soon
+caused his death. This prelate availed himself of the attachment of Don
+Carlos to give him good advice: the prince appears to have received it
+as he ought, but his conduct was not improved by it. He gave himself up
+without restraint to the impetuosity of his passions. Some instances may
+undeceive those who approve the pompous eulogium bestowed on the talents
+and generosity of Don Carlos, by St. Real, Mercier, and others.</p>
+
+<p>One day, when the prince was hunting in the wood of Aceca, he was in
+such a passion with his governor, Don Garcia de Toledo, that he rode
+after him to beat him. Don Garcia, fearing that he should be forced to
+forget the respect due to his prince, took flight, and did not stop till
+he reached Madrid, where Philip II. bestowed several favours on him to
+induce him to forget the insult he had received: he, however, requested
+to be dismissed, and the king appointed in his place Ruy Gomez de Sylva,
+Prince of Evoli. This nobleman was also subjected to the most
+disagreeable scenes from the violent fits of rage to which Don Carlos
+gave way<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Don Diego Espinosa (afterwards a cardinal, and Bishop of Siguenza,
+Inquisitor-general and Councillor of State) was the president of the
+Council of Castile, and banished from Madrid a comedian named
+<i>Cisneros</i>, at the time when he was about to perform in a comedy in the
+apartment of Don Carlos. The prince desired the president to suspend the
+sentence until after the representation; but receiving an unfavourable
+answer, he ran after him in the palace with a poniard in his hand. In a
+transport of rage he insulted him publicly, saying to him, "What, little
+priest, do you dare<a name="page_384" id="page_384"></a> to oppose me, and prevent Cisneros from doing as I
+wish? By the life of my father, I will kill you!" He would have done so,
+if some grandees who were present had not interposed, and if the
+president had not retired<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Don Antonio de Cordova, brother of the Marquis de las Navas, and the
+prince's chamberlain, slept in his apartment. It once happened that he
+did not wake soon enough to attend the prince when he rung his bell; Don
+Carlos quitted his bed in a fury, and attempted to throw him out at the
+window. Don Alphonso, fearing to fail in respect to the prince in
+resisting him, cried out, and the servants immediately came in; he then
+repaired to the king's apartment, who, on being informed of what had
+passed, took him into his own service<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>He often struck his servants. His boot-maker having unfortunately
+brought him a pair of boots which were too small, he had them cut to
+pieces and cooked, and forced the man to eat them, which made him so ill
+that he nearly lost his life. He persisted in going out of the palace at
+night contrary to all advice, and in a short time his conduct became
+extremely scandalous and irregular. It is scarcely possible that the
+queen could be ignorant of all these occurrences; and if she was
+acquainted with them, it cannot be reasonably supposed that she could
+have any inclination for Don Carlos.</p>
+
+<p>In 1565, Don Carlos attempted to go secretly to Flanders, contrary to
+the will of his father; he was assisted in this enterprise by the Count
+de Gelbes and the Marquis de Tabera, his chamberlain. The prince
+intended to take his governor, the Prince d'Evoli, with him (not
+considering that he was in the confidence of the king); he thought his
+presence would make it supposed that he travelled with the king's
+consent. His flatterers procured fifty thousand crowns for him, and four
+habits to disguise themselves when they<a name="page_385" id="page_385"></a> left Madrid: they were
+persuaded that if the Prince d'Evoli began the journey, he would be
+obliged to go on, or that they might get rid of him; but that able
+politician baffled this scheme in the manner related by Cabrera in his
+Life of Philip II.</p>
+
+<p>The Bishop of Osma being informed of the irregular conduct of Don
+Carlos, and having also received private orders from the king, wrote a
+long letter to him<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a>, directing him how to behave to the king's
+ministers, and demonstrating the incalculable evils that would arise
+from a different line of conduct. He took particular pains to avoid an
+insinuation that the prince stood in need of these admonitions. Don
+Carlos received the letter with the respect he always showed for the
+worthy prelate, but he did not follow his advice, and had given himself
+up to the greatest excesses, when he learnt that his father had bestowed
+the government of Flanders on the Duke of Alva. The duke went to take
+leave of the prince, who told him that the government was more suitable
+to the heir of the crown. The duke replied, that doubtless the king did
+not wish to expose him to the dangers which he would incur in the Low
+Countries from the quarrels which had arisen between the principal
+noblemen. This reply, instead of appeasing Don Carlos, irritated him
+still more; he drew his dagger, and endeavoured to stab the duke,
+crying, <i>I will soon prevent you from going to Flanders, for I will stab
+you to the heart before you shall go</i>. The duke avoided the blow by
+stepping back; the prince continued the attack, and the duke had no
+means of escaping but by seizing Don Carlos in his arms, and although
+their strength was very unequal, he succeeded in arresting the blows of
+this madman. As Don Carlos still struggled, the duke made a noise in the
+apartment, and the chamberlains entered; the prince then made his
+escape, and retired to his cabinet to await the result<a name="page_386" id="page_386"></a> of this scene,
+which could not but be disagreeable if the king was informed of it<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The vices of Don Carlos could not destroy the affection of the Emperor
+of Germany, his uncle, or that of the Empress Maria, his aunt. These
+sovereigns wished to marry him to Anne of Austria, their daughter: this
+princess had been known to Don Carlos from her earliest years, as she
+was born at Cigales in Spain in 1549. Philip consented to this marriage;
+but fearing, perhaps, to make his niece miserable if the character and
+morals of Don Carlos did not change, he proceeded in the affair with his
+usual tardiness. On the contrary, as soon as the prince was informed of
+what was in contemplation, he wished to marry his cousin immediately;
+and for that purpose resolved to go to Germany without the consent of
+his father, hoping that his presence at Vienna would induce the emperor
+to overcome all difficulties. Full of this idea, he employed himself in
+the execution of his design, and was assisted by the Prince of Orange,
+the Marquis de Berg, the Counts Horn and Egmont, and by the Baron de
+Montigny, the chiefs of the conspiracy in Flanders. Don Carlos must be
+also included among the victims of this conspiracy<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis de Berg and the Baron de Montigny were sent to Madrid as the
+deputies of the provinces of Flanders, with the consent of Margaret of
+Austria, then governess of the Low Countries, to arrange some points
+relative to the establishment of the Inquisition, and other
+circumstances which had caused disturbances. These deputies discovered
+the prince's intention; they endeavoured to confirm him in his
+resolution, and offered to assist him: it was necessary to make use of
+an intermediate person in this affair, and they had recourse to M. de
+Vendome, the king's chamberlain. They promised Don Carlos to declare him
+chief governor of<a name="page_387" id="page_387"></a> the Low Countries, if he would allow liberty of
+opinion in religion. Gregorio Leti speaks of a letter from Don Carlos to
+the Count d'Egmont, which was found among the papers of the Duke of
+Alva, and was the cause of the execution of the Counts Egmont and Horn:
+the Prince of Orange made his escape. At the same time the government
+was preparing (though by indirect means) the punishment of the deputies
+in Spain.</p>
+
+<p>The prince did not accept the money offered by these noblemen for his
+journey, and the steps he took to obtain it himself, occasioned the
+discovery of the conspiracy. He wrote to almost all the grandees of
+Spain, to request their assistance in an enterprise which he had
+planned. He received favourable answers; but most of them contained the
+condition, <i>that the enterprise should not be directed against the
+king</i>. The Admiral of Castile was not satisfied with this precaution.
+The mysterious silence in which this scheme was wrapped, and his
+knowledge of the small share of understanding possessed by Don Carlos,
+made him suspect that the enterprise was criminal.</p>
+
+<p>In order to prevent the danger, the admiral remitted the prince's letter
+to the king, who had already been informed of the affair by Don John of
+Austria, to whom Don Carlos had communicated it. Some persons suspected
+that the assassination of the king formed part of the conspiracy, but
+the letters only prove the attempt to obtain money. Don Carlos had taken
+into his confidence Garci Alvarez Osorio, his valet-de-chambre, and
+commissioned him to give explanations of the design alluded to in the
+letters which he carried. This confidant made several journeys to
+Valladolid, Burgos, and other cities in Castile, in pursuance of his
+master's plan.</p>
+
+<p>The prince did not obtain as much money as he required, and on the 1st
+of December, 1567, wrote to Osorio from Madrid; the letter was
+countersigned by his secretary,<a name="page_388" id="page_388"></a> Martin de Gaztalu. He says that he had
+only received six thousand ducats on all the promises and letters of
+change which had been negotiated in Castile, and that he wanted six
+hundred thousand for the plan in question. In order to procure this sum
+he sent him twelve blank letters, signed by himself, and with the same
+date, that he might fill them up with the names and surnames of the
+persons to whom they were remitted: he also ordered him to go to
+Seville, and make use of these letters<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>As the hopes of succeeding in his plan increased, Don Carlos gave way to
+more criminal thoughts, and before Christmas in the same year he had
+formed the design of murdering his father. He acted without any plan or
+discretion, and by the little pains he took to conceal his secret and
+secure himself from danger, proved that his resolution was that of a
+madman, rather than of a villain and a conspirator.</p>
+
+<p>Philip II. was at the Escurial, and all the royal family at Madrid; they
+were to confess and take the sacrament on Sunday the 28th of December,
+which was Innocents' Day. This was a custom established at the Court of
+Madrid, to obtain a jubilee granted to the kings of Spain by the Popes.
+Don Carlos confessed on the 27th to his confessor in ordinary, Fray
+Diego de Chaves (afterwards confessor to the king). The prince soon
+after told several persons, that having declared his intention of
+killing a man of very high rank, his confessor had refused to give him
+absolution, because he would not promise to renounce his intention. Don
+Carlos sent for other priests, but received the same refusal from them
+all. He then endeavoured to exact a promise from Fray Juan de Tobar,
+prior of the Convent of the Dominicans of <i>Atocha</i>, to give him an
+unconsecrated wafer at the sacrament; he wished to make it appear that
+he could approach the altar as well as Don John of Austria, Alexander
+Farnese, and the rest of the royal family. The prior perceived that<a name="page_389" id="page_389"></a> the
+prince was a madman, and in that persuasion he asked who the person was
+that he wished to assassinate, adding, if he was made acquainted with
+his rank it might induce him not to require the renunciation of his
+design. This was a bold proposition, but the prior only wished to make
+Don Carlos name the individual, and he succeeded. The unfortunate Don
+Carlos did not hesitate to name the king, and afterwards made the same
+declaration to his uncle, Don John. One of the prince's ushers, who
+witnessed all that passed, has given a faithful relation of it. As it is
+of great importance, and has never been printed, a copy of it is
+inserted in the account of the arrest of Don Carlos, at which he was
+also present.</p>
+
+<p>Garcia Alvarez Osorio soon procured a sufficient sum of money at
+Seville, and Don Carlos prepared to commence his journey towards the
+middle of January, 1568. He requested his uncle, Don John, to accompany
+him according to a promise he had made when informed of his design. Don
+Carlos made many promises to his uncle, who replied that he was ready to
+do whatever he thought proper, but that he feared the journey could not
+take place, on account of the danger they would incur. Don John informed
+the king, who was at the Escurial, of this circumstance; Philip
+consulted several theologians and jurisconsults to ascertain if he could
+conscientiously continue to feign ignorance, in order to cause his son
+to perform his journey. Martin d'Alpizcueta (so celebrated under the
+title of the Doctor Navarro) was one of the persons consulted; he
+advised the king not to allow Don Carlos to depart, urging that it was
+the duty of a sovereign to avoid civil wars, which were likely to be the
+result of such a journey, as the loyal subjects of Flanders might go to
+war with the rebels. Cabrera says that Melchior Cano was likewise
+consulted in this affair<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a>, but Fray Melchior died in 1560.<a name="page_390" id="page_390"></a></p>
+
+<p>The prince communicated his intentions to Fray Diego de Chaves, who
+endeavoured to dissuade him, but without success. Don Carlos went to
+make a visit to the wife of Don Diego de Cordova, the king's master of
+the horse. This lady discovered, from some expressions which dropped
+from Don Carlos, that he was prepared to depart, and immediately
+informed her husband, who was at the Escurial with the king, and who
+gave the letter to his majesty. At last, on the 17th January, 1568, Don
+Carlos sent an order to Don Ramon de Tasis, director-general of the
+posts, to have eight horses ready for him on the following night. Tasis,
+fearing that this order covered some mystery, and knowing the prince's
+character, replied that all the post-horses were engaged, and gained
+sufficient time to inform the king. Don Carlos sent a more peremptory
+order, and Tasis, who dreaded his violence, sent all the post-horses out
+of Madrid, and repaired to the Escurial. The king went to the Pardo (a
+castle about two leagues from Madrid), where Don John joined him. Don
+Carlos, who was ignorant of his father's removal, wished to have a
+conference with his uncle, and went as far as <i>Retamar</i><a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a>, whence he
+sent for him to come to him. The prince recounted all the arrangements
+for his journey. Don John replied that he was ready to set out with him,
+but as soon as he left him, he returned to the king to tell him all that
+he had heard. The king immediately went to Madrid, where he arrived a
+few minutes after Don Carlos<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The arrival of the king altered the measures of Don Carlos, and
+prevented him from insisting upon having horses that night. Louis
+Cabrera has given some details of the circumstances of his arrest, but I
+prefer inserting the account of the affair, which was written by the
+usher a few days after.</p>
+
+<p>"The prince, my master," says he, "had been for some<a name="page_391" id="page_391"></a> days unable to
+take a moment's rest; he was continually repeating that he wished to
+kill a man whom he hated. He informed Don John of Austria of his design,
+but concealed the name of the person. The king went to the Escurial, and
+sent for Don John. The subject of their conversation is not known; it
+was supposed to be concerning the prince's sinister designs. Don John,
+doubtless, revealed all he knew. The king soon after sent post for the
+Doctor Velasco; he spoke to him of his plans, and the works at the
+Escurial, gave his orders, and added that he should not return
+immediately. At this time happened the day of jubilee, which the court
+was in the habit of gaining at Christmas; the prince went on the
+Saturday evening to the Convent of St. Jerome<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a>. I was in attendance
+about his person. His royal highness confessed at the convent, but could
+not obtain absolution, on account of his evil intentions. He applied to
+another confessor, who also refused. The prince said to him, '<i>Decide
+more quickly</i>.' The monk replied, '<i>Let your highness cause this case to
+be discussed by learned men</i>.' It was eight o'clock in the evening; the
+prince sent his carriage for the theologians of the convent of
+<i>Atocha</i><a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a>. Fourteen came, two and two; he sent us to Madrid to fetch
+the monks Albarado, one an Augustine, the other a Maturin; he disputed
+with them all, and obstinately persisted in desiring to be absolved,
+always repeating that he hated a man until he had killed him. All these
+monks declaring that it was impossible to comply with the prince's
+request, he then wished that they should give him an unconsecrated
+wafer, that the court might believe that he had fulfilled the same
+duties as the rest of the royal family. This proposal threw the monks
+into the greatest consternation. Many other delicate points were
+discussed in this conference, which I am not permitted to repeat.
+Everything<a name="page_392" id="page_392"></a> went wrong; the prior of the Convent of <i>Atocha</i> took the
+prince aside, and endeavoured to learn the quality of the person he
+wished to kill. He replied that he was a man of very high rank, and said
+no more. At last the prior deceived him, saying, '<i>My Lord, tell me what
+man it is; it may, perhaps, be possible to give you absolution according
+to the degree of satisfaction your highness wishes to take.</i>' The prince
+then declared that it was the king, his father, whom he hated, and that
+he would have his life. The prior then said, calmly, '<i>Does your
+highness intend to kill the king yourself, or to employ some person to
+do it?</i>' The prince persisted so firmly in his resolution, that he could
+not obtain absolution, and lost the jubilee. This scene lasted until two
+hours after midnight; all the monks retired overwhelmed with sorrow,
+particularly the prince's confessor. The next day I accompanied the
+prince on his return to the palace, and information was sent to the king
+of all that had passed.</p>
+
+<p>"The monarch repaired to Madrid on Saturday<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a>; the next day he went to
+hear mass in public, accompanied by his brother and the princes<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a>. Don
+John, who was ill with vexation, went to visit Don Carlos on that day,
+who ordered the doors to be shut, and asked him what had been the
+subject of his conversation with the king. Don John replied that it was
+about the galleys<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a>. The prince asked him many questions to find out
+something more, and when he found that his uncle would not be more
+explicit, he drew his sword. Don John retreated to the door; finding it
+shut, he stood on his defence, and said, '<i>Hold, your highness</i>.' Those
+who were outside having heard him, opened the doors, and Don John
+retired to his hotel. The prince, feeling indisposed,<a name="page_393" id="page_393"></a> went to bed,
+where he remained till six in the evening; he then rose and put on a
+dressing-gown. As he was still fasting at eight o'clock, he sent for a
+boiled capon; at half-past nine he again retired to bed. I was on duty
+on that day also, and I supped in the palace.</p>
+
+<p>"At eleven o'clock I saw the king descending the stairs; he was
+accompanied by the Duke de Feria, the grand prior<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a>, the
+lieutenant-general of the guards, and twelve of his men: the king wore
+arms over his garments, and had a helmet on; he walked towards the door
+where I was; I was ordered to shut it, and not to open it to any person
+whatever. These persons were already in the prince's chamber, when he
+cried '<i>Who is there?</i>' The officers went to the head of his bed, and
+seized his sword and dagger. The Duke de Feria took an arquebuse loaded
+with two balls<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a>. The prince, having uttered cries and menaces, was
+told, '<i>The Council of State is present</i>.' He endeavoured to seize his
+arms, and to make use of them; he had already jumped out of bed when the
+king entered. His son then said to him, '<i>What does your majesty want
+with me?</i>' '<i>You will soon know</i>,' replied the king. The door and
+windows were fastened; the king told Don Carlos to remain quietly in
+that apartment until he received further orders; he then called the Duke
+de Feria, and said, '<i>I give the prince into your care, that you may
+guard him and take care of him</i>:' then addressing Louis Quijada, the
+Count de Lerma, and Don Rodrigo de Mendoza<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a>, he said to them, '<i>I
+commission you to <a name="page_394" id="page_394"></a>serve and amuse the prince; do not do anything he
+commands you without first informing me. I order you all to guard him
+faithfully, on pain of being declared traitors.</i>' At these words the
+prince began to utter loud cries, and said, '<i>You had much better kill
+me, than keep me a prisoner; it is a great scandal to the kingdom: if
+you do not do it, I shall know how to kill myself.</i>' The king replied,
+'<i>that he must take care not to do so, because such acts were only
+committed by madmen</i>.' The prince said, '<i>Your majesty treats me so ill,
+that you will force me to come to that extremity, either from madness or
+desperation</i>.' Some other conversation passed between them, but nothing
+was decided on, because neither the time nor place permitted it.</p>
+
+<p>"The king retired; the duke took the keys of the doors, and sent away
+the valets and other servants of the prince. He placed guards in the
+cabinet, four <i>Monteros d'Espinosa</i>, four Spanish halberdiers, and four
+Germans with their lieutenant. He afterwards came to the door where I
+was, and placed there four <i>Monteros</i>, and four guards, and told me to
+retire. The keys of the prince's escrutoires and trunks were then taken
+to the king; the beds of the valets were taken away. The Duke de Feria,
+the Count de Lerma, and Don Rodrigo, watched by his highness that night;
+he was afterwards watched by two chamberlains, who were relieved every
+six hours. The persons appointed by the king for this service, were the
+Duke de Feria, the Prince of Evoli, the prior, Don Antonio de Toledo,
+Louis Quijada, the Count de Lerma, Don Fadrique Enriquez, and Don Juan
+de Valesco<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a>; they did not wear arms for this service. The guards did
+not allow us to approach either night or day. Two chamberlains prepared
+the table; the major-domo came to fetch the dinner in the court. No
+knives were allowed, the meat was taken in already cut up. Mass was not
+said in<a name="page_395" id="page_395"></a> the prince's apartment, and he has not heard it since he was
+imprisoned<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>"On Monday<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> the king assembled in his apartment all the councillors
+and their presidents; he made to each council a report of the arrest of
+his son; he said that it had taken place for things which concerned the
+service of God and the kingdom. Eye-witnesses have assured me that his
+majesty shed tears in making this recital. On Tuesday, his majesty
+convoked in his apartment the members of the Council of State; they
+remained there from one o'clock till nine in the evening. It is not
+known what they were occupied with. The king made an inquest; Hoyos was
+the secretary<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a>. The king was present at the declarations of each
+witness; they were written down, and formed a pile six inches in height.
+He gave to the council the privileges of the <i>Majorats</i><a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a>, as well as
+those of the king and prince of Castile, that they might take cognizance
+of them.</p>
+
+<p>"The queen and the princess were in tears<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a>. Don Juan went to the
+palace every evening; he went once plainly dressed and in mourning; the
+king reproached him, and told him to dress himself as usual. On the
+Monday above-mentioned his majesty gave orders that all the prince's
+valets-de-chambre should retire to their respective homes, promising to
+provide for them. He caused Don Fadrique, the admiral's brother, and the
+prince's major-domo, and Don Juan de Valesco to enter into the service
+of the queen." <i>Here finishes the relation of the usher.</i><a name="page_396" id="page_396"></a></p>
+
+<p>Philip II. saw very plainly that an event of this nature could not long
+remain concealed, and would not fail to excite the curiosity of the
+public. He therefore thought it necessary to give notice of it to all
+the civil and ecclesiastical authorities, to the Pope, the Emperor of
+Germany, to several sovereigns of Europe, to Catherine of Austria, Queen
+of Portugal, widow of John III., sister of Charles V., aunt and
+mother-in-law of Philip II., grandmother of the unfortunate prisoner,
+and aunt and grandmother of Anne of Austria, to whom he was to have been
+married. This relationship is the reason why Philip calls her in his
+letter <i>the mother and mistress of all the family</i>. Louisa Cabrera says,
+that this letter was addressed to the Empress of Germany, his sister, to
+whom he also wrote; but the Queen of Portugal was the only one to whom
+the title could be applied.</p>
+
+<p>In the letter addressed to the Pope, and dated from Madrid on the 20th
+of January, the king says, that though he is afflicted, he has the
+consolation of knowing that he had done his utmost to procure a good
+education for his son, and had shut his eyes to all that might arise
+from his physical organization; but that the service of God and his duty
+to his subjects would no longer permit him to tolerate his conduct. He
+finishes by promising to inform his holiness further of the affair, and
+asks his prayers for a happy result. On the same day Philip wrote
+another letter to Queen Catherine, his aunt, in which he imparts all his
+paternal grief. He reminds her that he had already informed her of some
+preceding circumstances which caused fears for the future, and tells her
+that the arrest would not be followed by any other punishment, but that
+it had been decided on to put a stop to his irregularities: the letter
+to the empress is in much the same terms.</p>
+
+<p>In that which the king addressed to the cities, he said, that if he only
+had been a father, he should never have decided upon such a
+determination, but that as a king he could<a name="page_397" id="page_397"></a> not to do otherwise, and
+that it was only in acting thus that he could prevent the evils which
+his clemency would have occasioned. Don Diego Colmenares has inserted,
+in his history of Segovia, the letter sent by the king to that city. All
+the other cities and the different authorities received similar letters,
+which were inclosed in others to the corregidors. In that to the
+corregidor of Madrid, Philip commands him to prevent the municipality
+from making representations in favour of his son, since it was not
+necessary that a father should be solicited to grant a pardon. He also
+commands that, in the reply, no detail of the affair should be entered
+into. On the address from Murcia, the king (who had read them all) wrote
+the following note: "<i>This letter is written with prudence and
+reserve</i>." As it has never been published, and will show the style
+approved by Philip on this occasion, it is here inserted.</p>
+
+<p>"Sacred, Catholic, and Royal Majesty:&mdash;The municipality of Murcia has
+received your majesty's letter containing your determination relating to
+the imprisonment of our prince. The municipality kisses your majesty's
+feet a thousand times for the distinguished favour shown them in
+informing them of this event; it is fully persuaded that the reasons and
+motives which have guided your majesty were so important, and so
+conducive to the public good, that you could not do otherwise. Your
+majesty has governed your kingdom so well, maintained your subjects in
+such a state of peace, and caused religion to prosper so much, that it
+is natural to conclude, that in an affair which concerns you so nearly,
+your majesty has only resolved on it for the service of God, and the
+general welfare of your people. Nevertheless, this city cannot help
+experiencing unfeigned sorrow, for the important causes which have given
+fresh grief to your majesty; it cannot consider without emotion, that it
+possesses a sovereign sufficiently just and attached to the good of his
+kingdom to prefer it before everything, and to make him forget his
+tender affection<a name="page_398" id="page_398"></a> for his own son. So great a proof of love must compel
+your majesty's subjects to testify their gratitude by their submission
+and fidelity. This city, which has always been distinguished for its
+zeal, will, at this time, give a greater proof of it in immediately
+obeying your majesty's commands. God preserve the royal and Catholic
+person of your majesty! In the municipal council of Murcia, February
+16th, 1568."</p>
+
+<p>Pius V., and all the other persons to whom Philip had written, replied,
+by interceding for his son. They said it might be hoped that so striking
+an event would be a check to the prince, and induce him to alter his
+conduct. No one made more earnest intercessions than Maximilian II.; it
+is true that he was more interested on account of the marriage intended
+for his daughter. He was not satisfied with writing, but sent the
+Archduke Charles to Madrid, for the purpose of interfering. The journey
+which the archduke was obliged to make into Flanders and France, was the
+ostensible motive for that to Madrid. Philip was inflexible; he not only
+detained the prince as a prisoner, but proved, by the following
+ordinance, that he intended to keep him so. It was confirmed by the
+Secretary Pedro del Hoyo, and the execution of it confided to the Prince
+of Evoli, who was appointed his lieutenant-general in everything
+relating to the prince. It was as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The Prince of Evoli is the chief of all the persons employed in the
+service of the prince, in guarding, supplying him with food, and in his
+health, and other ways. He shall cause the door to be fastened by a
+latch, and not locked, either night or day, and he shall not allow the
+prince to come out. His majesty appoints to guard, serve, and keep the
+prince company, the Count de Lerma, Don Francis Manrique, Don Rodrigo de
+Benavides, Don Juan de Borgia, Don Juan de Mendoza, and Don Gonzalo
+Chacon. No other individual (except the physician, the barber, and the<a name="page_399" id="page_399"></a>
+<i>montero</i><a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a>, who has the care of the prince's person) shall be allowed
+to enter the apartment, without the king's permission. The Count de
+Lerma shall sleep in the chamber of Don Carlos. If he cannot do this,
+one of his colleagues must take his place; one of them shall watch all
+night: this duty they may fulfil in turns. During the day they shall
+endeavour to be all together in the apartment, that Don Carlos may be
+diverted and enlivened by their company; and they shall not dispense
+with this duty, unless they are compelled by business. These noblemen
+shall converse on indifferent topics with the prince; they shall take
+care to avoid conversing on anything relating to his affair, and as much
+as possible all that concerns the government; they shall obey all the
+orders which he gives for his service or satisfaction, but they shall
+not take charge of any commission from him to people without. If Don
+Carlos happens to speak of his imprisonment, they shall not answer him;
+and they shall relate all that passes to the Prince d'Evoli. The king
+particularly recommends to them (if they would not fail in the fidelity
+and obedience they have sworn), never to report elsewhere anything that
+has been said or done in the interior, without first obtaining his
+consent; if any of them hear the affair spoken of, in the city, or in
+particular houses, he or they must report it to the king. Mass shall be
+said in the chapel, and the prince shall hear it from his chamber, in
+the presence of two of the noblemen who have the care of him. The
+breviary, hours, rosary, and any other books which he asks for, shall be
+given him, provided they treat of nothing but devotion. The six
+<i>monteros</i> who guard and serve the prince<a name="page_400" id="page_400"></a> shall take the food for his
+table into the first saloon, to be served to his highness by the
+noblemen: a <i>montero</i> shall take the dishes in the second chamber. The
+<i>monteros</i> shall be employed, and serve night and day, according to the
+regulations of Rui Gomez de Sylva. Two halberdiers shall be placed in
+the porch of the hall, leading to the court; they shall not allow any
+person to enter, without the permission of the Prince d'Evoli. In his
+absence, they shall ask it of the Count de Lerma, or of any one of the
+others, who is appointed to act as chief in their absence. Rui Gomez de
+Sylva is commissioned to command, in the name of the king, the
+lieutenant-captains of the Spanish and German guards, to place eight or
+ten halberdiers outside the porch. These men shall also mount guard at
+the doors of the infantas; two shall be placed in the apartment of Rui
+Gomez, from the time when the great gate of the palace is opened, until
+midnight, when the prince's chamber shall be closed, and the <i>monteros</i>
+commence their service. Each nobleman is permitted to have a servant for
+his own use; he shall select from his people the one he has most
+confidence in. All these persons shall make oath, before the Prince
+d'Evoli, to execute faithfully the regulations contained in this
+ordinance. Rui Gomez, and the noblemen under his orders, shall inform
+the king of any negligence in this respect. The said Rui Gomez is
+commanded to supply all that shall be considered necessary in the
+service, and which has not been stated in this ordinance. As all the
+responsibility rests upon him, his orders must be executed by the people
+under him."</p>
+
+<p>The secretary Hoyo read this ordinance to all the persons employed, and
+to each in particular; they all took the oath required.</p>
+
+<p>It has been shown by the recital of the usher, that Philip gave orders
+for the trial of his son. The king having proceeded to the interrogation
+of the witnesses, by means of the secretary Hoyo, created a special
+commission to examine<a name="page_401" id="page_401"></a> into the affair. It was composed of Cardinal
+Espinosa, the inquisitor-general, the Prince of Evoli, and Don Diego
+Bribiesca de Muñatones, a counsellor of Castile: the king presided.
+Muñatones was charged with the instruction of the process. Philip, who
+wished to give this affair the air of a proceeding for a crime of
+<i>lese-majesté</i>, caused to be brought from the royal archives of
+Barcelona, the writings of a trial instituted by his great-great
+grandfather, John II., King of Aragon and Navarre, against Charles, his
+eldest son, Prince of Biana and Girone, who had already been
+acknowledged as the successor to the throne.</p>
+
+<p>The ordinance concerning the imprisonment of Don Carlos was so strictly
+observed, that the queen and the princess Jane, who wished to see and
+console him, were refused permission to do so by the king. Philip was so
+suspicious of every one, that he lived in a kind of captivity, and did
+not make his accustomed excursions to Aranjuez, the Pardo, and the
+Escurial. He kept himself shut up in his apartment; the least noise in
+the street drew him to the window, such was his dread of some tumult. He
+had always suspected the Flemings, or other persons, of being the
+prince's partisans, or at least to affect it.</p>
+
+<p>The unhappy Don Carlos, who was not accustomed to conquer his passions,
+could never make use of any means to palliate his misfortune. He gave
+himself up to the greatest impatience, and refused to confess, to enable
+himself to fulfil the duty always performed by the royal family on Palm
+Sunday. His old master, the Bishop of Osma, had died in 1566. The king
+commanded the Doctor Suarez de Toledo, his first almoner, to visit him,
+and try to persuade him: his efforts were unavailing, though Don Carlos
+always treated him with great respect. On Easter-day, Suarez wrote a
+long and touching letter to him, in which he proved by unanswerable
+arguments, that his highness did not take the proper means of
+terminating the affair favourably. He<a name="page_402" id="page_402"></a> represented that his highness had
+no longer either friends or partisans, and reminded him of several
+scandalous scenes which had increased the number of his enemies; he
+finishes his letter in the following terms: "Your highness may easily
+imagine all that will be said when it is known that you do not confess,
+and when many other terrible things are discovered; some are so much so,
+that if it concerned any other person than your highness, <i>the holy
+office would be entitled to inquire if you are really a Christian</i>. I
+declare to your highness, with all truth and fidelity, that you only
+expose yourself to lose your rank, and (what is worse) your soul. I am
+obliged to say, in the grief and bitterness of my heart, that there is
+no remedy, and the only advice I can give you, is to return towards God
+and your father, who is his representative on earth. If your highness
+will follow my advice, you will apply to the president, and other
+virtuous persons, who will not fail to tell you the truth, and conduct
+you in the right way." This letter had no more success than any of the
+other attempts; the prince still refused to confess.</p>
+
+<p>The despair which Don Carlos soon felt, made him neglect all regularity
+in taking food and rest. He became so heated by the rage which preyed on
+him, that iced water (which he used continually) had no effect on him.
+He caused a great quantity of ice to be put into his bed, to temper the
+dryness of his skin, which was become insupportable. He walked about
+naked, and without shoes or stockings, on the pavement, and remained
+whole nights in this state. In the month of June, he refused all
+nourishment but iced water, for eleven days, and became so weak that it
+was supposed he had not long to live. The king being informed, went to
+visit him, and addressed some words of consolation to him, the result of
+which was to induce the prince to eat more than was proper for him in
+his weak state, and this excess brought on a malignant fever,
+accompanied by a dangerous dysentery. The prince was attended by Doctor
+Olivares,<a name="page_403" id="page_403"></a> chief physician to the king; he went in alone to the patient,
+and when he returned, held a consultation with the other physicians of
+the king, in the presence of the Prince d'Evoli.</p>
+
+<p>The preliminary case, drawn by Don Diego Bribiesca de Muñatones, was
+sufficiently advanced in the month of July, to allow of a final
+sentence, without examining the criminal, or to appoint a procurator for
+the king, who in quality of fiscal accused the prince of the crimes
+stated in the <i>preparatory instruction</i>. No judicial notice was sent to
+the prince; they had only the declarations of the witnesses, letters,
+and other papers.</p>
+
+<p>These writings proved that, according to the laws of the kingdom, Don
+Carlos must be condemned to death, for high treason, on two counts:
+first, for having attempted parricide; and secondly, for having framed a
+plan to usurp the sovereignty of Flanders, by means of a civil war.
+Muñatones made a report of this, and the punishments established for
+such crimes, to the king; he added, that particular circumstances, and
+the rank of the criminal, might authorize his majesty to declare, that
+general laws could not affect the eldest sons of kings, because they
+were subject to laws of a higher nature, those which related to policy,
+and the welfare of the state; lastly, that the monarch might, for the
+good of his subjects, commute the punishment.</p>
+
+<p>Cardinal Espinosa and the Prince of Evoli were of the opinion of
+Muñatones; Philip then said, that his heart inclined him to follow their
+advice, but that his conscience would not permit him to do so: that he
+thought it would be far from being a benefit to Spain; that, on the
+contrary, he thought it would be the greatest misfortune that could
+happen to his kingdom, to be governed by a king devoid of knowledge,
+talents, judgment, or virtue, full of vices and passions, and, above
+all, furious, ferocious and sanguinary; that these considerations
+compelled him, notwithstanding his attachment to his son, and his
+anguish at so terrible a sacrifice,<a name="page_404" id="page_404"></a> to suffer the laws to take their
+course; but considering that the health of Don Carlos was in such a
+state that there was no hope of prolonging his life, he thought it would
+be better to suffer him to satisfy himself in his inclinations in eating
+and drinking, since, from the disorder of his ideas, he would not fail
+to commit some excess, which would lead him to the tomb: that the only
+thing which concerned him, was the necessity of persuading his son that
+his death was inevitable, and that in consequence he must confess
+himself to ensure salvation; that this was the greatest proof of
+affection which he could show to his son and the Spanish nation.</p>
+
+<p>This decision of the king is not mentioned in the writings of the trial.
+There was no sentence written or signed; but the secretary Hoyo, in a
+note, says, <i>that at this period of the trial the prince died of his
+malady, and this was the reason why no sentence was pronounced</i>. The
+proof of the fact exists in other papers, in which the curious anecdotes
+of the time have been related. Although these documents are not
+authentic, they merit attention, as they were written by persons
+employed in the king's palace, and accord with what some writers have
+insinuated. It is true that they did think proper not to speak plainly
+on such delicate subjects, but they have said enough to lead to the
+truth.</p>
+
+<p>Cardinal Espinosa and the Prince of Evoli thought that they should
+fulfil the intentions of Philip in hastening the death of Don Carlos;
+they agreed that the physician should inform the prince of his
+condition, without saying anything of the king's displeasure or of the
+trial, and that he should prepare him to receive the exhortations which
+would be made for the benefit of his soul: by these means they hoped to
+induce him to confess and prepare himself for death, which would put an
+end to his misfortunes.</p>
+
+<p>The Prince of Evoli held a conference with the Doctor Olivares. He spoke
+to him in that mysterious and important manner which persons versed in
+the politics of courts know<a name="page_405" id="page_405"></a> so well how to employ, when it is necessary
+to further the views of their sovereign, or their own designs. Rui Gomez
+de Sylva was perfect in this art, according to the opinion of his friend
+Antonio Perez, the first secretary of state, who was well acquainted
+with all that passed. In one of his letters he says, <i>that after the
+death of the Prince of Evoli, there would be no one but himself
+initiated in these mysteries</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Olivares perfectly understood that he was expected to execute the
+sentence of death pronounced by the king; and that it was to be done in
+such a manner, that the prince's honour should not be affected; in
+short, that his death was to appear natural. He therefore endeavoured to
+express himself, so as to inform the prince of Evoli that he
+comprehended him, and considered it as an order from the king.</p>
+
+<p>On the 20th of July, Olivares ordered a medicine which Don Carlos took.
+Louis Cabrera, who was employed in the palace at that time, and who
+often saw Rui Gomez, says in his history of Philip II., that "<i>this
+medicine did not produce any beneficial effect; and the malady appearing
+to be mortal</i>, the physician informed the patient, that he must prepare
+to die like a good Christian, and receive the sacraments."</p>
+
+<p>The histories published by Cabrera, Wander-Hamen, Opmero and Estrada,
+all agree with the secret memoirs of the times which I have read. It is
+not surprising, then, that the Prince of Orange, in his manifesto
+against Philip II., should impute to him the death of his son<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a>; that
+James Augustus de Thou, a French contemporary historian, has done the
+same, from the accounts given him by Louis de Foix, a French architect,
+employed in building the Escurial, and Pedro Justiniani, a Venetian
+nobleman, who resided some time in Spain; although he was mistaken in
+making the holy office interfere in this affair; in supposing that the
+prince died, in a few hours, from poison; and in advancing some<a name="page_406" id="page_406"></a> other
+errors on the authority of his two informants<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a>. It is not more
+surprising that the authors cited by Gregorio Leti have stated things
+which appear to be written by the pen of a novelist or romance writer,
+because the death of the prince being occasioned by a mysterious
+medicine, administered according to a private order, no one doubted that
+it was caused by violence, and endeavoured to conjecture how it was
+done.</p>
+
+<p>But the truth is always discovered sooner or later, and after a century
+and a half, we find so many isolated facts and accounts of this event,
+that they produce conviction, and show that the death of Don Carlos had
+the external appearances of a natural death, and that he himself
+considered it to be so. The accounts of some foreign historians, of the
+result of the medicine, have been refuted by authentic documents: those
+of the writers, who have composed romances under the names of histories,
+are equally disproved. I shall therefore proceed to relate the facts as
+they occurred.</p>
+
+<p>Don Carlos, on being informed by Olivares that death was approaching,
+desired that Fray Diego de Chaves, his confessor, might be sent for: his
+orders were executed on the 21st of July. The prince commissioned the
+monk to ask pardon of his father, in his name; the king sent to tell
+him, that he granted it with all his heart, as well as his blessing, and
+that he hoped his repentance would obtain pardon from God. On the same
+day he received the sacraments of the Eucharist and Extreme Unction with
+great devotion. He also, with the king's consent, made a will, which was
+written by Martin de Gatzelu, his secretary. On the 22nd and 23rd he was
+in a dying state, and tranquilly listened to the exhortations of his
+confessor and Doctor Suarez de Toledo. The ministers proposed to the
+king that he should see his son, and give him his blessing in person, as
+it would be a consolation to him on his death-bed. Philip asked the
+opinion of the<a name="page_407" id="page_407"></a> two ecclesiastics above-mentioned. They said that Don
+Carlos was well-disposed, and it might be feared that the sight of his
+father would occasion some disturbance in his mind. This motive
+restrained him for the present; but being informed, on the night of the
+23rd, that his son was at the point of death, he went to his apartment,
+and extending his arms between the Prince of Evoli and the grand prior,
+he gave him his blessing a second time, without being perceived. He then
+retired weeping, and Don Carlos expired soon after, at four o'clock in
+the morning of the 24th of July, which was the day before the festival
+of St. James, the patron Saint of Spain.</p>
+
+<p>The death of Don Carlos was not kept secret. He was interred, with all
+the pomp due to his rank, in the church of the Convent of the Nuns of
+St. Dominic <i>el Real</i>, at Madrid, but there was no funeral oration.
+Philip II. announced the death of Don Carlos to all the authorities who
+had been informed of his imprisonment. The city of Madrid also
+celebrated solemn obsequies on the 14th of August. The sermon was
+preached by Fray Juan de Tobar, the same monk who had deceived the
+prince, to make him confess who he wished to kill. In the same year a
+long account of the sickness, death, and funeral of Don Carlos was
+printed. The municipality of Madrid had ordered it to be written by Juan
+Lopez del Hoyo, professor of Latin in that capital.</p>
+
+<p>Spain regretted the death of Don Carlos, as the king had no other son.
+By his third wife, Elizabeth or Isabella of France, he had only had two
+daughters, and that virtuous princess died of a miscarriage in the same
+year, 1568. This misfortune (and the bad opinion conceived by all Europe
+of Philip II., who was considered as a cruel and hypocritical prince)
+occasioned the imputation of having caused the queen's death. He was
+first accused of it by the Prince of Orange, and afterwards by many
+other persons. France had proofs of the contrary, since Charles IX. sent
+an ambassador extraordinary<a name="page_408" id="page_408"></a> to Madrid, with compliments of condolence
+to the king, who was really inconsolable for the loss of his expected
+heir. Juan Lopez del Hoyo, in 1569, published a faithful account of the
+illness and death of the queen; and some circumstances which he mentions
+seem incompatible with the use of poison, which is said to have
+occasioned her death. It is evident that the Prince of Orange suffered
+himself to be misled by hatred and revenge. The reality of a crime
+cannot be believed when neither the end nor motives for it can be
+perceived, and Philip was certainly interested in the queen's life. Some
+writers, after having supposed that the crime was committed, have
+endeavoured to discover the cause, and some romance-writers have thought
+that they discovered it in the pretended intrigue with Don Carlos.
+Supposing it to be true, there are historical proofs that it could not
+have commenced till after his return from Alcala, and at that time he
+ardently wished to marry his cousin, Anne of Austria. This princess
+became the fourth wife of Philip, and the mother of his successor,
+Philip III.</p>
+
+<p>Philip II., wishing to commemorate the justice of his conduct towards
+his son, ordered that the writings of the trial, with the original, and
+translation from the Catalonian tongue of that of Don Charles, Prince of
+Biana, should be collected and preserved. Don Francis de Mora, Marquis
+de Castel Rodrigo, who became the king's confidant after the death of
+Rui Gomez de Sylva, in 1592, deposited these writings in a green coffer,
+which the king afterwards sent shut, and without a key, to the royal
+archives of Simancas, where it is still, if it has not been carried away
+by the order of the French government, as it has been reported in
+Spain.<a name="page_409" id="page_409"></a></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXII" id="CHAPTER_XXXII"></a>CHAPTER XXXII.<br /><br />
+<small>TRIAL OF THE ARCHBISHOP OF TOLEDO.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">O<small>NE</small> of the most illustrious victims of the holy office was Don
+Bartholomew Carranza de Miranda, Archbishop of Toledo. The writings of
+the trial amount to twenty-four folio volumes, each containing one
+thousand or twelve hundred pages. This immense mass of writings must
+doubtless contain many facts unknown to Don Pedro Salazar de Mendoza,
+the author of the life of Carranza. This respectable writer spared no
+expense to discover the truth, but could not penetrate the mystery which
+envelopes the proceedings of the Inquisition. I have read this trial,
+which enables me to fill up the omissions of Salazar de Mendoza, and
+correct his involuntary errors.</p>
+
+<p>Bartholomew Carranza was born in 1503, at <i>Miranda de Arga</i>, a little
+borough in the kingdom of Navarre: he was the son of Pedro Carranza, and
+grandson of Bartholomew, both members of the nobility of Miranda. His
+true family name, consequently, was <i>Carranza</i>; but while he was a
+Dominican monk, he was only called Miranda. When he was made Archbishop
+of Toledo, he was named Carranza de Miranda, to prove the identity: he,
+however, only signed the name Fray Bartholomeus Toletanus, according to
+the custom of the times. The family of Carranza has been perpetuated to
+the eighteenth century, in the direct male line from Pedro, brother to
+the archbishop. At twelve years of age, Bartholomew, through the
+interest of his uncle Sancho de Carranza, a doctor in the university of
+Alcala de Henares, and the antagonist of Erasmus, was received into the
+College of St. Eugenius, which was dependant on the university. When he
+attained his fifteenth year, he passed into the College of St. Balbina,
+to study what was then called <i>philosophy and<a name="page_410" id="page_410"></a> the arts</i>, which was
+confined to some general ideas of logic, metaphysics, and physics. In
+1520 he took the habit of a Dominican, in the Convent of <i>Venaleç</i>, in
+the <i>Alcarria</i>, which was afterwards transferred to the city of
+<i>Guadalaxara</i>. As soon as he had professed, he was sent to study
+theology in the College of St. Stephen of Salamanca and in 1525 he was
+placed in that of St. Gregory of Valladolid.</p>
+
+<p>A proof of the rapid progress of Bartholomew may be seen in his trial.
+Fray Michel de St. Martin, a Dominican monk, and a professor in the same
+college at Valladolid, denounced him to the holy office, in 1530,
+deposing that, two or three years before, he had had several
+conversations with Carranza, on subjects concerning his conscience; that
+he had remarked that he limited the power of the Pope, relating to the
+ecclesiastical ceremonies; and that he had reprimanded him for so
+erroneous an opinion. Carranza was also denounced in 1530, by Fray Juan
+de Villamartin, as having been the ardent defender of Erasmus, even on
+the subject of the sacrament of penance, and the frequent confession of
+persons who are only in a state of venial sin; that having opposed to
+him the example of St. Jerome, he maintained that it was impossible to
+support the fact by the authority of any respectable ecclesiastical
+historian; that Carranza also said Erasmus ought not to be contemned,
+for saying that the Apocalypse was not the work of St. John the
+Evangelist, but of another priest, who bore the same name.</p>
+
+<p>These denunciations were not made use of until the instruction of the
+trial of the archbishop was far advanced, when every method was employed
+to find materials for accusations; the <i>denunciations</i> and <i>suspended
+trials</i> were then looked over, and those above-mentioned were found.
+They were noted as declarations of witnesses, under the numbers
+ninety-four and ninety-five; while, according to the dates, they ought
+to have been the first.</p>
+
+<p>As these denunciations were not known out of the holy<a name="page_411" id="page_411"></a> office, the
+rector and counsellors of the College of St. Gregory de Valladolid
+presented Carranza, in 1530, as a professor of philosophy; in 1534 he
+was appointed professor of theology, and soon after a qualifier to the
+holy office of Valladolid. In 1539 he was sent to Rome, to attend a
+general chapter of his order, where he was chosen to maintain the
+theses, which were only confided to persons capable of performing their
+duty well: the talents he displayed in these exercises obtained him the
+rank of Doctor and Master of Theology; and Paul III. permitted him to
+read prohibited books.</p>
+
+<p>On his return to Spain, he professed theology, with the greatest
+success, in his College of St. Gregory. The harvest having entirely
+failed in the mountains of Leon and Santander in 1540, the inhabitants
+went to Valladolid in great numbers. Carranza not only maintained forty
+of these poor people in his college, but sold his books to assist others
+in the city, only retaining his Bible, and the <i>Summary</i> of St. Thomas.
+During this period he was continually occupied, either at the holy
+office as a qualifier, or at home in censuring books sent to him by the
+Supreme Council, or in preaching sermons at the <i>auto-da-fé</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In the same year, 1540, Carranza was appointed Bishop of Cuzco, but he
+refused to go to South America, except as a preacher of the gospel. In
+1544, Carranza was sent to the Council of Trent, as theologian to
+Charles V. He remained there three years, and it was there that Cardinal
+Pacheco (dean of the Spanish prelates who attended at the council)
+engaged him to preach on <i>justification</i> before the Fathers. In 1546, he
+published at Rome one of his works, called <i>The Summary of Councils</i>;
+and another at Venice, of <i>Theological Controversies</i>. In 1547 he
+published a treatise <i>On the Residence of Bishops</i>, which created him
+many enemies, and which was attacked by Fray Ambrose Caterino, and
+defended by Fray Dominic de Soto, both Dominicans.</p>
+
+<p>On his return to Spain, in 1548, he refused the appointment<a name="page_412" id="page_412"></a> of
+confessor to Philip II., then prince of the Asturias, and in 1549
+declined accepting the bishopric of the Canaries. He was elected in the
+same year prior of the Dominicans of Palencia, which he accepted. In
+1550 he was made provincial of the Convents of Castile, and visited his
+province.</p>
+
+<p>The Council of Trent being again convoked in 1651, Carranza was
+commanded by the emperor to attend it, and furnished with full powers by
+the Cardinal Archbishop of Toledo; he assisted at the different
+assemblies until 1552, when he was suspended the second time. Among the
+different commissions confided to him, was that of preparing an <i>Index</i>.
+On his return to Spain, the period of his provincialship had expired,
+and he re-entered his College of St. Gregory of Valladolid.</p>
+
+<p>The alliance between Philip II. and Mary, Queen of England, being fixed,
+Fray Bartholomew, in 1554, went to England in order to assist Cardinal
+Pole in preparing the kingdom to return to the Catholic faith. Carranza
+passed the greatest part of his time in preaching, and succeeded in
+converting a great number of heretics. When the king left England to go
+to Brussels, Carranza remained with the queen, to whom he was useful in
+supporting the Catholic doctrine in the universities, and arranging
+other affairs of the greatest importance. He revised, by the order of
+Cardinal Pole, the canons which had been decreed by a national council,
+and caused several obstinate heretics to be punished, particularly
+Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Martin Bucer; his zeal
+often exposed him to great danger.</p>
+
+<p>In 1557 he went to Flanders, where he caused all books infected with the
+heresy of Luther to be burnt. He did the same at Frankfort, and also
+informed the king that many of these books were introduced into Spain by
+way of Aragon. Philip, in consequence, gave the necessary orders to the
+inquisitor<a name="page_413" id="page_413"></a>-general to intercept these works. In order to render this
+measure more effectual, Carranza drew up a list of suspected Spaniards
+who had fled to Germany and Flanders. The original copy of this list was
+found among his papers when he was arrested.</p>
+
+<p>On the death of Cardinal Siliceo, Archbishop of Toledo, the king
+appointed Carranza to succeed him; he however refused to accept the
+dignity, and named Don Gaspard de Zuñiga y Avellanada, Bishop of
+Segovia, Don Francis de Navarra, Bishop of Badajoz, and Don Alphonso de
+Castro, a Franciscan, as more worthy of the king's choice than himself.
+He persisted in his refusal, until the king commanded him on his
+allegiance to accept the archbishopric: the original of this royal order
+was also found among the papers of Carranza. Paul IV. dispensed with the
+usual formalities; he was <i>preconised</i> in a full consistory on the 16th
+December, 1557, and his bulls were expedited. Pedro de Merida, canon of
+Palencia, administrated until the arrival of the archbishop. The
+Inquisition of Valladolid afterwards prosecuted him for some letters
+which he had written to Carranza, and which were found among his papers;
+he was also implicated by Fray Dominic de Roxas, and by other
+accomplices of Dr. Cazalla.</p>
+
+<p>The Archbishop Carranza was consecrated at Brussels on the 27th of
+February in the same year, by the Cardinal Granville, afterwards first
+archbishop of Malines. He published at Antwerp his Catechism in Spanish,
+under the title of <i>Commentaries of the very Reverend Fray Bartholomew
+Carranza de Miranda, Archbishop of Toledo, on the Christian Catechism,
+in four parts</i><a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a>.<a name="page_414" id="page_414"></a></p>
+
+<p>He afterwards returned to Spain, and assisted several times at the
+Councils of Castile and the Inquisition. About the middle of September
+he went to the monastery of St. Juste, to make a report to Charles V. of
+some affairs confided to him by Philip II., and to pay his respects to
+the emperor, who was then ill, and died two days after. An account has
+been given in the eighteenth chapter of what passed at this visit. He
+then repaired to his archbishopric, where he remained six months, and
+then went to Alcala de Henares, with the intention of visiting his
+diocese. During the six months that he passed in the capital, his
+conduct was exemplary, passing his time in preaching, distributing alms,
+visiting the prisoners and the sick, and in causing prayers to be said
+for the dead. He employed himself in the same manner in all the places
+he passed through, until he arrived at Torrelaguna, where he was
+arrested by the Inquisition on the 22nd of August. He was taken back to
+Valladolid, and imprisoned in a house belonging to the eldest branch of
+the family of Don Pedro Gonzalez de Leon, where Don Diego Gonzalez, an
+inquisitor, was appointed to guard him.</p>
+
+<p>Carranza had made enemies of several bishops, when he published his
+treatise <i>On the Residence of Bishops</i>: the reputation which he acquired
+for learning in the Council of Trent, at the expense of several
+individuals who considered themselves superior to him, rendered them
+also his enemies, or at least his rivals. Of this number were Melchior
+Cano, who has been already mentioned; their rivalry was changed into
+open jealousy on his part, and on that of Fray Juan de Regla, when
+Carranza was appointed Archbishop of Toledo. This hatred became common
+to others, when, after refusing the archbishopric, Fray Bartholomew
+recommended the three persons before mentioned to the king: among them
+were Don Ferdinand Valdes, inquisitor-general; Don Pedro de Castro,
+Bishop of Cuença, a son of the Count de Lemos; and a man of much greater
+merit, Don Antonio Augustine,<a name="page_415" id="page_415"></a> Archbishop of Tarragona, who was the
+luminary of Spain in sacred literature. These persons endeavoured to
+conceal their sentiments, but their words and actions betrayed them.</p>
+
+<p>Besides this principal motive for the conspiracy against the archbishop,
+we may be permitted to suppose another. Carranza had given a copy of his
+Catechism to the Marchioness d'Alcañices in several detached pieces;
+when it was printed, he distributed it as it came from the press.</p>
+
+<p>The Marchioness d'Alcañices intrusted the work to several pupils or
+partisans of the archbishop, among whom were Fray Juan de la Peña, Fray
+Francis de Tordesillas, and Fray Louis de la Cruz; it was also read by
+Melchior Cano, who, in different conversations, plainly insinuated that
+it contained propositions tending to the Lutheran heresy. Don Ferdinand
+Valdés being informed of these circumstances, bought several copies of
+the Catechism, and sent them to persons with whose opinions he was well
+acquainted, desiring them to read it attentively, and to observe all
+that merited theological censure, but not to give their opinions in
+writing until they had again communicated with him. The persons he
+selected, were Fray Melchior Cano, Fray Dominic Soto, Fray Dominic
+Cuevas, the Master Carlos, and Fray Pedro Ibarra, provincial of the
+Franciscans.</p>
+
+<p>This work was also sent to Don Pedro de Castro, Bishop of Cuença; and it
+may be said that his reply, dated from Pareja, April 28, 1558, was the
+foundation of the trial of Carranza. It appears from the letter to the
+inquisitor-general, that he had requested to know the opinion of de
+Castro on the Catechism, and he informs him that he thinks it a
+dangerous work, promises to give him his reasons for it, and adds that
+the article on <i>justification</i> tends towards Lutheranism. He says that
+having heard the author speak in the same manner at the Council of
+Trent, he had conceived a bad opinion of his doctrine, although he did
+not think that Carranza<a name="page_416" id="page_416"></a> really held such erroneous sentiments. Don
+Pedro further says, that his present opinion is supported by facts,
+which he had already communicated to Doctor Andres Perez, a member of
+the Supreme Council.</p>
+
+<p>It appears, by a paper signed by the same bishop, on the first of
+September, 1559, that his communications to the counsellor were confined
+to the following articles: that being present at a sermon preached by
+Carranza before the king in London, he observed that he spoke of the
+<i>justification of men by a lively faith in the passion and death of
+Jesus Christ</i>, in terms approaching to Lutheranism; that Fray Juan de
+Villagarcia informed him that Don Bartholomew had preached the sermon in
+the preceding year at Valladolid, and that he then thought it
+reprehensible. The bishop adds, that he spoke to Carranza on the
+subject, and attributed his silence to humility; that at another time
+when he was preaching before the king, he said, that some sins were
+irremissible. At first he thought he had not understood him, but
+Carranza afterwards repeated the same proposition several times. The
+bishop concluded by stating, that in another sermon preached before the
+king, Don Bartholomew spoke of the indulgences granted by the bull of
+the Crusade, as if they might be bought for two rials (<i>ten pence</i>); and
+that he thought such language very dangerous to hold in England in the
+midst of heretics. All this accords with the declaration of Fray Angel
+del Castillo, after the arrest of the archbishop, who deposed that de
+Castro said that <i>Carranza had preached like Philip Melancthon</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It appears from this statement, that Don Pedro de Castro did not feel
+any scruples until three years after his journey to London, and did not
+think himself obliged to denounce Carranza, until he had lost all hope
+of becoming Archbishop of Toledo; if Don Bartholomew had remained a
+single month, he would never have been accused. The inquisitor-general
+gave up the letter he had received from de Castro, to begin<a name="page_417" id="page_417"></a> the
+proceedings, but he did not mention that which he had written himself,
+which shows that it was not official. The counsellor Don Andrea Perez
+neither deposed nor proved any of the facts related by the bishop, so
+that the declaration was not entered in the proceedings when the order
+for the arrest was issued; about a year and a half after, it was thought
+proper to supply the place of it, by the insertion of a writing signed
+by the bishop. The Court of Rome was astonished at the irregularity of
+the proceedings, when it received the writings of the trial.</p>
+
+<p>Fray Juan de Villagarcia, being already imprisoned, in 1561, declared
+that he perfectly remembered hearing de Castro mention the sermon
+preached by Carranza in London, but not that he had been scandalized at
+it, or that he had said anything which could produce that effect.
+Villagarcia said, that as the confidant of the archbishop, and having
+been employed to transcribe his works, he was more capable of defending
+the purity of his faith than any other person; and endeavoured to prove
+that there was none but Catholic propositions in his works.</p>
+
+<p>It is evident that the trial originated in the malice of the
+inquisitor-general, which induced him to give the catechism to the
+enemies of Carranza: when he was informed by Cano of the existence of
+the propositions which caused the denunciation, he sent the work
+officially to him, and to the other <i>qualifiers</i>, Soto and Cuevas; but
+this did not take place till after some circumstances occurred, during
+the trials of several Lutherans, which seem to have caused that of
+Carranza, although the fact was entirely false. The inquisitor-general
+being informed that Carranza was intimate with the Marquises d'Alcañices
+and de Poza, many of whose friends and relations were in the prisons of
+the Inquisition, ordered the inquisitors of Valladolid to obtain
+information of the prisoners concerning the faith of the archbishop. A
+report was also spread, that several persons had discovered a similarity
+between<a name="page_418" id="page_418"></a> the opinions of Carranza and Cazalla; which succeeded so well,
+that a partisan of Cano had the audacity to announce from the pulpit,
+when Cazalla was arrested, that an order had been issued to arrest the
+Archbishop of Toledo.</p>
+
+<p>On the 25th of April, 1558, Donna Antoinia Mella deposed, that
+Christopher de Padilla had given her a MS. containing Lutheran
+doctrines, which he said was written by Carranza. This declaration was
+not communicated to the archbishop, because the work was composed by
+Fray Dominic de Roxas. On the 17th of the same month, Pedro de Sotelo
+made a similar declaration.</p>
+
+<p>On the 29th of April, Donna Anne Henriquez d'Almanza deposed, that she
+asked Fray Dominic de Roxas if he should treat of points of doctrine
+with the archbishop, and that he said he should not, because Carranza
+had just written a book against the Lutherans. She added that she had
+heard Francis de Vibero say, that the archbishop would burn in hell,
+because, knowing better than any person that the doctrine of Luther was
+orthodox, he had condemned several persons to the flames in England, for
+professing it. Francis de Vibero, on being interrogated, declared that
+he did not remember to have used these words, and that he thought it
+doubtful, because Carranza had always been a Roman Catholic.</p>
+
+<p>Donna Catherine de Rios, prioress of the convent of St. Catherine, at
+Valladolid, deposed, on the 24th of April, that she heard Fray Dominic
+de Roxas say, that Don Bartholomew had declared that <i>he did not find
+any evidence of the existence of purgatory in the Holy Scriptures</i>: she
+added however, on the following day, that she was persuaded that
+Carranza did believe in purgatory, because he always exhorted his monks
+to perform masses for the dead; she deposed, that having asked Donna
+Anne Henriquez, if the archbishop held the same opinion, that she did;
+she replied, that on the contrary he had written a book in refutation of
+them; that Donna Bernardina de Roxas told her that she had learnt from
+Fray<a name="page_419" id="page_419"></a> Dominic, that the archbishop had advised him <i>not to suffer
+himself to be led away by his genius</i>; that Sabino Astete, canon of
+Zamora, assured her that he had heard Fray Dominic declare that he had
+the greatest compassion for Carranza, because he did not hold the same
+opinions as he did. This declaration was not communicated to the
+archbishop in the <i>publication of the depositions of the witnesses</i>,
+because it contained nothing against him. If these declarations had been
+made known to his defender, he might have derived great benefit from
+them.</p>
+
+<p>Fray Dominic de Roxas being summoned on the proposition relating to
+purgatory, declared that Don Bartholomew had always spoken on that
+subject like a good Catholic.</p>
+
+<p>Fray Juan Manuelez, a Dominican, deposed on the 18th October, 1560, that
+nine or ten years before, he conversed with Don Bartholomew concerning a
+Lutheran who was condemned to be burnt, but could not be certain whether
+the archbishop advanced the following proposition: <i>It is certain that
+the Holy Scriptures do not assure us that there is a purgatory</i>,&mdash;This
+witness makes his deposition a year after the arrest of the archbishop,
+and is not certain of the fact. Would he not have denounced him ten
+years before, if he had heard him speak in that manner?</p>
+
+<p>On the 4th of May, 1559, Pedro de Cazalla deposed that in 1554 he heard
+Don Charles de Seso deny the existence of a purgatory, and repeat the
+proposition before Don Bartholomew Carranza, who appeared scandalized,
+but did not attempt to refute or denounce him. The deponent also said,
+that Fray Dominic de Roxas told him, that he had informed Carranza that
+he could not reconcile the doctrines of justification and purgatory, and
+he replied that <i>it would not be a great evil if there was no
+purgatory</i>; that having answered from the decision of the Church, his
+master said to him, <i>You are not yet capable of understanding this
+matter</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Don Charles de Seso being interrogated on this subject on<a name="page_420" id="page_420"></a> the 27th
+June, replied that Don Bartholomew had told him that he ought to believe
+in the existence of purgatory, and that if he was not obliged to depart,
+he would answer his arguments in a satisfactory manner; that Pedro
+Cazalla was the only person to whom he had communicated his conversation
+with Carranza; that he had reason to believe his present summons was
+occasioned by the declaration of Cazalla, who had not spoken the truth.
+On the 20th and 23rd, Fray Dominic declared that Carranza had always
+spoken of purgatory like a good Catholic. Thus it appears that the
+declarations of Cazalla were proved to be false, before the order for an
+arrest was issued.</p>
+
+<p>On the 7th of May, 1559, the inquisitor, William, remitted a letter from
+Carranza, in which he mentions Don Charles de Seso, and says that he did
+not denounce him, because he thought he had only been led into error;
+which was proved by the reply of Seso, when reprimanded by him, that he
+would only believe that which was really commanded by the Catholic
+religion, and that he then told him he could not do better.</p>
+
+<p>Garcia Barbon de Bexega, an alguazil of the Inquisition of Calahorra,
+deposed on the 12th of May, that he arrested Fray Dominic de Roxas, when
+he endeavoured to fly from Spain, and that when conversing with him on
+the increase of the number of Lutherans, he asked if his master Carranza
+was of that sect; Roxas replied in the negative; that he was not going
+to seek him in Flanders for that reason, but to obtain from the king the
+favour of not being degraded. This declaration was not communicated to
+the archbishop in the <i>publication of the depositions</i>.</p>
+
+<p>On the 13th of May, Fray Dominic de Roxas declared that Fray Francis de
+Tordesillas had expressed pity for him, when he heard him speak of
+<i>justification</i>, and make use of phrases in his discourses tinctured
+with Lutheranism; that this also happened to Carranza. Fray Francis, on
+being examined,<a name="page_421" id="page_421"></a> deposed, that having copied several works of the
+archbishop, and translated others into Latin, for the Marchioness
+d'Alcañices and different persons, he had introduced a <i>preface</i> into
+one MS., stating that the way to avoid falling into error in reading
+these works, was to understand in a Catholic sense some propositions on
+<i>justification</i>, which might be interpreted in a different manner; that
+all that Carranza had written was in the spirit of the Catholic
+religion; that he, deponent, knew his intentions to be pure, because he
+had seen him practise good works, and his sermons, conferences, and
+private life, perfectly accorded with the true principles of faith.</p>
+
+<p>Donna Frances de Zuñiga, deposed on the 2d of June, that Carranza had
+told her, that provided she was not in a state of mortal sin, she might
+approach the holy table without confessing; that on the 13th of July she
+heard Fray Dominic de Roxas say that Carranza thought as he did on some
+of Luther's opinions, but not on all; that the nuns of the convent of
+Bethlehem did not believe in purgatory, because Pedro Cazalla had told
+them that such was the opinion of Carranza. Fray Dominic, being
+summoned, made the depositions relating to purgatory above mentioned: he
+added, on the 21st of March, that Don Bartholomew always explained his
+propositions in a Catholic sense, and detested the Lutheran doctrine;
+and that if he, deponent, had always profited by these explanations, he
+would not have fallen into error. Pedro Cazalla being interrogated
+concerning the nuns of Bethlehem, replied that he did not remember to
+have spoken in that manner, but that he had concluded that such were the
+opinions of Carranza when he did not denounce Don Charles de Seso.</p>
+
+<p>On the 13th of July the inquisitors seized all the books composed by
+Carranza in the house of the Marchioness d'Alcañices, who on the 28th
+deposed, that having read the <i>Commentaries on the Prophecies of
+Isaiah</i>, written by Carranza, she asked Fray Juan de Villagarcia from
+what book<a name="page_422" id="page_422"></a> the author had taken so much erudition? Fray Juan replied
+that it was contained in a work of Luther, and that the book could not
+be confided to every person, because the good was too often mixed with
+evil in those authors. Fray Juan de Villagarcia being interrogated on
+this subject, replied that it was a work of <i>&OElig;colampadius</i>, and that
+the archbishop always kept it concealed; that it was true that he had
+taken from it materials for the treatise in which he explained the
+prophecies of Isaiah; but he was accustomed to say that no confidence
+could be placed in the heretical authors; that the archbishop had been
+seduced by them, but always defended the Catholic religion. It has been
+already stated that Paul III. granted him permission to read prohibited
+works; the brief was found among his papers.</p>
+
+<p>On the 3rd of July, Elizabeth Estrada deposed, that Fray Dominic de
+Roxas had told her, that it depended upon Don Bartholomew to make her
+sister the Marchioness d'Alcañices adopt the errors of Luther, and that
+he hoped to see that event take place, because then the king and all
+Spain would embrace that religion. The deponent also said that Fray
+Dominic told her that Don Bartholomew had read the works of Luther. Fray
+Dominic, being examined, replied that he often spoke in that manner to
+the nuns who were of his opinions, and to other individuals of his
+society of Lutherans, adding that Carranza thought as he did on
+<i>justification</i> and purgatory; that he (Roxas) composed an <i>Explanation
+of the articles of faith</i>, according to his own creed, and attributed it
+to Carranza, to give it more consequence; that he always said the
+archbishop approved the doctrine of Luther, to persuade those persons to
+persevere in the faith, but that he never said that Don Bartholomew had
+read the works of Luther, because he did not know that he had. The
+deponent declared that the changes in his situation induced him to
+confess the truth; that the archbishop had never adopted such doctrines,
+and that he always gave a Catholic<a name="page_423" id="page_423"></a> meaning to those phrases which would
+bear a contrary interpretation.</p>
+
+<p>On the 23rd of August, Fray Bernardin de Montenegro, and Fray Juan de
+Meceta, (both monks of the convent of St. Francis, at Valladolid,)
+voluntarily denounced a sermon, which was preached by the archbishop two
+days before, in the convent of St. Paul, and in which he used some
+expressions similar to those employed by the heretics. He also said,
+that converted heretics should be treated with clemency, and that
+persons were sometimes called heretics, illuminati, or quietists, merely
+because they were seen on their knees before a crucifix, and smiting
+their breasts with a stone: he invoked the authority of St. Bernard, to
+support his last proposition, which (according to the denouncers) did
+not agree with what he had advanced. The sermon being afterwards found
+among the papers of the archbishop, was examined by the qualifiers, and
+did not appear to contain any proposition deserving of censure. Yet the
+inquisitors presumed to demand officially of the princess Jane,
+governess of the kingdom, what she thought of the sermon; the princess
+had the complaisance to reply, that she only remembered to have heard
+some propositions which appeared to her to be improper.</p>
+
+<p>On the 25th of the same month, Ferdinand de Sotelo denounced Don
+Bartholomew, for having said in the presence of Pedro de Sotelo, his
+brother, and Christopher Padilla, that if he had a notary with him when
+he was dying, he would desire him to draw up an act of <i>renunciation of
+all his good works</i>. Pedro and Christopher declared that they did not
+remember that they had repeated this to Ferdinand de Sotelo. But Fray
+Dominic de Roxas deposed, during the torture, on the 10th of September,
+1559, that he thought he remembered being once in the village of
+Alcañices, and hearing Don Bartholomew say, that at the point of death
+he should wish to have a notary, to draw up an act of renunciation<a name="page_424" id="page_424"></a> of
+the merit of his good works, because he relied solely on those of Jesus
+Christ, and that he considered his sins as nothing, because Jesus had
+expiated them; Dominic added, that Don Louis de Roxas, his nephew,
+related the same thing, as having occurred at his return from Flanders
+in the king's suite, and that all these expressions did not make him
+consider the archbishop as a Lutheran, but as a good Catholic; because
+the heretics denied that the good works of the creature could expiate
+sin, and attributed the expiation to the merits of Jesus Christ, while
+Carranza only asserted, that the expiation by the good works of a sinner
+was so little when compared with the infinite merits of our Redeemer,
+that the sinner might regard them as nothing if he fervently prayed for
+the application of the merits of our Saviour dying on the cross. There
+seems to be no doubt that Fray Dominic was the author of the denounced
+proposition; he explained it to the advantage of the accused during the
+torture.</p>
+
+<p>On the 8th of September, Fray Dominic declared that Don Bartholomew had
+said, that the expression, <i>say the mass</i>, was not exact; that it would
+be more correct to say <i>perform the mass</i>, from the Latin, <i>facere rem
+sacram</i>, and that he used this expression in the pulpit and in his
+writings. This accusation was certainly not sufficient to authorize a
+decree of arrest.</p>
+
+<p>On the 23rd of September, Doctor Cazalla declared, that ten or twelve
+years before, he heard Fray Dominic de Roxas say, that Don Bartholomew
+held the doctrines of the Lutherans. Fray Dominic on being examined
+denied the fact, but afterwards, on being tortured, confessed, that he
+had often declared that Don Bartholomew believed in the doctrines of the
+Lutherans, to give weight to his own opinions, and acknowledged that he
+did not speak the truth.</p>
+
+<p>The same Doctor Cazalla (being examined on the evidence of Donna Francis
+de Zuñiga, who said he had instructed her in the doctrine of Luther)
+declared, that Donna Frances,<a name="page_425" id="page_425"></a> and her brother Juan, had told him, that
+they were instructed by Don Bartholomew. The brother and sister denied
+the fact, and Cazalla being tortured, retracted his declaration.</p>
+
+<p>On the 9th of December, Fray Ambrose de Salazar, Dominican, being
+summoned to declare if it was true that he had said, that some persons
+held the same language as the heretics of Germany, replied that it was
+true, and that he alluded to Dominic de Roxas, Christopher Padilla, and
+Juan Sanchez. He was pressed to name all those to whom his allusion
+could be applied, and he said that he did not remember any others. He
+was then requested to consult his memory, and return the next day to the
+tribunal of the Inquisition. He obeyed, but did not add anything to his
+former declaration. He was then told that the inquisitors had been
+informed that he alluded to some other person, that he must endeavour to
+recollect him, and then return. The monk repaired to the Inquisition on
+the 14th of the same month, and said, that he had thought the questions
+put to him related to the archbishop, particularly after a report that
+his trial had commenced; that until then he had been far from suspecting
+the most zealous defender of the Catholic religion of heresy; that his
+words agreed with his writings; that he had converted many heretics, and
+burnt some others; that if he adopted certain phrases used by the
+heretics, he always explained them in an orthodox manner, and that in
+this case he only followed the example of several saints.</p>
+
+<p>Don Francis Manrique de Lara, bishop of Salamanca, deposed, on the 10th
+of October, that, at Naxera, he heard it said, that the archbishop had
+been arrested on account of his catechism, and that Fray Ambrose
+remarked, <i>it may not be for that alone; it is possible that his belief
+in purgatory was suspected</i>.</p>
+
+<p>When the <i>publication of the depositions</i> took place, the evidence of
+Salazar was not mentioned, and the defenders of<a name="page_426" id="page_426"></a> the accused never knew
+that he had given it. It is thus that the inquisitors in their
+proceedings violate natural right, in concealing all that may be taken
+advantage of by a defender.</p>
+
+<p>On the 9th of December, Fray Juan de Regla voluntarily denounced
+Carranza, for some expressions used by him to Charles V., on the
+forgiveness of sins. This affair has already been mentioned in the
+thirteenth chapter. On the 23rd Fray Juan again denounced Don
+Bartholomew, for having supported the arguments of the Lutherans, in the
+second session of the council of Trent, concerning the holy sacrifice of
+mass; and for having dared to say <i>ego hæro certe</i>, which scandalized
+several fathers of the council; he admitted that the accused afterwards
+explained his words, but said it was without energy. This monk was the
+only witness who deposed to this fact. Don Diego de Mendoza, ambassador
+of Spain to the council, who had been punctual in attending the
+sessions, declared that he did not remember the circumstance, which had
+not been denounced before by any of the numerous rivals of Carranza.
+Fray Juan was extremely mortified that he could not obtain a bishopric,
+and we may suppose that nothing but jealousy could inspire him with such
+scruples, sixteen years after the event. It must be observed that he had
+been condemned by the Inquisition of Saragossa, that he had abjured
+eighteen propositions, and had been pursued by the Jesuits, of whom he
+and Cano had shown themselves the most violent adversaries, while Don
+Bartholomew was their friend. Cano and de Regla, therefore, endeavoured
+to mortify Carranza, and persecuted him as being secretly attached to
+the Jesuits.</p>
+
+<p>The licentiate Hornuza, judge of appeals of the district of Santiago,
+states in a writing annexed by the fiscal to the trial six weeks after
+the arrest of the archbishop, that this prelate, having presented to the
+Council of Trent some arguments in favour of Luther, he acknowledged
+that they<a name="page_427" id="page_427"></a> might be answered conclusively; the witness added that Doctor
+Grados could confirm the truth of his testimony. The doctor was not
+examined. Who, indeed, can believe that Carranza would have spoken in
+that manner in the Council of Trent? On the 14th December, Fray Dominic
+de Roxas presented a writing, containing a confession of his errors and
+a prayer for pardon: he made the same declarations concerning the
+archbishop as before; adding, that <i>he was obliged to confess that he
+thought</i> if the prelate and some <i>others had not been prepared by the
+syrup of the Lutheran phrases, the works of the heresiarch would not
+have made so much impression on their minds</i>. Fray Dominic said this to
+palliate his own crime, and in the hope of being reconciled; but being
+informed, on the 7th October, 1559, that he must prepare to die the next
+day, he demanded an audience, in order to make a declaration necessary
+to the repose of his soul; and having obtained it, he said "that he had
+never heard Don Bartholomew utter any words contrary to the doctrine of
+the Holy Church, that he always spoke against the Lutherans, and
+explained those phrases which he (Fray Dominic) had seen in heretical
+books, and heard from the preachers in Valladolid, in an orthodox
+sense."</p>
+
+<p>The above are all the declarations contained in the process of the
+Archbishop of Toledo when a brief was denounced for his arrest. It may
+even be supposed that there were not so many, since the brief was
+expedited on the 7th January, 1559, and therefore it must have been
+demanded, at the latest, in the beginning of December 1558. The censure
+of the works of Carranza and the opinion of the Bishop of Cuença were
+also made use of as a motive for the demand. The qualifiers were
+Melchior Cano, Dominic Cuevas, Dominic Soto, Pedro Ybarra, and the
+Master Carlos. The following is a list of the MS. works of the
+archbishop which are mentioned with the printed Catechism in this part
+of the process.<a name="page_428" id="page_428"></a></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""
+style="margin-left:2%;">
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">2.</td><td>Notes on the Explanation of the verse <i>Audi filia</i> of the 44th Psalm, by Juan d'Avila, 83.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">3.</td><td>Explanation of Psalm 83.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">4.</td><td>Explanation of Psalm 129.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">5.</td><td>Explanation of Psalm 142.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">6.</td><td>Explanation of the Prophet Isaiah.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">7.</td><td>Explanation of the Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">8.</td><td>Ditto Galatians.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">9.</td><td>Ditto Ephesians.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">10.</td><td>Ditto Philippians.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">11.</td><td>Ditto Colossians.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">12.</td><td>Explanation of the Canonical Epistle of St. John.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">13.</td><td>Treatise on the Love of God to Man.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">14.</td><td>Ditto on the Sacrament of the Order, with notes on the same subject.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">15.</td><td>Ditto on the holy Sacrifice of Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">16.</td><td>Ditto on the Celibacy of Priests.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">17.</td><td>Ditto on the Sacrament of Marriage.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">18.</td><td>Ditto on the Utility and Efficacy of Prayer.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">19.</td><td>Ditto on the Tribulation of the Just.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">20.</td><td>Ditto on the Christian Widow.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">21.</td><td>Ditto on Christian Liberty.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">22.</td><td>Remarks on the Commandments of God and the Sins of Mortals.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">23.</td><td>Apology for the <i>Commentaries on the Catechism</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">24.</td><td>Proofs taken from Holy Writ for the defence of the publication of a Catechism in the Spanish language.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">25.</td><td>Abridgment of the <i>Commentaries on the Catechism</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">26.</td><td>Sermons for all the Year.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">27.</td><td>Ditto on the Love of God.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">28.</td><td>Ditto, <i>Super flumina Babylonis</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">29.</td><td>Ditto on the Manner of hearing Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">30.</td><td>Ditto on Holy Thursday.<a name="page_429" id="page_429"></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">31.</td><td>Sermons preached before the Prince at Valladolid.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">32.</td><td>Ditto on the Circumcision of our Saviour.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">33.</td><td>Ditto, intituled <i>P&oelig;nitentiam agite</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">34.</td><td>Ditto, <i>Si revertamini et quiescatis salviti eritis</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">35.</td><td>Ditto on Prayer.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">36.</td><td>Ditto, <i>Hora est jam nos de somno surgere</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">37.</td><td>Ditto, <i>Dirigite viam Domine</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">38.</td><td>Ditto, <i>Spiritus est Deus</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">39.</td><td>Ditto on the Psalm <i>De profundis clamavi</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">40.</td><td>Ditto, <i>Filius quidem hominis vadit</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" valign="top">41.</td><td>Abridgment of two Sermons sent to Flanders to the Licentiate Herrera.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Some MS. copies which had been given to the Marchioness d'Alcañices, and
+other persons, before the Catechism was printed, were also annexed to
+the process; the contents were the same, except some corrections
+afterwards made by the author. The Marchioness d'Alcañices gave them to
+Don Diego de Cordova, a member of the Supreme Council, who died soon
+after. The MSS. were then taken by St. Francis de Borgia, who informed
+Carranza, on his return from Flanders, that they were in his possession,
+but that he wanted them to assist him in composing a sermon. Don
+Bartholomew being arrested before the MSS. were returned to him, St.
+Francis de Borgia sent them to the grand-inquisitor, in whose house they
+were lost; it is stated in the process that only one of them was found
+there some time after.</p>
+
+<p>The holy office endeavoured to ascribe to Carranza some other works
+condemned on the trial: these were the</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang">Explanation of the Articles of the Faith, by Fray Dominic de Roxas.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Opinions on the Interpretation of the Holy Scriptures, by Juan
+Valdés, secretary to Charles V., who became a Lutheran.<a name="page_430" id="page_430"></a></p>
+
+<p class="hang">Treatise on Prayer and Meditation, which appears to have been
+written by some other Lutheran author.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Explanation of the Book of Job, of which Carranza only wrote the
+notes, which refute the text in several places.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Explanation of the verse <i>Audi filia</i>, explanatory notes only by
+Carranza.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Several papers which Fray Dominic de Roxas and Christopher de
+Padilla had distributed, maliciously attributing them to Don
+Bartholomew, although they belonged to Fray Dominic, and other
+Lutherans.</p></div>
+
+<p>As to the <i>Exposition of the Canonical Epistle of St. John</i>, the
+archbishop declared that, in the state in which it was, he did not
+acknowledge it as his work; that he had only given it verbally to his
+pupils, and that, doubtless, one of them had written it from memory;
+that although the foundation of it was what he had taught, the errors
+which it contained could not be imputed to him.</p>
+
+<p>The grand-inquisitor was at first only acquainted with the Catechism of
+Carranza, the censure of which was confided to Cano and others. Cano,
+whose heart was full of hatred, wanted no incitements to condemn it; of
+the inclinations of the others we may judge by letters, in which Fray
+Dominic de Soto speaks of his embarrassment at being obliged to censure
+some propositions which he considered very orthodox. Of all the works of
+Carranza, those only were marked with the theological censure which are
+numbered 3, 4, 13, 27, 28, 29, and 30. The Master Carlos, and afterwards
+Cano and Cuevas, were employed in this work.</p>
+
+<p>As there were among the Lutherans many persons intimate with the
+archbishop, and even some who had been his pupils, he wished to be
+informed of the state of their affairs. Fray Juan de la Peña, Fray
+Francis de Tordesillas, and Fray Louis de la Cruz, sent the details to
+Flanders to Fray Juan de Villagarcia, the companion of the Archbishop,
+and by this<a name="page_431" id="page_431"></a> means he learnt that his Catechism was to be condemned for
+two reasons: first, on the pretext that it contained several heretical
+propositions; and secondly, because the principle which caused the Bible
+in the vulgar tongue to be prohibited in Spain in the present state of
+the kingdom, would not admit of the permission of a work on
+<i>justification</i>, and other points of controversy with the Lutherans, in
+the same language. The archbishop first commissioned Villagarcia, and
+afterwards the Jesuit Gil Gonzalez, to translate his Catechism into
+Latin, with notes on the obscure passages: they began, but never
+finished the work.</p>
+
+<p>The archbishop, however, was far from suspecting that he would be
+attacked for his personal profession of faith, when he received a letter
+from Fray Louis de la Cruz, dated Valladolid, May 21, 1558, in which he
+informed him that the Lutherans declared he partook their opinions.
+Carranza replied, that he was more grieved for their misfortune in
+having embraced heresy than for their false testimony against him. As he
+was perfectly convinced of the purity of his faith, and believed that he
+had given sufficient proofs of it in combating the opinions of the
+heretics, he persuaded himself that only the sense of his <i>Commentaries</i>
+was to be dismissed. He therefore returned to Spain, expecting to
+arrange the affair on a few conferences with the grand inquisitor; and
+in order to facilitate the attainment of his object, he obtained
+approbations of his work from some of the most famous theologians in
+Spain,&mdash;Don Pedro Guerrero, archbishop of Granada; Don Francis Blanco,
+archbishop of Santiago; Don Francis Delgado, bishop of Lugo and Jaen;
+Don Andrea Cuesta, bishop of Leon; Don Antonio Gorrionero, bishop of
+Almeria; Don Diego Sobaños, rector of the university of Alcala; Fray
+Pedro de Soto, confessor to Charles V.; Fray Dominic Soto, professor of
+Salamanca; Don Hernando de Barriovero, canon, magistrate, and professor
+of Toledo; and Fray Mancio del Corpus, professor of<a name="page_432" id="page_432"></a> Alcala; besides
+many other Doctors of Salamanca, Valladolid, and Alcala.</p>
+
+<p>While the archbishop was at Valladolid in 1558, he demanded that the
+theological censures of his works should be communicated to him, that he
+might reply to them, and give any satisfaction required of him. He
+thought he had a right to this concession, for several reasons: first,
+as he was the author; secondly, as the primate of Spain; and thirdly, as
+a man who might expect such an act of deference from the holy office, in
+consideration of his labours in its cause. But the grand-inquisitor
+Valdés (who was his enemy, though he pretended to be his friend) would
+not grant his request, alleging that it was not the custom to hear an
+author on the qualification of his works. Carranza then endeavoured to
+avail himself of the approbations he had obtained from the illustrious
+theologians already mentioned, who were almost all of them fathers of
+the council of Trent; but they were not received, and he experienced the
+same rejection from the Supreme Council. The mystery which shrouded all
+the proceedings of that body was impenetrable, and he departed from
+Valladolid in ignorance of the causes of his trial.</p>
+
+<p>He, however, afterwards obtained information, that some witnesses had
+been examined on his personal faith, and that the censurers of his work
+noted it, as containing <i>heresies, propositions savouring of heresy,
+fomenting heresy, tending to heresy, and capable of causing it</i>. Some
+idea may be formed of the state of his mind from his application to the
+king and the pope, to whom he sent an account of all that had passed
+between him and the grand-inquisitor, and implored their protection; the
+minutes of this account, and the letters which accompanied it, were
+afterwards found among his papers.</p>
+
+<p>On the 20th of September, he arrived at Yuste, in Estremadura. His
+misfortune, it may be presumed, rendered him prudent in his exhortations
+to Charles V.; it is not likely<a name="page_433" id="page_433"></a> that he would use the phrases
+attributed to him by Fray Juan de Regla, without adding expressions to
+limit the absolute sense which the denouncer imputed to him. On the 5th
+of October he again wrote to the king, on the occasion of the death of
+the emperor, and also to Ruy Gomez de Sylva, and to Don Antonio de
+Toledo, grand-prior of the order of St. John, both high in favour with
+his majesty, and with whom he was intimate, but more particularly with
+Don Antonio, who always endeavoured to be useful to him. His letters and
+those of many others at Rome, who wished to serve him, were found among
+his papers. The papal nuncio in Spain had already informed his court of
+what was passing at Madrid, and it was believed that the
+grand-inquisitor acted in concert with the king; this circumstance
+prevented Paul IV. (though he esteemed Carranza) from interfering in the
+affair, until he clearly perceived what was to be thought of it.</p>
+
+<p>Philip II., who then resided at Brussels, was far from being capable of
+arresting the progress of a trial undertaken by the inquisitors for a
+matter of faith; he contented himself with promising to protect
+Carranza, as long as it was compatible with the Catholic religion. The
+demand of being heard in his defence, before the condemnation of his
+Catechism, might have been granted, if the depositions concerning his
+personal faith had not presented an obstacle. Don Ferdinand Valdés
+represented to the princess Jane, governess of the kingdom, the
+declarations of the witnesses, which, read by a person without
+discrimination, and with the intention of injuring, made the archbishop
+appear to be a real heretic. The princess communicated this to the king,
+her brother, who being naturally suspicious, and knowing that Valdés was
+inimical to Carranza, resolved to take the cowardly part of remaining
+inactive, and waiting until the affair should be elucidated. It is not
+true that Philip repented of having elevated Carranza to the see of
+Toledo; the proof of this<a name="page_434" id="page_434"></a> exists in the procedure: he was favourably
+disposed towards the archbishop, till Valdés and the counsellors of the
+Inquisition persuaded him that Carranza was an hypocritical heretic. The
+absolute inactivity of this prince's character, and the formidable and
+continual activity of Valdés, were the cause of the misfortunes of
+Carranza.</p>
+
+<p>The archbishop now thought it would be better to submit in order to
+avoid the infamy, and without waiting for replies from Brussels and
+Rome, on the 21st of September, 1558, he addressed a petition to Don
+Sancho Lopez de Otalora, counsellor of the Inquisition, in which he
+consented that his Catechism should be placed in the Index, provided his
+name was not mentioned, and that the prohibition did not extend beyond
+Spain, because the work was in the Spanish language. He hoped by these
+means to preserve the reputation of being a Catholic author, the only
+fame of which he was ambitious. In November, he sent letters to the
+grand-inquisitor and others, and remitted petitions to the Supreme
+Council, earnestly requesting, that in order to terminate all
+difficulties as soon as possible, his Catechism might be printed in
+Spanish, and given to him to be revised, corrected, and translated into
+Latin. His efforts were unsuccessful; the grand-inquisitor, far from
+wishing to serve him, obtained from the Pope the brief which completed
+his disgrace. He perceived that he ought to have followed the advice
+which had been given to him in Flanders, to repair to Rome, instead of
+Spain. The Bishop of Orense gave him to understand that there were in
+his case some things savouring of heresy, when he made the following
+reply:&mdash;<i>Unless this crime entered by the sleeve of my habit, I am,
+thank God, innocent of any thing of the kind. I shall therefore allow
+the affair to take the common course.</i></p>
+
+<p>On the 7th of June, 1558, Paul IV. declared in full consistory, "that
+being informed that the heresies of Luther, and some others, had been
+propagated in Spain, he had<a name="page_435" id="page_435"></a> reason to suspect that several prelates had
+adopted them; and in consequence he authorized the grand-inquisitor <i>for
+two years from that day</i>, to make inquests concerning all the bishops,
+archbishops, patriarchs, and primates, of that kingdom: to commence
+their trials, and, in case that an <i>attempt to escape</i> was suspected, to
+arrest them and lodge them in a place of security, and that the
+inquisitor should <i>immediately</i> report the same to the sovereign
+pontiff, and send the criminals to Rome as soon as possible, with their
+process sealed up." The archbishop received notice of the expedition of
+this brief, in a letter from Cardinal Theatire, on the 18th of January.
+Valdés also demanded of the king, his permission to put it in execution.
+A letter from Don Antonio de Toledo to Carranza, dated Brussels, 27th of
+February, informed him, that his majesty had commanded the
+grand-inquisitor to suspend the proceedings till he arrived in Spain;
+adding, that his majesty was quite convinced of the wickedness with
+which the archbishop was treated. Valdés renewed his demand in March,
+representing the inconveniences of delay, and at last obtained
+permission to execute the brief.</p>
+
+<p>During this period, the inquisitors of Valladolid continued to receive
+every possible deposition unfavourable to the archbishop, to justify the
+proceedings against him.</p>
+
+<p>On the 20th of February, 1559, Fray Gaspard Tamayo, a Franciscan,
+voluntarily denounced the Catechism: he said, he thought it wrong in the
+author, to exhort the faithful to read the Scriptures, and not to
+address to the saints the prayers beginning <i>Pater-Noster</i> and
+<i>Ave-Maria</i>.</p>
+
+<p>On the 11th of April, Don Juan de Acuña, count de Buendia, deposed that
+the archbishop had recommended him to renounce that practice, and to
+pray to the saints in the manner he had taught in his book; that he and
+all his family, and Donna Francisca de Cordova, had followed his advice,
+until the Bishop of Ciudad Rodrigo had persuaded them to the contrary:
+the deponent added, that he knew that Carranza<a name="page_436" id="page_436"></a> had given the same
+advice to several other persons employed in the palace. This deposition
+was followed by those of the countess his wife, their chaplain, and
+seven of their servants.</p>
+
+<p>On the same day, Fray Dominic de Roxas deposed, that the Marquis de
+Roza, his father, asked Carranza if he should cause a thousand masses to
+be said for his soul during his life, or after his death, and that the
+archbishop replied, "<i>If my lord the marquis will believe me, he will
+say the masses during his life</i>." The deponent further said, that the
+archbishop, in going to Trent to attend the second convocation of the
+council, was in company with some Lutherans who were with the King of
+Bohemia; that he disputed with one of them in the presence of the Bishop
+of Segovia, and though he appeared to have the advantage in the
+argument, he afterwards said privately to the deponent, "<i>I was never so
+much embarrassed as to-day; although I am a master of theology, yet I am
+not so learned in the Scriptures as this Lutheran, who is only a
+layman.</i>" The witness also said, that the archbishop had read and
+approved his <i>explanation of the articles of the faith</i>, and that he had
+even inserted part of it in his Catechism. It has been also stated, that
+Fray Dominic recanted all his depositions before his death.</p>
+
+<p>On the 5th of May, Donna Catherine de Castilla, who was a prisoner of
+the holy office, declared that she believed the archbishop to be a
+Lutheran; but repenting, she retracted her declaration, and said that
+she knew that Carranza had maintained to Don Carlos de Seso, her
+husband, that he committed a fatal error in denying the existence of
+purgatory. She persisted in her recantation.</p>
+
+<p>I appeal to my readers, if the state of the trial and the depositions of
+the witnesses were sufficient allegation: Canino the fiscal, reserving
+to himself the right of accusing him with more formality hereafter,
+demanded that the person of the archbishop should be seized, that he
+should be imprisoned, and his goods and revenues sequestrated, to be at
+the disposal of<a name="page_437" id="page_437"></a> the grand-inquisitor. Valdés, after consulting the
+Supreme Council, commanded the fiscal to present the papers of which he
+had spoken in his requisition: these were the Catechism with the
+qualifications of Cano, Cuevas, Soto, and Ybarra; two MSS. bound,
+containing the articles of faith by Fray Dominic de Roxas, and the other
+works of Carranza mentioned under the numbers 3, 4, 13, 27, 28, 29, and
+30, with their qualifications; two sermons sent by Carranza to the
+licentiate Herrera, judge of the trials for smuggling, who was under
+arrest for Lutheranism; the depositions of the witnesses, with a summary
+of them, and to cause the archbishop to be pronounced attainted of
+heresy. Valdés, having drawn up, on the 8th of April, a verbal process
+of the reception of the powers granted by the Pope, the licentiate
+Canino, fiscal of the council of the Inquisition, on the 6th of May,
+presented to the grand-inquisitor a requisition, in which he demanded
+the execution of the brief, and declared that he would designate, in
+time and place, the person which it was to strike. Valdés remitted a
+declaration, in which he announced that he was ready to do justice
+whenever he was required. On the same day, the fiscal presented another
+requisition, in which he stated that Don Bartholomew Carranza,
+archbishop of Toledo, had preached, insinuated, written, and taught, in
+his conferences, his sermons, and his catechism, and in other books and
+writings, several heresies of Luther, according to the depositions of
+witnesses, and the books and writings which he presented to support his
+charges: the letters were those of the Bishop of Cuenza, Don Pedro de
+Castro; a letter from the archbishop to Doctor Cazalla, dated Brussels,
+18th of February, 1558, in reply to compliments on his elevation to the
+see of Toledo; (in this letter he begs Cazalla to "<i>pray that he may
+have the light necessary to govern his diocese well</i>;" adding, "<i>that it
+was more needful to ask it then than before, for those who formed part
+of the church of God</i>;") two letters of Juan<a name="page_438" id="page_438"></a> Sanchez, a Lutheran, in
+which he says <i>that he was going to Flanders, because he hoped to be
+well received by Carranza</i>.</p>
+
+<p>As these formalities were all fulfilled in one day, it is not to be
+doubted that it was a concerted scheme between the grand-inquisitor,
+some members of the council, and the fiscal: if this had not been the
+case, three days would have been necessary for these ceremonies. On the
+13th of May, the grand-inquisitor and the council determined that
+Carranza should be cited to appear, and reply to the accusations of the
+fiscal.</p>
+
+<p>When the king had given his consent that the archbishop should be
+prosecuted, he required that he should be treated <i>with the respect due
+to his dignity</i>: this he repeated in a letter to Cardinal Pacheco, who
+informed him that Carranza had demanded that his affair should be judged
+at Rome. The king also wrote two letters to Carranza on the 30th of
+March, and the 4th April, in which he promised to protect him. The
+letter to Cardinal Pacheco induced the grand-inquisitor to write to the
+king on the 19th of May, when he informed him of the measure which had
+been decreed, adding, that he thought a citation to appear more
+moderate, less humiliating, and more private than an arrest by
+alguazils. The king, however, had still some regard for Carranza, since
+he did not approve of what had been done. At this period Don Antonio de
+Toledo, who continued to correspond with Carranza, informed him, that
+though he did not think the affair had taken so favourable a turn as
+might be wished, yet he thought he still perceived some marks of
+attachment for him in the king, in spite of the evil report made of him.</p>
+
+<p>At last, on the 26th of June, the king sent an answer to the
+inquisitor-general, in which he gives his consent to what had been
+resolved upon; adding, that he hoped the execution of this measure would
+be attended <i>with all the consideration due to the merit of Carranza,
+and the dignity with which he was invested</i>. The prelate was informed of
+this event, in a<a name="page_439" id="page_439"></a> letter written by Don Antonio de Toledo, the next day.
+The approbation of the king was received on the 10th of July, and on the
+15th the fiscal presented a second requisition, in which he insisted on
+the execution of the demand contained in the first, that Carranza should
+be arrested, and his goods seized. He represented that the instruction
+of the process furnished proofs which ought to have been considered
+sufficient on the 13th of May; that nevertheless he would add to them
+the deposition of Donna Louisa de Mendoza, wife of Don Juan Vasquez de
+Molina, secretary to the king. This lady deposed, that the Marchioness
+d'Alcañices told her, that, <i>according to the instructions of the
+archbishop, it was not meritorious in the sight of God to deprive
+ourselves of pleasures, and that it was not necessary to wear
+haircloth</i>. The marchioness, who was examined, declared that she had
+never said anything of the kind, but only that all these things were
+less meritorious; that she had been intimate with the archbishop for
+more than twenty years, and had been his penitent, but during all that
+time she had never heard him say any thing against the faith.</p>
+
+<p>On the 1st of August, the grand-inquisitor, in concert with the Supreme
+Council, and several consultors, issued the order for the arrest of the
+archbishop. At this juncture, Philip II. wrote to his sister, the
+governess of the kingdom, saying, that in order to avoid the scandal and
+inconveniences arising from the measures decreed by the holy office, it
+would be proper to send for the archbishop to court upon some decent
+pretext. Don Antonio de Toledo having heard some hints of this, hastened
+to communicate it to Carranza, on the 19th of July: this was the last
+letter that faithful friend wrote to him. Among the papers of the
+archbishop, were found letters from persons, who afterwards, from want
+of courage, joined his enemies. There was also found the minutes of a
+representation in Latin, addressed to the Pope, in the name of the
+chapter of Toledo, entreating his holiness not to allow<a name="page_440" id="page_440"></a> the cause of
+Carranza to be judged by the holy office of Spain, alleging that its
+members were swayed by human motives, and not from zeal to religion: it
+is not certain if this petition reached the Court of Rome, but the
+chapter behaved to the prelate with great generosity.</p>
+
+<p>The regent wrote a letter to the archbishop on the 3rd of August, in
+which she says, that before the arrival of the king, which would soon
+take place, she wished to communicate some affairs to him, and therefore
+begged him to repair immediately to Valladolid, adding, that as the
+least delay might occasion very disagreeable consequences, she should be
+pleased if he came as soon as possible, even if without ceremony or
+equipage, and that she sent Don Rodrigo de Castro that he might not lose
+time, and might inform her of his arrival.</p>
+
+<p>This Don Rodrigo de Castro was the nephew of the Bishop of Cuença, the
+first denouncer of Carranza: he departed from Valladolid on the 4th of
+August; on the 6th he delivered the letter to the archbishop, who, on
+the next day, replied to the princess that he would obey her orders. He
+immediately sent his equipages and part of his household to Valladolid,
+but followed slowly, that he might visit the towns and villages of his
+diocese, which he was to pass through.</p>
+
+<p>During this interval, Don Rodrigo wrote several letters to Valdés, one
+dated the 4th of August, from Arevalo, and four from Alcala de Henares,
+dated the 7th, 9th, 10th, and 14th, from which the inquisitor-general
+concluded that the delay of eight days was too long, and concealed some
+bad design: he pretended to think that Carranza intended to make his
+escape to Rome, yet Don Rodrigo de Castro lodged in the same house, and
+never lost sight of him. This pretext, futile as it was, gave Valdés the
+opportunity of issuing a mandate on the 17th, appointing Don Rodrigo and
+Don Diego Ramirez de Sedeño inquisitors of the districts of Toledo<a name="page_441" id="page_441"></a> and
+Valladolid. He commissioned them and the chief alguazil of Valladolid to
+seize the person of the archbishop, to sequestrate his goods, and draw
+up an inventory of them.</p>
+
+<p>This order was executed at Torre-Laguna, on the 22nd, before day, and
+while the archbishop was still in bed. When he was told that he was
+under arrest, he demanded to know by whose order he was made prisoner;
+that of the inquisitor-general, and the brief of the Pope, were shown to
+him. He replied that the brief was general, and that it ought to be a
+special commission expedited with a knowledge of the cause, which was
+out of the jurisdiction of the inquisitor-general: that even supposing
+him to be competent, the conditions prescribed in the brief were not
+observed in his case, since nothing but malice could inspire the fear
+that he should attempt to escape; that, from all these considerations,
+he protested against the order of the grand-inquisitor, and the violence
+of his measures, and demanded satisfaction of the Pope for the insult he
+had received. Not being able at that moment to put his intentions into
+execution, the archbishop desired Juan de Ledesma, the notary of the
+holy office, who was present at his arrest, to write down his replies to
+the inquisitors, and that he obeyed the order only to avoid
+ill-treatment.</p>
+
+<p>The archbishop requested that great care might be taken of his papers,
+some of which belonged to trials concerning the archiepiscopal see, and
+were of great importance. All that he requested was complied with on
+this subject.</p>
+
+<p>On the 23rd of August he left Torre-Laguna, and arrived at Valladolid on
+the 28th; he was imprisoned in the house of Don Pedro Gonzalez de Leon:
+his portfolio, and a box containing papers, were sent to the
+inquisitor-general, who immediately caused them to be opened, and an
+inventory taken of their contents. On the 6th of September he addressed
+a letter to the king, giving an account, in his manner, of the arrest,
+and alleging his pretended fear of the flight of<a name="page_442" id="page_442"></a> Carranza, as the
+motive for it. He added, that the archbishop appeared to be informed of
+his proceedings; an insinuation which might have injured Don Antonio de
+Toledo, whose correspondence he had read.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXIII" id="CHAPTER_XXXIII"></a>CHAPTER XXXIII.<br /><br />
+<small>CONTINUATION OF THE TRIAL UNTIL THE ARCHBISHOP WENT TO ROME.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> enemies of Carranza procured new witnesses, in order to justify
+their conduct. Valdés and his coadjutors feared that public opinion
+would be against them, if, when they pronounced the definitive sentence,
+the archbishop was not proved, to all Europe, to be guilty of heresy.</p>
+
+<p>To attain this end, the inquisitors examined ninety-six witnesses, who,
+most of them, unfortunately, added nothing to what had been already
+deposed; some of them attested the purity of Carranza's faith, and the
+few who were against him deposed only what they had heard from other
+persons, who either did not confirm, or denied the facts. It is worthy
+of remark, that the greatest number of the witnesses who spoke in favour
+of the archbishop were in the dungeons of the Inquisition, and made
+their depositions during or after the torture, and when they were liable
+to have it renewed, and to be subject to the cruel treatment of the
+judges, whose schemes they frustrated. While these miserable people
+showed so much courage, the bishops, archbishops, and theologians, who
+aspired to the episcopacy, basely retracted their first and true
+opinion, and qualified, as <i>violently suspected of Lutheranism</i>, the man
+whom they had before considered almost as an apostle, and that in the
+same trial and for the same work.<a name="page_443" id="page_443"></a></p>
+
+<p>On the 26th of August, the grand-inquisitor delegated his powers to the
+counsellors Valtodano and Simancas, reserving to himself the right of
+pronouncing the definitive sentence; at the same time he appointed Baca,
+Riego, and Gonzalez, inquisitors of Valladolid, to take the proper
+measures to guard the archbishop, and sequestrate his property.</p>
+
+<p>When the prelate arrived at the house intended for his prison, he was
+asked what domestics he wished to have; he named six, but only two were
+permitted to attend him. He begged Valtodano and Simancas not to allow
+any person to see certain papers and letters from the Pope, Fray
+Ferdinand de St. Ambrose, and the licentiate Cespedes, because they
+related to a trial for the lordship of Cazorla: he asked the same favour
+for a bundle of letters from the king, on some affairs which it had been
+improper to make public. He demanded the original of his consultations,
+and some approbations of his book, because he wished to present them to
+the Pope, who was the only competent judge of his trial; and lastly,
+some other writings relative to conferences which took place at the
+Council of Trent, in England, and in Flanders, and which were so many
+proofs of his efforts in the cause of the Catholic religion.</p>
+
+<p>On the 1st of September, Valtodano and Simancas summoned the archbishop
+to take an oath to speak the truth. The prelate replied that he would do
+so when he received an order from the Pope or the king; that he
+protested against all that had been done, because they were not
+competent; that he did not acknowledge the grand-inquisitor as his
+judge, until he was furnished with special powers for that purpose;
+that, supposing him to have sufficient authority, he did not believe
+that he could delegate it; that he should prove his assertions much
+better if he had the brief, of which he demanded a copy. His request was
+granted the next day; on the 3rd, the grand-inquisitor, after a
+consultation with the Council, declared that he was a competent judge,
+and that he could<a name="page_444" id="page_444"></a> delegate his powers; he announced that he should
+attend with the Council at the sessions of the tribunal: he attended on
+the 4th, and required Carranza to take the oath to speak the truth,
+either against himself or any other person, informing him that if he
+confessed all he knew, he would be treated with clemency, but in the
+contrary case he would be used with all the rigour of justice: he also
+told him that if he was reluctant to reply in the presence of the
+Council, he would be permitted to do so before two counsellors, or the
+inquisitors of Valladolid. Carranza made the same reply as on the
+preceding day, adding, that he was not certain that truth had been
+spoken in soliciting the brief from the Pope; since at that time there
+were no Spanish prelates suspected of heresy; that, if they had him in
+view, he was not in Spain at the time, but in Flanders, occupied in
+labouring for the defence of the Catholic religion, and converting
+heretics; that he exerted himself to destroy all the heresies, and for
+that purpose informed the king that heretical books were sold even at
+his palace-gates, and that the king, in consequence, gave the necessary
+orders to prevent the evil, which would be proved by the testimony of
+the king and the noblemen of his court.</p>
+
+<p>Not satisfied with these arguments, the archbishop challenged the
+grand-inquisitor for reasons which he explained at the same session, and
+in his presence: on the 5th and the following days he continued to give
+the motives for his challenge in writing; his charges against Valdés
+were numerous, and very serious. He mentions persons, times, subjects,
+and reasons, which authorized him to represent Valdés as a perfidious,
+envious, vindictive man; to maintain that he continually abused his
+authority in order to satisfy his vengeance, which could be proved by
+some writings which were registered: he particularly applied himself to
+show that Valdés concealed his hatred to him, under the mask of an
+hypocritical zeal for religion; that this enmity<a name="page_445" id="page_445"></a> was caused by his
+spite and envy after he (Carranza) was elevated to the see of Toledo,
+and had published his work on the Residence of Bishops;&mdash;in short, he
+filled eight folio sheets in a small hand, with the motives which
+induced him to challenge Valdés, and added those concerning the
+counsellors Perez and Cobos, promising to establish the proofs.</p>
+
+<p>The archbishop chose for his advocates those men whom he considered most
+able to defend him; but they were, by different intrigues, induced to
+refuse their assistance: this plan was pursued with all the others whom
+he chose in case of their default, so that he was obliged to apply to
+some advocates who defended in the chancery his right to the lordship of
+some villages, although they knew nothing of the affairs of the holy
+office. Don Juan Sarmiento de Mendoza, counsellor of the Indies, for
+Valdés, and the licentiate Isunza, judge of the civil court of
+Valladolid, for the fiscal, were appointed arbitrators, to decide on the
+validity of the challenge. On the 23rd of February, 1560, they
+pronounced that the allegations were just, reasonable, and well proved.
+The fiscal not being satisfied with the decision, intended to appeal to
+Rome, but soon renounced the measure; in fact, how could the
+inquisitor-general think of sending a trial to Rome, which, if made
+public, would cover him and many others, who afterwards attained the
+highest dignities of the church, with eternal infamy? However, this
+appeal took place at a later period, after a thousand intrigues, but
+Valdés was not the inquisitor-general at that time.</p>
+
+<p>The lodgings assigned to the archbishop were neither commodious,
+agreeable, nor airy; he was allowed only two rooms for himself, a monk,
+and his page. He complained of the inconvenience, but the fiscal
+presented a verbal process, stating that the house was large,
+convenient, and healthy: this was true, for he spoke of it in general,
+and did not mention the place where Carranza was confined. The rooms<a name="page_446" id="page_446"></a>
+were very remote from all communication; in 1561 there was a great fire
+at Valladolid, which consumed four hundred houses in the quarter nearest
+to the prison of the archbishop, yet he heard neither the cries of the
+people, nor the noise which must have been occasioned by such an event,
+and only learnt that it had happened, a long time after, when he was at
+Rome. This privation of air and exercise produced in the archbishop a
+tertian fever, which weakened him considerably, but the inquisitors had
+not sufficient humanity to remove him to a more suitable place. They
+dreaded that he would appeal to the Pope, or the king, on whom however
+it would not have had any effect, as Valdés had contrived to persuade
+him, in some private conversations, that Carranza was really an heretic,
+and that all that he had done in England and Flanders was intended to
+conceal his opinions.</p>
+
+<p>Although Valdés persisted in maintaining that he had the right of
+delegating his powers to prosecute the archbishop, yet as several
+counsellors, and particularly Baco de Castro, held a contrary opinion,
+he was obliged to appeal to the Pope. Paul IV. was dead, and had been
+succeeded by Pius IV., who, on the 23rd of February, confirmed to Valdés
+the powers granted to him by his predecessor, and that of delegating
+confidential persons to proceed in the trial of the Archbishop of
+Toledo. This brief was of no use, because the arbitrators had declared
+on the same day that the motives for the challenge were just and valid;
+his holiness, in consequence, expedited another special brief,
+confirming all that had passed, provided that the proceedings had been
+lawful, and authorizing Philip II. to choose judges in his own name, to
+whom he gave from that moment the power of continuing the trial until it
+was in a state to be terminated, for the space of two years, beginning
+from the 7th of January, 1561. This brief was interpreted at Madrid to
+be a permission to pass a definitive sentence. The Pope being<a name="page_447" id="page_447"></a> informed
+of this circumstance, on the 3rd of July issued a fourth brief, in which
+he disapproved of the interpretation of that preceding it, and commanded
+that the trial should be remitted to him, <i>instructed</i> but not judged,
+within a certain time.</p>
+
+<p>Philip II. appointed Don Gaspard de Zuñiga y Avellanada, archbishop of
+Santiago, to be the judge, with the power of delegating his authority.
+This choice was pleasing to Carranza, because that prelate was one of
+the persons he had proposed for the see of Toledo; in fact, he derived
+some advantage from the change of his guards, and other measures. But
+Zuñiga appointed Valtodano and Simancas, who had begun the trial, to be
+the judges. Carranza intended to challenge them, as having voted his
+arrest; but being told that the king had said that no person who had
+ordered the imprisonment of a criminal could afterwards be his judge, if
+this challenge was allowed, he abandoned his design. The right which the
+prelate had intended to make use of, is now recognised as a principle
+among civilized nations; to it we owe the establishment of <i>Juries</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The trial having been commenced more than two years after the arrest of
+the archbishop, he was at last permitted, in consequence of an order
+from the king, to choose four advocates: these were Doctor Martin
+d'Alpizcueta, known by the name of <i>Doctor</i> Navarro; Don Antonio
+Delgado, canon of Toledo; Doctor Santander, archdeacon of Valladolid;
+and Doctor Morales, an advocate of the Chancery. The two first of these
+lawyers were allowed to see the archbishop, but the writings of the
+trial were not communicated to any of them, consequently it was
+impossible for them to demonstrate the insufficiency of the proofs of
+the charges brought against him by the witnesses. It is true that the
+answers of Carranza were decided and conclusive.</p>
+
+<p>The unqualified works of Carranza, and even some of those which had been
+examined, were confided to Fray Diego de<a name="page_448" id="page_448"></a> Chabes, who had been the
+confessor of Don Carlos, and afterwards of the king; to Fray Juan
+d'Ybarra, and to Fray Rodrigo de Vadillo, and Fray Juan de Azoloros, who
+were afterwards the bishops of Cephalonia and the Canaries. These
+qualified as heretical some propositions contained in works not written
+by Carranza, but found among his papers; others were qualified as
+approaching to heresy, and likely to cause it; and the author was
+declared to be violently suspected of being an heretic. The edicts
+condemning the Catechism, and the Explanation of the Canonical Epistle
+of St. John, had been already published.</p>
+
+<p>The Council of Trent having been convoked for the third time, Valdés
+feared that the Fathers might take notice of the affairs of Carranza,
+and he persuaded the king that it was important to the rights of the
+crown to prevent them from taking cognizance of the trial. Philip had
+appointed the Count de Luna to be the ambassador to the council, and on
+the 30th October, 1562, he sent him instructions, in which he says, that
+he has been informed that it was intended to form a <i>general index</i> of
+the prohibited books contained in the <i>index</i> of Paul IV., which had
+occasioned much expostulation. The king added, that he could not allow
+this measure to extend its influence into Spain, which had an <i>index</i>,
+and particular regulations; that this exception might also apply to
+other Christian countries, since books, which were dangerous in one,
+might not be so in others. The king commanded his ambassador to oppose
+such a resolution in the council, because he could not receive into
+Spain books approved by the council which had been prohibited in that
+kingdom, and <i>some persons suspected that this project concealed
+particular views</i>; that he had already commanded his ambassador at Rome,
+and the Marquis of Pescara, to use every effort, consistent with
+prudence, to baffle the scheme.</p>
+
+<p>These instructions show very plainly that the Court of Madrid were
+afraid that the Council would approve the Catechism<a name="page_449" id="page_449"></a> of Carranza, and
+the explanation of St. John, which had been prohibited in Spain. The
+fathers, who were displeased to see the proceedings so long in the hands
+of the inquisitors, addressed several remonstrances to the Pope against
+them and the King of Spain, and even refused to open the letters which
+that prince wrote to them, until he had atoned for the offence committed
+against the episcopal dignity, in the person of one of its members. At
+last the fathers declared that they would not assemble, unless his
+Holiness did not cause the proceedings, and the person of the
+archbishop, to be sent to Rome. The Pope had just prolonged the period
+destined for the trial (which would otherwise have expired on the 7th of
+January, 1568); he however replied that he would write to Philip, to
+demand that the Archbishop of Toledo and the writings of his trial
+should be sent to him; and to prove how much he wished to satisfy the
+fathers, he sent this letter by Odescalchi, to whom he gave the title of
+nuncio extraordinary.</p>
+
+<p>On the 15th of August following, Philip replied, with an energy unusual
+to him, that he was very much surprised that the Fathers of the council
+occupied themselves with particular affairs, instead of those which
+concerned religion in general; that the imperative dispositions of the
+brief presented by the nuncio were contrary to the rights of his
+sovereignty and the honour of his person, and that he hoped his holiness
+would not take it ill, if he did not order it to be published, and
+continued the trial. The Pope feared to irritate Philip, who was already
+offended that the ambassador of France had obtained the precedence, and
+therefore he granted the delay requested by that prince; at the same
+time, he charged the cardinal-legate, president of the council, to
+pacify the fathers, promising to do what they desired when the process
+was <i>instructed</i>. His Holiness also commanded that the archbishop should
+be treated with as much gentleness as was consistent with the
+proceedings.<a name="page_450" id="page_450"></a></p>
+
+<p>The resolution of the Pope appeased the fathers of the council for the
+present; but they soon began to discuss an affair equally displeasing to
+the King of Spain. The bishops and theologians commissioned to examine
+books, pronounced the doctrine of the Catechism of Carranza to be
+Catholic. They communicated their decision to the Archbishop of Prague,
+who was president of the congregation of the <i>Index</i>, who, together with
+the theologians composing it, approved the Catechism, and resolved to
+send an act of their approbation to Carranza, that he might make use of
+it in his defence. The decree of approbation was to be confirmed by the
+general assembly, but violent measures were employed to prevent it. The
+Pope permitted the Catechism to be printed at Rome on the 26th of June.</p>
+
+<p>The Spanish ambassador, the Count de Luna, vehemently protested against
+this resolution; he said that, as the Catechism was prohibited by the
+Inquisition of Spain, it was an insult to his master and the Supreme
+Council to declare it orthodox, and he demanded that the decree of the
+congregation should be revoked. Don Antonio d'Augustine, Bishop of
+Lerida, was a member of the congregation of the <i>Index</i>, and had not
+been present on the 2nd of June, when the members approved the
+Catechism. This circumstance induced him to support the Count de Luna.
+His enmity to Carranza, and his desire to please the king, made him go
+so far as to say that <i>the congregation approved heresies, since the
+Catechism contained them</i>. The Archbishop of Prague, anxious to defend
+his honour and that of his colleagues, addressed to the papal legates a
+formal complaint against the Bishop of Lerida, demanding in their names
+and his own a public reparation for the injury they had received, and
+protesting that if it was refused, they would not attend the assemblies.
+The cardinal succeeded in reconciling the two parties, by proposing to
+maintain the decree of approbation, but to forbid a literal copy to be
+given, and to commission the Count de Luna to<a name="page_451" id="page_451"></a> obtain that which had
+been already remitted to the agent of Carranza, on the condition that
+the bishop made a public apology to the congregation, and one in private
+to the president. The bishop complied, and the Count de Luna, by his
+entreaties and promises, at last succeeded in obtaining the decree which
+the agent had received; but he had already sent an authenticated copy
+into Spain<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Philip II., on the 3rd of August, wrote to the Count de Luna,
+complaining bitterly of all that had occurred, and charging him to
+represent to the Pope and the Council, that this resolution was the
+effect of an intrigue which tended to favour particular views, <i>as
+injurious to the Pope</i> as to himself, and to give the authors of the
+decree to understand that they could not expect to succeed in causing
+the trial to be transferred to Rome, as the king would never permit it.</p>
+
+<p>On the 26th of October, the Count de Luna wrote to his master, informing
+him of all that he had done. He said that after he had received his
+instructions, he endeavoured to suppress the commission for the
+examination of books, or to render their decrees concerning books
+prohibited in Spain null and void; that the cardinal legates had assured
+him that it was impossible to grant his request, because the commission
+was the work of the council, and not of the Pope; that he must,
+therefore, apply to the general assembly, but that he must not expect to
+succeed, and the only thing that he could ask would be that the
+commission should not go beyond its powers.</p>
+
+<p>The Count de Luna also said, that though the commission was formed to
+examine the book contained in the <i>Index</i> of Paul IV., a particular
+brief had been obtained from Pius IV. to extend the examination to the
+prohibited books of the other indexes of Christendom; that the affair
+concerning the Catechism of Carranza had been carried on unknown to the<a name="page_452" id="page_452"></a>
+Bishop of Lerida, and to Doctor Pedro <i>Zumel</i>, canon of Malaga,
+commissary of the Inquisition; that in consequence, the Bishop of Lerida
+and the Bishop of Caba had appealed against the decree of the
+congregation, and demanded that it should be annulled; that he could
+still make a remonstrance in full synod, but that he found it necessary
+to renounce that intention, <i>as it might be the occasion of great
+inconveniences</i><a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a>; and that the only cause for this event was that the
+Cardinal de Lorraine, the Archbishop of Braga, the Bishop of Modena, and
+several others, defended Carranza to the Pope.</p>
+
+<p>The fathers of the council could not succeed in their attempt to cause
+the trial of Carranza to be transferred to them. When the assembly was
+dissolved, the grand-inquisitor, who had now only the Pope to contend
+with, commissioned the Council of the Inquisition to request the king to
+obtain a brief to allow the trial to be terminated in Spain;
+representing to him that he might say that it would be useful in
+alarming those Spaniards who had adopted heretical opinions; that the
+King of Spain merited such a favour, because he was the only prince who
+had used every means to extirpate heresy; that the ancient canons
+permitted that the trial should take place where the crime was
+committed; that <i>if that of Carranza was transferred to Rome, the names
+of the witnesses would be revealed</i>, which would occasion serious
+consequences; that the trial must be translated into Latin or Italian,
+which would take much time, and that none but Spaniards could understand
+the strength of the expressions of the witnesses; that the
+procurator-fiscal would be obliged to go to Rome, where he would have
+the mortification of not being heard or well received, because many
+persons of high rank had been zealous in the cause of the archbishop;
+that the crimes were committed before he was raised to the<a name="page_453" id="page_453"></a> episcopal
+dignity; that it would not be convenient to allow the archbishop to go
+to Rome, and that the trial could not be properly judged unless he did
+so; that from all these considerations it would be better for the
+sovereign pontiff to appoint persons to finish the trial in Spain, in
+concert with the Supreme Council.</p>
+
+<p>On the other side, Don Martin D'Alpizcueta represented to the king all
+the ill treatment which the archbishop had suffered, and demanded that
+he should be sent to Rome. He represented that the archbishop might have
+made his escape to Rome, but that he did not do so, because his majesty
+<i>had commanded him in a letter written with his own hand, not to apply
+to any one but himself, and to have confidence in his protection</i>.
+Alpizcueta, speaking of the injustice Carranza had suffered, says that
+his arrest was decreed before anything was proved against him, since all
+impartial persons would see that the propositions imputed to him were
+not heretical; that his Catechism had been approved by the Council of
+Trent, and that it was read in every country but Spain, where his
+enemies resided.</p>
+
+<p>The advocate states, that suspected judges had been appointed, and that
+nothing but the fear of displeasing his majesty could prevent his client
+from challenging them;</p>
+
+<p>That his enemies, taking advantage of his captivity, always prevented
+him from informing the king and the Pope of the secret intrigues;</p>
+
+<p>That his act of accusation had been divided into fifteen or twenty
+parts, and the same charges multiplied into four hundred articles, while
+it might and ought to have been reduced to thirty points;</p>
+
+<p>That he had been accused of having advanced heretical propositions, when
+they were perfectly Catholic;</p>
+
+<p>That the accusations had been accumulated to embarrass his client, and
+cause him to contradict himself;</p>
+
+<p>That the copies of the requisitions of the fiscal were not<a name="page_454" id="page_454"></a> given to him
+until the period allowed for the reply had nearly expired; that the
+archbishop might render his detention longer by demanding fresh delays,
+or might reply without reflection;</p>
+
+<p>That works had been imputed to him, of which he was not the author;</p>
+
+<p>That consequently he did not expect to be tried fairly unless the
+process was transferred to the throne;</p>
+
+<p>That the king ought not to listen to his flatterers; that all Spain
+murmured at the treatment the archbishop had received, and that it was
+spoken of still more severely than in other countries.</p>
+
+<p>He then goes on to accuse the judges of partiality, and says that their
+boldness in preferring their judgment to that of the Council of Trent,
+resembles that of the Lutherans who were prosecuted by them.</p>
+
+<p>The advocate continues, "These judges are so offended at this decision,
+(concerning the Catechism,) that one of them said to my two colleagues
+and myself, <i>All the council could not defend two propositions contained
+in that book</i>; he quoted one, which I immediately proved to be Catholic,
+and told him that if I had the authority of the grand-inquisitors, I
+should perhaps denounce him, for I thought there was as much heresy in
+looking upon a Catholic proposition as heretical, as in thinking an
+heretical opinion Catholic; besides, it is certain that it is heretical,
+to suppose that the council can approve a doctrine as Catholic, which is
+not so."</p>
+
+<p>That the Lutherans, when they found that the king had more confidence in
+the Inquisition of Spain than in the sovereign Pontiff, would take
+advantage of the circumstance, to persist in their opposition to the
+holy see, and would say that his majesty's faith was subordinate to his
+interest;</p>
+
+<p>That he had been informed in a <i>confession</i>, that the <i>real design</i> of
+these men was to let the archbishop die in prison, <i>without concluding
+his trial</i>; that such proceedings lead to<a name="page_455" id="page_455"></a> the supposition, <i>that the
+authors of them dissipate the revenues of the archbishopric to their own
+profit, which they really do, without any person to call them to an
+account</i>; besides that such a plan is equivalent to a condemnation,
+since every one will suppose that his client is guilty, if the
+inquisitors do not judge him; that it even concerned the honour of his
+majesty, because it would be said, that he spared heretics of high rank,
+and punished those of no importance.</p>
+
+<p>Alpizcueta concludes, by declaring that he believes the archbishop would
+be acquitted and received with the greatest honours, if he was sent to
+Rome, and conjures the king to grant permission that the trial should be
+transferred.</p>
+
+<p>Alpizcueta was doubtless a very learned man, and told the king many
+truths; but he did not understand the character of that prince, for the
+letter he wrote to the Pope, on the 15th of April, shows that he had
+become even more unjust than the judges. Persuaded that Carranza was an
+heretic, he resolved to show the world that if he knew how to reward
+merit, he also knew how to punish his creatures.</p>
+
+<p>He therefore resolved to demand permission of the Pope to conclude the
+trial in Spain. He selected for this commission Don Rodrigo de Castro,
+to whom were remitted on the 24th November, 1564, the instructions
+decreed by the council, and others from the king, which were private,
+and without a date; an alphabet of the cipher, in which he was to
+correspond with the king, and letters of credit to the Pope, and many
+cardinals.</p>
+
+<p>The king, who foresaw the events which might arise from this journey,
+also sent letters to the King and Queen of France, to the constables of
+that kingdom, and his own ambassador there, to his ambassador at Genoa,
+to the Viceroy of Naples, the Governor of Milan, the Grand Duke of
+Tuscany, and Prince Marcantonio Colonna.</p>
+
+<p>Among the instructions, the following may be remarked: "That although it
+is to be hoped that God will influence the<a name="page_456" id="page_456"></a> decision of the Pontiff, yet
+the means of succeeding in so just an enterprise ought not to be
+neglected: therefore <i>the persons who have most influence in the affair
+must be gained over by any means which may appear most convenient</i>."</p>
+
+<p>Don Rodrigo de Castro succeeded in obtaining the required permission. On
+the 13th of July, 1565, Pius IV. appointed as judges, the Cardinal
+Buoncompagni (afterwards Pope Gregory XIII.) with the title of Legate;
+the Archbishop of Rosano (afterwards Pope Urban VII.), the auditor of
+the <i>Rota</i>, Aldobrandini, and the general of the Franciscans (afterwards
+Sextus Quintus). The Pope informed Philip of these nominations in a
+brief, dated the 21st of August following.</p>
+
+<p>The papal envoys arrived in Spain in the month of November. Philip went
+to Alcala to meet the legate, and received him in the most flattering
+manner, to induce him to consent that the counsellors of the Inquisition
+should be associated with the papal judges: this, the legate, who was
+aware of the inexpedience of the measure, refused. Many powerful
+intrigues were by the king's order employed to obtain his wish, but they
+were in vain; and the Pope dying on the night of the 8th of December,
+Buoncompagni, who wished to assist at the conclave, immediately set off
+for Rome, without even informing the king of his intention, and leaving
+the archbishop and his trial in exactly the same state as in the year
+1562.</p>
+
+<p>On the 17th of January, 1566, Pius V. was elected. Buoncompagni was
+informed of this event while he was on the road, and stopped at Avignon.
+Philip sent a courier to the new Pontiff, to entreat him to confirm the
+arrangements of his predecessor, which was complied with; his Holiness
+at the same time commanded the cardinal to return to Spain; he replied
+that he thought it necessary to have a private conference with his
+holiness, before he obeyed his orders, and therefore continued his
+journey. As soon as he arrived at Rome, he proved to the new Pontiff
+that the trial of<a name="page_457" id="page_457"></a> Carranza could never be judged with impartiality in
+Spain, even by judges appointed by the holy see; Pius IV. then
+determined that the Archbishop of Toledo, and the writings of his trial,
+should be transferred to Rome, and that Don Ferdinand Valdés should be
+deprived of the office of inquisitor-general: this he considered
+necessary, in case the proceedings required that fresh witnesses should
+be examined in Spain.</p>
+
+<p>Salazar de Mendoza says, that Philip obeyed immediately, but he had not
+read the history of the trial: it is certain that a great contest
+ensued; that Pius IV. was firm, and the pride of Philip was obliged to
+give way, when the Pope threatened to excommunicate him, and to put his
+kingdom under an interdict. The writings of the trial are still in
+existence; and <i>I refer to those documents</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The king appointed Don Diego Espinosa, Bishop of Siguenza, to be
+inquisitor-general; and on the 9th of September, the Pope expedited a
+bull, in which he says, that on account of the great age and infirmities
+of Valdés, he had thought proper to appoint Don Diego Espinosa to be his
+coadjutor, authorizing him to act as inquisitor-general, without any
+dependance on Valdés. This bull was published, that Valdés might not be
+dishonoured; but his holiness privately imparted his intentions to
+Espinosa, in a brief on the 1st of October, commanding him to avoid
+speaking of the trial of Carranza to Valdés.</p>
+
+<p>The Pope sent Pietro Camayani, Bishop of Asculi, to Spain, with the
+title of nuncio-extraordinary, and with the most positive orders not to
+return to Rome without the archbishop, and the writings of his trial. On
+the 30th of July he addressed a brief to Camayani, which it is necessary
+to abridge, though of much importance. His Holiness says, that the delay
+of the trial, and the detention of Carranza, had scandalized all
+Christendom. He commands him, on pain of excommunication, to signify to
+the Archbishop of Seville, the Council of the Inquisition, and the other
+persons concerned<a name="page_458" id="page_458"></a> in the trial of Carranza, with a menace of the same
+penalties, the absolute revocation of all the powers intrusted to them;
+and a positive order, on pain of <i>excommunication in its full extent</i>,
+to set Carranza immediately at liberty without delay or protestation,
+and even without requiring any security from him; to place all the
+papers of the trial in the hands of the nuncio, to be by him transferred
+to Rome; to subject the detainers of the papers to the same censures, if
+they did not give them up immediately; to inform the archbishop, when
+set at liberty, of the order to repair to Rome, and to permit him to
+appoint an administrator for his see.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing, however, was done as the Pope had ordained. The archbishop was
+not liberated; the king sent a detachment of his guards to escort him to
+Carthagena, where he was to embark. He was detained at Valladolid so
+long by the preparations for his departure, that he only reached Rome on
+the 29th of May in the following year.</p>
+
+<p>The nuncio was obliged to issue fresh menaces of excommunication, before
+he could obtain the papers, which detained the archbishop at Carthagena
+for four months. The ignorance of the nuncio concerning the affair was
+taken advantage of, and only part of the proceedings were remitted to
+him, the rest being claimed when the deficiency was discovered at Rome,
+and thus the delay of a whole year occurred; in short, it was evident
+that the inquisitors wished to defer the conclusion of the trial till
+after the death of Carranza. The members of the Chapter of Toledo were
+remarkable for their courageous devotion to their chief; they appointed
+two of their body to attend him during his detention, and to render him
+every service in their power, charging them never to leave him during
+his voyage and his residence at Rome.</p>
+
+<p>Carranza left his prison on the 5th of December, 1566, after seven
+years, three months, and fourteen days' captivity, which he had passed
+in two rooms, from which he could see neither the country nor the
+street, and without conversing<a name="page_459" id="page_459"></a> with any persons but his two domestics,
+and his two advocates. He was not permitted to name an administrator to
+his archbishopric according to the commands of the Pope: the reason
+given for this was, that his holiness did not know that an administrator
+had been already appointed by the king, and that Paul IV. had confirmed
+the nomination.</p>
+
+<p>Carranza travelled in a litter, and was accompanied by Don Diego
+Gonzalez, Inquisitor of Valladolid, and Don Lope de Avellaneda, who had
+been appointed his gaoler in 1561. On his arrival at Carthagena,
+Gonzalez and the guard returned to Valladolid, as the captain-general of
+the province was then responsible for his person.</p>
+
+<p>On the 27th of April, 1567, he embarked, and on the 25th of May he
+arrived at Civita Vecchia, where the Spanish ambassador, and Paul
+Vislersio, nephew to the Pope and captain of his guards, received him,
+and on the 29th he arrived at Rome. Besides his servants and Avellaneda,
+he was accompanied by two counsellors of the Inquisition, Don Diego de
+Simancas, and Don Antonio Pazos; by Don Pedro Fernandez de Temiño,
+inquisitor of Callahorra, Don Jerome Ramirez, fiscal to the Supreme
+Council, Sebastian de Landeta and Alphonso de Castellon, secretaries to
+the Inquisition of Valladolid, and several <i>familiars</i>, who all
+travelled at the archbishop's expense. He had also with him Don Martin
+de Alpizcueta and Don Alonso Delgado, his advocates.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXIV" id="CHAPTER_XXXIV"></a>CHAPTER XXXIV.<br /><br />
+<small>END OF THE TRIAL OF CARRANZA.&mdash;HIS DEATH.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">O<small>N</small> the arrival of Carranza at Rome, the Pope assigned to him the
+apartments occupied by the sovereign pontiffs in the Castle of St.
+Angelo: the size of these rooms allowed him to<a name="page_460" id="page_460"></a> take exercise, and he
+enjoyed a view of the country. His health became better, and his
+strength returned; he was also allowed three more domestics. The Pope
+forbade any person to speak to him of his trial, and while it lasted he
+was not permitted to take the sacrament, or to say mass. In Spain he was
+not suffered to confess, but in Rome he was allowed to do so four times
+in a year.</p>
+
+<p>Pius V. appointed sixteen consultors for the trial: these were Cardinals
+Reviva, Pacheco, Gambaya, and Chiesa; the Archbishop of Tarragona; the
+Bishop of Ciudad Rodrigo; the Bishop of Pati in Sicily; the Bishop of
+Chefalu; Don Pedro Fernandez de Temiño, counsellor of the Spanish
+Inquisition; Fray Thomas Manrique, a Dominican; the Archbishop of St.
+Severin; the Bishop of St. Agatha; the Bishop of Arezzo; the Bishop of
+Fiesoli, and Doctor Artimo, auditor of the causes of the apostolical
+palace. The Pope also appointed the fiscal of the Supreme Council to the
+same office; two Italian secretaries, and the two who came from Spain.
+The rest of the year 1567, and part of the following, were employed in
+translating the trial into Italian.</p>
+
+<p>The Canons of Toledo presented a letter to the Pope, entreating him to
+take into consideration the merit of the archbishop and his high rank,
+as well as the honour and consolation of their church, which had been
+deprived of its pastor for eight years, and soliciting him to show him
+as much favour as was compatible with religion and justice. This his
+Holiness promised to do, and expressed great satisfaction at the noble
+sentiments contained in the letter, and the tender interest the chapter
+displayed for the welfare of their pastor.</p>
+
+<p>The works and MSS. of the archbishop remained in Spain; they were
+claimed and sent to Rome in 1570: this circumstance caused fresh delays.
+When the translation was finished, the fiscal required that no
+conferences of the consultors should take place unless the Pope was
+present, which prolonged the affair excessively, as his Holiness was
+often unable to attend.<a name="page_461" id="page_461"></a> The fiscal also challenged Fray Thomas
+Manrique, because he was the friend of Carranza. The Pope then appointed
+Doctor Toledo, a Jesuit, but he was also challenged, because he was
+related to Don Antonio de Toledo, another friend of the archbishop.</p>
+
+<p>Don Gomez Tellez Giron, governor of the archbishopric, dying at this
+time, the Chapter of Toledo wrote to the Pope a second time, expressing
+the utmost anxiety to see the trial terminated. His Holiness replied to
+this letter with peculiar graciousness, excusing himself on account of
+his numerous avocations, and the nature of the trial, and promising to
+hasten the conclusion, which he said he had already endeavoured to do.</p>
+
+<p>When the writings were arranged, it was discovered that several sheets
+were missing; Pius V. therefore considering that it would be difficult
+to express in writing what he thought on this subject, sent John de
+Bedoya, agent of the Council of the Inquisition, into Spain, with a
+brief addressed to the king, requesting him to listen to the commission
+of John de Bedoya with his usual benevolence and goodness.</p>
+
+<p>It is not known what Bedoya said to the king, but the trial informs us
+that he caused the papers concerning the trial to be sought for, and
+that some of these were given by the inquisitor-general to the king, to
+be sent to Rome: among these were found some qualifications and
+depositions, which were favourable to the archbishop. The persons who
+had concealed these documents were so blinded by passion, that they did
+not consider that they were cited in the papers which had been sent.
+Although his Holiness and Philip intended to transfer all the papers
+concerning Carranza, yet all the MS. copies of the Catechism, which were
+taken from the Marchioness d'Alcañices, and which had been used in the
+qualification of the work, and the duplicates and triplicates of the
+unprinted works, remitted by Alphonso de Castro, and Doctor Astete, were
+retained in Spain. This omission was<a name="page_462" id="page_462"></a> not at first supposed to be
+occasioned by malevolence, since all the rest had been sent; but it was
+afterwards discovered that the papers were retained to be made use of on
+some other opportunity, which in fact occurred; and to give occasion for
+fresh delays if they were claimed by the Pope.</p>
+
+<p>Pius V. prepared the definitive sentence; but he did not pronounce it
+until he knew the inclinations of Philip, whom he did not wish to
+offend. In his judgment he declared that the accusation of the fiscal
+was not proved, and acquitted the prelate. He commanded that the
+<i>Catechism</i> should be restored to the author, to be translated into
+Latin, and that he should insert the necessary corrections, and explain
+the censured propositions in a Catholic sense; secondly that the
+prohibition of that work should be held to be valid, until the
+explanations were furnished; that that of the <i>explanation of St. John</i>
+should remain, and that none of the manuscript works of Carranza should
+be printed or published, until he had made the necessary corrections.</p>
+
+<p>The Pope sent this sentence to the King of Spain, by Alessandro Casali,
+his chamberlain. He was persuaded that Philip would be pleased to see
+that he had acknowledged the innocence of Carranza, and that he would be
+satisfied with the measures taken to prevent the books from being
+dangerous. The Pope did not understand the character of Philip II., who
+considered himself as much dishonoured as the holy office, by the
+exoneration of Carranza. He wrote to his Holiness, to prove that it was
+impossible that the works of the prelate could contain so many of the
+errors of Luther, if he was not an heretic. He therefore requested the
+Pope to defer the judgment until the return of his chamberlain, to whom
+he would give important documents proving the truth of his statement.</p>
+
+<p>The king ordered a <i>Refutation of the Apology for the Catechism of
+Carranza, published by Alpizcueta and Delgado</i>, to be composed, and also
+another work by the<a name="page_463" id="page_463"></a> Abbot of Alcala de Henares, under the title of a
+<i>New Qualification of the Catechism of Carranza, and the Faith of its
+Author</i>. Philip sent these two writings to Rome, in 1572, by Casali.
+When he arrived, he found that his master, Pius V. was dead, and Gregory
+XIII., his successor, received the documents, and joined them to the
+trial.</p>
+
+<p>The death of Pius has been attributed to the agents of the Inquisition.
+Such reports are not often worthy of credit, but there are letters on
+the subject in existence, which contain very bold expressions. One of
+them says, "The death of a man who showed himself so much attached to a
+Dominican monk, and who compromised by his discourse the honour of the
+Spanish Inquisition, ought not to be considered of much importance. It
+(the Inquisition) would be benefitted by the death of such a Pope."</p>
+
+<p>Philip II. congratulated the new Pontiff on his accession, and at the
+same time requested him to suspend the judgment of the trial, until he
+had heard the opinions of four Spanish theologians, whom he intended to
+send to throw a new light on the affair: these doctors were, Don Francis
+Sancho, professor of theology at Salamanca; Fray Diego de Chabes,
+confessor to the king; Fray Juan Ochoa, and Fray Juan de la Fuente,
+masters of theology. Their censures were joined to the trial.</p>
+
+<p>Philip II. perceiving the turn which the affair now took, made a last
+effort, and the counsellors of the Inquisition, in order to obtain a
+recantation of the favourable opinions emitted by respectable
+theologians before the arrest of Carranza, made use of terror and
+persuasion: the first by making them dread that they would be arrested
+as being suspected of professing the errors which they had approved; and
+the second, by offering them an honourable pretext for reforming their
+first judgment, in the discovery of the inedited works of Carranza, in
+which there were a greater number of propositions susceptible of an
+heretical interpretation.<a name="page_464" id="page_464"></a></p>
+
+<p>The first who fell into the snare was a man truly respectable for his
+learning, his virtues, his birth, and many eminent qualities; but his
+great age, and his dread of the dungeons of the Inquisition, may be
+considered as an excuse for his weakness, as well as for that of the
+venerable Osius.</p>
+
+<p>On the 30th of March, 1574, the archbishop qualified, as erroneous,
+seventy-five propositions of the same printed Catechism, which he had
+before pronounced to be orthodox; he however added, that the errors were
+owing to the Castilian language in which the work was written, and that
+if it was published in Latin, it would be necessary to suppress,
+correct, or explain thirty-one propositions. The prelate also declared,
+that there were two hundred and ninety-two errors in the MSS., numbered
+1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, and sixty-six in the explanations and sermons
+(of which a list has been given in a former part of this work), and from
+thence he concluded that the author was <i>violently suspected</i> of heresy.</p>
+
+<p>Serrano, the reporter of the Supreme Council, who had taken these works
+to the Archbishop of Grenada, returned full of triumph to Madrid. The
+Supreme Council, in a letter to the king, expresses great satisfaction
+on this account, and says, "It is absolutely necessary to send this
+qualification to Rome, because the activity with which the affair is
+proceeded in makes it likely that it will soon be concluded, and this
+measure is the more important as the opinion of the Archbishop of
+Grenada will have much influence." This letter was accompanied by a
+false estimate of the censures, plainly showing the animosity of the
+council towards Carranza.</p>
+
+<p>Serrano then repaired to Don Francis Blanco, then Bishop of Malaga. This
+prelate, on the 29th of April, retracted the opinion he had given in
+1558. He censured sixty-eight propositions of the Catechism, although he
+had formerly praised the work. Serrano immediately informed the council
+of it, and that the bishop had pronounced Carranza to be <i>violently
+suspected</i> of heresy. The Archbishopric of Santiago<a name="page_465" id="page_465"></a> being vacant at
+this time, the king bestowed it on this prelate.</p>
+
+<p>Don Francis Delgado followed his example, and censured three hundred and
+fifteen propositions. Don Francis Delgado obtained the see of Santiago,
+on the death of Blanco, but he did not live long enough to take
+possession of it.</p>
+
+<p>The king did not send the opinions of the prelates to Rome, but wrote to
+the Pope, and told him that he was informed that the archbishops of
+Santiago and Grenada had many important things to reveal concerning
+Carranza, and that he hoped his holiness would command all that was
+necessary to be done on this occasion.</p>
+
+<p>On the 7th of August in the same year, Gregory XIII. expedited a brief,
+in which he commissioned Don Gaspar de Quiroga, inquisitor-general, to
+receive the declarations of the prelates in the presence of a notary,
+and of witnesses, and to send them signed and sealed to Rome. A similar
+brief was sent on the 17th of October, to the Bishop of Jaen, the
+magistral canon of Toledo, and Professor Mancio. The inquisitor-general
+appointed commissioners, to whom he gave written instructions. They were
+directed to exact an oath to speak the truth and observe secrecy, to
+induce the prelates to declare that the change in their opinion was
+founded on a more strict examination of the work, and a knowledge of the
+other writings of the author; lastly, to make them state in a separate
+paper what they now thought of the works and faith of Carranza, and not
+to allow them to say that they did so in obedience to the king, as they
+had stated at first, but to declare that they acted according to the
+brief.</p>
+
+<p>These declarations were sent to Rome in December. Don Francis Blanco,
+who had only censured sixty-eight propositions of the Catechism on the
+first examination, now censured two hundred and seventy-three in the
+Catechism and pamphlets together, sixty-three of which he pronounced to
+be heretical.<a name="page_466" id="page_466"></a></p>
+
+<p>This extraordinary change was attributed by the prelates to a love of
+justice, to conscience, zeal for religion, and a wish to please God.</p>
+
+<p>The declarations of five new witnesses of so much consequence, entirely
+changed the appearance of the trial. Gregory XIII. fell into the snare,
+which it was indeed difficult to avoid, since the intrigue which
+produced it was conducted by so powerful a sovereign as Philip, and so
+formidable and able a body as the Spanish Inquisition. Gregory had
+discovered the intrigues when at Madrid, and informed St. Pius V. that
+it would be impossible even for foreign judges to terminate the trial in
+an equitable manner in Spain; but he was far from supposing that the
+animosity of Carranza's enemies would be still more active at Rome.</p>
+
+<p>The Pope loved justice, and thought he was obeying its dictates, in
+commanding, on the 14th of April, 1576, that the Archbishop of Toledo
+should abjure all heresies in general, and particularly the sixteen
+Lutheran propositions which he was <i>violently</i> suspected of believing.
+He was suspended for five years from performing his archiepiscopal
+duties, and condemned to be confined during that time in the dominican
+convent of Orvietta in Tuscany, and for the present in that of the
+Minerva at Rome, where some penances were also imposed, one of which was
+to visit in one day the seven churches of St. Peter, St. Paul, St. John
+de Lateran, Santa Croce of Jerusalem, St. Sebastian, St. Mary Major, and
+St. Laurence. The prohibition of the Catechism by the holy office was
+maintained.</p>
+
+<p>The sixteen Lutheran propositions abjured by Carranza were the
+following:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1. Works performed without the spirit, of whatever nature, are sins, and
+offend God.</p>
+
+<p>2. Faith is the first and principal means of obtaining justification.</p>
+
+<p>3. Man is formally justified by the justice of Jesus Christ; by that,
+Christ has merited for us.<a name="page_467" id="page_467"></a></p>
+
+<p>4. No one can obtain the justice of Christ, except by firmly believing
+that he has obtained it.</p>
+
+<p>5. Those who are in a state of mortal sin cannot comprehend the Holy
+Scriptures, or discern things relating to faith.</p>
+
+<p>6. Natural reason is contrary to faith, in all that relates to religion.</p>
+
+<p>7. The <i>germ</i> of sin exists in baptized persons with the quality of sin.</p>
+
+<p>8. True faith does not exist in the sinner when he has lost grace by
+sin.</p>
+
+<p>9. Repentance is equal to baptism, and is equal to a new life.</p>
+
+<p>10. Our Lord Jesus Christ has atoned for our sins in so efficacious and
+entire a manner, that no other atonement is required of us.</p>
+
+<p>11. Faith without works is sufficient for salvation.</p>
+
+<p>12. Jesus Christ was not a legislator, and it did not enter into his
+plan to give laws.</p>
+
+<p>13. The actions and works of Saints can only serve for an example, but
+they cannot aid us in any way.</p>
+
+<p>14. The use of holy images, and the veneration for the relics of Saints,
+are customs purely human.</p>
+
+<p>15. The Church of the present age has not the same light, or an
+authority equal to the primitive Church.</p>
+
+<p>16. The condition of the apostles and a religious life, do not differ
+from the common state of Christians.</p>
+
+<p>The declarations of the witnesses do not prove that Carranza ever
+uttered any of these propositions, and from this censures we may
+perceive that he only advanced in writing some which led the censurers
+to suppose that he professed those and many others, since he was not
+obliged to abjure several hundred propositions which had been censured,
+or the seventy-two which were qualified as heretical. As it could not be
+proved that he had ever spoken or expressed in writing<a name="page_468" id="page_468"></a> any of the
+sixteen propositions considered as Lutheran, I do not hesitate to say
+that this sentence cannot be approved by upright men.</p>
+
+<p>The archbishop heard his sentence with humility, and was absolved <i>ad
+cautelam</i>; he performed mass on the four first days of the holy week,
+and on the 23rd of April he performed his penance of visiting the
+churches. He refused the letter which the Pope offered him, as a public
+testimony of his esteem and interest in his fate. He celebrated mass on
+another day in the church of St. John Lateran, for the last time in his
+life; he expired at three o'clock in the morning of the 2nd of May,
+1576, aged seventy-two years, eighteen of which he had passed in prison.</p>
+
+<p>The Pope being informed of his illness, on the 30th of April sent him a
+pontifical absolution and exemption of the penance imposed on him; the
+holy father did this for the consolation of Carranza, who in fact showed
+great satisfaction, and received extreme unction with tranquillity, and
+even with some demonstrations of joy.</p>
+
+<p>He made his will in the presence of one of the secretaries of his trial,
+and appointed as his executors his faithful friend Don Antonio de
+Toledo; the doctors d'Alpizcueta and Delgado, who never forsook him; Don
+Juan de Navarra y Mendoza, chanter, dignitary, and canon of the
+cathedral of Toledo (he was the son of the Count de Lodosa, and
+descended in the direct male line from the kings of Navarre); Fray
+Ferdinand de San Ambrosio, his procurator, always faithful to his cause;
+and Fray Antonio d'Utrilla, a model of fidelity and affection, who
+voluntarily shared his captivity for eighteen years. He had not obtained
+the permission which was necessary for bishops, to make a will; but as
+the Popes at that time disposed of the revenues of the stewardships, he
+approved and confirmed the pious arrangements of the archbishop.</p>
+
+<p>On the 30th of April, after the prelate had received absolution,<a name="page_469" id="page_469"></a> and
+before he pronounced his act of faith, he made the following declaration
+in Latin, in the presence of the three secretaries, several Spaniards,
+and some Italians, speaking slowly and with a distinct utterance, that
+all present might hear him.</p>
+
+<p>"Considering that I have been suspected of having fallen into the errors
+imputed to me, I think it my duty to make known my sentiments on this
+subject; it was for this purpose that I requested the attendance of the
+four secretaries who have been employed in my trial. I call, then, to
+witness the celestial court, and for my judge the sovereign Lord, whose
+sacrament I am about to receive, the angels who accompany him, whom I
+have always chosen as my intercessors; I swear by that Almighty God, by
+my approaching death, by the account I shall soon render up to God, that
+while I professed theology in my order, and afterwards when I wrote,
+taught, preached, and argued in Spain and Germany, Italy and England, I
+always intended to make the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ triumphant,
+and to combat heretics. His divine Majesty came to my assistance, since
+in England I converted several heretics to the Catholic faith; with the
+king's permission I caused the bodies of the greatest heretics of those
+times to be disinterred, and they were burnt, to secure the power of the
+Inquisition. The Catholics, as well as the heretics, have always given
+me the title of <i>First Defender of the Faith</i>. I can truly affirm that I
+have always been one of the first to labour in this holy work, and have
+done many things concerning it by the order of the king my master. His
+majesty has been a witness of part of what I have asserted. I have loved
+him, and I still love him truly; no son could have a greater affection
+for him than I have.</p>
+
+<p>"I also declare, that in the whole course of my life I have never
+taught, preached, or maintained any heresy, or anything contrary to the
+true faith of the Roman Church;<a name="page_470" id="page_470"></a> that I never fell into any of the
+errors of which I have been suspected, from having different meanings
+attributed to my words to what I gave them myself; I swear by all that I
+have already said, by that God to whom I have appealed as my judge, that
+the errors I have mentioned or those reported in my trial never entered
+into my mind; that I never had the least doubt of any of these points of
+doctrine; but on the contrary I have professed, written, taught, and
+preached the holy faith, with the same firmness as I now believe and
+profess it at the hour of my death.</p>
+
+<p>"Nevertheless I acknowledge my sentence to be just, because it was
+pronounced by the vicar of Christ; I have received and regarded it as
+such, because to the quality of vicar of Jesus Christ the person who
+pronounced it joins the character of an upright and prudent judge. I
+pardon, at the hour of my death, as I have always done, all offences, of
+whatever nature, which have been committed against me; I also pardon
+those who have shown themselves against me in my trial; also those who
+have taken the smallest part in it. I have never felt any resentment
+against them; on the contrary, I have always recommended them to God; I
+do so at this moment, loving them with all my heart, and I promise that
+if I go to that place where I hope to be by the mercy of our Lord, that
+I will not ask any thing against them, but pray to God for all."</p>
+
+<p>The corpse of the archbishop was deposited, on the 3rd of May, in the
+choir of the convent of <i>the Minerva</i>, between two cardinals of the
+family of Medicis. The Pope caused an inscription to be engraved on his
+tomb, in which he calls him a <i>man illustrious by his doctrine and his
+sermons</i>. From this it appears probable that he did not consider his
+works full of heresies; but, perhaps, it was occasioned by the
+protestation of Carranza before his death. Solemn obsequies were
+performed at Rome; and those celebrated at Toledo, some time after, were
+still more magnificent.<a name="page_471" id="page_471"></a></p>
+
+<p>Although the holy office had obtained an unjust victory, the inquisitors
+were vexed that Carranza had not been degraded from his dignity. The
+suspension for five years appeared to them a singularly slight
+punishment, and they feared that the Pope would grant him a dispensation
+from it, which he, in fact, did, eight days after the sentence.</p>
+
+<p>Their rage is displayed in several letters written from Rome on the
+three first days after the judgment, and which were found among the
+papers of the trial at Madrid. Among many things which are disgraceful
+to the writers, is the advice given to the king, not to permit Carranza
+to return to Spain, and, above all, not to suffer him to govern his see
+even after the lapse of the suspension; their envy and animosity making
+them suppose, that it would be a disgrace to the diocese of Toledo to be
+governed by a man who had been prosecuted by the Inquisition: they said
+that it would be better for the king to request the Pope to induce
+Carranza to give up his diocese and accept a pension, that some person
+might be placed in his see more worthy to occupy it; but God in his
+infinite wisdom destroyed, by the death of the archbishop, the cause,
+the motive, and the matter for new intrigues. In the writings of the
+process I saw with sorrow, that, far from relinquishing their pursuits,
+the inquisitors had prepared a fresh persecution for him.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXV" id="CHAPTER_XXXV"></a>CHAPTER XXXV.<br /><br />
+<small>TRIAL OF ANTONIO PEREZ, MINISTER AND FIRST SECRETARY OF STATE TO PHILIP II.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">A<small>NTONIO</small> P<small>EREZ</small> was another illustrious victim to the Inquisition and the
+evil disposition of Philip II. The misfortunes of Perez commenced when
+Philip put to death Juan Escobedo, secretary to Don John of Austria; he
+succeeded in<a name="page_472" id="page_472"></a> making his escape to Aragon, where he hoped to live in
+tranquillity under a government which only allowed the sovereign to have
+an accusing fiscal in the tribunals. It is not necessary to relate all
+that Perez suffered at Madrid during twelve years before he made his
+escape; these details may be found in a work published by this minister,
+under the title of <i>Relations</i>, in the recital which Antonio Valladares
+de Sotomayor inserted in the <i>Seminario erudito</i>, and in a volume in
+octavo which appeared in 1788, entitled <i>The Trial of Antonio Perez</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Antonio Perez having retired to Aragon in 1590, Philip issued an order
+for his arrest, which took place at Calatayud. Perez having protested
+against this measure, and claimed the privilege of the <i>manifestados</i>,
+he was conducted to Saragossa, and confined in the prison of the
+<i>kingdom</i>, or of <i>liberty</i>. The prisoners were there free from the
+immediate authority of the king, and only depended on an intermediate
+judge called the chief justice of Aragon. It was also called the prison
+of the <i>Fuero</i> or <i>Constitutional</i>, because the constitution of the king
+alone was named the <i>Fuero d'Aragon</i>; it was sometimes named the prison
+of the <i>manifestados</i>; no persons were received into it except those who
+presented themselves, or claimed the benefit of the constitution, in
+order to avoid the royal prison, and declared that they submitted to the
+laws of the kingdom, and invoked the support of its privileges: those of
+a prisoner in the case of Perez consisted in not being put to the
+torture; in being set at liberty, after taking an oath to present
+himself to reply to the charges, and being allowed even if condemned to
+death by any other judge, to appeal to the tribunal of the chief justice
+of Aragon<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a>, who examined if the execution of the sentence was<a name="page_473" id="page_473"></a>
+contrary to any <i>Fuero</i> of the kingdom. This tribunal resembles that of
+France called the <i>Court of Cassation</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Philip II., after many earnest but useless endeavours to induce the
+permanent deputation of the kingdom to transfer Perez to Madrid, sent
+the commencement of the trial into Aragon, and gave the necessary powers
+to his fiscal at Saragossa, to accuse him of having made false reports
+to the king, which had induced him to put Juan Escobedo to death; of
+having forged letters from the cabinet, and revealed state secrets.
+After many incidents, Perez reduced the king to the necessity of
+renouncing the prosecution, by a public act on the 18th of August, in
+order to avoid the disgrace of seeing him acquitted.</p>
+
+<p>His majesty, however, reserved to himself the right of making use of his
+privileges; and to prevent Perez from obtaining his liberty, he caused
+another trial to be commenced, under the form of an <i>inquest</i><a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a>,
+before the regent of the royal audience of Aragon. To give occasion for
+this trial, it was decided that the domestics of the king were exempted
+from the privileges of the <i>Fueros</i>, and that Antonio Perez was the
+king's servant, in the office of Secretary of State. Perez asserted that
+the Secretary of State was a servant of the public, and had never been
+confounded with the king's domestics; that supposing he had been of that
+class, the law could only extend to the Secretary of State for Aragon;
+that the constitution only alluded to those royal domestics who were
+natives of Aragon; that no one could be tried<a name="page_474" id="page_474"></a> twice for the same crime
+before two different tribunals; that he had been tried at Madrid in
+1582; that he then submitted to much ill-treatment, rather than justify
+himself by divulging the private letters of the king, which he had in
+his possession; lastly, that though the papers useful in his defence had
+been obtained from his wife by fraudulent means, yet he had still
+documents enough to justify himself entirely.</p>
+
+<p>Perez had, in fact, retained several notes in the king's own
+hand-writing, which were sufficient to exculpate him: he sent copies of
+them to the Marquis d'Almenara and other persons attached to the king,
+and told them that having been informed that his majesty was vexed that
+his letters had been exposed in the trial, he wished to spare him the
+pain of seeing other original documents presented, which contained very
+important secrets relating to different people; but if the disposition
+to persecute him continued, he would produce them, because he was no
+longer capable of making useless sacrifices to the prejudice of his wife
+and seven children.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>inquest</i> was then given up, and Perez demanded his liberty on his
+parole, or at least on giving security; this was refused by the regent:
+he then appealed to the privileges of the kingdom against force, before
+the tribunal of the chief justice, who did not show him more favour.</p>
+
+<p>It appears that Perez then, with his companion in misfortune, Juan
+Francis Mayorini, formed a plan to escape into Bearn. Their design was
+discovered at the moment they were about to execute it, but Perez
+conducted himself with so much address, that he reduced his part in the
+transaction to a simple suspicion.</p>
+
+<p>The deposition of the witnesses before the regent furnished the
+Inquisition with a pretext to prosecute Perez; this event was agreeable
+to the Court, because no means to prolong the <i>inquest</i> could be
+invented.</p>
+
+<p>On the 19th of February, 1591, the regent wrote to the inquisitor,
+Molina, that Perez and Mayorini intended to<a name="page_475" id="page_475"></a> escape from prison to go to
+Bearn, and to other places in France, where the heretics resorted, with
+intentions which would be proved by the declarations of witnesses.</p>
+
+<p>The proof mentioned in this letter is an attestation, without date,
+given by the notary, Juan Montañes, into which had been copied the 8th
+chapter of the first additions and the 5th of the second, which had been
+made to the principal charges against Perez by the royal fiscal, and the
+depositions which had been obtained from Juan Louis de Luna, Anton de la
+Almuñia and Diego Bustamente. In these chapters an attempt had been made
+to prove, "that Antonio Perez and Juan Francis Mayorini intended to
+escape from confinement, saying that they intended to go to Bearn, to
+Vendome and his sister<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a>, and to other parts of France, where they
+would find many heretics inimical to his majesty; that he hoped to be
+well received, because Perez knew a great many state secrets which he
+could communicate to them; that they had added to this discourse many
+expressions criminal and offensive to the majesty of the king, and that
+they were resolved to do him as much harm as they could." I should not
+have believed that such depositions would have been sufficient to
+denounce Perez to the Inquisition as guilty of heresy, if I had not seen
+the writings of the trial.</p>
+
+<p>We may be permitted to suppose, from what passed at Madrid, and the
+commencement of the <i>inquest</i> which threatened Perez with capital
+punishment, that the accusation of heresy was a stroke of policy of the
+agents of the king. They did not dare to present the depositions they
+had obtained as being decisive, but they hoped that when the holy office
+began the trial of their victim, the charges would be multiplied.</p>
+
+<p>The inquisitors of Saragossa were Don Alphonso Molina de Medrano, and
+Don Juan Hurtado de Mendoza: the one<a name="page_476" id="page_476"></a> was the cousin of the Marquis
+d'Almenara, and the other an intriguing and immoral man, who wished to
+obtain a bishopric at any price. For this reason the marquis placed more
+confidence in him than in his cousin, who was less learned, and too good
+to become a persecutor. In fact, Don Juan avoided, as much as possible,
+taking any part in this transaction, and even obtained leave to remove
+to another tribunal. Molina received the letter of the regent, and the
+depositions which accompanied it; but instead of communicating them to
+the tribunal, he sent them by the first courier to Quiroga, the
+inquisitor-general. The Marquis d'Almenara gave information of the event
+to the Count de Chinchon, who communicated it the king; after having
+consulted the cardinal, Philip commanded him to take proper measures to
+prove the heresy of Perez, and to punish him accordingly. On the 5th of
+March, Quiroga ordained that Molina alone should receive the
+depositions; that the inquisitors should examine them without the
+concurrence of the diocesan and consultors, and send them immediately to
+Madrid.</p>
+
+<p>On the 20th of March ten witnesses were examined: Diego Bustamente, the
+servant of Perez, and Juan de Basante, a teacher of Latin, who often saw
+him in prison, quoted sentences which, in the original, did not prove
+anything against him, but which, on being separated from the others, had
+a meaning which gave an appearance of justice to the measure employed.</p>
+
+<p>The tribunal remitted the information to Quiroga, who sent it to Fray
+Diego de Chabes, who qualified four propositions imputed to Perez, and
+one to Mayorini.</p>
+
+<p>The latter was reduced to some indecent oaths, used by Italians, which
+had escaped Mayorini in losing at play, and were qualified as <i>heretical
+blasphemies</i>; this was sufficient to authorize his imprisonment.</p>
+
+<p><i>First proposition, taken from the testimony of Diego de
+Bustamente.</i>&mdash;Some one told Perez not to speak ill of Don<a name="page_477" id="page_477"></a> John of
+Austria: he replied, "After being accused by the king of having
+disguised the sense of my letters, and betraying the secrets of the
+council, it is just that I should vindicate myself without respect of
+persons: <i>If God the Father put any obstacle in the way of it, I would
+cut off his nose for having permitted the king to behave like a disloyal
+knight towards me.</i>"&mdash;Q<small>UALIFICATION.</small> This proposition is blasphemous,
+scandalous, offensive to pious ears, and approaching to the heresy of
+the Vaudois, who suppose that God the Father has a body.</p>
+
+<p><i>Second proposition, taken from the deposition of Juan de
+Basante.</i>&mdash;Antonio Perez considering the bad state of his affairs, said
+to me one day, in a fit of grief and anger: "I shall perhaps no longer
+believe in God. <i>One would say that he sleeps during my trial; if he
+does not perform a miracle in my favour, I shall lose all
+faith.</i>"&mdash;Q<small>UALIFICATION.</small> This proposition is scandalous, offensive to
+pious ears, and suspected of heresy, because it supposes that God
+sleeps, and has an intimate relation with the preceding proposition. The
+two remaining accusations were very similar, with similar
+qualifications. It appears that the words he used were uttered in
+moments of grief and despair. It is remarkable that the Inquisition has
+provided for this case, for in one of their ordinances it is decreed,
+that no person shall be arrested for uttering a blasphemy, when excited
+by impatience or rage. To this may be added, that the proof was
+defective, since the second proposition rested solely on the testimony
+of Basante. With respect to the three others, I shall quote the third
+article of the instruction of Toledo, in 1498. "We also command the
+inquisitors to be prudent when a person is to be arrested, and not to
+issue the decree <i>until they</i> have obtained sufficient proof of the
+crime of heresy imputed to the accused."</p>
+
+<p>However, as religion was only the ostensible motive for this trial, the
+Supreme Council, after having seen the censures,<a name="page_478" id="page_478"></a> decreed on the 21st of
+May, that Perez and Mayorini should be arrested and confined in the
+secret prisons of the Inquisition, that they should be strictly watched,
+and arrested so promptly, that no one should have any suspicion of it.</p>
+
+<p>On the 24th of May, the inquisitors sent an order to the grand alguazil
+of the holy office, to seize the persons of the accused. The gaoler of
+the prison of the kingdom declared, that he could not give them up
+without an order from the chief justice, or one of his lieutenants. The
+inquisitors wrote on the same day to the lieutenant, and commanded him
+on pain of excommunication, and a penalty of a thousand ducats, to give
+up the prisoners in the space of three hours, <i>without allowing the
+Fuero of the manifestation to be any obstacle, since it could not be
+applied to a trial for heresy; and for that reason the inquisitors
+revoked and annulled any such interpretation of the Fuero, as preventing
+the free exercise of the holy tribunal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The secretary presented these letters to the chief justice, Don Juan de
+la Nuza, in a public audience, in the presence of five judges who formed
+his council, and of all the persons employed in his tribunal. The chief
+justice submitted to the order of the inquisitors, and the prisoners
+were conducted to the Inquisition in separate carriages. It was
+afterwards known that the courier, who brought the order from Madrid,
+also brought letters from the Count de Chinchon to the Marquis
+d'Almenara, who, in a private conversation with the chief justice,
+persuaded him not to insist upon his privileges; and that the two
+letters of the inquisitors were written on the same night, though they
+were dated the 24th, because they were previously informed by the
+marquis of what would take place.</p>
+
+<p>Perez, who foresaw his danger, had imparted his fears to the Count
+d'Aranda and other nobles, who resolved to oppose this measure as an
+infraction of the most valuable privilege<a name="page_479" id="page_479"></a> of the kingdom. Don Diego
+Fernandez de Heredia, baron de Barboles, afterwards declared, in the
+trial which brought him to the scaffold, that the Count and Perez agreed
+to assassinate the Marquis d'Almenara, because if they got rid of him,
+the king and the Count de Chinchon would renounce their plan of making a
+Castilian the viceroy of Aragon, who would not fail to destroy all their
+privileges in succession.</p>
+
+<p>Perez, in his <i>Relations</i>, informs us that the father of the Count
+d'Aranda above mentioned, and several other persons, claimed and were
+allowed the privileges of the <i>Fuero de Manifestados</i>, when arrested by
+the Inquisition.</p>
+
+<p>When Perez was transferred to the prison of the holy office, he told his
+servants to inform the Baron de Barboles and several other gentlemen of
+the circumstance. At this news the Aragonese excited the people of
+Saragossa to revolt, by cries of "Treason! Treason! Live the nation!
+Live our liberty! Live the Fueros! Death to the traitors!" In less than
+an hour, more than a thousand men, under arms, surrounded the house of
+the Marquis d'Almenara, and treated him with so much violence, that he
+would have been killed if he had not been immediately taken into the
+royal prison, where he died of his wounds fourteen days after. The
+insurgents insulted the archbishop, and threatened to kill him and burn
+his hotel if he did not make the inquisitors give up the prisoners: they
+menaced the viceroy Bishop of Teruel in the same manner, and assembling
+to the number of three thousand men, began to set fire to the Castle of
+Aljaferia, (an ancient palace of the Moorish kings, where the
+Inquisition was held,) crying that they would burn the inquisitors if
+they did not give up Perez and Mayorini. Many other events occurred in
+the city, because Molina de Medrano obstinately persisted in
+endeavouring to quell the insurrection, contrary to the entreaties twice
+repeated of the archbishop, the viceroy, of the Counts d'Aranda and
+Morata, and of<a name="page_480" id="page_480"></a> many of the first noblemen of Aragon. At last, finding
+that the danger increased, he appeared to yield, and announced that he
+would not set the prisoners at liberty, but would give them for the
+prison of the holy office that of the kingdom, and they were removed
+thither on the same day.</p>
+
+<p>The inquisitors were left in a critical situation, and did not dare to
+arrest any one; they addressed several letters to the commissioners of
+the holy office, some of them accompanied by the order to the
+lieutenants and their decree, to show that they had not violated the
+prison of the kingdom, but had only received the persons given up to
+them by the chief justice: the others were sent with the bull of Pius
+V., dated 1st of April, 1569, concerning those who opposed the exercise
+of the holy office; they also proposed to publish an edict,
+excommunicating several persons already noted in the registers of the
+Inquisition as having opposed the execution of the orders of the
+inquisitors, but they were persuaded to relinquish the intention by the
+archbishop. At this period, some persons who fled to Madrid when the
+revolt took place, and who were known to be devoted to the king, were
+examined as witnesses; and it appeared from their depositions, that the
+Counts d'Aranda and Morata, the Barons de Barboles, de Biescas, de
+Purroy, de la Laguna, and many others of the first noblemen of the
+country, had excited the people to sedition, and increased the
+disturbance by persuading them that the <i>Fuero</i> was attacked.</p>
+
+<p>The members of the permanent deputation of the kingdom thought, that
+being interested in the defence of the political constitution, they
+might be accused of having failed in their duty; they therefore
+endeavoured to justify themselves, by declaring that as theirs was not
+an armed body or a judicial authority, they could not prevent the
+revolt. They also thought proper to pronounce by a commission of
+jurisconsults, that those who had given up the prisoners to the
+inquisitors, from the prison of the kingdom, had violated its
+privileges.<a name="page_481" id="page_481"></a> However the secret intrigues of the inquisitors, the
+archbishop, the viceroy, and the chief justice were so adroitly
+conducted, that some members remarked, that four lawyers were not enough
+to discuss the rights of the king and the holy office. This observation
+caused nine other jurisconsults to be appointed, and it was decreed that
+they should decide by a majority of three votes. They declared that the
+inquisitors had exceeded their powers, when they cancelled the
+<i>manifestation</i>, because no authority could do so, except that of the
+king, and the deputies assembled in Cortes; but that if the inquisitors
+required the prisoners to be given up to them, and the <i>privilege of
+manifestation was suspended</i> during their prosecution, it would not be
+contrary to the laws of the kingdom. Antonio Perez wrote to the
+deputation, to represent that his cause was that of all the Aragonese;
+several of his friends undertook to shew, that the <i>suspension</i> was
+equally contrary to the laws, since the prisoner might be tortured, was
+deprived of his right to his liberty on oath, and was exposed to the
+misery of an interminable trial; these efforts were all in vain. It was
+privately decided that the inquisitors should demand the prisoners a
+second time, without threats or orders, and resting only on the
+<i>suspension of the privileges</i>. The king was given to understand that it
+would be useful if he wrote to the Duke de Villahermosa, and the Counts
+d'Aranda, de Morata, and de Sastago, to engage them to lend assistance
+to the viceroy, with their relations and friends, and to aid the
+constituted authorities, if any event rendered it necessary. Philip
+followed the advice, and his letters to those noblemen were as gracious
+and flattering, as if he had been ignorant of the part they had taken in
+the late disturbances.</p>
+
+<p>Perez now saw no safety except in flight, and had everything in
+readiness to force his prison, when he was betrayed some hours before,
+by the perfidious Juan de Basante, his false friend and accomplice.<a name="page_482" id="page_482"></a></p>
+
+<p>The removal of Perez was to take place on the 24th of September; the
+Inquisition, the viceroy, the archbishop, the deputation of the kingdom,
+the municipality, and the civil and military governors, were all to
+assist. The inquisitors had summoned to Saragossa, from the neighbouring
+towns, a great number of the <i>familiars</i> of the holy office, and the
+military governor had in attendance three thousand men, well armed. This
+expedition was to have been made without the knowledge of the
+inhabitants; but the Barons de Barboles, de Biescas, and de Purroy, and
+some other individuals, were informed of it. At the moment when the
+prisoners were coming out of the prison, in the presence of the
+principal magistrates of the city, and while the avenues and streets
+through which they were to pass were lined with soldiers, a furious
+troop of insurgents broke through the lines, killed a great number of
+men, dispersed the others, put the magistrates to flight, and seizing
+Perez and Mayorini, carried them off in triumph, shouting, <i>Live our
+liberty! Live the Fueros of Aragon!</i> Perez and Mayorini were received
+into the house of the Baron de Barboles; when they had reposed for a few
+minutes, they were taken out of the town, and taking different roads,
+hastened away from it.</p>
+
+<p>Perez repaired to Tauste, with the intention of crossing the Pyrenees by
+the valley of Ronçal, but as the frontiers were strictly guarded, he
+returned to Saragossa. He entered it in disguise, on the 2nd of October,
+and remained concealed in the house of the Baron de Biescas until the
+10th of November. He then thought it dangerous to remain there longer,
+because Don Alphonso de Vargas was advancing with an army to take the
+town, and punish the rebels. This event has been related very
+incorrectly in several histories.</p>
+
+<p>The presence of Perez in Saragossa was suspected by means of some
+letters from Madrid, which Basante had seen, and of which he had given
+information. The inquisitors<a name="page_483" id="page_483"></a> searched the houses of the Baron de
+Barboles and several other persons. Don Antonio Morejon, the second
+inquisitor<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a>, suspected that de Biescas knew the place of his
+concealment, and pressed him to discover it, promising that Perez should
+be well treated if he presented himself voluntarily. Perez had several
+times declared that he would surrender to the holy office, if he was not
+almost certain that he should be given up to the government, which would
+immediately execute the sentence of death passed upon him in 1590,
+without allowing him to be heard. On the 11th of November, Perez went to
+Sallen, in the Pyrenees, on the estates of the Baron de Biescas.</p>
+
+<p>On the 18th he wrote to the Princess of Bearn, to ask an asylum in the
+states of her brother, Henry IV., or to be permitted to pass through
+them to some other country. This letter was given to the princess by Gil
+de Mesa, an Aragonese gentleman, and an old and faithful friend of
+Perez.</p>
+
+<p>Catherine received Perez into her brother's states on the 24th of
+November, when the Barons de Concas and de la Pinilla arrived at Sallen,
+with three hundred men, to take him; they had offered to betray him if
+they were pardoned: the first had been condemned by the Inquisition, for
+having sent horses to France, and the other was to be executed for
+having excited a revolt, in an attempt of the same nature.</p>
+
+<p>Perez went to Pau, and while he was in that place the inquisitor Morejon
+again requested the Baron de Biescas to persuade him to submit to the
+Inquisition; he replied that he would do so, if they would promise to
+try him at Saragossa instead of Madrid, and that he should require that
+his wife and children should be set at liberty, of which they had been
+deprived, although they were innocent. Perez made the same reply to
+another requisition.<a name="page_484" id="page_484"></a></p>
+
+<p>In order to satisfy the curiosity of the Princess Catherine and her
+subjects, Perez composed two little works, the first called <i>Morceau
+Historique, sur ce qui est arrivée a Saragosse d'Aragon, le</i> 24th
+Septembre, 1591; and the other, <i>Précis du Récit des Avantures d'Antoine
+Perez, depuis le Commencement, de sa première Detention jusqu'a sa
+Sortie des Domaines du Roi Catholique</i>. These works were printed at Pau,
+without the name of the author; the inquisitors examined them, and
+derived from them some additional charges.</p>
+
+<p>Philip II. and the inquisitors offered life, offices, money, and
+honours, to any condemned criminal who would kill Perez or bring him as
+a prisoner into Spain. I refer the reader for all that relates to this
+part of the history to the work entitled <i>Relations</i>, in which Perez
+takes the name of <i>Raphaël Peregrino</i>. Perez obtained leave from Henry
+IV. to go to London, where he was extremely well received by Queen
+Elizabeth and the Earl of Leicester; he afterwards went to Paris, where
+he passed the rest of his life, pining unceasingly for his wife and
+children.</p>
+
+<p>On the 15th of February, 1592, the inquisitors declared Antonio Perez to
+be a fugitive; they affixed an edict on the metropolitan church of
+Saragossa, summoning him to appear within one month; this measure was
+most revoltingly unjust, since they well knew that Perez was in a
+country then at war with Spain, and the laws of the holy office allowed
+even the space of a year, according to the distance the accused had to
+travel.</p>
+
+<p>The declarations of the witnesses who were interrogated at Madrid, after
+the first revolt of Saragossa in 1591, deposed to facts to which no
+importance could have been attached, if they had related to other
+persons and events. But Antonio Perez was concerned in them, and that
+was sufficient to cause them to be censured as <i>audacious</i>, and
+<i>suspected of heresy</i>. I shall not stay to prove the insufficiency of
+this act, but shall give the third of the propositions as an example of
+the<a name="page_485" id="page_485"></a> rest. "In speaking of Philip II., and of Vendome, Antonio Perez
+said that the king was a tyrant, but that Vendome would be a great
+monarch, for he was an excellent prince, and governed the state to the
+satisfaction of every one; that he therefore rejoiced on hearing of his
+victories, and <i>that it was not heresy to pay court to him and speak to
+him</i>." Q<small>UALIFICATION.</small> "The accused shews himself to be impious in
+respect to God and the holy Catholic faith, a favourer and violently
+suspected of heresy; and as he now lives in the midst of heretics, it
+proves that he is himself an heretic."</p>
+
+<p>The inquisitors, who wished to favour the views of the court at any
+rate, took advantage of a vague report, communicated to them by one of
+their <i>familiars</i>, that Antonio Perez was descended from the Jews,
+because in the borough of Hariza, near Montreal, from whence his family
+came, there had lived a new Christian called Juan Perez, who was burnt
+by the Inquisition as a judaizing heretic. The registers of the holy
+office were immediately consulted, and it appeared that one Juan Perez
+de Fariza had been burnt, and that Antonio Perez de Fariza had died a
+heretic.</p>
+
+<p>Pascual Gilberte, a priest and commissioner of the holy office, was
+appointed, on the 16th of April, 1592, to ascertain if there was any
+degree of relationship between the condemned heretics and the father of
+Antonio Perez. Many witnesses were examined, both in Montreal, and the
+neighbouring towns, but they all declared that the two families were
+perfectly distinct.</p>
+
+<p>All that is known concerning the genealogy of Perez is, that he was the
+natural son of Gonzalez Perez and Donna Jane d'Escobar, and that he was
+legitimatized by Charles V. That his paternal grandfather was
+Bartholemew Perez, secretary to the Inquisition of Calahorra, that his
+grandmother was Donna Louisa Perez del Hierro, of a noble family of
+Segovia; that he was great grandson to Juan Perez, an inhabitant of
+Montreal, and of Mary Tirado his<a name="page_486" id="page_486"></a> wife; and that there was no
+relationship, direct or indirect, between his family and that of Juan
+and Antonio Perez de Fariza. This was afterwards fully proved by the
+wife and children of Antonio Perez. It must be observed, that if the
+inquisitors had wished to be truly informed, they might have had a copy
+of the contract of marriage between Perez and Donna Jane Coello, which
+states that his father was born at Segovia. In that city, at Calahorra,
+and even in the Supreme Council, they might have found his real
+genealogy.</p>
+
+<p>However, the fiscal abused the privilege of secrecy, in the accusation
+he brought against Perez, on the 6th of July, by supposing that he was
+descended from the Jews, in order to strengthen the suspicion of heresy,
+according to the custom of the Inquisition. The accusation was composed
+of forty-three articles, each more vague than the others, and only
+founded on words uttered without reflection, during a fit of rage, or in
+extreme pain, which had no connexion with doctrine, and concerning which
+no two witnesses agreed in the time, place, or circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>On the 14th of August the fiscal demanded that the depositions of the
+witnesses should be published; and on the 16th the qualifiers again
+assembled to censure the propositions already noted, and the works
+printed at Pau. They censured sixteen as <i>audacious</i> and <i>erroneous</i>;
+some others as <i>blasphemous</i>, and <i>approaching to heresy</i>, and concluded
+that Antonio Perez was <i>suspected of heresy in the most violent
+degree</i><a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>On the 18th the fiscal required that Perez should be declared
+contumaceous, and that the definitive sentence should be pronounced. On
+the 7th of September, the diocesan, different consultors, and
+jurisconsults (among whom was the first informer, Don Urban Ximenez de
+Aragues, regent of the royal audience) were convoked, and voted the
+punishment of <i>relaxation</i> in effigy. The Supreme<a name="page_487" id="page_487"></a> <i>Council</i> confirmed
+the sentence on the 13th of October, and on the 20th the judges
+pronounced the definitive sentence, condemning Perez as a <i>formal
+heretic</i>, <i>a convicted Hugonot</i>, and <i>an obstinate impenitent</i>, to be
+<i>relaxed</i> in person when he could be taken, and in the mean time to
+suffer that punishment in effigy, with the mitre and San-benito. His
+property was confiscated, and his children and grandchildren in the male
+line devoted to infamy, besides other penalties. Many other persons
+suffered in this <i>auto-da-fé</i>, of whom an account will be given in the
+next chapter.</p>
+
+<p>Perez was in England when he was condemned to death. A conspiracy
+against his life by some Spaniards was discovered there: it was renewed
+at Paris by the Baron de la Pinilla, who declared that he had been sent
+to kill him by Don Juan Idiaquez, minister to Philip II.</p>
+
+<p>The death of that prince, and the consequent change in the politics of
+the government, inspired Perez with the hope of arranging his affairs at
+Madrid; but the misfortune of having been prosecuted by the Inquisition
+rendered his efforts unavailing. The reader is referred to the
+<i>Relations</i> for all that concerns this part of the history.</p>
+
+<p>Perez had, at Paris, been intimate with Fray Francis de Sosa, general of
+the Franciscans, then Bishop of the Canaries, and a counsellor of the
+Inquisition, who often advised him to give himself up to the holy
+office, as the only means of obtaining a reconciliation. Perez replied
+that he would do so, and even wished it, but was deterred by the fear of
+being arrested by the government, after being set at liberty by the
+Inquisition. Sosa then tried to persuade him that he would avoid that
+danger by obtaining a safe conduct from the inquisitor-general and the
+Supreme Council, promising that he should be set at liberty when his
+trial was terminated by the holy office. Sosa, at that time, was little
+acquainted with the Inquisition, of which he was afterwards a member.<a name="page_488" id="page_488"></a></p>
+
+<p>Perez wrote again to Sosa in 1611 concerning this affair; the bishop
+replied, and his letter determined Perez to inform him that he was ready
+to surrender to the Inquisition as soon as the safe conduct was sent to
+him: he sent at the same time to his wife, a petition addressed to the
+Supreme Council, in which he renewed his promise. His wife presented it,
+and added to it one from herself, to interest the judges in her
+husband's favour. The attempt was fruitless, and Perez died at Paris on
+the 3rd of November, in the same year, after giving many proofs of his
+Catholicism, which were afterwards useful to his children in obtaining
+the revocation of the sentence given at Saragossa in 1592, and in
+<i>rehabilitating</i> his memory.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXVI" id="CHAPTER_XXXVI"></a>CHAPTER XXXVI.<br /><br />
+<small>OF SEVERAL TRIALS OCCASIONED BY THAT OF ANTONIO PEREZ.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> trial of Antonio Perez was the cause of a great number of
+prosecutions against persons who had taken part in the tumults and the
+flight of Perez and his companion. The censures and penalties of the
+bull of Pius V., destined to punish those who opposed the exercise of
+the ministry of the holy office, were applied to them.</p>
+
+<p>On the 12th of November, 1591, Don Alphonso de Vargas entered Saragossa
+at the head of his army; this expedition re-established the inquisitors,
+and they secretly informed against the instigators of the rebellion.</p>
+
+<p>On the 8th of January, 1592, the fiscal of the holy office gave in a
+complaint against the rebels in general, as suspected in matters of
+faith; and he composed a list of the authors of the sedition, and of
+those who were suspected of<a name="page_489" id="page_489"></a> being implicated in it: it amounted to
+three hundred and seventy-two individuals, who had compromised
+themselves either by their words or actions.</p>
+
+<p>The inquisitors imprisoned a hundred and seventy, and made arrangements
+for the arrest of others who were only suspected, as the charges were
+not proved against them. Of this number, only a hundred and twenty-three
+individuals were taken, because the others had either been already taken
+to the royal prison by the command of Vargas, to be tried by Doctor
+Lanz, a senator of Milan, and the king's special commissioner on this
+occasion, or had made their escape; some who had only taken an indirect
+part in the event came under the jurisdiction of the commissioner, and
+obtained permission to remain as prisoners in their own houses. The
+following are some of the most remarkable trials, from the high rank of
+the individuals:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Don Juan de la Nuza, Chief Justice of Aragon, not only had not opposed
+the exercise of the holy office, but might have been reproached for
+having given up more than the privileges of the kingdom allowed. He
+however suffered the fate of a rebel subject, because in the struggle
+which ensued he was unfortunately the weakest. The oath which the king
+had taken to observe the privileges of the kingdom did not allow him to
+send into it more than five hundred soldiers. The permanent deputation,
+on being informed of the preparations for the entrance of the army of
+Vargas, remonstrated; Philip replied that they were destined for France:
+the deputies then represented the danger which might arise from their
+being permitted to pass through Saragossa; they were then informed that
+the army would only remain in their city for the period necessary to
+restore the authority of justice, which had been almost entirely
+destroyed in the late seditions.</p>
+
+<p>The deputies, on receiving this last reply, consulted thirteen lawyers
+on the sense of the <i>Fueros</i>; they declared that<a name="page_490" id="page_490"></a> their rights were
+infringed by the entrance of the troops into Aragon, and that every
+Aragonese was bound to resist and prevent them. Circulars were then sent
+to all the towns, and to the permanent deputation of Catalonia and
+Valencia, to demand the aid stipulated by the treaties, in case either
+country was invaded. The chief justice, whom the laws of the kingdom
+called to the command, was ordered to place himself immediately at the
+head of the troops. When the Castilians came within six miles of
+Saragossa, the chief justice found himself almost deserted, and
+consequently retired and left the passage free to the troops, who
+entered the town.</p>
+
+<p>On the 28th of November, Don Francis de Borgia, Marquis de Lombay,
+arrived at Saragossa; he was commissioned to treat with the permanent
+deputies and the principal gentlemen of the kingdom concerning the
+points on which it was asserted the privileges had been infringed.
+Several conferences took place without any result, because the deputies
+declared that the <i>Fueros</i> did not permit them while the country was
+occupied by foreign troops.</p>
+
+<p>Philip II. appointed the Count de Morata to be viceroy in the place of
+the Bishop of Teruel, who had retired to his see, alarmed at the danger
+he had incurred. The viceroy made his public entry into Saragossa, on
+the 6th of December, to the great joy and satisfaction of the
+inhabitants; but their joy was of short duration. On the 18th of the
+same month, Don Gomez Velasquez arrived with a commission to arrest a
+great number of persons, and with a positive order to behead the chief
+justice of Aragon, as soon as he entered the town; this order was obeyed
+with so much expedition, that on the 28th Don Juan de la Nuza was no
+longer in existence. All Aragon was filled with consternation at the
+news of this execution. It is impossible to express how much La Nuza was
+respected by the people on account of his high office, which had been
+filled by the illustrious members of his family<a name="page_491" id="page_491"></a> for more than a hundred
+and fifty years. On this event, many gentlemen fled to France and
+Geneva, and those who, from an ill-founded confidence, remained, soon
+had cause to repent.</p>
+
+<p>Don Francis d'Aragon, Duke de Villahermosa, Count de Ribagorza, did not
+escape the persecution, although he had the advantage of being of royal
+blood, being descended from John II. King of Aragon and Navarre, by his
+son Don Alphonso d'Aragon. In his trial before the Inquisition he was
+not accused of having opposed the measures of the tribunal during the
+insurrections, or of taking any part in them: but Don Francis Torralba,
+lieutenant to the chief justice (who had been deprived of his office in
+consequence of some serious complaints of Perez), pretended that the
+duke was, by the nature of his blood, an enemy to the holy tribunal,
+since he descended from Jews, who had been burnt and subjected to
+penances, by Estengua Conejo, a Jewess, who, on her baptism, took the
+name of Mary Sanchez, and afterwards became the wife or concubine of Don
+Alphonso d'Aragon, first Duke of Villahermosa, and grandfather to the
+present duke, whom he denounced. Torralba minutely detailed the proofs
+of what he asserted.</p>
+
+<p>When the inhabitants of Saragossa resolved to oppose the entrance of the
+Castilian army in their city, the duke, according to the laws of the
+kingdom, offered his services to the chief justice. The royal
+commissioner, not satisfied with his trial before the Inquisition,
+arrested him on the 19th of December, and sent him into Castile, in
+contempt of another law of the <i>Fuero</i>. The duke was beheaded at Burgos,
+as convicted of treason; his property was confiscated, and the king
+bestowed the duchy on the next in succession.</p>
+
+<p>The Count d'Aranda, Don Louis Ximenez de Urrea, was also arrested on the
+19th of December, but died in the prison of Alaejos, on the 4th of
+August, 1592. It appears from his trial by the Inquisition, that when
+Perez was sent to the<a name="page_492" id="page_492"></a> prison of the kingdom, he declared himself his
+protector, according to a promise he had given to the wife of Perez at
+Madrid; that he was one of the principal instigators of the popular
+commotions; that he had influenced the lawyers, who declared the act, by
+which Perez was consigned a second time to the Inquisition, to be
+illegal; and lastly, that he had assisted in the military arrangements
+for the resistance of the royal troops. It has been already stated, that
+Diego de Heredia accused the Count d'Aranda and Antonio Perez of having
+conspired against the life of the Marquis d'Almenara. This deposition is
+not found in the trial, but Don Diego declared he had already informed
+the senator Lanz, while he was imprisoned by that magistrate. But if the
+circumstances independent of this conspiracy may be considered as
+crimes, why did Philip after the first revolt write to request him to
+lend assistance to the authorities, and afterwards to thank him for
+having so well performed his mission? It must excite indignation, to see
+a powerful monarch deceiving his subjects, and punishing them by
+surprise.</p>
+
+<p>The Count de Morata, Don Michael Martinez de Luna, Viceroy of Aragon,
+was denounced to the Inquisition, after the insurrection of Saragossa.
+It appears that he blamed the conduct of the tribunal and the civil
+authorities towards Perez. Some witnesses supposed that he was one of
+the principal instigators of the first insurrection; but that afterwards
+learning that Philip had said that Perez was an unfaithful minister, he
+ceased to defend him. This is certainly an historical error, for the
+declaration of the king concerning Perez was made in August, 1590, after
+the act by which the king abandoned the prosecution relating to the
+death of Escobedo, and the insurrections at Saragossa took place in May,
+1591. The change in the opinions of Martinez de Luna must have had some
+other cause. Some circumstances in his trial lead to the belief that he
+was acquainted with the proceedings of the council appointed at Madrid
+to consider the affairs,<a name="page_493" id="page_493"></a> and that he foresaw that the consequences
+would be serious, which induced him to change his system.</p>
+
+<p>When he was made viceroy, the inquisitor suppressed the preparatory
+instruction of the trial, and the decree of arrest which had already
+been resolved upon. The tribunal had received another information
+against the Count in 1577, concerning some <i>ill-sounding</i> propositions,
+but they had not sufficient proof to proceed upon.</p>
+
+<p>Although the inquisitors had been so indulgent to the count, he was not
+devoted to their party. His indifference induced the fiscal to bring a
+complaint against him in 1592, and to require that he should be
+arrested. He founded his requisition on the following allegation: the
+inquisitor-general Quiroga had published an edict of grace in favour of
+all the criminals who had not been arrested, that they might be absolved
+from all censures; and this edict having been communicated to the count
+before the publication, he declared that it was impertinent, useless,
+and ridiculous. The fiscal gave this as an instance of the contempt of
+the count for the censures under which he pretended that he had fallen,
+as the principal instigator of the first revolt. Some other expressions
+were construed into a sign of his hatred of the Inquisition.</p>
+
+<p>It is certain that the count would not have escaped the vengeance of the
+Inquisitors, in his quality of viceroy. When he quitted his office they
+were fully occupied with other trials, and his affair was too
+unimportant, and too old, to attract the attention of their successors.
+The opinion of the count on the edict of grace was very just. This
+<i>grace</i> was not accorded until the inquisitors had celebrated a solemn
+<i>auto-da-fé</i> in which seventy-nine inhabitants of the town were
+<i>relaxed</i>, and a much greater number of honourable persons condemned to
+infamy, on pretence of publicly absolving them from censure; besides
+that, those already in prison were excluded from the pardon.</p>
+
+<p>After the executions of the chief justice, the Duke de Villahermosa,<a name="page_494" id="page_494"></a>
+and the Count d'Aranda, the king granted a general pardon on the 24th
+December, 1592, with the exception of many individuals who had excited
+and directed the sedition. This edict saved the lives of several
+thousand Aragonese; palliating circumstances afterwards caused the
+capital punishment to be remitted to all those who were excepted in the
+general pardon.</p>
+
+<p>The Baron de Barboles, Don Diego Fernandez de Heredia, brother and
+presumptive heir to the Count de Fuentes, a grandee of Spain, was to
+have been arrested by the Inquisition; but he was taken by order of
+Vargas, claimed his privilege, and was taken to the prison of the
+<i>Manifestados</i>, and on the 9th of October, 1592, had his head struck off
+at the back of the neck as guilty of treason. He had made several
+depositions before the Senator Lanz, and all that concerned Antonio
+Perez was communicated to the inquisitors; he had already been examined
+twice on that subject as a witness of the fiscal, and deposed to a great
+number of facts which proved that he had excited the people, and kept up
+the rebellion with the Count d'Aranda and others, and that he was
+engaged in the plan to assassinate the Marquis d'Almenara, but that he
+repented and revoked the orders he had given concerning it; nevertheless
+some witnesses deposed that they had seen him in the road encouraging
+the assassins. The Baron de Barboles also declared that he was the
+principal author of the complaint brought by Antonio Perez before the
+ordinary judge of Saragossa, against the secretary, major-domo, and
+squire of the Marquis d'Almenara and several other persons, whom he
+accused of having, by order of the marquis, suborned several witnesses
+in 1591, to depose against Perez several facts required by the
+inquisitors; that he had directed and instigated the efforts which were
+made to find witnesses to confirm by their declarations the articles of
+their complaint, and that he had deposed as from himself what he had
+only heard from the agent of Perez.<a name="page_495" id="page_495"></a></p>
+
+<p>Another inquest against Don Diego existed in the Inquisition, in which
+he was accused of having made use of necromancy to discover treasures,
+and sending horses to France. The Judge Torralba also deposed that he
+had heard it said that Don Diego had been arrested by the Inquisition of
+Valencia for having concealed a Moresco from an alguazil; he added that
+it was not surprising that Don Diego was an enemy to the holy office,
+because though the blood of his ancestors had not been sullied by that
+of the Jews, his children had not that advantage, since his wife, the
+Baroness d'Alcaraz, was of Jewish origin.</p>
+
+<p>Philip II. wished to show the Count de Fuentes that though he punished
+the guilty he knew how to reward a faithful subject, and made him
+governor of the Low Countries. The Count hated Perez, whom he considered
+as the cause of the misfortunes of de Barboles; it is not therefore
+surprising that he took an active part in the conspiracy formed in
+London against his life. This attempt did not succeed, and two of the
+conspirators were put to death at the requisition of the English fiscal,
+who had been commanded by Queen Elizabeth to prosecute the authors of
+the plot.</p>
+
+<p>The Baron de Purroy, Don Juan de Luna, a member for the nobility in the
+deputation of the kingdom, was executed on the same day with Barboles;
+the charges against him were very similar to the preceding. His offences
+against the Inquisition were, that he was the cause of the resolution
+taken in the committee of the deputation to defend the independence of
+the prison of the <i>Manifestados</i> against the pretensions of the
+inquisitors; to confine their jurisdiction to the crime of heresy, and
+to prevent them from taking cognizance of offences in the revolt and
+similar crimes, which they undertook, because they said that some of the
+persons concerned in it opposed the exercise of their office; lastly,
+Don Juan was implicated in the subornation of witnesses in the affair of
+Perez.<a name="page_496" id="page_496"></a></p>
+
+<p>The Baron de Biescas, Don Martin de la Nuza, Lord of Sallen and the
+towns of the valley of Tena, fled to France, but afterwards returned to
+Spain; he was arrested in Tudela of Navarre, and was beheaded. The trial
+before the Inquisition states, that besides the crimes committed like
+the other rebels, the Baron de Biescas was guilty of having received
+Antonio Perez into his house, and concealed him until he could fly to
+France; and of entering into the Spanish territory at several points
+with a corps of Bearnese troops, and declaring that he would not lay
+down his arms until he had driven the Castilian army out of Aragon, and
+revenged the death of his relation the chief justice.</p>
+
+<p>The senator Lanz likewise condemned to death many other noble gentlemen,
+besides labourers and artisans. Many who fled to France or Geneva were
+condemned to death: these individuals remained in exile till after the
+death of Philip II. His successor, Philip III., permitted them to return
+to their country, and annulled all the articles in the sentences
+pronounced against those who had been executed, which were contrary to
+the interests of their families; <i>the king declaring that none of them
+were guilty towards the state: and that he acknowledged that each person
+had considered himself bound to defend the rights of his country</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The cruelty of the inquisitors was not satiated by these executions.
+They represented to the Supreme Council that they did not dare to demand
+the prisoners of the General Vargas, although it would be much better if
+they were tried by the Inquisition: but that nevertheless they thought
+it would be useful if the Baron de Barboles was given up to them, since
+his execution, in that case, would strike more terror into the guilty.
+The council rejected the request of the inquisitors; they, however,
+retained in their prisons many illustrious persons, among whom were some
+women.</p>
+
+<p>When the inquisitors published the edict of grace, more than five
+hundred persons presented themselves to demand<a name="page_497" id="page_497"></a> absolution. Each person
+confessed the crime for which they were to be absolved; some of these
+are rather ludicrous.</p>
+
+<p>Mary Ramirez declares, that on seeing Antonio Perez taken to prison, she
+exclaimed&mdash;<i>Poor wretch! after such long imprisonments, they have not
+yet found him an heretic.</i></p>
+
+<p>Christoval de Heredia <i>confesses that he has often wished that Perez
+might get out of his troubles</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Donna Geronima d'Arteaga, <i>that she raised a little subscription for
+Antonio Perez, during his imprisonment, because he could not enjoy his
+own property</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Louis de Anton, <i>that he was the prosecutor of Perez, and that he did
+several things to serve him</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Martina de Alastuey, <i>that she prepared the food of Perez, in her house,
+and that her son Antonio Añoz, who was his servant, carried it to him in
+the prison</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Don Louis de Gurrea <i>demands absolution only to reassure his conscience,
+although it does not reproach him</i>!</p>
+
+<p>Don Michael de Sese also claims it, <i>to appease the same scruples</i>!</p>
+
+<p>Doctor Murillo, <i>that he visited Perez in the prison when he was ill</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The following are instances of a spirit quite contrary to the preceding
+examples:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>The Doctor Don Gregory de Andia, vicar of the parish of St. Paul, being
+informed that a priest had refused absolution to more than two hundred
+persons, because they had not been absolved from the censures incurred
+by the bull of St. Pius V., could not help saying, <i>That priest is an
+ignorant fellow. Let all those people come to me, and also all those who
+revolted: I would absolve them with pleasure of all their sins, and feel
+no fear for such an action.</i> The vicar was arrested for his boldness,
+and taken to the secret prisons. Many persons shared his fate, among
+whom were,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Juan de Cerio, a familiar of the holy office, who, on hearing<a name="page_498" id="page_498"></a> it
+remarked that the Aragonese ought not to endure the Inquisition any
+longer, replied: "As for me, they may burn the house, the papers, the
+prisons, and even the inquisitors: I shall have nothing to say against
+it."</p>
+
+<p>A brother of the Trinity, who, on hearing that the Castilians wished to
+reduce the Aragonese, and destroy their privileges, said, "<i>If Jesus
+Christ was a Castilian, I would not believe in him.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>Michael Urgel, procurator of the royal audience, confessed that after he
+had heard the declaration of the four counsellors, that it was an
+infringement of the <i>Fueros</i> to transfer Perez to the Inquisition, he
+said: "We must treat the letters of the inquisitors with contempt, and
+if the king supports them, he is a tyrant: let us get rid of him and
+elect a native king of Aragon, since we have a right to do so."</p>
+
+<p>These are a few instances of the pretended sins for which absolution was
+demanded, and for which many persons were arrested, but they are
+sufficient to shew the spirit of the people and of the inquisitors.</p>
+
+<p>Donna Juana de Coello, the wife of Perez, and her young children, were
+also victims to the events at Saragossa. They had been detained in the
+Castle of Pinto, two leagues from Madrid, since the month of April,
+1590, where that heroine had favoured the escape of her husband at the
+expense of her own liberty. After his second flight from Saragossa,
+their imprisonment became still more rigorous. It is proved by the trial
+of Perez, that he often said when in prison, that nothing should induce
+him to renounce the privileges of the prison of the kingdom, except the
+assurance that his wife and children enjoyed their liberty; but that he
+was certain if he gave himself up to the inquisitors he should be sent
+to Madrid and executed.</p>
+
+<p>This information induced the inquisitors at the end of September, 1591,
+to request that Donna Juana and her children<a name="page_499" id="page_499"></a> might be more strictly
+imprisoned, since he would hear of it, and it might induce him to return
+to the prison of the kingdom. This idea was inspired by the perfidious
+Basante. In fact, Perez was informed that his wife and children were
+removed to a sort of bastion or tower of the castle, which was much more
+inconvenient than the former prison; however, Donna Juana requested her
+husband to think only of his own safety, since the news of his flight
+had been sufficient to keep her and her children in good health. Donna
+Juana remained in prison during the life of Philip II., who on his death
+advised his successor to set her and her family at liberty.</p>
+
+<p>All the events above-mentioned were occasioned by the trial of Antonio
+Perez, but the original cause was the extreme attachment of the
+Aragonese to a privilege which Philip II. wished to destroy, because it
+set bounds to his despotism; they had not forgotten that this prince
+made use of the Inquisition, in his political schemes, which they had
+experienced in some attempts made twenty years before.</p>
+
+<p>The insurrection offered to Philip the opportunity he had so long
+desired, of making himself absolute monarch of Aragon, by the abolition
+of the intermediate office of the chief justice, and of all the <i>Fueros</i>
+of the primitive constitution, which bounded the extent of his power.
+Another cause of the revolt was, the policy which disgraced and kept in
+a perpetual state of uneasiness, all the first families of the kingdom,
+a great number of the second order, and even of the people. It was well
+known that these misfortunes were the consequence of the system of the
+inquisitors, who were always eager to disgrace and humiliate those who
+did not debase themselves before the lowest among them, and to sacrifice
+every man who did not acknowledge their tribunal to be the most holy of
+institutions, and the only bulwark of faith, which they still declare
+and publish through their partisans, though in their hearts they are
+convinced of the contrary.<a name="page_500" id="page_500"></a></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXVII" id="CHAPTER_XXXVII"></a>CHAPTER XXXVII.<br /><br />
+<small>OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS IN THE INQUISITION DURING THE REIGN OF PHILIP III.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">P<small>HILIP</small> II. died on the 13th of September, 1598, and left the crown to
+his son, Philip III., whose education had made him more worthy of
+wearing the habit of St. Dominic, than of governing a kingdom: the
+Inquisition was then as formidable and powerful as before the
+constitutions of 1561. As the new king wished to have an
+inquisitor-general of his own choice, he took advantage of a bull,
+commanding all bishops to reside in their dioceses, to invite Don Pedro
+Porto-Carrero to retire to his see of Cuença, and appointed as his
+successor, in 1599, Don Ferdinand Niño de Guevara, cardinal of the Roman
+Church, and afterwards archbishop of Seville. This prelate retired to
+his diocese in 1602, in consequence of an order from the king; his
+successor was Don Juan de Zuñiga, bishop of Carthagena, who died in the
+same year. Juan Baptiste de Acebedo, bishop of Valladolid, took his
+place, and died in it in 1607, with the title of Patriarch of the
+Indies. He was succeeded by Don Bernardo de Sandoval Roxas, cardinal
+archbishop of Toledo, brother to the Duke de Lerma. At his death Don
+Fray Louis Aliaga, a Dominican confessor to the king, was appointed
+inquisitor-general; Philip IV., on his accession, deprived him of his
+office.</p>
+
+<p>Philip III., in 1607, assembled the Cortes of the kingdom at Madrid,
+where they remained for more than a year. The members represented to the
+king, that in 1579 and 1586, they had required a reform of the abuses
+committed in the tribunal of the Inquisition, to put an end to the
+right, which the inquisitors had usurped, of taking cognizance of crimes
+not relating to heresy; that Philip II. had promised to do<a name="page_501" id="page_501"></a> this, but
+died before he could perform it, and that in consequence they renewed
+the request.</p>
+
+<p>Philip replied, that he would take proper measures to satisfy the
+Cortes. In 1611, when he convoked the new Cortes, they made the same
+request and received the same answer, but nothing was attempted, and the
+inquisitors daily became more insolent, and filled their prisons with
+victims.</p>
+
+<p>The archbishop of Valencia, Don Juan de Ribera, represented to Philip
+III., that it was impossible to convert the Morescoes of Valencia, and
+that their skill in agriculture and the arts gave just cause of
+apprehension, that they might some day disturb the public tranquillity,
+with the assistance of the Moors of Algiers, and the other African
+cities, with whom they held constant intercourse; he therefore advised
+his majesty to banish them from the kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>The gentlemen whose vassals the Morescoes were, complained of the
+immense loss it would occasion, if their estates were thus depopulated;
+they also declared that the statement of the archbishop was shamefully
+exaggerated, since the holy office had never failed to punish every
+Moresco who returned to his heresy.</p>
+
+<p>The king summoned his council, and after many discussions, it was
+resolved to send the Morescoes out of the kingdom of Valencia, on the
+11th of September, 1609, and all the others in the following year.</p>
+
+<p>This emigration cost Spain a million of useful and industrious
+inhabitants, who all went to Africa: they were invited by Henry IV. to
+colonise the <i>Landes</i> in Gascony on condition that they professed the
+catholic religion, but they feared that they should be persecuted in the
+same manner, at some future period. The inquisitors principally
+contributed to induce Philip III. to take this resolution, and they
+noted all who had condemned the measure, as suspected of heresy: among
+these was the Duke of Ossuna, whose process they began. This trial had
+no particular result, because the charges<a name="page_502" id="page_502"></a> did not offer any heretical
+propositions, though some were qualified as audacious, scandalous, and
+offensive to pious ears. The duke was appointed Viceroy of Naples, but
+was deprived of the office some years after, and imprisoned by the king.
+The inquisitors seized this opportunity to renew their charges, but they
+were disappointed; the duke died in prison before the definitive
+sentence was pronounced.</p>
+
+<p>On the 7th and 8th of November 1610, the Inquisition of Logroño
+celebrated an <i>auto-da-fé</i>, in which six persons were burnt, with five
+effigies, twenty-one individuals were reconciled, and twenty condemned
+to different penances; among these were eighteen sorcerers<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>A sufficient number of the trials of the Inquisition, during the reign
+of Philip III., have already been cited; therefore, that of Don Antonio
+Manriques, Count de Morata, need only be mentioned: in 1603 he abjured
+some heretical propositions without being disgraced by an <i>auto-da-fé</i>.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXVIII" id="CHAPTER_XXXVIII"></a>CHAPTER XXXVIII.<br /><br />
+<small>OF THE TRIALS AND AUTOS-DA-FE DURING THE REIGN OF PHILIP IV.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">P<small>HILIP</small> IV. ascended the throne on the 31st of March, 1621; and during
+the thirty-four years that he reigned, the following persons filled the
+office of inquisitor-general: Don Andres Pacheco, in 1621; Cardinal Don
+Antonio de Zapata Mendoza, in 1626; in 1632, Don Fray Antonio de
+Sotomayor; and in 1643, Don Diego de Arce y Reinoso. Don Diego died on
+the same day as the king.</p>
+
+<p>Many circumstances had shewn the necessity of a reform in the
+Inquisition, but the indolence of Philip IV. prevented<a name="page_503" id="page_503"></a> him from
+attempting it; on the contrary, he permitted the inquisitors to take
+cognizance of the offence of exporting copper money, and to dispose of a
+fourth of what fell into their hands.</p>
+
+<p>On the 21st of June, 1621, the Inquisition celebrated the accession of
+Philip IV. by the <i>auto-da-fé</i> of Maria de la Conception, a <i>Beata</i>, and
+famous hypocrite of the preceding reign, who had deceived many persons
+by her feigned revelations and pretended sanctity. She appeared in the
+<i>auto-da-fé</i> gagged, with the <i>san-benito</i>, and the mitre.</p>
+
+<p>On the 30th of November, 1630, another <i>auto-da-fé</i> was held at Seville,
+when six persons were burnt in effigy, and eight in person; fifty were
+reconciled, and six absolved <i>ad cautelam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>On the 21st of December, 1627, a general <i>auto-da-fé</i> was celebrated at
+Cordova, composed of eighty-one condemned persons; fifty-eight were
+reconciled, among whom were three sorcerers.</p>
+
+<p>In 1532, a grand general <i>auto-da-fé</i> was held at Madrid, at which the
+king and all the royal family attended. Seven persons were burnt, with
+four effigies, and forty-two reconciled; they were almost all
+Portuguese, or of Portuguese parents. The following circumstance has
+rendered this <i>auto-da-fé</i> very famous. Miguel Rodriguez, and Isabella
+Martinez Albarez, his wife, were the proprietors of a house used by the
+condemned as a synagogue. They were accused of having struck the image
+of Jesus Christ with a whip, and of having crucified and insulted it in
+various ways, as if to revenge themselves upon it for all the evils
+which the Christians made them suffer. The holy office caused this house
+to be razed to the ground, and an inscription was placed on the spot. A
+monastery for the Capuchins was afterwards built on the site, and named
+the Convent of Patience, in allusion to the outrages which our Saviour
+allowed them to commit on his image: a report was then spread that the<a name="page_504" id="page_504"></a>
+image spoke to the Jews three times, and that they did not hesitate to
+burn it. Solemn masses were performed at Madrid and other cities in the
+kingdom, to expiate the sacrilege which had been committed.</p>
+
+<p>On the 22nd of June, 1636, another general <i>auto-da-fé</i> was held at
+Valladolid, composed of twenty-eight persons. The punishment inflicted
+on the Jews seems entirely novel: one hand was nailed to a wooden cross,
+and in that state they were obliged to hear read the report of their
+trial, and the sentence which condemned them to perpetual imprisonment
+for having insulted our Saviour and the Virgin by their blasphemies. A
+<i>Beata</i> also appeared in this <i>auto-da-fé</i>; she was known by the name of
+<i>Lorenza</i>: her crimes were the same as those of the other women of her
+class; she pretended that she had seen apparitions of the Devil, Jesus
+Christ, and the Virgin Mary, and an infinity of revelations, but she
+was, in fact, nothing but a libertine woman.</p>
+
+<p>Another <i>Beata</i>, who was more celebrated, appeared before the tribunal
+of Valladolid, she was called <i>Louisa de l'Ascension</i>. M. Lavellée has
+spoken of the fragments of the cross which had belonged to this woman,
+in his history of the Inquisition, published at Paris in 1809. This
+author (<i>who has only added to the errors of the writers of the two last
+centuries</i>) says, that this cross was one of those which the inquisitors
+suspended round the necks of the condemned. This practice was never
+known in the Inquisition; the cross belonged to the <i>Beata</i>. M. Lavellée
+has not explained the inscription correctly. I have seen a cross entire;
+on the upper part are the letters I. N. R. I., which are the initials of
+<i>Jesus Nazarenius Rex Judæorum</i>; on the mounting and on the arm, and
+towards the foot, are these words&mdash;<i>Jesus. La Très Sainte Marie, conçue
+sans péché originel. S&oelig;ur Louise de l'Ascension, esclave indigne de
+mon très doux Jesus. Jesus. Maria santissima concibida sin pecado
+original. Indigna soror Luisa de la Ascencion, esclava de dulcisimo<a name="page_505" id="page_505"></a>
+Jesus</i>. This <i>Beata</i> gave similar crosses to those who, deceived by her
+reputation for sanctity, came to demand her prayers. This cross being
+once given, the wish to possess them became so general, that they were
+engraved and became the occasion and the subject of a trial: the
+Inquisition caused all that could be found to be remitted to them, and
+thus several were to be seen at Madrid and Valladolid.</p>
+
+<p>Louisa de l'Ascension must not be confounded with the hypocrites and
+false devotees, such as Mary de la Conception, Lorenza de Simancas,
+Magdalena de la Croix, and some others, who were vicious women. The
+constant virtue of Louisa was acknowledged by the nuns of St. Clara de
+Carrion, and by the inhabitants of that place and of the country.</p>
+
+<p>On the 23rd of January, 1639, there was a general <i>auto-da-fé</i> at Lima
+in Peru, in which seventy-two persons appeared. Eleven persons were
+burnt, and one effigy. In this <i>auto-da-fé</i> were seen, on elevated
+seats, six persons who had been accused by false witnesses.</p>
+
+<p>The cities of Toledo, Cuença, Grenada, and Seville, also celebrated
+<i>autos-da-fé</i> in 1651, 1654, and 1660, when many persons were burnt.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the public <i>autos-da-fé</i> and trials mentioned in the Chapters
+24, 25, and 26, several others worthy of notice took place in the reign
+of Philip IV. Don Rodrigo Calderona, Marquis de Siete Inglesias,
+secretary to Philip III., was prosecuted by the Inquisition, which had
+not time to condemn him, because he was beheaded at Madrid in 1621,
+according to the sentence of the royal judges. The inquisitors accused
+him of having bewitched the king, in order to gain his favour. This
+charge was also brought against him by the fiscal of the civil tribunal
+of Madrid, but the judges paid no attention to it. It is certain that
+Calderona was the victim of a court intrigue, and the Count Duke de
+Olivares did an irreparable injury to his memory, in coldly witnessing
+the execution of a man, who, during his favour, had rendered him great
+services.<a name="page_506" id="page_506"></a></p>
+
+<p>Don Fray Louis Aliaga, archimandrite of Sicily, confessor to Philip
+III., and inquisitor-general, resigned his place by the command of
+Philip IV.; and a short time after Cardinal Zapata had succeeded him, he
+was prosecuted by the Inquisition of Madrid, for some propositions
+suspected of Lutheranism and materialism. Aliaga died in 1626, when his
+trial had not advanced further than the preparatory instruction.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1645, the Inquisition of Madrid prosecuted Don Gaspard de
+Guzman, Count Duke de Olivares, favourite and prime-minister to Philip
+IV. This took place under the ministry of the inquisitor-general, Don
+Diego de Arce, on whom he had bestowed the bishoprics of Tui, Avila, and
+Placencia. Don Diego did not forget his benefactor, and it was to his
+prudence that the duke owed the favourable issue of an affair, which, in
+other hands, might have had the most fatal result.</p>
+
+<p>This minister was disgraced in 1643: a short time after, memorials were
+presented to the king, accusing him of the most heinous crimes. The
+tribunal, where every false report was received, also seized this
+opportunity to prosecute him; he was denounced to the Inquisition as a
+believer in judicial astrology; and as a proof that he was an enemy to
+the church, it was asserted that he attempted to poison Urban VIII.; the
+apothecary at Florence, who prepared the poison, and the Italian monk,
+who was to administer it, were mentioned; in fact, proofs were offered
+of all the crimes he had committed. The inquisitors commenced the
+preparatory instruction, but their proceedings were so dilatory, that
+the Count Duke died before the order for his arrest could be issued.</p>
+
+<p>The Jesuit, Count Juan Baptiste de Poza, occupied the Inquisitions of
+Spain and Rome for some time with his writings, during the reign of
+Philip IV., particularly from the year 1629 to 1636. I have spoken in
+Chapter 15 of the memorial presented by the university of Salamanca
+against the Jesuits, in order to prevent the imperial college of Madrid,
+which<a name="page_507" id="page_507"></a> was under the direction of these fathers, from being made an
+university; Poza wrote several pamphlets in defence of the pretensions
+of his order, which were all condemned by the Inquisition of Rome in
+1632. The enemies of the Jesuits hoped that the Spanish Inquisition
+would do the same, but the inquisitors were afraid of offending the
+Count Duke de Olivares, whose confessor was a Jesuit. At this period,
+Francis Roales, doctor of the university of Salamanca, almoner and
+councillor of the king, professor of mathematics, and preceptor to the
+Cardinal-infant Don Ferdinand, published a work which created a great
+sensation. The author denounces the writings of Poza to the Catholic
+Church in general, and to each of its members in particular, as
+heretical and tainted with atheism, and also denounces all the Jesuits
+who defended his doctrine.</p>
+
+<p>Urban VIII. would have pronounced Poza to be an heretic, if he had not
+feared to offend the Court of Madrid; he therefore contented himself
+with depriving him of his professorship, and commanding that he should
+be sent to a house of the Jesuits, in some small town in Castile, and
+forbade him to preach, teach, or write. Although the Jesuits in their
+fourth vow, promised to obey the Pope without restriction, and they
+were, generally speaking, the most zealous supporters of his authority,
+yet, in this instance, they refused to obey, because they were supported
+by the Court of Madrid. At this time the work of Alphonso Vargas<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> was
+published out of Spain; Vargas exposes the stratagems, the perfidious
+politics, and the bad doctrine of the Jesuits. Their general alleged, as
+an excuse for their disobedience, that they were forbidden to execute
+the orders of his Holiness by the king of Spain: this was the state of
+the affair when Olivares was disgraced. The works of Poza were then
+prohibited in Spain, and he was condemned to abjure several heresies.</p>
+
+<p>Juan Nicolas Diana, another Jesuit, known for the very<a name="page_508" id="page_508"></a> relaxed morals
+of his printed works, was prosecuted by the Inquisition of Sardinia for
+some propositions contained in a sermon, and was condemned to recant.
+The Jesuit published his defence, and went to Spain where he demanded to
+be tried by the Supreme Council. The Council, after taking the opinions
+of several qualifiers, annulled the sentence, and not only acquitted the
+Jesuit, but made him a qualifier.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ali Arraez Ferrarés</i>, surnamed the <i>Renegado</i>, was tried by the
+Inquisition of Sicily in this reign. He was a Moor of Tunis, and high in
+the favour of the king of that country: having been taken prisoner to
+Palermo, he was ransomed and sent back to Tunis. Some Christian slaves,
+who were in that city, expressed their surprise that an apostate had
+been ransomed instead of being sent to the dungeons of the Inquisition.
+The tribunal, being informed of the opinion of these slaves, published
+that they were ignorant that Ali Arraez Ferrarés had been a Christian,
+and that he was surnamed the <i>Renegado</i>. Ali was taken a second time in
+1624, and though no other proof of his guilt existed but the report
+above-mentioned, he was taken to the prisons of the holy office. A great
+number of Sicilians, Genoese, and others, who had known him at Tunis,
+were examined; they all declared that he was called the <i>Renegado</i>, and
+some added that they had heard him say that he had been a Christian. Ali
+denied the fact, but the tribunal considered him as convicted, and
+condemned him to be burnt. The Supreme Council decided that the proof
+was not complete, annulled the sentence, and commanded that the prisoner
+should be tortured, in order to obtain additional proofs, and that the
+sentence should then be renewed. Ali still persisted in denying that he
+had been a Christian, and found means to inform the king of Tunis of his
+situation; the Moorish king received his letter at the moment when Fray
+Bartholomew Ximenez, Fray Ferdinand de Reina, Fray Diego de la Torre,
+and three other Carmelites, were brought in captive; they had been taken
+in going<a name="page_509" id="page_509"></a> to Rome. The king commanded them to write to the inquisitors
+of Sicily to set Ali Arraez at liberty, and to accept his ransom, and,
+in case they refused, to inform them that he would imprison and torture
+all the Christian slaves in his power. The monks excused themselves by
+alleging that they did not know the inquisitors, and the affair was
+dropped. At this period the Supreme Council commanded that Ali should be
+confined in a dungeon and ironed. In 1628, Ali found means to convey
+another letter to the Moorish king, informing him that he was imprisoned
+in a dark and fetid dungeon, with a Christian captain, and that they
+were almost starved. When the king received the letter, the Spanish
+monks were negotiating their ransom. He sent for them, and said, "Why do
+they endeavour to make this renegado a Christian by their tortures? If
+this Inquisition is not suppressed, or if the inquisitors do not send
+the renegado immediately to the galleys with the other slaves, I will
+burn all the Christians who are in my power: write, and tell them so."
+The monks obeyed, and added, that if justice and religion required the
+execution of the prisoner, they were ready to suffer martyrdom. The king
+of Tunis afterwards accepted the ransom of the monks. After detaining
+Ali for sixteen years, the inquisitors had no greater proof of his
+crime, and yet they refused to exchange him for a Christian priest,
+alleging that the relations of the priest ought to ransom him, and that
+it would be taking an active part in the heresy and damnation of the
+renegado to set him at liberty: it was represented that their refusal
+might have the most fatal consequences to the Christian slaves at Tunis;
+but this consideration did not affect them.</p>
+
+<p>An affair, which created a great sensation, occupied the Supreme Council
+at this time. A convent for Benedictine nuns had been founded in the
+parish of St. Martin. The director and confessor, Fray Francis Garcia
+was considered a learned and holy man. Donna Theresa de Sylva,<a name="page_510" id="page_510"></a> whose
+relation had founded the convent for her, was the abbess, though only
+twenty-six years of age. The community was composed of thirty nuns, who
+all appeared to be virtuous, and had voluntarily embraced the monastic
+life. While the new convent enjoyed the highest reputation, the gestures
+and words of one of the nuns indicated that she was in a supernatural
+state: Fray Garcia exorcised her, and on the 8th of September she was
+pronounced to be a demoniac. In a short time, the abbess and twenty-five
+nuns were attacked in the same manner. Many consultations took place on
+the condition of these women, between men of learning and virtue, who
+believed that they were really <i>possessed</i>,&mdash;their confessor repeated
+his exorcism every day, and even spent days and nights in the convent to
+renew them. He at last brought the tabernacle of the holy sacrament into
+the room where the nuns worked, and they said the prayers of forty
+hours. This singular scene lasted for three years, when the Inquisition
+of Toledo put a stop to it in 1631, by arresting the confessor, the
+abbess, and some of the nuns. Fray Francis Garcia was denounced as an
+<i>illuminati</i>, and it was said that he had corrupted the nuns, who
+pretended to be possessed. The trial was terminated in 1633; the
+confessor and the nuns were declared to be suspected of having fallen
+into the heresy of the <i>Alumbrados</i>. They were condemned to several
+penances, and sent to different convents; the abbess was exiled, and
+deprived of the privilege of consulting for four, and of voting for
+eight years: when this period had expired, she returned to her own
+convent, and was commanded by her superiors to demand a revision of her
+trial. The abbess obeyed, declaring at the same time, that she did it
+solely for the honour of her nuns and those of the other houses of St.
+Benedict. The enterprise was difficult, but the power of her relation,
+the prothonotary of Aragon, and of the Count Duke de Olivares, overcame
+every obstacle. In 1642 the Supreme Council acknowledged the innocence
+of<a name="page_511" id="page_511"></a> the nuns, but not of Fray Francis, became he had been so imprudent
+as to hold a correspondence with the demons to satisfy his curiosity,
+before he drove them from the nuns. Donna Theresa gives an account of
+her own feelings when possessed, and says that she was in a state of
+delirium, and did the most foolish things.</p>
+
+<p>Don Jerome de Villanueva, prothonotary of Aragon, that is, the royal
+secretary of state for that kingdom, had, in his youth, been the
+secretary to the Inquisition. He was prosecuted by the tribunal on the
+disgrace of the Count Duke de Olivares, as his creature and principal
+confidant. Several heretical propositions were imputed to him, and he
+was arrested in 1645, and condemned to abjure: this sentence was
+pronounced on the 18th of June, 1647. When he was set at liberty to
+accomplish his penance, he appealed to Pope Innocent X., complaining of
+the injustice with which he had been treated in depriving him of the
+means of defending himself, and protesting that he had only submitted to
+the sentence, that he might bring his cause before an impartial
+tribunal; he therefore demanded that his trial should be revised by
+judges appointed by his Holiness. Don Pedro Navarro, an opulent
+gentleman, went to Rome to negotiate the affair, out of friendship to
+Villanueva; and although Philip requested through his ambassador that
+Navarro should be compelled to leave Rome, his Holiness refused, and
+would not allow him to be arrested. The Pope issued a brief of
+commission to the bishops of Calahorra, Segovia, and Cuença, to revise
+the trial, but Philip IV., in consequence of the insinuations of the
+inquisitor-general, forbade them to accept the commission, because it
+was contrary to the prerogatives of the crown. The Pope then commanded
+that the process should be transferred to Rome; after some opposition he
+was obeyed, and Villanueva was acquitted. The resistance and the
+injustice witnessed by the Pope in this case induced him to expedite a
+second brief in 1653, in which he declared that<a name="page_512" id="page_512"></a> he had discovered great
+irregularities in the trial of Villanueva, and charged the
+inquisitor-general to observe that the laws were more strictly followed,
+and the trials conducted with more justice, gravity and circumspection.</p>
+
+<p>New contests soon arose between the Courts of Madrid and Rome, and the
+Pope sent Francis Mancini as his nuncio to Madrid, to settle the
+dispute, but he could not obtain an audience of the king, and in 1654
+was obliged to apply in the name of his Holiness to the
+inquisitor-general, who told him that the Pope had offended the king in
+the affair above-mentioned; he asserted that the prosecution of
+Villanueva had been properly conducted, and that the Pope had approved
+it. If this assertion was true, the Pope must have expressed his
+approbation before he took cognizance of the trial, for when it was
+transferred to the tribunal of Rome, the injustice and defects were
+discovered.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXIX" id="CHAPTER_XXXIX"></a>CHAPTER XXXIX.<br /><br />
+<small>THE INQUISITION DURING THE REIGN OF CHARLES II.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">C<small>HARLES</small> II. succeeded his father on the 17th of September, 1665, when he
+was only four years of age. The grand inquisitors, during his reign,
+were, Cardinal Don Pascual d'Aragon, archbishop of Toledo; Father John
+Everard de Nitardo, a German Jesuit; Don Diego de Sarmiento de
+Valladarés, bishop of Oviedo and Placentia; Don Juan Thomas Rocaberti,
+archbishop of Valencia; Cardinal Don Alphonso Fernandez de Cordova y
+Aguilar; and Don Balthazar de Mendoza-Sandoval, bishop of Segovia.</p>
+
+<p>The infancy of Charles II., the ambition of his brother Don John of
+Austria, the imperious temper of the queen-mother, Maria Anne of
+Austria, and the machiavelism of the<a name="page_513" id="page_513"></a> Jesuit Nitardo, gave occasion for
+a number of scandalous events during this reign. The weakness of the
+government was the principal cause of the insolent conduct of the
+inquisitors.</p>
+
+<p>When Charles II. married Maria Louisa de Bourbon in 1680, the taste of
+the nation was so depraved, that a grand <i>auto-da-fé</i>, composed of a
+hundred and eighteen victims, was considered as a proper and flattering
+homage to the new queen; nineteen persons were burnt, with thirty-four
+effigies. None of the cases were remarkable, and may therefore be passed
+over in silence, together with another <i>auto-da-fé</i> which was celebrated
+in the church of the convent of the nuns of St. Dominic. Some manuscript
+notes indicate that some of the condemned avoided the fate which awaited
+them, by bribing the inferior officers of the tribunal; I am persuaded
+that this assertion is incorrect, because the subalterns had very little
+influence after the criminals were arrested.</p>
+
+<p>The most celebrated trial of the Inquisition in this reign is that of
+Fray Froilan Diaz, bishop elect of Avila, and confessor to the king. The
+habitual weakness of Charles II., and the failure of an heir, created a
+suspicion that he was <i>bewitched</i>. The Cardinal Portocarrero and the
+inquisitor-general Rocaberti believed in sorcery, and after persuading
+the king that he was bewitched, they entreated him to suffer himself to
+be exorcised according to the formulary of the church. Charles
+consented, and was exorcised by his confessor. The novelty of this
+proceeding occasioned many remarks, and Froilan was informed that
+another monk was at that time exorcising a nun at Cangas de Tineo, in
+order to free her from the demons, which, she said, tormented her.
+Froilan and the inquisitor-general charged the exorcist of the
+<i>demoniac</i> to command the demon, by the formula of the ritual, to
+declare if Charles II. was bewitched or not, and if he replied in the
+affirmative, to make him reveal the nature<a name="page_514" id="page_514"></a> of the sorcery; if it was
+permanent; if it was attached to anything that the king had eaten or
+drank, to images or other objects; in what place it might be found; and
+lastly, if there were any natural means of preventing its effects: the
+confessor added several other questions, and desired the exorcist to
+urge them with all the zeal which the interest of the king and the state
+required.</p>
+
+<p>The monk at first refused to question the demon, because it is forbidden
+by the church; but on being assured by the inquisitor-general that it
+would not be sinful in the present circumstances, he faithfully
+performed all that had been requested of him. The demon declared by the
+mouth of the demoniac, that a spell had been put upon the king by a
+person who was named. According to the private notes of that time, the
+criminal was an agent of the Court of Vienna; but Cardinal Portocarrero
+and the confessor Diaz were the partisans of France for the succession
+of Spain.</p>
+
+<p>Diaz was very much alarmed at this information, and redoubled his
+conjurations until he learned some method of destroying the enchantment.
+Before this operation was concluded, Rocaberti died, and was succeeded
+by Don Balthazar de Mendoza, who was of the Austrian party; he signified
+to the king that all that had taken place had arisen from the imprudent
+zeal of his confessor, and that he must be removed. The king followed
+his advice, and made Froilan Bishop of Avila; but the new
+inquisitor-general, not contented with preventing the expedition of the
+bulls, prosecuted him for having made use of demons to discover hidden
+things.</p>
+
+<p>Mendoza directed this attack in concert with Torres Palmosa, the king's
+confessor, who was as eager for the ruin of Froilan Diaz as himself;
+this man communicated to Mendoza the letters which Diaz had received
+from Cangas, which were found among his papers.</p>
+
+<p>Mendoza examined witnesses, and after combining their<a name="page_515" id="page_515"></a> declarations with
+the contents of the letters, he gave them to five qualifiers who were
+devoted to him, and made Don Juan Arcemendi, a counsellor of the
+Inquisition, and Don Dominic de la Cantolla, official of the
+secretaryship of the Supreme Council, their president and secretary.
+However, the five qualifiers declared that the trial offered no fact or
+proposition worthy of theological censure.</p>
+
+<p>This decision was very displeasing to Mendoza; but relying on his
+influence in the council, he proposed that Diaz should be arrested: the
+councillors refused, because the measure was unjust, and contrary to the
+laws of the holy office, according to the decision of the five
+qualifiers. This resistance irritated the inquisitor-general, who caused
+the decree to be drawn up, signed it, and sent it to the council, with
+an order to register it with the ordinary forms. The councillors replied
+that they could not perform a ceremony which they considered illegal,
+because the resolution had not been adopted by a majority of votes.</p>
+
+<p>During these transactions, Diaz made his escape to Rome: Mendoza, who
+could depend upon the king's confessor, induced him to persuade the king
+that this was an offence against the rights of the crown, and obtained a
+letter from him to the Duke de Uzeda, his ambassador at Rome, commanding
+him to seize the person of Diaz, and send him under an escort to
+Carthagena.</p>
+
+<p>The anonymous author of Anecdotes of the Court of Rome says, that Diaz
+went thither to show to the Pope the will of Charles II., by which
+Philip de Bourbon was called to the throne of Spain; and that his return
+as a prisoner was occasioned by a court intrigue; but there is no
+evidence to prove this assertion. The inquisitor-general sent Froilan
+Diaz to the prison of the Inquisition of Murcia, and commanded the
+inquisitors to begin his trial. They appointed as qualifiers nine of the
+most learned theologians of the diocese, who unanimously gave the same
+answer as those of the<a name="page_516" id="page_516"></a> Supreme Council: the inquisitors consequently
+declared that there was no cause for the arrest. The inquisitor-general
+then caused Diaz to be transferred to Madrid. Mendoza afterwards charged
+the fiscal of the Inquisition to accuse him as a dogmatizing
+arch-heretic, for having said that an intercourse with the demon might
+be permitted, in order to learn the art of curing the sick.</p>
+
+<p>Charles II. died about this time, and Philip was at first too much
+engaged with the war against the Archduke Charles of Austria, to
+discover the intrigues and artifices of Mendoza. He at last submitted
+the affair to the Council of Castile, on the 24th of December, 1703,
+which decided that the arrest of Diaz was contrary to the common laws,
+and those of the holy office. The Supreme Council then decreed that Diaz
+should be set at liberty and acquitted.</p>
+
+<p>It must be observed, that the demon affirmed that God had permitted a
+spell to be put upon the king, and that it could not be taken off,
+because the holy sacrament was in the church without lamps or wax
+candles, the communities of monks dying of hunger, and other reasons of
+the same nature. Two other demons who were interrogated, only agreed in
+declaring the necessity of favouring the churches, convents, and
+communities of Dominican monks; perhaps because the inquisitor-generals
+Rocaberti and Diaz were of that order.</p>
+
+<p>This prince convoked the <i>grand junta</i>, composed of two councillors of
+state, two members of each of the Councils of Castile, Aragon, Italy,
+the Indies, the military orders and the finances, and one of the king's
+secretaries. The royal secretary informed the junta that the disputes
+between the inquisitors and the civil judges had caused so much
+disturbance, that the king had resolved to commission the assembly to
+propose a plain and fixed rule, to secure to the Inquisition the respect
+due to it, and to prevent the inquisitors from undertaking trials
+foreign to the jurisdiction of the holy office.<a name="page_517" id="page_517"></a> The king commanded the
+six councils to remit to the junta all the papers necessary for the
+examination of the affair.</p>
+
+<p>On the 21st of May, 1696, the grand junta made a report, stating that it
+appeared from the papers which had been examined, that the greatest
+disorder had long existed in the different jurisdictions, because the
+inquisitors had arbitrarily extended their power, so that the common
+tribunals had scarcely anything to do; that they punished the slightest
+offence against themselves or their domestics with the greatest
+severity, as if it was a crime against religion; that not content with
+exempting their officers from taxes, they gave their houses the
+privileges of an asylum, so that a criminal could not be taken from
+them, even by a judicial order; and if the public authorities exercised
+their powers, they dared to complain of it as a sacrilegious violation
+of the church; that in their official letters, and in the conduct of
+their affairs, they showed an intention of weakening the respect of the
+people towards the royal judges, and even to make the authority of
+superior magistrates contemptible; and that they affected a certain
+independent manner of thinking on the subjects of administration and
+public economy, which made them forgetful of the rights of the crown.</p>
+
+<p>The junta then stated that these abuses had caused complaints from the
+subjects, division among the ministers, discouragement to the tribunals,
+and much trouble to his majesty in settling their differences. That this
+conduct had appeared so intolerable, even in the beginning, that the
+powers of the Inquisition had been suspended for ten years by Charles
+V., until it was restored by Philip II., in the absence of his father,
+with some restrictions, which had not been well observed; that the
+extreme moderation with which the inquisitors had been treated was the
+cause of their boldness.</p>
+
+<p>The junta proposed for the reformation of the holy office; 1st. That the
+Inquisition should not make use of censures in civil affairs. 2nd. That
+in case they employed them, the<a name="page_518" id="page_518"></a> royal tribunals should be charged to
+oppose them by the means in their power. 3rd. That the privileges of the
+inquisitorial jurisdiction should be limited, in respect to the
+ministers and familiars of the Inquisition, and the relations of the
+inquisitors. 4th. That measures should be adopted to ensure the
+immediate settlement of affairs relating to competence and mutual
+pretensions.</p>
+
+<p>The Count de Frigiliana, councillor of state, added that the inquisitors
+ought to be compelled to give an account of the revenues of the holy
+office. These observations, and the propositions of the junta, had no
+effect; for the inquisitor-general Rocaberti, and Froilan Diaz,
+succeeded in changing the favourable inclinations of the king.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XL" id="CHAPTER_XL"></a>CHAPTER XL.<br /><br />
+<small>OF THE INQUISITION IN THE REIGN OF PHILIP V.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">P<small>HILIP</small> V. succeeded his uncle Charles II. on the 1st of November, 1700;
+he died on the 9th of July, 1746. The grand-inquisitors, during this
+period, were, Don Balthazar Mendoza y Sandoval; Don Vidal Marin, Bishop
+of Ceuta; Don Antonio Ibañez de la Riba-Herrera, Archbishop of
+Saragossa; Cardinal Don Francis Judice; Don Joseph de Molinos; Don Diego
+de Astorga Cespedes, Bishop of Barcelona; Don Juan de Camargo, Bishop of
+Pampeluna; Don Andres de Orbe Larreategui, Archbishop of Valencia; Don
+Manuel-Isidore Manrique de Lara, Archbishop of Santiago; and Don Francis
+Perez de Prado Cuesta, Bishop of Teruel, who was still in office at the
+death of Philip V.</p>
+
+<p>The court had always been so favourable to the Inquisition, that the
+inquisitors thought that a solemn <i>auto-da-fé</i> in celebration of his
+accession would be agreeable to the king. It took place in 1701, but
+Philip refused to be<a name="page_519" id="page_519"></a> present at this barbarous scene. He however
+protected the tribunal of the holy office, according to the advice of
+his grandfather, Louis XIV., who told him, that he must support the
+Inquisition as the surest means of maintaining the tranquillity of his
+kingdom. This system acquired fresh importance in his eyes when Don
+Vidal Marin, the inquisitor-general, published an edict excommunicating
+all those who did not denounce the persons who had been heard to say,
+that they thought themselves permitted to violate the oath of fidelity
+to Philip V. This edict gave occasion for several trials, but none of
+them were followed by a definitive sentence.</p>
+
+<p>Judaism was nearly extirpated during the reign of Philip V.; it had been
+secretly propagated for the second time in a remarkable manner, after
+the reunion of Portugal to Spain. A yearly <i>auto-da-fé</i> was celebrated
+by all the tribunals of the Inquisition, during the reign of this
+prince; some of them held two, and three were performed at Seville and
+Grenada. Thus, without including those of America, Sardinia and Sicily,
+seven hundred and eighty-two <i>autos-da-fé</i> took place at Madrid,
+Barcelona, the Canaries, Cordova, Cuença, Grenada, Jaen, Llerena,
+Logroño, Majorca, Murcia, Santiago, Seville, Toledo, Valencia,
+Valladolid and Saragossa.</p>
+
+<p>In fifty-four of these ceremonies seventy-four persons were burnt, with
+sixty-three effigies, and eight-hundred and eighty-one condemned to
+penances. From this statement we may calculate, that during the
+forty-six years of the reign of Philip V. fourteen thousand and
+sixty-six individuals were condemned by the Inquisition to different
+punishments.</p>
+
+<p>It has been a common opinion, that the Inquisition began to be less
+severe towards heretics, when the princes of the house of Bourbon
+ascended the throne of Spain; but other causes seem to have decreased
+the number of its victims, which will be considered in the following
+chapters.<a name="page_520" id="page_520"></a></p>
+
+<p>Among the pretended sorcerers condemned by the Inquisition was Juan
+Perez de Espejo, who was punished at Madrid in 1743, as a blasphemous
+hypocrite and a sorcerer. This person, after taking the name of <i>Juan de
+St. Esprit</i>, is said to have been the founder of the <i>Congregation of
+Hospitaliers</i> or of the <i>Divine Shepherd</i>, which still exists. He was
+condemned to receive two hundred stripes, and to be imprisoned ten years
+in a fortress.</p>
+
+<p>A number of the disciples of <i>Molinos</i> were also condemned. Don Joseph
+Fernandez de Toro, Bishop of Oviedo, was condemned for this doctrine in
+1721. The Inquisition of Logroño burnt Don Juan de Causados, a prebend
+of Tudela, the most intimate friend and disciple of <i>Molinos</i>; he had
+promulgated his mystic doctrines with great zeal and enthusiasm. His
+nephew, Juan de Longas, maintained this doctrine after his death; he is
+still known in Navarre, Rioxa, Burgos, and Soria, by the name of
+<i>Brother John</i>. The inquisitors of Logroño condemned him, in 1729, to
+receive two hundred stripes, and sent him for ten years to the galleys:
+he was afterwards imprisoned for life. Unfortunately some monks of his
+order had adopted his sentiments, and had communicated them to several
+nuns of the Convents of Lerma and Corrella, which gave occasion to
+several <i>autos-da-fé</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Donna Agueda de Luna was the principal of these: she was born of noble
+parents at Corella, in Navarre. In 1712 she entered the Carmelite
+Convent at Lerma, with so great a reputation for virtue, that she was
+looked upon as a saint. In 1713 she had already adopted the heresy of
+Molinos; she passed twenty years in the convent, and her fame was
+continually increased by the accounts of her ecstasies and miracles,
+which were promulgated by Juan de Longas, the Prior de Lerma, the
+provincial, and other monks of the first rank, who were all accomplices
+in the imposture of Agueda, and interested in her reputation for
+sanctity.<a name="page_521" id="page_521"></a></p>
+
+<p>A convent was founded at the place of her birth, and she was made
+prioress; in this character she continued her iniquitous course of life
+without losing any of her reputation, which, on the contrary, became so
+great, that the inhabitants of all the neighbouring countries repaired
+to her to implore her intercession with God.</p>
+
+<p>After having passed a life full of iniquity, concealed by an appearance
+of sanctity, Agueda was denounced to the Inquisition of Logroño; she was
+taken to the secret prison, where she died from the consequences of the
+torture, before her trial was terminated. She confessed during the
+question that her sanctity was an imposture; she appeared to repent in
+her last moments, and received absolution. It was said in the
+informations taken during the trial, that Agueda had made a compact with
+the demon, and had sold her soul to him. She was also accused of
+infanticide, and some bones were found in the spot where it was said
+that her children were murdered and buried.</p>
+
+<p>Fray Juan de la Vega, provincial of the barefooted Carmelites, was also
+prosecuted as an accomplice of Agueda; he was her spiritual director,
+and, according to the evidence in his trial, had participated in her
+crimes, and seduced several other nuns. Several persons declared that
+Fray Juan had likewise made a compact with the demon; but he denied the
+fact, and resisted the severity of the torture, although he was advanced
+in years. He only confessed that he had received the money for eleven
+thousand eight hundred masses which had not been said. He was declared
+to be suspected in the highest degree, and sent to the desert Convent of
+Duruelo, where he died a short time after.</p>
+
+<p>The provincial, and the secretary, and the two monks who had held those
+offices in the three preceding years, were implicated in the charges,
+arrested, tortured, and denied the facts; they were confined in the
+convents of their order in Majorca, Bilboa, Valladolid, and Osma. The
+annalist of<a name="page_522" id="page_522"></a> the order confessed his crime, and appeared in the
+<i>auto-da-fé</i> with the <i>San-benito</i>. The other nuns who were found guilty
+were dispersed in different convents.</p>
+
+<p>The trial of Don Balthazar Mendoza-Sandoval, Bishop of Segovia and
+inquisitor-general, was equally famous, though from a different cause.
+The conduct of this bad prelate towards Froilan Diaz has been related in
+the preceding chapter. When the Supreme Council refused to sanction the
+enormous abuse of his powers which he meditated, Mendoza ordered the
+arrest of three of the councillors who had been the most remarkable in
+their opposition; he requested of the king, in a false representation,
+the dismissal of Don Antonio Zambrana, Don Juan Arzemendi, and Don Juan
+Miguelez, whom he sent loaded with chains to Santiago de Grenada, and
+formed the bold design of depriving the council of the right of
+intervention in the trials submitted to them, and the members of the
+power of voting a definitive sentence.</p>
+
+<p>This act of despotism roused the resolution of Philip V. On the 24th of
+December he submitted the affair to the Council of Castile. On the 21st
+of January, 1704, the council proposed that the Supreme Council should
+be re-established in the possession of the privileges it had enjoyed
+since the foundation of the Inquisition, and that the three members
+should be restored to their office. The king took this advice, and
+commanded Mendoza to give in his resignation and leave Madrid.</p>
+
+<p>Mendoza complained to the Pope, who wrote to the king to remonstrate on
+the manner of treating one of his sub-delegates. The king, however,
+maintained his resolution with firmness, and Mendoza was obliged to
+obey.</p>
+
+<p>The king gave another proof of his firmness in defending the privileges
+of the crown, in his conduct towards the Inquisitor-general Judice, in
+the affair of Don Melchior Macanaz<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a>. Philip, however, endured an
+insult from the Inquisition,<a name="page_523" id="page_523"></a> which it is surprising that he did not
+avenge. He had complained of a decree which Cardinal Judice had signed
+at Marli in 1714, prohibiting the works of Macanaz. The members of the
+Supreme Council had the boldness to reply that his majesty might
+<i>suppress</i> the holy office if he thought proper, but <i>that, according to
+the apostolic bulls, he could not prevent it from exercising its office
+while it continued in existence</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Council of Castile, on the 3rd of November, 1714, gave the king
+substantial reasons for the suppression of the holy office. The
+ordinance for that purpose was prepared, and the blow would have been
+struck, but for the intrigues of the Queen, Isabella Farnese; the Jesuit
+Daubenton, her confessor, and Cardinal Alberoni, who made the faithful
+and zealous conduct of Macanaz appear in a criminal light. They reminded
+the king of the advice of Louis XIV., and obtained another decree
+annulling the first. In this ordinance the king acknowledges that he had
+paid too much attention to the evil advice of perfidious ministers, and
+approves the prohibition of the works of Macanaz as favourable to the
+rights of the crown, re-establishes the counsellors who had been
+dismissed, and praises the conduct of Cardinal Judice.</p>
+
+<p>The Inquisition prohibited the works of <i>Barclay</i> and <i>Talon</i> in the
+same edict with those of Macanaz, because they defended the rights of
+the crown against the pretensions of the Court of Rome, and Philip had
+the weakness to sanction an act so prejudicial to his own authority. It
+was during this reign that the works of Nicolas Belando and Don Joseph
+Quiros were prohibited<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Among the trials I examined at Saragossa, was one very similar to that
+of Corellas, but the criminals had not committed the crime of
+infanticide, or made a compact with the demon.<a name="page_524" id="page_524"></a></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLI" id="CHAPTER_XLI"></a>CHAPTER XLI.<br /><br />
+<small>OF THE INQUISITION DURING THE REIGN OF FERDINAND VI.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">P<small>HILIP</small> V. left his crown to Ferdinand VI., his eldest son by his first
+wife, Gabriella of Savoy. This prince reigned from the 9th of July,
+1746, to the 10th of August, 1759; he died without children. He was
+succeeded by his brother, Charles III. of Naples, the son of Philip V.
+and Isabella Farnese, his second wife. Don Francis Perez del Prado,
+Bishop of Teruel, held the office of inquisitor-general at the accession
+of Ferdinand. He was succeeded by Don Manuel Quintano Bonifaz,
+Archbishop of Pharsala, who was still in office at the death of that
+Prince.</p>
+
+<p>The rise of good taste in literature in Spain, the restoration of which
+was prepared under Philip V., was dated from the reign of Ferdinand VI.
+On this circumstance is founded the opinion that the accession of the
+Bourbons caused a change in the system of the Inquisition; yet these
+princes never gave any new laws to the institution, or suppressed any of
+the ancient code, and, consequently, did not prevent any of the numerous
+<i>autos-da-fé</i> which were celebrated in their reigns. But Philip
+established at Madrid two Royal Academies for History and the Spanish
+language, on the model of that of Paris, and favoured a friendly
+intercourse between the <i>literati</i> of the two nations.</p>
+
+<p>The agreement made in 1737 with the Court of Rome, concerning the
+contributions to be imposed on the clergy, and some other points of
+discipline, had rendered appeals to the Pope more rare; and many
+opinions were admitted to be reasonable, which had been long represented
+as unfavourable to religion and piety, by the ignorance and superstition
+of one side, and the malevolence of the other. The establishment of
+weekly papers made the people acquainted with<a name="page_525" id="page_525"></a> works they had never
+before heard of, and informed them of resolutions of the Catholic
+princes, concerning the clergy, which a short time before they would
+have considered as an outrage against religion and its ministers. The
+<i>Diario de los Literatos</i> (Journal de Savans) also opened the eyes of
+many persons, who, till then, had not been able to judge of books.</p>
+
+<p>These circumstances, and some other causes, during the reign of Philip
+V. prepared the way for the interesting revolution in Spanish literature
+under Ferdinand VI. This change was followed by a great benefit to
+mankind; the inquisitors, and even their inferior officers, began to
+perceive that zeal for the purity of the Catholic religion is exposed to
+the admission of erroneous opinions. The doctrine of Macanaz no longer
+shocked the people, who heard with tranquillity all that had been
+written on the appeal against violence (<i>fuerzas</i>), and without dreading
+the anathemas fulminated every year by the Popes in the bull <i>in c&oelig;na
+dominum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The effect of this change in opinion was particularly conspicuous in the
+reduction of the number of trials for Judaism and, consequently, in the
+victims in the <i>autos-da-fé</i>. During the reign of Ferdinand, no general,
+and not more than thirty-four private <i>autos-da-fé</i> were celebrated; the
+persons who appeared in them were condemned for blasphemy, bigamy, and
+pretended sorcery. Ten persons only were relaxed, and one hundred and
+seventy subjected to penances: those who were burnt had relapsed into
+Judaism. The Jews had been so severely persecuted in the preceding
+reigns, that scarcely any remained.</p>
+
+<p>Jansenism and Freemasonry particularly occupied the Inquisition under
+Ferdinand VI. The Jesuits called those persons Jansenists who did not
+adopt the opinions of Molina, on grace and free-will: their adversaries
+designated them as Pelagians. These parties reciprocally accused each
+other<a name="page_526" id="page_526"></a> of favouring heresy. But the faction of the Jesuits prevailed
+during the reigns of Philip V. and his successor, because their
+confessors were of that order.</p>
+
+<p>Freemasonry was an object entirely new to the Inquisition. Clement XII.
+had expedited on the 28th of April, 1738, the bull <i>in Eminenti</i>, in
+which he excommunicates the freemasons. In 1740 Philip issued a royal
+ordinance against them, and many were arrested and sent to the galleys.
+The inquisitors took advantage of the example, and treated the members
+of a lodge discovered at Madrid with great severity. The punishment of
+death was decreed against freemasons, in 1739, by the Cardinal Vicar of
+Rome, in the name of the high-priest of the God of peace and mercy!
+Benedict XIV. renewed the bull of Clement, in 1751. Fray Joseph
+Torrubia, examiner of books for the holy office, denounced the existence
+of freemasons, and Ferdinand published an ordinance against them in the
+same year, in which it was said, that all who did not conform to the
+regulations contained in it, would be punished as state criminals guilty
+of <i>high treason</i>. Charles III., then King of Naples, prohibited the
+masonic assemblies on the same day. The following pages contain the
+notice of a trial of this nature, which took place at Madrid, in 1757.</p>
+
+<p>M. Tournon, a Frenchman, had been invited into Spain, and pensioned by
+the government, in order to establish a manufactory of brass or copper
+buckles, and to instruct Spanish workmen. On the 30th of April, 1757, he
+was denounced to the holy office as suspected of heresy by one of his
+pupils, who acted in obedience to the commands of his confessor.</p>
+
+<p>The charges were: 1st. That M. Tournon had asked his pupils to become
+freemasons, promising that the <i>Grand Orient</i> of Paris should send a
+commission to receive them into the order, if they should submit to the
+trials he should propose, to ascertain their courage and firmness; and
+that<a name="page_527" id="page_527"></a> their titles of reception should be expedited from Paris. 2nd.
+That some of these young workmen appeared inclined to comply, if M.
+Tournon would inform them of the object of the institution. That in
+order to satisfy them, he told them several extraordinary things, and
+showed them a sort of picture on which were figured instruments of
+architecture and astronomy. They thought that these representations
+related to sorcery, and they were confirmed in the idea, on hearing the
+imprecations which, according to M. Tournon, were to accompany the oath
+of secrecy.</p>
+
+<p>It appeared from the depositions of three witnesses that M. Tournon was
+a freemason. He was arrested and imprisoned on the 20th of May. The
+following conversation, which took place in the first audience of
+<i>monition</i>, may be interesting to some readers. After asking his name,
+birth-place, and his reason for coming to Spain, and making him swear to
+speak the truth, the inquisitor proceeded:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><i>Question.</i> Do you know or suppose why you have been arrested by the
+holy office?</p>
+
+<p><i>Answer.</i> I suppose it is for having said that I was a freemason.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> Why do you suppose so?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> Because I have informed my pupils that I was of that order, and I
+fear that they have denounced me; for I have perceived lately that they
+speak to me with an air of mystery, and their questions lead me to
+believe that they think me an heretic.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> Did you tell them the truth?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> Yes.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> You are then a freemason?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> Yes.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> How long have you been so?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> For twenty years.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> Have you attended the assemblies of freemasons?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> Yes, at Paris.<a name="page_528" id="page_528"></a></p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> Have you attended them in Spain?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> No; I do not know if there are any lodges in Spain.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> If there were, should you attend them?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> Yes.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> Are you a Christian, a Roman Catholic?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> Yes; I was baptized in the parish of St. Paul, at Paris.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> How, as a Christian, can you dare to attend masonic assemblies,
+when you know, or ought to know, that they are contrary to religion?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> I did not know that; I am ignorant of it at present, because I
+never saw or heard anything there which was contrary to religion.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> How can you say that, when you know that freemasons profess
+<i>indifference</i> in matters of religion, which is contrary to the article
+of faith, which teaches us that no man can be saved who does not profess
+the Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman religion?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> The freemasons do not profess that <i>indifference</i>. But it is
+<i>indifferent</i> if the person received into the order be a Catholic or
+not.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> Then the freemasons are an <i>anti-religious</i> body?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> That cannot be; for the object of the institution is not to combat
+or deny the necessity or utility of any religion, but for the exercise
+of charity towards the unfortunate of any sect, particularly if he is a
+member of the society.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> One proof that <i>indifference</i> is the religious character of
+freemasons is, that they do not acknowledge the Holy Trinity, since they
+only confess one God, whom they call the <i>Great Architect of the
+Universe</i>, which agrees with the doctrine of the heretical philosophers,
+who say that there is no true religion but <i>natural religion</i>, in which
+the existence of God the Creator only is allowed, and the rest
+considered as a human invention. And as M. Tournon has professed himself
+to be of the Catholic religion, he is required by the respect he owes to
+our Saviour Jesus Christ, true God and man, and to<a name="page_529" id="page_529"></a> his blessed mother,
+the Virgin Mary, our Lady, to declare the truth according to his oath;
+because in that case, he will acquit his conscience, and it will be
+allowable to treat him with that mercy and compassion which the holy
+office always showed towards sinners who confess: and if, on the
+contrary, he conceals anything, he will be punished with all the
+severity of justice, according to the holy canons and the laws of the
+kingdom?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> The mystery of the Holy Trinity is neither maintained nor combated
+in the masonic lodges: neither is the religious system of the natural
+philosophers approved or rejected; God is designated as the Great
+Architect of the Universe, according to the allegories of the freemasons
+which relate to architecture. In order to fulfil my promise of speaking
+truth, I must repeat, that in the masonic lodges nothing takes place
+which concerns any religious system, and that the subjects treated of
+are foreign to religion, under the allegories of architectural works.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> Do you believe as a Catholic, that it is a sin of superstition to
+mingle holy and religious things with profane things?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> I am not sufficiently acquainted with the particular things which
+are prohibited as contrary to the purity of the Christian religion; but
+I have believed till now, that those who confound the one with the
+other, either by mistake, or a vain belief, are guilty of the sin of
+superstition.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> Is it true that in the ceremonies which accompany the reception of
+a mason, the crucified image of our Saviour, the corpse of a man, and a
+skull, and other objects of a profane nature, are made use of?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> The general statutes of freemasonry do not ordain these things: if
+they are made use of, it must have arisen from a particular custom, or
+from the arbitrary regulations of the members of the body, who are
+commissioned to prepare for the reception of candidates; for each lodge
+has particular customs and ceremonies.<a name="page_530" id="page_530"></a></p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> That is not the question; say if it true that these ceremonies are
+observed in masonic lodges?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> Yes, or no, according to the regulations of those who are charged
+with the ceremonies of the initiation.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> Were they observed when you were initiated?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> No.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> What oath is it necessary to take on being received a freemason?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> We swear to observe secrecy.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> On what?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> On things which it may be inconvenient to publish.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> Is this oath accompanied by execrations?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> Yes.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> What are they?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> We consent to suffer all the evils which can afflict the body and
+soul if we violate the oath.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> Of what importance is this oath, since it is believed that such
+formidable execrations may be used without indecency?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> That of good order in the society.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> What passes in these lodges which it might be inconvenient to
+publish?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> Nothing, if it is looked upon without prejudice; but as people are
+generally mistaken in this matter, it is necessary to avoid giving cause
+for malicious interpretations; and this would take place if what passes
+when the brothers assemble was made public.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> Of what use is the crucifix, if the reception of a freemason is not
+considered as a religious act?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> It is presented to penetrate the soul with the most profound
+respect at the moment that the novice takes the oath. It is not used in
+every lodge, and only when particular grades are conferred.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> Why is the skull used?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> That the idea of death may inspire a horror of perjury<a name="page_531" id="page_531"></a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> Of what use is the corpse?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> To complete the allegory of Hiram, architect of the temple of
+Jerusalem, who, it is said, was assassinated by traitors, and to induce
+a greater detestation of assassination and other offences against our
+neighbours, to whom we ought to be as benevolent brothers.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> Is it true that the festival of St. John is celebrated in the
+lodges, and that the masons have chosen him for their patron?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> Yes.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> What worship is rendered him in celebrating his festival?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> None; that it may not be mingled with profane things. This
+celebration is confined to a fraternal repast, after which a discourse
+is read, exhorting the guests to beneficence towards their
+fellow-creatures, in honour of God, the great architect, creator, and
+preserver of the universe.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> Is it true that the sun, moon, and stars, are honoured in the
+lodges?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> No.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> Is it true that their images or symbols are exposed?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> Yes.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> Why are they so?</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> In order to elucidate the allegories of the great, continual, and
+true light which the lodges receive from the great Architect of the
+world, and these representations belong to the brothers, and engage them
+to be charitable.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> M. Tournon will observe that all the explanations he has given of
+the facts and ceremonies which take place in the lodges, are false and
+different from those which he voluntarily communicated to other persons
+worthy of belief; he is therefore again invited, by the respect he owes
+to God and the Holy Virgin, to declare and confess the heresies of
+<i>indifferentism</i>, the errors of <i>superstition</i>, which mingle holy and
+profane things, and the errors of <i>idolatry</i>, which led<a name="page_532" id="page_532"></a> him to worship
+the stars: this confession is necessary for the acquittal of his
+conscience and the good of his soul; because if he confesses with sorrow
+for having committed these crimes, detesting them and humbly soliciting
+pardon (before the fiscal accuses him of these heinous sins), the holy
+tribunal will be permitted to exercise towards him that compassion and
+mercy which it always displays to repentant sinners; and because if he
+is judicially accused, he must be treated with all the severity
+prescribed against heretics by the holy canons, apostolical bulls, and
+the laws of the kingdom.</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> I have declared the truth, and if any witnesses have deposed to the
+contrary, they have mistaken the meaning of my words; for I have never
+spoken on this subject to any but the workmen in my manufactory, and
+then only in the same sense conveyed by my replies.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> Not content with being a freemason, you have persuaded other
+persons to be received into the order, and to embrace the heretical
+superstitions and pagan errors into which you have fallen.</p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i> It is true that I have requested these persons to become
+freemasons, because I thought it would be useful to them if they
+travelled into foreign countries, where they might meet brothers of
+their order, who could assist them in any difficulty; but it is not true
+that I engaged them to adopt any errors contrary to the Catholic faith,
+since no such errors are to be found in freemasonry, which does not
+concern any points of doctrine.</p>
+
+<p><i>Q.</i> It has been already proved that these errors are not chimerical;
+therefore let M. Tournon consider that he has been a dogmatizing
+heretic, and that it is necessary that he should acknowledge it with
+humility, and ask pardon and absolution for the censures which he has
+incurred; since, if he persists in his obstinacy he will destroy both
+his body and soul; and as this is the first audience of <i>monition</i>, he
+is<a name="page_533" id="page_533"></a> advised to reflect on his condition, and prepare for the two other
+audiences which are granted by the compassion and mercy which the holy
+tribunal always feels for the accused.</p>
+
+<p>M. Tournon was taken back to the prison; he persisted in giving the same
+answers in the first and second audiences. The fiscal presented his act
+of accusation, which, according to custom, was divided into the articles
+similar to the charges of the witnesses. The accused confessed the
+facts, but explained them as he had done before. He was desired to
+choose an advocate, but he declined this, alleging that the Spanish
+lawyers were not acquainted with the masonic lodges, and were as much
+prejudiced against them as the public. He therefore thought it better
+for him to acknowledge that he was wrong, and might have been deceived
+from being ignorant of particular doctrines; he demanded absolution, and
+offered to perform any penance imposed on him, adding, that he hoped the
+punishment would be moderate, on account of the good faith which he had
+shown, and which he had always preserved, seeing nothing but beneficence
+practised and recommended in the masonic lodges, without denying or
+combating any article of the Catholic faith.</p>
+
+<p>The fiscal consented to this arrangement, and M. Tournon was condemned
+to be imprisoned for one year, after which he was to be conducted under
+an escort to the frontiers of France; he was banished from Spain for
+ever, unless he obtained permission to return from the king or the holy
+office. During the first month of his imprisonment, he was directed to
+perform spiritual exercises, and a general confession; to spend half an
+hour every morning in reading the meditations on the book of <i>spiritual
+exercises</i> of St. Ignatius de Loyola, and half an hour in the evening in
+reading the considerations of Father John Eusebius Nieremberg, in his
+work on the <i>difference between temporal and eternal</i>; to recite every
+day part of the Rosary of Our Lady, and often to repeat the acts of
+faith, hope, charity, and contrition; to<a name="page_534" id="page_534"></a> learn by heart the catechism
+of Father Astete, and to prepare himself to receive absolution, at
+Christmas, Easter, and Pentecost.</p>
+
+<p>A private <i>auto-da-fé</i> was celebrated in the hall of the tribunal, in
+which M. Tournon appeared without the <i>san-benito</i>, and signed his
+abjuration, with a promise never again to attend the assemblies of the
+freemasons.</p>
+
+<p>M. Tournon went to France, and it does not appear that he ever returned
+to Spain.</p>
+
+<p>The society of freemasons has occupied the learned men, since the middle
+of the seventeenth century, and the number of fables which have been
+published concerning it have confused the subject, and done much injury
+to it. The mysterious initiations of this order first began to attract
+observation in England, during the reign of Charles I., who perished on
+the scaffold in 1649. The enemies of Cromwell and the republican system
+then established the dignity of <i>grand master</i> of the English lodges, to
+prepare the minds of the freemasons for the re-establishment of the
+monarchy. William III. was a freemason, and though the dynasty was
+changed by the accession of George I., it does not appear that
+freemasonry was suspected in England. It was introduced into France in
+1723, and Ramsay, a Scotchman, established a lodge in London in 1728,
+giving out that the society had been founded in 1099, by Godfrey de
+Bouillon, King of Jerusalem; preserved by the Knights Templars, and
+brought to Edinburgh, where it was established by King Robert Bruce in
+1314. In 1729 the order was introduced into Ireland. Holland received it
+in 1731, and the first lodges were opened in Russia in the same year: it
+appeared in Boston in America in 1733, and in several other towns of the
+New World, subject to England. It was also established in Italy in that
+year, and two years after freemasons were found at Lisbon.</p>
+
+<p>I believe the first severe measure against the freemasons in<a name="page_535" id="page_535"></a> Europe,
+was that which was decreed on the 14th of December, 1733, by the chamber
+of Police of the Chatelet at Paris: it prohibited freemasons from
+assembling, and condemned M. Chapelot to a penalty of six thousand
+livres, for having suffered them to assemble in his house. Louis XV.
+commanded that those Peers of France, and other gentlemen who had the
+privilege of the <i>entry</i>, should be deprived of that honour, if they
+were members of a masonic lodge. The grand-master of the Parisian
+lodges, being obliged to quit France, convoked an assembly of Freemasons
+to appoint his successor. Louis XV., on being informed of it, declared
+that if a Frenchman was elected, he would send him to the Bastile.
+However, the Duke d'Antin was chosen, and after his death, Louis de
+Bourbon, prince of Conti, succeeded him. Louis de Bourbon, duke de
+Chartres, another prince of the blood, became grand-master.</p>
+
+<p>In 1737, the Dutch prohibited the assemblies of freemasons as a
+precautionary measure, without charging them with any crimes; the
+members of a lodge assembled, they were arrested and prosecuted, but
+they defended themselves with so much energy, that they were acquitted,
+and the prohibition revoked.</p>
+
+<p>The Elector Palatine of the Rhine also prohibited the order in his
+states, and arrested several members at Manheim, in consequence of their
+disobedience.</p>
+
+<p>John Gaston, grand duke of Tuscany, published a decree of proscription
+against the lodges in the same year. This prince died soon after, and
+the masons again assembled: they were denounced to Pope Clement XII.
+This pontiff sent an inquisitor to Florence, who imprisoned several
+members of the society, but Francis of Lorraine, when he became Grand
+Duke, set them at liberty. He declared himself the protector of the
+institution, and founded several lodges in Florence, and other towns in
+his states.</p>
+
+<p>If I was a member of the society, I would do all in my<a name="page_536" id="page_536"></a> power to abolish
+those things which gave the inquisitors and other ecclesiastics occasion
+to say, that sacred and profane things are mingled in the masonic
+ceremonies; particularly the following, which have already appeared in
+printed works.</p>
+
+<p>In the sixth grade, or rank, which is that of <i>particular secretary</i>
+(<i>secretary intime</i>,) the history of Hiram, king of Tyre, is taken from
+the ninth chapter of the third book of Kings for the masonic allegories;
+and <i>Jehovah</i>, the ineffable name of God, for the <i>sacred</i> word of
+freemasonry; this custom is likewise observed with some slight
+differences in several other grades.</p>
+
+<p>In the eighteenth, called the <i>Rosicrusian of Haradom</i> of Kilwiniug, is
+a representation of columns with inscriptions; the highest is as
+follows: <i>In the name of the Holy and indivisible Trinity</i>: lower down,
+<i>May our salvation be eternal in God</i>; still lower, <i>We have the
+happiness of being in the pacific unity of the sacred numbers</i>. The
+history of the second chapter of the first, and the nineteenth of the
+second book of Esdras is made use of; the word of order between two
+freemasons of the same rank is INRI, which some persons have supposed to
+be <i>Jesus Nazarenus, Rex Judæorum</i>: the word <i>passe</i> is added, which
+means Emmanuel, or <i>God is with us</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The rank of Rosicrusiaci, in the Scotch lodges, is the perfection of the
+order; the meaning is developed in fifteen sections. In the fifth, the
+allegories are the mounts of salvation, mounts <i>Moriah</i> and <i>Calvary</i>,
+the first for the sacrifices of Abraham, David, and Solomon, the second
+for that of Jesus of Nazareth: other allegories relate to the Holy
+Spirit, designated as the <i>Majesty of God</i> which descended on the
+tabernacle, and on the temple at the moment of its dedication. In the
+twelfth section a <i>holy mountain</i> is seen, on which is a large church in
+the form of a cross from east to west, in the neighbourhood of a city,
+which is the image of the <i>celestial Jerusalem</i>; in the thirteenth,
+three great lights, symbols of<a name="page_537" id="page_537"></a> the natural law, the laws of Moses and
+of Jesus Christ, and the cabinet of wisdom, designated as the <i>stable
+for oxen</i>, in which is a faithful chevalier and his holy wife, and the
+sacred names of <i>Joseph</i>, <i>Mary</i>, and <i>Jesus</i>; the fourteenth is an
+allusion to the descent of our Saviour into the <i>Limbos</i> after his
+death, his resurrection and ascension; lastly, the fifteenth has the
+words <i>consummatum est</i>, which Jesus pronounced on the cross.</p>
+
+<p>In the twenty-seventh grade of the <i>grand commander of the temple</i>, a
+cross is made on the forehead of the brother with the thumb of the right
+hand; the sacred word INRI; the scarf has four crosses, the <i>disc</i> a
+triangle of gold, with the Hebrew characters of the ineffable name,
+<i>Jehovah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The seal of the order has between the devices of the shield of arms
+across, the arch of alliance, a lighted candle in a candlestick on each
+side, and above the inscription, Glory to God. (Laus Deo).</p>
+
+<p>All these things, and many others which allude to the sacred history of
+the temple of Jerusalem, built by Solomon, re-established by Esdras,
+restored by the Christians, and defended by the knights templars,
+present a mixture liable to an interpretation similar to that in the
+information of the witnesses at Florence, which was the first
+apostolical condemnation; it was renewed under Pius VII., in an edict of
+Cardinal Gonsalvi, in 1814.</p>
+
+<p>There was not less inconvenience in the execratory oath of the famous
+masonic secret, for which no adequate object has been discovered, unless
+it was one which no longer exists.</p>
+
+<p>John Mark Larmenio (who secretly succeeded the grand-master of the
+Templars, the unfortunate James de Molay, who requested him to accept
+the dignity) invented, in concert with some knights who had escaped the
+proscription, different signs of words and actions, in order to
+recognise and receive knights into the order secretly, and by means of a
+novitiate, during which they were to be kept in ignorance<a name="page_538" id="page_538"></a> of the object
+of the association (which was to preserve the order, to re-establish it
+in its former glory, and to revenge the deaths of the grand-master, and
+the knights who perished with him); when the qualities of the new member
+were perfectly well known, the grand secret was to be confided to him,
+after a most formidable oath.</p>
+
+<p>The secret signs were intended as a precaution against admitting into
+the order those Templars who had formed a schism during the persecution;
+they retired into Scotland, and refused to acknowledge John Larmenio as
+grand-master, and pretended that they had re-established the order; this
+pretension was refuted by a chapter of legitimate knights: after this
+the new chief issued his diploma in 1324, and his successors have
+followed his example, on attaining the dignity of secret grand-master of
+the order of Templars in France. The list of grand-masters until the
+year 1776 has been published. Philip de Bourbon, duke of Orleans, was
+appointed in 1705, Louis Augustus de Bourbon, duke de Maine, in 1724,
+Louis Henry de Bourbon Conde, in 1737, Louis Francis de Bourbon Conti,
+in 1745, Louis Henry Timoleon de Cossé Brissac, in 1776, and Bernard
+Raymond Fabre, in 1814.</p>
+
+<p>The Knights Templars who retired to Scotland, founded an establishment
+in 1314, under the protection of Robert Bruce; their objects and their
+measures were the same, and they were concealed under the title of
+<i>architects</i>; this was the origin of <i>freemasonry</i>. They soon, however,
+forgot the most criminal part of the execratory oath: since the deaths
+of Clement V. and Philip the Fair, the persecutors of the knights,
+deprived them of the power of revenging the executions of James de Molay
+and his companions, and had no other object but the re-establishment of
+the order; this intention shared the fate of the first, after the deaths
+of the authors of it, and their first disciples. From these facts it
+appears, that the execratory oath is without a motive or object in
+modern masonic lodges.<a name="page_539" id="page_539"></a></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLII" id="CHAPTER_XLII"></a>CHAPTER XLII.<br /><br />
+<small>OF THE INQUISITION UNDER CHARLES III.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">C<small>HARLES</small> III. succeeded his brother Ferdinand on the 10th of August,
+1759, and died on the 17th of November, 1788. The inquisitors-general
+during this reign were Don Manuel Quintano Bonifaz, archbishop of
+Pharsala; Don Philip Bertran, bishop of Salamanca, and Don Augustin
+Rubin de Cevallos, bishop of Jaen. The characters of these persons were
+humane, compassionate, and inclined to benevolence; qualities which
+caused a remarkable decrease in the number of public <i>autos-da-fé</i>. If
+the reign of Charles III. is compared with that of Philip V., his
+father, they appear as if they had been separated by a period of several
+centuries. The progress of knowledge was very rapid under this prince;
+even the provincial inquisitors, though the laws of the Inquisition had
+not been altered, adopted principles of moderation, which were unknown
+under the Austrian princes. It is true, that from time to time great
+severity was shown towards unimportant offences; but among the trials of
+this reign, I have seen several which were suspended, though the proofs
+were much more conclusive than many which were sufficient to condemn the
+criminal to <i>relaxation</i>, under Philip II.</p>
+
+<p>Yet, though the system was comparatively moderate, the number of trials
+was still immense, because all the denunciations were received. The
+witnesses of the preparatory instruction were examined immediately, in
+order to discover some charge, which the prejudices of the age rendered
+serious. If out of an hundred trials which were begun ten had been
+concluded, the number of persons subjected to <i>penances</i> would have been
+greater than under Ferdinand V.; but the tribunal was no longer the
+same. Almost all the trials were suspended before the decree of arrest
+was issued. The denounced<a name="page_540" id="page_540"></a> was sometimes induced to repair to the
+tribunal on the pretext of business, and then informed of the charges
+against him; he replied to them, and returned home, after having
+promised to return a second time when summoned. Sometimes the
+proceedings were abridged, and the criminal was only condemned to a
+private penance, which might be performed without the knowledge of any
+person but the commissary of the tribunal.</p>
+
+<p>Several trials which were commenced against persons of rank, were not
+proceeded in after the preliminary instruction; such were those of the
+Marquis de Roda, minister secretary of state, of grace and justice; of
+the Count de Aranda, president of the Council of Castile, and
+captain-general of New Castile, who was afterwards ambassador to Paris,
+and lastly, prime-minister; of the Count de Florida Blanca, then fiscal
+of the Council of Castile for civil affairs, afterwards successor to the
+Marquis de Roda, and prime-minister; of the Count de Campomanes, fiscal
+for criminal affairs, and afterwards governor of the same council; of
+those of the Archbishops of Burgos and Saragossa, and of the Bishops of
+Tarazona, Albarracin, and Orihuela, who had composed the council
+extraordinary, in 1767, for the expulsion of the Jesuits. The trials of
+all these distinguished men had the same origin.</p>
+
+<p>The Bishop of Cuença, Don Isidro de Carbajal y Lancaster, highly
+respectable from his family, which was that of the Dukes of Abrantés,
+and from his dignity, his irreproachable conduct, and his charity to the
+poor, was less acquainted with the true principles of the canonic law
+than zealous for the maintenance of the ecclesiastical privileges.
+Influenced by this motive, he was so indiscreet as to represent to the
+king, that the <i>Church was persecuted in its rights, property and
+ministers</i>, and drew a picture of the reign of Charles III., which would
+have been more applicable to that of the Emperor Julian. The king
+commissioned the Council of Castile<a name="page_541" id="page_541"></a> to examine if the complaint was
+just, and to propose measures to repair the injury, if any had taken
+place. The two fiscals of the council both made learned replies, in
+which the ignorance of the bishop, and the consequences of his imprudent
+zeal, were exposed. These answers, and the other papers belonging to the
+proceedings, were printed by the king's order, and though they were
+generally approved, some priests and monks, who regretted the inordinate
+power once possessed by the Church, denounced several propositions
+contained in them, as Lutheran, Calvinistic, or defended by other
+parties inimical to the Roman Church.</p>
+
+<p>The two archbishops, and the three bishops, already mentioned, who had
+voted for the requisition addressed to the Pope for the expulsion of the
+Jesuits, were also denounced, as suspected of professing the impious
+doctrines of philosophism, which, it was said, they had only adopted to
+please the court. They were commissioned to take cognizance of several
+affairs relating to the Jesuits, and only accidentally spoke of the
+Inquisition, and expressed opinions contrary to its system. The
+inquisitors were all creatures of the Jesuits, without even the
+exception of the inquisitor-general: it is not therefore surprising that
+they received so many denunciations. The exclusive right possessed by
+the Court of Rome to try bishops, never prevented the inquisitors from
+secretly examining witnesses against them, because it gave them a
+pretence to write to the Pope, and request permission to carry on the
+proceedings; and though it was the custom of the holy see to transfer
+the trials of bishops to Rome, the <i>Supreme Council</i> of Spain always put
+forward its fiscal, in order to justify its conduct in prosecuting
+bishops: this was the case in the affair of Carranza.</p>
+
+<p>The denunciations had not the effect expected by the enemies of the
+prelates, because no <i>singular</i> and independent proposition, opposed to
+true doctrine, was proved to have been advanced. In a less enlightened
+age, these prelates<a name="page_542" id="page_542"></a> would have been exposed to great mortification from
+this attack; but at this time the Inquisition found it dangerous to be
+too severe, because the court had adopted the system of vigorously
+opposing all the ancient doctrines which favoured the pretensions of the
+ecclesiastics at the expense of the royal prerogatives; and on the
+occasion of the publication of some conclusions on the canonical law,
+which were entirely favourable to the Pope and the ecclesiastical
+jurisdiction, a royal censor was appointed for each university, without
+whose approbation no conclusion could be published or maintained.</p>
+
+<p>The perseverance of the government in the new system prevented the
+inquisitors from venturing to sentence the prelates of the extraordinary
+council: they however thought proper to endeavour to avert the storm,
+and applied to Don Fray Joachim de Eleta, the king's confessor. This man
+was an ignorant <i>Recollet</i>, and known for his blind attachment to the
+Court of Rome. The prelates declared that they condemned several
+propositions advanced by the two fiscals in their work called <i>An
+Impartial Judgment of the Monitory of Parma</i>, which was written by the
+king's order, because they thought they tended to the infringement of
+the privileges of the church. After this declaration, the prelates used
+every means to make the confessor persuade Charles III., that the
+printed copies ought not to be published, and that the work should be
+reprinted, after the suppression of several propositions. The
+inquisitor-general and the Supreme Council being informed of this
+circumstance, the affair took another turn, and the faction of the
+Jesuits became more calm.</p>
+
+<p>These events exposed to great danger a person who had entered into them
+without being aware of it. M. Clement, a French priest, treasurer of the
+cathedral of Auxerre, and afterwards bishop of Versailles, arrived at
+Madrid in 1768, at the time when the event above mentioned occupied
+every mind. He held several conversations on this subject with<a name="page_543" id="page_543"></a> the
+Marquis de Roda, the fiscals of the council, and the Bishops of Tarazona
+and Albarracin<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a>. The zeal of this theologian for the purity of
+doctrine on all points of discipline induced him to say, that the good
+dispositions of the Court of Madrid ought to be taken advantage of, and
+proposed three measures. The first was to place the Inquisition under
+each bishop, who should be the chief, with a deliberative vote, with the
+addition of two inquisitors with a consultive vote; the second, to
+oblige the monks and nuns to acknowledge the bishop as their chief, and
+to obey him as such after renouncing all the privileges contrary to this
+arrangement; the third to abolish the distinct schools of theology,
+under the titles of Thomists, Scotists, Suarists, or others, and to have
+only one system of theology for the schools and universities, founded on
+the principles of St. Augustin and St. Thomas.</p>
+
+<p>It is sufficient to be acquainted with Spain, and the state of the monks
+at that period, to foresee the persecution which the author of such a
+plan would incur. The confessor of the king and the inquisitor-general
+were informed of it by their political spies, and several monks
+denounced M. Clement to the holy office, as a Lutheran, a Calvinistic
+heretic, and an enemy of the regular orders.</p>
+
+<p>M. Clement suspected the existence of this intrigue, from some
+expressions made use of by a Dominican, with whom he was intimate. The
+inquisitors, who saw that M. Clement was received at court, did not dare
+to arrest him, but they requested their chief to oblige him to quit the
+kingdom. The treasurer of Auxerre imparted his fears to the Count de
+Aranda, and the Marquis de Roda; who being, from his connexion at court,
+acquainted with all that had passed, advised him to depart, but without
+informing him of what it was useless for him to know. M. Clement
+followed his<a name="page_544" id="page_544"></a> advice, and though he had intended to go to Portugal, he
+returned immediately to France, to avoid the <i>Sbirri</i> of the holy
+office, who might have arrested him on his return from Lisbon, if the
+system of the court was changed. In fact a great number of charges were
+brought against him after his departure, but they were not made public,
+and he wrote his travels without knowing anything of the plots against
+him.</p>
+
+<p>All that passed on the occasion of the apostolical prohibition of the
+catechism of Mesengui was made public: Charles III. had ordered that it
+should be made use of in the religious instruction of Charles IV.; and
+the inquisitor-general was openly and justly blamed, for having
+published the brief of prohibition, without waiting to obtain the
+consent of the king. This proceeding was the cause of the exile of the
+inquisitor-general. His disgrace might have rendered him more prudent,
+but in his reply to the king, in 1769, concerning some measures taken by
+the extraordinary council of five prelates, he advanced, as certain,
+several propositions concerning the Inquisition, which might have been
+proved to be false, if the Marquis de Roda had consulted the registers
+of the Supreme Council. He said that the Inquisition had met with
+nothing but opposition from the beginning; that it was conspired against
+in the most cruel manner; that all the proceedings of the council were
+made public, except the trials for heresy, but that even those were
+always submitted to his Majesty; and that the charge against it of
+acting with <i>entire independence</i> was not just, he concluded with
+saying, that his Majesty might appoint an ecclesiastic as his secretary
+to attend the council, and inform him of all that passed.</p>
+
+<p>It is impossible to find a reason for the necessity here imposed upon
+the king to have a <i>priest</i> for his secretary, since the inquisitors
+employed seculars in their offices, who were permitted to see the trial,
+though obliged to take an oath of secrecy, and two members of the
+Council of Castile also attend the Supreme Council. Yet neither an
+ecclesiastic nor<a name="page_545" id="page_545"></a> a layman could prevent fraud: the same may be said of
+the members of the Council of Castile, because in case of any intrigues,
+for example, in a conflict for jurisdiction, the counsellors assembled
+at the house of the inquisitor-general, and their chief sealed their
+papers with his private seal.</p>
+
+<p>The most decisive proof of the <i>entire</i> independence of the Inquisition,
+exists in two laws of Charles III., concerning bigamy and the
+prohibition of books; they were insufficient to restrain the inquisitors
+within their jurisdiction.</p>
+
+<p>Yet though these abuses and many others were still continued, I do not
+hesitate to say that the inquisitors of the reigns of Charles III. and
+his successors were men possessed of extreme prudence and singular
+moderation in comparison with those of the time of Philip V. and the
+preceding reigns. This is confirmed by the very small number of
+<i>autos-da-fé</i> celebrated under the two kings, a period of twenty-nine
+years; only ten persons were condemned, four of whom were burnt, and
+fifty-six individuals subjected to penances. All the other trials were
+terminated by <i>individual autos-da-fé</i>; the condemned was taken into a
+church to hear his sentence read, when it was confirmed by the Supreme
+Council, without waiting for other prisoners to form a particular
+<i>auto-da-fé</i>. Other trials are concluded by a <i>lesser auto-da-fé</i> in the
+audience-hall of the tribunal; another mode, which was the least severe,
+was to celebrate the <i>auto-da-fé</i> in the presence of the secretaries of
+the Inquisition alone; no greater indulgence than this could be shown.</p>
+
+<p>The individual <i>auto-da-fé</i> was decreed in two famous trials of the
+reign of Charles III. Of the first, that of Olavide, an account has been
+given in Chapter 26. The second was that of Don Francisco de Leon y
+Luna, a priest and knight of the military order of St. Jago. He was
+condemned as violently suspected of having fallen into the heresies of
+the <i>Illuminati</i> and of Molinos, for having seduced several women, for
+communicating several times with the<a name="page_546" id="page_546"></a> consecrated wafer from
+superstitious motives, and for preaching a false and presumptuous
+mysticity to several nuns and other women who were the dupes of his
+error and their own weakness. Leon was imprisoned for three years in a
+convent; he was then banished for seven years from Madrid, and forbidden
+to exercise the ministry of a confessor. The council of the orders
+requested the king to deprive Leon of his cross and knighthood,
+according to the statutes which ordain that measure towards all who
+commit a crime which incurs an infamous punishment. But the council
+ought to have known that the <i>suspicion</i> of heresy was not sufficient,
+since the tribunal always declares, if the condemned desire it, that
+this sort of sentence does not prevent them from attaining offices and
+dignities.</p>
+
+<p>At Saragossa the Marquis d'Aviles, intendant of Aragon, was accused
+before the holy office of having read prohibited books; but this
+denunciation, and that of the Bishop of Barcelona for Jansenism at
+Madrid, and several others of the same nature, were passed over without
+further notice.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLIII" id="CHAPTER_XLIII"></a>CHAPTER XLIII.<br /><br />
+<small>OF THE SPANISH INQUISITION UNDER CHARLES IV.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">C<small>HARLES</small> IV. ascended the throne on the 17th November, 1788; he abdicated
+on the 19th March, 1808, in consequence of the popular commotions at
+Aranjuez. The inquisitors-general under Charles IV. were Don Augustin
+Rubin de Cevallos, Bishop of Jaen; Don Manuel de Abad-y-la-Sierra,
+Archbishop of Selimbra; the Cardinal Archbishop of Toledo, Don Francisco
+Lorenzana; and Don Ramon Joseph de Arce, Archbishop of Burgos.</p>
+
+<p>The two obstacles which had principally contributed to impede the
+progress of learning during the three preceding<a name="page_547" id="page_547"></a> reigns, were removed by
+the reform of the six grand colleges and the expulsion of the Jesuits.
+Before this revolution, all the canonical offices and magistracies were
+given to the members and fellows of the colleges; while the immense
+influence of the Jesuits prevented all who were not their disciples, or
+Jesuits of the <i>short robe</i>, from obtaining any offices or honours. The
+Marquis de Roda was the author of this politic measure, which caused him
+to be hated by the disciples of St. Ignatius. But this minister has
+obtained an honourable place in history, because in granting to <i>all</i>
+classes the rewards due to merit, he excited a general emulation, which
+increased the influence of knowledge and a taste for the sciences. This
+has caused it to be said that the restoration of good Spanish literature
+was the work of de Roda, but the commencement of that change may be more
+correctly dated from the reign of Philip V.</p>
+
+<p>During the twenty years preceding the accession of Charles IV. a
+multitude of distinguished men had arisen, who would doubtless have led
+Spain to rival France in the good taste and perfection of literary
+works, if one of the most terrible events recorded in history had not
+arrested the impulse these great men had given. The French revolution
+caused a great number of works to be written on the rights of man, of
+citizens, and of nations; the principles contained in them could not but
+alarm Charles IV. and his ministers. The Spaniards read these books with
+avidity; the minister dreaded the contagion of this political doctrine,
+but in attempting to arrest its progress, he caused the human mind to
+retrograde. He charged the inquisitor-general to prohibit and seize all
+the books, pamphlets, and French newspapers, relating to the revolution,
+and to recommend to his agents to use the greatest vigilance in
+preventing them from being clandestinely introduced into the kingdom.
+Another measure employed by the government was to suppress the office of
+teacher of the natural law in the universities and seminaries.<a name="page_548" id="page_548"></a></p>
+
+<p>The Count de Florida-Blanca was then prime-minister; this conduct
+entirely destroyed the good opinion entertained of him by the nation. He
+was said to be a novice in the art of government, because the
+prohibition would only excite greater curiosity. The commissioners of
+the holy office received an order to oppose the introduction of the
+works of the modern philosophers, as contrary to the sovereign
+authority, and commanded every person to denounce whom they knew to be
+attached to the principles of insurrection.</p>
+
+<p>It would be difficult to calculate the number of denunciations which
+followed this order. The greatest number of the denounced were young
+students of the universities of Salamanca and Valladolid. Those who
+wished to read the French writings braved the prohibition, and employed
+every means to obtain them; so that the laws of nature and of persons
+were more studied than before the suppression of the office of teacher.
+The severity of the administration only caused the commencement of an
+immense number of trials, which were never finished, for want of proofs.</p>
+
+<p>Many Spaniards, some of illustrious birth and others of great learning,
+were the objects of secret informations, as suspected of impiety and
+philosophism. The history of their trials, and those of many
+distinguished persons for Jansenism, have been given in the twenty-fifth
+and twenty-sixth chapters.</p>
+
+<p>Don Bernardo-Maria de Calzada, colonel of infantry, and brother-in-law
+to the Marquis de Manca, interested me much, when he had the misfortune
+to be arrested by the Duke de Medina-Celi, grand provost of the holy
+office: I accompanied him as secretary, the notary for the
+sequestrations being ill. Don Bernardo was the father of a very large
+family, who were reduced to indigence by this event, and it gave me the
+greatest grief to witness the sad situation of their mother. I presume
+that that lady has not forgotten my conduct on that mournful night and
+on the following day, when I returned to visit her. The unfortunate
+Calzada,<a name="page_549" id="page_549"></a> whose appointment in the office of the minister of war was not
+sufficient to maintain his very numerous family, had undertaken the
+translation of some French books, and composed a satirical work, by
+which he made enemies of some fanatics and monks, who, affecting the
+most austere morals, were intolerant towards all who did not agree with
+their opinions. By their denunciations they ruined this family. Calzada,
+after passing some time in the prisons of the holy office, submitted to
+an abjuration <i>de levi</i>, which is almost equivalent to an absolution,
+and was banished from Madrid, after giving up his place and all hope of
+advancement.</p>
+
+<p>The Inquisition of the <i>Court</i> was more indulgent towards the Marquis de
+Narros: although many witnesses deposed that they had heard him maintain
+some heretical propositions of Voltaire and Rousseau, whose works he
+boasted that he had read, as well as those of Mirabeau, Montesquieu, the
+Baron d'Holbac, and other philosophers of the same school, he was spared
+the disgrace of an imprisonment and a public censure. It was thought
+more decent to request the Count de Florida-Blanca to write to him by
+the ordinary courier to Guipuscoa, where he then resided, and inform him
+that the king commanded him to repair to Madrid on some affairs of the
+government. The Marquis hastened to court, flattering himself (as he
+informed his relation the Duke of Grenada) that he would be appointed
+sub-governor to the Prince of Asturias, now Ferdinand VII. On the next
+day he received an order not to quit Madrid, and to attend a summons to
+the Inquisition. Some time after he confessed the truth of the charges,
+and added some other circumstances, protesting at the same time that he
+had always been a good Catholic, and that a desire of passing for the
+most learned man in his country induced him to advance the propositions.
+He abjured <i>de levi</i>; some private penances were imposed on him, and the
+affair was only known to a few persons.</p>
+
+<p>The inquisitors of Valencia prosecuted Fray Augustine<a name="page_550" id="page_550"></a> Cabades,
+commander of the convent of the nuns of the order of Mercy, and
+professor of theology in that city; he abjured, and was then released
+from prison. When he had obtained his liberty, he demanded a revision of
+his judgment; the Supreme Council acknowledged the justice of his
+appeal, and the sentence was declared null and void.</p>
+
+<p>Don Mariano Louis de Urquijo, prime-minister and secretary of state
+under Charles IV., was also an object for the persecutions of the holy
+office. His great strength of mind, and a careful education, raised him
+above the errors of his age. He made himself known in his early youth by
+a translation of the <i>Death of Cæsar</i>, a tragedy by Voltaire, which he
+published with a preliminary <i>Essay on the Origin of the Spanish
+Theatre, and its Influence on Morals</i>. This production, which only
+displays a generous wish to acquire fame, and the ardent genius of its
+young author, attracted the attention of the Inquisition. Private
+informations were taken concerning the religious opinions of the
+Chevalier de Urquijo, and the tribunal ascertained that he manifested
+great independence in his opinions, with a decided taste for philosophy,
+which the Inquisition called the doctrine of unbelievers. Everything
+consequently was prepared for his arrest, when the Count d'Aranda, then
+prime-minister, who discovered his merit (and had remarked his name in
+the list of distinguished youths destined to serve the state, belonging
+to the Count de Florida-Blanca his predecessor,) proposed to the king
+that he should be initiated into public affairs. Charles IV. appointed
+him to the office of first secretary of state in 1792.</p>
+
+<p>The inquisitors changed their manner of proceeding when they saw the
+elevation of their intended victim. Their policy at this time led them
+to shew a deference towards the ministry which had not been observed in
+preceding ages. They converted the decree of imprisonment into another
+called the <i>audience of charges</i>, by which de Urquijo<a name="page_551" id="page_551"></a> was required to
+appear privately before the Inquisition of the court whenever he was
+summoned. The sentence pronounced him to be only <i>slightly suspected</i> of
+partaking the errors of the unbelieving philosophers. He was absolved
+<i>ad cautelam</i>, and some spiritual penances were imposed on him which he
+might perform in private. The tribunal exacted his consent to the
+prohibition of his preliminary essay and the tragedy; but as a
+remarkable testimony of consideration, his name was not mentioned in the
+edict, either as the author or translator. The inquisitors, even of
+modern times, have rarely shewn themselves so moderate; but the fear of
+offending the Count d'Aranda (who abhorred the tribunal) was the real
+motive of their conduct.</p>
+
+<p>Urquijo, at the age of thirty, became prime-minister, and in that
+quality exerted himself to extirpate abuses, and to destroy the errors
+which opposed the prosperity of his party and the progress of knowledge.
+He encouraged industry and the arts, and the public owes to him the
+immortal work of the Baron de Humboldt. Contrary to the custom of Spain,
+he allowed him to travel in America, and supported him with the zeal of
+a person passionately attached to the arts and sciences. With the
+assistance of his friend Admiral Mazarredo he raised the navy. He was
+the first in Europe who meditated the abolition of slavery; and at that
+time concluded a treaty with the Emperor of Morocco for the exchange of
+prisoners of war, which is still in force. In the year 1800, when
+fortune seemed everywhere to attend the French arms, and the government
+persecuted the august house of Bourbon, he had the glory of establishing
+a throne in Etruria for a prince of that family, who had married a
+daughter of Charles IV., and signed the treaty to that effect at St.
+Ildephonso with General Berthier, afterwards Prince of Wagram.</p>
+
+<p>The death of Pius VI. gave him an opportunity of freeing<a name="page_552" id="page_552"></a> Spain, to a
+certain degree, from its dependance on the Vatican. On the 5th
+September, 1799, he induced the king to sign a decree which restored to
+the bishops the powers which had been usurped by the Court of Rome, and
+delivered the people from an annual impost of several millions, produced
+by the sale of dispensations and other bulls and briefs.</p>
+
+<p>The reform of the Inquisition ought to have followed this bold step. The
+minister wished to suppress the tribunal entirely, and apply its
+revenues to the establishment of useful and charitable institutions. He
+drew up the edict for that purpose, and presented it to Charles IV. for
+signature. Though Urquijo did not succeed in this attempt, he convinced
+the king of the necessity of reforming the tribunal.</p>
+
+<p>Among the many wise regulations suggested to the king by Urquijo, was
+that published in the form of an ordinance in 1799, on the liberty and
+independence of all the books, papers and effects of the foreign consuls
+established in the sea-ports, and in the trading towns belonging to
+Spain. It was occasioned by an inconsiderate disturbance made by the
+commissioners of the holy office at Alicant, in the house of Don Leonard
+Stuck, consul for Holland, and at Barcelona, at the residence of the
+French consul.</p>
+
+<p>Those happy dispositions of the Court of Spain vanished at the fall of
+the minister who had inspired them. The victim of an intrigue, he shared
+the fate of those great men who do not succeed in destroying the
+prejudices and errors which they oppose. Urquijo was confined, and kept
+in the strictest solitude, in the humid dungeons of the citadel of
+Pampluna, where he was unable to obtain books, ink, paper, fire, or
+light.</p>
+
+<p>Ferdinand VII., on his accession to the throne, declared his treatment
+to have been unjust and arbitrary; and forgetting the persecutions he
+had suffered for eight years, he blessed, in Ferdinand, the sovereign
+who would make the<a name="page_553" id="page_553"></a> necessary reforms, and had voluntarily put a period
+to his sufferings. He repaired to Vittoria, when that prince stopped
+there on his way to Bayonne, and used every means to prevent him from
+making that fatal journey. The letters he wrote on this subject to his
+friend, General Cuesta, contain an exact prophecy of all the miseries
+which have since overwhelmed Spain<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a>, and point out the means of
+avoiding them.</p>
+
+<p>Urquijo refused to repair to Bayonne, although Napoleon sent him three
+orders to do so, until the renunciation and abdication of Charles IV.,
+Ferdinand VII., and the princes of that house, had been made known.
+After the royal family had left the place, he went there, and
+endeavoured to persuade Napoleon to give up his plans.</p>
+
+<p>He accepted the appointment of Secretary to the Junta of Notables, which
+was then assembled at Bayonne, and soon after the office of
+Minister-Secretary of State. His generous intentions need no comments;
+they are known to all. The eulogium of this great man has just been made
+by our energetic and sincere advocate; the public will read it with
+pleasure and interest. During his ministry, he had the happiness of
+witnessing the decree which suppressed the formidable tribunal of the
+holy office, and declared it to be injurious to sovereignty.</p>
+
+<p>Urquijo died at Paris, after an illness of six days, at the age of
+forty-nine. He died as he had lived&mdash;full of that courage, serenity,
+that philosophy, and love of virtue, which belong to the virtuous and
+wise alone. He was buried on the 4th of May, 1817, in the cemetery of
+Père la Chaise, where a magnificent monument of white Carrara marble has
+been erected to his memory.</p>
+
+<p>In 1792 the inquisitors of Saragossa received a denunciation,<a name="page_554" id="page_554"></a> and
+examined witnesses against Don Augustin Abad-y-la-Sierra, Bishop of
+Barbastro, who was accused of Jansenism, and of approving the principles
+which were the basis of the civil constitution of the French clergy
+under the constitutional assembly. During the progress of this affair,
+Don Manuel Abad-y-la-Sierra, the brother of Don Augustin, was made
+inquisitor-general, and the inquisitors were afraid to carry it on. When
+Don Manuel was dismissed from his office, he also was denounced as a
+Jansenist, but he was not prosecuted.</p>
+
+<p>The bishop of Murcia and Carthagena, Victoriano Lopez Gonzalo, was
+denounced in 1800 as suspected of Jansenism and other heresies, and for
+having permitted certain propositions on some points of doctrine to be
+maintained in his seminary. The trial of the bishop was not carried
+farther than the summary instruction; because, on being informed of the
+plots of some scholastic doctors who were partisans of the Jesuits, he
+defended himself so ably before the inquisitor-general, that the members
+of council did not proceed against him; but they continued the
+prosecution of the theses, when they perceived that they were favourable
+to some conclusions on miracles, which had been condemned by qualifiers.</p>
+
+<p>The subject of Jansenism created a great sensation in Spain. The
+Jesuits, who had been permitted to return to that kingdom in 1798, soon
+acquired a numerous party, and accused all who did not adopt their
+opinions of Jansenism. Their conduct was so impolitic, that they were a
+second time banished from the kingdom. They were the authors of the
+denunciations against the Countess de Montijo, and many other
+distinguished persons, of whom an account has been given in a former
+chapter.</p>
+
+<p>The accusation of Jansenism against Don Antonio and Don Jerome de la
+Cuesta was the cause of the trial of Don Raphaël Muzquiz, Archbishop of
+Santiago, who had been confessor to Queen Louisa, wife of Charles IV.<a name="page_555" id="page_555"></a></p>
+
+<p>The energetic defence of Don Jerome de la Cuesta obliged Muzquiz to
+defend himself against the imputation of calumny: he made
+representations which injured his cause, for he vilified the inquisitors
+of Valladolid, and even the inquisitor-general, and accused them of
+partiality and collusion with Cuesta: his rank protected him from the
+danger of an arrest which he incurred by this temerity, but he was
+condemned to pay a penalty of eight thousand ducats, and the Bishop of
+Valladolid four thousand. Muzquiz would have been more severely
+punished, if he had not been protected by a person, who obtained from
+the Prince of Peace that the affair should not be carried farther.</p>
+
+<p>The same pretence of Jansenism was the cause of the trial of Don Joseph
+Espiga, almoner to the king, and a member of the tribunal of the
+nunciature in 1799. His accusers represented him as the author of the
+royal decree of the 5th of September in that year, after the death of
+Pius VI., forbidding any person to apply to Rome for matrimonial
+dispensations. Espiga was then the most intimate friend of the minister
+Urquijo, but he never allowed any one to influence him in official
+affairs. The Nuncio Cassoni made many useless representations to the
+king on this subject; however, he partly obtained his end by political
+intrigues, for though the bishops had promised to obey the ordinance,
+yet most of them avoided granting matrimonial dispensations, and those
+who did so were accused of Jansenism. The inquisitors, though they were
+all sold to the Nuncio and the Jesuits, were afraid to proceed, and the
+trial of Espiga was suspended. When his friend Urquijo was deprived of
+his office, he was obliged to retire to the cathedral of Lerida, of
+which he was a dignitary.</p>
+
+<p>The year 1796 is remarkable for the prosecution commenced against the
+Prince of Peace, the king's cousin, by his marriage with Donna Maria
+Theresa de Bourbon, the daughter of the infant Don Louis. It may be
+easily supposed<a name="page_556" id="page_556"></a> that much address was necessary in conducting an attack
+against a person so high in favour. Three denunciations were received at
+the holy office, accusing him of atheism, because he had not confessed
+himself or taken the pascal communion for eight years, and because he
+was married to two women at the same time, and the life he led with many
+others was a source of great scandal to the public. The three denouncers
+were monks, and there is some reason to suppose that they were directed
+by the authors of a court intrigue, to cause the prince to be disgraced.</p>
+
+<p>The head of the Inquisition at that time was Cardinal Lorenzana, who was
+simple and easily deceived, but too timid not to be on his guard against
+anything which might displease the king and queen. Although the
+denunciations were presented to him, he did not dare to examine
+witnesses, or even the accusers. Don Antonio Despuig, Archbishop of
+Seville, and Don Raphaël Muzquiz, who were at the head of this intrigue,
+made every effort to induce Lorenzana to cause a private instruction to
+be taken, to arrest the prince in concert with the Supreme Council, and
+to obtain the approbation of the king, of which they thought themselves
+certain, if they could prove that his favourite was an atheist. This
+attempt was so repugnant to the disposition of Lorenzana, that the two
+conspirators agreed that Despuig should press his friend the Cardinal
+Vincenti, famous for his intrigues, to persuade Pius VI. to write to
+Lorenzana, and reproach him for the indifference with which he beheld a
+scandal so injurious to the purity of the religion professed by the
+Spanish nation. Vincenti obtained the letter from the Pope; Lorenzana
+promising, that if the Pope decided that the measure was necessary, he
+would do what they desired. Napoleon Bonaparte, who was then a general
+of the French Republic, intercepted a courier from Italy at Genoa. The
+letter of Cardinal Vincenti to Despuig, enclosing that of the Pope to
+Lorenzana, was found among his despatches: Bonaparte<a name="page_557" id="page_557"></a> thought it
+necessary to the continuance of the good intelligence then established
+between France and Spain, to inform the Prince of Peace of the intrigue,
+and he commissioned General Pérignon, ambassador at Madrid, to remit the
+correspondence to Godoy. The favourite opposed another intrigue to his
+enemies, and succeeded in freeing himself from them by sending
+Lorenzana, Despuig, and Muzquiz to Rome, to carry the condolences of the
+king to the Pope, on the occasion of the entrance of the French army
+into his states. Their commission was dated the 14th March, 1797.</p>
+
+<p>At this period the Inquisition was in imminent danger of being deprived
+of the power of arresting individuals without the consent of the king.
+This circumstance arose from the trial of Don Ramon de Salas, which is
+related in the twenty-fifth chapter. The affair of Jovellanos also took
+place at this time.</p>
+
+<p>In 1799 the inquisitors of Valladolid, with the approbation of the
+council, condemned Don Mariano and Don Raymond de Santander, booksellers
+of that city, to two months seclusion in a convent, to a suspension of
+their trade for two years, and to banishment; they were also forbidden
+to approach Valladolid, Madrid, and other royal residences, within eight
+leagues. They were obliged to pay a penalty, and after having been a
+long time in the secret prisons, Don Mariano could not obtain permission
+to remove to another place, though he was subject to attacks of
+epilepsy. Their only offence was having received and sold prohibited
+books; for though some fanatics had accused them of heresy, no proofs
+were obtained. On the 10th of November, Don Mariano solicited the
+inquisitor-general to allow them to reside in Valladolid, representing,
+that if this favour was refused, their families must die in poverty, and
+they offered to purchase the permission by paying another penalty.</p>
+
+<p>The affair of a Beata at Cuença created a great sensation.<a name="page_558" id="page_558"></a> She was the
+wife of a labourer at Villar d'Aguilar. Among other fictions which she
+invented to make people suppose her a saint, she said that Jesus Christ
+revealed to her that he had changed her flesh and blood into the same
+substance as his own body. This imposture caused great theological
+discussion among the priests and monks. Some maintained that it was
+impossible, others that it was not impossible, if the infinite power of
+God was considered; others believed all, and were astonished that any
+person could be so incredulous, for they thought that the Beata could
+have no interest in deceiving them; lastly, there were some who were
+witnesses of the life of this <i>Beata</i>, and were her accomplices from the
+beginning of her imposture, or who were the dupes of their credulity,
+and who continued to believe, or appeared to do so, in her supernatural
+state. They carried their folly so far as to adore this woman; they
+conducted her in procession in the streets and to the churches with
+lighted tapers; they burnt incense before her as before the consecrated
+host; lastly, they prostrated themselves before her, and committed many
+other sacrileges. The Inquisition could not but notice these scenes. The
+pretended saint and some of her accomplices were taken to the secret
+prisons, where the <i>Beata</i> ended her days. One of the articles of the
+sentence commanded that her effigy should be taken to the <i>auto-da-fé</i>
+on a traineau, and burnt; the curate of Villar, and two monks, who were
+her accomplices, were condemned to follow the effigy barefooted, clothed
+in short tunics, and with a cord round their necks; they were degraded
+and banished for life to the Philippine Isles. The Curate of Casasimarro
+was suspended for six years, and two men of the lowest class received
+two hundred stripes, and were imprisoned for life; one of her servants
+was sent to the house of the <i>Recogidas</i> for ten years. I do not know
+any judgment of the Inquisition more just than this.</p>
+
+<p>Another <i>Beata</i> at Madrid, called Clara, did not profit by<a name="page_559" id="page_559"></a> this
+example. She did not carry her phrensy so far as the other, but her
+miracles and her sanctity made a great noise; she pretended that she was
+paralytic, and could not leave her bed. On this report every one went to
+see her. The most distinguished ladies in Madrid repaired to her, and
+thought themselves happy in being admitted to see her; she was entreated
+to be the mediatrix with God for the cure of different maladies, to
+enlighten judges on the eve of an important judgment, and graces and
+assistances were implored against many other misfortunes. Clara replied
+to them all in an emphatic style, like an inspired person who saw into
+the future. She announced that, by an especial call from the Holy
+Spirit, she was destined to be a Capuchin nun, and she was extremely
+grieved that she had not the strength and health necessary for living in
+a community and a cloister. She imposed so well on the persons who
+surrounded her, that Pius VII. permitted her, in a special brief, to
+make her profession before Don Athanasius de Puyal, bishop coadjutor of
+the Archbishop of Toledo, at Madrid, and granted her a dispensation from
+the cloistered life, and the exercises of a community. From that moment
+nothing was spoken of in society but the miracles and heroic virtue of
+sister Clara. The bishop who had received her vows obtained permission
+from the Pope and the Archbishop of Toledo to erect an altar in her
+chamber opposite her bed; several masses were performed there every day,
+and even the holy sacrament was placed there in a tabernacle. Clara
+communicated every day, and persuaded those who came to see her that she
+took no sustenance but the bread of the eucharist. This delusion lasted
+for several years: but in 1802, Clara was taken to the prison of the
+holy office; her mother was likewise arrested, and a monk whom she had
+taken for her director. They were accused of having assisted the nun in
+her impostures, in order to obtain considerable sums of money, which the
+ladies of Madrid and other devout persons placed in her hands to be<a name="page_560" id="page_560"></a>
+distributed as alms. When her deceit, her pretended sickness, and the
+other circumstances of her life were proved, Clara, her mother, and her
+director, were condemned to seclusion and other punishments, much less
+severe than they deserved.</p>
+
+<p>Another <i>Beata</i> appeared after these, but the circumstances of her
+imposture are not so interesting.</p>
+
+<p>The inquisitors no longer thought of condemning criminals to the flames.
+A proof of this laudable change in their system may be seen in the trial
+of Don Miguel Solano, curate of Esco in Aragon<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a>. It was proved by the
+depositions of the<a name="page_561" id="page_561"></a> witnesses, that he had advanced several propositions
+condemned by the church.</p>
+
+<p>He was conducted to the secret prisons of Saragossa, where he confessed
+all, alleging, that having meditated for a long time with a sincere
+desire to discover the truth of the Christian religion, and that,
+without the assistance of any book but the Bible, he had convinced
+himself that there was no truth in anything but which was contained in
+the Holy Scriptures; that all the rest might be erroneous, because
+though several fathers of the church maintained these opinions, they
+were but men, and, consequently, liable to err; that he considered all
+that had been established by the Roman Church, in opposition to the
+proper and literal meaning of the Scriptural text, as false, and that it
+was possible to fall into error, in admitting that which did not result
+either directly or indirectly from the text; that he considered it
+certain that the ideas of purgatory and the limbos were the invention of
+man, since Jesus spoke of only two receptacles for souls, paradise and
+hell; that it was a sin to receive money for performing mass, although
+it was called an alms, and for the support of the celebrator; and that
+the priests and other ministers of religion ought to receive their
+salaries from the government, like the judges and other officers. He
+thought that the introduction and establishment of tithes was a fraud of
+the priests, and the manner of explaining the commandment of the church,
+which ordained that they should be paid without any deductions for seed,
+or the expenses of the harvest, was a shameful robbery; that no
+attention ought to be paid to the commands of the Pope, because no God
+but avarice is adored at Rome, and all the measures of that government
+only tend to take money from the people on religious pretences.</p>
+
+<p>Solano had made a complete body of doctrine of these articles, and had
+composed a book on it, which he confided to his bishop and other
+theologians, as if he incurred no danger from such a proceeding.<a name="page_562" id="page_562"></a></p>
+
+<p>The inquisitors of Saragossa undertook to persuade Solano to renounce
+his opinions, and employed for that purpose some respectable
+theologians; they exhorted him to acknowledge his errors and repent, and
+threatened him with <i>relaxation</i>. Don Michel replied that he was aware
+of his danger, but if he was induced to retract, he would be condemned
+before the tribunal of God, and that if he was in error, God would
+enlighten him or pardon him. The infallibility of the church, and the
+opinions of the saints and learned men who had decided on the meaning of
+the obscure texts, were represented to him; he replied, that in all
+their discussions the Court of Rome had interfered, and rendered their
+good intentions of no avail.</p>
+
+<p>It was impossible to make Solano recant, and the inquisitors passed
+sentence of <i>relaxation</i>; it must be confessed that they could not do
+otherwise, according to the code of the Inquisition. But the Supreme
+Council, wishing to spare the Spanish nation the spectacle of an
+<i>auto-da-fé</i>, had recourse to the extraordinary measure of examining
+some persons who had been mentioned by the witnesses, but had been
+neglected, commanding the inquisitors, at the same time, to use every
+effort to make Solano retract. It was in vain, and the inquisitors,
+though they well knew the motives which led the council to vote against
+their sentence, did not dare to disobey the law. They pronounced
+sentence of <i>relaxation</i> a second time, and the council took advantage
+of a declaration made by one of the witnesses, to order an inquest to be
+taken among all the curates, priests, and physicians of Esco and the
+neighbourhood, in order to discover if Solano had ever suffered an
+illness which weakened or deranged his mind. The result of this inquest
+was to be communicated to the council, and in the mean time the trial
+was suspended. The physician, who suspected what they wished him to say,
+declared that Solano had had a severe illness for several years, before
+he was arrested, and that it was not surprising that it had weakened his
+mental powers; he said, that from that<a name="page_563" id="page_563"></a> time he had spoken more
+frequently of his religious opinions, which were not those of the
+Catholics in Spain. On receiving this deposition, the council decreed,
+that, without pronouncing definitively on the subject, every means
+should be used to convert the accused. At this juncture, Solano fell
+dangerously ill; the inquisitors charged the most able theologians of
+Saragossa to endeavour to make him return to the faith, and even
+entreated the bishop coadjutor of the Archbishop of Saragossa, Don Fray
+Miguel Suarez de Santander, to exhort him with that tenderness and
+goodness which were characteristic of that worthy prelate. The curate
+appeared to be sensibly affected at all that was done for him, but he
+said that he could not renounce his opinions, without fearing that he
+offended God by betraying the truth. On the twentieth day of his
+illness, the doctor told him that he was dying, and desired him to take
+advantage of the few moments which were left him. "I am," said Solano,
+"in the hands of God; I have nothing more to do." Thus died the curate
+of Esco, in the year 1805; he was refused ecclesiastical sepulture, and
+was privately buried within the walls of the tribunal. The inquisitors
+reported all that had passed to the Supreme Council, which forbade them
+to continue the trial, that Solano might not be burnt in effigy.</p>
+
+<p>Two years after the intrigue intended to ruin the Prince of Peace,
+another event which took place at Alicant ought to have been sufficient
+to cause the tribunal to be reformed, or even suppressed. On the death
+of Don Leonard Stuck, Consul for the Batavian Republic in that city, his
+executor, the Vice-Consul of France, put his seals upon the property of
+the deceased, until the formalities of the law had been fulfilled. The
+commissary of the Inquisition desired the governor of the town to take
+off the seals and give him the keys of the house, that he might register
+the books and prints, as some of them were prohibited. The governor
+demanded time, in order to consult his majesty's minister. The
+commissary,<a name="page_564" id="page_564"></a> who was disconcerted at this delay, went in the night with
+his alguazils, broke the seals, opened the door, and made the inventory;
+and when he had done, replaced the seals as well as he could, and went
+away. The ambassador of the Batavian Republic complained to the
+government of this violation of the law of nations, and the king wrote
+to the inquisitor-general, through his minister Urquijo, informing him,
+that the Inquisition must avoid similar infringements for the future,
+and bounding its office to the care of observing that, on the death of
+foreign ministers, no prohibited books were sold to Spaniards or
+naturalized foreigners. Nearly the same thing happened to the French
+consul at Barcelona.</p>
+
+<p>It may have been seen in the preceding chapters, that the Inquisition
+has been several times in danger of being suppressed, or subjected to
+the general forms of law. These occasions were more frequent during the
+reign of Charles IV.</p>
+
+<p>The Counts d'Aranda, de Florida-Blanca, and Campomanes, and the
+extraordinary council, represented the continual abuses committed by the
+<i>holy office</i> to Charles III., but he contented himself with passing
+some ordinances to curtail its power.</p>
+
+<p>In 1794, Don Manuel Abad-y-la-Sierra, inquisitor-general under Charles
+IV., wished to reform the procedure of the tribunal, and commanded me to
+compose a work, entitled, <i>A Discourse on the Procedure of the Holy
+Office</i>, in which I represented the vices of the actual practice, and
+the means of obviating them, even though the proceedings for heresy
+should still continue to be secret. But, by various intrigues, an order
+was obtained from Charles IV., which forced the inquisitor-general to
+quit Madrid, and resign his office.</p>
+
+<p>Another attempt was made, when the Prince of Peace discovered the plot
+against him; the royal decree for the suppression was drawn up, but
+never presented for the signature of the king, because Godoy was the
+dupe of counter-intrigue.<a name="page_565" id="page_565"></a> In the following year, Jovellanos wished to
+make use of the work I had composed for Don Manuel Abad-y-la-Sierra, of
+which I had given him a copy, but he failed in his design; and Charles
+IV., who was ill-informed, and deceived by intriguers, commanded that
+minister to retire to his house at Gijon in the Asturias. The attempt of
+Urquijo has been already mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>In 1808, Napoleon Buonaparte decreed the suppression of the Inquisition,
+at Chamastin, near Madrid; he alleged that the tribunal was an
+encroachment on the royal authority.</p>
+
+<p>In 1813, the Cortes-general of the kingdom adopted the same measures,
+after declaring that the existence of the privileged tribunal of the
+holy office was incompatible with the political constitution which had
+been decreed, published, and received by the nation.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of these two last suppressions, the tribunal still exists;
+because the greatest number of the men who surround the throne have been
+and will always be the partisans of ignorance, of the ultra-montane
+opinions, and of those which influenced the world before the invention
+of printing. These opinions are strenuously supported by the Jesuits,
+who have been recently recalled to Spain by Ferdinand VII.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLIV" id="CHAPTER_XLIV"></a>CHAPTER XLIV.<br /><br />
+<small>OF THE INQUISITION DURING THE REIGN OF FERDINAND VII.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">C<small>HARLES</small> IV. abdicated the crown in favour of his eldest son, Ferdinand,
+who began to reign on the same day, before any public act had proved the
+validity of the abdication. The royal and supreme Council of Castile
+considered it necessary to observe the national custom on this occasion,
+and commissioned<a name="page_566" id="page_566"></a> the royal fiscals to examine into the validity of the
+abdication, that the people might be informed that they were released
+from their oath of allegiance to Charles. But a strict order was
+immediately sent to the council to renounce the measure, to proclaim the
+validity of the abdication, and acknowledge Ferdinand as king. Charles
+protested against his abdication; he said that it was not voluntary,
+since he had only done it to save his own life and that of the queen, in
+the sedition at Aranjuez. Ferdinand paid no attention to this
+protestation; the emperor Napoleon took advantage of the event, and the
+Bourbons ceased to reign in Spain. While Charles IV. was at Marseilles,
+and Ferdinand at Valencé, Joseph Napoleon, King of Naples, was
+proclaimed King of Spain; Ferdinand wrote to Joseph to congratulate him,
+and request his friendship, and commanded all Spaniards to recognise
+him, to prevent the ruin and desolation of their country.</p>
+
+<p>When Joseph was acknowledged King of Spain, the archives of the Supreme
+Council and of the Inquisition of the Court were confided to me, in
+consequence of an order from his majesty. With his approbation, I burnt
+all the criminal processes, except those which belonged to history, from
+their importance, and the rank of the accused; but I preserved all the
+registers of the resolutions of the council, the royal ordinances, the
+papal bulls and briefs, the papers of the affairs of the tribunal, and
+all the informations taken concerning the genealogies of the persons
+employed in the holy office, on account of their utility in proving
+relationship in trials when it is necessary.</p>
+
+<p>I have read in a work, intituled <i>Acta Latomorum</i>, that in the month of
+October, 1809, a grand national lodge of Spanish freemasons was founded
+even in the buildings of the Inquisition of Madrid. This assertion I
+consider entirely false, because at that time the keys of the building
+were in the possession of a subaltern under my orders, who would<a name="page_567" id="page_567"></a> never
+have consented to give them up for such a purpose. I presume that the
+authors of this article wished to astonish, by the striking contrast
+between the different destinations of the same edifice.</p>
+
+<p>My acquaintance with the archives already mentioned enabled me to
+compose for the Royal Academy of History (of which I have the honour to
+be a member), a dissertation, under the title of <i>A Memorial, in which
+the Opinion of the Spaniards concerning the Inquisition is examined</i>.
+The Academy published my work.</p>
+
+<p>The above-mentioned materials, some others which I had collected since
+the year 1789, and some which were sent to me from Valladolid and other
+towns, enabled me to publish, in 1812 and 1813, two volumes of the
+<i>Annals of the Inquisition</i>, which comprehended all the events which
+passed in the tribunals from 1477 to 1530. I was not able to finish that
+work, being obliged to repair to France in 1813.</p>
+
+<p>On the 22d of February, in the same year, the Spanish assembly at Cadiz,
+which styled itself the <i>General Cortes</i>, suppressed the Inquisition,
+restoring to the bishops and secular judges their jurisdictions, that
+they might prosecute heretics in the same manner as before the existence
+of the Inquisition.</p>
+
+<p>This measure was the cause of long discussions in the tribune, and many
+orators pronounced speeches of great eloquence. The liberty of the press
+which then existed allowed many works to be published both for and
+against the holy office. Its partisans neglected nothing in its defence;
+in short, all that could possibly be advanced in favour of such a
+tribunal as the Inquisition, was published at Cadiz during this
+celebrated discussion. But reason prevailed; not because the majority of
+the voters were irreligious persons, or Jacobins (as it has since been
+unjustly said), but because the Cortes found an irresistible strength in
+the reasoning which condemned a tribunal which had been so fatal to the
+prosperity<a name="page_568" id="page_568"></a> of the nation for three centuries. The representatives of
+Spain received an infinite number of letters and addresses, returning
+thanks for the benefit bestowed on the nation: several of these letters
+were signed by persons employed in the Inquisition. I have the
+satisfaction to be able to declare, that this triumph of reason and
+humanity was principally owing to the documents which I furnished, and
+which became known to the public in 1812, by means of the <i>Memorial on
+the Opinion of the Spaniards concerning the Inquisition</i>, and the first
+volume of the <i>Annals of the Inquisition</i>. This is proved by the
+manifesto addressed by the Cortes to the Spanish people; in which the
+representatives say, that they had seen the apostolical bulls addressed
+to the Inquisition, and the complaints and appeals of the prisoners:
+these details could only have been obtained from the works above
+mentioned, but they were not cited, because I was then a counsellor of
+state to King Joseph.</p>
+
+<p>These measures of the Cortes were however useless. Buonaparte restored
+the crown of Spain to Ferdinand, by a treaty at Valencé, in 1813, and in
+March, 1814, the king re-entered Spain; on his arrival at Valencia, he
+was immediately surrounded by persons imbued with the Gothic prejudices
+of the age of chivalry, and one of the first measures of his
+administration was the re-establishment of the holy office, on the 21st
+of July, 1814.</p>
+
+<p>In the preamble to the royal decree, Ferdinand informed the people, that
+the object of the restoration of the Inquisition was to repair the evil
+caused to the religion of the state by the foreign troops, who were not
+Catholics; to forestall that which might be caused hereafter by the
+heretical opinions imbibed by a great number of Spaniards, and to
+preserve the tranquillity of the kingdom; that this measure was desired
+by learned and virtuous prelates, and by different bodies and
+corporations, who reminded him that, in the sixteenth century, Spain had
+preserved herself from the<a name="page_569" id="page_569"></a> contagion of heresy, and the errors which
+desolated other countries; while the arts and sciences flourished under
+many men, who were famed for their learning and sanctity; that this
+happy influence of the Inquisition, was the reason why Buonaparte had
+destroyed the tribunal, and that the same resolution was afterwards
+adopted by the junta, falsely calling itself the <i>General Cortes</i> of the
+kingdom, on the pretence that the Inquisition was opposed to the
+constitution of Cadiz, and that it was only decreed in the midst of
+tumults, and against the wishes of the nation. The decree also declares,
+that as it had been found necessary to frame new laws, to correct
+certain abuses and to limit privileges, it was his majesty's intention
+that they should be observed, and to appoint two members of the Council
+of Castile, and two of that of the <i>holy office</i>, to propose the
+necessary reforms and alterations in the mode of procedure concerning
+personal affairs, and the prohibition of books.</p>
+
+<p>It appears that these commissioners were, Don Manuel de Lardizabal Uribe
+and Don Sebastian de Torres, of the Council of Castile; Don Joseph
+Armarilla, and Don Antonio Galarza, counsellors of the Inquisition.
+These persons might have proposed a reform, which would have remedied
+several evils, or entirely destroyed them. I do not know what these
+commissioners have yet done to justify the confidence placed in them,
+but it is certain that hitherto no reform has been made public.</p>
+
+<p>On the 5th of May, 1815, Don Francis Xavier de Mier y Campillo, the
+inquisitor-general, published an edict, commanding all those who felt
+themselves guilty, to denounce themselves before the end of the year,
+and announcing that <i>Spain was infected by the new and dangerous
+doctrines which had ruined the greatest part of Europe</i>. The
+inquisitor-general condemned the <i>new</i> and <i>dangerous doctrines</i> which
+followed the entrance of the French army, and did not mention the
+systems which were propagated and put in<a name="page_570" id="page_570"></a> practice by the Spanish
+partisans for the war, though they really came under his jurisdiction,
+because they were formerly opposed to the letter and spirit of the
+Gospel. This circumstance induces me to lay it before my readers, in
+order to prove that the <i>re-established</i> Inquisition differs little from
+that which was <i>suppressed</i>, since, if the latter allowed works
+inculcating regicide to be circulated, and condemned books which
+supported the royal authority, the former began by condemning the
+doctrine which taught us, that men were not slaves or animals to be
+bought and sold, and at the same time allowed such maxims as the
+following to be acted upon:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1st. That it was allowable during the invasion, to assassinate any
+Frenchman in Spain, whether he was a soldier or not, without distinction
+of circumstances or means, because they were all enemies of the country,
+the defence of which ought to be the first consideration.</p>
+
+<p>2nd. That according to the same principal it was lawful to kill any
+Spaniard, who was a partisan of the superior power, designated as a
+<i>Francisé</i>.</p>
+
+<p>3rd. That any Spaniards of the same party might be despoiled of their
+money, goods, or the produce of their estates, and that their houses,
+vineyards, olive-grounds, and other plantations might be burnt.</p>
+
+<p>4th. That an oath of fidelity, taken on the sacrament, might be broken,
+even if no mental reservation was made, because the person was persuaded
+that it was the only means to avoid the danger threatened by the
+superior power, which could execute its threats, according to the
+general laws of war.</p>
+
+<p>5. That the priests and monks were authorised to abandon their tranquil
+life, and engage in a military career, provided it was against the
+French and the Francisés. This doctrine prevailed even when it was seen
+that the ecclesiastics and monks had become the chiefs of bands of
+robbers, and carried infamous concubines in their suites, and<a name="page_571" id="page_571"></a> that they
+had imposed arbitrary contributions on different towns.</p>
+
+<p>6th. That the war against France was a war of religion, and,
+consequently, that those who perished were to be considered as martyrs.</p>
+
+<p>7th. That it was allowable, and even praiseworthy, to refuse sacramental
+absolution to a penitent who had submitted to the superior force, unless
+he promised to abandon it, and to contribute by every means to its
+destruction.</p>
+
+<p>8th. That it was preferable to eat meat on Fridays and other fast-days
+without permission, than to receive it from the apostolical
+commissary-general of the Holy Crusade of Spain, resident at Madrid, who
+was charged by the Pope with this commission.</p>
+
+<p>9th. That it was permitted to preserve an eternal hatred, and to excite
+others to an implacable war against the Spaniards who had submitted to
+the superior force.</p>
+
+<p>It is not my intention to accuse the Bishop of Almeira, or the present
+inquisitors, of abusing their powers. The edict, on the whole, expresses
+an intention of pursuing mild measures, and hitherto it does not appear
+that they have been unfaithful to this maxim; for I cannot credit
+certain reports circulated in Paris, or what was said in 1815, in <i>Acta
+Latomorum</i>. The author, after announcing the re-establishment of the
+Inquisition by Ferdinand VII., adds, that he had forbidden the masonic
+lodges, on pain of the punishments for high-treason. In another article
+of the same work, on the events of the year 1814, it is said,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"On the 25th of September, twenty-five individuals were arrested, on
+suspicion that they were the members of a masonic lodge, and partisans
+of the Cortes: among them were the Marquis Tolosa; the Canon Marina, a
+learned and distinguished member of the Academy; Doctor Luque, the court
+physician; and some French, and Italians, and Germans, who had settled
+in Spain. The brave General Alava, who was<a name="page_572" id="page_572"></a> chosen by General Wellington
+for his aide-de-camp, on account of his merit, has been imprisoned by
+the holy office, as a freemason." I consider the latter assertion to be
+entirely false, because letters worthy of credit, and the gazettes of
+Spain, only stated that an order to leave Madrid had been sent to the
+general by the king, but it was revoked, as his majesty discovered that
+he had been deceived; it is certain that Ferdinand, some time after,
+sent him as his ambassador into the Low Countries.</p>
+
+<p>The account given in the Madrid Gazette on the 14th May, 1816, of an
+<i>auto-da-fé</i> celebrated by the Inquisition of Mexico on the 27th
+December, 1815, is more worthy of belief. Don Joseph-Maria Morellos, a
+priest, had placed himself at the head of his countrymen, with the
+intention of freeing his country from the dominion of the King of Spain.
+The holy office prosecuted him for heresy, while the viceroy arrested
+him for rebellion. The prisons of the holy office were preferred to that
+of the government, and some witnesses were found who deposed to certain
+facts which the Mexican qualifiers thought sufficient to authorize them
+to pronounce Morellos suspected of atheism, materialism, and other
+errors. One proof of his guilt was, that he had two children. The
+accused abjured, and was absolved in an <i>auto-da-fé</i>, which was
+celebrated with as much parade as in the reign of Philip II. When the
+Inquisitors treated Morellos with so much moderation, they knew that the
+viceroy would hang him; before his execution he was degraded from the
+priesthood by the Bishop of Antequera in America.</p>
+
+<p>I do not know if the Spanish Inquisition has celebrated an <i>auto-da-fé</i>
+since its re-establishment. I shall only say, that if its members wish
+to follow the precepts of the Gospel more faithfully than their
+predecessors, they ought to follow the example of their chief, Pius VII.
+A letter from Rome, dated the 31st of March, 1816, announces that his
+Holiness had abolished the use of torture in all the tribunals of the<a name="page_573" id="page_573"></a>
+holy office, and that the resolution had been communicated to the
+ambassadors of Spain and Portugal<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a>. A second letter from the same
+city on the 17th of April following, says that the procedure of the
+Inquisition was to be similar to that of the other tribunals, and to be
+made public<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>A third letter on the 9th May, states that the Inquisition of Rome had
+annulled the sentence which that of Ravenna had pronounced against
+Solomon Moses Viviani, who had relapsed into Judaism, after having
+abjured it to become a Christian. In confirming the revocation, the Pope
+said: "The divine law is not of the same nature as that of man, but a
+law of persuasion and gentleness; persecution, exile, and imprisonment,
+are only suitable to false prophets and the apostles of false doctrines.
+Let us pity the man who does not see the true light, or who even refuses
+to see it; the cause of his blindness may tend to fulfil the profound
+designs of providence, &amp;c." His Holiness having since presided at a
+congregation of the holy office, has decreed that, "in all trials of
+heresy, the accuser shall be confronted with the accused, in the
+presence of the judges, and has expressed an intention that the trials
+shall be so conducted as to avoid the punishment of death<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>Another letter from Rome, of the 17th January, 1817, contains the
+following article: "It is reported that the holy office will be reformed
+this year. It appears that it will only be allowed to proceed in the
+same manner as the other tribunals. The government considers it to be
+dangerous to allow a body to exist which is useless, and always armed
+against the progress of reason. You may believe that the Inquisition has
+already ceased to exist<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a>."</p>
+
+<p><a name="page_574" id="page_574"></a>In March, 1816, the Portuguese ambassador had sent a diplomatic note to
+the cardinal-secretary of state to his Holiness, in which he informs
+him, in the name of his court, of the condemnation of a work printed by
+the Inquisitor Louis de Paramo, of the formal and judicial suppression
+of the holy office, and of the re-establishment of the bishops in their
+former privileges<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>These just and moderate measures ought to be the rule and guide of the
+Spanish inquisitors; if they would make the proceedings public, and
+liberate the prisoners on bail, I confess that I should not be afraid to
+present myself to be tried by that tribunal.</p>
+
+<p>Since this article was printed, I have been informed, that the
+inquisitor-general Mier Campillo is dead, and that Ferdinand has
+appointed Monseigneur Jerome Castillon de Salas, Bishop of Taragona, as
+his successor. God grant that he may understand the spirit of the
+Gospel, and the necessity of reforming the Inquisition, better than his
+predecessor!<a name="page_575" id="page_575"></a></p>
+
+<h2><a name="NUMBER_OF_THE_VICTIMS" id="NUMBER_OF_THE_VICTIMS"></a>NUMBER OF THE VICTIMS<br /><br />
+<small>OF</small><br /><br />
+<small>THE INQUISITION.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">I<small>T</small> is impossible to determine the exact number of persons who perished
+in the first years after the establishment of the holy office. Persons
+were burnt in the year 1481, and the Supreme Council was not created
+until 1483. The registers in its archives, and those of the inferior
+tribunals, are of a still later date; and as the inquisitor-general
+accompanied the court, which had no fixed residence until the reign of
+Philip II., many of the trials must have been lost during these
+journeys. These circumstances oblige me to found my calculations on the
+combination of certain data, which I found in the registers and writings
+of the holy office.</p>
+
+<p>Mariana, in his History of Spain, informs us that, in 1481, the
+Inquisitors of Seville condemned two thousand persons to <i>relaxation</i>,
+that is, to be burnt, and that there were as many effigies; the number
+of persons reconciled was one thousand seven hundred. The latter were
+always subjected to severe penances.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>autos-da-fé</i> of this period, which I examined at Saragossa and
+Toledo, lead me to suppose that each tribunal of the Inquisition
+celebrated at least four <i>autos-da-fé</i> every year. The provincial
+tribunals were successively organised. I do not speak of those of
+Mexico, Lima, Carthagena in America, Sicily or Sardinia, although they
+were subject to the Inquisitors-general and the Supreme Council, because
+I am only enabled to establish my calculation for those of the Peninsula
+and the neighbouring isles.</p>
+
+<p>Andres Bernaldez, a contemporary historian, and very<a name="page_576" id="page_576"></a> much attached to
+the new institution, in which he held the office of almoner to the
+second inquisitor, states, in his inedited History of the Catholic
+Kings, that from 1482 to 1489, more than seven hundred individuals were
+burnt, and more than five thousand subjected to penances, at Seville: he
+does not mention the effigies.</p>
+
+<p>In 1481 the number equalled that of the persons burnt. I will, however,
+suppose that these were only half that number, to avoid all
+exaggeration, though it was in general much more considerable; I may,
+therefore, say, that in each year of this period, 88 persons were burnt
+at Seville, 44 in effigy, and 600 condemned to different penances;
+total, 757. The same mode of calculation may be applied to the other
+tribunals of the province which were then founded.</p>
+
+<p>In the castle of Triana, at Seville, where the inquisitorial tribunal
+was held, is an inscription, placed there in 1524, importing that in the
+space of time from 1492 to that year, about 1000 persons had been burnt,
+and 20,000 condemned to penances;&mdash;I will suppose that 1000 individuals
+were burnt, and 500 effigies, which will give for each year 32 burnt, 16
+effigies, and 625 subjected to penances. I might admit a similar result
+for all the tribunals of the kingdom, but I prefer taking the half, on
+the supposition that the commerce carried on in the kingdom of Seville
+drew thither many Jewish families.</p>
+
+<p>With respect to the years 1490, 91, and 92, which elapsed between those
+mentioned by Bernaldez and the period of the inscription of Triana, I
+prefer calculating according to the thirty-two years after the
+inscription.</p>
+
+<p>Such are the foundations of my calculations for the first eighteen years
+of the Inquisition. I shall consider it from that time as entirely
+belonging to the government of Torquemada, the first inquisitor-general;
+for, although his office was not created till 1483, the two preceding
+years may be united to his administration, because he was at that time
+one<a name="page_577" id="page_577"></a> of the Inquisitors appointed by the Pope. I shall, however,
+carefully distinguish the time when the inferior tribunals began to act,
+as a greater number of persons perished in the first year, because they
+were not sufficiently observant of their words and actions.</p>
+
+<p>1481. Seville, the only tribunal. Burnt, 2000. Effigies, 2000. Penances,
+1700. Total, 21,000.</p>
+
+<p>I do not mention Aragon, where the old Inquisition was in full activity.</p>
+
+<p>1482. Seville. Burnt, 88. Effigies, 44. Penances, 625. Total, 757.</p>
+
+<p>The tribunals of Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, and Majorca, belonged to
+the old Inquisition.</p>
+
+<p>1483. Seville. Ditto.</p>
+
+<p>Tribunals were established in this year at Cordova, Jaen, and Toledo; it
+is probable that as many persons were condemned at these places as in
+the first year at Seville, but I shall take the tenth part of that
+number.</p>
+
+<p>Cordova. Burnt, 200. Effigies, 200. Penances, 17. Total, 2100. Jaen,
+ditto. Toledo, ditto. Total, 7057.</p>
+
+<p>1484. Seville. Burnt, 88. Effigies, 44. Penances, 625. Total, 757.</p>
+
+<p>I calculate half that number for each of the three additional tribunals.
+Total, 1892.</p>
+
+<p>1485. Seville, ditto. Cordova, ditto. Jaen, ditto. Toledo, ditto.</p>
+
+<p>Valladolid, Estremadura, Murcia, Calahorra, Saragossa, and Valencia;
+each, burnt, 200. Effigies, 200. Penances, 1700. Total, 2100.</p>
+
+<p>For the ten tribunals. Total, 12,930.</p>
+
+<p>1486. Seville, as before.</p>
+
+<p>Cordova, Jaen, and Toledo, ditto.</p>
+
+<p>Valladolid, Llerena, Murcia, Logroño, Saragossa, and Valencia; same
+number as Cordova.</p>
+
+<p>For the ten tribunals. Total, 4149.<a name="page_578" id="page_578"></a></p>
+
+<p>1487. Seville, and the other tribunals; the same number as the preceding
+year.</p>
+
+<p>Barcelona and Majorca, burnt, 200. Effigies, 200. Penances, 1700.</p>
+
+<p>Total for the twelve tribunals, 8359.</p>
+
+<p>1488. Seville, ditto.</p>
+
+<p>Eleven other tribunals, same number as before. Total, 4915.</p>
+
+<p>1489. Same as the preceding year. Here finish the calculations founded
+on the statements of Mariana and Bernaldez.</p>
+
+<p>1490. Seville. Burnt, 32. Effigies, 16. Penances, 625. Total, 663.
+According to the calculation from the inscription of Triana.</p>
+
+<p>The eleven other tribunals may be considered to have punished half that
+number. Total for the twelve, 4369.</p>
+
+<p>1491 to 1498. According to my system of reduction, the total number of
+victims for the eight last years of Torquemada, was 34,952.</p>
+
+<p>Total for the eighteen years of his administration, 105,294.</p>
+
+<p>1499 to 1507. <i>Second inquisitor-general.</i> Don Fray Diego Deza. For the
+twelve tribunals during the eight years of his administration. Burnt,
+1664. Effigies, 832. Penances, 32,456. Total, 34,952.</p>
+
+<p>1507 to 1518. <i>Third inquisitor-general.</i> Cardinal Ximenes de Cisneros.
+In 1513 he separated the tribunal of Cuença from that of Murcia.</p>
+
+<p>Number of persons condemned during the eleven years of his
+administration. Burnt, 2536. Effigies, 1368. Penances, 47,263. Total,
+51,163.</p>
+
+<p>1518 to 1524. <i>Fourth inquisitor-general.</i> Cardinal Adrian. Number of
+tribunals in the peninsula, the same as under his predecessor. Burnt,
+1344. Effigies, 662. Penances, 26,214. Total, 28,230.</p>
+
+<p>1524 to 1539. <i>Fifth inquisitor-general.</i> Cardinal Manrique. For each
+year of this administration, I calculate<a name="page_579" id="page_579"></a> that in each of the tribunals
+10 were burnt, 5 in effigy, and 50 subjected to penances; total, 65.
+There were thirteen tribunals in the peninsula, and two in the adjacent
+isles. According to the preceding calculation, we find that during the
+fifteen years of the administration of Manrique, there were, Burnt,
+2250. Effigies, 1120. Penances, 11,250. Total, 14,625.</p>
+
+<p>1539 to 1545. <i>Sixth inquisitor-general.</i> Cardinal Tabera. His
+administration may be considered as having lasted seven years. For the
+fifteen tribunals during that period, I calculate, Burnt, 840. Effigies,
+420. Penances, 4200. Total, 5460.</p>
+
+<p><i>Seventh inquisitor-general.</i> Cardinal Loaisa was appointed in 1546, and
+died in the same year; the time of his administration may be said to be
+twelve months. In the fifteen tribunals, Burnt, 120. Effigies, 60.
+Penances, 600. Total, 780.</p>
+
+<p><i>Eighth inquisitor-general.</i> Don Ferdinand Valdés, Archbishop of
+Seville. Twenty years in the fifteen tribunals, Burnt, 2400. Effigies,
+1200. Penances, 12,000. Total, 19,600.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ninth inquisitor-general.</i> Cardinal Espinosa, six years. Burnt, 720.
+Effigies, 360. Penances, 3600. Total, 4680.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tenth inquisitor-general.</i> Don Pedro de Cordova, Ponce de Leon,
+succeeded in 1572, and died in January, 1573, before he could enter on
+his office.</p>
+
+<p><i>Eleventh inquisitor-general.</i> Cardinal Quiroga, twenty-two years.
+Another tribunal was established in Galicia. In the sixteen tribunals
+were Burnt, 2816. Effigies, 1408. Penances, 14,080. Total, 18,304.</p>
+
+<p><i>Twelfth inquisitor-general.</i> Don Jerome Manrique de Lara, Bishop of
+Carthagena and Avila, one year. Total for the sixteen Inquisitions,
+Burnt, 180. Effigies, 64. Penances, 640. Total, 832.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thirteenth inquisitor-general.</i> Don Pedro de <a name="page_580" id="page_580"></a>Porto-Carrero, Bishop of
+Cuença, three years. Burnt, 184. Effigies, 92. Penances, 1920. Total,
+2196.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fourteenth inquisitor-general.</i> Cardinal Guevara, three years. Burnt,
+240. Effigies, 96. Penances, 1728. Total, 2064.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fifteenth inquisitor-general.</i> Don Juan de Zuñiga, Bishop of
+Carthagena, one year. Burnt, 84. Effigies, 32. Penances, 576. Total,
+688.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sixteenth inquisitor-general.</i> Don Juan Bautista de Acebedo, Archbishop
+<i>in partibus infidelium</i>, five years. Burnt, 400. Effigies, 116.
+Penances, 2880. Total, 3440.</p>
+
+<p><i>Seventeenth inquisitor-general.</i> Cardinal Sandoval y Roxas, eleven
+years. Burnt, 880. Effigies, 352. Penances, 6336. Total, 7568.</p>
+
+<p><i>Eighteenth inquisitor-general.</i> Don Fray Louis de Aliaga, two years.
+Burnt, 240. Effigies, 96. Penances, 1728. Total, 2064.</p>
+
+<p><i>Nineteenth inquisitor-general.</i> Don Andres Pacheco, four years. Burnt,
+200. Effigies, 128. Penances, 1280. Total, 1664.</p>
+
+<p><i>Twentieth inquisitor-general.</i> Cardinal Mendoza, six years. Burnt, 384.
+Effigies, 192. Penances, 1920. Total, 2496.</p>
+
+<p><i>Twenty-first inquisitor-general.</i> Don Fray Antonio de Sotomayor,
+Archbishop <i>in partibus infidelium</i>, eleven years. Burnt, 704. Effigies,
+352. Penances, 3520. Total, 4576.</p>
+
+<p><i>Twenty-second inquisitor-general.</i> Don Diego de Arce y Reynosa, Bishop
+of Placencia, twenty-three years. Burnt, 1472. Effigies, 736. Penances,
+7360. Total, 9568.</p>
+
+<p><i>Twenty-third inquisitor-general.</i> Cardinal d'Aragon. Dismissed before
+he entered on his office.</p>
+
+<p><i>Twenty-fourth inquisitor-general.</i> Don Juan Everard Nitardo, three
+years. Burnt, 144. Effigies, 48. Penances, 576. Total, 768.<a name="page_581" id="page_581"></a></p>
+
+<p><i>Twenty-fifth inquisitor-general.</i> Don Diego Sarmiento de Valladares,
+twenty-six years. Burnt, 1248. Effigies, 416. Penances, 4992. Total,
+6656.</p>
+
+<p><i>Twenty-sixth inquisitor-general.</i> Don Juan Thomas Rocaberti, Archbishop
+of Valencia, five years. Burnt, 240. Effigies, 80. Penances, 960. Total,
+1280.</p>
+
+<p><i>Twenty-seventh inquisitor-general.</i> Cardinal Aguilar. Died before he
+entered on his office.</p>
+
+<p><i>Twenty-eighth inquisitor-general.</i> Don Balthazar Mendoza y Sandoval,
+Bishop of Segovia, five years. Burnt, 240. Effigies, 80. Penances, 960.
+Total, 1280.</p>
+
+<p><i>Twenty-ninth inquisitor-general.</i> Don Vidal Marin, Bishop of Ceuta,
+four years. Seventeen tribunals. Burnt, 136. Effigies, 68. Penances,
+816. Total, 1020.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thirtieth inquisitor-general.</i> Don Antonio Ibañez de la Riva Herrera,
+Archbishop of Saragossa, two years. Burnt, 68. Effigies, 34. Penances,
+408. Total, 510.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thirty-first inquisitor-general.</i> Cardinal Judice, six years. Burnt,
+204. Effigies, 102. Penances, 1224. Total, 1530.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thirty-second inquisitor-general.</i> Don Joseph Molines, Auditor de Rote
+at Rome, two years. Burnt, 68. Effigies, 34. Penances, 408. Total, 510.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thirty-third inquisitor-general.</i> Don Juan de Arzamendi. Died before he
+entered on the office.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thirty-fourth inquisitor-general.</i> Don Diego de Astorga y Cespedes,
+Bishop of Barcelona, two years. Burnt, 68. Effigies, 34. Penances, 408.
+Total, 510.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thirty-fifth inquisitor-general.</i> Don Juan de Camargo, Bishop of
+Pampluna, thirteen years. Burnt, 442. Effigies, 221. Penances, 2652.
+Total, 3315.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thirty-sixth inquisitor-general.</i> Don Andres de Orbe y Larreategui,
+Archbishop of Valencia, seven years. Burnt, 238. Effigies, 119.
+Penances, 1428. Total, 1785.<a name="page_582" id="page_582"></a></p>
+
+<p><i>Thirty-seventh inquisitor-general.</i> Don Manuel Isidro Manrique de Lara,
+Archbishop of Santiago, four years. Burnt, 336. Effigies, 68. Penances,
+816. Total, 1020.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thirty-eighth inquisitor-general.</i> Don Francisco Perez de Prado y
+Cuesta, Bishop of Teruel. He was confirmed by the Pope in 1746; I do not
+know the exact term of his administration, but I have fixed it in 1757,
+before the death of Ferdinand VI., who appointed his successor. Burnt,
+10. Effigies, 5. Penances, 107. Total, 122.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thirty-ninth inquisitor-general.</i> Don Manuel Quintano Bonifaz,
+Archbishop of Pharsala, seventeen years. Burnt, 2. Penances, 10 in
+public, a greater number in private.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fortieth inquisitor-general.</i> Don Philip Bertran, Bishop of Salamanca,
+nine years. Two were burnt every year of this administration, six
+condemned to public, and a great number to private penances<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Forty-first inquisitor-general.</i> Don Augustin Rubin de Cevallos, Bishop
+of Jaen, nine years. Fourteen condemned to public penances, and a
+considerable number condemned intra muros.</p>
+
+<p><i>Forty-second inquisitor-general.</i> Don Manuel Abad y la Sierra,
+Archbishop of Selimbria, two years. Sixteen individuals condemned to
+public, a greater number to private penances.</p>
+
+<p><i>Forty-third inquisitor-general.</i> Cardinal Lorenzana, three years.
+Public penances, 14. A very great number condemned to private penances.
+One effigy was burnt at Cuença.</p>
+
+<p><i>Forty-fourth inquisitor-general.</i> Don Ramon Joseph de Arce, Archbishop
+of Saragossa, eleven years. Twenty individuals were condemned to public,
+and a very considerable<a name="page_583" id="page_583"></a> number to private penances. The Curate of Esco
+was condemned to the flames, but the grand-inquisitor and the Supreme
+Council would not permit the sentence to be executed.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""
+style="margin:5% auto 5% auto;">
+<tr><td>Number of persons who were condemned and perished in the flames</td><td align="right">31,912</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Effigies burnt</td><td align="right">17,659</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Condemned to severe penances</td><td align="right">291,450</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"
+style="border-top:1px solid black;">341,021</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="c"><br /><br /><small>THE END.</small><a name="page_584" id="page_584"></a></p>
+
+<p class="c"><br /><br /><br />
+LONDON:<br />
+<br />
+Printed by WILLIAM CLOWES,<br />
+Stamford-Street.<br />
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="transcriber"
+style="border:2px dotted gray;margin:5% auto 5% auto;">
+<tr><th align="center">The following typographical errors have been corrected by the <a name="etext_transcriber" id="etext_transcriber"></a>etext transcriber:</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">those already in in prison were excluded from the pardon=>those already in prison were excluded from the pardon</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">John Guiterrez de Chabes=>John Gutierrez de Chabes</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Don Diego Deza, a Dominician=>Don Diego Deza, a Dominican</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">entirely composed by Catholics authors=>entirely composed by Catholic authors</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">he went out, and was assasinated=>he went out, and was assassinated</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">more favourably received than at Vallodolid=>more favourably received than at Valladolid</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">expences in travelling and maintaining=>expenses in travelling and maintaining</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">mind was so much disorderered=>mind was so much disordered</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">from the secresy of their proceedings=>from the secrecy of their proceedings</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">secresy, and two members of the Council of Castile=>secrecy, and two members of the Council of Castile</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">inquisitor in ordinary of the diocease=>inquisitor in ordinary of the diocese</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">he ackowledges his guilt=>he acknowledges his guilt</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Nicholas Antonio say that he died, with the reputation of being a saint=>Nicholas Antonio says that he died, with the reputation of being a saint</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Haping occasion to say=>Having occasion to say</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">it appears, from cotemporary=>it appears, from contemporary</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">made several journies to Valladolid=>made several journeys to Valladolid</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">The queen and the princes were in tears=>The queen and the princess were in tears</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">his death was invitable=>his death was inevitable</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">afterwards transferred to the the city of=>afterwards transferred to the city of</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">when Cazella was arrested=>when Cazalla was arrested</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">decree of the congregation shuld be revoked.=>decree of the congregation should be revoked.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Majorca, Bilboa, Valladolid, aud Osma=>Majorca, Bilboa, Valladolid, and Osma</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">cemetery of Pére la Chaise=>cemetery of Père la Chaise</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">there was a third called called Huguenaos=>there was a third called Huguenaos</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="cb"><a name="FOOTNOTES" id="FOOTNOTES"></a>FOOTNOTES:</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> The following fact shews that the inquisitors of our own
+days do not fall below the standard of those who followed the fanatic
+Torquemada. * * * * was present when the Inquisition was thrown open, in
+1820, by the orders of the Cortes of Madrid. Twenty-one prisoners were
+found in it, not one of whom knew the name of the city in which he was:
+some had been confined three years, some a longer period, and not one
+knew perfectly the nature of the crime of which he was accused.
+</p><p>
+One of these prisoners had been condemned, and was to have suffered on
+the following day. His punishment was to be death by the <i>pendulum</i>. The
+method of thus destroying the victim is as follows:&mdash;The condemned is
+fastened in a groove, upon a table, on his back; suspended above him is
+a pendulum, the edge of which is sharp, and it is so constructed as to
+become longer with every movement. The wretch sees this implement of
+destruction swinging to and fro above him, and every moment the keen
+edge approaching nearer and nearer: at length it cuts the skin of his
+nose, and gradually cuts on, until life is extinct. It may be doubted if
+the holy office in its mercy ever invented a more humane and rapid
+method of exterminating heresy, or ensuring confiscation. This, let it
+be remembered, was a punishment of the Secret Tribunal, A.D. 1820!!!</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The <i>absolution ad cautelam</i> is that granted by inquisitors
+to persons who have been suspected of heresy.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Since the publication of this work, the Author has been
+informed that the convicts were only fastened to the statues of the
+<i>Four Prophets</i>, and not enclosed in them. Andrew Bernaldez, a
+contemporary writer, and eye-witness of the executions, from whom this
+fact was taken, is not sufficiently explicit to remove all doubt.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Erasmus, letters 884, 907, 910.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Sandoval. Hist. Charles V. B. 24, § 23.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Salazar de Mendoza, Life of Don Bartholomew Carranza, ch.
+vii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Mayan's Life of John Louis Vives, in the introduction to
+the new edition of his works.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Virues: <i>Philippics against Melancthon</i>, in the dedication
+of the edition of Antwerp, 1541.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Reginaldus Gonzalvius Montanus, <i>Sanctæ Inquisitionis
+Hispanicæ, artes aliquot detectæ</i>. This work is now extremely rare; it
+was published in 8vo. at Heidelberg in 1567.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Charles V. is the hero of this poem.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Don Antonio Cajetan de Souza has inserted this bull in his
+genealogical History of the Royal House of Portugal; Vol. II.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Continued from Gonzales de Montes.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Sandoval's History of Charles V., vol. ii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Sandoval's History of Charles V., tom. ii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Cabrera, Hist. Philip II., Book 2. chap. vi.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Cabrera, ibid. B. I. chap. viii. and ix.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Leti, Life of Philip II. Book 17.&mdash;Reinaldi, Annales
+Eccles. An. 1563, No. 146.&mdash;Palavicini, Hist. Council of Trent, Book 22,
+Chap. viii.&mdash;Sarpi, Hist. Council of Trent, Book 8. No. 42.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> See Chapter XVI.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Pellecyr, Ensago de Biblioteca de Traductores Españoles.
+Articles, <i>Reina</i>, <i>Perez</i>, and <i>Valera</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Regnialdus Gonzalirus Montanus, <i>Sanctæ Inquisitionis
+Hispanicæ artes aliquot detectæ</i>, in the rubric <i>Publicato testium</i>, p.
+50.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Fleury, Hist. Ecoles, liv. 154, ann. 1559, No. 14.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Ulloa, <i>Vita di Carlos V.</i>, edition of Venice; 1589, p.
+237.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> The <i>informer</i> is admitted as a witness, in contempt of
+the rule of right, and the punishment due to a false witness is not
+inflicted, if he is discovered to be such.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> They never found this measure necessary. The old bulls and
+the Cortes had provided that the interlocutory act of arrest should be
+consented to, and signed by the inquisitor in ordinary of the diocese.
+Reason dictated this measure, because the decree for an arrest does not
+permit the summons.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> This form is very prejudicial to the prisoner, when the
+conversation takes place with one person, because the manner of relating
+the fact supposes three, the accused, the interlocutor, and the
+individual who has seen or heard.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> This inconvenience was the danger to which the secrecy of
+the holy office was exposed from the activity of these procurators.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> This is false; the advantages on the contrary were very
+important, because the procurators who knew the persons capable of
+proving the challenge of presumed witnesses, informed them of it, in
+order to favour the accused.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> The New Christians, the relations, the servants,
+malefactors, infamous persons, in fact every man, a wife, a child, are
+admitted to depose against the accused, and he cannot call as a witness
+any person who is a relation or a servant!</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> This is an injustice. If an accused person had seen the
+proved articles of the examination in his defence, or if they had been
+communicated to his lawyer, he would have often derived conclusive
+arguments from them against the depositions for the prosecution.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> <i>It was not often used</i>, because the inquisitors were
+unwilling to reveal the secret of their irregular proceedings; they
+considered it <i>dangerous</i>, because it was favourable to the accused, in
+the few cases where it had been employed; they wished it to be used with
+great caution, because they felt that those who are not inquisitors act
+like judges. The canonical proof takes place in the presence of twelve
+persons, who declare upon oath whether they believe the accused to be
+innocent or guilty. They were a kind of jury, to whom the inquisitors
+were obliged to show the original process, and thus the accused depended
+more upon the jury than on the inquisitors.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> I have not read any process which proves that more than
+one inquisitor has assisted at this execution; I have never seen either
+the ordinary, or the consultors present at it; the question was only
+applied in the presence of the inquisitor, the notary, and the
+executioners.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> It was afterwards regulated that this should be done in
+all definitive sentences.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> The trial began in 1558; it had already lasted more than
+fifteen years, yet the council said that it went on quickly!</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Father Kircher has inserted this letter in his work called
+<i>Principis Christiani Archetipon Politicum</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Kircher has inserted the whole of this letter in the work
+before mentioned.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> Estrada: Decades of the War of Flanders. Decade i. b. 7.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> This refers to the queen's journey to Bayonne, to confer
+with her mother on the political affairs of the League. It took place in
+1565.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Cabrera: History of Philip II., chap. 28.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Wander-Hamer: History of Philip II., p. 115. Cabrera:
+Prudence of Philip II., b. vii. chap. 22.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Cabrera. Ibid. chap. 28.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> Kircher: <i>Vide</i> the Work before mentioned, b. ii. chap.
+2.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Estrada: Wars of Flanders, Decade i. b. 7.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Cabrera: Hist. Philip II., b. vii. chap. 28.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> Wander-Hamen: Life of Don John of Austria, book i.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Cabrera: Hist. Philip II., book vii. chap. 22.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Retamar is a place situated half-way between Madrid and
+the Pardo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Cabrera, book vii. chap. 22.&mdash;Wander-Hamen: Life of Don
+John of Austria, book i.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> St. Jerome is a monastery of the order of Jeronimites,
+founded by Henry IV. Near this monastery is the old royal palace called
+<i>Buen Retiro</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> <i>Atocha</i> is a Convent of Dominicans near <i>Buen Retiro</i>, on
+the east side.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> This was not the Saturday following, which was on the 3rd
+of January, 1568, but on the 17th of January, the day before Don Carlos
+was arrested.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> The princes of Bohemia and Hungary, then at Madrid, also
+Don John of Austria and Alexander Farnese.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Some galleys which were then being prepared under the
+command of Don John.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Grand prior of the order of St. John of Jerusalem: his
+name was Don Antonio de Toledo, brother to the Duke of Alva, and a
+councillor of state.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> The Duke de Feria was captain-general of the king's
+guards, and a councillor of state.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Louis Quijada was Lord of Villagarcia, son of him who was
+major-domo to Charles V. in his retirement. The Count de Lerma was
+afterwards first duke and favourite of Philip III. Don Rodrigo de
+Mendoza was the eldest son of the Prince d'Evoli.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Son of Don Gabriel, Count de Siruela.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Mass was afterwards said in the prince's apartment; this
+shows that the account was written before the 2nd of March, when the
+order was given to have it performed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> The 19th of January, 1568.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Hoyos. His name was Pedro del Hoyo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> That is of the eldest sons who have the right of
+succeeding to the crown, which is a <i>majorat</i>, or a perpetual
+substitution by the order of primogeniture.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Jane, the king's sister, who had brought up Don Carlos
+before he had masters.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> The <i>monteros</i> are the king's body-guard for the night.
+All the individuals of this guard are called <i>Monteros de Espinosa</i>,
+because they ought to have been born in the borough called <i>Espinosa de
+la Monteros</i>; this is a privilege which was granted to them by the
+sovereign Count of Castile, Ferdinand Gonzalez, as a recompense for a
+distinguished act of fidelity.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Watson: History of the Reign of Philip II., in English and
+French, Appendix.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> De Thou: History of his Time, in Latin, vol. ii. b. 43.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Comentarios del Reverendissimo señor Fray Barthome
+Carranza de Miranda, Arzobispo de Toledo, sobre el cathecismo
+christiano, divididos en quatro partes, les quales contienent odo lo que
+profesamos en el santo bautismo, como se vera en la plana siguiente,
+dirigida al serenisimo senor rey de Espana, &amp;c., nuestro senor. En
+Anveres, en casa de Martin Nucio, Anno M. D. LVIII., con privilegio
+real.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Reinaldo: Ecclesiastical Annals for 1563, No. 137. Paul
+Sarpi: History of the Council of Trent, b. viii. p. 32.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> These expressions show that the Count foresaw that the
+resolution of the council would be favourable to the Catechism; and in
+that case the holy office of Spain would be dishonoured.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> The chief justice of Aragon was an intermediate judge
+between the king and his subjects, and independent of him as an officer
+of justice, before whom the king only was the pleading party. This
+magistracy had been established by the constitution of the kingdom; the
+person invested with it was authorized to declare, at the demand of any
+inhabitant, that the king, his judges, or his magistrates, abused their
+power, and acted against the law in violating the constitution and
+privileges of the kingdom; in this case, the chief justice could defend
+the oppressed by force of arms against the king, and of course against
+his agents or lieutenants.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> This expression is ancient in the Aragonese dialect, and
+taken from the French, which derived it from the Latin <i>inquisitio</i>. It
+is the title given in the code of <i>Fueros</i> to the sentence pronounced
+against magistrates or other public officers guilty of infidelity, abuse
+of power, or other crimes.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Henry IV. of France, then called the Duke of Vendome, and
+Catherine de Bourbon, afterwards Sovereign Duchess of Bar.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> Molina was then at Madrid, where he had been rewarded by a
+place in the council of military orders. He was succeeded at Saragossa
+by Don Pedro de Zamora.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> See <i>Relations</i> of Perez.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> See Chapter XV.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> See Chapter 15.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> See Chapter 26.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> See Chapter 25.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> A work, by M. Clement, was printed at Paris, in 1802,
+called <i>A Journal of Correspondences and Journeys for the Peace of the
+Church</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> These letters will be found in the second volume of the
+<i>Memoires pour servir à l'Histoire de la Révolution d'Espagne</i>, by Don
+Juan Nellerto, Nos. 34, 59, 67.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> Don Miguel Juan Antonio Solano was born at Veroline in
+Aragon. Nature had endued him with an inventive, penetrating genius,
+inclined to mathematical applications; he learned the trade of a joiner,
+for his own amusement. He invented a plough which would work without
+oxen or horses, and presented it to the government, but little notice
+was taken of it. Desiring to make himself useful to his parishioners, he
+undertook to fertilize the earth in a ravine situated between two
+mountains, and completely succeeded. He had brought into the ravine the
+waters of a fountain, which was about a quarter of a Spanish league from
+the spot. A long and severe illness had made him lame, and during his
+convalescence, he invented a chair in which he could go out into his
+garden. When his age inclined him to meditations of another nature, as
+he had not many books, he particularly applied himself to the study of
+the Bible, and from it he formed his religious system, which differed
+little from that of the reformed Protestants, who are most attached to
+the discipline of the first ages of the church; he was persuaded that
+all that is not expressed in the New Testament, or is opposed to the
+literal sense of the text, was invented by man. He put his sentiments in
+writing, and sent the work to his bishop, requesting him to instruct him
+and give his opinion. The bishop Lopez Gil promised to send him an
+answer; but as it did not arrive, Solano communicated his opinions to
+some professors of theology in the University of Saragossa, and to some
+curates in his neighbourhood: he was in consequence denounced to the
+Inquisition of Saragossa, who proceeded to take informations, and arrest
+the criminal. A curate, who called himself his friend, received the
+commission to arrest the unfortunate Solano, while entire liberty was
+allowed him to enable him to recover. Solano, however, found means to
+convey himself to Oleron, the nearest town on the French frontier; but
+soon after, depending on the goodness of his intentions, hoping that the
+inquisitors would respect his innocence, and show him his errors, if he
+had fallen into any, he returned to Spain, and wrote to inform them that
+he would submit to anything, in order to be enlightened and convinced.
+His conduct proved that he was little acquainted with the tribunal of
+the Inquisition.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> See <i>Gazette de France</i>, for the 14th April, 1816, No.
+103.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> <i>Gazette de France</i>, <i>Journal du Soir</i>, for the 1st May,
+1816.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> <i>Gazette de France</i>, 22nd May, 1816, No. 41.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> <i>Gazette de France</i>, January 21st, 1817, No. 31.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> <i>Gazette de France</i>, April 3rd, 1816, No. 94.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> The last person burnt by the Inquisition was a Beata, for
+having made a compact with the devil. She suffered on the 7th of
+November, 1781.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of the Inquisition of
+Spain from the Time of its Establishment to the Reign of Ferdinand VII., by Juan Antonio Llorente
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+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of the Inquisition of Spain
+from the Time of its Establishment to the Reign of Ferdinand VII., by Juan Antonio Llorente
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The History of the Inquisition of Spain from the Time of its Establishment to the Reign of Ferdinand VII.
+
+Author: Juan Antonio Llorente
+
+Release Date: December 20, 2011 [EBook #38354]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HISTORY OF THE INQUISITION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This book was
+produced from scanned images of public domain material
+from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Though some typographical errors have been corrected (see list at the
+end of the etext), little attempt has been made to correct or normalize
+the accentuation of the Spanish or the spelling of English that the
+author had printed. (i.e. negociate/negotiate; Aragon/Arragon; de
+Alpizcueta/d'Alpizcueta/D'Alpizcueta; Escurial/Escorial.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+LLORENTE'S
+
+HISTORY OF THE INQUISITION.
+
+
+
+
+THE HISTORY
+
+OF THE
+
+INQUISITION OF SPAIN,
+
+FROM THE
+
+TIME OF ITS ESTABLISHMENT
+
+TO
+
+THE REIGN OF FERDINAND VII.
+
+COMPOSED FROM THE
+
+ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS OF THE ARCHIVES OF THE SUPREME COUNCIL,
+AND FROM THOSE OF SUBORDINATE TRIBUNALS
+OF THE HOLY OFFICE.
+
+ABRIDGED AND TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL WORKS OF
+
+D. JUAN ANTONIO LLORENTE,
+
+FORMERLY SECRETARY OF THE INQUISITION,
+
+_CHANCELLOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO, KNIGHT OF THE ORDER OF CHARLES III.,
+&c. &c. &c._
+
+_SECOND EDITION._
+
+LONDON:
+
+PRINTED FOR GEO. B. WHITTAKER,
+
+AVE-MARIA-LANE.
+
+MDCCCXXVII.
+
+LONDON:
+Printed by WILLIAM CLOWES,
+Stamford Street.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                    Page
+
+CHAPTER I.--First Epoch of the Church till the Conversion of the
+Emperor Constantine                                                    1
+
+CHAP. II.--Establishment of a General Inquisition against Heretics
+in the Thirteenth Century                                             12
+
+CHAP. III.--Of the Ancient Inquisition of Spain                       16
+
+CHAP. IV.--Of the Government of the Old Inquisition                   20
+
+CHAP. V.--Establishment of the Modern Inquisition in Spain            30
+
+CHAP. VI.--Creation of a Grand Inquisitor-general--of a Royal
+Council of the Inquisition--of Subaltern Tribunals and Organic
+Laws--Establishment of the Holy Office in Aragon                      39
+
+CHAP. VII.--Additional Acts to the First Constitution of the Holy
+Office--Consequences of them, and Appeals to Rome against
+them                                                                  46
+
+CHAP. VIII.--Expulsion of the Jews--Proceedings against Bishops--Death
+of Torquemada                                                         53
+
+CHAP. IX.--Of the Procedure of the Modern Inquisition                 59
+
+CHAP. X.--Of the principal Events during the Ministry of the Inquisitors
+Deza and Cisneros                                                     71
+
+CHAP. XI.--An Attempt made by the Cortes of Castile and Aragon
+to reform the Inquisition--Of the principal Events under
+Adrian, fourth Inquisitor-general                                     84
+
+CHAP. XII.--Conduct of the Inquisitors towards the Morescoes          94
+
+CHAP. XIII.--Of the Prohibition of Books and other Articles          100
+
+CHAP. XIV.--Particular Trials for Suspicion of Lutheranism, and
+some other Crimes                                                    113
+
+CHAP. XV.--Prosecution of Sorcerers, Magicians, Enchanters, Necromancers,
+and others                                                           129
+
+CHAP. XVI.--Of the Trial of the false Nuncio of Portugal, and
+other important Events during the time of Cardinal Tabera,
+sixth Inquisitor-general                                             142
+
+CHAP. XVII.--Of the Inquisitions of Naples, Sicily, and Malta, and
+of the Events of the Time of Cardinal Loaisa, seventh
+Inquisitor-general                                                   157
+
+CHAP. XVIII.--Of important Events during the first years of the
+Administration of the eighth Inquisitor-general--Religion of
+Charles V. during the last years of his Life                         164
+
+CHAP. XIX.--Of the Proceedings against Charles V. and Philip II.
+as Schismatics and Favourers of Heresy--Progress of the Inquisition
+under the last of these Princes--Consequences of the
+particular Favour which he shewed towards it                         179
+
+CHAP. XX.--The Inquisition celebrates at Valladolid, in 1559, two
+Autos-da-fe against the Lutherans, in the Presence of some
+Members of the Royal Family                                          196
+
+CHAP. XXI.--History of two Autos-da-fe, celebrated against the
+Lutherans in the City of Seville                                     212
+
+CHAP. XXII.--Of the Ordinances of 1561, which have been followed
+in the Proceedings of the Holy Office, until the present Time        227
+
+CHAP. XXIII.--Of some Autos-da-fe celebrated in Murcia               253
+
+CHAP. XXIV.--Of the Autos-da-fe celebrated by the Inquisitions of
+Toledo, Saragossa, Valencia, Logrono, Grenada, Cuenca, and
+Sardinia, during the Reign of Philip II.                             269
+
+CHAP. XXV.--Of the Learned Men who have been persecuted by
+the Inquisition                                                      277
+
+CHAP. XXVI.--Offences committed by the Inquisitors against the
+Royal Authority and Magistrates                                      323
+
+CHAP. XXVII.--Of the Trials of several Sovereigns and Princes
+undertaken by the Inquisition                                        347
+
+CHAP. XXVIII.--Of the Conduct of the Holy Office towards those
+Priests who abused the Sacrament of Confession                       355
+
+CHAP. XXIX.--Of the Trials instituted by the Inquisition against
+the Prelates and Spanish Doctors of the Council of Trent             357
+
+CHAP. XXX.--Of the Prosecution of several Saints and Holy Persons
+by the Inquisition                                                   371
+
+CHAP. XXXI.--Of the celebrated Trial of Don Carlos, Prince of
+the Asturias                                                         377
+
+CHAP. XXXII.--Trial of the Archbishop of Toledo                      409
+
+CHAP. XXXIII.--Continuation of the Trial, until the Archbishop
+went to Rome                                                         442
+
+CHAP. XXXIV.--End of the Trial of Carranza--His Death                459
+
+CHAP. XXXV.--Trial of Antonio Perez, Minister and First Secretary
+of State to Philip II.                                               472
+
+CHAP. XXXVI.--Of several Trials occasioned by that of Antonio
+Perez.                                                               488
+
+CHAP. XXXVII.--Of the principal Events in the Inquisition during
+the Reign of Philip III.                                             500
+
+CHAP. XXXVIII.--Of the Trials and Autos-da-fe during the Reign
+of Philip IV.                                                        502
+
+CHAP. XXXIX.--The Inquisition during the Reign of Charles II.        512
+
+CHAP. XL.--Of the Inquisition in the Reign of Philip V.              518
+
+CHAP. XLI.--Of the Inquisition during the Reign of Ferdinand VI.     524
+
+CHAP. XLII.--Of the Inquisition under Charles III.                   539
+
+CHAP. XLIII.--Of the Spanish Inquisition under Charles IV.           546
+
+CHAP. XLIV.--Of the Inquisition during the Reign of Ferdinand VII.   565
+
+
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENT.
+
+
+The Compiler of the following pages has only attempted to give a
+condensed translation of a complex and voluminous history, with the hope
+that it might prove of more utility in its present form than in the
+original works. Those portions which are not calculated to interest or
+instruct the general reader, and afford no illustrations of the subject,
+have been passed over. Those trials have been selected which serve as
+examples of the various laws of the Inquisition, and of its state at
+different epochs, and which include the persecutions of the most eminent
+men.
+
+The curious will be amply gratified by the perusal of the history of the
+secret tribunal; the man of leisure cannot fail in finding occupation
+and amusement in the pages of Llorente; and the philosopher will
+discover in them ample scope for reflection on the aberrations of human
+reason, and on the capability of our nature, when under the influence of
+fanaticism, to inflict, with systematic indifference, death, torture,
+misery, anxiety, and infamy, on the guilty and the innocent.
+
+All the records of the fantastic cruelties of the heathen world do not
+afford so appalling a picture of human weakness and depravity as the
+authentic and genuine documents of the laws and proceeding of this Holy
+Office, which professed to act under the influence of the doctrines of
+the Redeemer of the World!
+
+I offer, with humility, this abridgement of the work to the public, and
+while I hope that it will be kindly and favourably received, I believe
+that it may prove interesting and useful to every class of readers.
+
+_June, 1826._
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+Although a tribunal has existed for more than three hundred years in
+Spain, invested with the power of prosecuting heretics, no correct
+history of its origin, establishment, and progress has been written.
+
+Writers of many countries have spoken of Inquisitions established in
+different parts of the world, where the Roman Catholic faith is the
+religion of the state, and yet not one is worthy of confidence. The work
+of M. Lavallee, entitled the "History of the Inquisitions of Italy,
+Spain, and Portugal," and published in 1809, has only added to the
+historical errors of the authors who preceded him. The Spanish and
+Portuguese writers on the same subject deserve no higher credit; and
+have not detailed, with accuracy, the circumstances which led to the
+establishment of this dreadful tribunal. These writers even differ in
+their statements of the period of its origin, and place it between the
+years 1477 and 1484. One affirms, with confidence, that the latter date
+is the true one, because in that year the regulations of the tribunal
+were enacted; another decides that it originated in 1483, because in
+that year Thomas Torquemada was appointed inquisitor-general by the
+Pope.
+
+The inquisition of Spain was not a new tribunal created by Ferdinand V.
+and Isabella, the queen of Castile, but only a reform and extension of
+the ancient tribunal, which had existed from the thirteenth century.
+
+No one could write a complete and authentic history of the Inquisition,
+who was not either an inquisitor or a secretary of the holy office.
+Persons holding only these situations could be permitted to make
+memoranda of papal bulls, the ordinances of sovereigns, the decisions of
+the councils of the "_Supreme_," of the originals of the preliminary
+processes for suspicion of heresy, or extracts of those which had been
+deposited in the archives. _Being myself the secretary of the
+Inquisition at Madrid_, during the years 1789, 1790, and 1791, I have
+the firmest confidence in my being able to give to the world _a true
+code of the secret laws by which the interior of the Inquisition was
+governed, of those laws which were veiled by mystery from all mankind_,
+excepting those men to whom the knowledge of their political import was
+exclusively reserved. A firm conviction, from knowing the deep objects
+of this tribunal, that it was vicious in principle, in its constitution,
+and in its laws, notwithstanding all that has been said in its support,
+induced me to avail myself of the advantage my situation afforded me,
+and to collect every document I could procure relative to its history.
+My perseverance has been crowned with success far beyond my hopes, for
+in addition to an abundance of materials, obtained with labour and
+expense, consisting of unpublished manuscripts and papers, mentioned in
+the inventories of deceased inquisitors, and other officers of the
+institution, in 1809, 1810, and 1811, when the Inquisition in Spain was
+suppressed, _all the archives were placed at my disposal_; and from 1809
+to 1812, I collected everything that appeared to me to be of consequence
+in the registers of the council of the Inquisition, and in the
+provincial tribunals, for the purpose of compiling this history.
+
+Never has a prisoner of the Inquisition seen either the accusation
+against himself, or any other. No one was ever permitted to know more of
+his own cause than he could learn of it by the interrogations and
+accusations to which he was obliged to reply, and by the extracts from
+the declarations of the witnesses, which were communicated to him, while
+not only their names were carefully concealed, and every circumstance
+relating to time, place, and person, by which he might obtain a clue to
+discover his denouncers, but even if the depositions contained any thing
+favourable to the defence of the prisoner. The maxim on which this was
+founded, is, that the accused ought not to occupy himself but in
+replying to the chief points of his accusation, and that it was the
+province of the judge afterwards to compare the answers that he had made
+with those which had been given favourable to his acquittal. Philip
+Limborch, and many more of veracity, have erred in their histories, from
+their ignorance of the method of conducting an inquisitorial trial.
+Those authors relied wholly on the accounts of prisoners, who knew
+nothing of the groundwork of their own case; and the details in
+Eymerick, Paramo, Pegna, Carena, and some other inquisitors, are too
+limited to yield the necessary information.
+
+These facts make me hope that I shall not transgress the bounds of
+propriety when I say, that I only can give a true history of the
+Inquisition, as I only possess the materials necessary for the
+undertaking.
+
+I have read the most celebrated trials of the modern Inquisition, and
+the details given by me differ essentially from those of other
+historians, not excepting those of Limborch, who is the most exact of
+them. The trials of Don Carlos of Austria, prince of the Asturias, of
+Don Bartholomew Carranza, archbishop of Toledo, and of Antony Perez, the
+first minister and secretary of Philip II., have been greatly
+illustrated in many important particulars.
+
+I have established the truth of that which concerns the Emperor Charles
+V.; Jeanne of Albret, queen of Navarre; Henry IV., king of France, her
+son, and of Margaret of Bourbon, the sovereign duchess of Bar, her
+daughter; of Don James of Navarre, son of Don Carlos, prince of Biana,
+surnamed the Infant of Tudela; of John Pic de Mirandola; of Don John of
+Austria, son of Philip IV.; of Alexander Farnese, duke of Parma, and
+grandson of Charles V.; Don Philip of Arragon, son of the Emperor of
+Morocco; of Caesar Borgia, son of Pope Alexander VI., and relation of the
+king of Navarre; of Jean Albret, duke of Valentinois, peer of France;
+of Don Peter Louis Borgia, last grand-master of the military order of
+Montessa, and of many other princes against whom the Inquisition
+exercised its power. The lover of history will find the details of the
+trials of seven archbishops, twenty bishops, and a great number of
+learned men, among whom are many of the members of the Council of Trent,
+who were unfortunately suspected of entertaining or favouring the
+Lutheran doctrines. To this list I have added the suits instituted by
+the _holy office_ against many _saints_, and other personages, held in
+reverence by the Church of Spain, and also of many literati persecuted
+by this tribunal. These, for the sake of perspicuity, I have divided
+into two classes; the first class comprises those learned theologians
+who were accused of Lutheranism, for having, in their zeal, corrected
+the text of Bibles already published, or Latin translations from the
+Greek and Hebrew editions. The second class consists of those learned
+men, designated by the holy office under the title of False
+Philosophers, and who were persecuted for having manifested a wish to
+destroy, in Spain, superstition and fanaticism.
+
+This history will make known numberless attempts perpetrated by the
+inquisitors against magistrates who defended the rights of sovereign
+authority, in opposition to the enterprises of the _holy office_ and the
+court of Rome; and which enables me to state the trials of many
+celebrated men and ministers who defended the prerogatives of the crown,
+and whose only crimes were having published works on the right of the
+crown, according with the true principles of jurisprudence. These trials
+will display the Counsellors of the Inquisition carrying their audacity
+to such a height, as to deny that their temporal jurisdiction was
+derived from the concession of their sovereign, and actually prosecuting
+all the members of the council of Castile, as rash men, suspected of
+heresy, for having made known and denounced to the king this system of
+usurpation. In addition to these intolerable acts, will be found
+accounts of their assumption of superiority over viceroys, and other
+great officers of state. I have also shewn, that these ministers of
+persecution have been the chief causes of the decline of literature, and
+almost the annihilators of nearly all that could enlighten the people,
+by their ignorance, their blind submission to the monks who were
+qualifiers, and by persecuting the magistrates and the learned who were
+anxious to disseminate information. These monks were despicable
+scholastic theologians, too ignorant and prejudiced to be able to
+ascertain the truth between the doctrines of Luther and those of Roman
+Catholicism, and so condemned, as Lutheran, propositions incontestably
+true.
+
+The horrid conduct of this _holy office_ weakened the power and
+diminished the population of Spain, by arresting the progress of arts,
+sciences, industry, and commerce, and by compelling multitudes of
+families to abandon the kingdom; by instigating the expulsion of the
+Jews and the Moors; and by immolating on its flaming piles more than
+_three hundred thousand victims_!! So replete with duplicity was the
+system of the inquisitors-general, and the council of this _holy
+office_, that if a papal bull was likely to circumscribe their power, or
+check their vengeance, they refused to obey, on the pretext of its being
+opposed to the laws of the kingdom, and the orders of the Spanish
+government. By a similar proceeding, they evaded the ordinances of the
+king, by alleging that papal bulls prevented them from obeying, under
+pain of excommunication.
+
+Secrecy, the foe of truth and justice, was the soul of the tribunal of
+the Inquisition; it gave to it new life and vigour, sustained and
+strengthened its arbitrary power, and so emboldened it, that it had the
+hardihood to arrest the highest and noblest in the land, and enabled it
+to deceive, by concealing facts, popes, kings, viceroys, and all
+invested with authority by their sovereign. This _holy office_, veiled
+by secrecy, unhesitatingly kept back, falsified, concealed, or forged
+the reports of trials, when compelled to open their archives to popes or
+kings. The Inquisitors constantly succeeded, by this detestable knavery,
+in concealing the truth, and facilitated their object by being careful
+not to number the reports. This was practised to a great extent in the
+trials of the archbishop of Toledo, of the Prothonotary, and others.
+
+Facts prove beyond a doubt, that the extirpation of Judaism was not the
+real cause, but the mere pretext, for the establishment of the
+Inquisition by Ferdinand V. The true motive was to carry on a vigorous
+system of confiscation against the Jews, and so bring their riches into
+the hands of the government. Sixtus IV. sanctioned the measure, to gain
+the point dearest to the court of Rome, an extent of domination. Charles
+V. protected it from motives of policy, being convinced it was the only
+means of preventing the heresy of Luther from penetrating into Spain.
+Philip II. was actuated by superstition and tyranny to uphold it; and
+even extended its jurisdiction to the excise, and made the exporters of
+horses into France liable to seizure by the officers of the tribunal, as
+persons suspected of heresy! Philip III., Philip IV., and Charles II.,
+pursued the same course, stimulated by similar fanaticism and
+imbecility, when the re-union of Portugal to Spain led to the discovery
+of many Jews. Philip V. maintained the Inquisition from considerations
+of mistaken policy, inherited from Louis XIV., who made him believe that
+such rigour would ensure the tranquillity of the kingdom, which was
+always in danger when many religions were tolerated. Ferdinand VI. and
+Charles III. befriended this _holy office_, because they would not
+deviate from the course that their father had traced, and because the
+latter hated the freemasons. Lastly, Charles IV. supported the tribunal,
+because the French Revolution seemed to justify a system of
+surveillance, and he found a firm support in the zeal of the
+inquisitors-general, always attentive to the preservation and extension
+of their power, as if the sovereign authority could find no surer means
+of strengthening the throne, than the terror inspired by an
+Inquisition.
+
+_During the time I remained in London, I heard some Catholics affirm
+that the Inquisition was useful in Spain, to preserve the Catholic
+faith, and that a similar establishment would have been useful in
+France._
+
+These persons were deceived, by believing that it was sufficient for
+people to be good Catholics not to have any fear of the _holy office_.
+They knew not that nine-tenths of the prisoners were deemed guilty,
+though true to their faith, because the ignorance or malice of the
+denouncers prosecuted them for points of doctrine, which were not
+susceptible of heretical interpretation, but in the judgment of an
+illiterate monk, is considered erudite by the world, because he is said
+to have studied the theology of the schools. The Inquisition encouraged
+hypocrisy, and punished those who either did not know how, or would not,
+assume the mask. This tribunal wrought no conversion. The Jews and
+Morescoes, who were baptized without being truly converted, merely that
+they might remain in Spain, are examples which prove the truth of this
+assertion. The former perished on the pyres of the Inquisition, the
+latter crossed over into Africa with the Moors, as much Mahometans as
+their ancestors were before they were baptised.
+
+I conclude with declaring that the contents of this history are
+original; and that I have drawn my facts with fidelity, from the most
+authentic sources, and might have greatly extended them[1].
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE INQUISITION.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+FIRST EPOCH OF THE CHURCH TILL THE CONVERSION OF THE EMPEROR
+CONSTANTINE.
+
+
+The Christian religion was scarcely established before heresies arose
+among its disciples. The Apostle St. Paul instructs Titus, the Bishop of
+Crete, in his duty towards heretics, saying, that a man who persists in
+his heresy, after the first and second admonition, shall be rejected:
+but St. Paul does not say that the life of the heretic shall be taken;
+and our Saviour, addressing St. Peter, commands that a sinner shall be
+forgiven, not only seven times, but seventy times seven, which infers
+that he ought never to be punished with death by a judgment of the
+church. Such was the doctrine of the church during the three first
+centuries, until the peace of Constantine. Heretics were never
+excommunicated until exhortation had been employed in vain. As this
+system was adopted, it was natural that some persons should write
+against heresy to prevent its increase. This was done by St. Ignatius,
+Castor Agrippa, St. Irenaeus, St. Clement of Alexandria, St. Justin, St.
+Denis of Corinth, Tertullian, Origen, and many others.
+
+These faithful imitators of the benevolence of their Divine Master were
+averse to oppressive measures. Although the evil produced by the
+religion of the impious Manes was so great, that Archelaues, Bishop of
+Caschara, in Mesopotamia, judged it necessary to imprison him, yet he
+renounced that design when Marcellus (to whom Manes had written)
+proposed another conference with him. Archelaues succeeded in converting
+the heretic, and not only gave up his intention of detaining him, but
+saved his life when the people would have stoned him to death.
+
+It is possible that the church was in a certain degree compelled to act
+in this manner, from the impossibility of employing the coercive
+measures of temporal power against heretics during the reigns of the
+heathen princes; but this was not the only motive for her tolerance,
+since it is certain that when no edicts of persecution existed against
+the Christians, the emperors received the appeals of the bishops in the
+same manner as those of their other subjects: this is proved by the
+history of the heretic Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch.
+
+The council of that town, assembled in 272, perceiving that Paul had
+relapsed into heresy, after the abjuration which he had made before the
+council of 266, deposed him, and elected Domnus in his place. The
+episcopal house being still occupied by the deposed bishop, he was
+ordered to quit it, that his successor might take possession. Paul
+having refused to obey, the bishops applied to the Emperor Aurelian, who
+had not then begun to persecute the Christians: he received their
+complaint, and replied, that as he did not know which of the two parties
+was right, they must conform to the decision of the Bishop of Rome and
+his church. The holy see was then occupied by Felix I., who confirmed
+the decision of the council, and the Emperor Aurelian caused it to be
+executed.
+
+As toleration was universal in the Christian church, it is not to be
+supposed that the church of Spain followed different principles.
+Basilides and Marcial, Bishops of Astorga and Merida, apostatized; they
+were reconciled to the church without any punishment but degradation,
+to which they submitted before the year 253, when they appealed to Pope
+Stephen.
+
+The Council of Elvira in 303 decreed, that if an heretic demanded to be
+re-admitted into the bosom of the church, he should be reconciled,
+without suffering any punishment but a canonical penance of ten years,
+which was the more remarkable, as this council established more severe
+punishments for many crimes which appear less heinous. This seems to
+prove that the Spanish bishops who composed this council, among whom
+were the great Osius of Cordova, Sabinus of Seville, Valerius of
+Saragossa, and Melantius of Toledo, were persuaded, like Origen, that
+leniency was the means to convert heretics, in order to prevent them
+from falling into obstinacy and impenitence.
+
+
+SECOND EPOCH.--_From the Fourth to the Eighth Century._
+
+If the primitive system of the church towards heretics had been
+faithfully pursued, as it ought to have been, after the peace of
+Constantine, the tribunal of the Inquisition would never have existed,
+and, perhaps, the number and duration of heresies would have been less;
+but the popes and bishops of the fourth century, profiting by the
+circumstance of the emperors having embraced Christianity, began to
+imitate, in a certain degree, the conduct which they had reprehended in
+the heathen priests.
+
+These pontiffs, though respectable for the holiness of their lives,
+sometimes carried their zeal for the triumph of the Catholic faith, and
+the extirpation of heresy, to too great a height; and to ensure success,
+engaged Constantine and his successors to establish civil laws against
+all heretics.
+
+This first step, which the popes and bishops had taken contrary to the
+doctrine of St. Paul, was the principle and origin of the Inquisition;
+for when the custom of punishing a heretic by corporeal pain, although
+he was a good subject, was once established, it became necessary to vary
+the punishments, to augment their number, to render them more or less
+severe, according to the character of each sovereign, and to regulate
+the manner of prosecuting the culprit.
+
+The Emperor Theodosius published, in 382, an edict against the
+Manicheans, decreeing that they should be punished with death, and their
+property confiscated for the use of the state, and commissioning the
+prefect (Prefet du Pretoire) to appoint inquisitors and spies to
+discover those who should conceal themselves.
+
+It is here that inquisition and accusation are first mentioned in
+relation to heresy, for until that time only those great crimes which
+attacked the safety of the empire were permitted to be publicly
+denounced. The successors of Theodosius modified these edicts, some of
+which menaced heretics with the prosecutions of the impartial judges, if
+they did not voluntarily abjure their errors. Notices were given to
+known heretics who did not abjure after the publication of the edicts,
+that if they were converted in a certain time, they would be admitted to
+a reconciliation, and would only suffer a canonical penance.
+
+When these conciliatory measures were unavailing, various punishments
+were adopted. Those doctors who, in contempt of the laws, promulgated
+their false opinions, were subjected to considerable fines, banishment
+from cities, and even transportation. In certain cases, their property
+was confiscated; in others they were obliged to pay a fine of ten pounds
+of gold, or they were scourged with leathern thongs, and sent to islands
+from whence they could not escape. Besides these punishments, they were
+forbidden to hold assemblies, and the offenders were liable to
+proscription, banishment, transportation, and even death in some cases.
+The execution of these decrees was intrusted to the governors of
+provinces, magistrates charged with the administration of justice,
+commanders of towns and their principal officers, who were all liable to
+various punishments in case of negligence.
+
+The establishment of most of these laws had been solicited by popes and
+bishops of known sanctity, and it must be allowed that it was not their
+intention to carry those which decreed the punishment of death into
+execution; they only desired to intimidate innovators by their
+publication.
+
+The church of Spain continued faithful to the general discipline, under
+the authority of the Roman emperors; the Arian heresy was afterwards
+established among them under the Goths; but since their princes have
+embraced the Catholic faith, the laws and councils of Spain inform us of
+their treatment of heretics.
+
+The fourth Council of Toledo, assembled in 633, at which St. Isidore,
+Archbishop of Seville, assisted, was occupied with the Judaic heresy: it
+was decreed, with the consent of King Sisinand, that they should be at
+the disposal of the bishops, to be punished, and compelled by fear to
+return to Christianity a second time: they were to be deprived of their
+children, and their slaves set at liberty.
+
+In 655, the ninth Council of Toledo decreed, that baptized Jews should
+be obliged to celebrate the Christian festivals with their bishops, and
+that those who should refuse to conform to this discipline should be
+condemned either to the punishment of scourging, or abstinence,
+according to the age of the offender.
+
+We find that greater severity was shown towards those who returned from
+Christianity to idolatry. King Recarede I. proposed to the third Council
+of Toledo, in 589, that the priests and civil judges should be
+commissioned to extirpate that species of heresy, by punishing the
+culprits in a degree proportioned to the crime, yet without employing
+capital punishment.
+
+These rigorous measures did not appear sufficient, and the twelfth
+Council of Toledo, in 681, at which King Erbigius assisted, decided
+that, if the offender was noble, he should be subject to excommunication
+and exile; if he was a slave, he should be scourged and delivered to his
+master loaded with chains, and if the proprietor could not answer for
+him, that he should be placed at the disposal of the king.
+
+In 693, the sixteenth Council of Toledo assembled in the presence of
+King Egica, added, to the measures already established, a law, by which
+all who opposed the efforts of the bishops and judges to destroy
+idolatry were condemned, if noble, to be excommunicated and pay a fine
+of three pounds of gold; and if of a low condition, to receive a hundred
+strokes of a whip, and have half his property confiscated.
+
+Recesuinte, who reigned from 663 to 672, established a particular law
+against heretics: it deprived them indiscriminately of the wealth and
+dignities they might possess, if they were priests, and added to these
+punishments, perpetual banishment for laymen, if they persisted in
+heresy.
+
+
+THIRD EPOCH.--_From the Eighth Century to the Pontificate of Gregory
+VII._
+
+In the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh centuries, the ecclesiastics
+obtained many privileges from the kings and emperors, and the judicial
+power became, in some cases, a right of the episcopacy. These
+acquisitions, and the universal ignorance which followed the irruption
+of the barbarians, were the causes of the influence which the pontiffs
+of Rome acquired over the Christian people, who were persuaded that the
+authority of the pope should be without bounds, and that he had supreme
+power both in ecclesiastical and temporal affairs.
+
+In 726, when the Romans deposed their last duke, Basil, Pope Gregory
+II. usurped the civil government of Rome, and had recourse to the
+protection of Charles Martel, mayor of the palace, against the King of
+Lombardy, who aspired to the command in that capital. His successor,
+Gregory III., offered the dignity of patrician to Charles Martel, as if
+he had the right of disposing of it. Zachary, who was elected pope, in
+741, acted as the temporal sovereign of Rome, and permitted Pepin, son
+of Charles Martel, to take the title of King of France, after having
+deposed Childeric III., who was the legitimate sovereign. Pepin was
+crowned in France by Stephen II., who became pope in 752.
+
+At last, Leo III. crowned Charlemagne emperor of the west, on Christmas
+day, in the year 800. In this ceremony, which took place at Rome,
+Charlemagne was proclaimed the first emperor of the restoration.
+
+The popes employed the great influence they had gained over general
+opinion, to extend and preserve their dominion. Pepin and Charlemagne
+did not foresee how fatal their example would prove to their successors,
+when they solicited Stephen II. to release the French from their oath of
+fidelity to Childeric III. When the doctrine, that a pope possessed the
+power of releasing subjects from their oath of fidelity, was once
+established, it became necessary that kings should endeavour to
+conciliate the popes. Succeeding events show that this doctrine was
+favourable to the rise of the Inquisition.
+
+The idea that excommunication produced all the effects attached to
+infamy, not only to the Christian on whom it fell, but to all who held
+any communion with him, was another cause of the great influence of the
+popes, and the progress of the Inquisition. The barbarians had preserved
+the doctrine of the Druids, which forbade a Gaul to assist one whom the
+priests had declared impious and abhorred of the gods, on pain of being
+deemed guilty towards the gods, and unworthy of the society of men. The
+priests, finding this opinion established, did not combat it, because
+it added force to the anathemas of the church. Fortunately the popes of
+the middle ages had not yet thought of commissioning men to ascertain if
+Christians were orthodox, and the ancient discipline of the church was
+still pursued towards heretics.
+
+Felix, Bishop of Urgel, in Spain, had embraced the erroneous opinion
+that Jesus Christ was the Son of God only by adoption. He returned to
+the faith of the church, but relapsed some time after into the same
+error, although he had abjured, before the Council of Ratisbonne, in
+792, and before Pope Adrian, at Rome. The conduct of Felix was very
+reprehensible, yet Leo III. would not excommunicate him in a simple
+manner, but only pronounced, the anathema against him, in case he
+refused to abjure a second time. Felix afterwards abjured, and suffered
+no punishment but deprivation of his dignity.
+
+The Emperor Michel, in 811, renewed all the laws which condemned the
+Manichean heretics to death. The patriarch Nicephorus represented to him
+that it was better to convert them by gentle means; but the spirit of
+the church at that time was so far from moderation, that the Abbot
+Theophanes, celebrated for his piety, does not hesitate to speak of
+Nicephorus and the other counsellors of the prince, as ignorant and ill
+advised; and adds, that the maxims of Holy Writ warrant the custom of
+burning heretics, because they can never be brought to repent.
+
+Theodore Critinus, chief of the Iconoclastes, was called before the
+seventh council general, assembled at Constantinople in 869. He was
+convicted of entertaining opinions contrary to the doctrines of the
+church: he abjured his heresy, with several of his sect, and was
+reconciled without being subjected to any penance. The Emperor Basil,
+who assisted at the council, honoured him with a kiss of peace. We may
+conclude from this, that if the conduct of the church had always been
+equally lenient, heresy would not have been so frequent among the
+Christians.
+
+In 1022, certain heretics, who appeared to profess the doctrines of the
+Manicheans, were discovered in Orleans, and several other towns; among
+them was Stephen, confessor to Queen Constance, wife of Robert. That
+prince assembled a council at Orleans: Stephen was summoned to appear
+before it, and attempts were made, but in vain, to bring him back to the
+true faith. The bishops resolved to punish these heretics, and those who
+were ecclesiastics were degraded and excommunicated with the others. The
+king immediately afterwards condemned them to be burnt. Several, when
+they felt the flames, exclaimed that they were willing to submit to the
+church; but it was too late, all hearts were closed against them. These
+examples show the difference which was made between the Manichean and
+other heresies.
+
+It is necessary to mention several maxims which had been introduced into
+the ecclesiastical government, and which passed at that time for
+incontestable truths. The first of these opinions was, that it was
+necessary not only to punish obstinate heretics with excommunication,
+but to employ it against every species of crime, which abuse was carried
+to such a height, that Cardinal St. Peter Damian reproached Pope
+Alexander with it. According to the second maxim, if an excommunicated
+Christian persisted for more than a year in refusing to submit and
+demand absolution, after having been subjected to a canonical penance,
+he was considered as an heretic. The third maxim held that it was a
+meritorious act to prosecute heretics, and apostolical indulgences were
+granted as a recompense for this service to the cause of religion.
+
+These maxims, and several others which prevailed during the fourth
+epoch, prepared the minds of the people for the establishment of the
+Inquisition, which was destined to persecute heretics and apostates.
+
+
+FOURTH EPOCH.
+
+The celebrated Hildebrand ascended the pontifical throne in 1073, under
+the name of Gregory VII., soon after his predecessor, Alexander II., had
+summoned the emperor Henry III. to Rome, to be judged by a council. This
+prince had been denounced by the Saxons, who revolted against him, as an
+heretic. As he did not appear, the pope excommunicated him, released his
+subjects from their oath of fidelity, and caused them to elect, in his
+stead, Rodolph, Duke of Suabia.
+
+The authority which this pope acquired over the Christian princes
+greatly surpassed that of his predecessors, and although it was directly
+contrary to the spirit of the New Testament, his successors employed
+every means to preserve it.
+
+The famous French monk Gerbert being elected pope in 999, under the name
+of Sylvester II., addressed a letter to all Christians, in which he
+supposes the Church of Jerusalem speaking from its ruins, and calling
+upon them to take up arms and fight boldly to deliver it from
+oppression. Gregory VII. also undertook, in 1074, to form a crusade
+against the Turks, in favour of Michael, emperor of the East; but as he
+died before he could put his plan into execution, his successor, Urban
+II., caused it to be proclaimed in the Council of Clermont, in the year
+1095. The efforts of the pope had an incredible success; a numerous army
+left Europe soon after, which first took the city of Antioch, and
+afterwards Jerusalem in 1099. The injustice of this war, and the other
+expeditions of the same kind which succeeded it, would have disgusted
+all Europe, if the people had not been prepossessed with the absurd
+idea, that it was meritorious to make war for the exaltation and glory
+of Christianity: the consequences of a system so fatal to temporal power
+were felt in France at the time of the Patarians, Catharians, and other
+sects of Manes. Alexander III., having sent Peter, Bishop of Meaux, to
+Count Raymond V. of Toulouse, that legate made him and all his nobles
+take an oath that they would not favour the heretics who had taken up
+arms in defence of their party; and in the Council of Lateran, the
+following year, the fathers declared that though the church did not
+approve of sanguinary measures, yet she would not refuse the assistance
+offered by Christian princes: in consequence, Alexander not only
+excommunicated the heretics and their adherents, but promised all those
+who should die in the war against them absolution and salvation, and for
+the present granted indulgences for two years to all who should take up
+arms.
+
+In 1181, Cardinal Henry, Bishop of Alva, was sent into France to pursue
+the war against the Albigenses; but this expedition did not entirely
+destroy that party, and a new council was held, in whose decrees
+Cardinal Fleury supposes he has discovered the origin of the
+Inquisition. He was not mistaken in this opinion, but it was not at that
+time actually instituted, since the bishops alone, as they had always
+been, were commissioned to preserve the faith. The council recommended
+that the bishops, or their archdeacons, should visit the dioceses once
+or twice a year, and that they should cause the inhabitants to take an
+oath that they would denounce all heretics, or persons who held
+meetings, to the bishop or archdeacon. The council also decreed that
+counts, barons, and other nobles should take an oath to discover
+heretics and punish them, on pain of excommunication and deprivation of
+their estates and employments.
+
+In 1194, Cardinal Gregory St. Angelo instigated Alphonso II., King of
+Aragon, to publish an edict banishing heretics of all sects
+indiscriminately from his states; and Peter II., son of Alphonso,
+published another in 1197, with nearly the same injunctions, which
+proves that the former edict had little effect.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+ESTABLISHMENT OF A GENERAL INQUISITION AGAINST HERETICS IN THE
+THIRTEENTH CENTURY.
+
+
+In 1203, Pope Innocent III. commissioned Peter de Castelnau and Ralph,
+two monks of the order of Cistercians, in the monastery of Fontfroide,
+in Narbonnese Gaul, to preach against the Albigenses. Their exhortations
+were not in vain, and the success of their mission was a favourable
+introduction to a plan which Pope Innocent had formed of instituting
+inquisitors independent of the bishops, with the privilege of
+prosecuting heretics, as delegates of the holy see.
+
+On the 4th of June, in the seventh year of his pontificate, he named the
+abbot of the Cistercians, with Peter and Ralph, apostolical legates. He
+gave them full powers to prosecute all heretics; and to facilitate the
+execution of the orders of the holy see, they were to engage in the name
+of the pope, Philip II., King of France, his son, and all his nobles, to
+pursue the heretics, and to promise them full indulgences as a
+recompense for their zeal. The pope invested these monks with the
+necessary powers to enable them to destroy or establish whatever they
+might judge to be favourable to their design, in the ecclesiastical
+provinces of Aix, Arles, Narbonne, and other bishoprics where heretics
+might be found, only recommending that they should apply to the holy see
+in all difficult cases; at the same time he wrote to Philip, requesting
+him to assist his commissioners, and even, if it was necessary, to send
+the presumptive heir to his throne with an army against the heretics.
+
+The legates encountered many difficulties, because their mission was
+displeasing to the bishops. The King of France took no part in the
+affair, but the Counts of Toulouse, Foix, Beziers, Cominges, and
+Carcassone, and the other nobles of these provinces, seeing that the
+Albigenses had singularly increased, and persuaded that a very small
+number would be converted, refused to banish them from their states, as
+it would lessen the population, and, consequently, be against their
+interests: an additional motive for this refusal was, that these
+heretics were all peaceful and submissive subjects.
+
+Peter and Ralph commenced preaching against the heretics; they held
+conferences with these fanatics, but the number of the converted was
+very small. Arnauld, Abbot of the Cistercians, called upon twelve abbots
+of his order to assist him; and (during their sojourn at Montpellier)
+they admitted two Spaniards to share their labours, who were known under
+the names of Diego Acebes, a bishop of Osma, who was returning to his
+diocese, and St. Dominic de Guzman, a regular canon of the order of St.
+Augustine. They both converted several Albigenses, and when the Spanish
+bishop returned to his diocese, he permitted St. Dominic to remain in
+France.
+
+The great feudal chiefs of Provence and Narbonne refused to execute the
+orders of the legates, to pursue the heretics in their states, alleging
+that they were always at war with each other; but the legates threatened
+to excommunicate them, and to release their subjects from their oaths of
+fidelity. These menaces alarmed the nobles, and they consented to sign a
+peace.
+
+The most powerful of these princes was Raymond VI., Count of Toulouse.
+His conduct towards Peter de Castelnau, who had threatened him several
+times for not performing his promises, induced the Albigenses who were
+his subjects to assassinate the legate, who was beatified in 1208. The
+pope wrote to all the nobles of the provinces of Narbonne, Arles,
+Embrun, Aix, and Vienne in Dauphiny, pressing them to unite and march
+against the heretics, and promising them the same indulgences which had
+been granted to the crusaders.
+
+The assassination of Peter de Castelnau had excited among the Catholics
+the greatest indignation against his murderers. Arnauld took advantage
+of this moment to execute the orders which he had received from the
+pope. He commissioned the twelve monks, and others whom he had
+associated, to preach a crusade against the heretics, to grant
+indulgences, to note those who refused to engage in the war, to inform
+themselves of their creed, to reconcile the converted, and place all
+obstinate heretics at the disposal of Simon de Montfort, commander of
+the crusaders. This was the beginning of the Inquisition in 1208.
+
+Pope Innocent III. died on the 16th of July, 1216, before he had
+succeeded in giving a permanent form to the delegated inquisition: the
+continuation of the war against the Albigenses, and the opposition which
+he met with from the bishops in the Council of Lateran, were perhaps the
+causes of his failure. Honorius III., who succeeded him, prepared to
+finish his undertaking.
+
+Innocent had sent St. Dominic de Guzman to Toulouse, that he might
+choose one of the religious orders approved by the church, for the
+institution which he intended to form. He preferred that of St.
+Augustine; and on his return to Rome with his companions, Honorius
+approved his choice on the 22nd of December, 1216.
+
+St. Dominic also established an order for laymen. This order has been
+designated as the _Third Order of Penitence_, but most commonly as the
+_Militia of Christ_, because those who were members of it fought against
+heretics, and assisted the Inquisitors in the exercise of their
+functions; they were considered as part of the inquisitorial family, and
+on that account bore the name of _Familiars_. This association
+afterwards gave rise to that which was called the _Congregation of St.
+Peter Martyr_; it was approved by Honorius, and confirmed by his
+successor, Gregory IX. Another association was formed in Narbonne, which
+also bore the name of _Militia of Christ_; it was soon after blended
+with the third order of St. Dominic. Honorius having formed a
+constitution against heretics, the Emperor Frederic II. gave it the
+sanction of civil law at his coronation. In 1224 the Inquisition already
+existed in Italy under the ministry of the Dominican friars, which is
+proved by an edict of the Emperor Frederic against heretics at Padua.
+The efforts of the Inquisition in Narbonne had not succeeded according
+to the expectation of the pope, who imputed its failure to the
+negligence of Cardinal Conrad, whom he recalled, and sent Cardinal Roman
+in his place. The importunity of this legate induced Louis VIII., King
+of France, to place himself at the head of an army to march against the
+nobles who protected the Albigenses. But Louis died in the same year,
+and the pope followed him, without having succeeded in giving a
+permanent form to the new tribunal which had been introduced into
+France.
+
+Gregory IX., who ascended the pontifical throne in 1227, finally
+established the Inquisition: he had been the zealous protector of St.
+Dominic, and the intimate friend of St. Francis d'Assiz. Cardinal Roman
+was more fortunate than the legates who preceded him: the nobles, weary
+of a war which had lasted twenty years, wished for peace. The Count of
+Toulouse, Raymond VII., after the death of his father, who had begun the
+war, reconciled himself to St. Louis and the church in a Council of
+Narbonne, and promised to drive the heretics from his domains.
+
+In 1229 another council was held at Toulouse. The decrees were nearly
+the same as those made at the Councils of Lateran and Verona, except
+that laymen were then first prohibited from reading the Scriptures in
+the vulgar tongue. In the succeeding year, many other edicts were
+published, increasing in severity; but it appears that these rigorous
+measures failed in effect, as the heresy of the Albigenses penetrated
+even to the capital of Christendom.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+OF THE ANCIENT INQUISITION OF SPAIN.
+
+
+In 1233, when the Inquisition in France had received the established
+form which was bestowed on it by St. Louis, Spain was divided into four
+Christian kingdoms, besides the Mahometan states. Castile was under the
+dominion of St. Ferdinand, who added to it the kingdoms of Seville,
+Cordova, and Jaen. James I. governed Aragon, and conquered the kingdoms
+of Valencia and Majorca; Navarre was possessed by Sancho VIII., who died
+in the course of the following year, and left his crown to Theobald I.,
+Count de Champagne and de Brie. Sancho II. reigned in Portugal.
+
+Many convents of Dominicans existed in these kingdoms after the
+establishment of the order, but there are no authentic records, to prove
+that the Inquisition was introduced before the year 1232, when Pope
+Gregory IX. addressed a brief to Don Esparrago, Archbishop of Taragona,
+and to his suffragan bishops, in which he most earnestly exhorted them
+to oppose the progress of heresy by every means in their power.
+
+The archbishop sent the bull to Gil Rodriguez de Valladares, first
+provincial of the Spanish Dominicans; he also sent it to Don Bertrand,
+Bishop of Lerida, in whose diocese the first Spanish Inquisition was
+founded. Pope Innocent VI. conferred many privileges on the Dominican
+Friars, and in 1254 extended the rights of the Inquisitors, and in the
+same brief decreed that the depositions of witnesses should be
+considered valid, although their names were unknown. Urban VI. and
+Clement VI. also augmented their privileges.
+
+The Kings of Aragon continued to protect the Inquisition, and James II.,
+in 1292, published a decree, commanding the tribunals of justice to
+assist the Dominicans, to imprison all who might be denounced, to
+execute the judgments pronounced by the monks, to remove every obstacle
+which they might meet with, _&c_. The hatred which the office of an
+inquisitor everywhere inspired in the first ages of the Inquisition
+caused the death of a great number of Dominicans and some Cordeliers:
+the honours of martyrdom were assigned to them, but St. Peter of Verona
+was the only one canonized by the pope. Nothing certain is known of the
+state of Portugal during this period: it appears that in the thirteenth
+century the Inquisition was established only in the dioceses of
+Taragona, Barcelona, Urgel, Lerida, and Girona.
+
+The convents of Dominicans having multiplied in Spain, a chapter-general
+of the order decreed, in 1301, that it should be divided into two
+provinces; that the first in rank should be named the province of Spain,
+and comprise Castile and Portugal; and that the second should have the
+title of Aragon, and be composed of Valencia, Catalonia, Rousillon,
+Cerdagne, Majorca, Minorca, and Iviza.
+
+The provincial of the Dominicans of Castile, designated as the
+provincial of Spain, possessed the right of naming the apostolical
+inquisitor in the other provinces. In 1302 Father Bernard was inquisitor
+of Aragon, and celebrated several _autos-da-fe_ in the same year.
+
+In 1308 Pope Clement V. commanded the King of Aragon and the inquisitors
+to arrest all the knights templars who had not been prosecuted, and to
+confiscate their property for the use of the holy see; the templars in
+Castile and Portugal were also arrested.
+
+In 1314, other heretics were discovered in the kingdom of Aragon;
+Bernard Puigceros, the inquisitor-general, condemned several to
+banishment, the others were burnt. Many who abjured were reconciled.
+
+In 1325, F. Arnaldo Burguete, inquisitor-general of the kingdom,
+arrested Pierre Durand de Baldhac, who had relapsed into heresy, and he
+was burnt alive in the presence of King James, his sons, and two
+bishops.
+
+In 1334, F. William da Costa condemned F. Bonato to the flames, and
+reconciled many persons who had been perverted by that monk.
+
+In 1350, Father Nicholas Roselli discovered a sect of heretics named
+_Begards_, whose chief was named Jacobus Justis; they were all
+reconciled, and Jacobus was condemned to perpetual imprisonment. The
+bones of three of these heretics who had died impenitent were
+disinterred and burnt. Roselli being elected Cardinal in 1356, Nicholas
+Eymerich succeeded him. Eymerich composed a book entitled "The Guide of
+Inquisitors," in which the most minute details of his judgments, and
+those of other inquisitors of Aragon, are found.
+
+It is not certain whether the provincial of Castile exercised his
+privilege of naming inquisitors; perhaps heresy had not penetrated into
+the states of Castile.
+
+Pope Gregory IX. dying in 1378, the Romans named Urban VI. as his
+successor; but several cardinals assembled out of Rome, and elected
+another Pope under the name of Clement VII.
+
+The great schism of the West then began, and lasted till the election of
+Martin V., in the Council-general of Constance in 1417, where Don Gil
+Munoz, who had been elected as Clement VIII., renounced the papacy. This
+revolution influenced the state of the Inquisition as much as the other
+points of ecclesiastical discipline. Castile followed the party of
+Clement VII., and Portugal that of Urban VI. The order of Dominicans was
+equally divided, and elected different vicars-general. Urban VI. died in
+1389, and his party elected Boniface IX., who appointed F. Rodrigo de
+Cintra apostolical inquisitor-general of Portugal. He afterwards named
+F. Vicente de Lisboa inquisitor-general of Spain. Castile, Navarre, and
+Aragon were under the dominion of Benedict XIII., who was elected Pope
+after the death of Clement VII. Such was the state of the Inquisition in
+Spain towards the end of the fourteenth century.
+
+It is uncertain if the Inquisition existed in Castile in the beginning
+of the fifteenth century; for, though Boniface IX. appointed F. Vicente
+de Lisboa inquisitor-general, his authority was not recognized, as that
+kingdom belonged to the party of Benedict XIII., who, after the Council
+of Constance, was designated as the anti-pope Peter de Luna. The town of
+Perpignan was the seat of one of the provincial Inquisitions of Aragon,
+whose jurisdiction extended over the countships of Rousillon and
+Cerdagne, and over the islands of Majorca, Minorca, and Iviza. Benedict
+XIII., who was recognized in this part of Spain, divided this province
+and appointed two inquisitors, who celebrated several _autos-da-fe_, and
+burnt a considerable number of people.
+
+The election of Martin V. having put an end to the great schism of the
+West, the Portuguese monks ought to have submitted to the authority of
+the Provincial of Spain, who was then a monk of their nation, named F.
+Juan de Santa Justa; but the Dominicans who were at Constance persuaded
+the Pope that his jurisdiction was too extensive, which induced the
+pontiff to subdivide the province of Spain into three parts: the first
+part was named the province of Spain, and comprised Castile, Toledo,
+Murcia, Estremadura, Andalusia, Biscay, and the Asturias de Santillana;
+the second, Santiago, was composed of the kingdom of Leon, Galicia, and
+the Asturias of Oviedo; and the third, that of Portugal, extended over
+all the dominions of the monarch.
+
+Martin V. established a provincial Inquisition at Valencia, in 1420, at
+the request of Alphonso V., King of Aragon; hitherto commissioners had
+only been sent there.
+
+The Inquisitor of Aragon, 1441, was F. Michael Ferriz, and that of
+Valencia, F. Martin Trilles, who reconciled in their districts several
+Wickliffites, and condemned many others to be burnt. Several inquisitors
+succeeded these till 1474, when Isabella, wife of Ferdinand of Aragon,
+King of Sicily, ascended the throne of Castile, after the death of Henry
+IV. her brother. John II., King of Aragon, dying in 1479, his son,
+Ferdinand, united that kingdom to Sicily; he soon after conquered the
+kingdom of Grenada, which belonged to the Moors, and lastly that of
+Navarre, which was secured to him by the capitulation of the
+inhabitants.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE OLD INQUISITION.
+
+
+Although the Popes, in establishing the Inquisition, had only proposed
+to punish the crime of heresy, yet the inquisitors were commissioned to
+pursue those Christians who were only suspected, because it was the only
+means of discovering those who were really guilty. There were many
+crimes which came under the jurisdiction of a civil judge, which the
+Popes considered no one could be guilty of without being tainted with a
+false doctrine; and although they were pursued by secular tribunals, the
+inquisitors were enjoined to consider the accused as suspected of
+heresy, and to proceed against them, in order to ascertain if they
+committed these crimes from the depravity natural to man, or from the
+idea that they were not criminal; which opinion caused a suspicion that
+their doctrine was erroneous. A species of blasphemy which was called
+heretical, belonged to this class of crimes; it was committed against
+God or his saints, and showed in the offender erroneous opinions of the
+omniscience or other attributes of the Deity. It rendered the blasphemer
+liable to be suspected of heresy, as the inquisitor might consider it a
+proof that his habitual thoughts were contrary to the faith.
+
+The second species of crime which caused a suspicion of heresy, was
+sorcery and divination. If the offenders only made use of natural and
+simple means of discovering the future, such as counting the lines in
+the palm of the hand, they came under the jurisdiction of a civil judge;
+but all sorcerers were liable to be punished for heresy by the
+Inquisition, if they baptized a dead person, re-baptized an infant, made
+use of holy water, the consecrated host, the oil of extreme unction, or
+other things which proved contempt or abuse of the sacraments and the
+mysteries of religion.
+
+The same suspicion affected those who addressed themselves to demons in
+their superstitious practices. A third species of crime was the
+invocation of demons. Nicholas Eymerich informs us that, in his office
+of inquisitor, he had procured and burnt, after having read them, two
+books which treated of that subject; they both contained an account of
+the power of demons, and of the mode of worshipping them. The same
+author adds, that in his time a great number of trials for this crime
+took place in Catalonia, and that many of the accused had gone so far as
+to worship Satan, with all the signs, ceremonies, and words of the
+Catholic religion.
+
+A fourth kind of crime which caused suspicion of heresy, was, to remain
+a year, or longer, excommunicated without seeking absolution, or
+performing the penance which had been imposed. The Popes affirmed that
+no Catholic, irreproachable in his faith, could live with so much
+indifference under the censure of the church.
+
+Schism was the sixth case where heresy was suspected. It may exist
+either without heresy or with it. To the first class belong all
+schismatics, who admit the articles of the faith, but deny the authority
+of the Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, and vicar of Jesus Christ.
+The second is composed of those who hold the same opinions as the first,
+and also refuse to believe in some of the articles; such as the Greeks,
+who hold that the Holy Ghost proceeds only from the Father, and not from
+the Son.
+
+The Inquisition also proceeded against concealers, favourers, and
+adherents of heretics, as being suspected of professing the same
+opinions. The seventh class was composed of all those who opposed the
+Inquisition, and prevented the inquisitors from exercising their
+functions.
+
+The eighth class comprehended those nobles who refused to take an oath
+to drive the heretics from their states. The ninth class consisted of
+governors of kingdoms, provinces and towns, who did not defend the
+Church against heretics, when they were required by the Inquisition. The
+tenth class comprised those who refused to repeal the statutes in force
+in towns and cities, when they were contrary to the measures decreed by
+the holy office. The eleventh class of suspected persons, were all
+lawyers, notaries, and other persons belonging to the law, who assisted
+heretics by their advice; or concealed papers, records, and other
+writings, which might make their errors, dwellings, or stations known.
+In the twelfth class of suspected were those persons who have given
+ecclesiastical sepulture to known heretics. Those who refused to take an
+oath in the trials of heretics when they were required to do it, were
+also liable to suspicion. The fourteenth class were deceased persons who
+had been denounced as heretics. The Popes, in order to render heresy
+more odious, had decreed that the bodies of dead heretics should be
+disinterred and burnt, their property confiscated, and their memory
+pronounced infamous. The same suspicion fell upon writings which
+contained heretical doctrines, or which might lead to them. Lastly, the
+Jews and Moors were considered as subject to the holy office, when they
+engaged Catholics to embrace their faith, either by their writings or
+discourse.
+
+Although all the persons guilty of the crimes above-mentioned were under
+the jurisdiction of the holy office, yet the Pope, his legates, his
+nuncios, his officers, and familiars were exempt; and if any of these
+were denounced as heretics, the inquisitor could only take the secret
+information and refer it to the Pope. Bishops were also exempt, but
+kings had not that privilege.
+
+As the bishops were the ordinary inquisitors by divine right, it seems
+just that they should have had the power of receiving informations, and
+proceeding against the apostolical inquisitors in matters of faith; but
+the Pope rendered his delegates independent, by decreeing that none but
+an apostolical inquisitor could proceed against another. The inquisitor
+and the bishop acted together, but each had the right of pursuing
+heretics separately: the orders for imprisonment could only be issued by
+both together, and if they did not accord they referred to the Pope. The
+inquisitors could require the assistance of secular power in the
+exercise of their authority, and it could not be refused without
+incurring the punishment of excommunication and suspicion of heresy. The
+bishop was obliged to lend his house for the prisoners; besides this,
+the inquisitors had a particular prison to secure the persons of the
+accused.
+
+The first inquisitors had no fixed salary: the holy office was founded
+on devotion and zeal for the faith; its members were almost all monks,
+who had made a vow of poverty, and the priests who were associated in
+their labours, were generally canons, or provided with benefices. But
+when the inquisitors began to make journeys, accompanied by recorders,
+alguazils, and an armed force, the Pope decreed that all their expenses
+should be defrayed by the bishops, on the pretence that the inquisitors
+laboured for the destruction of heresy in their dioceses. This measure
+displeased the bishops, still more as they were deprived of part of
+their authority. The expenses of the Inquisition were afterwards
+defrayed by the fines and confiscations of the condemned heretics: these
+resources were the only funds of the holy office; it never possessed any
+fixed revenue.
+
+
+_Of the Manner of Proceeding in the Tribunals of the Old Inquisition._
+
+When a priest was appointed an inquisitor by the Pope, or by a delegate
+of the holy see, he wrote to the king, who issued a royal mandate to all
+the tribunals of the towns where the inquisitor would pass to perform
+his office, commanding them, on pain of the most severe penalties, to
+arrest all the persons whom he should mark as heretics, or suspect of
+heresy, and to execute the judgments passed upon them. The same order
+obliged the magistrates to furnish the inquisitor and his attendants
+with a lodging, and to protect them from insult and every inconvenience.
+When the inquisitor arrived at the town where he intended to enter upon
+his office, he officially informed the magistrate, and required his
+attendance, fixing the time and place.
+
+The commander of the town presented himself before the delegate, and
+took an oath to put in force all the laws against heretics. If the
+officer or magistrate refused to obey, the inquisitor excommunicated
+him; if he made no difficulty, the inquisitor appointed a day for the
+people to meet in the church, when he preached, and read an edict which
+commanded that all informations should be given within a certain
+period. The inquisitor afterwards declared that all who should
+voluntarily confess themselves heretics, should receive absolution, and
+be subjected to a slight penance, but that those who were denounced
+should be proceeded against with severity.
+
+If any accusations took place during the interval, they were registered,
+but did not take effect until it was known that the accused would not
+come voluntarily before the tribunal. After the expiration of the period
+allowed, the informer was summoned; he was told that there were three
+ways of proceeding to discover the truth,--accusation, information, and
+inquisition, and was asked to which he gave the preference. If he chose
+the first, he was invited to accuse the denounced person, but at the
+same time to consider that he was subject to the law of retaliation if
+he was found to be a calumniator. This manner of proceeding was adopted
+by very few persons: the greater number declared, that fear of the
+punishments with which the holy office menaced those who did not inform
+against heretics was the cause of their appearance; and they desired
+that their information might be kept secret, on account of the danger
+they incurred of being assassinated if they were known.
+
+The inquisitor interrogated the witnesses, assisted by the recorder and
+two priests, who were commissioned to observe if the declarations were
+faithfully taken down, and to be present when they were read to the
+witnesses, who were then asked if they acknowledged all that was read to
+them. If the crime or suspicion of heresy was proved in the information,
+the criminal was arrested and taken to the ecclesiastical prison. After
+his arrest, he was examined, and his answers compared with the testimony
+of the witnesses. If the accused confessed himself guilty of one heresy,
+it was in vain for him to assert that he was innocent of the others; he
+was not permitted to defend himself, because his crime was proved. He
+was asked if he would abjure the heresy of which he acknowledged himself
+guilty. If he consented, he was reconciled, and the canonical penance
+was imposed on him, with some other punishment; if he refused, he was
+declared an obstinate heretic, and was delivered up to secular justice,
+with a copy of his sentence.
+
+If the accused denied the charge, and undertook to defend himself, a
+copy of the process was given to him, but without the names of the
+accuser or the witnesses, and with every circumstance omitted which
+might lead to their discovery.
+
+The accused was asked if he had enemies, and if he knew their motives
+for hating him. He was also permitted to declare that he suspected any
+particular person of wishing to ruin him. In either case the proof was
+admitted, and the inquisitor considered it in passing judgment. The
+inquisitor sometimes asked the accused if he knew certain persons; these
+individuals were the accusers and witnesses; if he replied in the
+negative, he could not afterwards challenge them as enemies: in the
+course of time, every one concluded that these persons were the accuser
+and the witnesses, and the custom was abandoned. The accused person was
+also permitted to appeal to the Pope, who rejected or admitted his
+appeal, according to the rules of justice. There was no regular
+proceeding before the Inquisition, and the judges did not fix a time to
+establish the proof of the facts. After the replies and defence of the
+accused, the inquisitor and the bishop of the diocese, or their
+delegates, proceeded to pass sentence without any other formalities. If
+the accused denied the charges, although he was convicted or strongly
+suspected, he was tortured, to force him to confess his crime; or if it
+was thought that there was no necessity for it, the judges proceeded to
+pass the final sentence.
+
+If the crime imputed to the accused was not proved, he was acquitted,
+and a copy of the declaration given to him, but the name of his accuser
+was not communicated. If he had been calumniated, he was obliged to
+clear himself publicly by the canonical method, in the town where it had
+taken place; he afterwards abjured all heresy, and received the
+absolution _ad cautelam_[2] for all the censures which he had incurred.
+In order to proportion the punishment to the suspicion, it was divided
+into three degrees, named _slight_, _serious_, and _violent_.
+
+The person who was declared to be suspected, though in the least degree,
+was called upon to renounce all heresies, and particularly that of which
+he was suspected. If he consented, he was reconciled, and was subjected
+to punishments and penances; if he refused, he was excommunicated; and
+if he did not demand absolution, or promise to abjure after the space of
+one year, he was considered as an obstinate heretic, and proceeded
+against as such. If the accused was a _formal_ heretic, willing to
+abjure, and not guilty of having relapsed, he was reconciled with
+penances.
+
+A person was considered as relapsed if he had already been condemned, or
+_violently_ suspected of the same errors. The abjurations were made in
+the place where the inquisitor resided, sometimes in the episcopal
+palace, in the convent of Dominicans, or in the house of the inquisitor,
+but most generally in the churches. The Sunday before this ceremony, the
+day on which it was to take place was announced in all the churches of
+the town, and the inhabitants were requested to attend the sermon which
+would be preached by the inquisitor against heresy. On the appointed day
+the clergy and the people assembled round a scaffold, where the person
+_slightly suspected_ stood bare-headed, that he might be seen by every
+one. The mass was performed, and the inquisitor preached against the
+particular heresy which was the cause of the ceremony; he announced that
+the person on the scaffold was _slightly suspected_ of having fallen
+into it, and read the process to the people: he concluded by saying,
+that the culprit was ready to abjure. A cross and the Bible was given to
+the offender, who read his abjuration, and signed it, if he could write;
+the inquisitor then gave him absolution, and imposed upon him those
+penances which were thought most useful.
+
+When the suspicion of heresy was _violent_, the _auto-da-fe_ took place
+on a Sunday, or festival-day, and all the other churches were closed,
+that the concourse of people might be greater in that where the ceremony
+was to be performed. The offender was warned, not only to be a good
+Catholic for the future, but to conduct himself in such a manner as not
+to be accused a second time; as, if he relapsed, he would suffer capital
+punishment, although he might abjure and be reconciled. If the offender
+was suspected in the highest degree, he was treated as an heretic, and
+wore the habit of a penitent during the ceremony; it was composed of
+brown stuff, with a scapulary which had two yellow crosses fastened on
+it.
+
+If the suspected person was to clear himself from calumny by the
+canonical method, the ceremony was also announced before it took place,
+and he was obliged to take an oath that he was not an heretic, and to
+produce twelve witnesses who had known him for the last ten years, to
+swear that they believed his affirmation to be true. He then abjured all
+heresies.
+
+If the accused was repentant, and demanded to be reconciled after having
+relapsed, he was to be delivered over to secular justice, and was
+destined to suffer capital punishment. The inquisitors, after having
+passed judgment on him, engaged some priests, who were in their
+confidence, to inform him of his situation, and induce him to demand the
+sacrament of penance and the communion. When these ministers had passed
+two or three days with the prisoner, an _auto-da-fe_ was announced; the
+sentence was read which delivered the culprit over to secular justice,
+and recommended the judges to treat him with humanity.
+
+If the accused was an impenitent heretic, he was condemned, but the
+_auto-da-fe_ was never celebrated until every means had been tried to
+convert him; if he was obstinate, he was delivered up to the justice of
+the king, and burnt. If the unfortunate heretic had relapsed, it was in
+vain for him to return to the true faith; he could not avoid death, and
+the only favour shewn him was, that he was first strangled, and
+afterwards burnt. Those who escaped from the prisons, or fled to avoid
+being arrested, were burnt in effigy.
+
+The tribunal of the Inquisition being ecclesiastical, had originally
+only the power of inflicting spiritual punishments; but the laws of the
+emperors during the fourth and following centuries, and other
+circumstances, caused the inquisitors of the thirteenth century to
+assume the right of imposing punishments entirely temporal, except that
+of death. The sentence of the Inquisition imposed a variety of fines and
+personal penalties; such as entire or partial confiscation; perpetual,
+or a limited period of imprisonment; exile, or transportation; infamy,
+and the loss of employments, honours, and dignities. Those persons who
+abjured as _seriously suspected_ of heresy, were condemned to be
+imprisoned for a certain time proportioned to the degree of suspicion.
+If the accused was _violently suspected_, he was condemned to perpetual
+imprisonment, but the inquisitor had the power of mitigating the
+sentence, if he judged that the prisoner repented sincerely. If the
+abjurer had been a _formal_ heretic, he was imprisoned for life, and the
+inquisitor had not the power of shortening the duration of the
+punishment.
+
+Among the punishments to which heretics were condemned, must be
+enumerated that of wearing the habit of a penitent, known in Spain under
+the name of _San Benito_, which is a corruption of _saco bendito_. Its
+real name in Spanish was _Zamarra_. The first became the common name,
+because the penitential habit was called _sac_ in the Jewish history.
+
+Before the thirteenth century it was the custom to bless the _sac_ which
+was worn in public penance, and hence it derived the epithet of
+_bendito_ (blessed). It was a close tunic, made like the cassock of a
+priest, with crosses of a different colour affixed to the breast. St.
+Dominic and the other inquisitors caused the _reconciled heretics_ to
+wear these crosses, as a protection against the Catholics who massacred
+all known heretics, although they might be unarmed. The _reconciled
+heretics_ wore two crosses to distinguish them from pure Catholics, who
+only wore one as crusaders.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+ESTABLISHMENT Of THE MODERN INQUISITION IN SPAIN.
+
+
+The state of the Inquisition in the kingdom of Aragon, at the accession
+of Ferdinand and Isabella, has been shown in a preceding chapter. This
+tribunal was then introduced into the kingdom of Castile, after having
+been reformed by statutes and regulations so severe, that the Aragonese
+violently resisted the fresh burdens which were imposed on them.
+
+This is the Inquisition which has reigned in Spain since the year 1481,
+which was destroyed, to the satisfaction of all Europe, and which has
+since been re-established to the grief of all enlightened Spaniards.
+
+The war against the Albigenses was the first cause of the establishment
+of the Inquisition; and the pretended necessity of punishing the
+apostacy of the newly-converted Spanish Jews, was the reason for
+introducing it in a reformed state. It is important to remark, that the
+immense trade carried on by the Spanish Jews had thrown into their hands
+the greatest part of the wealth of the Peninsula; and that they had
+acquired great power and influence in Castile under Alphonso IX., Peter
+I., and Henry II.; and in Aragon under Peter IV. and John I. The
+Christians, who could not rival them in industry, had almost all become
+their debtors, and envy soon made them the enemies of their creditors.
+This disposition was fostered by evil-minded men, and popular commotions
+were the consequence in almost all the towns of the two kingdoms. In
+1391, five thousand Jews were sacrificed to the fury of the people in
+different towns. Several were known to have escaped death by becoming
+Christians; many others sought to save themselves in following their
+example; and in a short time more than a million persons renounced the
+law of Moses to embrace the Christian faith. The number of conversions
+increased considerably during the ten first years of the fifteenth
+century, through the zeal of St. Vincent Ferrier and several other
+missionaries; they were seconded by the famous conferences which took
+place in 1413 between several Rabbis and the converted Jew, Jerome de
+Santafe. The converted Jews were named _New Christians_; they were also
+called Marranos, or the cursed race, from an oath which the Jews were in
+the habit of using among themselves. As the fear of death was the cause
+of most of these conversions, many repented, and secretly returned to
+Judaism, though they outwardly conformed to Christianity. The constraint
+to which they were obliged to submit was sometimes too painful, and
+several were discovered. This was the ostensible reason for the
+establishment of a tribunal which gave Ferdinand an opportunity of
+confiscating immense riches, and which Sextus IV. could not but approve,
+as it tended to augment the credit of the maxims of the court of Rome;
+it is to these projects, concealed under the appearance of zeal for
+religion, that the Inquisition of Spain owes its origin.
+
+In 1477, Philip de Barbaris, inquisitor of the kingdom of Sicily, went
+to Seville, to obtain from Ferdinand and Isabella the confirmation of a
+privilege granted in 1233, by the Emperor Frederic, which gave to the
+Inquisition of Sicily the right of seizing a third part of the property
+of condemned heretics. Barbaris, through zeal for the interests of the
+Pope, endeavoured to persuade the king that the Christian religion
+derived the greatest advantages from the fear which the judgments of the
+Inquisition inspired. He was eagerly seconded by Alphonso de Hojida,
+prior of the convent of Dominicans at Seville; and Nicholas Franco, the
+nuncio of the Pope at the court of Spain. A report was then spread in
+different parts of the kingdom that the _New Christians_, with the
+unbaptized Jews, insulted the images of Jesus Christ, and had even
+crucified Christian children in mockery of his sufferings on the cross.
+Ferdinand was willing to receive the Inquisition into his states: the
+only obstacle was the refusal of Isabella; that excellent queen could
+not approve of measures so contrary to the gentleness of her character,
+but her consent was obtained by alarming her conscience: she was told
+that it became a religious duty to adopt them in the present
+circumstances.
+
+Isabella suffered herself to be led away by the representations of her
+council, and commissioned her ambassador at Rome, Don Francis de
+Santillan, Bishop of Osma, to solicit in her name a bull for the
+establishment of the Inquisition in Castile, which was granted in 1478.
+It authorized Ferdinand and Isabella to name the priests who were to be
+commissioned to discover in their states all heretics, apostates, and
+favourers of these crimes. As this measure was displeasing to Isabella,
+her council, by her order, suspended the execution of the bull until
+less severe remedies had been tried.
+
+The queen commissioned D. Diego Alphonso de Solis, Bishop of Cadiz,
+Diego de Merlo, and Alphonso de Hojida, prior of the convent of
+Dominicans, to observe the effects produced by gentle means, and give a
+faithful account of them. Their reports were such as might be expected
+from the situation of affairs; and the Dominican fathers, the nuncio,
+and even the king, desired that the measures preferred by Isabella
+should be declared insufficient.
+
+The events of this year proved how displeasing the institution was to
+the Castilians. In the beginning of the year 1480, the Cortes assembled
+at Toledo. It was occupied in providing means to prevent the evil which
+the communication of the Jews with Christians might produce: the ancient
+regulations were renewed; and among others, those which obliged
+unbaptized Jews to wear some distinguishing mark, and to inhabit
+separate quarters, to which they were compelled to retire before night:
+they were also prohibited from exercising the professions of physicians,
+surgeons, merchants, barbers, and innkeepers; yet the Cortes had no
+intention either of approving or demanding that the Inquisition should
+be established in the kingdom.
+
+The consent of the queen was obtained; and while the two sovereigns were
+at Medina del Campo, on the 17th of November, 1480, they named as the
+first inquisitors Michael Morillo and John de San Martin, both
+Dominicans, as adviser and accessor of these two monks, Doctor John Ruiz
+de Medina, a counsellor of the queen's; and as (procurator-fiscal)
+attorney, John Lopez del Barco, the queen's chaplain.
+
+On the 9th of October an order was sent by the king and queen to all the
+governors of provinces to furnish the inquisitors and their suite with
+everything they might require in their journey to Seville; an
+extraordinary circumstance in that time, and which proves the influence
+which the Dominicans had already acquired. Their privileges were the
+same as those granted in 1223 by the Emperor Frederic. The Castilians
+were so far from being pleased at the introduction of the Inquisition,
+that the inquisitors, on their arrival at Seville, found it impossible
+to collect the small number of persons necessary to the performance of
+their functions, although they shewed their commission; and the Council
+of Spain was obliged to issue another order, that the prefect and other
+authorities of Seville, and the diocese of Cadiz, should assist the
+inquisitors in their installation; this order was also interpreted in
+such a manner that it was only executed in those towns which belonged to
+the queen. The _New Christians_ then immediately emigrated into the
+states of the Duke de Medina Sidonia, the Marquis of Cadiz, the Count
+D'Arcos, and other nobles; and the new tribunal declared that their
+heresy was proved by their emigration.
+
+The inquisitors established their tribunal in the Dominican convent of
+St. Paul, at Seville; and on the 2nd of January, 1481, they issued their
+first edict, which commanded the Marquis of Cadiz, the Count D'Arcos,
+and all grandees of Spain, to seize the persons of the emigrants within
+fifteen days; and to send them under an escort to Seville, and
+sequestrate their property, on pain of excommunication, besides the
+other punishments to which they would be liable as favourers of heresy.
+The number of prisoners was soon so considerable, that the convent
+assigned to the inquisitors was not sufficiently large to contain them,
+and the tribunal was removed to the Castle de Triana, situated near
+Seville.
+
+The inquisitors soon published a second edict, named the Edict of Grace,
+to engage those who had apostatized to surrender themselves voluntarily:
+it promised that if they came with true repentance, their property
+should not be confiscated, and they should receive absolution; but if,
+on the contrary, they suffered the time of _grace_ to elapse, or were
+denounced by others, they would be prosecuted with all the severity of
+the tribunal. Several suffered themselves to be persuaded; but the
+inquisitors only granted them absolution when they had declared upon
+oath the names, condition, and place of dwelling, of all the apostates
+whom they knew or had heard spoken of. They were also obliged to keep
+these revelations secret; and by these means a great number of _New
+Christians_ fell into the hands of the inquisitors. When the period of
+grace was passed, a new edict was published, which commanded all persons
+to denounce those who had embraced the Judaic heresy, on pain of mortal
+sin and excommunication. The consequence of this edict was, that an
+heretic was only informed that he was accused, at the moment when he was
+arrested and dragged to the dungeons of the Inquisition.
+
+The same fate awaited the _converted_ Jew, who might have acquired
+certain habits in his infancy, which, though not contrary to
+Christianity, might be represented as certain signs of apostacy. The
+inquisitors mentioned in their edict several cases where accusation was
+commanded. The following cases are so equivocal, that altogether they
+would scarcely form a simple presumption in the present time. A convert
+was considered as relapsed into heresy, if he kept the sabbath out of
+respect to the law which he had abandoned; this was sufficiently proved
+if he wore better linen and garments on that day than those which he
+commonly used, or had not a fire in his house from the preceding
+evening; if he took the suet and fat from the animals which were
+intended for his food, and washed the blood from it; if he examined the
+blade of the knife before he killed the animals, and covered the blood
+with earth; if he blessed the table after the manner of the Jews; if he
+has drunk of the wine named caser, (a word derived from caxer, which
+means _lawful_,) and which is prepared by Jews; if he pronounces the
+bahara, or benediction, when he takes the vessel of wine into his hands,
+and pronounces certain words before he gives it to another person; if he
+eats of an animal killed by Jews; if he has recited the Psalms of David
+without repeating the Gloria Patri at the end; if he gives his son a
+Hebrew name chosen among those used by the Jews; if he plunges him seven
+days after his birth into a basin containing water, gold, silver,
+seed-pearl, wheat, barley, and other substances, pronouncing at the same
+time certain words, according to the custom of the Jews; if he draws the
+horoscope of his children at their birth; if he performs the ruaya, a
+ceremony which consists in inviting his relations and friends to a
+repast the day before he undertakes a journey; if he turned his face to
+the wall at the time of his death, or has been placed in that posture
+before he expired; if he has washed, or caused to be washed, in hot
+water the body of a dead person, and interred him in a new shroud, with
+hose, shirt, and a mantle, and placed a piece of money in his mouth; if
+he has uttered a discourse in praise of the dead, or recited melancholy
+verses; if he has emptied the pitchers and other vessels of water in the
+house of the dead person, or in those of his neighbours, according to
+the custom of the Jews; if he sits behind the door of the deceased as a
+sign of grief, or eats fish and olives instead of meat, to honour his
+memory; if he remains in his house one year after the death of any one,
+to prove his grief. All these articles show the artifice used by the
+inquisitors in order to prove to Isabella that a great number of Judaic
+heretics existed in the dioceses of Cadiz and Seville. These measures,
+so well adapted to multiply victims, could not fail in their effect, and
+the tribunal soon began its cruel executions. On the 6th of January,
+1481, six persons were burnt, seventeen on the 26th of March following,
+and a still greater number a month after; on the 4th of November, the
+same year, two hundred and ninety-eight _New Christians_ had suffered
+the punishment of burning, and seventy-nine were condemned to the
+horrors of perpetual imprisonment in the town of Seville alone. In other
+parts of the province and in the diocese of Cadiz, two thousand of these
+unfortunate creatures were burnt; according to Mariana, a still greater
+number were burnt in effigy, and one thousand seven hundred suffered
+different canonical punishments.
+
+The great number of persons condemned to be burnt, obliged the prefect
+of Seville to construct a scaffold of stone in a field near the town,
+name Tablada; it was called Quemadero, and still exists. Four statues,
+of plaster, were erected on it, and bore the name of the _Four
+Prophets_; the condemned persons were enclosed alive in these figures,
+and perished by a slow and horrible death[3].
+
+The dread which these executions inspired in the _New Christians_ caused
+a great number to emigrate to France, Portugal, and even to Africa. Many
+of those who had been condemned for contumacy had fled to Rome, and
+demanded justice of the Pope against their judges. The sovereign pontiff
+wrote on the 29th of January to Ferdinand and Isabella, and complained
+that the inquisitors did not follow the rule of right in declaring those
+to be heretics who were not guilty. His Holiness added that he would
+have pronounced their deprivation but from respect to the royal decree
+which had instituted them in their office, but he revoked the
+authorization which he had given. On the 11th of the following month the
+Pope despatched a new brief, in which, without mentioning the first, he
+says, the general of the Dominicans, Alphonso de St. Cebriant, having
+proved to him the necessity of increasing the number of inquisitors, he
+had appointed to that office Alphonso de St. Cebriant, and seven monks
+of his order. It was at this time that Queen Isabella requested the Pope
+to give the Inquisition a permanent form which should be satisfactory to
+all parties; she required that the judgments passed in Spain should be
+definitive and without appeal to Rome, and complained at the same time
+that many persons accused her of being influenced in all that she did
+for the tribunal by a desire to seize the wealth of the condemned.
+
+When Sixtus IV. received this letter he had just learnt that his bulls
+had met with some resistance in Sicily from the viceroy and other
+magistrates, and artfully took advantage of Isabella's request to
+confirm his authority in that kingdom. He replied to the queen, and
+praised her zeal for the Inquisition; appeased her scruples of
+conscience in regard to the confiscations; and assured her that he would
+have complied with all her demands, if the cardinals, and those charged
+with the administration of affairs, had not found insurmountable
+difficulties in so doing. He exhorted her to maintain the Inquisition in
+her states, and above all to take proper measures that the apostolical
+bulls should be received and executed in Sicily.
+
+The councillors to whom the Pope had submitted the demands of Isabella,
+approved of the creation of an apostolical judge of appeal in Spain; and
+proposed at the same time that no person descended from the Jews, either
+by the male or female side, should be admitted among the inquisitorial
+judges. Don Inigo Manrique was named sole judge of appeals in all
+matters of faith.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+CREATION OF A GRAND INQUISITOR-GENERAL; OF A ROYAL COUNCIL OF THE
+INQUISITION; OF SUBALTERN TRIBUNALS AND ORGANIC LAWS: ESTABLISHMENT OF
+THE HOLY OFFICE IN ARAGON.
+
+
+In 1483, Father Thomas de Torquemada was appointed inquisitor-general of
+Aragon, and the immense powers of his office were confirmed in 1486, by
+Innocent VIII. and by the two successors of that pontiff. It would have
+been impossible to find a man more proper to fulfil the intentions of
+Ferdinand in multiplying the number of confiscations than Torquemada. He
+first created four inferior tribunals at Seville, Cordova, Jaen, and
+Villa-Real (now Ciudad-Real); the latter was soon after transferred to
+Toledo. He then permitted the Dominican fathers to exercise their
+functions in the kingdom of Castile: these monks, who held their
+commission from the holy see, did not submit to the authority of
+Torquemada without some resistance; they declared that they were not his
+delegates. Torquemada did not pronounce their deposition, as he feared
+it would injure the execution of the enterprise which he was commencing,
+but prepared to form laws which he found very necessary. He chose as
+assistants and councillors, two Civilians, named John Gutierrez de
+Chabes, and Tristan de Medina. At this time Ferdinand, perceiving how
+important it was to the interest of the revenue to organize the
+tribunal, created a royal council of the Inquisition, and appointed
+Torquemada president, and as councillors, Don Alphonso Carillo, Bishop
+of Mazara in Sicily, Sancho Velasquez de Cuellar and Ponce de Valencia,
+both doctors of law. Torquemada commissioned his two assistants to
+arrange the laws for the new council, and convoked a junta, which was
+composed of the inquisitors of the four tribunals which he had
+established, the two assistants, and the members of the royal council.
+This assembly was held at Seville, and published the first laws of the
+Spanish tribunal under the name of instructions in 1484. These
+instructions were divided into twenty-eight articles.
+
+The 1st article regulated the manner in which the establishment of the
+Inquisition should be announced in the country where it was to be
+introduced.
+
+The 2nd article commanded that an edict should be published, accompanied
+with censures against those who did not accuse themselves voluntarily
+during the term of grace.
+
+By the 3rd, a delay of thirty days was appointed for heretics to declare
+themselves.
+
+The 4th regulated that all voluntary confessions should be written in
+the presence of the inquisitors and a recorder.
+
+The 5th, that absolution should not be given secretly to any individual
+voluntarily confessing, unless no person was acquainted with his crime.
+
+The 6th ordained, that part of the penance of a _reconciled heretic_
+should consist in being deprived of all honourable employments, and of
+the use of gold, silver, pearls, silk, and fine wool.
+
+By the 7th article, pecuniary penalties were imposed on all who made a
+voluntary confession.
+
+By the 8th, the person who accused himself after the term of grace could
+not be exempted from the punishment of confiscation.
+
+The 9th article decreed, that if persons under twenty years of age
+accuse themselves after the term of grace, and it is proved that they
+were drawn into error by their parents, a slight punishment shall be
+inflicted.
+
+The 10th obliged the inquisitors to declare, in their act of
+reconciliation, the exact time when the offender fell into heresy, that
+the portion of property to be confiscated might be ascertained.
+
+The 11th article decreed, that if a heretic, detained in the prisons of
+the holy office, demanded absolution, and appeared to feel true
+repentance, that it might be granted to him, imposing, at the same time,
+perpetual imprisonment.
+
+By the 12th, if the inquisitors thought the repentance of the prisoner
+was pretended, in the case indicated by the former article, they were
+permitted to refuse the absolution, to declare him a false penitent, and
+as such condemn him to be burnt.
+
+By the 13th, if a man, absolved after his confession, should boast of
+having concealed several crimes, or if information should be obtained
+that he had committed more than he had confessed, he was to be arrested
+and judged as a false penitent.
+
+By the 14th article, the accused was to be condemned as impenitent, if
+he persisted in his denials even after the publication of the testimony.
+
+By the 15th, if a semi-proof existed against a person who denied his
+crime, he was to be put to the torture; if he confessed his crime during
+the torture, and afterwards confirmed his confession, he was punished as
+convicted; if he retracted, he was tortured again, or condemned to an
+extraordinary punishment.
+
+The 16th article prohibited the communication of the entire deposition
+of the witnesses to the accused.
+
+The 17th article obliged the inquisitors to interrogate the witnesses
+themselves, if it was not impossible.
+
+The 18th article decrees, that one or two inquisitors should be present
+when the prisoner was tortured, or appoint a commissioner if they were
+occupied elsewhere, to receive his declarations.
+
+By the 19th article, if the accused did not appear when summoned,
+according to the prescribed form, he was condemned as a heretic.
+
+The 20th article decrees, that if it is proved that any person died a
+heretic, by his writings or conduct, that he shall be judged and
+condemned as such, his body disinterred and burnt, and his property
+confiscated.
+
+By the 21st, the inquisitors were commanded to extend their jurisdiction
+over the vassals of nobles; if they refused to permit it, they were to
+be censured.
+
+The 22nd decreed, that if a man, burnt as a heretic, left children under
+age, a portion of their father's property should be granted to them
+under the title of alms, and the inquisitors shall be obliged to confide
+their education to proper persons.
+
+By the 23rd, if a heretic, reconciled during the term of grace, without
+having incurred the punishment of confiscation, possessed property
+belonging to a condemned person, this property was not to be included in
+the pardon.
+
+The 24th obliged the reconciled to give his Christian slaves their
+liberty, when his property was not confiscated, if the king granted the
+pardon on that condition.
+
+The 25th prohibited the inquisitors, and other persons attached to the
+tribunal, from receiving presents, on pain of excommunication,
+deprivation of their employments, restitution, and a penalty of twice
+the value of the gifts received.
+
+The 26th recommends to the officers of the Inquisition to live in peace
+together.
+
+The 27th commands that they shall carefully watch the conduct of their
+inferior officers.
+
+The 28th and last, commits to the prudence of the inquisitors the
+discussion of all points not mentioned in the foregoing articles.
+
+Ferdinand having convoked at Tarazona the Cortes of his kingdom of
+Aragon, decreed that the Inquisition should be reformed in a
+privy-council. After this resolution, Torquemada named Gaspard Juglar, a
+dominican, and Peter Arbues d'Epila, as inquisitors for the
+archbishopric of Saragossa. A royal ordinance commanded all the
+authorities to aid and assist them in their office, and the magistrate
+known by the name of Chief Justice of Aragon, took the oath with
+several others. This circumstance did not prevent the resistance which
+the Aragonese opposed to the tribunal; on the contrary it augmented, and
+rose to such a height, that it might have been termed national.
+
+The principal persons employed in the Court of Aragon were descended
+from _New Christians_: among these were Louis Gonzalez, the royal
+secretary for the affairs of the kingdom; Philip de Clemente,
+prothonotary; Alphonso de la Caballeria, vice-chancellor; and Gabriel
+Sanchez, grand treasurer; who were all descended from Jews condemned, in
+their time, by the Inquisition. These men, and many others employed in
+the court, had allied themselves to the principal grandees in the
+kingdom, and used the influence which they derived from this
+circumstance, to engage the representatives of the nation to appeal to
+the Pope and the king, against the inquisitorial code. Commissioners
+were sent to Rome and the Court of Spain, to demand the suspension of
+the articles relating to confiscation, as contrary to the laws of the
+kingdom of Aragon. They were persuaded that the Inquisition would not
+maintain itself if this measure was abandoned. While the deputies of the
+Cortes of Aragon were at Rome, and with the king, the inquisitors
+condemned several _New Christians_ as Judaic heretics. These executions
+increased the irritation of the Aragonese; and when the deputies wrote
+from the Court of Spain, that they were not satisfied with the state of
+affairs, they resolved to sacrifice one or two of the inquisitors, with
+the hope that no one would dare to take the office, and that the king
+would renounce his design. The project of assassination having been
+approved by the conspirators, a voluntary contribution was raised among
+all the Aragonese of the Jewish race; and it was proved by the trials of
+Sancho de Paternoy and others, that Don Blasco d'Alagon received ten
+thousand reals, which were destined to reward the assassins of the
+Inquisitor Arbues, John de la Abadia, a noble of Aragon, but descended
+from Jewish ancestors on the female side, took upon himself the
+direction of the enterprise. The assassination was confided to John
+d'Esperaindeo, to Vidal d'Uranso, his servant, to Matthew Ram, Tristan
+de Leonis, Anthony Gran, and Bernard Leofante. They failed several times
+in their attempts, as Peter Arbues, being informed of their design, took
+the necessary precautions to secure his life.
+
+It appears, from the examination of some of the murderers, that the
+inquisitor wore a coat of mail under his vest, and a kind of helmet
+covered with a cap. He was at last assassinated in the metropolitan
+church, during the performance of the matins, on the 15th of November,
+1485. Vidal d'Uranso wounded him so severely in the back of the neck,
+that he died two days after. The next day the murder was known in the
+town, but its effects were different from what had been expected, for
+all the _Old Christians_, or those who were not of Jewish origin,
+persuaded that the _New Christians_ had committed the crime, assembled
+to pursue them and revenge the death of the inquisitor. The disturbance
+was violent, and its consequences would have been terrible, if the young
+archbishop, Don Alphonso of Aragon, had not shewn himself, and assured
+the multitude that the criminal should be punished. Policy inspired
+Ferdinand and Isabella with the idea of honouring the memory of Arbues
+with a solemnity which contributed to make him pass for a saint, and
+caused a particular worship to be addressed to him. This took place long
+after, when Pope Alexander VII. had beatified him as a martyr, in 1664.
+A magnificent monument was erected to his memory, by Ferdinand and
+Isabella. While the sovereigns were occupied in honouring the remains of
+Peter Arbues, the inquisitors of Saragossa were labouring without
+ceasing to discover the authors and accomplices of his murder, and to
+punish them as Judaic heretics and enemies to the holy office. It would
+be difficult to enumerate the number of families plunged into misery
+through their vengeance; two hundred victims were soon sacrificed.
+Vidal d'Uranso, one of the assassins, revealed all he knew of the
+conspiracy, which was the cause of the discovery of its authors. There
+was scarcely a single family in the three first orders of nobility,
+which was not disgraced by having at least one of its members in the
+_auto-da-fe_, wearing the habit of a penitent.
+
+Don James Diaz d'Aux Armendarix, lord of the town of Cadreita, a knight
+of Navarre, and ancestor of the Dukes of Albuquerque, was condemned to a
+public penance, for having concealed in his house, for one night,
+several persons who fled from Saragossa. The same punishment was
+inflicted on several other illustrious knights of the town of Tudela in
+Navarre, for having received and concealed other fugitives. Don James de
+Navarre (the son of Eleanor, Queen of Navarre, and Gaston de Foix) was
+imprisoned in the dungeons of the Inquisition, and was subjected to a
+public penance for having assisted several of the conspirators in their
+flight. The inquisitors knew, when they had the audacity to imprison
+him, that he was not beloved by Ferdinand, who always feared him,
+although he was not legitimate.
+
+Don Lope Ximenez de Urrea, first count of Aranda; Don Louis Gonzalez,
+secretary to the king; Don Alphonso de la Caballeria, vice-chancellor of
+the kingdom; and many other persons of equal rank, were condemned to the
+same punishment. John de Esperaindeo and the other assassins of Arbues
+were hung, after having their hands cut off. Their bodies were
+quartered, and their limbs exposed in the highways. John de l'Abadia
+killed himself in prison the day before the execution, but his corpse
+was treated in the same manner as the others. The hands of Vidal
+d'Uranso were not cut off until he had expired, because he had been
+promised his pardon if he discovered the conspirators.
+
+All the other provinces of Aragon made an equal resistance to the
+introduction of the new Inquisition. The seditions at Teruel were only
+quelled in 1485, by extreme severity. The town and bishopric of Lerida,
+and other towns in Catalonia, obstinately resisted the establishment of
+the reform, and were not reduced to obedience until 1487. Barcelona
+refused to acknowledge Torquemada or any of his delegates, on account of
+a privilege which it possessed of having an inquisitor with a special
+title. The king applied to the Pope, who instituted Torquemada special
+inquisitor of the town and bishopric of Barcelona, with the power of
+appointing others to the office. The king was obliged to employ the same
+method with the inhabitants of Majorca and those of Sardinia, who did
+not receive the Inquisition until 1490 and 1492. It is an incontestable
+fact in the history of the Spanish Inquisition, that it was introduced
+entirely against the consent of the provinces, and only by the influence
+of the Dominican monks.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+ADDITIONAL ACTS TO THE FIRST CONSTITUTION OF THE HOLY OFFICE;
+CONSEQUENCES OF THEM, AND APPEALS TO ROME AGAINST THEM.
+
+
+The inquisitor-general judged it necessary to augment the laws of the
+holy office; and added eleven new articles to them; the substance of
+them is as follows:--
+
+1st. That each inferior tribunal should consist of two inquisitors as
+civilians, an attorney, an alguazil, a recorder and other persons, if
+necessary, who were to receive a fixed salary. The same article
+prohibits the admission of the servants or creatures of the inquisitors
+into the tribunal.
+
+2nd. That if any of the persons employed should receive presents from
+the accused or his family, he should be immediately deprived of his
+office.
+
+3rd. That the holy office should employ an able civilian at Rome, under
+the title of agent, and that this expense, should be supported by the
+money arising from the confiscations.
+
+4th. That the contracts signed before the year 1479, by persons whose
+property had since been seized, should be regarded as valid; but if it
+was proved that any deception had been used in the transactions, that
+the culprits should be punished by a hundred strokes of a whip, and
+branded on the face with a red-hot iron.
+
+5th. That the nobles who should receive fugitives in their estates,
+should be compelled to deliver up to government the property committed
+to their care; and if they claimed the fulfilments of contracts signed
+by the accused for their profit, that the attorney should commence an
+action to reclaim the property at belonging to the revenue.
+
+6th. That the notaries of the Inquisition should keep an account of the
+property of the condemned persons.
+
+7th. That the stewards of the holy office could sell the confiscated
+property, and receive the rents of the estates which might be let.
+
+8th. That each steward should inspect the property belonging to his
+tribunal.
+
+9th. That a steward could not sequestrate the property of a condemned
+person, without an order from the Inquisition; and even in that case,
+that he should be accompanied by an alguazil, and place the effects and
+an inventory of them in the hands of a third person.
+
+10th. That the steward should pay the salaries of the inquisitors
+quarterly, that they might not be obliged to receive presents.
+
+11th. That in all circumstances not foreseen in the new regulations, the
+inquisitors should conduct themselves with prudence, and apply to the
+government in all difficult cases.
+
+The nature of these articles proves that the number of confiscations
+had been considerable. Ferdinand and Isabella often gave the property of
+the condemned persons to their wives and children, granted them pensions
+on the property, or a certain sum to be paid by the receiver-general.
+
+These sums, and the care which people took to conceal their effects,
+diminished the funds of the Inquisition; besides which, most of the _New
+Christians_ were merchants or artisans, and it often happened that the
+receivers who paid the royal gifts were unable to pay the salaries of
+the inquisitors. Torquemada, in 1488, decreed that the royal gifts
+should not be paid, until the salaries and other expenses of the
+Inquisition had been defrayed, and wrote to request the approbation of
+Ferdinand, who refused it. The inquisitor-general was then obliged to
+permit the inquisitors to impose pecuniary penalties on reconciled
+persons (which permission was afterwards revoked). As experience showed
+that the revenue of the Inquisition was never sufficient, on account of
+the great number of prisoners which it was obliged to maintain, and the
+expenses incurred by the agent at Rome, Ferdinand and Isabella requested
+the Pope to place at the disposal of the holy office, a prebendary in
+each cathedral in their dominions; to which he consented in 1501. The
+receivers finding themselves unable to defray the expenses of the
+administration, demanded restitution of many persons whom they accused
+of retaining estates belonging to the Inquisition. This conduct caused
+so many complaints, that the council of the Inquisition was obliged to
+prohibit the receivers from molesting the proprietors of estates which
+had been sold before the year 1479. It is not surprising that the
+receivers should employ such measures to augment the revenue, when the
+inquisitors contributed to impoverish it themselves, by disposing of it
+according to their caprices, and without the permission of the
+sovereigns. This abuse rose to such a height, that Ferdinand and
+Isabella complained to the Pope, who prohibited the inquisitors from
+disposing of their revenues without an order from the king, on pain of
+excommunication. The inquisitors were afterwards obliged to refund the
+sums which they had seized.
+
+In 1488 the inquisitor-general formed, with the assistance of the
+supreme council, a new ordinance, which consisted of fifteen articles.
+
+The first decreed that the regulations of 1484 should be followed in all
+things, except in regard to the confiscations, which were to be
+regulated by the rules of equity.
+
+The 2nd enjoins the inquisitors to proceed in a uniform manner, on
+account of the abuses produced by a contrary system.
+
+The 3rd prohibits inquisitors from delaying to pass sentence, on the
+pretence of waiting for the full proof of the crime.
+
+The 4th imports, that as there are not in all the tribunals civilians of
+sufficient ability to be consulted in the preparation of the definitive
+sentences, the inquisitors shall send the writings of the trials to the
+inquisitor-general, in order to be examined by the civilians of the
+supreme council.
+
+The 5th decrees that no person shall be allowed to hold any
+communication with the prisoners, except the priests, who were obliged
+to visit the prisons once in a fortnight.
+
+The 6th commands that the testimony of witnesses shall be received in
+the presence of as small a number of persons as possible, that secrecy
+may not be violated.
+
+The 7th, that the writings and papers belonging to the Inquisition shall
+be kept in the place of residence of the inquisitors, and locked up in a
+chest; the key of which shall be kept by the notary of the tribunal, who
+must not give it up, on pain of losing his place.
+
+The 8th article decrees, that if the inquisitors of a district arrest a
+man already pursued by another tribunal, all the papers relating to his
+trial shall be placed in the hands of the first.
+
+The 9th article decrees, that if there are papers in the archives of a
+tribunal which may be of use to another, the expenses incurred in
+sending them shall be paid by it.
+
+The 10th article declares, that as there are not prisons enough for all
+who are condemned to perpetual imprisonment, they shall be permitted to
+remain in their houses, but not to go out, on pain of being punished
+with the utmost severity.
+
+In the 11th, the inquisitors are recommended to execute rigorously all
+those laws which prohibit the children and grandchildren of condemned
+persons from exercising any honourable employment, and from wearing any
+garment of silk, or fine wool, or any ornament of gold, silver, or
+precious stones.
+
+The 12th article decrees, that males cannot be admitted to
+reconciliation and abjuration before the age of fourteen years, or
+females before that of twelve; if they had abjured before that age, a
+ratification was necessary.
+
+The 13th prohibited the receivers from paying the royal gifts, until the
+expenses of the Inquisition were defrayed.
+
+The 14th declares, that the holy office should petition the sovereigns
+to build a prison in each town where it was established, for the
+reception of those who might be condemned to that punishment. It also
+recommends that the cells should be arranged in such a manner, that the
+prisoners might exercise their respective professions, and thus maintain
+themselves.
+
+The 15th and last article obliged the notaries, fiscals, and alguazils,
+and other officers of the Inquisition, to perform their functions in
+person.
+
+The inquisitor-general found that these regulations were not sufficient
+to prevent abuses; he therefore convoked a junta of inquisitors at
+Toledo. The decrees of this assembly were published at Avila in 1498,
+and were as follows:--
+
+First, that each tribunal should be composed of two inquisitors, one a
+civilian, the other a theologian. They were prohibited from inflicting
+imprisonment or torture, or communicating the charges made by the
+witnesses, without the consent of both.
+
+Secondly, that the inquisitors should not allow their dependents to
+carry any defensive arms, except where their office obliges them to do
+so.
+
+Thirdly, that no person should be imprisoned if his crime had not been
+sufficiently proved; and that when the arrest had taken place, his
+judgment should be immediately pronounced, without waiting for fresh
+proofs.
+
+Fourthly, that the Inquisition should acquit deceased persons, if
+sufficient proof was not produced, and not delay the trial to wait for
+fresh accusations, as it was injurious to the children, whose
+establishment was prevented, from the uncertainty of the result of the
+trial.
+
+Fifthly, that the entire failure of the funds of the holy office should
+not occasion the imposition of a greater number of pecuniary penalties.
+
+Sixthly, that the inquisitors should not change imprisonment, or any
+other corporeal punishment, to a pecuniary penalty, but for the
+punishment of fasting, alms, pilgrimages, or other similar penances.
+
+Seventhly, that the inquisitors should carefully examine into the
+expediency of admitting to reconciliation those who confessed their
+crimes after their arrest, since they might be considered as
+contumacious, as the Inquisition had been established many years.
+
+Eighthly, that the inquisitors should punish false witnesses publicly.
+
+Ninthly, that two men related in any degree should not be employed in
+the holy office, nor a master and his servant, even in case their
+functions should be entirely distinct.
+
+Tenthly, that each tribunal should have archives secured by three locks,
+the keys of which should be placed in the hands of the two notaries and
+the fiscal.
+
+Eleventhly, that the notary should receive the testimony of witnesses
+only in the presence of an inquisitor, and that the two priests
+commissioned to prove the truth of the deposition should not belong to
+the tribunal.
+
+Twelfthly, that the inquisitor should establish the Inquisition in all
+towns where it did not already exist.
+
+Thirteenthly, that in all difficult cases the inquisitors should consult
+the council.
+
+Fourteenthly, that the women should have a prison separated from that of
+the men.
+
+Fifteenthly, that the officers of the tribunal should perform their
+functions six hours in a day, and that they should attend the
+inquisitors whenever they were required.
+
+Sixteenthly, that after the inquisitors had received the oath of the
+witnesses in presence of the fiscal, he should be obliged to retire.
+
+Besides these ordinances, Torquemada established several particular
+regulations for each individual belonging to the tribunal: all the
+persons employed were obliged to take an oath that they would not reveal
+anything they might see or hear: the inquisitor was not allowed to
+remain alone with the prisoner; the gaoler could not allow any person to
+speak with him, and was obliged to examine if any writings were
+concealed in the food which was given him. These were the last
+regulations framed by Torquemada, but Diego Deza, his successor,
+published a fifth _instruction_ at Seville, in 1500.
+
+Such were the laws of the holy office in Spain. This code caused the
+emigration of more than a hundred thousand families useful to the state,
+and the loss of many millions of francs which were spent at the court of
+Rome, either for the bulls which it expedited, or by those who repaired
+thither to solicit their absolution from the Popes. The holy see was far
+from complaining of this practice, as it brought immense sums to the
+treasury, and no person who presented himself with his money before the
+apostolical penitentiary, failed of obtaining the absolution he
+solicited, or an order for absolution elsewhere.
+
+This conduct displeased the inquisitors: depending on the protection of
+Ferdinand and Isabella, they expostulated with the Pope, who annulled
+the absolutions already granted, thus deceiving those who had spent the
+greatest part of their fortunes in endeavouring to obtain them. He then
+promised new pardons on new conditions, contrary to the engagement he
+had entered into with Ferdinand, to abolish every means of appeal to the
+Court of Rome. Such was the constant practice of the holy see during
+thirty years after the establishment of the Inquisition in Spain.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+EXPULSION OF THE JEWS.--PROCEEDINGS AGAINST BISHOPS.--DEATH OF
+TORQUEMADA.
+
+
+In 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella conquered the kingdom of Grenada. This
+event offered a multitude of victims to the holy office in the persons
+of the Moors, who were converted merely in the hope of obtaining
+consideration, and after their baptism returned to Mahometanism. John de
+Navagiero, in his travels in Spain, states, that Ferdinand had promised
+the Morescoes, (as those Moors were called who became Christians,) that
+the Inquisition should not interfere with them for the space of forty
+years, but that the Inquisition was established in the kingdom of
+Grenada, on the pretence that many Jews had taken refuge there. This
+statement is not exact; the sovereigns only promised that the Moorish
+Christians should not be prosecuted except for serious crimes, and the
+Inquisition was not introduced among them before 1526.
+
+It was in the year 1492 that the unbaptized Jews were expelled from
+Spain. They were accused of persuading those of their nation who had
+become Christians to apostatize, and of crucifying children on
+Good-Friday, in mockery of the Saviour of the world, and of many other
+offences of the same nature. The Jewish physicians, surgeons, and
+apothecaries, were also accused of having taken advantage of their
+professions, to cause the death of a great number of Christians, and
+among others, that of Henry III., which was attributed to his physician,
+Don Mair.
+
+The Jews, in order to avert the danger which threatened them, offered to
+supply Ferdinand with thirty thousand pieces of silver to carry on the
+war against Grenada; they promised to live peaceably, to comply with the
+regulations formed for them, in retiring to their houses in the quarters
+assigned to them before night, and in renouncing all professions which
+were reserved for the Christians. Ferdinand and Isabella were willing to
+listen to these propositions; but Torquemada, being informed of their
+inclinations, had the boldness to appear before them with a crucifix in
+his hand, and to address them in these words:--
+
+"Judas sold his master for thirty pieces of silver, your highnesses are
+about to do the same for thirty thousand; behold him, take him, and
+hasten to self him."
+
+The fanaticism of the Dominican wrought a sudden change in the minds of
+the sovereigns, and they issued a decree on the 31st of March 1492, by
+which all the Jews were compelled to quit Spain before the 31st of July
+ensuing, on pain of death, and the confiscation of their property; the
+decree also prohibited Christians from receiving them into their houses
+after that period. They were permitted to sell their stock, to carry
+away their furniture and other effects, _except gold and silver, for
+which they were to accept letters of change, or any merchandise not
+prohibited_.
+
+Torquemada commissioned all preachers to exhort them to receive
+baptism, and remain in the kingdom. A small number suffered themselves
+to be persuaded; the rest sold their goods at so low a price, that
+Andrew Bernaldez (a contemporary historian) declares, in his history of
+the Catholic Kings, that he saw _the Jews give a house for an ass, and a
+vineyard for a small quantity of cloth or linen_.
+
+According to Mariana, eight hundred thousand Jews quitted Spain, and if
+the Moors, who emigrated to Africa, and the Christians who settled in
+the New World, are added to the number, we shall find that Ferdinand and
+Isabella lost, through these cruel measures, two millions of subjects.
+Bernaldez affirms, that the Jews carried a quantity of gold with them,
+concealed in their garments and saddles, and even in their intestines,
+for they reduced the ducats into small pieces, and swallowed them. A
+great number afterwards returned to Spain, and received baptism. Some
+returned from the kingdom of Fez, where the Moors had seized their money
+and effects, and even killed the women, to take the gold which they
+expected to find within them. These cruelties can only be attributed to
+the fanaticism of Torquemada, to the avarice and superstition of
+Ferdinand, and to the inconsiderate zeal of Isabella, who, nevertheless,
+possessed great gentleness of character, and an enlightened mind.
+
+The other European courts were not thus influenced by fanaticism, and
+paid no attention to a bull of Innocent VIII., which commanded all
+governments to arrest, at the desire of Torquemada, the fugitives whom
+he should designate, on pain of excommunication; the monarch was the
+only person exempted from the penalty.
+
+The insolent fanatic, Torquemada, while he affected to refuse the honour
+of episcopacy through modesty, was the first who gave the fatal example
+of subjecting bishops to trial. Not satisfied with having obtained from
+Sixtus IV. the briefs which prohibited bishops of Jewish origin from
+interfering in the affairs of the Inquisition, he even wished to put
+two on their trial, namely, Don Juan Arias Davila, Bishop of Segovia;
+and Don Pedro de Aranda, Bishop of Calahorra. He made his resolution
+known to the Pope, who informed him that his predecessor, Boniface
+VIII., had prohibited the Inquisition from proceeding against bishops,
+archbishops, or cardinals, without an apostolical commission; but if any
+prelate was accused of heresy, he charged Torquemada to send him a copy
+of the informations, that he might decide on the method to be pursued.
+
+Torquemada immediately began to take secret informations of the conduct
+of the bishops, and the Pope sent Antonio Palavicini, Bishop of Tournai,
+to Spain, with the title of apostolical nuncio, when he received the
+informations of Torquemada, and returned to Rome, where the two bishops
+were cited to appear and defend themselves. Don Juan Arias Davila was
+the son of Diego Arias Davila, who was of Jewish origin, and was
+baptized after the preaching of St. Vincent Ferrier; he afterwards
+became chief financier to the kings John II. and Henry IV. Henry IV.
+ennobled him, and gave him the lordship of the Castle of Punonrostro,
+and several other places which form the countship of Punonrostro, and
+the title of Grandee of Spain, which has been possessed by his
+descendants from the time of Pedro Arias Davila, the first count, and
+brother to the bishop, and who was also chief financier to Henry IV. and
+Ferdinand V. The rank of the bishop did not intimidate Torquemada;
+informations were taken by his order, and the result was, that Diego
+Arias Davila died a Judaic heretic: the object which the
+inquisitor-general had in view, was to condemn his memory, confiscate
+his property, and to disinter his body, in order to burn it with his
+effigy. As, in all affairs of this nature, the children are cited to
+appear, Don Juan Arias Davila was obliged to repair to Rome in 1490, to
+defend his father and himself, although he had arrived at a great age,
+and had been Bishop of Segovia thirty years. He was well received by
+Alexander VI., who appointed him to accompany his nephew, the Cardinal
+Montreal, to Naples, when he went to crown Ferdinand II. Davila returned
+to Rome, and died there in 1497, after having cleared the memory of his
+father.
+
+Don Pedro Aranda, Bishop of Calahorra, was not so fortunate. He was the
+son of Gonzales Alonzo, a Jew, who was also baptized in the time of St.
+Vincent Ferrier, and who was afterwards master of a chapel. Gonzales had
+the pleasure of seeing both his sons attain the dignity of bishops: the
+eldest was Archbishop of Montreal in Sicily, the second was made Bishop
+of Calahorra, in 1478, and president of the Council of Castile in 1482;
+yet in 1488 he was the object of a secret instruction, directed by
+Torquemada, which however did not prevent him from convoking a synod in
+the town of Logrogna, in 1492. At that period Torquemada, and the other
+inquisitors of Valladolid, undertook the trial of Gonzales Alonzo, to
+prove that he had died a Judaic heretic. The inquisitors of Valladolid
+and the bishop of the diocese could not agree on the sentence to be
+pronounced on the accused; and his son, Don Pedro Aranda, obtained a
+brief from Alexander VI., by which this affair was referred to Don Inigo
+Manrique, Bishop of Cordova, and John de St. John, prior of the
+Benedictines at Valladolid. They were commissioned to pronounce judgment
+and execute the sentence, without any interference on the part of the
+Inquisition. Their decision was favourable to Gonzales.
+
+The bishop, his son, gained the esteem of the Pope, who made him chief
+major-domo of the pontifical palace, and sent him as ambassador to
+Venice, in 1494. These marks of favour did not cause the inquisitors to
+relax in their zeal: they proceeded in their trial against Don Pedro,
+for heresy: his judges were the archbishop, the Governor of Rome, and
+two bishops, auditors of the apostolical palace. Don Pedro called one
+hundred and one witnesses for his defence; but unfortunately every one
+of them had something to advance against him, on different points. The
+judges made their report to the Pope, in a secret consistory, in 1498,
+who, with the cardinals, condemned the bishop to be deprived of his
+offices and benefices, to be degraded from his episcopal dignity, and
+reduced to the rank of a simple layman. He was confined in the Castle of
+Santangelo, where he died some time after.
+
+Thomas de Torquemada, first inquisitor-general of Spain, died the 16th
+of November, 1498. The miseries which were the consequences of the
+system which he adopted, and recommended to his successors, justify the
+general hatred which followed him to the tomb, and compelled him to take
+precautions for his personal safety. Ferdinand and Isabella permitted
+him to use an escort of fifty _familiars_ of the Inquisition on
+horseback, and two hundred others on foot, whenever he travelled. He
+also kept the horn of a unicorn on his table, which was supposed to
+discover and neutralize poisons. It is not surprising that many should
+have conspired against his life, when his cruel administration is
+considered: the Pope himself was alarmed at his barbarity, and the
+complaints which were made against him; and Torquemada was obliged to
+send his colleague, Antonio Badoja, three times to Rome, to defend him
+against the accusations of his enemies.
+
+At last Alexander VI., weary of the continual clamours of which he was
+the object, resolved to deprive him of his dignity, but was deterred
+from so doing through consideration for the Court of Spain. He therefore
+expedited a brief in 1494, saying, that as Torquemada had arrived at a
+great age, and suffered from many infirmities, he had named four
+inquisitors-general, invested with the same powers which he possessed.
+
+The familiars of the holy office, who were employed as the body-guard of
+the inquisitor-general, were the successors of the familiars of the Old
+Inquisition. They were commissioned to pursue the heretics, and persons
+suspected of heresy, to assist the officers of the tribunal in taking
+them to prison, and to do all that the inquisitors might require.
+
+It has been shown that the Spaniards received the Inquisition with
+reluctance; but as they were obliged to endure it when once established,
+some prudent persons thought they should be more secure from the danger
+of incurring suspicion, if they appeared devoted to the cause, which was
+the reason why several illustrious gentlemen offered to become
+_familiars of the holy office_, and were admitted into the congregation
+of St. Peter. Their example was followed by the inferior classes, and
+encouraged by Ferdinand and Isabella, who bestowed several immunities
+and privileges on them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+OF THE PROCEDURE OF THE MODERN INQUISITION.
+
+
+After the death of the Inquisitor-general, Torquemada, Ferdinand and
+Isabella proposed Don Diego Deza, a Dominican, to the Pope, as his
+successor. Deza was Bishop of Jaen, and afterwards became Archbishop of
+Seville. The Pope signed his bulls of confirmation on the 1st of
+December, 1498, but limited his authority to the affairs of the kingdom
+of Castile. Deza was displeased at a restriction which did not exist in
+the bulls of his two colleagues, and refused to accept the nomination,
+until the Pope invested him with the same power over Aragon, in a bull,
+in 1499. The new inquisitor-general did not show less severity in the
+exercise of his office than his predecessor; but, before I enter on this
+part of the history, it is necessary to give some account of the mode of
+proceeding of the holy office, as it was the work of Torquemada, the
+effect of the laws which he formed, and properly belongs to his
+history.
+
+The processes in the Inquisition began by a denunciation, or some other
+information, such as a discovery accidentally made before the tribunal
+in another trial. When the denunciation is signed, it takes the form of
+a declaration, in which the informer, after having sworn to the truth of
+his deposition, designates those persons whom he presumes, or believes,
+to have anything to depose against the accused person. These persons are
+then heard, and their depositions, with that of the first witness, form
+the _summary of the information, or the preparatory instruction_.
+
+
+_Inquest._
+
+When the tribunal judged that the actions or words which were denounced
+were sufficient to warrant an inquiry to establish the proofs, the
+persons who had been cited as knowing the object of the declaration were
+examined, and were obliged to take an oath not to reveal the questions
+which were put to them. None of the witnesses were informed of the
+subject on which they were to make their depositions; they were only
+asked in general terms, _if they had ever seen or heard anything which
+was, or appeared, contrary to the Catholic faith, or the rights of the
+Inquisition_.
+
+Personal experience has shown me that the witnesses who were ignorant of
+the cause of their citation often recollected circumstances entirely
+foreign to the subject, which they made known, and were then
+interrogated as if their examination had no other object; this
+accidental deposition served instead of a denunciation, and a new
+process was commenced.
+
+The declarations were written down by the commissary or notary, who
+usually aggravated the denunciation, as much as the arbitrary
+interpretation of the improper or equivocal expressions used by ignorant
+persons would permit. The declaration was twice read to the witnesses,
+_who did not fail to approve all that had been written_.
+
+
+_Censure of the Qualifiers._
+
+When the inquisitors examine the preliminary _instruction_, if they find
+sufficient cause to proceed, they send a circular to all the tribunals
+in the province to inquire if any charges against the accused exist in
+their registers. This proceeding is called the _review of the
+registers_. Extracts are made of the propositions against the accused,
+and if each is expressed in different terms, which is almost always the
+case, they are sent as accusations advanced on different occasions. This
+writing was then remitted to the theologians, _qualifiers of the holy
+office_, who write at the bottom of the page if the propositions merit
+the _theological censure_, as heretical, if they give occasion to
+suppose that the person who pronounced them approved of any heresy, or
+if he is only suspected of that crime.
+
+The declaration of the _qualifiers_ determines the proceedings against
+the accused, until the trial is prepared for the definite sentence. The
+_qualifiers_ were generally scholastic monks, almost entirely
+unacquainted with true dogmatic theology, and who carried fanaticism and
+superstition to such a height as to find heresy in everything which they
+had not studied: this disposition has often caused them to censure some
+of the doctrines of the fathers of the church.
+
+
+_Prisons._
+
+When the qualification has been made, the procurator-fiscal demands that
+the denounced person shall be removed to the _secret prisons_ of the
+_holy office_. The tribunal has three sorts of prisons, public,
+intermediate, and secret. The first are those where persons are
+imprisoned, who are not guilty of heresy, but of some crime which the
+Inquisition has the privilege of punishing: the second are destined for
+those servants of the holy office who have committed some crime in the
+exercise of their functions, without incurring suspicion of heresy.
+Those who are detained in these prisons are permitted to communicate
+with others, unless they are condemned to solitary confinement. The
+secret prisons are those where all heretics, or persons suspected of
+heresy, are confined; they can only communicate with the judges of the
+tribunal.
+
+These prisons are not, as they have been represented, damp, dirty, and
+unhealthy; they are vaulted chambers, well lighted, not damp, and large
+enough for a person to take some exercise in. The real horrors of the
+prisons are, that no one can enter them without becoming infamous in
+public opinion; and the solitude and the darkness to which the prisoner
+is condemned for fifteen hours in the day during the winter, as he is
+not allowed light before the hour of seven in the morning, or after four
+in the evening. Some authors have stated, that the prisoners were
+chained; these means are only employed on extraordinary occasions, and
+to prevent them from destroying themselves.
+
+
+_First Audiences._
+
+In the three first days following the imprisonment of the culprit, he
+had three _audiences_ of _monition_, or caution, recommending him to
+speak the truth, without concealing anything that he had done or said,
+or that he can impute to others, contrary to the faith. He was told that
+if he followed this recommendation he would be treated leniently; but in
+the contrary case, he would be proceeded against with severity. Until
+then the prisoner is ignorant of the cause of his arrest; he is only
+told that no person is taken to the prison of the holy office without
+sufficient proof that he has spoken against the Catholic faith, and,
+therefore, it is for his interest to confess his crimes voluntarily.
+Some prisoners confessed themselves guilty of the crimes stated in the
+preparatory instruction; others acknowledged more; others less;
+generally the prisoners declared that their consciences did not reproach
+them, but that they would endeavour to recollect the faults which they
+had committed if the accusations of the witnesses were read to them.
+
+The advantages of the confession were, that it lessened the duration of
+the trial, and rendered the punishments inflicted on the accused less
+severe when the reconciliation took place. Whatever promises might be
+made to the prisoners, they could not avoid the disgrace of the
+_san-benito_ and _auto-da-fe_, or preserve their honour or their
+property, if they acknowledged themselves _formal_ heretics.
+
+Another custom of the Inquisition was to examine the prisoner on his
+genealogy and parentage, in order to discover by the registers of the
+tribunal if any of his family had been punished for heresy, supposing
+that he might have inherited the erroneous doctrines of his ancestors.
+He was also obliged to recite the _Pater_, the _Credo_, and other forms
+of Christian doctrine, because the presumption that he had erred in his
+faith was stronger, if he did not know them, had forgotten them, or if
+he made mistakes in the repetition. In short, the Inquisition employed
+every means, and neglected nothing in the trial of the prisoners, to
+make them appear guilty of heresy, and all this was done with an
+appearance of charity and compassion, and in the name of Jesus Christ.
+
+
+_Charges._
+
+When the ceremony of the three first audiences is finished, the
+procurator-fiscal forms his act of accusation against the prisoner, from
+the preliminary instruction. Although a semi-proof only exists, he
+reports the facts in the depositions as if they were proved; and what
+is still more illegal, he does not reduce the articles of his
+_requisition_ to the number of facts, but following the practice in
+forming the extracts of the propositions for the act of _qualification_,
+he multiplies them according to the variations in the statements; so
+that an accusation which ought to be reduced to one point, contains five
+or six charges, which appear to indicate that the accused has advanced
+so many heretical opinions on different occasions, without any
+foundation but the different manner in which each witness relates the
+conversation.
+
+This mode of proceeding produces the worst effects; it confuses the
+prisoner where the charges are read to him, and if he has not coolness
+and intelligence, he imagines that several crimes are imputed to him,
+and replies, for instance, to the third article, and relates the facts
+in different words from those which he employed in answering the second;
+this variation taking place in each article, he sometimes contradicts
+himself, and thus furnishes the fiscal with fresh accusations against
+him, for he is accused of not adhering to truth in his replies.
+
+
+_Torture._
+
+Although the prisoner has confessed all that the witnesses deposed
+against him in the first audiences, yet the fiscal terminates his
+_requisition_ by saying, that he is guilty of concealment and denial,
+that he is, therefore, impenitent and obstinate, and demands that the
+question shall be applied to the accused.
+
+It is true, that it is so long since torture has been inflicted by the
+inquisitors, that the custom may be looked upon as abolished, and the
+fiscal only makes the demand in conformity to the example of his
+predecessors, yet it is equally cruel to make the prisoners fear it.
+
+In former times, if the inquisitors judged that the prisoner had not
+made a full confession, they ordered him to be tortured: the object was
+to make him confess all that formed the substance of the process. I
+shall not describe the different modes of torture employed by the
+Inquisition, as it has been already done by many historians: I shall
+only say that none of them can be accused of exaggeration. When the
+accused acknowledged the crimes imputed to them, during the torture,
+they were obliged the next day to ratify or retract their confession
+upon oath. Almost all confirmed their first statement, because they were
+subjected to the torture a second time if they dared to retract.
+
+
+_Requisition._
+
+The requisition or accusation of the procurator-fiscal was never given
+to the prisoner in writing, that he might not reflect on the charges in
+prison and prepare his replies. The prisoner is conducted to the
+audience-chamber, where a secretary reads the charges, in the presence
+of the inquisitors and the fiscal: between each article he calls upon
+the prisoner to reply to it instantly, and declare if it is true or
+false.
+
+It is evident that this proceeding is intended to embarrass the
+prisoner, by compelling him to reply without previous reflection. Such
+stratagems are allowed in other tribunals where the prisoners are guilty
+of homicide, theft, or other offences against society; but it must be
+allowed that it is against the spirit of Christianity to employ them
+where zeal for religion and the salvation of others seem to be the
+motives for acting.
+
+
+_Defence._
+
+When the charges and the _accusation_ have been read, the inquisitors
+ask the prisoner if he wishes to make a defence; if he replies in the
+affirmative, a copy of the _accusation_ and the replies is taken. He is
+then required to select the lawyer whom he wishes to employ for his
+defence, from the list of those belonging to the holy office. Some
+prisoners required permission to seek a defender out of the tribunal, a
+pretension which is not contrary to any law, particularly if the lawyer
+has taken an oath of secrecy; yet this simple and natural right has
+seldom been granted by the inquisitors.
+
+It is of little consequence to the accused to be defended by an able
+man, as the lawyer is not allowed to see the original process, or to
+communicate with his client. One of the notaries draws up a copy of the
+result of the _preliminary instruction_, in which he reports the
+deposition of the witnesses, without mentioning their names, or the
+circumstances of time or place, and (what is more extraordinary) without
+stating what has been said in defence of the prisoner. He entirely omits
+the declarations of the persons who, having been summoned and
+interrogated by the tribunal, have persisted in affirming that they knew
+nothing of the subject on which they were examined. This extract is
+accompanied by the censure of the _qualifiers_, and the demand of the
+fiscal for the examination, and the accusation, and the replies of the
+accused. This is all that is given to the defender in the
+audience-chamber, where the inquisitors have commanded him to attend. He
+is then obliged to promise to defend the prisoner if he thinks that it
+is just to do so; but, in the contrary case, that he will use all the
+means in his power to persuade him to solicit his pardon of the
+tribunal, by a sincere confession of his sins, and a demand to be
+reconciled to the church.
+
+Those who have acquired any experience in criminal proceedings, are
+aware of the great advantages which may be derived from the comparison
+of the testimony of the witnesses in the defence of the accused; but the
+direction given to the proceedings by the Inquisition is such, that the
+lawyer can rarely find any means of defence but that which arises from
+the difference and variations in the depositions on the actions and
+words imputed to the prisoner.
+
+As this is not sufficient, (because the semi-proof exists,) the defender
+generally demands to see the prisoner, that he may inquire if it is his
+intention to challenge the witnesses, to destroy, either in part, or
+entirely, the proof established against him. If he replies in the
+affirmative, the inquisitors order proceedings to prove the irregularity
+of the witnesses.
+
+
+_Proof._
+
+It is then necessary to separate all the original declarations of the
+witnesses from the process, and send them to the places which they
+inhabit to receive a _ratification_. This takes place without the
+knowledge of the prisoner, and as he is not represented by any person
+during this formality, it is impossible that the challenge of a witness
+should succeed, even if he was the greatest enemy of the prisoner. If
+the witness was at Madrid at the time of the instruction, and afterwards
+went to the Philippine Isles, the course of the trial was suspended, and
+the prisoner was obliged to wait till the ratification arrived from
+Asia. If he demanded an audience, to complain of the delay, he was
+answered with ambiguity, that the tribunal could not proceed with
+greater haste, as it was occupied with particular measures.
+
+The prisoner made his challenge of the witnesses by naming those whom he
+considered as his enemies, giving his reasons for mistrusting them, and
+writing on the margin of each article the names of those persons who
+could attest the facts which are the causes of the challenge. The
+inquisitors decree that they shall be examined, unless some motive
+prevents it.
+
+As the prisoner is not acquainted with the proceedings, he often accuses
+persons who have not been summoned as witnesses. The article in which
+they are mentioned is passed over with those of the witnesses who have
+not deposed against him, or who have spoken in his favour. Thus he
+encounters his accusers only by chance.
+
+It sometimes happens that the procurator-fiscal secretly obtains the
+proof of the morality of the witnesses, in order to destroy the effect
+of the challenge; and as this is more easy to accomplish than the
+measures taken by the prisoner, they are generally rendered useless,
+because in doubtful cases the inquisitors are always disposed to depend
+upon the witness, if he is not known to be the declared enemy of the
+accused.
+
+
+_Publication of the Proofs._
+
+When the proof is established, the tribunal publishes the state of the
+trial, the depositions, and the act of judgment. But these terms are not
+to be understood in the common sense, since the publication was only an
+unfaithful copy of the declarations and other facts contained in the
+extract formed for the use of the defender. A secretary reads it to the
+prisoner in the presence of the inquisitors; after each article he asks
+him if he acknowledges the truth of what he has just heard; he then
+reads the declarations, and if the prisoner has not yet alleged any
+thing against the witnesses, that privilege is given him, because, after
+hearing the deposition, he is generally able to designate the person who
+has made it.
+
+This reading is only a fresh snare; for if the least contradiction is
+perceived, he may be considered guilty of duplicity, concealment, or a
+false confession, and the tribunal may refuse to grant the
+reconciliation, although he demand it, and even condemn him to
+_relaxation_.
+
+
+_Definitive Censure of the Qualifiers._
+
+After this ceremony the _qualifiers_ are summoned, who receive the
+original writing of the sentence passed in the _summary_ instruction,
+with the extract of the replies of the prisoner in his last examination,
+and the declarations of the witnesses which were communicated to him.
+They are commissioned to qualify the propositions a second time, to
+examine his explanation, and to decide if his replies have destroyed the
+suspicion of heresy which he had incurred, or if he had confirmed it,
+and was to be looked upon as a _formal_ heretic.
+
+Every one must be sensible of the importance of this censure, since it
+led to the definite sentence; yet the _qualifiers_ scarcely took the
+trouble to hear a rapid perusal of the proceedings; they hastily gave
+their opinion, and this was the last important act in the proceedings,
+as the rest was a mere formality.
+
+
+_Sentence._
+
+The trial was then considered as finished. The diocesan in ordinary was
+convoked, that with the inquisitors he might decide upon the proper
+sentence. In the first ages of the holy office these functions were
+confided to _consultors_: these were doctors of law, but as they could
+only give their opinion, and as the inquisitors pronounced the
+definitive sentence, the latter always prevailed if they chanced to
+differ. The accused had the right of appealing to the _Supreme_ Council,
+but appeals to Rome were more frequent. The inquisitors of the provinces
+were afterwards obliged to submit their opinion to the council before
+they pronounced the definitive sentence; the council modified and
+reformed it; their decision was sent to the inquisitors, who then
+established the judgment in their own names, although it might be
+contrary to their previous opinion. This proceeding rendered the office
+of the consultors useless, and it was discontinued.
+
+Although the prisoner was acquitted, he was not acquainted with the
+names of his denouncers and the witnesses. He rarely obtained a more
+public reparation than the liberty of returning to his house with a
+certificate of absolution.
+
+
+_Execution of the Sentence._
+
+The nature of the punishments inflicted by the Inquisition has been
+already described; it is, therefore, only necessary to remark that the
+sentences were not communicated to the victims until the commencement of
+the execution, since the condemned were sent to the _autos-da-fe_,
+either to be reconciled or given over to secular justice; on leaving
+prison the _familiars_ attired them in the _san-benito_, with a paper
+mitre on their heads, a cord round their necks, and a wax taper in their
+hands.
+
+When the prisoner arrives at the place of execution, his sentence is
+read, and he is then reconciled or _relaxed_, which means, that he is
+condemned to be burnt by the justice of the king.
+
+
+_San-benito._
+
+The _San-benito_ was a species of _scapulary_, which only descended to
+the knees, that it might not be confounded with those worn by some
+monks: this motive also made the inquisitors prefer common woollen stuff
+of a yellow colour with red crosses for the _San-benito_. Such were the
+penitential habits in 1514, when Cardinal Ximenez de Cisneros altered
+the common crosses for those of St. Andrew. The inquisitors afterwards
+had a different habit for each class of penitents.
+
+Those who abjured as _slightly_ suspected of heresy, wore the scapulary
+of yellow stuff without the cross. If he abjured as _violently
+suspected_, he wore half the cross; if he was a _formal heretic_, he
+wore it entire. There were also three different kinds of garments for
+those who were condemned to death. The first was for those who repented
+before they were sentenced. It was a simple yellow scapulary with a red
+cross, and a conical cap, denominated _Caroza_, which was formed of the
+same stuff as the _San-benito_, and decorated with similar crosses.
+
+The second was destined for those who had been condemned to be burnt,
+but who had repented after their sentence, and before they were
+conducted to the _autos-da-fe_. The _San-benito_ and the _Caroza_ were
+made of the same stuff. On the lower part of the scapulary a bust was
+painted, in the midst of a fire, the flames of which were reversed, to
+show that the culprit was not to be burnt until he had been strangled.
+The _Caroza_ was painted in the same manner.
+
+The third was for those who were impenitent. It was similar to the
+others, with a bust, and the flames in the natural direction, to show
+that the person who wore it was to be burnt alive; grotesque figures of
+devils were also painted on the _San-benito_ and _Caroza_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS DURING THE MINISTRY OF THE INQUISITORS DEZA AND
+CISNEROS.
+
+
+The new inquisitor-general was scarcely in possession of his office,
+when he began to establish regulations to increase the activity of the
+Inquisition. In 1500 he published a constitution in seven articles; and
+in 1504 four new articles relative to the confiscations.
+
+To prove his zeal, Deza proposed to Ferdinand that the Inquisition
+should be introduced into Sicily and Naples in its present form, and
+that it should be under the authority of the Spanish inquisitor-general,
+instead of being dependent on the Court of Rome. The king undertook to
+introduce it into Sicily by a decree in 1500; but the inhabitants made
+great resistance, and he was obliged to pursue the plan which had
+succeeded in Aragon, by commanding the viceroy and other magistrates to
+assist the inquisitors. Several seditions were quelled before the
+sub-delegated inquisitor-general, Don Pedro Velorad, Archbishop of
+Messina, could enter upon his office.
+
+In 1516 the Sicilians, weary of the proceedings of the Inquisition,
+revolted and set all the prisoners at liberty. Melchior de Cervera, the
+inquisitor, only escaped death by a concurrence of extraordinary
+circumstances; the viceroy was also in the greatest danger. The
+islanders were thus freed from the yoke of this detested tribunal; but
+they did not long enjoy liberty, for they were not able to resist the
+power of Charles V., who obliged them to receive it a second time.
+Naples was more fortunate. Ferdinand, in 1504, commanded the viceroy,
+Gonzales Fernandez de Cordova, surnamed _the Great Captain_, to assist
+the Archbishop of Messina with all his power, in establishing the
+Inquisition; but the Neapolitans opposed it so obstinately, that the
+viceroy judged it prudent to desist, and informed the king that it would
+be extremely dangerous to combat so decided a resistance.
+
+In 1510 Ferdinand again attempted to introduce the new Inquisition; but
+his efforts were unavailing, and he was obliged to declare that he would
+be satisfied if the Neapolitans would banish all the _New Christians_
+who had taken refuge in their towns when they were driven from Spain.
+
+Deza persuaded Ferdinand and Isabella to introduce the Inquisition into
+the kingdom of Grenada, although a promise to the contrary had been made
+to the baptized Moors. The queen rejected the proposition, but granted
+one that differed little from it, namely, that the jurisdiction of the
+inquisitors of Cordova should extend over Grenada, but permitting them
+to prosecute only in cases of actual apostasy. From that period the
+Moors have been known in history by the name of _Morescoes_.
+
+The principal inquisitor of Cordova was Don Diego de Lucero; the
+severity of his character caused great misery throughout the kingdom of
+Cordova.
+
+The moderation and exhortations of Ximenez de Cisneros, Archbishop of
+Toledo, and Don Ferdinand de Talavera, had converted more than 50,000
+Moors, and the conversions would have been still more numerous, if some
+priests had not treated the Moors with severity, and excited a general
+revolt.
+
+In 1501 the sovereigns declared in an edict, that by the grace of God,
+there were no infidels in the kingdom of Grenada, and to render the
+conversions more secure, they forbade any Moors to enter the territory;
+they also prohibited the slaves of that nation from holding any
+communication with others, that their conversion might not be retarded,
+or with those who had been baptized, as they might induce them to
+apostatize. All who did not conform to these laws incurred the
+punishment of death.
+
+In February, 1502, Ferdinand and Isabella commanded all the free Moors
+of both sexes, above fourteen and twelve years of age, to quit the
+kingdom of Spain before the month of May following: they were allowed to
+sell their goods as the Jews had been; but were prohibited from going to
+Africa, which was then at war with Spain. The states of the Grand
+Seignior and other countries were assigned to them as places of refuge:
+as several baptized Moors sold their property and went to Africa, a
+royal ordinance was published, importing that, for the space of two
+years, no person could sell his property, or leave the kingdom of
+Castile, except to go into Aragon or Portugal, without a permission,
+which would only be granted to those who gave a security for their
+return when they had terminated their affairs.
+
+Deza was not contented with exciting the zeal of Ferdinand and Isabella
+against the Moors; he also proposed measures against the Jews on the
+occasion of the arrival of different strangers in Spain, but who were
+not of those expelled in 1492. He obtained a royal ordinance in 1499,
+which applied those measures to them which had been established against
+the first Jews. The council of the Inquisition had already decreed that
+the converted Jews should be obliged to prove their baptism, and that
+they lived with the other Christians; that those who had been rabbins or
+masters of the law should be obliged to change the place of their
+residence; that they should appear every Sunday and on festival days in
+the churches, and be carefully instructed in the christian doctrine.
+Ferdinand permitted the inquisitors of Aragon to take cognizance of
+usury and other crimes foreign to their jurisdiction, contrary to the
+oath which he had taken to observe the laws of that kingdom, which
+ordained that they should be punished by the secular judge.
+
+Deza was at the head of the Inquisition eight years. If the calculation
+of his victims is formed after the inscription at Seville, we shall find
+that 38,440 persons were punished during that time, of whom 2592 were
+burnt in person, 896 in effigy, and 34,952 condemned to different
+penances. Among this crowd of persons who were persecuted by the
+Inquisition, there were many distinguished by their birth, their
+learning, their fortunes, and their offices. The sanguinary inquisitor,
+Lucero, made the venerable Don Ferdinand de Talavera, first Archbishop
+of Grenada, the object of a shameful persecution. He became jealous of
+the reputation for sanctity and charity which this prelate had acquired,
+and raised doubts of his faith, by reminding Isabella, that he had
+opposed the establishment of the Inquisition in 1478, and the following
+years; and by publishing that, although his father was noble, and of the
+illustrious family of Contreras, yet he was of Jewish origin by the
+mother's side. The inquisitor concluded from these circumstances that he
+could commence a _secret instruction_ against the holy prelate. Deza
+commissioned the Archbishop of Toledo, Ximenez de Cisneros, to receive
+the preparatory informations on the faith of the Archbishop of Grenada;
+Cisneros informed the Pope of the commission which he had received, and
+the pontiff commanded his apostolical nuncio, the Bishop of Bristol, to
+take the affair under his direction, and prohibited Deza and the
+Inquisitors from pursuing it. The Pope, in a Council of Cardinals and
+Bishops, acquitted the Archbishop of Grenada, who died in 1507, some
+months after this judgment, after three years of the greatest anxiety,
+as the inquisitor Lucero had caused many of his relations to be
+arrested, although they were all innocent.
+
+The persecution suffered by the learned Antonio Lebrija was not less
+cruel. He had been tutor to Isabella, and was honoured by the friendship
+and protection of Ximenez de Cisneros: he was well acquainted with the
+Greek and Hebrew, and discovered and corrected in the Latin text of the
+Vulgate some errors which had been committed by the transcribers before
+the invention of printing. He was accused by some scholastic
+theologians; his papers were seized, and after being treated with the
+greatest cruelty, he had the grief of seeing the suspicion of heresy
+established against him, and was obliged to live in that species of
+disgrace until he could write his apology under the protection of
+Ximenez de Cisneros.
+
+The inhumanity of the inquisitor Lucero had still more serious
+consequences: as he declared almost all the accused persons guilty of
+concealment, and condemned them as _false penitents_, some persons added
+imaginary circumstances to their confessions, and declared that
+synagogues were held in different houses in Cordova, Grenada, and other
+towns; they added, that even monks and nuns attended at them, and went
+in procession from all parts of Castile; they also affirmed that many
+Spanish families of _Old Christians_, whom they named, assisted at the
+Jewish feasts. In consequence of these declarations, Lucero arrested
+such an immense number of persons, that Cordova was on the point of
+revolting against the Inquisition. The municipality, the bishop, the
+chapter of the cathedral, and all the nobility sent deputies to the
+inquisitor-general, to demand that Lucero should be recalled. Deza
+refused to listen to their claim, until the cruelties of which Lucero
+was accused were proved. Lucero had then the audacity to note down as
+favourers of Judaism, knights, ladies, canons, monks, nuns, and
+respectable persons of every class.
+
+At this period, 1506, Philip I. ascended the throne of Castile; the
+Bishop of Cordova informed him of what was passing, and the relations of
+the prisoners demanded that they should be tried by another tribunal.
+Philip commanded Deza to retire to his archbishopric of Seville, and to
+invest Don Diego Ramirez de Guzman, Bishop of Catania, with the powers
+of inquisitor-general; at the same time all the papers relative to this
+affair were submitted to the Supreme Council of Castile. Ramirez de
+Guzman suspended Lucero, and the other inquisitors of Cordova, from
+their functions. The affair would have terminated happily, but for the
+death of the king in the same year.
+
+Deza was no sooner informed of that event than he again resumed his
+office of inquisitor-general, and annulled all that had been done during
+his retirement. Ferdinand V. resumed the government of the kingdom, as
+father of Queen Joanna, widow of Philip I., as her mind was disordered.
+Some time elapsed, however, before he began to reign, as he was at
+Naples at the time of the death of the King of Spain. At this period,
+all the inhabitants of Cordova, and some members of the Council of
+Castile, declared against Deza, and published that he was of the race of
+_Marranos_, that is, a descendant of the Jews.
+
+The Marquis de Priego excited the Cordovans to a revolt; they forced the
+prisons of the holy office, and liberated an immense number of
+prisoners. They seized the persons of the procurator-fiscal, one of the
+notaries, and several other officers of the tribunal; Priego would also
+have arrested Lucero, but he escaped by means of an excellent mule.
+These events alarmed the inquisitor-general to such a degree, that he
+resigned his office, and retired to his diocese with the greatest
+precaution. This proceeding restored tranquillity in Cordova, but did
+not terminate the trials.
+
+When the Regent of Spain arrived in that kingdom, he named Don Francisco
+Ximenez de Cisneros inquisitor-general for the crown of Castile, and Don
+Juan Enguera, Bishop of Vic, for that of Aragon. The Pope expedited
+their bulls in 1507, and made Cisneros a cardinal.
+
+Ximenez de Cisneros began to exercise his new employment on the 1st
+October, when the conspiracy against the holy office had become almost
+general, on account of the events at Cordova, of which the Council of
+Castile took cognizance. All its members who had been of the party of
+Philip I. signalized themselves by their hatred against the Inquisition.
+This aversion made Ximenez de Cisneros feel the necessity of conducting
+himself with extreme caution, that he might not give occasion for a
+general convocation of the Cortes, which would have deprived him of the
+high office of governor of the kingdom, which he then possessed.
+
+The events at Cordova forced a great number of persons to appeal to
+Rome. The Pope appointed two prelates to examine the trials, and made
+Cardinal Cisneros judge of appeals, with the power of bringing all the
+trials begun by the apostolical commissioners before him.
+
+The cardinal immediately suspended the inquisitor Lucero, and sent him
+prisoner to Burgos; he also imprisoned all those witnesses who were
+suspected of having made false depositions, because some of the charges
+were so absurd that no one could believe them. The examination of the
+trials made the cardinal perceive, that an affair which implicated some
+of the most illustrious families of Spain could not be treated with too
+much delicacy:--he therefore obtained the king's permission to form a
+junta, which he named the _Catholic Congregation_: it was composed of
+twenty-two respectable persons, namely, the inquisitor-general (who was
+the president); the inquisitor-general of Aragon; the Bishop of Ciudad
+Rodrigo; those of Calahorra and Barcelona; the mitred abbot of the
+Benedictines at Valladolid; the president of the Council of Castile, and
+eight of its members; the vice-chancellor and the president of the
+Chancery of Aragon; two counsellors of the _Supreme_; two provincial
+inquisitors, and an auditor of the Chancery of Valladolid.
+
+Their first assembly was held at Burgos, on Ascension-day, in 1508, and
+on the 9th of July they decreed that the characters of the witnesses
+were vile, contemptible, and unworthy of confidence; that their
+declarations were full of contradictions; that they contained things
+unworthy of belief, and contrary to common sense; that the prisoners
+were consequently at liberty; that their honour, and that of the
+prisoners who had died, was re-established; that the houses which had
+been destroyed, as having been used for synagogues, should be rebuilt;
+and that the judgment and the notes in the register should be erased.
+
+This decision of the _Catholic junta_ was proclaimed at Valladolid on
+the 1st August, in the same year, in the presence of the king, and a
+multitude of nobles, and other inhabitants of all classes.
+
+Cardinal Ximenez de Cisneros had genius, knowledge, and was just, which
+he proved in the affair of Cordova, and in the protection which he
+granted to Lebrija and other learned men on different occasions. I shall
+here remark the error into which several writers have fallen, in
+accusing Cisneros of having taken a great part in the establishment of
+the holy office, when it is certain that, in concert with Cardinal
+Mendoza and Talavera, he endeavoured to prevent it. When he was chosen
+as chief of an institution which had more power and was better obeyed
+than many sovereigns, circumstances made it a duty to uphold and defend
+it, and he was obliged to oppose innovations in the manner of
+proceeding, although the events at Cordova had shown him the
+inconveniences of the secrecy preserved by the tribunal.
+
+The division of the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile, which took place at
+this time, and the idea that it was no longer necessary to have as many
+inquisitorial tribunals as bishoprics, were the reasons that induced
+Cisneros to distribute them by provinces. He established the holy office
+at Seville, Cordova, Jaen, Toledo, in Estremadura, at Murcia,
+Valladolid, and Calahorra, and determined the extent of territory for
+the jurisdiction of each tribunal: at this time he also sent inquisitors
+to the Canary isles. In 1513, the inquisition was introduced at Cuenca;
+in 1524, at Grenada; under Philip II., at Santiago de Galicia; and under
+Philip IV., at Madrid. Cisneros also judged it necessary, in 1516, to
+have a tribunal at Oran, and soon after in America.
+
+The inquisitor-general of Aragon adopted the same system, and sent
+inquisitors to Saragossa, Barcelona, Valencia, Majorca, Sardinia, and
+Sicily; and, at a later period, to Pampeluna, after the conquest of
+Navarre: but this kingdom being united in 1515 to that of Castile, its
+tribunal was subjected to the inquisitor-general of that kingdom, who
+suppressed it some time after, and transferred the territory to that of
+Calahorra.
+
+During the eleven years of his ministry, (which ended by his death in
+1517,) Cisneros permitted the condemnation of 52,855 individuals, 3564
+were burnt in person, 1232 in effigy, and 4832 suffered different
+punishments. Although this number of executions is immense, yet it must
+be acknowledged that Cisneros had taken measures to relax the activity
+of the Inquisition; the most important was, that he assigned particular
+churches to the _New Christians_, and charged the curates to increase
+their zeal in instructing them, and to visit them often in their own
+houses.
+
+
+_Offer made to the King to obtain the publicity of the Proceedings._
+
+In 1512, a report being spread among the _New Christians_ that Ferdinand
+intended to make war against his nephew, the King of Navarre, they
+offered him 600,000 ducats of gold towards the expenses of the war if he
+would consent to make a law that the trials of the Inquisition should be
+public: the king was on the point of treating with the _New Christians_,
+when Cisneros placed a large sum of money at his disposal; the king
+accepted it, though it was less than the first, and abandoned the idea
+of a reform.
+
+After the death of that prince, and while Charles V. was in Flanders, in
+1517, the _New Christians_ again offered, on the same conditions,
+800,000 ducats for the expenses of his journey to Spain. William de
+Croy, Duke d'Ariscot, the favourite governor of the young monarch,
+persuaded him to consult the colleges, universities, and learned men of
+Spain and Flanders; they all replied that the communication of the names
+and the entire depositions of the witnesses was consonant to all rights
+natural, human, and divine. When the cardinal-inquisitor was informed of
+this decision, he sent deputies, and wrote to the king to combat it; he
+reminded him that a similar proposal had been refused by his
+grandfather; but he did not tell him the most important circumstance,
+that he had refused it for a sum of money. Charles V. left the affair
+undecided until his arrival in Spain, but he terminated it according to
+the general hopes after the death of Cisneros, in 1518.
+
+The particular favour which Ferdinand granted to the Inquisition did not
+prevent him from maintaining the rights of his crown. In 1509, he
+published a law which prohibited, on pain of death, any person from
+presenting to the inquisitors any bull, or writing of that nature,
+obtained from the Pope, or his legates, without first applying to the
+king that it might be examined by his council.
+
+This right of the crown of Spain over the decisions of the Pope has been
+lately renewed by a law of Charles III.; yet the law has often been
+impotent against the enterprises, the decisions, and the briefs of the
+Popes.
+
+Ferdinand named Don Louis Mercader inquisitor-general for the kingdom of
+Aragon, after the death of the Bishop of Vic. Mercader died in 1516,
+while the government was in the hands of Charles of Austria, the
+grandson of Ferdinand, who died in the same year, leaving no children by
+his second marriage.
+
+Charles, his grandson, resided in Flanders, but he sent into Spain
+several men who enjoyed his confidence: amongst them were his governor,
+the Duke d'Ariscot, and Adrian de Florencio, who was Dean of Louvain,
+and born at Utrecht. As the two sovereignties of Castile and Aragon were
+now united, it appeared natural that there should be but one
+inquisitor-general for the monarchy, but Cisneros had too much
+penetration to omit this opportunity of recommending himself to the
+favorite, and, consequently, to the prince. Instead of demanding this
+union, he wrote to the king to represent that it appeared to him
+expedient to bestow the bishopric of Tortosa and the office of
+inquisitor-general of Aragon on the Dean of Louvain, and it was easy to
+obviate the difficulty of his being a foreigner by giving him letters of
+naturalization. This plan was executed; the double nomination was sent
+to Rome, and the Pope granted the bulls. Adrian took possession of
+Majorca on the 7th of February, 1517: this nomination was followed by
+one to the office of Cisneros, who died on the 6th of November
+following. Although he was elected Pope on the 9th of January, 1522, he
+continued in his office until the 10th of September in the following
+year, when he signed the bulls of his successor, Don Alphonso Manrique
+de Lara, Archbishop of Seville.
+
+During the period that the Inquisition remained separate from that of
+Castile, it was often violently attacked, and more than once was on the
+point of being abolished, or at least subjected to a reform, which would
+have left it without the power of exciting terror. Ferdinand having
+assembled the Cortes of the kingdom at Monzon, in 1510, the deputies of
+the towns and cities loudly complained that the inquisitors abused their
+powers, not only in matters of faith, but in several points which were
+not in their jurisdiction. The deputies also represented, that they
+interfered in the regulation of the contributions, and that the taxes
+were shamefully diminished by the reductions which they made in the
+lists; that their authority had made them so bold and insolent, that
+they created themselves judges in all doubtful cases; and where their
+competence was denied, they had recourse to excommunication; that they
+oppressed the magistrates, who feared that they should be obliged to do
+public penance in an _auto-da-fe_; that this misfortune had already
+happened to the viceroys and governors of Barcelona, Valencia, Majorca,
+Sardinia, and Sicily, and to several persons of high rank; in
+consequence, they entreated his Majesty to maintain the execution of the
+laws and statues of the kingdom of Aragon, and to oblige the officers of
+the Inquisition to confine themselves to matter of faith, and to pursue
+them according to the rules of common law, in giving them the publicity
+of criminal proceedings.
+
+This representation of the Cortes acquainted the king with the
+disposition of the public; yet he avoided giving a direct reply, and
+said that it was impossible to decide upon so important an affair
+without having acquired a profound knowledge of facts; that he requested
+them to collect all that came to their knowledge, and to lay them before
+him in the first assembly. This took place in the same town, in 1512.
+The resolutions which were then adopted form a treaty between the
+sovereign and his people: it contains twenty-five articles, all tending
+to restrain the extent of the jurisdiction of the inquisitors.
+
+It was there stated that they could not interfere in trials for bigamy
+and usury, unless the culprits had fallen into the crime of heresy in
+asserting that these offences were not sinful; nor in the proceedings
+instituted against blasphemers by other tribunals, unless the blasphemy
+was heretical: they were also prohibited from proceeding in a trial
+without the concurrence of the _ordinaire diocesan_: the
+inquisitor-general was likewise restrained from pronouncing judgment in
+cases of appeal without the consent of his counsellors; and that the
+execution of the sentence which had caused it should be delayed. No
+measures were taken for the publicity of the proceedings, or with regard
+to the confiscations; but it was agreed that the contracts and other
+engagements, signed by one who had the reputation of a good catholic,
+should be valid, although he should be afterwards proved to have been a
+heretic at the time of the transaction.
+
+The king soon repented of having given his word to the Cortes; and,
+seconded by the intrigues of the inquisitors, he solicited and obtained
+a dispensation from his promise, on the 30th of April, 1513. One of the
+clauses of the dispensation reinstates the tribunals of the holy office
+in all the privileges which they had formerly possessed. This conduct
+of the king caused a general revolt; and he was obliged to request the
+Pope to confirm the regulations of the Cortes, and subject those who did
+not conform to them to the censure of the church. The Pope saw the
+necessity of compliance, and granted the bull in 1515.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+AN ATTEMPT MADE BY THE CORTES OF CASTILE AND ARAGON TO REFORM THE
+INQUISITION.--OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS UNDER ADRIAN, FOURTH
+INQUISITOR-GENERAL.
+
+
+The Inquisition was never in so much danger as during the first year of
+the reign of Charles V. When the young monarch arrived in Spain, he was
+disposed to abolish the Inquisition, or at least to regulate the
+proceedings according to those of other tribunals. In 1518 a general
+assembly of the Cortes was held at Valladolid, when the representatives
+solicited that his highness would command the office of the holy
+Inquisition to conform to the rules of the canons and the common law.
+The Cortes likewise sent ten thousand pieces of gold to the chancellor
+Selvagio, and promised the same sum when the decree which they solicited
+should be put in execution. The king replied that he would take proper
+measures to remedy the evil of which they complained: in consequence, he
+engaged the Cortes to publish the abuses which had been introduced, and
+to indicate the means of abolishing them.
+
+When the assembly at Valladolid had terminated their labours, Charles
+convoked the Cortes of Aragon at Saragossa, where he was accompanied by
+the chancellor Selvagio, who had prepared a royal ordinance, to be
+published according to the demand of the Cortes of Castile. It was
+composed of thirty-nine articles: the proceedings of the tribunal were
+regulated in it, with the ages, the rank, and salaries of the judges and
+subaltern officers.
+
+The result of this new code was, that the inquisitors could not question
+a witness to obtain information on any subject but that for which he was
+summoned.
+
+That each denouncer should be subject to a strict examination, to
+discover his motives for the accusation.
+
+That the order for imprisonment could not be given without the
+concurrence of the diocesan in ordinary, or until they had examined each
+witness a second time.
+
+That the prisons should be public, neat, and convenient.
+
+That the prisoners should be allowed to see their relations, their
+friends, and their counsel.
+
+That they might choose a lawyer or procurator in whom they placed
+confidence.
+
+That the accusation should be immediately communicated to them, with the
+name of the place where, and the time when, the witnesses had declared
+the crime to have been committed.
+
+That if the accused demanded a copy of the accusation and the
+examination, it should be given to him.
+
+That when the proofs and the depositions were all received, they should
+be communicated entirely to the prisoner, _as in the present time there
+are no persons powerful enough to inspire the witnesses with fear,
+except in cases where the prisoner is a duke, marquis, count, bishop, or
+in possession of some other dignity of the church_.
+
+That in this case, in order to conceal the names of the witnesses, the
+judge shall draw up a writing, declaring upon oath, that he believes
+this measure to be necessary for the preservation of the lives of the
+witnesses; that this act shall deprive the prisoner of his right of
+appealing against it.
+
+That if it is considered absolutely necessary to make use of the
+torture, it shall only be administered in moderation, and without
+recurring to the cruel inventions hitherto employed.
+
+That it shall only be employed once for what personally concerns the
+accused; never to obtain from him information of other individuals; and
+only in the case of persons mentioned in the law.
+
+That the definitive sentences, and even the interlocutory orders, shall
+be subject to the right of appeal, as to their double effect.
+
+That when the preparatory examination of the judgment is commenced, the
+parties and their counsel may attend at this revision of the process,
+and demand that the reading may be made in their presence.
+
+That if the proof of the crime is not then established, the prisoner
+shall be acquitted, without being liable to a punishment as being still
+suspected.
+
+That if the accused desires to clear himself, on oath, he shall be
+allowed to seek witnesses, and to converse with them in private; and
+that their being descendants of the Jews shall not prevent their
+admission.
+
+That the challenge of witnesses shall be permitted; and if one of those
+called by the procurator-fiscal is convicted of giving false testimony,
+he shall be subject to the punishment of retaliation, according to a law
+of Ferdinand and Isabella, in the beginning of their reign.
+
+That when an accused person has been reconciled, he shall not be
+arrested for things which he has not confessed, because it is to be
+supposed that he forgot them.
+
+That no persons shall be molested or imprisoned for a simple presumption
+of heresy, arising from their having been brought up among Jews or
+heretics.
+
+That the San-benitos shall be taken out of the churches, and that they
+no longer be worn in the streets.
+
+That the punishment of perpetual imprisonment shall be abolished,
+_because the prisoners die of hunger, and cannot serve God_.
+
+That the statutes recently established to prevent _New Christians_ from
+being admitted into convents, shall be considered as null and void,
+because they are contrary to all laws, human and divine.
+
+That where an individual is sentenced to imprisonment, an inventory
+shall be taken of his property, and they shall not be sequestrated or
+sold.
+
+That he, and his wife, and children, shall possess his revenues during
+his detention, and shall be allowed to employ them to prepare his means
+of defence against the Inquisition.
+
+That when a man is condemned, his children shall inherit his property.
+
+That no donation shall be made on their property, until it has been
+definitively confiscated.
+
+That the spirit and letter of the canons shall be complied with in all
+things, without regard to any particular custom previously in use.
+
+That the king shall be supplicated to obtain a bull from the Pope to
+ratify these measures.
+
+That until this bull is obtained, the king shall be requested to command
+the inquisitors to conform to these regulations, in the trials already
+commenced, and in those which may begin from this time.
+
+This excellent code of laws was never put in execution, because the
+chancellor Selvagio, who framed it, died before its publication; and
+Cardinal Adrian so totally changed the ideas and inclinations of Charles
+V. that he became an ardent defender of the Inquisition.
+
+Charles V. had sworn at Saragossa, in 1518, to respect the privileges
+and customs of the Aragonese, particularly the resolutions of the Cortes
+at Saragossa, Tarazona, and Monzon, and consequently that he would not
+suffer the inquisitors to commence any trials for usury.
+
+But a new assembly of the Cortes having been convoked at Saragossa,
+towards the end of the year 1518, the deputies of Aragon represented to
+the king, that the agreement of the Cortes at Monzon, in 1512, was not
+sufficient to remedy the abuses which the inquisitors had introduced;
+they therefore entreated his Majesty to add to it thirty-one articles
+which they had adopted. These articles differed little from those of the
+Cortes of Castile.
+
+The king, after having consulted his council, replied, "_that it was his
+pleasure that the holy canons, and the decrees of the holy see, should
+be conformed to in regard to all the articles which had been presented
+to him. That if difficulties or doubts should occur, which required
+explanation, they should apply to the Pope_; that if any person wished
+to accuse an inquisitor of abuse in the exercise of his office, he might
+do so by applying to the inquisitor-general, who would pronounce
+sentence according to equity; and that the king would cause them to be
+punished as an example; _that he engaged by oath to observe himself, and
+cause others to observe, the order and declaration which he addressed to
+the assembly, as well as the articles which the Pope might add to those
+of the Cortes_; that he also promised, upon oath, never to demand a
+dispensation from his promise; and that if one was addressed to him he
+would never make use of it, as he at that time renounced all the rights
+which might arise from it."
+
+This reply induced the Cortes to believe that the king had granted all
+their requests; they considered that the trials would be there conducted
+as before other ecclesiastical tribunals. Persuaded that this was the
+king's intention, the Cortes resolved to show their gratitude by a
+voluntary contribution of money.
+
+Some time elapsed before the agreement was approved by the Pope. The
+Emperor wrote the following letter from Cologne, in 1520, to his
+ambassador at Rome:--"In regard to the transactions of the Cortes, it
+will be sufficient if his Holiness will approve an act sent to Don Louiz
+Carroz, and afterwards to Don Jerome Vich, which is written by the hand
+of the venerable Cardinal of Tortosa, and that of the great chancellor,
+without any extension or interpretation, as I have often demanded
+earnestly."
+
+The Aragonese, who did not even believe it possible to obtain this last
+point, entreated the inquisitor-general to command the inquisitors of
+Saragossa to conform immediately to the regulations of the agreement,
+without waiting for the confirmation of the Pope, because almost all the
+articles were the same as those in the convention of 1512, which the
+Pope had approved.
+
+Cardinal Adrian complied with the request, and wrote to the inquisitors.
+They replied, that they thought themselves obliged to take the orders of
+the king before they obeyed him. Charles addressed an ordinance to them,
+in which he commanded them to execute all that he had promised and sworn
+in the preceding year.
+
+At last the Pope confirmed the resolutions by a bull, which was
+proclaimed with great solemnity. However, it soon appeared that this
+publication would have no effect, because the promise of the king was,
+that the canons and apostolical ordinances should be strictly observed
+in regard to the articles; and in conforming to this they only executed
+the bull of 1515.
+
+On the 21st of January, 1521, the Emperor ordered the secretary of the
+Cortes to be set at liberty; for although the inquisitor-general, in
+1520, had decreed that he should be _relaxed_, and the prisoner had been
+informed of it, yet he refused to quit the prison, affirming that the
+decree which set him at liberty, tended more to make him appear guilty
+than innocent, by the use of the word _relaxed_.
+
+Similar debates took place in Catalonia, where the king convoked a
+Cortes at Barcelona, in 1519, to take the oath of maintaining the
+privileges of the province. The Catalans, informed of the effect
+produced by the representations of the Cortes of Aragon, likewise
+demanded a reform of several abuses of their Inquisition relative to the
+taxes, as well as usury, bigamy, and other crimes of that class. The
+king, after having heard their remonstrances, made nearly the same reply
+as to the Cortes of Saragossa, and wrote to the Pope to demand a
+ratification of the articles. The Pope approved them in a bull in 1520;
+but Charles did not wait for its arrival to enforce the execution of his
+promise, which is proved by his order to Don Diego de Mendoza, his
+lieutenant-general in Catalonia. Yet he declares in his letter to his
+lieutenant, that he only made these promises _on account of the
+importunities of some representatives_ of towns, and some _men who were
+among the members of the Cortes_.
+
+In consequence of some events in Aragon, during the period which elapsed
+before the bull of confirmation was issued, Leo X. was on the point of
+destroying the Inquisition; but intimidated by the policy of Charles V.,
+he left the hydra in the same state.
+
+John Prat, the secretary of the Cortes of Aragon, drew up the
+proposition of the representatives, and the reply of the king, to be
+addressed to the Pope; the chancellor of the king had done the same.
+This proceeding particularly displeased the inquisitors of Saragossa;
+and to avoid the danger which they believed themselves to be in, they
+began to intrigue at court, and soon succeeded in rendering the king
+averse to the cause of the deputies of Aragon. They insinuated that Prat
+had drawn up the act which was to be sent to Rome, in such a manner, as
+to represent the reply of the king as obligatory, not only in the
+literal sense of the words, but in supposing that he had admitted the
+articles as being conformed to the common law; and that they,
+consequently, only wanted the ratification of the Pope, which there was
+no doubt of obtaining, as it was known that the deputies of Aragon were
+supported by several cardinals, and had sent them considerable sums of
+money.
+
+The papers which contained these details were sent to Cardinal Adrian,
+who communicated them to the king, and obtained permission to order the
+inquisitors of Saragossa to make an inquiry if this recital was true,
+when they would be authorized to arrest Prat. Everything happened
+according to the hopes of the inquisitors.
+
+Prat was arrested on the 5th of May, 1509, and the next day the king
+wrote to the Pope, to request that he would not expedite the bull. It
+was intended that the prisoner should be transferred to Barcelona, but
+the _permanent deputation_ (who then represented the Aragonese during
+the intervals of the assembling of the Cortes) wrote to the king, that
+this proceeding was contrary to the statutes which he had sworn to
+maintain. The deputation also judged it necessary to convoke a new
+Cortes, who represented to the king the dangerous consequences of the
+removal of Secretary Prat, whose fidelity had been particularly remarked
+during the reign of Ferdinand; and entreated him to set Prat at liberty,
+not only because they believed him to be just, faithful, and loyal, but
+that it was impossible to levy the supply which had been offered to the
+king, unless this request was granted. The king prevented the removal of
+the prisoner, but would not liberate him.
+
+The deputation of the Cortes sent commissioners to Barcelona, to say
+that the sum of money offered to the king was conditional, and at the
+same time convoked the _tiers-etat_. Charles being informed of it,
+commanded the dissolution of the assembly, which replied, that the kings
+of Aragon had no right to use so violent a measure, without the consent
+of the people; it decreed that the levy should not be raised, and
+applied to the Court of Rome for the ratification of the articles of
+Saragossa.
+
+Leo X. was at that time displeased with the Inquisition of Spain, on
+account of its refusal to admit certain briefs of inhibition in the
+tribunals of Toledo, Seville, Valencia, and Sicily; and forgetting the
+consideration which he owed to Charles (who was then emperor of
+Germany), he resolved to reform the holy office, and to compel it to
+submit to the rules of common law.
+
+In consequence of this resolution he expedited three briefs addressed to
+the king, the cardinal inquisitor-general, and the inquisitors of
+Saragossa, in which, after explaining his intention, he decrees that the
+inquisitors shall be deprived of their offices, and that the bishops and
+their chapters should present two canons to the inquisitor-general, who
+should appoint one: he added that this choice should be confirmed by the
+holy see, and that these new inquisitors should be subjected every two
+years to a judicial censure.
+
+The deputies received these briefs, and immediately required the
+inquisitors to conform to them; they replied that they would await the
+orders of their immediate chief. The king wrote to his uncle Don
+Alphonso of Aragon, Archbishop of Saragossa, to enter into an agreement
+with the deputies, and at the same time he sent an
+ambassador-extraordinary to Rome to demand a revocation of the briefs.
+The Aragonese then promised to levy the supply if the secretary Prat was
+liberated, but protested that they would not admit any proposition
+contrary to the promise which the king had made.
+
+This prince instructed his ambassador to inform the Pope of all that had
+passed in the Cortes of Castile, but to keep silence on the most
+important circumstances, and to assure his Holiness that no complaints
+had been made of the Inquisition since Cardinal Adrian had been
+inquisitor-general. Charles also required that no brief should be
+expedited to cause the _San-benitos_ to be removed from the churches, or
+to prohibit them from being worn in the streets.
+
+The Pope, seeing the importance which Charles attached to these things,
+wrote to Cardinal Adrian, that although he was perfectly informed of all
+that was passing, and that he had resolved to do justice to the claims
+of the Cortes, yet he would not carry the affair further without the
+consent of the King, to whom he promised to make no innovations; but he
+requested him to pay great attention to what was passing, as he heard
+serious complaints every day from all parts of the kingdom, of the
+avarice and injustice of the inquisitors.
+
+This brief offended the deputies, but they continued their importunities
+at the Court of Rome with so much ardour, that their credit balanced the
+power of Charles V.; and though they did not obtain the extension of the
+articles, they prevented the revocation of the reforming briefs, and
+Charles was obliged to be satisfied with that addressed to Cardinal
+Adrian.
+
+Leo X. died on the 1st of December, 1521, and Cardinal Adrian succeeded
+him on the 9th of January, 1522: he did not quit his office of
+inquisitor-general until the 10th of September, 1523, when he bestowed
+it on Don Alphonso Manrique, Archbishop of Seville.
+
+According to the most moderate calculation from the inscription at
+Seville, it appears that 240,025 persons were condemned by the
+Inquisition during the five years of the ministry of Adrian; 1620 were
+burnt in person; 560 in effigy; and 21,845 subjected to different
+penances. If the year 1523, which may be considered as an interregnum
+until the inscription of Seville, which is of the year 1524, is added to
+this, the number of victims sacrificed by the Inquisition may be
+estimated at 234,526 persons, an immense number, though it is far below
+the truth.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+CONDUCT OF THE INQUISITORS TOWARDS THE MORESCOES.
+
+
+The New Christians of Jewish origin flattered themselves, at the
+commencement of the ministry of Don Alphonso Manrique, that they should
+obtain the publication of the names and charges of the witnesses, as he
+had supported their request in 1516: but the inquisitors persuaded him
+that such a proceeding tended to the destruction of the holy office, and
+the triumph of the enemies of the faith; and that the appearance of two
+new sects of _Morescoes_ and _Lutherans_ rendered a great degree of
+severity indispensable.
+
+It has been already stated, that an order from Ferdinand and Isabella,
+in 1502, had compelled all those Moors who refused to become Christians,
+to quit Spain. Although this law was executed in Castile, it did not
+affect the Moors of Aragon, as the King had yielded to the solicitations
+of the nobles, who represented the immense injury which it would do
+them, in destroying the population of their domains, where there were
+scarcely any baptized inhabitants.
+
+The two sovereigns renewed their promise in 1510, and Charles V. took an
+oath to the same effect in the Cortes of Saragossa in 1519.
+
+A civil war soon after broke out in Aragon, similar to one in Castile,
+about the same time. The factious were almost all common people, who
+hated the nobles: they endeavoured to injure them as much as possible;
+and knowing that the Moors, who were their vassals, were obliged to
+serve them in a more laborious manner, on account of the difference of
+their religion, they baptized all the Moors who fell into their hands.
+Above sixteen thousand thus received baptism; but as they were forced to
+it, many afterwards returned to their former creed. The emperor
+punished the chiefs of the insurrection, and many Moors, fearing the
+same fate, quitted Spain, and retired to the kingdom of Algiers; so that
+in 1523, more than five thousand houses were left without inhabitants.
+
+Charles V., irritated at this conduct, persuaded himself that he ought
+not to suffer any Moors to remain in his dominions, and demanded a
+dispensation from his oath to the Cortes of Saragossa. The Pope at first
+refused, on account of the scandal of such a proceeding; but the emperor
+insisted, and it was granted in 1524: the Pope, however, engaged him, at
+the same time, to charge the inquisitors to accelerate the conversion of
+the Moors, by announcing, that if they did not become Christians within
+a certain period, they would be obliged to quit Spain, on pain of being
+reduced to slavery. Doubts were afterwards raised, of the validity of
+the baptism administered to the Moors in Valencia by the rebels; but
+Charles assembled a council, which, after many debates, decided, on the
+23d of March, 1525, that it was valid, as the infidels had not offered
+any resistance.
+
+The greatest part of the Moorish people fled to the mountains and the
+Sierra de Bernia, and resisted the arms of Charles, until the month of
+August, when they surrendered, after obtaining an amnesty. The Moors of
+Almonacid refused baptism, and took up arms; their town was taken, and
+several put to death, and the rest became Christians.
+
+In the borough of Correa, the Moors assassinated the lord of the
+district, and seventeen Christians, who endeavoured to compel them to
+embrace Christianity. At last the revolt became general throughout the
+kingdom of Valencia, where they formed nearly twenty-six thousand
+families; they fortified themselves in the town of the Sierra d'Espadan,
+and a considerable period elapsed before they were reduced by the royal
+army. They then implored the protection of Germaine de Foix, second wife
+to Ferdinand V., and who was then married to Don Ferdinand of Aragon,
+Duke of Calabria. This princess granted a passport to twelve of their
+deputies, whom they sent to court to learn the real intentions of the
+emperor. They demanded a delay of five years before they became
+Christians, or left Spain by the port of Alicant. These demands being
+refused, they offered to become Christians, on condition that the
+inquisitors should not be permitted to prosecute them for the space of
+forty years; this was also cruelly refused them.
+
+They then applied to the inquisitor-general Manrique, who received them
+graciously, and supposing that they would freely consent to receive
+baptism, he offered to employ his influence with the emperor. On the
+16th of January, 1526, they remitted a memorial to him, in which they
+demanded, 1st, that during forty years they should not be liable to be
+prosecuted by the holy office; 2ndly, that they might be allowed to
+preserve their language, and their manner of clothing themselves; 3rdly,
+that they might have a cemetery separate from that of the old
+Christians; 4thly, that they might be able to marry their relations
+during the space of forty years, and that the marriages already
+contracted should not be interfered with; 5thly, that the ministers of
+their religion should continue to receive the revenues of the mosques
+converted into churches; 6thly, that they might be allowed the use of
+arms like other Christians; 7thly, that the charges and rents which they
+paid to their lords should not be more burdensome than those of other
+Christians; 8thly, that they should not be obliged to pay the municipal
+expenses of royal towns, unless they were allowed to hold offices, and
+enjoy the honours depending on them.
+
+These articles being submitted to the emperor, they were granted, with a
+few restrictions, and the Moors were all baptized, with the exception of
+some thousands who fled to the mountains, and resisted the royal force
+during the year 1526. When they were reduced, they received baptism,
+and the punishment of slavery which they had incurred was commuted for
+a fine of twelve thousand ducats.
+
+The Aragonese, fearing that the Moors dispersed among them would be
+subjected to the same laws as those of Valencia, represented to the
+emperor, through the medium of his relation the Count de Ribagorza, that
+they had never caused any trouble either in politics or religion; that
+they could not have any communication with Africa, on account of the
+distance of the countries; and that many of them were excellent workmen
+in the fabrication of arms, and, consequently, their banishment would
+occasion great loss to the kingdom of Aragon. The representations of the
+Aragonese were unavailing: the emperor commanded the inquisitors to
+subject the Moors of Aragon to the same laws as those of Valencia, and
+they were baptized without resistance in 1526.
+
+In 1530 the Pope gave the inquisitor-general, the necessary power to
+absolve all the Moors of Aragon as often as they should relapse into
+heresy and repent, without inflicting any public penance or infamous
+punishments. The motives expressed in the bull for this conduct were,
+that they were much sooner converted by gentle means than severity. It
+is natural to inquire why a different policy was adopted with respect to
+the Jews; they were all rich merchants, while scarcely one in five
+thousand was found among the Moors. Occupied in the cultivation of the
+ground and the care of their flocks, they were always poor; sometimes
+workmen of singular intelligence, talent, and address were found among
+them.
+
+The Morescoes of Grenada also occupied the attention of the emperor,
+although the events which passed among them were of less importance.
+
+When the emperor was at Grenada in 1526, a memorial from the Morescoes
+was presented to him, by Don Ferdinand Benegas, Don Michael d'Aragon and
+Diego Lopez Benaxara; they were all members of the municipality, and
+illustrious nobles, as they were descended in the direct male line from
+the Moorish kings of Grenada. They represented that the Moors suffered
+much from the priests, judges, notaries, alguazils, and other Old
+Christians. The emperor appeared touched by the recital, and
+commissioned a bishop to go into the countries inhabited by the Moors
+and examine into the state of religion. The bishop visited the kingdom
+of Grenada, and found that the Moors had reason to complain; but he also
+discovered that there were scarcely seven Catholics among all these
+people; all the others had returned to Mahometanism, either because they
+had not been properly instructed, or because they were permitted to
+exercise their old religion in public.
+
+The emperor convoked a council, which decreed that the inquisitorial
+tribunal of Jaen should be transferred to Grenada. Several other
+measures were adopted and approved by the emperor; the most important
+was a promise of pardon to the Moors for all that had passed, and a
+notice that they would be treated with the utmost severity, if they
+again relapsed into heresy. The Morescoes submitted, and obtained for
+eighty thousand ducats the privileges of wearing the costume of their
+nation, and that the Inquisition should not be allowed to seize their
+property if they relapsed.
+
+The inquisitors of Grenada celebrated an _auto-da-fe_ in 1528 with the
+greatest ceremony, in order to inspire the Moors with more respect and
+fear. However no Moors were burnt, but only baptized Jews who had
+returned to Judaism.
+
+The Moors still continued to emigrate to Africa, although they were
+treated with moderation. Philip II. obtained a brief from Paul IV., by
+which the confessors were authorized to absolve the Moors secretly,
+without imposing any penance or pecuniary penalty, on the condition that
+they demanded absolution voluntarily. The system of indulgence which bad
+been adopted did not prevent Louis Albosein from being condemned to the
+flames. After emigrating to Africa, he returned to Valencia with several
+other renegadoes, with the intention of exciting the Morescoes to a
+revolt; the plot was discovered, the conspirators disarmed, and Louis
+was burnt in 1562.
+
+In 1567 the Pope expedited a brief in favour of the Morescoes of
+Valencia, but those of Grenada revolted, and elected for their king Don
+Ferdinand Valor, a descendant of their former sovereigns of the dynasty
+of Abenhumeyas. This rebellion continued for some time; and Philip II.
+endeavoured to quell it by issuing edicts of pardon even for those
+crimes which came under the jurisdiction of the Inquisition. An amnesty
+was granted to the Moors on condition that they came to solicit it, and
+many took advantage of the permission. To prevent emigration, the king
+remitted the penalty of confiscation, but the inquisitors, by means of
+the impenetrable secrecy which they always preserved, rendered the
+benevolent intentions of the sovereign of no avail. They did not publish
+the briefs of indulgence granted by the Court of Rome, knowing that a
+great number of the _relapsed_ would take advantage of them; these
+people, not being aware of their privileges, were condemned and burnt.
+These examples of cruelty increased the hatred of the Moors for this
+sanguinary tribunal, and were the cause of many seditions, which, in
+1609, led to the entire expulsion of the Moors, to the number of a
+million souls; so that in the space of an hundred and thirty-nine years
+the Inquisition deprived the kingdom of Spain of three millions of
+inhabitants, Jews, Morescoes, and Moors.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+OF THE PROHIBITION OF BOOKS AND OTHER ARTICLES.
+
+
+The opinions of Luther, Carolstadt, Zuingle, OEcolampadius,
+Melancthon, Muncer, and Calvin, were first promulgated during the
+ministry of Don Alphonso Manrique, the fifth inquisitor-general. These
+reformers were called _Protestants_ after the imperial diet at Spire, in
+1529.
+
+Leo the Xth had already condemned the opinions of Luther as heretical,
+which induced Manrique to enact severe punishments for those who should
+openly maintain or write in favour of them.
+
+In 1490 several Hebrew bibles and books written by Jews were burnt at
+Seville; at Salamanca more than six thousand volumes of magic and
+sorcery were committed to the flames. In 1502 Ferdinand and Isabella
+appointed the presidents of the Chanceries of Valladolid and Ciudad
+Real, the Archbishops of Seville, Toledo, Grenada, the Bishops of
+Burgos, Salamanca, and Zamora, to decide on all affairs relating to the
+examination, censure, printing, introduction, or sale of books. In 1521
+the Pope wrote to the governors of the provinces of Castile during the
+absence of Charles V., recommending them to prevent the introduction of
+the works of Luther into the kingdom; and Cardinal Adrian, in the same
+year, ordered the inquisitors to seize all books of that nature: this
+order was repeated in 1523.
+
+In 1530 the _Supreme_ Council wrote to the inquisitors during the
+absence of Cardinal Manrique, on the necessity of executing the measures
+which had been ordained; adding, that information had been received that
+the writings of Luther had been introduced into the Kingdom under
+fictitious titles, or as works entirely composed by Catholics authors;
+and in order to repress this intolerable abuse, they were commanded to
+visit all public libraries for those books, and to add to the edict of
+denunciation, a particular article, to oblige all Catholics to denounce
+any person who might read or keep them in their houses. In 1535 Cardinal
+Manrique addressed an order to the inquisitors, and another in the same
+year prohibiting the universities of the kingdom from explaining,
+reading, or even selling the _Colloquies of Erasmus_. In 1528 he
+anathematised some other works of the same author, although he had
+defended him in 1527, in an assembly which met to examine his writings.
+
+Erasmus was considered in Spain as a supporter of the Catholic faith
+against the doctrine of Luther, and his enemies were only a few
+scholastic theologians, who were not acquainted with the Greek and
+Hebrew tongues. The Spanish theologians who wrote against him were,
+Diego Lopez de Zuniga, Sancho de Carranza, professor of theology in the
+university of Alcala de Henares, Brother Louis de Carjaval, a
+Franciscan, Edward Lee, the English ambassador, and Pedro Vittoria, a
+theologian of Salamanca.
+
+After this first attack, in the Lent of the year 1527, two monks
+denounced several propositions in the works of Erasmus, as heretical.
+Alphonso Manrique (although he was then the friend of Erasmus) was
+obliged to submit these propositions to the examination of qualifiers;
+but he appointed the most learned men of the kingdom to that office.
+
+This assembly of doctors lasted two months, when the plague, which then
+desolated some parts of the kingdom, obliged them to separate, before
+they had decided on the judgment to be pronounced; it appears from
+several letters written by Erasmus about that time that he hoped it
+would be favourable to him.[4]
+
+But the Supreme Council qualified his _Colloquies_, his _Eulogy of
+Folly_, and his _Paraphrase_, and prohibited them from being read. In
+later times, this prohibition was extended to several other books of the
+same author, and the Inquisition recommended in its edicts that the
+works of Erasmus should be read with caution.
+
+The emperor Charles V. commissioned the University of Louvain to form a
+list of dangerous books, and in 1539 he obtained a bull of approbation
+from the Pope. The index was published in 1546 by the university in all
+the states of Flanders, six years after a decree had been issued to
+prohibit the writings of Luther from being read or bought on pain of
+death.[5]
+
+This severe measure displeased all ranks. The princes of Germany openly
+complained of it, and offered to assist Charles in his war against the
+Turks, if he would allow the people liberty in matters of religion.
+Charles paid no attention to their remonstrances, and this bad policy
+accelerated the progress of Lutheranism.
+
+In 1549, the inquisitor-general, with the approbation of the Supreme
+Council, added some new works to the list of those which had been
+prohibited, and addressed two ordinances to the inquisitors, enjoining
+them in the first, not to allow any person to possess them, and in the
+second, commanding the consultors of the holy office neither to read nor
+keep them, though the execution of the decrees might throw them into
+their hands.
+
+In 1546 the emperor commanded the University of Louvain to publish the
+index, with additions. This work appeared in 1550, and the prince
+remitted it to the inquisitor-general, and it was printed by the order
+of the Supreme Council, with a supplement composed of books prohibited
+in Spain; some time after the council framed another index, which was
+certified by the secretary.
+
+All the Inquisitions received copies, and a bull from Julius III., which
+renewed the prohibitions and revoked the permissions contrary to the new
+bulls: he charged the inquisitors to seize as many books as they could;
+to publish prohibitory edicts, accompanied by censures; to prosecute
+those who did not obey them, as suspected of heresy; and to give an
+account of the books which they had read and preserved.
+
+The Pope added, that he was informed that a great number were in the
+possession of librarians and private persons, particularly the Spanish
+Bibles mentioned in the catalogue, and the Missal and Diurnal in the
+supplement.
+
+The Council of Trent, after acknowledging the necessity of treating the
+writings of heretics with great severity, commissioned the celebrated
+Carranza to compose the catalogue. After having examined the great
+number of books submitted to the council, he sent all those which did
+not contain any thing reprehensible to the Dominican convent in the city
+of Trent, and caused the rest to be burnt, or torn, and thrown into the
+Adige.[6] Carranza soon after accompanied Philip II. to England, where
+he not only converted many Lutherans, but caused many bibles which had
+been translated to be burnt.
+
+Some bibles, which had been introduced into Spain, and were not upon the
+list, were also prohibited; and the inquisitors were commanded to
+publish the interdict, and to employ severe measures against those who
+refused to obey it. The ordinances of the Council of Castile, composed
+by the order of the king, and approved by him, were published in the
+same year; they gave the council the privilege of permitting books to be
+printed, on the condition that they should be examined previously, if
+the subject of which they treated was important.
+
+Charles V. and Philip II. had regulated the circulation of books in
+their American states. In 1543 the viceroys and other authorities were
+commanded to prevent the introduction or printing of tales and romances.
+
+In 1550 a new decree obliged the tribunal of the commerce of Seville to
+register all the books destined for the colonies, to certify that they
+were not prohibited.
+
+In 1556 the government commanded that no work relating to the affairs of
+America should be published without a permission from the council of the
+Indies, and that those already printed should not be sold unless they
+were examined and approved, which obliged all those who possessed any to
+submit them to the council. The officers of the customs in America were
+also obliged to seize all the prohibited books which might be imported,
+and remit them to the archbishops and bishops, who, in this case,
+possessed the same powers as the inquisitors of Spain.
+
+Lastly, Philip II. in 1560 decreed new measures, and the _surveillance_
+was afterwards as strictly observed in the colonies of the New World as
+in the Peninsula.
+
+Although Charles V. and Philip II. neglected nothing that could prevent
+the introduction of prohibited books into Spain, several which were
+favourable to the Lutheran heresy penetrated into the kingdom. In 1558
+the inquisitor-general published an edict more severe than any of the
+preceding; and also drew up an instruction for the use of the
+inquisitors; importing, that all books mentioned in the printed
+catalogue should be seized; that a public _auto-da-fe_ should be made of
+those tending to heresy; that the commentaries and notes attributed to
+Melancthon should be suppressed in all the treatises on grammar where
+they were introduced; that the bibles marked as being suspected should
+be examined; that no books should be seized except those mentioned in
+the list; that all the books printed in Germany since 1519 without the
+name of the author should be examined; that the translation of
+_Theophylact_ by _OEcolampadius_ should be seized; likewise some
+volumes of the works of St. John Chrysostom, which had been translated
+by that arch-heretic and _Wolfang Nusculus_; that the commentaries by
+heretics on works composed by catholics should be suppressed; and that a
+book on medicine might be seized, although it was not mentioned in the
+index.
+
+When this edict was published, Francis Sanchez, professor of theology in
+the university of Salamanca, wrote to inform the Supreme Council, that
+he had occupied himself for several years in examining dangerous books,
+and gave his opinion on the course which ought to be pursued.
+
+The council, in consequence, decreed that those theologians in the
+university who had studied the Oriental languages, should be obliged, as
+well as other persons, to give up their Hebrew and Greek Bibles to the
+commissaries of the holy office, on pain of excommunication; that the
+proprietors of Greek, Arabic, and Hebrew books, not mentioned in the
+list, should not be molested; that the order concerning the books
+printed without the name of the author, related only to modern
+productions; that the request made by some persons to be allowed to keep
+_Pomponius Mela_, with the commentary of _Nadicano_, should be refused;
+that these books should be remitted to the council to be examined; that
+the order to seize all works containing errors should only be applied to
+modern books; and that the _Summa Armata_ of Durand, of Cajetan, Peter
+Lombard, Origen, Theophylact, Tertullian, Lactantius, Lucian, Aristotle,
+Plato, Seneca, and other authors of that class, should be allowed to
+circulate; that the council, being informed that several catalogues of
+prohibited books existed, would unite them, and compose one general
+catalogue.
+
+In the year 1558 the terrible law of Philip II. was published, which
+decreed the punishments of death and confiscation for all those who
+should sell, buy, keep, or read, the books prohibited by the holy
+office; and, to ensure the execution of this sanguinary law, the index
+was printed, that the people might not allege ignorance in their
+defence.
+
+A bull of 1559 enjoins confessors to interrogate their penitents on this
+subject, and to remind them that they were obliged to denounce the
+guilty on pain of excommunication. A particular article subjects the
+confessors to the same punishment if they neglected this duty, even if
+their penitents were of the highest rank.
+
+This severe law was however mitigated in 1561, when the Cardinal of
+Alexandria, inquisitor-general of Rome, published a decree, announcing,
+in the name of Pius. IV., that some of the prohibitions of books had
+been withdrawn. This decree also granted permission to read and possess
+some books which had been suppressed only because they were written by
+heretics.
+
+Valdes, the inquisitor-general of Spain, immediately wrote to the
+inquisitors of the provinces, to suspend the execution of the edict,
+until he had received the orders of the king, to whom he had represented
+the danger arising from a measure which annulled the punishment of
+excommunication; but Valdes had another motive in the proceeding.
+
+In 1559, this inquisitor had published a printed catalogue of prohibited
+books, which was much more extended than that of 1558, and in which,
+according to the advice of Francis Sanchez, he had introduced all the
+works mentioned in the catalogues of Rome, Lisbon, Louvain, and those of
+Spain of an earlier date. He divided them into six classes. The first
+consisted of Latin books; the second of those written in Castilian; the
+third of those in the Teutonic language; the fourth of German books; the
+fifth of French; and the sixth of Portuguese. Valdes, in a note at the
+end of his index, gave notice that there were many books subject to the
+prohibition, not mentioned in the list, but that they would be added.
+He appointed the punishment of excommunication, and a penalty of two
+hundred ducats, for those persons who should read any of these books,
+and in this number were included some which were permitted to be read by
+the last edict of the Pope.
+
+Valdes had inserted in his catalogue some books which had not only been
+considered catholic, but were in the hands of everybody and full of true
+piety, particularly some works of Don Hernand de Talavera, the venerable
+Juan d'Avila, Bartholomew Carranza de Miranda, Archbishop of Toledo;
+Hernand de Villegas, Louis de Granada, a Dominican; and St. Francis
+Borgia.
+
+The catalogue of Valdes contained other general prohibitions. This
+proscription included all Hebrew books, and those in other tongues which
+treated of the Jewish customs; those of the Arabs, or those which in any
+way treated of the Mahometan religion; all works composed or translated
+by an heretic, or a person condemned by the holy office; all treatises
+in the Spanish language with a preface, letter, prologue, summary,
+notes, additions, paraphrase, explanation, glossary, or writing of that
+nature added by an heretic; all sermons, writings, letters, discourses
+on the Christian religion, its mysteries, sacraments, or the Holy
+Scriptures, if these works were inedited manuscripts.
+
+Lastly, the same prohibition was extended to a multitude of translations
+of the Bible, and other books which had been written by men of great
+piety, and had always been considered at proper guides to virtue: of
+this number were the works of Denis, _the Carthusian_; the author known
+by the same of _the Idiot_; the Bishop Roffense, and many other writers.
+
+In the eighteenth session of the Council of Trent (which began on the
+26th February, 1562), the bishops found that it was necessary to examine
+the books which were denounced as suspicions, on account of the
+complaints which had been made on the prohibition of the great number
+of works which had been unjustly enrolled in the decree of Paul IV. The
+council appointed commissioners to examine them, and they made a report
+of their labour in the last session in 1563: they had drawn up a
+catalogue of the works which they considered necessary to be prohibited.
+It was submitted to Pius V., who published it in 1564, with ten general
+rules for the solution of any difficulties which might be discovered. A
+great number of books, which had been unjustly condemned by Valdes, were
+omitted in this index, and the Catechism of Carranza was declared to be
+orthodox by an assembly of theologians who had been appointed to examine
+it.
+
+In 1565 the Doctor Gonzales Illescas published the first part of his
+_Pontifical History_. It was immediately seized by the holy office, and
+the second part, printed at Valladolid in 1567, shared the same fate. A
+short time after, Illescas was persecuted by the inquisitors of
+Valladolid; and, to preserve himself from becoming their victim, was
+obliged to suppress his work and write another, omitting the articles
+against some of the popes: this work appeared in 1574. Although the holy
+office had so carefully suppressed the first edition, it was inserted in
+the index of 1583, as if some copies had been still in existence.
+
+In 1567 the council commanded the theological works of Brother John
+Fero, a Franciscan of Italy, to be seized, with the notes and
+corrections of Brother Michael de Medina, and some other works of the
+same author, who ended his days in the dungeons of the Inquisition in
+1578, before his sentence had been pronounced. After his death, his
+_Apology for John Fero_ was inserted in the expurgatory index.
+
+In 1568 the Supreme Council charged the officers of the Inquisition to
+watch the frontiers of Guipuscoa, Navarre, Aragon, and Catalonia, with
+the greatest vigilance, to prevent the introduction of prohibited books.
+This resolution was adopted, because information had been received that
+a great number of Lutheran books in the Castilian tongue were packed and
+sent in hogsheads of the wines of Champagne and Burgundy, with so much
+art, that the officers of the customs could not discover the deception.
+
+In 1570 the council prohibited a work on the Pentateuch by Brother
+Jerome de Holcastro; and the _Petit Office_, printed at Paris in 1556.
+The motive for this suppression was singular: the frontispiece was
+decorated with a cross and a swan, with the motto, "IN HOC CIGNO
+VINCES." It is plain that the _Petit Office_ was prohibited, because a C
+was used instead of the S in the word _signo_. The same severity was
+shewn in all cases where the books had this symbol, or any allegories of
+that nature.
+
+In 1571 the inquisitors caused a Spanish Bible, printed at Baste, to be
+seized, and Philip II. wrote to the Duke of Alva, the governor of the
+Low Countries, to compose an index for the use of the Flemish people,
+with the assistance of the learned Arias Montanus. He presided in an
+assembly of theologians, who judged that the new index should only
+consist of the Latin prohibited by the Inquisition, or which it was
+necessary to correct. This measure was applied only to some well-known
+authors who were dead, and to some others, still living; but more
+particularly to the works of Erasmus, and with circumstances which might
+lead to the supposition, that his books were the principal objects of
+the prohibition, and that of the other authors merely a pretext to
+conceal the injury done to him. This catalogue was printed at Antwerp in
+1571, with a preface by Arias Montanus, a royal decree and a
+proclamation of the Duke of Alva enforcing the execution of it. This
+list is known by the name of the _Expurgatory Index of the Duke of
+Alva_. The holy office had no part in this affair, as the Flemings had
+refused to recognise their authority.
+
+In 1582 the inquisitor-general, Don Gaspard de Quiroga, published a new
+_Prohibitory Index_. It is remarkable _that the Index of his predecessor
+Valdes is mentioned in this list_.
+
+That which was published in 1584 was drawn up by Juan de Mariana, who
+soon after had some of his own works prohibited. In 1611, a new index
+was formed under the inquisitor-general Don Bernard de Roxas de
+Sandoval.
+
+The Cardinal Zapata, who succeeded Roxas, adopted one more extended in
+1620, and it was used by his successor, Don Antonio de Sotomayer, in
+1630. This catalogue was the first which the inquisitors presumed to
+publish from their own authority, and without being commissioned by
+government. Don Diego Sarmiento Valladares, inquisitor-general, in 1681,
+began to reprint it with additions, and it was finished by Don Vidal
+Marin, who published it in 1707.
+
+Don Francis Perez del Prado, another inquisitor-general, commissioned
+the Jesuits Casani and Carrasco to compose a new catalogue. Although
+these monks were not authorized by the Supreme Council, they inserted in
+the list all the books which they supposed to be favourable to the
+Jansenists, Baius and Father Quesnel. Their conduct was denounced to the
+Supreme Council by the Dominican Concina, and some other monks; the
+Jesuits were examined, and defended themselves: the council, though it
+could not approve, did not carry the affair further; it had not
+sufficient power to balance the influence of the Jesuit Francis Rabago,
+who was confessor to Ferdinand VI.
+
+Among the books which they prohibited were the works of Cardinal
+_Norris_, which were held in general estimation by the learned
+throughout Christendom. Benedict XIV., in 1748, addressed a brief to the
+inquisitor-general, commanding him to revoke the prohibition; as this
+order was not obeyed, the Pope complained to the king, but was unable to
+obtain his request until ten years after, when the Jesuit Rabago no
+longer directed the conscience of the monarch.
+
+The index of the Jesuits also contained several treatises of the
+venerable Don Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, Archbishop and Viceroy of
+Mexico. The congregation of rites afterwards declared that there was
+nothing in them worthy of censure, and the inquisitor-general was
+obliged to revoke the prohibition in an edict, the copies of which were
+immediately bought up by some friends of the Jesuits. To give an idea of
+the criticism of Perez del Prado, it is sufficient to say that he
+bitterly lamented the misfortunes of the age he lived in, saying, "_That
+some individuals had carried their audacity to the execrable extremity
+of demanding permission to read the Holy Scriptures in the vulgar
+tongue_, without _fearing to encounter mortal poison therein_."
+
+In 1792 a new index was published, without the consent, and even in
+opposition to the Supreme Council, by Don Augustine Rubin de Cevallos,
+inquisitor-general. It is this index which is still in force, but the
+prohibitions and expurgatory measures have since been multiplied.
+
+The prohibitory decrees are preceded by _qualification_. The process is
+instituted before the supreme council; but as the information is
+generally laid before the inquisitors of the court, they appoint the
+qualifiers who censure the book. A copy of the work and the denunciation
+is sent to the first qualifier, and afterwards to the second, unsigned
+by the opinion of the first; if they do not accord, copies are sent a
+third time before it is submitted to the Supreme Council. The
+inquisitors of the provinces have likewise the privilege of receiving
+informations: they proceed in the same manner; but the council always
+commission the inquisitors of the court to censure books, because they
+were more sure of their qualifiers.
+
+If any person presumed to buy, keep, or read prohibited books, he
+rendered himself liable to be suspected of heresy by the inquisitors,
+although it might not be proved that he became an heretic from such
+reading; he incurred the punishment of major excommunication, and was
+proceeded against by the tribunal: the result of this action was the
+absolution _ad cautelam_.
+
+During the last years of the eighteenth century, no person has been
+imprisoned for reading prohibited books, unless he was convicted of
+having advanced or written heretical propositions. The punishment
+inflicted was merely a pecuniary penalty, and a declaration that the
+individual was slightly suspected of heresy; it must be acknowledged
+that this qualification was omitted, if there was any reason to suppose
+that the accused had erred from motives of curiosity, and not from a
+tendency to false doctrine. Nevertheless all these proceedings are
+arbitrary, and the inquisitors have the power of pursuing the infringers
+of this law as if they were heretics.
+
+The permission to read prohibited books, rendered all actions instituted
+against those who violated the law ineffectual. The Pope granted it for
+a sum of money, without inquiring if the person who demanded it was
+capable of abusing the permission. The inquisitor-general of Spain acted
+with more prudence; he took secret informations on the conduct of the
+solicitor, and required him to state in writing the object of his
+demand, and the subject on which he wished to consult the prohibited
+books. Where the permission granted was general, the books mentioned in
+the edicts were excepted. In this sense the works of Rousseau,
+Montesquieu, Mirabeau, Diderot, d'Alembert, Voltaire, and several other
+modern philosophers, among whom was Filangieri, were excepted from the
+privilege. During the last years of the Inquisition, the permissions
+granted by the Court of Rome did not defend the persons who received
+them from the inquisitorial actions; they were subject to revision, and
+the inquisitor-general did not authorize the use of them without great
+difficulty, and as if the Court of Rome had never granted them.
+
+The Inquisition also prohibited pictures, medals, prints, and a number
+of other things, with as much severity as books. Thus fans, snuff-boxes,
+mirrors, and other articles of furniture, were often the cause of great
+troubles and difficulties to those who possessed them, if they happened
+to be adorned with the mythological figure which might be considered as
+indecent.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+PARTICULAR TRIALS FOR SUSPICION OF LUTHERANISM, AND SOME OTHER CRIMES.
+
+
+_Edicts against Lutherans, Illuminati, &c._
+
+The inquisitor-general, who perceived the necessity of arresting the
+progress of Lutheranism in Spain, decreed, in concert with the Council
+of the Inquisition, several new articles in addition to the annual
+edict. These articles oblige every Christian to declare, if he knows or
+has heard of any person who has said, maintained, or thought that the
+sect of Luther is good, or that his partisans will be saved, and
+approved nor believed any of his condemned propositions: for example,
+that it is not necessary to confess sins to a priest, and that it is
+sufficient to confess to God; that neither the Pope nor the priests have
+the power of remitting sins; that the body of Jesus is not actually
+present in the consecrated host; that it is not permitted to pray to
+saints, or expose images in churches; that faith and baptism are
+sufficient for salvation, and that good works are not necessary; that
+every Christian may, although not of the priesthood, receive the
+confession of another Christian, and administer the sacrament to him;
+that the Pope has not the power of granting indulgences; that priests
+and monks may lawfully marry; that God did not establish the regular
+religions orders; that the state of marriage is better and more perfect
+than that of celibacy; that there ought to be no festivals but the
+sabbath, and that it is not sinful to eat meat on Friday, in Lent, or on
+other fast-days.
+
+Alphonso Manrique also gave permission to the inquisitors of the
+provinces to take any measures they might think proper, to discover
+those persons who had embraced the heresy of the _illuminati_,
+(_alumbrados_.) These people, who were also called _dejados_
+(_quietists_), formed a sect whose chief, it is said, was that _Muncer_
+who had already established that of the Anabaptists. Some time after,
+the Council of the Inquisition added several articles relative to the
+_illuminati_ to those already mentioned.
+
+I am of opinion, that the first Spaniards who followed the doctrines of
+Luther were Franciscan monks; for Clement VII., in 1526, authorized the
+general and provincials of the order of Minor Friars of St. Francis
+d'Assiz, to absolve those of the community who had fallen into that
+heresy, after they had taken an oath to renounce it for ever. Several
+monks of the same order had already represented to the Pope, that by the
+privileges granted to them in the bull _mare magnum_, and confirmed by
+other decrees of the holy see, no stranger had a right to interfere in
+their affairs, and that they did not recognize any judge but the judge
+of their institution, even in cases of apostasy.
+
+Manrique, embarrassed in his ministry by the pretensions of the
+Franciscans, wrote to the Pope, who expedited, in 1525, a brief, by
+which the inquisitor-general was empowered to take cognizance of these
+affairs, assisted by a monk named by the prelate of the order, and that,
+in cases of appeal from judgment, the Pope should be applied to: but
+these appeals were afterwards ordered to be made before the
+inquisitor-general.
+
+
+_Trials of Several Persons._
+
+During the ministry of the inquisitor-general Manrique, history points
+out several illustrious and innocent victims of the tribunal, who were
+suspected of Lutheranism: such was the venerable Juan d'Avila, who would
+have been beatified, if he had been a monk, but he was only a secular
+priest: he was called, in Spain, the _Apostle of Andalusia_, on account
+of his exemplary life and his charitable actions. St. Theresa de Jesus
+informs us, in her works, that she derived much assistance from his
+counsels and doctrine. He preached the gospel with simplicity, and never
+introduced into his discourses those questions which at that time so
+disgracefully agitated the scholastic theologians. Some envious monks,
+irritated at his aversion for disputes, united to plan his ruin. They
+denounced some of his propositions to the Inquisition, as tending to
+Lutheranism and the doctrines of the _illuminati_. In 1534, Juan d'Avila
+was confined in the secret prison of the holy office, by an order of the
+inquisitors; they did not make their resolution known to the Supreme
+Council or to the ordinary, on the pretence that this measure was only
+ordained in case of a difference of opinion. Although this proceeding
+was contrary to the laws of the Inquisition, to the royal ordinances,
+and those of the Supreme Council, yet they contemned these violations,
+and even tacitly approved them, as no reprimand was addressed to the
+offenders. This act of the Inquisition, which took place at Seville,
+much affected the inquisitor-general: he occupied the see of that city,
+and had the greatest esteem for Juan d'Avila, whom he regarded as a
+saint, which was a fortunate circumstance for him, as the protection of
+Manrique, as chief of the Inquisition, greatly contributed to prove his
+innocence; d'Avila was acquitted, and continued to preach with the same
+zeal and charity until his death.
+
+This year was more fatal to two men, who are celebrated in the literary
+history of Spain--Juan de Vergara, and Bernardin de Tobar, his brother:
+they were arrested by the Inquisition of Toledo, and were not released
+from its dungeons, until they had been subjected to the abjuration (_de
+levi_) of the Lutheran heresy, to receive the absolution of censures _ad
+cautelam_, and to several penances. Juan de Vergara was a canon of
+Toledo, and had been secretary to Cardinal Ximenez de Cisneros, and to
+Don Alphonso de Fonseca, his successor in the see of that city. Nicholas
+Antonio has inserted, in his library, a notice of the literary
+productions of this Spaniard, and does justice to his virtue and merit.
+His profound knowledge of the Greek and Hebrew languages was the cause
+of his misfortune; he had remarked some faults in the translation of the
+Vulgate, and thus gave the signal for persecution to some monks who had
+only studied Latin and the jargon of the schools. The chapter of Toledo
+honoured his memory in placing on his tomb an epitaph, which is
+preserved by the author I have cited. Vergara had a claim on the
+gratitude of this community, for having composed the inscriptions which
+decorate the choir of their church.
+
+Bernardin de Tobar is less known, but Peter Martyr d'Angleria mentions
+him among the learned men of the sixteenth century, and John Louis
+Vives, a learned man of that age, says, in writing to Erasmus: "We live
+in a difficult time; it is dangerous either to speak or be silent;
+Vergara, his brother Bernardin de Tobar, and several other learned men,
+have been arrested in Spain[7]."
+
+Among this number was one of whom Vives could not give a particular
+account. I speak of Alphonso Virues, a Benedictine, born at Olmedo, and
+one of the best theologians of his time. He had a profound knowledge of
+the oriental languages, and had composed several works. He was a member
+of the commission which judged the works of Erasmus in 1527, and
+preacher to Charles V., who listened to his discourses with so much
+pleasure that he took him to Germany, and on his return to Spain would
+not hear any other person. These distinctions excited the envy of the
+monks, and they would have succeeded in their endeavours to ruin him,
+but for the firmness and constancy of the emperor in protecting him.
+
+Virues was suspected of being favourable to the opinions of Luther, and
+thrown into the secret prisons of the holy office at Seville. The
+emperor, who knew him well, both from his sermons, and the intercourse
+which took place during their travels in Germany, felt this blow
+acutely, and not doubting that Virues was the victim of an intrigue
+which the inquisitor-general ought to have prevented, he exiled
+Manrique, who was obliged to retire to his archbishopric of Seville,
+where he died in 1538. Not content with this, Charles commanded the
+Supreme Council to address an ordinance to all the tribunals of the
+Inquisition, importing, that in case of a preliminary instruction
+sufficiently serious to cause the arrest of a monk, the decree of
+imprisonment should be delayed, and that the inquisitors should send an
+entire and faithful copy of the commencement of the proceedings to the
+Supreme Council, and wait for the orders which would be sent them after
+the examination of the writings.
+
+The unfortunate Virues, nevertheless, suffered all the horrors of a
+secret imprisonment for four years. During this period, as he writes to
+Charles V., "he was scarcely allowed to breathe, or to occupy himself
+with anything but charges, replies, testimonies, defences, libels,
+means, acts (_nomina quae et ipso poene timendo sono ... words which
+cannot be heard without terrors_), or with heresies, blasphemies,
+errors, anathemas, schisms, and other monsters, which, with labour that
+may be compared to those of Hercules, I have at last conquered with the
+aid of Jesus Christ, so that I am now justified through your majesty's
+protection[8]."
+
+One of the means employed by Virues for his defence, was to demand that
+the tribunal should pay attention to the points of doctrine which he had
+established, and prepared to attack Melancthon and other Lutherans
+before the diet of Ratisbon; but this demand did not gain the object
+which he had in view, which was a complete absolution, because his
+enemies had denounced propositions advanced in public. Although he
+proved that they were extremely Catholic, when examined with the text,
+yet he could not prevent them from incurring the theological censure in
+the form given by the denunciation: he was obliged to submit to an
+abjuration of all heresies, particularly that of Luther and his
+adherents. The definitive sentence was pronounced in 1537: he was
+declared to be suspected of professing the errors of Luther, and
+condemned to be absolved from the censures _ad cautelam_; to be confined
+in a monastery for two years, and prohibited from preaching the word of
+God for two years after his release.
+
+The emperor, when informed of these transactions, complained to the
+Pope, who, in 1538, addressed a brief to Virues, which contained a
+dispensation from the different penances to which he had been condemned:
+it also re-instated him in his office of preacher; and declared, that
+what had passed could not exclude him from any office, not even from
+episcopacy.
+
+It is surprising that the affair of Virues, and many others, did not
+make Charles V. perceive the nature of the Inquisition, and that he
+still continued to protect that institution. However, the trial of his
+preacher, and several other crosses which he experienced about that
+time, were the reasons why he deprived the holy office of the royal
+jurisdiction in 1535, and it was not restored until the year 1545. This
+favour for Virues was so constant, that he soon after presented him to
+the Pope for the bishopric of the Canaries; but the Pope refused him,
+alleging that the suspicions raised against the purity of his faith
+rendered him improper to be invested with the dignity of a bishop,
+although the bull had declared him to be eligible. The emperor insisted,
+and the Pope at length yielded to his pressing solicitations. Virues was
+made Bishop of the Canaries in 1540.
+
+In 1527 the Inquisition of Valladolid was occupied by an affair, of
+which it is necessary to give an account, that the compassion and
+indulgence which the inquisitors always professed in their acts, and
+other forms of justice, may be justly appreciated.
+
+One Diego Vallejo, of the village of Palacios de Meneses, in the diocese
+of Palencia, having been arrested for blasphemy by the Inquisition,
+declared, among other things, that two months before, on the 24th of
+April, 1526, two physicians, named Alphonso Garcia and Juan de Salas,
+were disputing on the subject of medicine, before him and Ferdinand
+Ramirez, his son-in-law: the first maintained his opinion on the
+authority of certain writers; Salas affirmed that these writers were
+deceived; Garcia replied that his opinion was proved by the text of the
+evangelists, which caused Salas to say _that they had lied as well as
+the others_. Ferdinand Ramirez (who had also been arrested upon
+suspicion of Judaism) was examined the same day; his deposition was the
+same as that of Vallejo, but he added, that Salas returned to his house
+some hours after, and in speaking of what had passed, said, "_What folly
+I have asserted!_" When the tribunal had finished the affair of Ramirez
+and Vallejo, they arrested Juan de Salas.
+
+The inquisitors (without the concurrence of the diocesan, without
+consultors or qualifiers, and without communicating with the Supreme
+Council) decreed the arrest of Juan de Salas on the 14th of February,
+1527, as if the declarations of Ramirez and Vallejo had been sufficient.
+The audiences of _admonition_ were granted, and the depositions were
+communicated without the names of the persons or place. He replied that
+the circumstances were not correctly stated. The other physician was
+then called, who declared, that in conversing with Salas on the
+evangelists, he heard him say, _that some of them had lied_. He was
+asked if any one had reproached Salas for this expression; Garcia
+replied, that an hour after he had advised him to give himself up to the
+Inquisition, and that he had promised to do so. The inquisitor then
+asked if he was inimical to the accused; the witness replied in the
+negative. On the 16th of April the ratification of Ramirez and Garcia
+took place. On the 6th of May the prisoner presented two requisitions or
+means of defence: in the first he protested against all that had been
+said contrary to his declaration, and pointed out the differences in the
+depositions of the witnesses; the second was an _interrogatory_ in
+thirteen questions, two of which tended to prove his orthodoxy, and the
+others to justify the motives of the challenge which he had presented
+against certain persons who had been called upon to depose in his trial.
+This piece contains, in the margin, the witnesses to be consulted for
+each question. It will be seen that the prisoner took advantage of the
+laws of the holy office in his defence; but the inquisitors, instead of
+conforming to their own regulations, erased the names of several persons
+designated in the list of the accused witnesses on his side, and would
+not hear them. Nevertheless, the facts mentioned in the interrogatory
+were proved by fourteen witnesses, and on the 25th of May the fiscal
+gave his conclusions.
+
+The fact related by Ramirez, the contradictions in the depositions of
+the witnesses; the difference in the report of both, from that of the
+accuser; the important advantages gained by the prisoner in justifying
+his challenge, in only having two witnesses against him (who had both
+been prosecuted, one for blasphemy, the other for Judaism), and in being
+accused of only one proposition; lastly, the possibility that the
+accused had forgotten many things during the space of a year, are
+circumstances which would make any one suppose that Juan de Salas would
+have been acquitted, or that they would, at least, (if they supposed
+that he had denied the truth,) have contented themselves with imposing
+the penance of the suspicion _de levi_ upon him; but instead of this,
+the inquisitor Moriz, without the concurrence of his colleague Alvarado,
+decreed that Salas should be tortured, as guilty of concealment. In this
+act the following deposition is found:--"We ordain that the said torture
+be employed in the manner and during the time that we shall think
+proper, after having protested as we still protest, that, in case of
+injury, death, or fractured limbs, the fault can only be imputed to the
+said licentiate Salas." The decree of Moriz took effect: I subjoin the
+verbal process of the execution.
+
+"At Valladolid, on the 21st of June, 1527, the licentiate Moriz,
+inquisitor, caused the licentiate Juan de Salas to appear before him,
+and the sentence was read and notified to him. After the reading, the
+said licentiate Salas declared, that _he had not said that of which he
+was accused_; and the said licentiate Moriz immediately caused him to be
+conducted to the chamber of torture, where, being stripped to his shirt,
+Salas was put by the shoulders into the _chevalet_, where the
+executioner, Pedro Porras, fastened him by the arms and legs with cords
+of hemp, of which he made _eleven turns_ round each limb; Salas, during
+the time that the said Pedro was tying him thus, was warned to speak the
+truth several times, to which he always replied, _that he had never said
+what he was accused of_. He recited the creed, "Quicumque vult," and
+several times gave thanks to God and our Lady; and the said Salas being
+still tied as before mentioned, a fine wet cloth was put over his face,
+and about a pint of water was poured into his mouth and nostrils, from
+an earthen vessel with a hole at the bottom, and containing about two
+quarts: nevertheless, Salas still persisted _in denying the
+accusation_. Then Pedro de Porras _tightened the cords_ on the right
+leg, and poured a second measure of water on the face; the cords _were
+tightened a second time_ on the same leg, but Juan de Salas still
+persisted in _denying that he had ever said any thing of the kind_; and
+although pressed to tell the truth several times, _he still denied the
+accusation_. Then the said licentiate Moriz, having declared that _the
+torture was_ BEGUN BUT NOT FINISHED, commanded that it should cease. The
+accused was withdrawn from the chevalet or rack, at which execution, I,
+Henry Paz, was present from the beginning to the end.--Henry Paz,
+notary."
+
+If this execution was but the beginning of the torture, how was it to
+finish? By the death of the sufferer? In order to understand this
+statement, it is necessary to know that the instrument, which in
+Castilian is called _escalera_ (and which has also the name of _burro_,
+and is translated into French by the word _chevalet_), is a machine of
+wood, invented to torture the accused. It is formed like a groove, large
+enough to hold the body of a man, without a bottom, but a stick crosses
+it, over which the body falls in such a position, that the feet are much
+higher than the head; consequently, a violent and painful respiration
+ensues, with intolerable pains in the sides, the arms, and legs, where
+the pressure of the cords is so great, even before the _garot_ has been
+used, that they penetrate to the bone.
+
+If we observe the manner in which the people who carry merchandise on
+mules or in carts tighten the cords by means of sticks, we can easily
+imagine the torments which the unfortunate John de Salas must have
+suffered. The introduction of a liquid is not less likely to kill those
+whom the inquisitors torture, and it has happened more than once. The
+mouth, during the torture, is in the most unfavourable position for
+respiration, so much so, that a person would die if he remained several
+hours in it; a piece of fine wet linen is introduced into the throat, on
+which the water from the vessel is poured so slowly, that it requires
+an hour to consume a pint, although it descends without intermission. In
+this state the patient finds it impossible to breathe, as the water
+enters the nostrils at the same time, and the rupture of a blood-vessel
+in the lungs is often the result.
+
+Raymond Gonzales de Montes (who, in 1558, was so fortunate as to escape
+from the prisons of the holy office at Seville) wrote a book in Latin,
+on the Inquisition, under the name of _Reginaldus Gonsalvius
+Montanus_[9]. He informs us that the cord was wound eight or ten times
+round the legs. Eleven turns were made round the limbs of Salas, besides
+those of the _garot_. We may form an idea of the humanity of the
+Inquisition of Valladolid, from the definitive sentence pronounced by
+the licentiate Moriz and his colleague, Doctor Alvarado, without any
+other formality, after they had taken (if we may believe them) the
+advice of persons noted for their learning and virtue, but without the
+adjournment which ought to have preceded it, and without the concurrence
+of the diocesan in ordinary. They declared that the fiscal had not
+entirely proved the accusation, and that the prisoner had succeeded in
+destroying some of the charges; but that on account of the suspicion
+arising from the trial, Juan de Salas was condemned to the punishment of
+the public _auto-da-fe_, in his shirt, without a cloak, his head
+uncovered, and with a torch in his hand; that he should abjure heresy
+publicly, and that he should pay ten ducats of gold to the Inquisition,
+and fulfil his penance in the church assigned. It is seen, by a
+certificate afterwards given in, that Juan de Salas performed his
+_auto-da-fe_ on the 24th of June, 1528, and that his father paid the
+fine: the trial offers no other peculiarity. This affair, and several
+others of a similar nature, caused the Supreme Council to publish a
+decree in 1558, commanding that the torture should not be administered
+without an order from the council.
+
+
+_Letter-Orders, relating to the Proceedings._
+
+The abuse of the secrecy of the proceedings caused a number of
+complaints to be addressed to the inquisitor-general. He usually
+referred them to the Supreme Council, which, during the administration
+of Manrique, addressed several circulars to the provincial tribunals: it
+is necessary to make known the most important.
+
+In one of these writings, dated March 14th, 1528, it is said, that if an
+accused person (when asked a general question) declares at first that he
+knows nothing on the subject, and afterwards, when questioned on a
+particular fact, confesses that he is acquainted with it (in case the
+inquisitors think proper to take down the second declaration, to make
+use of it against a third), they should insert the first question and
+the answer of the accused in the same verbal process, because it might
+assist in determining the degree of confidence to be placed in his
+declarations.
+
+On the 16th of March, 1530, another instruction of the council appeared.
+It directed that the facts related by the witnesses in favour of the
+prisoner should be mentioned as well as those against him. This
+direction, however just, has not been strictly followed, since it was
+never observed in the extract of the publication of the depositions
+given to the accused and his defender; consequently, no advantage could
+be derived by the prisoner from the declarations in his favour.
+
+Another circular of the 13th of May in the same year, says, that if an
+accused person challenges a witness, he must be interrogated on the
+foundation of the proceedings, as he might have facts to depose against
+the accused.
+
+On the 16th June, 1531, the council wrote to the tribunals, that if the
+accused challenged several persons, on the supposition that they will
+depose against him, the witnesses whom he calls to prove the facts which
+caused the challenge, shall be examined on each individual, although
+they have not made any deposition, in order that the accused may not
+suppose at the time of the publication of the depositions, from an
+omission (if there should be any), that some have deposed against him,
+and that the others are not mentioned, or have not said anything.
+
+Another instruction on the 13th of May, 1532, directs, that the
+relations of the accused shall not be admitted as witnesses in the proof
+of the challenge.
+
+In another decree of the 5th March, 1535, it is ordained that the
+witness shall be asked if there is any enmity between them and the
+accused.
+
+On the 20th of July, the council obliged the tribunals to insert in the
+extract of the publication of the depositions, the day, the month, and
+the hour when each witness gave his evidence.
+
+In March, 1525, it was decreed, that when the extract was given to the
+accused, he was not to be informed that any witness had declared the
+fact to be known to others, because if they said nothing against him, it
+was not proper to inform the accused of it, as he would learn, from that
+circumstance, that some persons had spoken in his favour, or at least
+had declared that they knew nothing against him.
+
+Another regulation of the 8th of April, 1533, prohibited the inquisitors
+from communicating the extract of the publication of the depositions to
+the accused, before the ratification of the declarations.
+
+The council decreed, on the 22d December, 1536, that in transacting any
+business relating to circumstances which took place in the house of a
+person deceased, so that the corpse was still exposed to view, and that
+its position, figure, or other circumstance, might tend to discover if
+he died a heretic or not, the name of the defunct, his house, and other
+details, should be communicated to the witnesses, that they might be
+enabled to recollect the event, and to assist them in making their
+declaration.
+
+Yet the council, on the 30th August, 1537, decreed that the time and
+place of the events should be inserted in the extract of the publication
+of the depositions, because it was of consequence to the interests of
+the accused; it would be done even in supposing that he would learn from
+it the names of the witnesses.
+
+This rule is too contrary to the inquisitorial system, not to inspire a
+wish to seek for the principle and the cause; it may be found in the bad
+reputation which the Inquisition had acquired by the proceedings against
+Alphonso Virues, which induced Charles V. to deprive it of the royal
+jurisdiction: but although the council registered the order of the
+sovereign, he decreed, on the 15th of December, in this year, and on the
+22nd of February, 1538, that the extract should not contain any article
+which could make known the witnesses; thus annulling the order imposed
+in the preceding year. During the last years of the Inquisition, neither
+the time nor place were indicated in the act of the publication of the
+depositions.
+
+In June, 1537, the council being consulted by the Inquisition of Toledo,
+decreed, as general rules--1st, that all who _calmly_ uttered the
+blasphemies, _I deny God, I abjure God_, should be punished severely;
+but those who uttered these words in anger, should not be subject to
+prosecution: 2nd, to punish all Christians accused of bigamy, if the
+guilty person supposed it permitted; and in the contrary case to abstain
+from prosecution; 3rdly, to ascertain, in cases of sorcery, if there had
+been any compact with the devil; if the compact had existed, the
+Inquisition was directed to judge the accused--if it had not, they were
+to leave the cause to the secular tribunals.
+
+The second and third of these regulations are contrary to the system of
+the holy office, which leads me to suppose that the temporary disgrace
+and exile of Manrique contributed to this moderation, which could not
+last long: the inquisitors have always proceeded against persons guilty
+of these crimes, on the pretence of examining if any circumstance might
+cause suspicion of heresy. The same spirit is found in another order of
+the 19th February, 1533: it obliges the inquisitors to receive all the
+papers which the relations of the accused wish to communicate to them.
+The council made this rule, because these writings (though useless on
+the trial) might yet be serviceable in proving the innocence or guilt of
+the accused.
+
+On the 10th May, 1531, the council decreed, that if bulls of
+dispensation from the use of the _San-benito_, imprisonment, or other
+punishments, were presented to the Inquisition, the procurator-fiscal
+should demand that they should be suppressed, as well as those obtained
+by the children and grandchildren of persons declared infamous by the
+holy office: the council supported this rule by alleging that children
+always followed the example of their heretical ancestors, and that it
+was a scandal to see them occupying honourable employments.
+
+On the 22nd of March in the same year the council wrote to the tribunal
+of the provinces, that it had remarked, in one of the trials, that
+certain writings had not been digested in the places where the facts
+mentioned had happened; whence they concluded that these formalities had
+not been fulfilled at the proper time, but at the moment when the
+proceedings were to begin: the council then recommended them to avoid
+these abuses, as contrary to the instructions. But the orders of the
+council were not obeyed: the same irregularity was renewed, and produced
+another still more dangerous, which during my time had the most serious
+consequences. In order to supply what might be omitted in the course of
+the trial, the inquisitors adopted the custom of writing each act,
+declaration, and deposition, on separate sheets of paper. As in these
+tribunals they did not make use of stamped paper, and as the pieces of
+the process were not numbered, it often happened that those which they
+wished to conceal from the council, the diocesan in ordinary, or other
+interested parties, were changed or suppressed. This manoeuvre was
+employed by the inquisitors in the affair of the Archbishop of Toledo,
+Carranza, and I have myself seen several attestations of the secretary
+changed at the request of the inquisitors of Madrid.
+
+The circular of the 11th of July in the same year is more remarkable,
+and had more success than the preceding. The inquisitors of the
+provinces were directed to refer to the Supreme Council all sentences
+pronounced without the unanimity of the inquisitors, the diocesan and
+the consulters, even supposing that there was only one dissentient
+voice. The inquisitors were afterwards obliged to consult the council on
+all the judgments which they passed; and I must confess that this
+measure was extremely useful, because, in a difference of opinion, the
+decisions of the _supreme_ were much more just than those of the
+tribunals of the provinces, from being composed of a greater number of
+enlightened judges.
+
+The council displayed the same love of justice in 1536, when it decreed
+that those convicted of making use of gold, silver, silk, or precious
+stones, should be punished by pecuniary fines, and not by fire, although
+they had been prohibited from so doing on pain of being _relaxed_.
+
+The decree most contrary to the wisdom which ought to have animated the
+council, was that of the 7th of December, 1532, in which it was ordained
+that each provincial Inquisition should state the number and rank of the
+persons condemned to different punishments within their jurisdictions,
+since their establishment, and to deposit in the churches those
+_San-benitos_ which had not been placed there, without even excepting
+those of persons who had confessed and suffered their punishment during
+the term of grace. This direction was executed with a severity worthy of
+the Inquisition; at Toledo those San-benitos were renewed which had been
+destroyed by time, and they were likewise sent to the parishes of the
+condemned persons. The consequences of these proceedings were the ruin
+and extinction of many families, as the children could not establish
+themselves according to the rank they had possessed; while the
+condemnation of their ancestors by the Inquisition remained unknown. The
+council discovered too late the injustice it had committed in respect to
+the _San-benito_ since it revoked the decree seven years after, in 1539.
+
+It is not necessary to give the history of the quarrels which took place
+between the Inquisition and the different civil authorities, during the
+administration of Manrique. A scandalous enterprise of the Supreme
+Council ought nevertheless to be mentioned. In 1531, it presumed to
+condemn the president of the royal court of appeals, in Majorca, to ask
+pardon of the holy office, to attend mass (as a penitent), with a wax
+taper in his hand, and to receive the absolution of censures, for having
+defended the jurisdiction of the criminal tribunal in an affair which
+involved several persons, among whom was one Gabriel Nebel, a servant of
+the summoner of the holy office.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+PROSECUTIONS OF SORCERERS, MAGICIANS, ENCHANTERS, NECROMANCERS, AND
+OTHERS.
+
+
+Under the administration of the inquisitor-general, Manrique, the
+Inquisition was particularly occupied by the sect of sorcerers.
+
+Pope Adrian VI. (who had been inquisitor-general in Spain), published a
+bull on the 20th July, 1523, in which he says, that in the time of his
+predecessor Julius II. a numerous sect had been discovered in Lombardy,
+which abjured the Christian faith, and abused the ceremonies of religion
+and the eucharist. These sectarians acknowledged the devil as their
+patron, and promised obedience to him.
+
+They sent maladies to animals and destroyed the fruits of the earth by
+their enchantments. An inquisitor having attempted to arrest and bring
+them to punishment, the ecclesiastical and secular judges opposed him,
+which led Julius II. to declare that these crimes were within the
+jurisdiction of the Inquisition, as well as all other heresies. In
+consequence Adrian VI. reminded the different Inquisitions of their duty
+in this respect.
+
+This bull was not necessary in Spain, as the Inquisition of Aragon had
+taken cognizance of magic and sorcery, since the pontificate of John
+XXII.
+
+It appears that the Inquisition of Calahorra, burnt more than thirty
+women as sorceresses and magicians in the year 1507. In 1527, a great
+number of women who practised magic were discovered in Navarre.
+
+These crimes increased so much in the province of Biscay, that Charles
+V. found it necessary to notice it. Persuaded that the ignorance in
+which the people were left by the priests was the cause of these
+superstitions, he wrote in December, 1527, to the Bishop of Calahorra,
+and to the provincials of the Dominicans and Franciscans, to select a
+number of able preachers from their communities, to teach the doctrine
+of the Christian religion on this point. But these ministers of the
+gospel, even those who had acquired a reputation for learning, believed
+as well as the enchanters in these illusions.
+
+Nevertheless, Father Martin de Castanaga, a Franciscan monk, composed in
+that time, a book in Spanish, entitled, _A Treatise on Superstitions
+and Enchantments_. I have read this work, and I acknowledge (with the
+exception of a few articles, in which the author appears too credulous,)
+that it would be difficult even in the present time to write with more
+moderation or discernment. The Bishop of Calahorra, Don Alphonso de
+Castilla, having read this treatise, had it printed in quarto, and sent
+it to the priests in his diocese, with a pastoral letter, in 1529.
+
+The Inquisition of Saragossa condemned several sorceresses who had
+formed part of the association in Navarre, or had been sent into Aragon
+to gain disciples. The inquisitors, the ordinary, and the consulters,
+were not of the same opinion; the greatest number voted for the
+execution of the sorceresses, the others for reconciliation and
+perpetual imprisonment. The minority gave up their opinion in deference
+to the greater number, and thus relaxation was pronounced unanimously,
+without any of the formalities prescribed, and the unfortunate women
+perished in the flames. The _Supreme_ Council which was informed of this
+event by one of its members, who had learnt it from an inquisitor of
+Saragossa, addressed a circular on the 23rd of March, 1536, to all the
+tribunals, stating the Inquisition of Saragossa had failed in its duty,
+in not having consulted the council, after having found that the
+opinions of its members were different.
+
+The inquisitor-general Manrique, being informed that the sect of
+sorcerers made great progress in different parts of the Peninsula, added
+several articles to the edict of denunciation: the substance of them
+was, that all Christians were obliged to declare to the Inquisition:
+
+First, If they had heard that any person had familiar spirits, and that
+he invoked demons in circles, questioning them and expecting their
+answer, as a magician, or in virtue of an express or tacit compact; that
+he had mingled holy things with profane objects, and worshipped in the
+creature that which belongs only to the Creator.
+
+Secondly, If he had studied judicial astrology to discover the future,
+by observing the conjunction of the stars at the birth of persons.
+
+Thirdly, If any person in order to discover the future, had employed
+_geomancy_, _hydromancy_, _aeromancy_, _piromancy_, _onomancy_,
+_necromancy_, or sorceries by beans, dice, or wheat.
+
+Fourthly, If a Christian had made an express compact with the devil,
+practised enchantments by magic, with instruments, circles, characters,
+or diabolical signs; by invoking and consulting demons, with the hope of
+a reply, and placing confidence in them; by offering them incense, or
+the _smoke_ of good or bad substances; by offering sacrifices to them;
+in abusing sacraments or holy things; by promising obedience to them,
+and adoring or worshipping them in any manner.
+
+Fifthly, If any one constructed, or procured mirrors, rings, phials, or
+other vessels, for the purpose of attracting, enclosing, and preserving
+a demon, who replies to his questions, and assists him in obtaining his
+wishes; or who had endeavoured to discover the future, by interrogating
+the demons in possessed people; or tried to produce the same effect by
+invoking the devil under the name of _holy angel_ or _white angel_, and
+by asking things of him with prayers and humility; by practising other
+superstitious ceremonies with vases, phials of water, or consecrated
+tapers; by the inspection of the nails, and of the palm of the hand
+rubbed with vinegar; or by endeavouring to obtain representations of
+objects by means of phantoms, in order to learn secret things, or which
+had not then happened.
+
+Sixthly, If any one had read or possessed, or read or possessed at
+present, any manuscript or book on these matters, or concerning all
+other species of divination, which is not performed by natural and
+physical effects.
+
+Although the edicts and punishments for sorcery were extremely severe,
+they have appeared from time to time in different parts of Spain. The
+history of the sorceresses of the valley of Bastan, in Navarre, has been
+particularly celebrated. These women were taken before the Inquisition
+of Logrono, and confessed the greatest extravagancies. They were
+condemned to an _auto-da-fe_, in 1610; their history was published at
+Madrid, in 1810, with very pleasant remarks by the Moliere of Spain, Don
+Leandro de Moratin, who deserves a better fate than he experiences.
+
+
+_History of a famous Magician._
+
+The history of Doctor Eugene Torralba, a physician of Cuenca, ought not
+to be passed over, as it offers several remarkable events, and is
+mentioned in the _History of the famous knight, Don Quixote de la
+Mancha_. This person is also introduced in different parts of a poem,
+entitled, _Carlos Famoso_[10], composed by Louis Zapata, dedicated to
+Philip II., and printed at Valencia, in 1556.
+
+The author of _Don Quixote_, in the adventure of the Countess Trifaldi,
+represents that famous knight, as mounted upon _Clavileno_, with Sancho
+Panza behind him, having their eyes covered; the squire wishes to
+uncover his eyes to see if they had arrived at the region of fire. Don
+Quixote says, "Take care not to do it, and remember the true history of
+the licentiate Torralba, who being mounted on a cane, with his eyes
+covered, was conveyed through the air by devils, and arrived at Rome in
+twelve hours, and descended on the tower of Nona, which is in a street
+of that city, where he saw the tumult, assault, and death of the
+Constable de Bourbon, and returned to Madrid before morning, where he
+gave an account of what he had seen. He also related that while he was
+in the air, the devil told him to open his eyes, and that he saw himself
+so near the moon that he might have touched it with his hand, and that
+he did not dare to look towards the earth for fear of fainting."
+
+The Doctor Eugene Torralba was born in the town of Cuenca. In an
+examination he stated, that at the age of fifteen he went to Rome, where
+he was made a page of Don Francis Soderini, Bishop of Volterra, who was
+made a cardinal in 1503. He studied medicine under several masters, who
+in their disputes attacked the immortality of the soul, and though they
+did not succeed in convincing him, caused him to incline to pyrrhonism.
+Torralba was a physician in 1501, at which period he became intimately
+acquainted with Master Alphonso of Rome, who had renounced the law of
+Moses for that of Mahomet, which he quitted for the Christian doctrine,
+and finished by preferring natural religion. Alphonso told him that
+Jesus Christ was only a man, and supported his opinion with several
+arguments: this doctrine did not entirely eradicate the faith of
+Torralba, but he no longer knew on which side the truth lay.
+
+Among the friends he acquired at Rome, was a monk of St. Dominic, called
+Brother Peter. This man told him one day that he had in his service one
+of the good angels, whose name was _Zequiel_, so powerful in the
+knowledge of the future, that no other could equal him; but that he
+abhorred the practice of obliging men to make a compact with him; that
+he was always free, and only served the person who placed confidence in
+him through friendship, and that he allowed him to reveal the secrets he
+communicated, but that any constraint employed to force him to answer
+questions made him for ever abandon the society of the man to whom he
+had attached himself. Brother Peter asked him if he would not like to
+have _Zequiel_ for his friend, adding that he could obtain that favour
+on account of the friendship which subsisted between them; Torralba
+expressed the greatest desire to become acquainted with the spirit of
+Brother Peter.
+
+_Zequiel_ soon appeared in the shape of a young man, fair, with flaxen
+hair, dressed in flesh colour, with a black surtout; he said to
+Torralba, _I will belong to thee as long as thou livest, and will follow
+thee wherever thou goest_. After this promise _Zequiel_ appeared to
+Torralba at the different quarters of the moon, and whenever he wished
+to go from one place to another, sometimes in the figure of a traveller,
+sometimes like a hermit. _Zequiel_ never spoke against the Christian
+religion, or advised him to commit any bad action; on the contrary, he
+reproached him when he committed a fault, and attended the church
+service with him: he always spoke in Latin or Italian, although he was
+with Torralba in Spain, France, and Turkey: he continued to visit him
+during his imprisonment but seldom, and did not reveal any secrets to
+him, and Torralba desired the spirit to leave him, because he caused
+agitation and prevented him from sleeping; but this did not prevent him
+from returning and relating things which wearied him.
+
+Torralba went to Spain in 1502. Some time after he travelled over all
+Italy, and settled at Rome under the protection of Cardinal Volterra; he
+there acquired the reputation of a good physician, and engaged the
+favour of several cardinals. He studied chiromancy, and acquired some
+knowledge of the art. _Zequiel_ revealed to Torralba the secret virtues
+of several plants in curing certain maladies; having made use of this
+information to procure money, _Zequiel_ reproached him for it, saying,
+that as these remedies had cost him no labour, he ought to bestow them
+gratuitously.
+
+Torralba having appeared sad sometimes because he was in want of money,
+the angel said to him, _Why are you sad for want of money?_ Some time
+after, Torralba found six ducats in his chamber, and the same thing was
+repeated several times, which made him suppose that _Zequiel_ had placed
+them there, although he would not acknowledge it when questioned.
+
+The greatest part of the information which _Zequiel_ communicated to
+Torralba related to political occurrences. Thus, when Torralba returned
+to Spain in 1510, being at the court of Ferdinand the Catholic,
+_Zequiel_ told him that this prince would soon receive disagreeable
+news. Torralba hastened to inform the Archbishop of Toledo, Ximenez de
+Cisneros, and the great captain Gonzales Fernandez de Cordova; and the
+same day a courier brought letters from Africa, which announced the
+failure of the expedition against the Moors, and the death of Don Garcia
+de Toledo, son of the Duke of Alva, who commanded it.
+
+Ximenez de Cisneros having learnt that the Cardinal de Volterra had seen
+_Zequiel_, expressed a wish to see him also, and to become acquainted
+with the nature and qualities of this spirit. Torralba, to gratify the
+archbishop, entreated the angel to appear to him under any human form:
+_Zequiel_ did not think proper to do so; but to soften the severity of
+his refusal, he commissioned Torralba to inform Ximenez de Cisneros that
+he would be a king, which was in a manner verified, as he became
+absolute governor of the Spains and the Indies.
+
+Another time when he was at Rome, the angel told him that Peter Margano
+would lose his life if he went out of the city. Torralba had not time to
+inform his friend; he went out, and was assassinated.
+
+_Zequiel_ told him that Cardinal Sienna would come to a tragical end,
+which was verified in 1517, after the sentence which Leo X. pronounced
+against him.
+
+When he returned to Rome in 1513, Torralba had a great desire to see his
+intimate friend Thomas de Becara, who was then at Venice. _Zequiel_, who
+knew his wish, took him to that city, and brought him back to Rome in so
+short a time, that the person with whom he was in the habit of
+associating did not perceive his absence.
+
+The Cardinal de Santa Cruz, in 1516, commissioned Torralba to pass a
+night with his physician, Doctor Morales, in the house of a Spanish lady
+named _Rosales_, to ascertain if what this woman related of a phantom
+which she saw every night in the form of a murdered man, was to be
+believed; Doctor Morales had remained a whole night in the house, and
+had not seen anything when the Spanish lady announced the presence of
+the ghost, and the Cardinal hoped to discover something by means of
+Torralba. At the hour of one the woman uttered her cry of alarm; Morales
+saw nothing, but Torralba perceived the figure, which was that of a dead
+man; behind him appeared another phantom with the features of a woman.
+Torralba said to him with a loud voice, _What dost thou seek here?_ The
+phantom replied, _A treasure_, and disappeared. _Zequiel_, on being
+questioned, replied that under the house there was the body of a man who
+had been assassinated with a poignard.
+
+In 1519, Torralba returned to Spain, accompanied by Don Diego de Zuniga,
+a relation of the Duke de Bejar, and brother to Don Antonio, grand prior
+of Castile, who was his intimate friend. At Barcelonetta, near Turin,
+while they were walking with the secretary Acebedo (who had been marshal
+of the camp in Italy and Savoy), Acebedo and Zuniga thought they saw
+something pass by Torralba which they could not define; he informed them
+that it was his angel _Zequiel_, who had approached to speak to him.
+Zuniga wished much to see him, but _Zequiel_ would not appear.
+
+At Barcelona, Torralba saw, in the house of the Canon Juan Garcia, a
+book on chiromancy, and in some notes a process for winning money at
+play. Zuniga wished to learn it, and Torralba copied the characters, and
+told his friend to write them himself on paper with the blood of a bat,
+and keep them about his person while he played.
+
+Being at Valladolid in 1520, Torralba told Don Diego that he would
+return to Rome, because he had the means of getting there in a short
+time, by being mounted on a stick and guided through the air by a cloud
+of fire. Torralba really went to that city, where Cardinal Volterra and
+the grand prior requested him to give up his _familiar spirit_ to them.
+Torralba proposed it to _Zequiel_, and even entreated him to consent,
+but without success.
+
+In 1525 the angel told him that he would do well if he returned to
+Spain, because he would obtain the place of physician to the infanta
+Eleonora, queen dowager of Portugal, and afterwards married to Francis
+I., King of France. The doctor communicated this affair to the Duke de
+Bejar, and to Don Stephen-Manuel Merino, Archbishop of Bari; they
+solicited and obtained for him the place which he aspired to.
+
+Lastly, on the 5th of May in the same year, _Zequiel_ told the doctor
+that Rome would be taken by the imperial troops the next day. Torralba
+entreated his angel to take him to Rome to witness this important event;
+he complied, and they left Valladolid at the hour of eleven at night:
+when they were at a short distance from the city, the angel gave
+Torralba a knotted stick, and said to him, _Shut your eyes, do not fear,
+take this in your hands, and no evil will befal you_. When the moment to
+open his eyes arrived, he found himself so near the sea, that he might
+have touched it with his hand; the black cloud which surrounded them was
+succeeded by a brilliant light, which made Torralba fear that he should
+be consumed. _Zequiel_ perceiving his fear, said, _Reassure yourself,
+fool!_ Torralba again closed his eyes, and when _Zequiel_ told him to
+open them, he found himself in the tower of Nona in Rome. They then
+heard the clock of the Castle St. Angelo sound the fifth hour of the
+night, which is midnight according to the manner of computing time in
+Spain, so that they had been travelling one hour. Torralba went all over
+Rome with _Zequiel_, and afterwards witnessed the pillage of the city:
+he entered the house of the Bishop Copis, a German, who lived in the
+tower of St. Ginia; he saw the Constable de Bourbon expire, the Pope
+shut himself up in the Castle of St. Angelo, and all the other events of
+that terrible day. In an hour and a half they had returned to
+Valladolid, where _Zequiel_ quitted him, saying, _Another time you will
+believe what I tell you_. Torralba published all that he had seen; and
+as the court soon received the same news, Torralba (who was then
+physician to the Admiral of Castile) was spoken of as a great magician.
+
+These rumours were the cause of his denunciation; he was arrested at
+Cuenca by the Inquisition in the beginning of the year 1508. He was
+denounced by his intimate friend Diego de Zuniga, who, after having been
+as foolishly captivated as Torralba, with the miracles of the good
+angel, became fanatical and superstitious. Torralba at first confessed
+all that has been related of _Zequiel_, supposing that he should not be
+tried for the doubts he had expressed of the immortality of the soul and
+the divinity of our Saviour. When the judges had collected sufficient
+evidence, they assembled to give their _votes_, but as they did not
+accord, they applied to the council, which decreed that Torralba should
+be tortured, _as much as his age and rank permitted_, to discover his
+motives in receiving and keeping near him the spirit _Zequiel_; and if
+he believed him to be a bad angel, as a witness declared that he had
+said so; if he had made a compact with him; what had passed at the first
+interview; if at that time or afterwards he had employed conjurations to
+invoke him; immediately after this the tribunal was to pronounce the
+definitive sentence.
+
+Torralba had never varied, until that time, in his account of his
+familiar spirit, whom he always affirmed to be of the order of good
+angels, but the torture made him say, that he now perceived him to be a
+bad angel, since he was the cause of his misfortune. He was asked if
+_Zequiel_ had told him that he would be arrested by the Inquisition; he
+replied that he had told him of it several times, desiring him not to
+go to Cuenca, because he would meet with a misfortune there, but that he
+thought he might disregard this advice. He also declared that there was
+no compact between them, and that every circumstance had passed as he
+had related it.
+
+The inquisitors considered all these details to be true; and after
+taking a new declaration from Torralba, they suspended his trial for the
+space of one year, from motives of compassion, and with the hope of
+seeing if this famous necromancer would be converted, and confess the
+compact and sorcery which he had constantly denied.
+
+A new witness recalled the memory of his dispute, and his doubts of the
+immortality of the soul, and the divinity of Jesus Christ, which caused
+another declaration of the Doctor in January, 1530. The council being
+informed of it, commanded the Inquisition to commission some pious and
+learned persons to endeavour to convert the accused. Francisco Antonio
+Barragan, prior of the Dominican Convent at Cuenca, and Diego Manrique,
+a canon of the cathedral, undertook this task, and exhorted him
+vehemently. The prisoner replied that he sincerely repented of his
+faults, but that it was impossible for him to confess what he had not
+done, and that he could not follow the advice given him, to renounce all
+communication with _Zequiel_ because the spirit was more powerful than
+he was; but he promised that he would not desire his presence, or
+consent to any of his propositions.
+
+On the 6th of March, 1531, Torralba was condemned to the usual
+abjuration of all heresies, and to suffer the punishment of imprisonment
+and the _San-benito_ during the pleasure of the inquisitor-general; to
+hold no further communion with the spirit _Zequiel_, and never to attend
+to any of his propositions: these conditions were imposed on him for the
+safety of his conscience and the good of his soul.
+
+The inquisitor soon put an end to the punishment of Torralba, in
+consideration, as he said, of all that he had suffered during an
+imprisonment of four years: but the true motive of the pardon granted to
+Torralba was the interest which the Admiral of Castile took in his fate;
+he retained him as his physician for several years after his judgment.
+
+The truth of the marvellous facts related by Torralba rests solely upon
+his confession, and the report of the witnesses whom he had induced to
+believe all that he had told them. Torralba cited none but deceased
+persons in eight declarations which he made, except Don Diego de Zuniga.
+It was necessary to remark this to show the degree of confidence to be
+placed in some parts of his narration. It may be supposed that a great
+number of different accounts of this affair were spread, to which I
+attribute the additions and alterations in some circumstances which
+Louis Zapata introduced into his poem of _Carlos Famoso_, thirty years
+after the sentence passed on Torralba, and of those details which
+Cervantes eighty years later thought proper to put in the mouth of Don
+Quixote.
+
+I terminate, by this account of Doctor Torralba, the history of the
+administration of Cardinal Don Alphonso Manrique, Archbishop of Seville,
+who died in that city on the 28th of September, 1538, with the
+reputation of being a friend and benefactor to the poor. His charity and
+some other qualities worthy of his birth have gained him a place among
+the illustrious men of his age. He had several natural children before
+he entered into orders: Don Jerome Manrique is cited as having been most
+worthy of his father; he successively attained the dignities of
+Provincial Inquisitor, Counsellor of the _Supreme_, Bishop of Carthagena
+and Avila, president of the Chancery of Valladolid, and, lastly,
+Inquisitor-general.
+
+At the death of Don Alphonso Manrique, there were nineteen provincial
+tribunals; they were established at Seville, Cordova, Toledo,
+Valladolid, Murcia, Calahorra, Estremadura, Saragossa, Valencia,
+Barcelona, Majorca, in the Canaries, at Cuenca, in Navarre, Grenada,
+Sicily, Sardinia, in Tierra Firma, and the isles of the American Ocean.
+The Inquisition of Jaen had been united to that of Grenada.
+
+The Inquisition had afterwards three tribunals in America, at Mexico,
+Lima, and Carthagena. In the Indies they had been decreed but not
+organized.
+
+By omitting the tribunals of America, Sardinia, and Sicily, we shall
+find that there were fifteen in Spain, which respectively burnt,
+annually, about ten individuals in person, five in effigy, and subjected
+fifty to different penances: so that in all Spain one hundred and fifty
+persons were burnt every year; sixty-five in effigy, and seven hundred
+and fifty suffered different canonical penances, which, multiplied by
+the fifteen years of the administration of Manrique, shows that two
+thousand two hundred and fifty individuals were burnt, one thousand one
+hundred and twenty-five in effigy, and eleven thousand two hundred and
+fifty condemned to penances; in all, fourteen thousand, six hundred and
+twenty-five condemnations. This number scarcely deserves to be mentioned
+in comparison with those of preceding times; but still it appears
+enormous, particularly if the excessive abuse of the secret proceedings
+is considered.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+OF THE TRIAL OF THE FALSE NUNCIO OF PORTUGAL, AND OTHER IMPORTANT EVENTS
+DURING THE TIME OF CARDINAL TABERA, SIXTH INQUISITOR-GENERAL.
+
+
+_Quarrels of the Inquisition with the Court of Rome._
+
+Charles V. appointed Cardinal Don Juan Pardo de Tabera, Archbishop of
+Toledo, to succeed Cardinal Manrique, in the office of
+inquisitor-general; his bulls of institution were expedited in September
+1539, and a month after he entered upon his office, so that the
+_Supreme_ Council governed the Inquisition for the space of one year.
+
+It was under the inquisitor Tabera, that the congregation of the holy
+office was founded at Rome, on the 1st of April, 1543. It gave the title
+and privilege of inquisitors-general of the faith, for all the Christian
+world, to several cardinals; two of the number were Spaniards, Don Juan
+Alvarez de Toledo, Bishop of Burgos, a son of the Duke of Alva, and Don
+Thomas Badia, cardinal-priest of the title of St. Silvestre, and master
+of the sacred palace. These two cardinals were of the order of St.
+Dominic.
+
+This new creation alarmed the Inquisition of Spain for its supremacy;
+but the Pope formally declared that it was not his intention to alter
+anything that had been established, and the institution of the
+inquisitors-general would not interfere with the privileges of the other
+inquisitors. Yet the general Inquisition attempted several times to give
+laws to that of Spain, particularly in the prohibition of some writings
+which had been proscribed at Rome. The inquisitors-general wrote to
+those of Spain, to register the censure of the theologians, because they
+were to be looked upon as the most learned of the Catholic church, and
+because their opinion was supported by the confirmation of the supreme
+head of the church, whom the cardinals asserted to be infallible when he
+acted (as in this case) as sovereign pontiff. He approved and commanded
+the decrees of the congregation of cardinals, to be received and
+executed with submission.
+
+These pretensions of the Court of Rome did not inspire the inquisitors
+of Spain with any awe; they have always defended their privileges with
+so much vigour, that they often refused to execute the apostolical
+briefs, when they were contrary to the decisions they had made
+conjointly with the _Supreme_ Council. We find examples of this
+resistance under Urban VIII., in the condemnation of the works of the
+Jesuit, John Baptist Poza, which had been pronounced at Rome; and under
+Benedict XIV., when the inquisitor-general, Don Francis Perezdel Prado,
+Bishop of Teruel, refused to enter upon the _prohibitory index_ the
+works of Cardinal Noris, in opposition to the request, and even the
+formal demand, of that great Pope.
+
+Although the inquisitors of Spain pretended that their authority was
+canonical and spiritual, and had been delegated to them by the sovereign
+pontiff, who is infallible when he pronounces _ex cathedra_, yet they
+always opposed this infallibility in fact, and refused to submit to his
+decrees, when contrary to their particular system. The inquisitors would
+have acted differently, if they had not been certain that by applying to
+the king and interesting his policy, they would force the royal
+authority to take a part in their quarrels, and oppose the measures of
+the pontiff, who, if they had not possessed that powerful support, would
+have treated them as rebels, and degraded them to the rank of simple
+priests by depriving them of their employments.
+
+
+_History of the Viceroys of Sicily and Catalonia._
+
+In 1535, Charles V. had deprived the Inquisition of the right of
+exercising the royal jurisdiction, and it was not restored to them till
+1545; consequently, in 1543, they had not the privilege of trying their
+officers, familiars, or other secular attendants of the holy office, for
+matters not relating to religion. This royal decree was known to the
+Captain-general of Catalonia, Don Pedro Cardona, when he commenced
+proceedings against the gaoler, a familiar and a servant of the
+grand-serjeant of the Inquisition of Barcelona, for carrying arms, which
+was prohibited in his government.
+
+The inquisitors of Barcelona had become insolent, from having always
+prevailed in affairs of this nature, and they instituted proceedings
+against Don Pedro Cardona, as a rebel against the holy office; without
+respecting his high situations of captain-general, and military governor
+of the province, or the rank and name of his illustrious family. Being
+informed that the emperor was only nine leagues from Barcelona, they
+denounced the act of his lieutenant to him, and represented, through
+Cardinal Tabera, that if Cardona was not condemned to make a public
+reparation, the people would lose all respect for the Inquisition, and
+an incalculable injury be done to the Catholic religion throughout the
+kingdom.
+
+The emperor, blinded by fanaticism, not only favoured the inquisitors
+against all justice, and in contempt of his own ordinance of 1535; but
+he wrote to Cardona, that the interests of the faith required that he
+should submit to receive the absolution _ad cautelam_. This order deeply
+afflicted Don Pedro, but he resolved to obey his master, and demanded
+absolution. The inquisitors, to render their triumph greater, celebrated
+an _auto-da-fe_, in the cathedral of Barcelona, where Cardona was
+compelled to attend, standing without a sword, and with a taper in his
+hand, during the celebration of mass, and the ceremony of his
+absolution.
+
+Charles V. had also deprived the Inquisition of Sicily of the royal
+jurisdiction, for the space of five years, and afterwards prolonged it
+to ten; but the inquisitors represented, through Cardinal Tabera, that
+the inconveniences arising from this measure were so great, that Don
+Ferdinand Gonzaga, Prince de Malfeta, the viceroy and captain-general of
+the island, was informed that the suspension was to be revoked at the
+expiration of the tenth year, without a particular order. The Marquis de
+Terranova had been viceroy and governor-general; he was constable and
+admiral of Naples, a grandee of Spain of the first class, and related to
+the emperor through the house of Aragon. Two familiars of the
+Inquisition had been taken before the civil tribunal, by his orders, for
+some crimes which they had committed. Philip of Austria, Prince of
+Asturias, the eldest son of Charles V., then aged sixteen, governed the
+Spanish dominions during the absence of his father; and as he was not
+less superstitious, his conduct towards the Marquis de Terranova was the
+same as that of the emperor to Don Pedro Cardona. I consider it
+necessary to give the letter of the Prince to the Marquis de Terranova;
+it was as follows:--
+
+"I, the Prince, Honourable marquis, admiral and constable, our dear
+counsellor: you know what happened when you commanded two familiars of
+the holy office to be whipped (while you were governor of this kingdom,
+and not well informed of the affair). So great a contempt for that holy
+tribunal has been the result, that it has been impossible for it to
+command anything with the success which it formerly obtained. On the
+contrary, several persons of this kingdom have presumed to insult and
+use violence towards the officers of the Inquisition, and to prevent and
+disturb them in the exercise of their office, according to the
+complaints and informations which we have received on this affair. The
+reverend Cardinal of Toledo, inquisitor-general, and the members of the
+council of the general Inquisition, have deliberated with his majesty,
+and it has been found proper and convenient that you should do penance
+for the fault you have committed; saying that it should be gentle and
+moderate, in consideration of the services you have rendered his
+majesty. In consequence, the inquisitor-general and the council, guided
+by their esteem for your person, have commanded the inquisitor Gongora
+to speak to you, and represent your fault, that you may accomplish the
+penance imposed, which (according to the nature of the fact, and the
+evil which has been the result) ought to have been much more severe, as
+you will learn from what the inquisitors have been commanded to say to
+you. As to the rest, this has only been decreed for the glory of God,
+the honour of the holy office, and the good of your conscience. We
+require and charge you, for the sake of the good example which you owe
+to others, to accept and accomplish this penance, with the submission
+which is due to the church, and without waiting to be compelled by means
+of excommunication and ecclesiastical censures; the submission which we
+ask of you will not affect your honour, but will be profitable to you in
+freeing you from all inquietude and vexation; it is approved by his
+majesty, will give us pleasure, and we undertake to treat you in all
+that concerns you with the favour that we have used towards you, and
+which we will show whenever there is an opportunity. Given at
+Valladolid, 15th December, 1543. I, the Prince." This letter is marked
+by several members of the council, and countersigned _Juan Garcia,
+pro-secretary_.
+
+The silence which is observed on the nature of the penance imposed on
+the viceroy is remarkable; but whatever gentleness and moderation was
+affected, it was the same as that of Don Pedro Cordona. The only
+difference to be observed was, that it did not take place in the
+cathedral, but in the church of the Dominican convent; it was also
+thought necessary, by way of compensation, to prevent the Marquis from
+kneeling, except during the elevation of the host, that he might be more
+exposed to the sight of the people, and to condemn him to pay an hundred
+ducats to the familiars whom he had punished.
+
+
+_History of the False Nuncio of the Pope in Portugal._
+
+The history of the quarrels of the Inquisition with the royal authority
+affords another conflict of jurisdiction. I speak of the affair of the
+famous Juan Perez de Saavedra mentioned in histories, romances, and
+dramatic pieces, under the name of _the False Nuncio of Portugal_, and
+who generally passes for the founder of the Inquisition in that kingdom.
+The critic Feijoo has supposed that the history of this affair was
+fabulous. The narration of Saavedra, which Feijoo quotes, contains
+fables, but it also contains truths belonging to the history of the
+Inquisition. It is necessary to enter into the details of this history:
+I shall first relate the facts according to the narrative which Saavedra
+wrote for the Cardinal Espinosa in 1567; I shall afterwards establish
+the truth on some points which that impostor contrived to obscure.
+
+Juan Perez de Saavedra was born at Cordova. His father was a captain in
+a regiment of infantry, and a perpetual member of the municipality of
+that city, from a privilege acquired by his family; his mother, Anne de
+Guzman, was descended from a family as noble as that of her husband.
+Saavedra, who was possessed of great talents and information, employed
+himself for some time in forging apostolical bulls, royal ordinances,
+regulations of councils and tribunals, letters of change, and the
+signatures of a great number of persons: he imitated them so perfectly,
+that he made use of them without exciting any doubts of their
+authenticity, and passed for a knight commander of the military order of
+St. Jago, and received the salary, which was three thousand ducats, for
+the space of a year and a half. In a short time, by means of the royal
+orders which he counterfeited, he acquired three hundred and sixty
+thousand ducats, and the secret of this great fortune would never have
+been revealed (as he expresses himself in his confession) _if he had not
+clothed himself in scarlet_, that is, if he had not taken it into his
+head to feign himself a cardinal, in order to exercise the functions of
+a legate _a latere_.
+
+He says, that being in the kingdom of Algarves, a short time after the
+institution of the Jesuits had been confirmed by Paul III., a priest of
+that society arrived in the country, furnished with an apostolical
+brief, which authorized him to found a college of the order in the
+kingdom of Portugal; that having heard him preach on St. Andrew's Day,
+he was so pleased with him, that he invited him to dinner, and kept him
+several days in his house. The jesuit, having discovered his talent
+during this period, expressed a wish to have a _fac-simile_ of his
+brief, containing an eulogy on the Society of Jesus. He performed this
+task with so much success, that the brief might have been taken for the
+original; and they at last agreed that, to complete the good which would
+accrue to Portugal from the establishment of the Society of Jesus, it
+would be proper to introduce the Inquisition on the same plan as that of
+Spain. Saavedra then went to Tabilla, a town in the same province,
+where, with the assistance of the jesuit, he made the apostolical bull
+which was necessary for their purpose, and forged letters from Charles
+V. and Prince Philip his son, to the King of Portugal, John III. This
+bull was supposed to have been sent to Saavedra, as legate, to establish
+the Inquisition in Portugal, if the king consented.
+
+Saavedra afterwards passed the frontier, and went to Ayamonte, in the
+kingdom of Seville. The Provincial and Franciscan monks of Andalusia had
+lately arrived there from Rome. Saavedra thought he would try if the
+bull would pass as authentic: he told the Provincial that some
+individual going to Portugal had dropped a parchment on the road, which
+he showed him, and begged to know if it was of importance, as, in that
+case, he would lose no time in restoring it to the person who had
+dropped it. The Provincial took the parchment for an original writing
+and true bull; he made the contents known to Saavedra, and expatiated on
+the advantages which Portugal would derive from it.
+
+Saavedra went to Seville, and took into his service two confidants, one
+of whom was to be his secretary, the other his major-domo; he bought
+litters and silver-plate, and adopted the dress of a Roman cardinal; he
+sent his confidants to Cordova and Grenada to hire servants, and
+commanded them to go with his suite to Badajoz, where they gave out
+that they were the familiars of a Cardinal from Rome, who would pass
+through the city in his way to Portugal, to establish the Inquisition by
+the order of the Pope; they also announced that he would soon arrive, as
+he travelled post.
+
+At the appointed time Saavedra appeared at Badajoz, where his servants
+publicly kissed his hand as the Pope's Legate. He left Badajoz for
+Seville, where he was received into the archiepiscopal palace of
+Cardinal Loaisa, who resided at Madrid in the quality of apostolical
+commissary-general of the holy crusade. He received the greatest marks
+of respect and devotion from Don Juan Fernandez de Temino, the
+vicar-general. He remained eighteen days in this city, and during that
+time obtained, by false obligations, the sum of eleven hundred and
+thirty ducats from the heirs of the Marquis de Tarifa. He afterwards
+took the road to Llerena (where the Inquisition of Estremadura had been
+established), after going to different towns in the province; he was
+lodged in part of the buildings of the Inquisition, which was then
+occupied by the Inquisitors Don Pedro Alvarez Becerra and Don Louis de
+Cardenas, to whom he said that he meant to visit the Inquisition of
+Llerena in his quality of legate; and, after having fulfilled that part
+of his mission, he should proceed to Portugal, where he should establish
+the holy office on the plan of that of Spain.
+
+Saavedra then returned to Badajoz, from whence he sent his secretary to
+Lisbon with his bulls and papers, that the court being informed of his
+arrival, might prepare to receive him. The mission of this agent caused
+great doubts and agitation at the court, where such a novelty was little
+expected: nevertheless, the king sent a nobleman to the frontier to
+receive the Cardinal Legate, who made his entry into Lisbon, where he
+passed three months, and was treated with every mark of respect: he then
+undertook a long journey into different parts of the kingdom, going over
+the dioceses, and taking a detailed account of them; it would have been
+difficult to discover the aim of his apostolical solicitude, if some
+unforeseen circumstances had not put an end to his imposture.
+
+The Inquisition of Spain discovered this intrigue through the address of
+Cardinal Tabera, who shared the cares of government with the Prince of
+Asturias, at the time when Charles V. was absent in France. In
+consequence of the measures concerted between the cardinal and the
+Marquis de Villaneuva de Barcarrota, the governor of Badajoz, Saavedra
+was arrested at Nieva de Guadiana in the Portuguese territory, on the
+23rd of January, 1541, where he was at table with the curate of the
+village, who had entreated that he would do him the honour of visiting
+his parish, as he had the others in the diocese. This request was only a
+snare, in order to arrest the impostor with more safety.
+
+Saavedra says that, when he was arrested, three treasures which he had
+with him were seized; one of twenty thousand ducats, the produce of the
+fines of the condemned, destined for the holy office; the second of a
+hundred and fifty thousand ducats, which, he said, he intended to apply
+to the use of the church, and other good works; the third of ninety
+thousand ducats, which belonged to himself. Saavedra was taken to Madrid
+by the order of the procurator-general of the kingdom, and there
+imprisoned. The alcaldes of the court went to him, and received his
+declaration, which was necessary to the trial. The tribunal of the
+Inquisition had not then been established at Madrid, which was subject
+to that of Toledo. The inquisitors pretended that this affair ought to
+come before them, because it was to be presumed that the prisoner had
+renounced the Catholic religion, from the fictions which he had invented
+to procure money; as if Catholics did not commit greater crimes every
+day!
+
+As the inquisitor-general was the lieutenant of the prince, the holy
+office was sure to prevail. Tabera, wishing to satisfy both parties,
+decreed that the alcaldes should remain in possession of the person of
+Saavedra, and proceed against him for his exactions, forgeries, and
+other political crimes, and that the holy office should take cognizance
+of the crimes against the faith which he had been guilty of, under the
+title of a cardinal.
+
+The inquisitor reflected that Saavedra was a man of great talent, and
+that he therefore should be treated with moderation; besides that, he
+had always conducted himself like a real judge, except that he only
+condemned the accused to pay fines.
+
+Saavedra declared that these reasons made the inquisitor-general wish to
+be personally acquainted with him; that he caused him to be brought
+before him, heard him with interest, and offered to protect him,
+promising to give him for a judge any one that he named: that he then
+expressed a wish to be judged by Doctor Arias, inquisitor at Llerena;
+this was granted, and caused great murmurs against the cardinal and the
+court at Madrid, where it was whispered that Tabera had appropriated the
+ninety thousand ducats which had been taken from Saavedra: that Doctor
+Arias condemned him to serve ten years in the king's galleys; that,
+after a detention of two years, the alcaldes of Madrid pronounced his
+definitive sentence, one of the principal parts of which was, that after
+having fulfilled the inquisitorial sentence, he could not be set at
+liberty, or quit the galleys without the permission of his majesty, on
+pain of death; that he was sent to the galleys in 1544; that in 1554,
+although the period of his punishment had expired, he could not obtain
+his liberty: then, persuaded that his affair depended more on the
+Inquisition than the alcaldes of the court, he endeavoured to interest
+the Pope in his fate, representing that he had done several things
+extremely useful to religion and the state, in the exercise of his false
+legation; that Paul IV. sent him a brief, which was addressed to the
+inquisitor-general Don Ferdinand Valdes, whom his holiness charged to
+obtain Saavedra's liberty; that he received this brief when the king's
+galleys were in the port of St. Mary; that he immediately forwarded it
+to the bishop coadjutor of Seville, and he sent it to the
+inquisitor-general, who was his archbishop. Valdes having communicated
+the affair to Philip II., that prince gave orders that Saavedra should
+be set at liberty, that he might immediately repair to court. Saavedra
+arrived there in 1562, after having passed nineteen years in the
+galleys. He was presented to the king, who desired to hear his history
+from his own lips, and to have it in writing; while Saavedra related it
+to the king, Antonio Perez wrote down the singular events of his life:
+lastly, Saavedra himself wrote it in 1567, for the inquisitor-general,
+Don Diego Espinosa.
+
+The history of Saavedra has furnished the subject for a Spanish comedy,
+entitled the "_False Nuncio of Portugal_," in which not only all the
+unities of time, place, and action are wanting, but the rule which only
+admits probable events is infringed; but this ought not to surprise in
+poets, since the hero himself has taken the same liberty in the
+narrative which he composed for the amusement of Cardinal Espinosa. It
+is certain that he was imprisoned on the 25th of January, 1541, as he
+states in his history. But this point, so well established, proves that
+he imposed in other circumstances; for example, if what he relates of
+the Jesuit in Algarves is true, it could not have happened until the
+year 1540, because Paul III. only expedited his bull of approval for the
+_Society of Jesus_, on the 27th of September, 1540; now the sermon
+preached by the Jesuit on St. Andrew's day corresponds with the 30th of
+November in the same year, that is, on the fifty-second day before his
+imprisonment; this interval would not be sufficient for his journeys to
+Ayamonte, Llerena, Seville, Badajoz, and in Portugal. Thus Saavedra did
+not speak truth, either in stating the period of his appearing to the
+world as a Cardinal, and the motives which induced him to enter into
+the intrigue with the Jesuit; or when he said that he sustained his part
+for three months at Lisbon, and during three months which he employed in
+visiting different towns in the kingdom.
+
+Besides, the number and names of the disciples of St. Ignatius were
+known at that period; and it is certain that before the bull of
+approbation was obtained, the founder of the order had appointed St.
+Francis Xavier and Simon Rodriguez, a Portuguese, to preach in Portugal;
+and that these monks left Rome on the 15th of March, 1540, with the
+Portuguese ambassador; that on their arrival at Lisbon, John III. wished
+to receive them into his palace; that they refused that honour, and
+lodged in the hospital; that St. Francis Xavier embarked for the East
+Indies, with the new governor, on the 8th of April, 1541, and that
+Rodriguez remained in Portugal to preach, as he had already done, to the
+great satisfaction of the inhabitants, who had a high opinion of his
+virtues: these circumstances render it improbable that the Jesuit would
+ask for a forged brief, and enter into an intrigue with a layman.
+
+Saavedra says, that the court of Lisbon was disturbed at the news of the
+arrival of a nuncio in Portugal. This would not be extraordinary, as
+neither the Pope nor any other person had written to the court on the
+subject, and as the Pope had appointed Don Henry, archbishop of Braga,
+the king's brother, inquisitor-general in the preceding year. But if the
+arrival of the legate caused so much surprise, it was natural that the
+king should write to the Pope, whose answer would have arrived two
+months afterwards, and Saavedra would have been detected before the end
+of the third month, and thus there would have been no necessity for the
+king of Spain to arrest him.
+
+It is not more certain that Saavedra established the Inquisition in
+Portugal. The expulsion of the Jews took place in 1492; many of them
+retired to Portugal: among them were some that had been baptized, and
+John II. consented to receive them into his states, if they would behave
+like faithful Christians. King Manuel ordered them to quit the kingdom,
+and to leave all their children under the age of fourteen, who were to
+be made Christians; they offered to receive baptism, if the king would
+promise not to establish the Inquisition for twenty years; the king
+granted their request, and also that the names of the witnesses should
+be communicated to them, if they were accused of heresy after that
+period, besides the power of bequeathing their effects if they were
+condemned. In 1507, Manuel confirmed these privileges, prolonging the
+first twenty years, and rendering the others perpetual: in 1520, John
+renewed the first concession for another twenty years.
+
+Clement VII., being informed that the baptized Jews in Portugal did not
+show much attachment to the Christian religion, and that the Protestant
+and Lutheran heresies made great progress in the kingdom, appointed
+Brother Diego de Silva inquisitor for that country. He attempted to
+exercise his functions, but the new Christians claimed their rights,
+which were to last for several years; a trial was the result of this
+opposition. Clement VII. died, and his successor, Paul III., granted to
+the New Christians a privilege which they could not obtain in Portugal;
+that they might confide, to persons chosen by themselves, their defence
+before the prince of the sense to be given to the dispositions of their
+privileges, which had been interpreted to their prejudice. In the same
+year, the Pope granted them a pardon for all that had passed.
+
+The king afterwards represented that the converted Jews abused their
+privileges, some returning to Judaism, and others adopting the errors of
+the Protestants. This circumstance induced the Pontiff to publish
+another bull on the 25th of March, 1536, which is considered as the
+foundation of the Inquisition in Portugal. The Pope appointed as
+inquisitors, the Bishops of Coimbra, Lamego, and Ceuta; and decreed at
+the same time, that another bishop or priest of the king's nomination
+should be associated with them. The Pope granted to each inquisitor the
+power of proceeding against heretics and their adherents, in concert
+with the diocesan in ordinary, or alone, if he refused to assist; they
+were likewise obliged for the first three years, in the proceedings
+against heretics, to conform to the manner of proceeding in cases of
+theft or homicide, and after that period to the rules of common law; the
+practice of confiscation was abolished, and the heirs of the condemned
+could inherit as if he died intestate. Lastly, the Pope commanded that a
+sufficient number of tribunals should be instituted, for the execution
+of these measures[11]. The king appointed Don Diego de Silva, bishop of
+Ceuta, first inquisitor-general.
+
+Such was the origin of the Inquisition in Portugal, four years before
+Saavedra arrived in that country. In 1539, the Pope appointed Don Henry,
+archbishop of Braga, to succeed the first inquisitor-general. The third
+grand inquisitor was Don George de Almeida, archbishop of Lisbon.
+
+All that I have now stated is taken from authentic documents. I conclude
+from them that Juan Perez de Saavedra forged his brief of cardinal _a
+latere_, presented it in December, 1540, and succeeded in concealing his
+forgery; that what he related of the Jesuit was not true, or happened
+differently; that seeing the Inquisition established in a manner
+contrary to his opinions, he insinuated that it would be better to take
+that of Spain as a model, which was well known to the inquisitors of
+Llerena, and that he would visit the different parts of the kingdom to
+facilitate this design; that he travelled through part of the kingdom in
+the month of December, and continued his journeys in January in the
+following year, when he was arrested, before the court of Lisbon
+received information of his imposture. I have no doubt that Saavedra
+amassed great sums, but I am far from thinking that they were as
+considerable as he affirmed them to be.
+
+Cardinal Tabera, sixth inquisitor-general, died on the 1st of August,
+1545: at his death the number of tribunals was the same as when he was
+placed at the head of the Inquisition: he had re-established that of
+Jaen, but the tribunal of Navarre was united with that of Calahorra.
+
+The number of victims, calculated as it was for the time of Manrique,
+affords, for the seven years of Cardinal Tabera's ministry, seven
+thousand seven hundred and twenty individuals condemned and punished;
+eight hundred and forty were burnt in person, four hundred and twenty in
+effigy; the rest, in number five thousand, four hundred, and sixty, were
+subjected to different penances. I firmly believe that the number was
+much more considerable; but faithful to my system of impartiality, I
+have stated the most moderate calculation.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+OF THE INQUISITIONS OF NAPLES, SICILY, AND MALTA, AND OF THE EVENTS OF
+THE TIME OF CARDINAL LOAISA, SEVENTH INQUISITOR-GENERAL.
+
+
+_Naples._
+
+Charles V. appointed, to succeed Cardinal Pardo de Tabera, Cardinal Don
+Garcia de Loaisa, Archbishop of Seville, who was the seventh
+inquisitor-general. This prelate had arrived at a great age, since he
+had signed different ordinances of the Supreme Council in 1517. He had
+been the confessor of Charles V., prior-general of the order of St.
+Dominic, Bishop of Osma and Siguenza, and apostolical commissary of the
+Holy Crusade. The Court of Rome expedited his bulls of confirmation on
+the 18th of February, 1546, and he died on the 22nd of April, in the
+same year.
+
+In 1546, Charles V. resolved to establish the Inquisition at Naples,
+although his grandfather had failed in the attempt in 1504 and 1510. He
+commissioned his viceroy, Don Pedro de Toledo, Marquis of Villa Franca
+del Bierzo, to select inquisitors and officers from among the
+inhabitants, to send to the government a list of the persons chosen, and
+all the necessary documents, that the inquisitor-general might be able
+to delegate the necessary powers to the new inquisitors: when these
+measures had been taken, the tribunal was to be established with all the
+forms of the inquisitorial jurisdiction.
+
+Frederic Munter, professor of theology in the literary academy at
+Copenhagen, has supposed that the intrigues of Don Pedro de Toledo were
+the causes of the introduction of the Inquisition; but he was not able
+to consult the original documents, which are now in my hands, and this
+impossibility was the cause of his errors in his history of the Sicilian
+Inquisition.
+
+The efforts of Charles V., to establish the Inquisition at Naples, arose
+from the progress which Lutheranism made in Germany, and his fear that
+it would penetrate into other countries. His inclinations were fostered
+by Cardinal Loaisa, and the councillors of the Inquisition: the only
+part that Don Pedro took in this affair, was, that he was the first
+person to whom the emperor confided his intentions, and the only one who
+had sufficient wisdom to advise his master to relinquish his designs,
+when he found the evil they would cause. The orders of the emperor were
+executed without meeting any opposition; but scarcely was it known that
+some persons had been arrested by the new Inquisition, than the people
+rebelled, crying, "_Long live the Emperor! Perish the Inquisition!_" The
+Neapolitans flew to arms, they compelled the Spanish troops to retire to
+the fortresses, and Charles V. was obliged to abandon his enterprise.
+
+It is worthy of remark, that Paul III. openly protected the Neapolitan
+rebels; being displeased that the Inquisition of Naples should depend on
+that of Spain, he complained that his predecessors, Innocent VIII.,
+Alexander VI., and Julius II., had done much evil in not making the
+inquisitors entirely dependant on the Popes, and in allowing an
+intermediate authority, which rendered that of the holy see of no
+effect.
+
+Paul III., without communicating these motives to the Neapolitans, told
+them that they were right in resisting the will of their master, since
+the Spanish Inquisition was extremely severe, and did not follow the
+example of that of Rome, which had been established three years, and of
+which no complaints had been made.
+
+In 1563, Philip II. attempted to introduce his favourite tribunal at
+Naples, but the inhabitants had recourse to their usual method, and the
+despot was obliged to yield.
+
+
+_Sicily and Malta._
+
+The holy office of Sicily triumphed in the same year still more
+completely than it had done in 1543. In 1500, Ferdinand V. endeavoured
+to establish the Spanish Inquisition in that kingdom, after having
+suppressed that of the Pope's, which was confided to the monks of St.
+Dominic; but all his efforts failed, until the year 1503. In 1520,
+Charles V. wrote to the Pope to request that he would not admit any
+appeals from persons condemned by the Sicilian Inquisition, because they
+could apply for that purpose to the inquisitor-general of Spain, in
+virtue of apostolical concessions granted by his predecessors, and
+confirmed by himself.
+
+This proceeding, and the particular favour which the emperor bestowed on
+the holy office, singularly increased the pride of the inquisitors, and
+their audacity in abusing the secrecy of their trials. But the hatred of
+the people for the Inquisition, and their rebellion in 1535, compelled
+Charles V. to revoke the privileges which he had granted, and deprive it
+of the royal jurisdiction for five years.
+
+This measure humiliated the inquisitors, but they contrived to
+re-establish their authority in 1538, when the inquisitor Don Arnauld
+Albertius was viceroy _ad interim_: his presence emboldened them to
+persecute all who offended them; but their despotism was not of long
+duration. The viceroy returned to Sicily; and finding that the aversion
+of the inhabitants for the Inquisition was still the same, he
+communicated it to the emperor, who, as an indispensable measure,
+prolonged the suspension of their privileges for a fresh term of five
+years. The aversion inspired by the holy office was not without a cause,
+as will be seen in the following affair, which happened in 1532.
+
+Antonio Napoles, a rich inhabitant of the island, had been thrown into
+the secret prisons of the Inquisition: Francis Napoles, his son, applied
+to the Pope, and described this act of authority as the result of a
+miserable intrigue of some men of the lowest class, of whom the
+inquisitors had been the dupes, and had granted them a degree of
+confidence which nothing could justify, since his father had acted like
+a good Catholic from his infancy. He represented that the dean of the
+inquisitors had leagued with his father's enemies, and detained him in
+prison five months, to the scandal and discontent of the inhabitants of
+Palermo, and without affording him any means of defence; Francis
+entreated his holiness not to allow the inquisitor to judge his father.
+The Pope referred the affair to his commissioners in Sicily, Don Thomas
+Guerrero and Don Sebastian Martinez. Scarcely had the inquisitors of
+Madrid received information of this event, than they pressed the emperor
+and Cardinal Manrique to write to the Pope, and represent to him that
+the existence of this commission destroyed the privileges of the Spanish
+Inquisition, on which that of Sicily depended. The weak Clement VII.
+hastened to suppress the commission, and caused Guerrero to send all the
+writings of the process to the Spanish inquisitor-general. He appointed
+Doctor Don Augustin Camargo, inquisitor of Sicily, to continue the
+trial, or in his place any other inquisitor, so that Antonio Napoles
+fell into the hands of his enemy. He was condemned as an heretic, his
+property confiscated, (although he was admitted to reconciliation,) and
+to be imprisoned for life. What can justify the conduct of the Pope, the
+cardinal, and the judges?
+
+The inquisitors of Sicily depended on the protection of the court of
+Madrid, and supposed, that when all fear of rebellion had ceased, their
+privileges would be restored: this was really the case; the emperor, in
+1543, signed a royal ordinance, which annulled the suspension at the end
+of the tenth year. This event inspired the inquisitors with the boldness
+to signify to the Marquis de Terranova, that he must accomplish the
+penance to which he had been condemned.
+
+An act appeared on the 16th of June, 1546, renewing the former
+concessions, and granting new ones. The Inquisition resolved to
+celebrate its victory; a solemn _auto-da-fe_ was celebrated, in which
+four contumacious persons were burnt in effigy. Similar ceremonies took
+place in 1549 and 1551. The inquisitors now became as insolent as
+formerly, treated the Sicilians of all classes with so much severity,
+that a new sedition was excited in Palermo against the holy office, at
+the time when the edict _of the faith_ was about to be published. The
+viceroy succeeded in restoring tranquillity, and the inquisitors
+appeared more moderate, at least while they were under the influence of
+fear, and instead of the solemn _autos-da-fe_ which had caused so much
+indignation, satisfied themselves with celebrating them, from time to
+time, privately in the hall of the tribunal; but in 1569 they ordained
+one which was general, and gave rise to a circumstance which deserves to
+be recorded.
+
+Among the prisoners of the Inquisition, was an unfortunate creature who
+had inspired the Marchioness of Pescari, the wife of the viceroy, with
+some interest. The inquisitors, thinking it necessary to conciliate the
+first magistrate of the island, remitted his punishment at the request
+of the marchioness, but at the same time informed the inquisitor-general
+of the circumstance, to avoid all reproach. The Supreme Council having
+deliberated on the affair, addressed a severe reprimand to the
+inquisitors, for having assumed a right which they did not possess,
+_because, in affairs of that nature, intercession could not be
+admitted_.
+
+When the island of Malta belonged to the Spanish monarchy, it was
+subject to the Inquisition of Sicily; but when it was given to the
+knights of St. John of Jerusalem, it would have been contrary to the
+dignity of the grand-master to permit the exercise of foreign
+jurisdiction in it, after having received that of ecclesiastical power
+from the Pope.
+
+A man was arrested in the island as an heretic, and the Inquisition of
+Sicily took informations on the affair. The grand-master wrote to demand
+them; the inquisitors consulted the council, which directed them, in
+1575, not only to refuse them, but to claim the prisoner. The
+grand-master, resolved to defend his privileges, caused the man to be
+tried in the island, and he was acquitted. This act displeased the
+inquisitors, who, to revenge themselves, took advantage of an occurrence
+which took place in the following year.
+
+Don Pedro de la Roca, a Spaniard, and a knight of Malta, killed the
+first alguazil of the Sicilian Inquisition in the city of Messina. He
+was arrested and conducted to the secret prisons of the holy office. The
+grand-master claimed his knight, as he alone had a right to try him. The
+council being consulted, commanded the inquisitors to condemn and punish
+the accused as an homicide. The inquisitor-general communicated this
+resolution to Philip II., who wrote to the grand-master to terminate the
+dispute.
+
+The quarrels between the secular powers and the Inquisition were not
+less violent in Sicily: in 1580 and 1597 attempts were made to appease
+them, but without success; and in 1606 the Sicilians had the
+mortification of seeing their viceroy, the Duke de Frias, constable of
+Castile, prosecuted and subjected to their censures.
+
+In 1592 the Duke of Alva, who was then viceroy, endeavoured by indirect
+means to repress the insolence of the inquisitors. Perceiving that the
+nobility of all classes were enrolled among the _familiars_ of the holy
+office, in order to enjoy its privileges, and to keep the people in
+greater order, he represented to the king that the power of the
+sovereign and the authority of his lieutenant were almost null, and
+would be entirely so in time, if these different classes continued to
+enjoy privileges which had the effect of neutralizing the measures of
+government. Charles II. acknowledged that this state of things was
+contrary to the dignity of his crown; and he decreed that no person
+employed by the king should possess those prerogatives, even if he was a
+_familiar_ or officer of the Inquisition. The people then began to feel
+less respect for the tribunal; and this was the commencement of its
+decline.
+
+In 1713, Sicily no longer formed a part of the Spanish dominions, and
+Charles de Bourbon in 1739 obtained a bull, which created an
+inquisitor-general for that country, independent of Spain; and in 1782,
+Ferdinand IV., who succeeded Charles, suppressed this odious tribunal.
+During the two hundred and seventy-nine years of its existence, the
+solemn and general _autos-da-fe_ were celebrated of which Munter speaks,
+and several others which were performed in the hall of the tribunal.
+
+In the year 1546, which corresponds with the administration of Cardinal
+Loaisa, the number of condemned in the fifteen Spanish tribunals
+amounted to seven hundred and eighty individuals.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+OF IMPORTANT EVENTS DURING THE FIRST YEARS OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE
+EIGHTH INQUISITOR-GENERAL; RELIGION OF CHARLES V. DURING THE LAST YEARS
+OF HIS LIFE.
+
+
+_Trials during the first years of the ministry of Valdes._
+
+Don Ferdinand Valdes was the successor of Cardinal Loaisa in the
+archbishopric of Seville, and the office of inquisitor-general. At the
+time of his appointment he was bishop of Siguenza, and president of the
+royal Council of Castile, after having been successively a member of the
+grand College of St. Bartholomew de Salamanca, of the Council of
+Administration for the archbishopric of Toledo, for the Cardinal Ximenez
+de Cisneros, visitor of the Inquisition of Cuenca and of the Royal
+Council of Navarre, a member of the Council of State, canon of the
+metropolitan church of Santiago de Galicia, counsellor of the Supreme
+Inquisition, bishop of Elna, Orensa, Oviedo and Leon, and president of
+the Royal Chancery of Valladolid. So many honours could not render him
+insensible to the mortification of not being a cardinal like his
+predecessors, and of seeing Bartholomew Carranza elevated to the see of
+Toledo. This was the true cause of his cruel persecution of Carranza.
+
+The Pope approved the nomination of Valdes in January, 1547, and he took
+possession of his office in the following month. Valdes displayed an
+almost sanguinary disposition during his administration. It led him to
+demand from the Pope the power of condemning Lutherans to be burnt, even
+though they had not relapsed, and had desired to be reconciled. I shall
+here make known the most illustrious of the victims sacrificed before
+the abdication of Charles V., as it is necessary to make a separate
+article for the events of that nature under the reign of Philip II.
+
+Among the condemned persons who appeared in the _auto-da-fe_ of Seville
+in 1552, was Juan Gil, a native of Olvera, in Aragon, and a canon in the
+metropolitan church of that city; he is better known by the name of
+Doctor _Egidius_. He was first condemned, as violently suspected, to
+abjure the Lutheran heresy, and to be subjected to a penance; but four
+years after his death, in 1556, he was condemned, and, as having
+relapsed, his body was disinterred, and burnt with his effigy; his
+memory was declared infamous, and his property confiscated, for having
+died as a Lutheran. Raymond Gonzales de Montes was his companion in
+prison, but succeeded in escaping, and was burnt in effigy. In a work
+written on the Spanish Inquisition, he has introduced several
+particulars relating to the life of _Juan Gil_. He informs us that
+Egidius studied theology at Alcala de Henares, and there obtained the
+title of Doctor. He acquired so great a reputation, that he was compared
+to Peter Lombard, to St. Thomas d'Aquinas, to John Scott, and other
+theologians of the greatest merit. His talents induced the chapter of
+Seville to offer him unanimously the office of preacher to the
+cathedral. Egidius had very little talent for preaching, and the canons
+soon repented of having appointed him.
+
+Rodrigo de Valero told Egidius that the books from which he derived his
+knowledge were worth nothing, and that his preaching would never be
+admired, if he did not study the Bible. Egidius took his advice, and in
+time acquired a style of preaching extremely agreeable to the people,
+but his success raised him many enemies.
+
+The emperor gave him the Bishopric of Tortosa in 1550, which increasing
+the envy and hatred of his enemies, they denounced him to the
+Inquisition of Seville as a Lutheran heretic, for some propositions
+which he had advanced in his sermons, and which they separated from the
+other parts, to give them a different sense from what they would
+otherwise have had; they took advantage of the favour he showed to
+Rodrigo Valero in 1540 during his trial, and of some other
+circumstances, to injure him.
+
+Egidius was taken to the secret prisons of the holy office in 1550: he
+made use of this opportunity to compose his apology, which rendered the
+storm his enemies had raised still more violent. His simplicity had made
+him, in his apology, establish as certain principles, some propositions
+which the scholastic theologians looked upon as erroneous, and tending
+to heresy. The conduct and morals of Egidius were so pure, that the
+emperor wrote in his favour, the chapter of Seville followed his
+example, and (what is still more remarkable) the licentiate, Correa,
+Dean of the inquisitors, was touched by his innocence, and undertook to
+defend him against his colleague, Pedro Diaz, who bore the greatest
+hatred to the accused. This circumstance was particularly mortifying to
+Egidius, as his enemy formerly held the same opinions, and had likewise
+studied in the school of Rodrigo Valero.
+
+The interest which Egidius had inspired induced the inquisitors to
+accede to his proposal of a discussion between him and some learned
+theologians. Brother Garcia de Arias, of the convent of St. Isidore of
+Seville, was chosen; but his opinion was not deemed sufficient, and Juan
+Gil demanded the Dominican friar, Dominic Soto, should be summoned to
+the conference. This incidence retarded the trial, but Soto at last
+arrived at Seville.
+
+According to Gonzales de Montes, this theologian held the same opinions
+as Egidius; but to prevent the suspicions which might arise from this
+circumstance, he persuaded Egidius to draw up a sort of confession of
+faith. They agreed that both should write their opinions, and only
+communicate them to each other in public. This author states that these
+confessions of faith were compared, and found to accord perfectly.
+
+The inquisitors being informed of this arrangement, declared that, as
+the reputation of a bishop was concerned, it was necessary to convoke a
+public assembly, where Dominic Soto should explain the object of the
+meeting in a sermon, and read his confession of faith; that Egidius
+should afterwards read his, that the assembly might judge of the
+conformity of their opinions. The inquisitors caused two pulpits to be
+prepared, but, either by chance, or from a private order, they were so
+far apart, that Egidius could not hear what Soto said.
+
+Soto[12] read an exposition of his principles entirely different from
+that on which they had agreed in their private conferences; and as
+Egidius did not hear him, and supposed that he was reading the same
+confession which he had approved, he consequently made signs with his
+head and hands that be accorded with his propositions. Egidius then
+began to read his confession of faith, but those who understood the
+subject, soon perceived that there was not the slightest resemblance
+between them, and that Egidius held several opinions entirely opposite
+to some propositions advanced by Dominic Soto, and acknowledged as
+dogmatical by _the tribunal of the faith_: this circumstance effaced the
+favourable impressions produced by the gestures of Egidius. The
+inquisitors added these writings to those of the trial, and passed
+judgment upon Egidius according to the advice of Soto. He was declared
+violently suspected of the Lutheran heresy, and condemned to three
+years' imprisonment; he was prohibited from preaching, writing, or
+explaining theology for the space of ten years, and never to leave the
+kingdom on pain of being considered and punished as a formal heretic.
+
+Egidius remained in prison until 1555; he was at first extremely
+astonished at his situation, after having perfectly agreed with the
+Dominican on all the points in question. He was not undeceived, until
+some of his fellow-prisoners informed him of the difference of his
+articles with those of Soto, and the treachery of that monk.
+
+Egidius took advantage of the short interval of liberty which followed
+his imprisonment to go to Valladolid, where he had an interview with
+Doctor Cazalla and other Lutherans in that city: on his return to
+Seville he fell sick, and died in 1556. The tribunal being informed of
+his intercourse with heretics, instituted another trial, and pronounced
+that he died an heretic; his body was disinterred, and burnt with his
+effigy, in a solemn _auto-da-fe_, his memory declared infamous, and his
+property confiscated: this sentence was executed in 1560.
+
+It will be necessary here to quote a letter of Don Bartholomew Carranza
+to Brother Louis de la Cruz, a Dominican, and his disciple. The
+archbishop mentions as a well-known circumstance, that his catechism had
+been presented to the holy office; Brother Melchior Cano and Dominic
+Soto had been commissioned to censure it, and that they had judged
+unfavourably of his work. He complained much of this conduct in Soto; he
+said he could not comprehend such scruples _in a man who had been so
+indulgent to the Doctor Egidius who was considered as an heretic, while,
+on the contrary, the author of the Catechism had combated the opinions
+of the heretics of England and Flanders_; that Soto had judged the book
+of a Dominican monk no less favourably, while he treated an archbishop,
+whom he was bound to respect, without consideration; that he would, in
+consequence, write to Rome and Flanders, where he hoped that his
+propositions would be more favourably received than at Valladolid; but
+that, at all events, Pedro de Soto, confessor to the emperor, would
+write to Dominic, and he hoped that the Almighty would allay the tempest
+which had been raised around him.
+
+Brother Pedro wrote to Dominic Soto, and a correspondence ensued between
+him and the archbishop Carranza, on the censure of the catechism, and
+other works. These letters were found among the papers of Carranza, when
+he was arrested by the Inquisition. They proved that Dominic Soto had
+violated the secrecy which he had sworn to maintain before the
+Inquisition: some details were found in them relating to the violence
+which had been used to make him condemn the catechism of Carranza; he
+was arrested by the Inquisition of Valladolid, on account of these
+expressions.
+
+It appears from the archbishop's letter, that the censure of Brother
+Dominic on Egidius was mild and conciliating, which does not accord with
+the substitution of the false exposition of his principles mentioned by
+Gonzales de Montes. I must observe that this author writes like a man
+blinded by his hatred of his enemies, whom he calls papists, hypocrites,
+and idolaters; he even carries his fanaticism so far as to look upon the
+deaths of the three judges of Egidius during his lifetime as a
+particular effect of divine justice.
+
+As the affair of Juan Gil is connected with the history of Rodrigo
+Valero, I shall here relate it. He was born of a good family in Lebrija.
+In his youth, he was extremely irregular and dissipated, but all at once
+he quitted society, and shut himself up to study the Scriptures with so
+much ardour, that his conversation, and his contempt for food and
+clothing, made him pass for a madman.
+
+He endeavoured to persuade priests and monks, that the Roman church was
+far from holding the pure doctrine of the Evangelists, and became one of
+the sect of Luther. His attachment to their doctrine was so great, that
+when he was asked from whom he held his mission, he replied from God
+himself through the inspiration of the Holy Spirit.
+
+This fanatic was denounced to the holy office, which paid no attention
+to it, being persuaded that Rodrigo was mad. But as he continued to
+preach in the streets in favour of Lutheranism, and as no part of his
+conduct showed that he was deranged, he was arrested, and would have
+been condemned to be delivered over to secular justice, if the
+inquisitors had not persisted in believing him to be mad, and if his
+disciple Egidius, whose opinions were not then known, had not undertaken
+his defence. Nevertheless, he was condemned in 1540 as an heretic and
+_false apostle_; he was admitted to reconciliation, deprived of his
+property, condemned to the _San-benito_, to perpetual imprisonment, and
+to assist on every Sunday at the grand mass of St. Saviour of Seville.
+
+Several times, when he heard the preacher advance propositions contrary
+to his own, he raised his voice, and reproached him for his doctrine:
+this boldness confirmed the inquisitors in the opinion that he was
+deprived of reason: he was shut up in a convent in the town of San Lucar
+de Barrameda, where he died at the age of fifty. Gonzales de Montes
+considers him as a man miraculously sent by God to preach the truth: he
+adds, that his _San-benito_ was suspended in the metropolitan church of
+Seville, where it excited great curiosity, as he was the first person
+condemned as a _false apostle_.
+
+Although, during the period of which I have related the history, there
+were fewer Judaic heretics than in former times, yet there were many
+more than might be supposed. Of this number was _Mary de Bourgogne_, who
+was born at Saragossa: her father-in-law was a native of Burgundy, of
+Jewish extraction. A _New Christian_ slave, (who had renounced the law
+of Moses, to obtain his liberty, and was afterwards burnt for having
+relapsed,) in 1552, denounced Mary de Bourgogne, who resided in the city
+of Murcia, and had attained her eighty-fifth year. This man deposed
+that, before his conversion, some person asked him if he was a
+Christian; he replied that he was a Jew, and that Mary then said to him,
+_You are right, for the Christians have neither faith nor law_. It will
+no doubt appear incredible, but the trial proves that in 1557 she was
+still in prison, waiting until sufficient proof was found to condemn
+her. After having waited in vain, the inquisitors commanded that Mary
+should be _tortured, though she was then ninety years old_, and the
+council had decreed that in such cases the criminal should only be
+intimidated by the preparations. The inquisitor Cano says, that the
+_moderate_ torture was applied; but such were the effects of this gentle
+application, that the unfortunate Mary ceased to live and suffer in a
+few days after.
+
+The inquisitors took advantage of some expressions which escaped from
+the unfortunate woman during the torture, to condemn her as a Judaic
+heretic, in order to confiscate her property, which was considerable.
+Her memory, her children, and her descendants in the male line were
+declared infamous, her bones and effigy were burnt, and her property
+confiscated.
+
+The Supreme Council showed a certain degree of moderation in another
+affair, before the tribunal of Toledo. Michael Sanchez died in prison,
+before his sentence, which was a pecuniary penalty, could be announced
+to him: the inquisitors were uncertain if his property was liable for
+this penalty; they applied to the council, which replied in the
+negative.
+
+I now terminate the history of the remarkable events of the reign of
+Charles V. After a reign of forty years, this prince abdicated the crown
+in favour of his son Philip II., on the 16th of January, 1556. He did
+not long survive his abdication; he died in the convent of the
+Jeronimites, at Yuste in the province of Estremadura, on the 21st of
+September, 1558, aged fifty-seven years and twenty-one days. He had made
+his will at Brussels on the 16th of June, 1554, and a codicil in the
+monastery of Yuste, twelve days before his death.
+
+
+_Religion of Charles V._
+
+Some historians have asserted, that Charles V. adopted, in his retreat,
+the opinions of the German protestants; that in his last illness he
+confessed himself to Constantine Ponce de la Fuente, his preacher, who
+was afterwards known to be a Lutheran; that after his death Philip II.
+commissioned the inquisitors to examine the affair, and that the holy
+office took possession of the emperor's will, to examine if it contained
+anything contrary to the true faith. These statements compel me to enter
+into some details which will elucidate this point of history.
+
+To ascertain that the report on the religion of Charles V. is only an
+invention of the protestants and the enemies of Philip II., it is
+sufficient to read the life of that prince, and that of his father,
+composed by Gregorio Leti. Although this historian has made use of the
+least authentic documents, in his work, he is entirely silent on this
+point. He enters into a minute detail of the life and occupations of
+Charles V. in his retreat, and he relates many decisive proofs of his
+attachment to the catholic faith, and his zeal in wishing that it might
+triumph over the Lutheran heresy; and though no dependance can be placed
+on what he says concerning the conversations of the emperor with the
+Archbishop Carranza, (since there is nothing relating to them in his
+trial, which I have read,) yet it must be confessed that his recital is
+otherwise very exact.
+
+It is not true that Constantine Ponce de la Fuente attended the emperor
+in his last moments, either as his preacher, (which office he had filled
+in Germany,) or as a bishop, since he did not possess that dignity, as
+foreign authors have asserted without any foundation, or as his
+confessor, since he had never directed his conscience, though the
+emperor had always looked upon him as one of the most learned and
+respectable priests in his kingdom. Lastly, Ponce de la Fuente could not
+assist Charles V. in his last moments, since it appears from his trial
+before the Inquisition of Seville, that he was in the secret prisons of
+the holy office long before the illness of the emperor. Don Prudent de
+Sandoval, Bishop of Tui and Pampeluna, speaking of the last
+circumstances of the life of Charles V., relates that when that prince
+heard of the imprisonment of Ponce, he said, _Oh! if Constantine is an
+heretic, he is a great heretic_: an expression very different from that
+which he used on hearing that a monk named Dominic de Guzman had been
+arrested in the same city: _They might rather imprison him as a fool
+than an heretic._
+
+In his codicil, written twelve days before his death, Charles V. thus
+expresses himself: "When I had been informed that many persons had been
+arrested in some provinces, and that others were to be taken, as accused
+of Lutheranism, I wrote to the princess my daughter, to inform her in
+what manner they should be punished, and the evil remedied. I also wrote
+afterwards to Louis Quixada, and authorized him to act in my name in the
+same affair; and although I am persuaded that the king my son, the
+princess my daughter, and the ministers, have already, and will always,
+make every possible effort to destroy so great an evil, with all the
+severity and promptitude which it requires; yet, considering what I owe
+to the service of our Lord, the triumph of his faith, the preservation
+of his church and the Christian religion, (in the defence of which I
+have performed such painful labours at the risk of my life, as every one
+knows;) and particularly desiring, above all, to inspire my son, whose
+catholic sentiments I know, with the wish of imitating my conduct, and
+which I hope he will do, from knowing his virtue and piety, I beg and
+recommend to him very particularly, as much as I can and am obliged to
+do, and command him moreover in my quality of father, and by the
+obedience which he owes me, to labour with diligence, as in a point
+which particularly interests him, that the heretics shall be prosecuted
+and chastised with all the severity which their crimes deserve, _without
+permitting any criminal to be excepted, without any respect for the
+entreaties, or rank, or quality of the persons_: and that my intentions
+may have their full and entire effect, I desire him to protect the holy
+office of the Inquisition, for the great numbers of crimes which it
+prevents or punishes, _remembering that I have charged him to do so in
+my will_, that he may fulfil his duty as a prince, and render himself
+worthy that the Lord should make his reign prosperous, conduct his
+affairs, and protect him against his enemies, to my consolation[13]."
+
+I have already stated, that no dependance can be placed on the account
+given by Gregorio Leti of the conversations of the emperor with Don
+Bartholomew Carranza de Miranda, archbishop of Toledo. It is certain
+that the emperor had a great esteem for Carranza, which induced him to
+give him the bishopric of Cusco in America, in 1542, and of the Canaries
+in 1549; to send him as theologian of the emperor to the council of
+Trent, in 1545 and 1551; and to London with his son Philip II., King of
+Naples and England, in 1554, to preach against the Lutherans.
+Nevertheless, when he was informed, in his retreat at Yuste, that
+Carranza had accepted the archbishopric of Toledo, to which King Philip
+had appointed him, he began to feel less esteem for him, because he did
+not know that Carranza had refused that dignity, and named three persons
+whom he considered more worthy to occupy it. Philip was not only
+displeased at this refusal, but he commanded him to obey the will of his
+sovereign, and wrote to the Pope, who supported his order by a
+particular brief addressed to Br. Bartholomew.
+
+Charles V., at this period, had Br. Juan de Regla, a Jeronimite, and a
+learned theologian, for his confessor. He had assisted at the Council of
+Trent with Carranza, whom he always treated as an enemy, because he was
+jealous of his great reputation. I shall hereafter prove the disposition
+of Juan de Regla towards Carranza; at present I shall only show that he
+had great part in his disgrace with the emperor, for being suspected of
+professing the same doctrines as Egidius, Constantine, Cazalla, and
+others. Regla became more fanatic than charitable, during the
+persecution which he suffered from the Inquisition of Saragossa, when he
+was prior of the Convent of Santa Fe; he was condemned to abjure
+eighteen Lutheran propositions, of which the inquisitors declared him to
+be suspected. The emperor was also informed, through the private
+correspondence of his children, that the Inquisition was occupied in
+preparing the trial of the archbishop for heresy, when he came to visit
+him in his last illness; and his presence was so disagreeable, that,
+instead of conversing with him, as Leti affirms, he did not speak one
+word. Sandoval, with more probability, thus expresses himself: "This
+evening the archbishop of Toledo, Carranza, arrived, but he could not
+see the emperor. This prince had waited for him with much impatience
+since he had quitted England, because he wished to have an explanation
+on certain things which had been reported of him, and seemed to show
+that his faith was suspected; for that of the prince was extremely
+lively, and anything which appeared contrary to sound doctrine gave him
+great pain. The archbishop returned on another day; the emperor who
+wished much to hear him, admitted him into his presence, and told him to
+sit down, but did not talk to him, and on that night he became much
+worse.[14]"
+
+The animosity of Juan de Regla against the archbishop of Toledo, was
+soon manifested in two voluntary informations before the
+Inquisitor-General Valdes, on the 9th and 23rd of December, in 1558, at
+Valladolid. I shall at a future period explain all the articles of the
+denunciation of Juan de Regla, but it is necessary to anticipate the
+order of time in affairs, to prove that Charles V. was not disposed to
+favour Carranza in the latter part of his life.
+
+The first denunciation took place on the 9th of December: it imported,
+that on the day before the death of the emperor, the archbishop of
+Toledo kissed his majesty's hand, and left the room; that he soon after
+returned; and that he did so several times, _though the emperor showed
+very little desire to see him_, and that he gave him absolution before
+he confessed him; which Juan da Regla imputed to the archbishop as a
+sign of contempt or neglect of the sacrament: that in one of these
+visits he said to the emperor, _Your majesty may be full of confidence,
+for there is not, nor ever has been any sin, the death of Jesus having
+sufficed to efface it_; that this discourse appeared bad to him, and
+that there were present Br. Pedro de Sotomayor and Br. Diego Ximenez,
+Dominicans; Br. Marcos Oriols de Cardona and Br. Francis Villalba, monks
+of St. Jerome: the last was his majesty's preacher; the Count de Oropesa
+and Don Diego de Toledo his brother; Don Louis d'Avila Zuniga, grand
+commander of the military order of Alcantara, and Don Louis de Quixada,
+major-domo to the emperor.
+
+The inquisitor-general would not admit the Dominican monks as witnesses,
+because he supposed them subject to the archbishop: the evidences of
+Count Oropesa and his brother were likewise rejected, because they were
+his friends. The monk of St. Jerome declared that the archbishop arrived
+at Yuste on a Sunday, two days before the death of the emperor; that
+this prince _would not see him or allow him to enter_, but his
+major-domo, Don Louis de Quixada, undertook to introduce him; that
+Carranza threw himself on his knees in the chamber, and that the
+emperor, _without saying a word to him_, fixed his eyes upon him, like a
+person who wishes to express himself by a look: that the persons who
+were present retired: that when the archbishop came out of the chamber
+he appeared discontented, and he the witness believed that he was so,
+having heard from William, the emperor's barber, that on the day when
+the news of the nomination of Carranza to the archbishopric of Toledo
+arrived, his majesty said, _When I gave him the bishopric of the
+Canaries he refused it; now he accepts the archbishopric of Toledo; we
+shall see what we are to think of his virtue_; that their private
+interview lasted a quarter of an hour, and the archbishop called in the
+attendants. When they entered, the archbishop threw himself on his
+knees, and his majesty made a sign for him to sit down, and repeat some
+words of consolation; that the prelate again threw himself on his knees,
+and repeated the four first verses of the psalm _De profundis_, not
+literally, but paraphrasing the text. His majesty made him a sign to
+stop, and Carranza then retired with the other attendants; that on
+another day, about the hour of ten in the evening, just before the
+emperor expired, Carranza visited him, because he had been informed of
+his danger, and gave him the crucifix to kiss, and at the same time
+addressed some words of consolation to him, at which the monks Juan de
+Regla, Francis de Villalba, Francis Angulo, prior, and Louis de St.
+Gregoria, were scandalized. These persons conversed together afterwards,
+and said that the prelate ought not to have spoken thus; but the witness
+could not recollect what the words were. They were repeated to him, and
+he replied that he believed they might be the same, but that he could
+not be certain, as he was reading the passion of our Saviour, _according
+to St. Luke_, at the time; he only remarked that the monks looked at one
+another with a kind of mystery.
+
+Neither Francis Angulo, nor Louis de St. Gregoria were examined, perhaps
+they were dead. Francis de Villalba, preacher to the emperor, declared,
+that he had not heard anything in the emperor's apartment which was
+worthy of being reported to the Inquisition. Being questioned as to what
+he thought of the discourse which the archbishop had addressed to the
+emperor, he replied that he was only present once, when the prelate
+recited some verses of the _De profundis_; that Don Louis d'Avila
+afterwards requested him to speak to the emperor, and that he made him
+an exhortation. When examined on the subject of the words and the
+scandal, he replied that he did not hear or see anything that could
+offend him.
+
+Don Louis d'Avila y Zuniga cited the entrance of the prelate; and that
+he took a crucifix and knelt down, saying with a loud voice, _behold him
+who answers for all; there is no longer any sin, all is pardoned_. The
+witness did not recollect if the archbishop said, _and however numerous
+the sins may be, they are all pardoned_: that these words did not appear
+proper to him, and he requested the emperor's preacher to make him an
+exhortation, who afterwards told him that his majesty appeared
+satisfied.
+
+Don Louis de Quixada deposed that the archbishop was with the emperor,
+three times before his death, that he saw him take a crucifix, and that
+he pronounced some words on the subject of Jesus Christ dying for our
+sins, but he could not recollect them, because his employment as
+major-domo occupied him at the time.
+
+These circumstances show that Charles V. was far from being inclined to
+Lutheranism at his death. It is equally false that the inquisitors took
+his will, to examine if it contained any sentiments tending to heresy. I
+have read or consulted a multitude of books and papers in the archives
+of the Inquisition, and could not discover anything to support the
+opinion; so that nothing now remains but to seek the origin of this
+fable.
+
+A number of circumstances may have caused the Inquisition to be
+mentioned in relating the death of Charles V. The first is, that
+Carranza, who attended him at his death, was soon after arrested by the
+holy office; the second, that his two preachers, Constantine Ponce and
+Augustine Cazalla, were condemned by that tribunal; the third, that his
+confessor, Juan de Regla, was obliged to abjure certain propositions;
+the fourth, that the emperor himself had been threatened with
+excommunication three years before, as a favourer of heretics, by Paul
+IV.; the fifth, that Philip II. made use of the Inquisition in a variety
+of circumstances entirely political.
+
+Charles V. died a Catholic; and it is only to be regretted that he
+associated so many superstitions with his Catholicism, and showed so
+much attachment to the Inquisition during his life.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+OF THE PROCEEDINGS AGAINST CHARLES V. AND PHILIP II.: AS SCHISMATICS AND
+FAVOURERS OF HERESY.--PROGRESS OF THE INQUISITION UNDER THE LAST OF
+THESE PRINCES.--CONSEQUENCES OF THE PARTICULAR FAVOUR WHICH HE SHOWED
+TOWARDS IT.
+
+
+_Trials of Charles V., Philip II., and the Duke of Alva._
+
+In 1555, John Peter Carafa, a noble Neapolitan, and as such the subject
+of Charles V. and Philip II., was elevated to the holy see, under the
+name of Paul IV., at the age of seventy-nine years. Charles V. had then
+renounced the crown of Sicily, in favour of Prince Philip, who was about
+to marry the Queen of England. The new Pope mortally hated the emperor,
+not only because he could not bear to be a subject to the house of
+Austria, but because this prince and his son favoured the families of
+_Colonna_ and _Sforza_, which he looked upon as the rivals of his house.
+The kingdom of Naples passed at that time for a fief of the holy see.
+Paul IV. undertook to deprive Charles of the imperial purple, and his
+son of the crown of Sicily, and to dispose of it in favour of one of his
+nephews, with the assistance of the King of France, or to give the
+kingdom to some French prince. He commenced the proceedings against
+Charles V. and Philip, by the preparatory instruction, to show that they
+were enemies of the holy see, particularly in protecting the families of
+_Sforza_ and _Colonna_, whose hatred for the Pontiff was well known.
+
+To these reasons it was to be alleged that Charles V. was a favourer of
+heretics, and suspected of Lutheranism, since the publication of the
+imperial decrees at the diet of Augsburg, in 1554. The fiscal of the
+apostolical chamber then demanded that the Pope should declare Charles
+V. to be deprived of the imperial crown, and that of Spain and its
+dependencies, and Philip of the throne of Naples; that bulls of
+excommunication should be issued against them, and the people of
+Germany, Spain, Italy, and particularly of Naples, released from their
+oath of fidelity. Paul IV. suspended the trial at this stage of the
+proceedings, to continue it when he judged it convenient. He revoked at
+the same time all the bulls which his predecessors had expedited in
+favour of the Spanish monarchs, for the collection of the annual subsidy
+imposed on the clergy, and for the funds destined for the _holy
+crusade_. The Pope was not content with this hostile measure; he entered
+into an alliance with Henry II., King of France, to make war upon the
+house of Austria, until its princes were deprived of their kingdoms.
+
+Charles V. was then at Brussels, occupied in ceding the empire of
+Germany to his brother Ferdinand, King of Hungary and Bohemia, and in
+making over the crown of Spain and the countship of Flanders to his son.
+This policy was useful to Charles V., as it threw the weight of the
+embarrassment on Philip, who had just arrived from England to receive
+his father's instructions how to govern Spain. The circumstances in
+which they found themselves required the greatest prudence, for they not
+only had to fear the abuse which the Pope might make of his apostolical
+and temporal power, but also the consequences of the alliances which his
+holiness had just signed with the King of France.
+
+Besides the Council of State (which Charles and Philip always consulted
+before they decided on any subject) they deemed it necessary to have
+judgments of _conscience_, to balance the authority of the supreme head
+of the Catholic Church. On the 15th of November, 1555, the famous
+consultation of Brother Melchior Cano was framed at Valladolid, which
+was published at Madrid in 1809, in my _collection of different papers,
+ancient and modern, on matrimonial dispensations, and other
+ecclesiastical dispensations_. The decision of Cano was, that in all
+similar cases the only and proper remedy is not only to deprive the
+temporal sovereign of Rome of the power of injuring, but to reduce him
+to the necessity of accepting reasonable terms, and of acting with more
+prudence in future. Other theologians decided that the concessions made
+by the Court of Rome were irrevocable, and had the force of a true
+contract passed for the benefit of an empire or kingdom.
+
+The Pope, informed of these decisions, commanded the inquisitor-general
+to punish the authors of it; he was supported by most of the prelates of
+the kingdom, at the head of whom was the Cardinal Siliceo, Archbishop of
+Toledo, who had been the king's preceptor. Philip, who had been King of
+Spain from January, 1556, wrote from London, in the month of July
+following, the letter to his sister, the governess of the kingdom, which
+I have inserted in my diplomatic collection. It is as follows:--
+
+"Since I informed you of the conduct of the Pope, and of the news
+received from Rome, I have learnt that his holiness proposes to
+excommunicate the emperor and me, to put my states under an interdict,
+and to prohibit the divine service. Having consulted learned men on this
+subject, it appears that it is not only an abuse of the power of the
+sovereign pontiff, founded only on the hatred and passion, which,
+certainly, has not been provoked by our conduct, but that we are not
+obliged to submit to what he has ordained in respect to our persons, on
+account of the great scandal which would be caused by our confessing
+ourselves guilty, since we are not so, and the great sin which we should
+commit in so doing. In consequence, it has been decided, that if I am
+interdicted from certain things, I am not obliged to deprive myself of
+them, as those do who are excommunicated, although a censure may be sent
+to me from Rome, according to the disposition of his holiness. For after
+having destroyed the sects in England, brought this country under the
+influence of the church, pursued and punished the heretics without
+ceasing, and obtained a success which has always been constant, I see
+that his holiness evidently wishes to ruin my kingdom, without
+considering what he owes to his dignity; and I have no doubt that he
+would succeed if we consented to his demands, since he has already
+revoked all the legations which Cardinal Pole received for this kingdom,
+and which had produced so much benefit. These reasons, other important
+considerations, the necessity of preparing for all events, and of
+protecting our people from being surprised, have induced us to draw up,
+in the name of his majesty, and in our own, an act of recusation in
+form, of which I intended to send you a copy; but as this piece is very
+long, and the courier is setting out for France, it could not be done,
+and I will send it by the courier going by sea, who will soon set out.
+When you receive it, you must write to the prelates, the grandees, to
+the cities, universities, and the heads of orders, and inform them of
+all that has passed: you must direct them to look upon the censures and
+interdict sent from Rome as non-existent, because they are null, unjust,
+and without foundation, for I have taken counsel on what is permitted in
+these circumstances. If any act of the Pope should arrive in the
+interim, it will be sufficient to prevent it from being received,
+accepted, or executed; but to preclude the necessity of coming to this
+extremity, you must cause the frontiers to be strictly guarded, as we
+have done in England, that none of these pieces should be notified or
+delivered, and _punish very severely any person who shall dare to
+distribute them, because it is not to be permitted that we should
+continue to dissimulate_. If it is impossible to prevent their
+introduction, and if any one attempts to put them in force, you must
+oppose their execution, as we have powerful motives for this command;
+and this prohibition must extend to the kingdom of Aragon, to which you
+must write if it is necessary. It has been since known, that in the bull
+published on Holy Thursday, the Pope has excommunicated all those who
+have taken or shall take the property of the church, _whether they are
+kings or emperors_, and that on Good Friday, he commanded the prayer for
+his majesty to be omitted, although the Jews, Moors, heretics, and
+schismatics are prayed for on that day. This proves that the evil is
+becoming serious, and induces us to recommend more particularly the
+execution of the measures which we have prescribed, and of which we
+shall give an account to his majesty[15]."
+
+Philip, for the time, prevented the inquisitor-general from trying any
+of those persons who had been marked as suspected of heresy, among whom
+were not only the theologians and canonists who had been consulted, but
+many counsellors of state who supported their opinion against Cardinal
+Siliceo and his adherents[16].
+
+The Pope was obstinate in his resolutions; and deceived by the
+tranquillity which Philip suffered him to enjoy in Rome, he placed
+himself at the brink of the precipice. The Duke of Alva, who was viceroy
+of Naples (and whose character was at least as harsh as that of the
+Pope), in September 1556, left his government, and occupied the states
+of the holy see, even to the gates of Rome; and Paul IV., finding that
+the republic of Venice had deserted him, and being pressed by the
+cardinals and people, demanded an armistice, which was granted. Instead
+of taking advantage of this favour to make peace on reasonable terms,
+the Pope confirmed his alliance with Henry II., and raised a war between
+that monarch and the King of Spain, although Charles V. had, in 1555,
+signed a truce of five years with that prince. Henry, having lost the
+famous battle of St. Quentin, on the 10th of August, 1557, the Pope
+became so alarmed, that he demanded a peace at the time when the Duke of
+Alva was preparing to enter Rome at the head of his army. The viceroy
+renounced his design, but had the boldness to tell the Pope that he
+would not make peace until he had asked pardon of the king, his master,
+for having treated him with so little respect. This message increased
+the alarm of the old pontiff, who had recourse to the mediation of
+Venice. The Pope refused to negociate with the Duke of Alva, but said
+that he would consent to any proposal from the King of Spain, as he was
+persuaded that he would not impose any condition on him contrary to his
+honour, or to the dignity of the holy see.
+
+The Duke of Alva wrote to Philip, to request that, in this instance, he
+would display the severity necessary to prevent new divisions. But this
+prince (who had signed on the 10th of July, 1556, the excellent letter
+already quoted) had no person in the following year to inspire him with
+sufficient energy to follow the advice of his viceroy. He wrote to
+command him to conclude a peace immediately, "as he would rather lose
+the privileges of his crown, than infringe those of the holy see in the
+slightest degree."
+
+The Duke of Alva was extremely displeased at this resolution, but he
+immediately obeyed his master, and this singular peace was signed on the
+14th of September, 1557, by the Duke of Alva, and Cardinal Carafa,
+nephew and plenipotentiary to the Pope. The envoy made no reparation to
+Philip II., and the following singular article is part of the
+treaty:--"His holiness will receive from the Catholic king, through his
+plenipotentiary, the Duke of Alva, all the necessary submissions to
+obtain the pardon of his offences, without prejudicing the engagement of
+the king to send an ambassador extraordinary for the particular object
+of the pardon which he demands, it being understood that his holiness
+will restore him to favour as a submissive son, and worthy to share the
+benefits which the holy see is accustomed to bestow on its children and
+the other Christian princes."
+
+The haughty pontiff acknowledged that he had obtained more than he had
+hoped for, and to show his satisfaction, bestowed the highest honours on
+the Duke of Alva; he invited him to eat at his own table, and received
+him in the palace of the Vatican.
+
+Gregorio Leti is right in attributing all the evils that have since
+arisen from the excessive authority which the priests have arrogated
+over laymen, to this conduct of Philip II. Paul IV. soon displayed his
+contempt for Philip II. and his father, since, in five months after the
+treaty, on the 13th of February, 1558, he addressed a brief to the
+inquisitor-general Valdes, in which he revived all the regulations of
+the councils and pontiffs against heretics and schismatics. He commanded
+him to prosecute them, and punish them according to the constitutions,
+and, above all, to deprive all such persons of their dignities and
+offices, whether they were bishops, archbishops, patriarchs, cardinals,
+or legates, _barons, counts, marquisses, dukes, princes, kings, or
+emperors_. Fortunately, neither Charles V. nor his son had embraced the
+opinions of Luther, yet it was certainly the intention of the Pope to
+subject them to the dispositions of his bull.
+
+
+_Of the Inquisitions of Sardinia, Flanders, Milan, Naples, Galicia,
+America, and the Sea._
+
+In 1562, Philip II. commanded the Inquisition of Sardinia to conform
+rigorously to the rules of the holy office of Spain in prosecuting the
+accused, although it was represented to him that they had hitherto only
+known those of Ferdinand V., which were less severe.
+
+Philip did not treat his Flemish subjects with less rigour. In 1522
+Charles V. appointed Francis de Hult, a lay counsellor of Brabant,
+inquisitor-general for the states of Flanders; and Adrian VI. invested
+him with the apostolical jurisdiction, on the condition that he had
+priests and theologians for assessors. Soon after three provincial
+inquisitors were appointed, the overseer of the regular canons of Ypres
+for Flanders and its dependencies; the overseer of the clergy of Mons
+for Hainault, and the Dean of Louvain for Brabant, Holland, and the
+other provinces. The inquisitors-general appointed by Clement VII. were
+Cardinal Everard de la Marche, Bishop of Liege, and Francis de Hult,
+before mentioned. This measure did not deprive the other inquisitors of
+their privileges; those of Louvain, in 1527, celebrated several
+_autos-da-fe_, and condemned sixty persons to different punishments. In
+1529 terrible edicts were issued against heretics, which were renewed in
+1531, but with some mitigation.
+
+At the death of the Dean of Louvain, Paul III. in 1537, appointed as
+inquisitor-general for the Low Country the successor in the deanery, and
+the canon Douce; they were approved by Charles V. In 1555 Julius III.
+authorised the sub-delegates of the dean and canon; Paul IV. did the
+same in 1560 for the overseer of Valcanet, and the theological doctor of
+Louvain, Michael Bayo. All these men took the title of _ecclesiastical
+ministers_ from the year 1550, when Charles V. prohibited them from ever
+taking the name of _inquisitors_, because it was obnoxious to the
+people. The Flemish Inquisition was extremely severe in the first period
+of its existence; it inflicted the same punishments as that of Spain,
+but applied them to a greater number of cases. Philip II. moderated the
+action of this tribunal by an edict in 1556.
+
+Such was the state of the Flemish Inquisition in 1559, when a bull of
+Paul IV. was received from Rome, by which three ecclesiastical provinces
+were created, the bishoprics of which were subjected to the jurisdiction
+of the Archbishops of Malines, Cambray, and Utrecht: twelve canons were
+instituted for each cathedral, three of whom were to be inquisitors for
+life. This measure caused the first indication of the rebellion which
+raged in Holland and the United Provinces in 1562. The people maintained
+that they had only tolerated the inquisitors since 1522, because they
+considered them as temporary agents; but that they would never allow the
+permanent establishment of an institution so obnoxious to the provinces.
+This opposition increased when it was known that Philip II. intended to
+organize the eighteen Inquisitions of Flanders, on the plan of that of
+Spain, which had long been regarded as a sanguinary tribunal.
+
+This project was the more dreaded, as many Spaniards had fled from the
+Inquisition to Holland. These emigrations were most numerous after the
+year 1550, when several Bibles, which had been printed in the Spanish
+language in the Low Countries, were prohibited as containing the
+opinions of the new heretics. Notwithstanding the obstinacy with which
+the King of Spain pursued the establishment of the Inquisition in
+Flanders, he failed in his enterprise, and also in his attempt to force
+the Low Countries to receive the regular tribunal. The Flemings
+persisted in opposing everything resembling the Inquisition, and their
+resistance was the cause of the long and bloody wars which exhausted the
+treasures and armies of Spain during half a century.
+
+In the following year, 1563, Philip II. decreed the necessary measures
+to establish the Inquisition at Milan. He communicated his design to the
+Pope, who appeared to approve it, but was really displeased, because it
+tended to diminish the power of the holy see. The Milanese immediately
+protested against the introduction of a tribunal, of which they had
+formed the most unfavourable opinion. The bishops of Lombardy were not
+less averse to it, as they knew that in Spain the bishops were not only
+deprived of all power, but had fallen into contempt from the despotism
+of the inquisitors, who had taken possession of the episcopal
+privileges, and enjoyed them in peace under the protection of the
+sovereign, who had no adviser in these affairs but the
+inquisitor-general.
+
+The city of Milan sent deputies to the Pope (who was a native of that
+place), to entreat him to preserve his country from the danger which
+threatened it. They also sent deputies to Madrid to demand that things
+should remain in the same state, and applied at the same time to the
+Milanese bishops at the Council of Trent to support their cause before
+that celebrated assembly. Pius IV. told the deputies that he would never
+allow the Spanish Inquisition to be established in Milan, _as he knew
+its extreme severity_, and promised that their tribunal should be
+dependent on the Court of Rome, whose decrees were extremely mild, and
+gave the accused every facility in their defence.
+
+During the course of this negotiation, the Duke de Sesa, wishing to
+execute his master's private orders, established the tribunal of the
+Inquisition in the city of Milan, of which he was the governor, and
+published the names of the sub-delegated inquisitors. This declaration
+displeased the Milanese, who began to excite popular commotions, and
+cried _Long live the king! perish the Inquisition!_
+
+The Milanese bishops at the Council of Trent disinclined all the Italian
+prelates to the Spanish Inquisition; the legates of the Pope who
+presided at the council, declared in favour of the Milanese, and
+Cardinal S. Charles Borromeo pleaded the cause of his countrymen in the
+college of cardinals, and placed them under their protection. The Duke
+de Sesa, who observed all that passed, foresaw that the result would be
+disagreeable to his master, and wrote to Philip, who abandoned his
+design[17].
+
+These events did not prevent Philip II. from attempting to introduce the
+inquisition at Naples, although both Ferdinand V. and Charles V. had
+failed in the enterprise; but his efforts only served to disgrace him
+and destroy his authority in Naples, as they had before done in Flanders
+and Milan.
+
+It may be supposed that Philip did not forget his American dominions.
+Ferdinand V. having resolved to establish the Inquisition in the New
+World, charged Cardinal Ximenez de Cisneros with the conduct of the
+affair, and in 1516 he appointed Don Juan Quevedo, Bishop of Cuba, the
+_delegated_ inquisitor-general, for the Spanish colonies then known by
+the name of the _kingdom of Terra Firma_, and gave him the power of
+appointing judges and officers for the tribunal. Charles V. wished to
+extend the benefits of this _pious_ institution, and Cardinal Adrian, by
+his order, appointed, on the 7th of January, 1519, Don Alphonso Manso,
+Bishop of Porto Rico, and Brother Pedro de Cordova, inquisitors for the
+_Indies and Isles of the Ocean_, and gave them the requisite powers to
+establish the tribunal.
+
+The new inquisitors began to prosecute the baptized Indians, who still
+retained some idolatrous practices. The viceroys informed the King of
+Spain of the evils produced by this system: in fact the Indians fled
+into the interior, and joined the savage tribes, which considerably
+retarded the progress of population in those vast countries. Charles V.
+in 1538 prohibited the inquisitors from prosecuting the Indians, who
+were to be under the jurisdiction of the bishops. The inquisitors of
+America were not more submissive than those of Spain, which obliged the
+prince to renew his orders in 1549. Philip II. undertook to organize the
+tribunal on the plan of that of Spain. In 1553 and 1565 he renewed his
+father's injunctions to leave the Indians under the jurisdiction of the
+bishops; and in 1569 he published a royal ordinance, importing that the
+inquisitor-general had appointed inquisitors, and commanding the
+viceroys and governors to give them every assistance in their
+establishment. These inquisitors were received with great ceremony at
+Panama and Lima, when they first formed the tribunal.
+
+In 1570 Philip II. appointed an Inquisition at Mexico, and in 1571
+established three tribunals for all America; one at Lima, one at Mexico,
+and the other at Carthagena, assigning to each the extent of territory
+which they were to possess, and subjecting them to the authority of the
+inquisitor-general and the Supreme Council.
+
+The first _auto-da-fe_ in Mexico took place in 1574; it was celebrated
+with so much pomp and splendour, that eye-witnesses have declared that
+it could only be compared to that of Valladolid in 1559, at which Philip
+II. and the royal family attended. A Frenchman and an Englishman were
+burnt as impenitent Lutherans; eighty persons were reconciled, and
+subjected to different penances. The Inquisition of Carthagena was not
+established at this period; it was founded in 1610 by Philip III.
+
+The great fleet of the Catholic league against the Emperor of
+Constantinople, which gained the famous battle of Lepanto, inspired
+Philip II. with the project of creating an Inquisition for heretics who
+might be found in ships. As the authority of the inquisitor-general did
+not extend beyond the dominions of the King of Spain, it was considered
+necessary to apply to the Pope, who in 1571 granted the brief, which was
+demanded, authorizing the inquisitor-general to create the new tribunal,
+and appoint judges and officers. It was first known by the name of the
+_Inquisition of the Galleys_, but it was afterwards called the
+_Inquisition of the Fleets and Armies_; it existed but for a short
+period, as it was found to impede the progress of navigation.
+
+The Inquisition was unknown in Galicia for more than a century before
+this period. This province formed part of the district subject to the
+holy office of old Castile and the kingdom of Leon; it had escaped this
+scourge, but at last Philip II. resolved that it should have an
+Inquisition to superintend the sea-ports, in order to prevent the
+introduction of pernicious books, and the entrance of persons who would
+teach the doctrines of the Protestants. The royal ordinance which
+established the Inquisition in Galicia was expedited in 1574, and the
+tribunal was organised in the same year.
+
+
+_Disputes with the Inquisition of Portugal._
+
+The establishment of the power of Philip II. in Portugal, after the
+death of the Cardinal King Don Henry, who had occupied the throne until
+1580, gave that prince another opportunity of signalizing his zeal for
+the Inquisition. I have already indicated the period of its institution,
+and the attendant circumstances[18]. Don Henry was inquisitor-general
+from 1539 to 1578, when he succeeded to the crown of Portugal, after the
+death of his nephew Don Sebastian. He bestowed the archbishopric of
+Lisbon, which he occupied at the time of his accession, on Don George
+Almeida, and likewise appointed him the third inquisitor-general of the
+kingdom.
+
+In 1544, Don Henry (who then occupied the see of Evora), and Cardinal
+Don Juan Pardo de Tabera, inquisitor-general of Spain, with the consent
+of their respective sovereigns, published a circular, in which they
+announced, that as the two states were so near each other, and the
+extent of the frontier favoured the flight of the persons prosecuted by
+the Inquisition, they had agreed, 1st, to communicate reciprocally
+everything which might interest the Inquisition; 2nd, to arrest in their
+respective jurisdictions those subjects who were designated; 3rdly, to
+keep them prisoners, and to claim the writings of the trial, because
+this measure was less inconvenient than the exchange of the prisoners.
+
+This convention was observed for some time; but in 1588 the inquisitors
+of Lisbon sent a requisition to those of Valladolid, to deliver up to
+them Gonzales Baez, who had been arrested at Medina del Campo: they
+replied that this demand could not be admitted, as it was contrary to
+the convention. The inquisitors of Portugal acknowledged the justice of
+this claim; but those of Spain, who in 1568 found themselves in the same
+situation, refused to conform to the measure, because they had at their
+head Cardinal Espinosa, who was all-powerful with Philip. The cardinal
+informed Don Henry that he had not ratified the convention, and that he
+considered it more proper that the prisoner should be given up to the
+tribunal which had instituted the trial. He requested Cardinal Henry to
+apply to both their sovereigns, and promised to propose to the King of
+Spain a measure which should be a general rule for all cases in future.
+
+Don Henry commissioned Francis Pereira, the Portuguese ambassador at
+Madrid, to terminate this dispute with Cardinal Espinosa. While this
+affair was being negotiated, several Spaniards who had been condemned by
+the tribunal of Llerena to be burnt in effigy as contumacious, were
+arrested in Portugal by the inquisitors of Evora, who immediately
+demanded the writings of the trial according to the convention of 1544.
+The tribunal of Llerena replied that it was impossible not to follow the
+example of Cardinal Espinosa. Almost at the same time these inquisitors
+arrested some Portuguese who had escaped from their country. The Bishop
+of Portalegre, inquisitor of Evora, reclaimed the prisoners, but the
+tribunal refused to give them up, if the inhabitants of Albuquerque, who
+had been arrested by the Inquisition of Evora, were not returned.
+Cardinal Henry yielded to the Spanish Inquisition, but wrote to them on
+the 5th of December to address a formal requisition on this subject,
+while the Inquisition of Evora would do the same to Cardinal Espinosa.
+The Supreme Council consented to this arrangement, and the prisoners
+were exchanged.
+
+The inquisitor-general, Don Henry, died in 1580. The crown of Portugal
+then descended to Philip II., as being the son of the Empress Isabella,
+the sister of John III., King of Portugal. As the office of
+grand-inquisitor was vacant, he wished to suppress it, and place
+Portugal under the dominion of that of Spain. He represented to the Pope
+that there would be more unity in the proceedings: but this attempt was
+unsuccessful, as he had only been acknowledged king, on condition that
+the crown should continue independent of that of Spain.
+
+When the Duke of Braganza was proclaimed King of Portugal in the reign
+of Philip IV., Don Francis de Castro grand-inquisitor, and Don John de
+Vasconcellas, a member of the council of the Inquisition, remained
+faithful to the King of Spain. The new sovereign (who had taken the name
+of John IV.) wished to increase his party. Influenced by the advice of
+England, which had favoured the insurrection, he resolved to restore to
+the Jews the liberty which they enjoyed before the establishment of the
+Inquisition; but he was opposed by the two inquisitors above mentioned.
+The council even condemned a decision of the university of Paris, in
+which it was said that the king could appoint and consecrate bishops
+without bulls from Rome, if Pope Innocent X. refused to grant them. John
+IV. threatened the inquisitors with imprisonment, and even with death,
+but they were ready to suffer anything rather than consent to the
+emancipation of the Jews. Don Francis de Castro died, and it was
+necessary to appoint another inquisitor-general; but the bulls of
+confirmation were not less difficult to obtain than those for bishops,
+as the Popes, Urban VIII., Innocent X., and Alexander VII., avoided
+declaring in favour of either the King of Spain or the Duke of Braganza.
+At last Portugal triumphed over the efforts of Spain, and the
+Inquisitions of the two kingdoms seldom had any communication.
+
+That I may not pass over any event tending to prove the attachment of
+Philip II. for the Inquisition, I shall here mention a project for a
+military order of the holy office, which would never have been
+conceived, if the partiality of the monarch for this tribunal had not
+been generally known.
+
+Some fanatics thought to please him by founding a new military order
+under the name of _St. Mary of the White Sword_. The object of this
+institution was to defend the Catholic religion, the kingdom of Spain,
+its frontiers, and forts, from any invasion; to prevent the ingress of
+Jews, Moors, and heretics; and to execute any measures which the
+inquisitor might command. To be a member of this order it was necessary
+to produce proofs and witnesses that they descended neither from Jews,
+Moors, nor any Spaniard condemned and punished by the holy office;
+nobility was not necessary. The members of this association were
+independent of the jurisdiction of the bishops and civil authorities;
+they were all to take the field and fight in defence of the frontier
+towns, but they acknowledged no chief but the inquisitor-general.
+
+This scheme was adopted by the provinces of Castile, Leon, the Asturias,
+Aragon, Navarre, Galicia, Guipuscoa, Alava, Biscay, Valencia, and
+Catalonia. The statutes of the order received the approbation of the
+inquisitor-general and the Supreme Council; the founders and the
+representatives of the metropolitan churches of Toledo, Seville,
+Santiago, Grenada, Tarragona, Saragossa, Valencia, and forty-eight
+noble families known for having never mixed their blood with that of the
+New Christians, addressed an humble supplication to the king to obtain
+the confirmation of them. They represented that the order of the _White
+Sword_ offered the greatest advantages to Spain; that it would increase
+the army without any expense of public treasure; that its services would
+reform and ameliorate the morals of the people; lastly, that it would
+shed fresh lustre on the nobility of the kingdom.
+
+Philip commissioned his Sovereign Council to examine the plan of this
+institution, which was likewise discussed in several assemblies
+appointed by his majesty. The opinions were various; but I shall make
+known that of a Spanish gentleman, as it deserves to be recorded.
+
+Don Pedro Venegas, of Cordova, represented to the king, that the new
+order was not necessary, as the Inquisition had not found the want of it
+in the most difficult circumstances; that the bishops reformed the
+morals of the people as much as could be expected from human nature;
+that Spain had never wanted troops even when part of the Peninsula was
+occupied by enemies; that other military orders existed, who were
+obliged to obey their respective grand-masters; that these dignities
+were now possessed by the monarch in virtue of apostolical bulls; that
+the new establishment might one day attack the authority of the
+sovereign, if the inquisitor-general made a bad use of the troops at his
+disposal; that several similar instances had been known of the
+grand-masters of the orders above mentioned; that this institution would
+create two parties in the kingdom, that of the Old Christians and that
+of the New, and that the distinction granted to the first would cause
+murders and civil wars, and threaten the monarchy with ruin.
+
+Philip II. thought seriously on what the grand-masters of the military
+orders had done, and being jealous of his authority, he was not disposed
+to place an army in the power of the inquisitor-general, who might
+follow their example; he therefore commanded that the proceedings should
+be suspended, and the interested persons informed that it had not been
+found necessary to create a new order.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+THE INQUISITION CELEBRATES AT VALLADOLID, IN 1559, TWO AUTOS-DA-FE
+AGAINST THE LUTHERANS, IN THE PRESENCE OF SOME MEMBERS OF THE ROYAL
+FAMILY.
+
+
+_First Auto-da-fe._
+
+The trial of Juan Gil, Bishop of Tortosa, so much alarmed many
+Lutherans, that they quitted the kingdom. Of this number were
+Cassiodorus de Beina, Juan Perez de Pineda, Cyprian de Valera, and
+Julian Hernandez; the three first published catechisms, translations of
+the Bible, and other works written in the Castilian tongue, in foreign
+countries[19]. Juan Perez published his at Venice in 1556, and they were
+soon after introduced into Spain by Hernandez, who was arrested by the
+Inquisition. The citations and inquiries made in consequence of the
+trial of Hernandez, in order to discover the religious opinions of the
+persons with whom he associated, caused an infinite number of trials to
+be instituted during the fifteen years following, in all the tribunals
+of Spain, particularly in those of Seville and Valladolid. In 1557 and
+1558, the Inquisition arrested a great number of persons distinguished
+by their birth, their offices, or their doctrine. Some indications found
+in the writings of the trials, of a vast scheme tending to the
+propagation of the opinions of Luther, persuaded Philip II. and the
+inquisitor Valdes that it was necessary to treat all the convicted
+persons with the utmost severity. Philip wrote to Rome on the subject on
+the 4th January, 1559. The Pope addressed to Valdes a brief, in which he
+authorized him to give over to secular justice all dogmatizing
+Lutherans, even those who had not relapsed, and who, to avoid capital
+punishment, had given equivocal signs of repentance. If history had
+nothing to allege against Philip II. and the inquisitor Valdes, but the
+solicitation for this bull, it would be sufficient to devote their names
+to infamy.
+
+On the 5th of January, 1559, a second bull revoked all the permissions
+granted for reading prohibited books, and charged the inquisitor-general
+to prosecute all who should read or keep them in their houses; and as
+his Holiness was informed that a great number of writings which tended
+to propagate the Lutheran doctrines were circulating in Spain, the bull
+commanded the confessors to ask their penitents if they knew or had
+heard of any persons possessing, reading, or dispersing them; that they
+should also impose upon them the obligation of communicating such
+circumstances to the holy office on pain of excommunication; and that
+the confessors who omitted this duty should be punished as guilty, even
+if persons they absolved were bishops, archbishops, patriarchs,
+cardinals, _kings_, or _emperors_. It is easy to perceive how much these
+measures must have increased the number of accusations; and to encourage
+the informers, Philip renewed the edict of Ferdinand V., published at
+Toro in 1505, by which they were entitled to the fourth part of the
+confiscated property.
+
+The multitude of accusations caused by these bulls, induced the
+inquisitor-general to delegate his powers to Don Pedro de la Gasca,
+Bishop of Palencia, who established himself at Valladolid, and to Don
+Juan Gonzales de Munebrega, Bishop of Tarragona, who repaired to
+Seville. Valdes at the same time executed the dispositions of another
+bull, which granted to the holy office, on account of its increased
+expenses in travelling and maintaining so great a number of prisoners,
+the revenues of a canonship in each metropolitan church, cathedral, and
+college, in the kingdom. Another brief granted them a subsidy of one
+hundred thousand ducats of gold, to be imposed on the ecclesiastical
+revenues of the kingdom, to pay the debts contracted from the same
+cause. It is surprising that, after eighty years of confiscation, the
+establishment should complain of distress. These bulls, however, were
+not sufficient to procure money, owing to the resistance of several
+chapters, particularly that of Majorca. In 1574 they still remained
+unexecuted, when Gregory XIII. confirmed them, and the King of Spain was
+obliged to force the rebel canons to submit.
+
+The arrest and trial of so great a number of Spaniards necessarily
+caused an _auto-da-fe_ to be celebrated in many tribunals; but as the
+victims in those of Valladolid and Seville were persons distinguished,
+some for their nobility, others for their doctrine, and all for the
+purity of their lives, the ceremonies in these cities were more noted
+than the others; and I do not hesitate in affirming that all that has
+been written against the Spanish Inquisition in Germany and France was
+only caused by the treatment of the Lutherans at Seville and Valladolid
+(for, until then, scarcely anything had been written on the subject),
+though the number of Lutherans who perished was small, when compared to
+the enormous and almost incredible number of those who had suffered as
+Jews or Mahometans.
+
+The first solemn _auto-da-fe_ of Valladolid was celebrated on the 21st
+of May, 1559, in the grand square, and in the presence of the Prince Don
+Carlos, and the Princess Juana, of the civil authorities, and of a
+considerable number of the grandees of Spain, besides an immense
+multitude of people. The arrangement of the scaffolds and seats have
+been already described in several works, and represented in prints.
+Fourteen persons were relaxed, the bones and effigy of a woman burnt,
+and sixteen individuals were admitted to reconciliation, with penances.
+Some details of the principal persons may be found interesting.
+
+Donna Eleonora de Vibero (the wife of Pedro Cazalla, who held an office
+in the Treasury), daughter of Juan de Vibero, who had a similar
+employment, and Constance Ortiz, was proprietress of a chapel in the
+Benedictine convent of Valladolid. She had been interred without any
+doubt of her orthodoxy; but she was accused of Lutheranism by the fiscal
+of the Inquisition, though he said she had concealed her opinions, by
+receiving the sacraments and the eucharist at her death. He supported
+his accusation by the testimony of several witnesses who had been
+tortured or threatened, the result of which was that the house of
+Eleonora de Vibero had been used as a temple by the Lutherans. Her
+memory and her posterity were condemned to infamy, her property
+confiscated, her body disinterred and burnt with her effigy, and her
+house razed to the ground, and prohibited from being rebuilt; a monument
+with an inscription relating to this event was placed on the spot. I
+have seen the column and the inscription; I have heard that it was
+destroyed in 1809.
+
+The other principal persons who perished in this _auto-da-fe_ were,
+Doctor Augustin Cazalla, priest and canon of Salamanca, almoner and
+preacher to the king and emperor; he was the son of Pedro Cazalla and
+Eleonora de Vibero, and descended from the Jews both by his father and
+mother. He was accused of professing the Lutheran heresy; of having
+dogmatized in the Lutheran conventicle of Valladolid, and corresponded
+with the heretics of Seville. Cazalla denied the facts imputed to him in
+several declarations on oath, and in others which he presented when the
+_publication of the proofs_ took place. The torture was decreed:
+Cazalla, on the 4th of March, was conducted to the dungeon where it was
+to be inflicted, but it did not take place, as the prisoner promised to
+make a confession. He gave it in writing, and ratified it on the 16th,
+acknowledging that he was a Lutheran, but denied having taught the
+doctrine. He explained the motives which had prevented him from making
+this declaration before; and promised to be a good catholic for the
+future, if reconciliation was granted to him; but the inquisitors did
+not think proper to spare him the capital punishment, as the witnesses
+affirmed that he had dogmatized. Cazalla, however, continued to give
+every possible proof of conversion until his execution: when he saw that
+death was inevitable, he began to preach to his companions in
+misfortune. Two days before his death, he related some particulars of
+his life. He was born in 1510: at the age of seventeen he had
+Bartholomew Carranza de Miranda for his confessor, in the college of St.
+Gregory at Valladolid; he continued his studies at Alcala de Henares,
+where he remained till 1536. In 1545 Charles V. made him his preacher;
+in the following year he accompanied that prince to Germany, and stayed
+there till 1552, preaching against the Lutherans; he returned in that
+year to Spain, and retired to Salamanca, where he lived for three years,
+going sometimes to Valladolid. He once attended, by the emperor's order,
+at an assembly where Don Antonio Fonseca, president of the Royal Council
+of Castile, presided, and at which the Licentiate Otalora, the Doctors
+Ribera and Velasco, auditors of the council and chancery, and Brothers
+Alphonso de Castro and Bartholomew Carranza assisted. The object of the
+meeting was to decide on the course to be pursued on the occasion of
+certain briefs which the Court of Rome had expedited against those who
+approved of the decrees of the Council of Trent, which continued to
+assemble in that city, though the Pope had commanded that it should be
+transferred to Bologna. Cazalla declared that all the members of the
+junta acknowledged that the Pope only acted from motives of personal
+interest; and that Bartholomew Carranza particularly distinguished
+himself by inveighing against the abuses of the Court of Rome. On the
+20th of May, the day before his death, he received a visit from Brother
+Antonio de la Carrera, a monk of St. Jerome, who was sent to him by the
+inquisitors, to inform him that they were not satisfied with his
+declarations, and to exhort him, for the good of his conscience, to
+confess all that he knew of himself and others. Cazalla answered, that
+he could not say more, without bearing false-witness. The monk replied,
+that he had always denied that he had dogmatized, though the contrary
+was proved by the witnesses. He said, that this crime had been unjustly
+imputed to him; that he was guilty of not having undeceived those who
+held bad doctrines; but that he had only spoken of his opinions to
+persons who thought as he did: Brother Antonio then exhorted him to
+prepare for death on the following day. This information was a
+thunderbolt to Cazalla, who had expected to be admitted to a
+reconciliation. He demanded if his punishment might not be commuted:
+Carrera told him, that if he confessed what he had hitherto concealed,
+he might hope for mercy. _Well then_, said Cazalla, _I must prepare to
+die in the grace of God; for it is impossible that I should add anything
+to what I have already said, unless I lie_. He then began to encourage
+himself to suffer death; he confessed several times in the same night,
+and the next day to Antonio de la Carrera. When he arrived at the place
+of the _auto-da-fe_, he asked permission to preach to those who were to
+suffer with him; he could not obtain it, but he addressed a few words to
+them: as he was a penitent, he was strangled before, he was burnt. When
+he was fastened to the stake, he confessed for the last time, and his
+confessor was so affected by all that he had seen and heard during the
+last twenty-four hours, that he afterwards wrote, "that he had no doubt
+that Doctor Cazalla was in Heaven."
+
+Francis de Vibero Cazalla, brother to Augustin, a priest, and Curate of
+Hormigos in the diocese of Palencia, at first denied the charges,
+confessed them when tortured, ratified his confession, and demanded to
+be admitted to reconciliation. This was refused, as it was supposed that
+he had only confessed from the fear of death. In fact, he ridiculed his
+brother's exhortations on the scaffold, and expired in the flames
+without showing any signs of repentance. He was degraded from the
+priesthood, as well as his brother, before he ascended the scaffold.
+
+Donna Beatrice de Cazalla, sister to the above-mentioned persons, and
+Alphonso Perez, at first denied the charges, confessed during the
+torture, demanded reconciliation, but were strangled and burnt.
+
+Don Christobal de Ocampo, of Seville, a knight of the order of St. John,
+and almoner to the Grand Prior of Castile and Leon, and Don Christobal
+de Padilla, a knight and inhabitant of Zamora, were condemned to the
+same punishment for Lutheranism.
+
+The licentiate Antonio Herrezuelo, a lawyer of the city of Toro,
+condemned as a Lutheran, died without any signs of repentance. Doctor
+Cazalla addressed some words to him in particular; Antonio ridiculed his
+discourse, although he was already fastened to the stake. One of the
+archers, furious at so much courage, plunged his lance into the body of
+Herrezuelo; he died without uttering a word.
+
+Juan Garcia, a goldsmith of Valladolid, and the licentiate Perez de
+Herrera, judge of the court against smugglers, in Logrono, suffered as
+Lutherans. Gonzalez Baez, the Portuguese mentioned in the preceding
+chapter, suffered as a Judaic heretic.
+
+Donna Catherine de Ortega, widow of the commander Loaisa, and daughter
+to Hernand Diaz, fiscal of the Royal Council of Castile, was condemned
+as a Lutheran, and made her confession. She suffered the same fate with
+Catherine Roman de Pedrosa, Isabella d'Estrada, and Jane Blazquiez, a
+servant of the Marchioness d'Alcanizes. None of these persons had
+dogmatized, none had relapsed, but they were condemned because they only
+confessed during the torture.
+
+Among the persons reconciled were distinguished,--Don Pedro Sarmiento de
+Roxas, a knight of the order of St. Jago, commander of Quintana, and the
+son of the first Marquis of Poza. He was condemned as a Lutheran,
+deprived of his orders, clothed in the perpetual _San-benito_,
+imprisoned for life, devoted to infamy, and his property confiscated.
+
+Don Louis de Roxas, nephew of the above, was charged with the same
+crime; he was exiled from Madrid, Valladolid, and Palencia, and
+prohibited from leaving Spain; his property was confiscated, and he was
+declared incapable of succeeding to the marquisate of Poza, which passed
+to his youngest brother.
+
+Donna Mencia de Figueroa, wife of Don Pedro Sarmiento de Roxas, and an
+attendant of the Queen of Spain, was condemned, for Lutheranism, to wear
+the _San-benito_, to imprisonment for life, and the confiscation of her
+property.
+
+Donna Anna Henriquez de Roxas, daughter of the Marquis d'Alcanizes, and
+the wife of Don Juan Alphonso de Fonseca Mexia, was condemned as a
+Lutheran. She appeared in the _auto-da-fe_ with the _San-benito_, and
+was afterwards shut up in a monastery. She was twenty-four years of age,
+was perfectly acquainted with the Latin tongue, and had read the works
+of Calvin, and those of Constantine Ponce de la Fuente.
+
+Donna Maria de Roxas, a nun of the convent of St. Catherine of
+Valladolid, and daughter to the first Marquis de Poza. She was condemned
+as a Lutheran, conducted to the _auto-da-fe_ with the _San-benito_, and
+secluded for life in her convent. The Inquisition commanded that she
+should be treated as the lowest in the community in the choir and
+refectory, and deprived of the power of voting.
+
+Don Juan de Ulloa Pereira, a knight commander of the order of St. John
+of Jerusalem. He was son and brother to the Lords de la Mota, who were
+soon after made Marquisses, and an inhabitant of Toro. He was condemned,
+for Lutheranism, to wear the _San-benito_, to be imprisoned for life,
+and to be deprived of his property. He was declared infamous, incapable
+of obtaining dignities, stript of the habit and cross of his order, and
+banished from Madrid, Valladolid, and Toro, but was prohibited from
+quitting the kingdom. In 1565, Ulloa represented his situation to the
+Pope, reminding him of his services in fighting against the Turks,
+particularly when he took five ships of the pirate Caramani Arraez; he
+added that the inquisitor-general had remitted the continuation of his
+penance for more than a year, but that he wished to regain his rank as a
+knight, as he was still capable of serving. The Pope granted a brief in
+favour of Ulloa, rehabilitating him in his privileges as a knight, with
+a particular clause, stating that what had passed could not prevent him
+from attaining the superior dignities of his order, provided the
+inquisitor-general and the grand master of Malta approved the decree.
+Ulloa was then reinstated in his commandery.
+
+Juan de Vibero Cazalla, a brother of Augustin, and Donna Juana Silva de
+Ribera, his wife, were condemned, as Lutherans, to be deprived of their
+liberty and their property, and to wear the _San-benito_.
+
+Donna Constance de Vibero Cazalla, sister of Augustin, and widow of
+Hernand Ortiz, was condemned to wear the _San-benito_, to perpetual
+imprisonment, and the confiscation of her property. When Augustin saw
+his sister pass, he turned to the princess governess, and said to her:
+_Princess, I entreat your highness to have compassion on that
+unfortunate woman, who will leave thirteen orphans_.
+
+Eleonora de Cisneros, aged twenty-four, the wife of Antonio Herrezuelo,
+and Donna Francisca Zuniga de Baeza, were condemned to the
+_San-benito_, imprisonment, and confiscation.
+
+Marina de Saavedra, the widow of Juan Cisneros de Soto, a distinguished
+gentleman, Isabella Minguez, a servant of Donna Beatrice Cazalla, and
+Antonio Minguez, the brother of Isabella, suffered the same punishment.
+
+Anthony Wasor, an Englishman, servant to Don Louis de Roxas, was
+condemned to wear the _San-benito_, to lose his property, and be
+confined in a convent for one year.
+
+Daniel de la Quadra lost his liberty and property, and took the
+perpetual _San-benito_, as a Lutheran.
+
+The sermon on the faith was preached by the celebrated Melchior Cano,
+after all the assembly had witnessed a scandalous transaction. When the
+court and all the other attendants had taken their places, Don Francis
+Baca, Inquisitor of Valladolid, advanced towards the Prince of Asturias,
+Don Carlos, and his aunt, the princess Juana, to demand and receive from
+them an oath to maintain and defend the Inquisition, and to reveal to it
+all that might have been said against the faith by any person within
+their knowledge. It had been decreed at the establishment of the
+Inquisition, that the magistrate who presided at an _auto-da-fe_ should
+take a similar oath, but sovereigns cannot be considered as magistrates.
+Don Carlos and his aunt took the oath, but subsequent events show how
+much he was displeased at the boldness of this inquisitor: he was then
+aged fourteen years.
+
+
+_Second Auto-da-fe._
+
+The second _Auto-da-fe_ of Valladolid took place on the 8th of October,
+in the same year, 1559; it was still more splendid than the first, on
+account of the presence of Philip II. The inquisitors had waited his
+return from the Low Countries, to do him honour in this grand festival.
+
+Thirteen persons, with a corpse and an effigy, were burnt, and sixteen
+admitted to reconciliation. The king was accompanied by his son, his
+sister, the Prince of Parma, three ambassadors from France, the
+Archbishop of Seville, the Bishops of Palencia and Zamora, and other
+bishops elect; there were also present, the constable and admiral, the
+Dukes de Naxara and d'Arcos, the Marquis de Denia, afterwards Duke of
+Lerma, the Marquis d'Astorga, and the Count de Urena, afterwards Duke of
+Ossuna, the Count de Benavente, the Count de Buendia, the last
+grand-master of the military order of Montesa, Don Louis Borgia, the
+Grand Prior of Castile and Leon, a knight of the order of St. John of
+Jerusalem, Don Antonio de Toledo, son and brother to the Dukes of Alva;
+several other grandees of Spain, not named in the verbal-process of this
+execution, and many persons of lower rank: the Countess de Ribadabia,
+and other ladies of distinction, besides the councils, the tribunals,
+and other authorities.
+
+The sermon on the faith was preached by the Bishop of Cuenca: the
+Bishops of Palencia and Zamora degraded the condemned priests; and the
+inquisitor-general, the Archbishop of Seville, demanded and received
+from the king the same oath which had been administered to Don Carlos.
+The condemned persons were:--
+
+Don Carlos de Seso, a noble of Verona, son to the Bishop of Placenza in
+Italy, and one of the most noble families in the country; he was
+forty-three years of age, passed for a learned man, who had rendered
+great services to the emperor, and had held the office of Corregidor of
+Toro. He married Donna Isabella de Castilla, daughter of Don Francis de
+Castilla, who were descended from the king Don Pedro _the Cruel_. After
+his marriage he settled at Villamediana, near Logrono. He there openly
+preached heresy, and was the principal author of the progress of
+Lutheranism at Valladolid, Palencia, Zamora, and the boroughs depending
+on those cities. He was arrested at Logrono, and taken to the secret
+prisons of Valladolid. He answered the requisition of the fiscal on the
+28th of June, 1558. His sentence was communicated to him on the 7th of
+October, 1559, and he was told to prepare to suffer death on the
+following day. De Seso asked for ink and paper, and wrote his
+confession, which was entirely Lutheran; he said that this doctrine, and
+not that taught by the Roman Church, which had been corrupted for
+several centuries, was the true faith of the gospel; that he would die
+in that belief, and that he offered himself to God in memory of the
+passion of Jesus Christ. It would be difficult to express the vigour and
+energy of his writing, which filled two sheets of paper. De Seso was
+exhorted during the night, and on the morning of the 8th, but without
+success; he was gagged, that he might not have the power of preaching
+his doctrine. When he was fastened to the stake, the gag was taken from
+his mouth, and he was again exhorted to confess himself; he replied with
+a loud voice, and great firmness: "If I had sufficient time, I would
+convince you that you are lost, by not following my example. Hasten to
+light the wood which is to consume me." The executioners complied, and
+De Seso died impenitent.
+
+Pedro de Cazalla, curate of the parish of Pedrosa; he was the brother of
+Augustin Cazalla, and aged thirty-three. He was arrested on the 23rd of
+April, 1558, and confessed that he was a Lutheran. He demanded to be
+reconciled, but was sentenced to be _relaxed_ because he had preached
+the heretical doctrine. On the 7th of October he was informed of his
+sentence, but refused to confess; when he was fastened to the stake, he
+asked for a confessor, and was then strangled, and afterwards burnt.
+
+Dominic Sanchez, a priest of Villamediana, adopted the Lutheran heresy,
+after having heard De Seso and read his books. He was condemned to be
+burnt, and followed the example of Pedro de Cazalla.
+
+Dominic de Roxas, a Dominican priest; he was a disciple of Bartholomew
+Carranza. His father was the Marquis de Poza, who had two children
+punished in the first _auto-da-fe_. Brother Dominic was forty years of
+age. He was taken at Calahorra, disguised as a layman; he had taken the
+habit to conceal himself from the agents of the Inquisition, until he
+could escape to Flanders, after an interview which he wished to have
+with Don Carlos de Seso. He made his first declaration before the Holy
+Office, on the 13th of May, 1558; he was obliged to make several others,
+because he retracted in one what he advanced in another; he was
+condemned to the torture for these recantations. Brother Dominic
+intreated that he might be spared the horrors of the question, as he
+dreaded it more than death. This request was granted on condition that
+he would promise to reveal what he had hitherto concealed; he consented,
+and added several new declarations to the first; he afterwards demanded
+to be reconciled. On the 7th of October, he was exhorted to prepare for
+death; he then made some discoveries in favour of persons against whom
+he had spoken in the preceding examinations; but he refused to confess,
+and when he descended from the scaffold of the _auto-da-fe_, he turned
+towards the king, and exclaimed, that he was going to die for the true
+faith, which was that of Luther. Philip II. commanded that he should be
+gagged. He was still in that situation when he was fastened to the
+stake; but when they began to light the fire his courage failed, he
+demanded a confessor, received absolution, and was strangled.
+
+Juan Sanchez, a servant of Pedro de Cazalla, and Donna Catherine
+Hortega; he was thirty-three years of age. The fear of being arrested by
+the Inquisition induced him to go to Valladolid, in order to escape to
+the Low Countries, under the forged name of Juan de Vibar. The
+inquisitors were informed of his intention by his letters written at
+Castrourdiales, addressed to Donna Catherine Hortega, while she was in
+prison. The inquisitors gave information to the king, who commissioned
+Don Francis de Castilla Alcalde, of the court, to arrest him. Sanchez
+was taken at Turlingen, and transferred to Valladolid, where he was
+condemned to _relaxation_, as a dogmatizing and impenitent Lutheran. He
+was gagged until he was fastened to the stake. As he did not ask for a
+confessor, the pile was lighted, and when the cords which held him were
+burnt, he darted to the top of the scaffold, from whence he could see
+that several of the condemned confessed, that they might avoid the
+flames. The priests again exhorted him to confess, but seeing that De
+Seso remained firm in his resolution, he returned and told them to add
+more wood, for that he would die like Don Carlos de Seso. The archers
+and executioners obeyed his injunctions, and he perished in the flames.
+
+Donna Euphrosyne Rios, a nun of the order of Santa Clara of Valladolid,
+was convicted of Lutheranism by twenty-two witnesses; she continued
+impenitent until she was fastened to the stake, when she confessed, and
+was strangled and burnt.
+
+Donna Marina de Guevara, a nun of the convent of Belen at Valladolid, of
+the order of Cistercians; she was related to the family of Poza. Marina
+confessed the facts, but could not avoid her condemnation, though she
+demanded to be reconciled. This was the more surprising, as the
+inquisitor-general made great efforts to save her life; he was the
+intimate friend of several of her relations, and being informed that the
+inquisitors of Valladolid intended to condemn her, he authorized Don
+Alphonso Tellez Giron, Lord of Montalban and cousin to Marina, and the
+Duke of Ossuna, to visit the accused, and press her to confess what she
+denied, and the witnesses affirmed; but Marina said that she could not
+add anything to what she had already declared.
+
+She was condemned to be _relaxed_, but the sentence was not immediately
+published, as it was the custom to do so only on the day before the
+_auto-da-fe_; and as the rules of 1541 allow the sentence of death to
+be revoked if the criminals repent before they are given up to secular
+justice, the inquisitor-general sent Don Alphonso Giron a second time to
+his cousin, to exhort her to confess all, and avoid death. This conduct
+of Valdes displeased the inquisitors of Valladolid, who spoke of it as a
+singular and scandalous preference. Valdes applied to the Supreme
+Council, which commanded that the visit should be made in the presence
+of one or two inquisitors. This last attempt did not succeed better than
+the first; Marina persisted in her declaration, and was burnt.
+
+Donna Catherine de Reinoso, a nun in the same convent, Donna Margaret de
+Santisteban, and Donna, Maria de Miranda, nuns of Santa Clara at
+Valladolid, were likewise strangled and burnt as Lutherans.
+
+Pedro de Sotelo and Francis d'Almarzo suffered the same punishment for
+Lutheranism, with Francis Blanco, a New Christian; who had abjured
+Mahometanism, and had afterwards fallen into error.
+
+Jane Sanchez, of the class of women called Beates, was condemned as a
+Lutheran: when she was informed of her sentence, she cut her throat with
+a pair of scissors, and died impenitent some days after in prison. Her
+corpse was taken to the _auto-da-fe_ on a bier, and burnt with her
+effigy.
+
+Sixteen persons were condemned to penances. I shall only mention those
+distinguished for their rank or the nature of their trials.
+
+Donna Isabella de Castilla, the wife of Don Carlos de Seso, voluntarily
+confessed that she had adopted some of her husband's opinions; she was
+condemned to wear the _san-benito_, to be imprisoned for life, and to be
+deprived of her property.
+
+Donna Catherine de Castilla, the niece of the above, suffered the same
+punishment.
+
+Donna Francisca de Zuniga Reinoso, sister to Donna Catherine, who was
+burnt in the same _auto-da-fe_, and a nun in the same convent was
+condemned, with Donna Philippina de Heredia and Donna Catherine
+d'Alcaraz, two of her companions, to be deprived of the power of voting
+in her community, and prohibited from going out of the convent.
+
+Antonio Sanchez, an inhabitant of Salamanca, was punished as a false
+witness; it was proved that he had deposed falsely for the purpose of
+causing a Jew to be burnt: he was condemned to receive two hundred
+stripes; was deprived of half his property, and sent to the galleys for
+five years. The compassion of the inquisitors for this sort of criminals
+is an incontestable fact, although they did not hesitate to condemn
+heretics to death, if they had only concealment, or an insincere
+repentance to reproach them with.
+
+Pedro d'Aguilar, a shearer, born at Tordesillas, pretended to be an
+alguazil of the Inquisition, and appeared at Valladolid with the _wand_
+of the Holy Office on the day of the celebration of the first
+_auto-da-fe_; he afterwards went to a town in the province of Campos,
+where he said that he was commissioned to open the tomb of a bishop, and
+take the bones to be burnt in an _auto-da-fe_, as belonging to a man who
+had died in the Judaic heresy. Pedro was condemned to receive four
+hundred stripes, to have his property confiscated, and to be sent to the
+galleys for life. This affair proves that the inquisitors considered it
+a much greater crime to pretend to be an alguazil of the Holy Office,
+than to bear false-witness, and to cause the death of a man, the
+confiscation of his property, and the condemnation of his posterity to
+infamy!
+
+Such is the history of the two celebrated _autos-da-fe_ of Valladolid,
+of which so much has been said, although nothing certain was known of
+them. It is an interesting circumstance that the Inquisition was at the
+same time proceeding against forty-five persons distinguished for their
+rank or personal qualities; of these forty-five persons, ten had been
+arrested. It is not to be supposed that the inquisitors only prosecuted
+these persons: the trial of Carranza, Archbishop of Seville, was the
+origin of a great number against bishops and other distinguished
+individuals. I have confined myself to those of which I could consult
+the papers; it would be a task beyond the strength of one man to read
+all that have accumulated in the archives.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+HISTORY OF TWO AUTOS-DA-FE, CELEBRATED AGAINST THE LUTHERANS IN THE CITY
+OF SEVILLE.
+
+
+An _auto-da-fe_ was celebrated on the 24th of September, 1559, in the
+place of St. Francis, at Seville, not less remarkable for the rank of
+the condemned, than for the nature of their trials. Four bishops
+attended at it; the coadjutor of Seville, those of Largo and the
+Canaries, who happened to be in the city, and of Tarrazona, whom the
+king had authorized to reside at Seville as vice-inquisitor-general.
+
+The inquisitors of the district of Seville were Don Michel del Carpio,
+Don Andres Gasco, and Don Francis Galdo; Don Juan de Obando represented
+the archbishop. I make this remark, to show that none of the judges were
+named _Vargas_, as the author of a romance entitled _Cornelia Bororquia_
+has asserted.
+
+This _auto-da-fe_ was celebrated before the royal court of justice, the
+chapter of the cathedral, some grandees of Spain, and a great number of
+titled persons and gentlemen; the Duchess of Bejar was present with
+several ladies, and an immense concourse of people. Twenty-one persons
+were _relaxed_, with an effigy of a contumacious person, and eighty
+persons condemned to penances, the greatest number of whom were
+Lutherans; I shall mention the most remarkable instances.
+
+The effigy was that of Francis Zafra, the beneficed priest of the parish
+of St. Vincent of Seville, who was condemned as a Lutheran, but had made
+his escape. Gonzalez de Montes gives a long account of this man, which I
+found to be correct, on examining the papers of the holy office. He says
+that Francis Zafra was well versed in the Scriptures; for some time he
+succeeded in concealing his inclination to Lutheranism, and was employed
+by the inquisitors to qualify denounced propositions, and that he was
+thus enabled to save many persons from being condemned. He had received
+into his house one of the women called _Beates_, who (after obstinately
+supporting the new doctrines) became so much deranged, that he was
+obliged to confine and scourge her, to calm her violence. In 1555, this
+woman escaped, and denounced three hundred persons as Lutherans to the
+Inquisition: the inquisitors drew up a list of them; Francis Zafra was
+summoned, and although he was mentioned as one of the principal
+heretics, proved that they could not receive the evidence of a person
+whose mind was so much disordered[20]. As the holy office never
+neglected anything that could assist in discovering heresy, this list
+caused the conduct of many persons to be strictly observed, and more
+than eight hundred were arrested; Francis Zafra was one of the
+prisoners, but he contrived to escape, and was burnt in effigy as
+contumacious.
+
+The first person I shall mention as condemned to relaxation, was Donna
+Isabella de Baena, a rich lady of Seville. Her house was razed to the
+ground for having served as a temple to the Lutherans.
+
+I find, among the other victims at Seville, Don Juan Ponce de Leon,
+youngest son to the Count de Baylen; he was cousin-german to the Duke
+d'Arcos, and related to the Duchess de Bejar, who were both present at
+his _auto-da-fe_. He was condemned as an impenitent Lutheran: he at
+first denied the charges, but confessed during the torture: the
+inquisitors sent a priest, with whom he was well acquainted, to persuade
+him that it would be to his advantage if he confessed the truth. Ponce
+was deceived, and made the confession they required; but on discovering
+his mistake, the day before the _auto-da-fe_, he made one truly
+Lutheran, and treated the priest who attended him with contempt.
+Gonzalez de Montes pretends that he persisted in his sentiments, but he
+is mistaken, for Ponce confessed when he was fastened to the stake, and
+strangled before he was burnt.
+
+Don Juan Gonzalez, a priest of Seville, and a celebrated preacher of
+Andalusia, embraced Mahometanism at twelve years of age, because his
+parents were Moors, but he was reconciled by the Inquisition. Some time
+after he was imprisoned as a Lutheran, but obstinately persisted in
+refusing to confess, even when tortured; affirming that his opinions
+were founded on the Holy Scriptures, and that, consequently, he could
+not be a heretic. This example was imitated by his two sisters, who
+suffered in the same _auto-da-fe_: When the gags were taken from their
+mouths, Don Juan told them to sing the 106th psalm. They died (say the
+Protestants) in the faith of Jesus Christ, and detesting the errors of
+the _Papists_.
+
+Brother Garcia de Arias (surnamed the _White Doctor_, on account of the
+extreme whiteness of his hair) was a Jeronimite of the Convent of St.
+Isidore, at Seville; he was condemned as an impenitent Lutheran, and
+perished in the flames. He had professed the doctrines of Luther for
+several years, but his sentiments were known only to the principal
+partisans of the heresy, such as Vargas, Egidius, and Constantine: his
+prudence was so great, that he was looked upon as an orthodox theologian
+and of the greatest piety: he even carried his dissimulation so far as
+to profess to be an enemy to the Lutherans. He was several times
+employed to qualify heretical propositions, and appeared to be so
+devoted to the inquisitorial system, that though he was denounced
+several times, the inquisitors declared that the informers acted out of
+hatred to him. However, the informations were communicated to him, that
+he might be more cautious in his conversations with suspicious persons.
+
+His conduct towards Gregorio Riuz ought to be recorded. Riuz was
+denounced for some explanations of doctrine in a sermon; being obliged
+to appear and defend his doctrine before theologians, he applied to his
+friend, the White Doctor, who wished to hear his exposition of the
+principles he intended for his defence, and the solutions he had
+prepared for the difficulties which he might meet with. When the
+assembly took place, the Inquisitors commissioned Arias to argue against
+Riuz, who was much surprised to see him at this conference, and still
+more so, when he heard him speak in such a manner, that the answers he
+had prepared were entirely useless. Riuz sunk under this attack, and the
+doctor Arias was severely reproached for his treachery by the Lutheran
+doctors, Vargas, Egidius, and Constantine.
+
+Arias taught the Lutheran doctrine to some monks of his convent: one of
+them (Brother Cassiodorus) made so much progress in it, that he
+converted almost all the monks of the community, so that the monastic
+exercises were no longer practised. Twelve of these persons being
+alarmed at this state of things fled to Germany; the rest who remained
+at Seville, were condemned by the Inquisition. The same fate awaited
+Garcia d'Arias; the depositions against him continued to multiply, and
+he was at last arrested. Foreseeing the result of his trial, he made a
+confession of his faith, and undertook to prove, that the opinions of
+Luther were founded on the gospel. He persevered in his impenitence, and
+no Catholic could convert him, because he understood doctrine better
+than those who disputed with him.
+
+Donna Maria de Virues, Donna Maria Cornel, and Donna Maria Bohorques,
+also perished in this _auto-da-fe_. They were all young, and of the
+highest class of nobility. The history of the last of these ladies ought
+to be made known, on account of some circumstances in her trial, and
+because a Spaniard has composed a _novel_ under the title of _Cornelia
+Bororquia_, which he affirms to be rather a history than a romance,
+although it is neither the one nor the other, but a collection of scenes
+and events badly conceived, in which he has not even given the actors
+their true names, from not having understood the History of the
+Inquisition by Limborch. This historian has mentioned two of the ladies
+by the names of _Cornelia_ and _Bohorquia_, which means _Donna Maria
+Cornel_, and _Donna Maria Bohorquia_. The Spanish author has united
+these names, to designate _Cornelia Bororquia_ an imaginary person. He
+has supposed a love-intrigue between her and the inquisitor-general,
+which is absurd, since he was at Madrid. He has also introduced
+examinations which never took place in the tribunal; in short, the
+intention of the author was to criticise and ridicule the Inquisition,
+and the fear of being punished for it induced him to fly to Bayonne. A
+good cause becomes bad when falsehood is employed in its defence: the
+true history of the Inquisition is sufficient to show how much it merits
+the detestation of the human race, and it is therefore useless to employ
+fictions or satire. The same may be said of the _Gusmanade_, a French
+poem, containing assertions false and injurious to the memory of St.
+Dominic de Guzman, whose personal conduct was very pure, though he may
+be blamed for his conduct to the Albigenses.
+
+Donna Maria de Bohorques, was the natural daughter of Pedro Garcia de
+Xerez Bohorques of one of the first families of Seville, and from which
+sprung the Marquises de Ruchena, grandees of the first class. She was
+not twenty-one years of age when she was arrested as a Lutheran. She had
+been instructed by the doctor, Juan Gil (or Egidius), was perfectly
+acquainted with the Latin language, and understood Greek; she had many
+Lutheran books, and had committed to memory the Gospels, and some of the
+principal works which explain the text in a Lutheran sense. She was
+conducted to the secret prisons, where she acknowledged her opinions,
+and defended them as Catholic. She said that some of the facts and
+propositions contained in the depositions were true, but denied the
+others, either because she had forgotten them, or was afraid to
+compromise others. She was then tortured, and confessed that her sister,
+Jane Bohorques, was acquainted with her sentiments, and had not
+disapproved them. The fatal consequences of this confession will be
+shown hereafter. The definitive sentence was pronounced, and Maria
+Bohorques was condemned to _relaxation_. As the sentence was not
+communicated to the prisoner till the day before the _auto-da-fe_, the
+inquisitors desired that Maria should be exhorted during the interval.
+Two Jesuits and two Dominicans were successively sent to her. They
+returned full of admiration at the learning of the prisoner, but
+displeased at her obstinacy, in explaining the texts of Scripture which
+they proposed, in a Lutheran sense. On the day before the _auto-da-fe_,
+two other Dominicans went with the first, to make a last effort to
+convert Maria, and they were followed by several other theologians of
+different religious orders. Maria received them with as much pleasure as
+politeness, but she told them, that they might spare themselves the
+trouble of speaking to her of their doctrines, as they could not be more
+concerned for her salvation than she was herself; that she would
+renounce her opinions if she felt the least uncertainty; but that she
+was still more convinced that she was right, since so many _popish_
+theologians had not been able to advance any arguments, for which she
+had not prepared a solid and conclusive answer. At the place of
+execution, Don Juan Ponce de Leon, who had abjured heresy, exhorted
+Maria to do the same. She received his advice very ill, and called him
+_ignorant, an idiot, and a babbler_: she added, that it was no longer a
+time to dispute, and that the few moments they had to live ought to be
+employed in meditating on the passion and death of their Redeemer, to
+reanimate the faith by which they were to be justified and saved.
+Although she was so obstinate, several priests, and a great number of
+monks, earnestly entreated that she might be spared, in consideration of
+her extreme youth and surprising merit, if she would consent to repeat
+the _Credo_. The inquisitors granted their request; but scarcely had
+Maria finished it, than she began to interpret the articles on the
+Catholic faith, and the judgment of the quick and the dead, according to
+the opinions of Luther: they did not give her time to conclude; the
+executioner strangled her, and she was afterwards burnt. Such is the
+true history of Maria Bohorques, according to the writings of the
+Inquisition.
+
+Paul IV. died at Rome on the 18th of August, 1559, a few days before the
+_auto-da-fe_ at Seville. When the Romans learnt this event, they went in
+crowds to the Inquisition, set all the prisoners at liberty, and burnt
+the house and the archives of the tribunal. It cost much money and
+trouble to prevent the enraged populace from burning the convent _De la
+Sapienza_ of the Dominicans, who conducted all the affairs of the Roman
+Inquisition. The principal commissioner was wounded, and his house
+burnt. The statue of Paul IV. was taken from the capitol and destroyed;
+the arms of the house of Carafa were everywhere defaced, and even the
+mortal remains of the Pope would have been abused, if the Canons of the
+Vatican had not interred him secretly, and if the guards had not
+defended the pontifical residence[21]. This revolt of the Romans did not
+alarm the inquisitors of Spain, where the people had been brought up by
+the monks in different principles from those professed by their
+ancestors under the reign of Ferdinand, and the first ten years of that
+of Charles V.
+
+
+_Auto-da-fe of the year 1560._
+
+The inquisitors of Seville, who had perhaps depended on the presence of
+Philip II., prepared another _auto-da-fe_ for him similar to that of
+Valladolid. When they had lost all hope of that honour, the ceremony was
+performed: it took place on the 22nd of December, 1560. Fourteen
+individuals were burnt in person (_i. e._ relaxed), and three in effigy;
+thirty-four were subjected to penances, and the reconciliation of three
+other persons was read before the _auto-da-fe_. The effigies were those
+of the Doctors Egidius, Constantine, and Juan Perez.
+
+Constantine Ponce de la Fuente was born at _San Clemente de la Mancha_,
+in the diocese of Cuenca; he finished his studies at Alcala de Henares,
+with the Doctor Juan Gil, or _Egidius_; and with Vargas, who died during
+his trial. These three theologians were the principal chiefs of the
+Lutherans at Seville, whom they secretly directed, enjoying at the same
+time the reputation of good Catholics and virtuous priests. Egidius
+preached much in the metropolitan church; Constantine was less ardent in
+his zeal, but he obtained as much applause; Vargas explained the
+Scriptures in the pulpit of the municipality. Constantine refused the
+dignity of magisterial canon, which was offered to him both by the
+Chapter of Cuenca and that of Toledo. Charles V. appointed him his
+almoner and preacher; in this quality he took him to Germany, where he
+made a long stay. On his return to Seville, he directed the College _de
+la Doctrina_, and there established a pulpit to preach the Holy
+Scriptures, of which he appointed the salary: he undertook to fill the
+office, and during this period the Canons' corporation offered him the
+place of magisterial canon; exempting him from the usual competition.
+Some of the canons recollecting the unfortunate consequences of the
+election of Juan Gil (who was appointed in the same manner), wished that
+the competition should take place. Constantine was requested to submit
+to it, and assured that he would triumph over the competitors. This, in
+fact, took place in 1556, in opposition to the appeals and intrigues of
+the only person who had the courage to compete with him. While
+Constantine continued to enjoy general esteem, the declarations of a
+great number of prisoners who were arrested for Lutheranism, caused his
+arrest in 1558, some months before the death of Charles V. During the
+time that he was preparing his defence, an accident happened which
+rendered it useless.
+
+Isabella Martinez, a widow of Seville, was arrested as a Lutheran. Her
+property was sequestrated; but it was soon found, that Francis Beltran,
+her son, had concealed several chests of valuable effects before the
+inventory was taken. Constantine had committed some prohibited books to
+the care of this woman, who concealed them in her cellar. The
+inquisitors sent Louis Sotelo, the alguazil of the holy office, to
+Francis Beltran, to claim the effects which he had concealed. Francis,
+on seeing the alguazil, did not doubt that his mother had declared the
+concealment of the books given to her care by Constantine, and without
+waiting until Sotelo should tell him the cause of his visit, he said,
+_Senor Sotelo, I suppose that you come for the things deposited in my
+mother's house. If you will promise that I shall not be punished for not
+giving information of them, I will show you what there is hidden there._
+Beltran then conducted the alguazil to his mother's house, and pulled
+down part of the wall, behind which the Lutheran books of Constantine
+had been concealed; Sotelo, astonished at this sight, told him that he
+should take possession of the books, but that he did not consider
+himself bound by his promise, as he only came to claim the effects which
+he had concealed. This declaration increased the alarm of Beltran, and
+he gave everything up to the alguazil, on condition that he might remain
+free in his house. This denunciation had been made by a servant, who
+hoped to obtain the benefit of the act of Ferdinand V., which assigns
+the fourth part of the concealed effects to the informer.
+
+Among the prohibited books, were found several writings by Constantine
+Ponce de Fuente, which treated of the true church according to the
+principles of the Lutherans, and proved in their manner, that this
+church was not that of the _papists_: he also discussed in them several
+other points on which the Lutherans differed from the Catholics.
+Constantine could not deny these papers, as they were in his own
+hand-writing; he confessed that they contained the profession of his
+faith, but refused to name his accomplices and disciples. The
+inquisitors, instead of decreeing the torture, plunged him into a deep,
+humid, and obscure dungeon, where the air, impregnated with the most
+dangerous miasma, soon altered his health. Overcome by this persecution,
+he exclaimed, "_My God, were there no Scythians or cannibals into whose
+hands to deliver me, rather than to let me fall into the power of these
+barbarians!_" This situation could not last long; Constantine fell sick,
+and died of a dysentery: it was reported, when the _auto-da-fe_ was
+celebrated, that he had killed himself to avoid his punishment. His
+trial was as celebrated as his person. The inquisitors caused the
+_merits_ or charges against him to be read in a pulpit close to their
+seats, where the people could not hear them; the Corregidor Calderon
+remarked the circumstance twice, and they were obliged to begin it again
+where those of the other trials were read. Constantine had published the
+first part of a catechism; the second was not printed. The following
+works of Constantine were inserted in the prohibitory Index, published
+in 1559, by Don Ferdinand Valdes:--An Abridgment of the Christian
+Doctrine; a Dialogue on the same subject, between a Master and his
+Disciple; The Confession of a Sinner to Jesus Christ; A Christian
+Catechism; An Exposition of the Psalm, _Beatus qui non abiit in concilio
+impiorum_. Alphonso de Ulloa, in his Life of Charles V., gives the
+highest praise to the works of Constantine, particularly his Treatise on
+the Christian Doctrine, which was translated into Italian[22]. The
+effigy of Contantine was not like those of the other condemned persons
+(which were an unformed mass surmounted by a head); it was an entire
+figure with the arms spread, as Constantine was accustomed to do when
+preaching, and was clothed in garments which appeared to have belonged
+to him. After the _auto-da-fe_, this figure was taken back to the Holy
+Office, and a common effigy was burnt with the bones of the condemned.
+
+Another prisoner died in the dungeons of the Inquisition; he was
+(according to Gonzalez de Montis) a monk of the Convent of St. Isidore,
+named Ferdinand. The same author affirms, that one Olmedo, a Lutheran,
+was likewise carried off by an epidemic disease which ravaged the
+prisons, and that he uttered groans similar to those of Constantine when
+he was dying. I have not found that any Inquisition in Spain has, of
+late years, condemned any person to this sort of dungeon, unless the
+torture was decreed; the inquisitors of that time cannot be pardoned for
+making them a common prison.
+
+The Doctor Juan Perez de Pineda, whose effigy was the third in the
+_auto-da-fe_, was born at Montilla in Andalusia; he was placed at the
+head of the College _de la Doctrina_, in which the young people of
+Seville were educated.
+
+He made his escape when he was informed that the inquisitors were about
+to arrest him as suspected of Lutheranism. Proceedings were instituted
+against him as contumacious, and he was condemned as a formal Lutheran
+heretic. He had composed several works: the Index prohibited the
+following: The Holy Bible, translated into the Castilian tongue; a
+Catechism, printed at Venice in 1556 by Pedro Daniel; The Psalms of
+David in Spanish; and a Summary of the Christian Doctrine. Juan Perez
+had attained a great age when he was condemned. Of the fourteen persons
+who were reconciled in the second _auto-da-fe_ the most remarkable
+were:--
+
+Julian Hernandez, surnamed the _Little_, a native of Villaverde. The
+wish to promulgate Lutheran books in Seville induced him to go to
+Germany. He gave the books to Don Juan Ponce de Leon, who undertook to
+distribute them. He passed more than three years in the prisons of the
+Holy Office, and was tortured several times, to force him to discover
+his accomplices. He bore the torture with a fortitude far above his
+physical strength, and remained faithful to his creed. When he arrived
+at the stake he arranged the wood around him so as to burn quickly; the
+Doctor Ferdinand Rodriguez, who attended him, demanded that the gag
+should be taken from his month, that he might make his confession, but
+Julian opposed it, and he was burnt.
+
+Nicholas Burton, born in England, was condemned at an impenitent
+Lutheran heretic. It is impossible to justify the conduct of the
+inquisitors to this Englishman, and several other foreigners who had not
+settled in Spain, and were merely returning to their respective
+countries after having transacted their commercial affairs. This man
+came to Spain in a vessel laden with merchandise, which, he said, was
+all his own property, but of which some part belonged to John Fronton,
+who was reconciled in this _auto-da-fe_. Burton refused to abjure, and
+was burnt alive; the inquisitors seized his vessel and its freight, thus
+proving that avarice was the principal motive of the Inquisition. The
+inquisitors were guilty of a great cruelty in this instance, and the
+commerce of Spain would perhaps have been destroyed, if the violence
+committed against Burton, and some others, had not been protested
+against by the different powers, which induced Philip IV. to prohibit
+the inquisitors from molesting foreign merchants and travellers, if they
+did not attempt to promulgate heretical opinions; but the inquisitors
+eluded this order, by pretending that they brought prohibited books into
+the kingdom, or spoke in favour of heresy.
+
+Gonzalez de Montes speaks of the arrival in Spain of a very rich
+stranger, named Rehukin, whose vessel was finer and better built than
+any that had ever appeared at San-Lucar de Barrameda. The Inquisition
+arrested him as an heretic, and confiscated his property; the merchant
+proved that the vessel did not belong to him, and that it could not be
+included in the confiscation; but his efforts to recover it were
+useless.
+
+Two other foreigners shared the fate of Burton. One was an Englishman
+named William Brook, born at Sarum, and a sailor; the other was a
+Frenchman of Bayonne, named Fabianne, whose trade required his presence
+in Spain.
+
+The _Beata_ protected by Francis Zafra, who had recovered her senses,
+but persisted in her heresy, was burnt in this _auto-da-fe_, with five
+women of her family. Thirty-four persons were condemned to penances. The
+most remarkable instances were:--
+
+John Fronton, an Englishman of the city of Bristol, who came to Seville,
+where he was informed of the arrest of Nicholas Burton. He was the
+proprietor of a considerable part of the merchandise taken from Burton,
+and after proving this fact by documents which he brought from England
+he claimed restitution. He was subjected to great delays and expenses,
+but as it was impossible to deny his rights, the inquisitors promised to
+restore the merchandise: in the mean time they contrived that witnesses
+should appear and depose that John Fronton had advanced heretical
+propositions, and he was taken to the secret prisons. The fear of death
+induced Fronton to say everything that the inquisitors required, and he
+demanded reconciliation. He was declared to be _violently suspected_ of
+the Lutheran heresy. This was sufficient to authorize the inquisitors to
+seize his property, and he was reconciled, condemned to forfeit his
+merchandise, and to wear the _san-benito_ for the space of one year.
+This is a remarkable proof of the mischief produced by the secrecy of
+the inquisitorial proceedings. If the affair of John Fronton had been
+made public, any lawyer would have shown the nullity and falsehood of
+the _instruction_. Yet there are Englishmen who defend the tribunal of
+the holy office as a useful institution, and I have heard an _English
+Catholic priest_ speak in its defence. I represented that he did not
+understand the nature of the tribunal; that I was not less attached to
+the Catholic religion than he, or any inquisitor might be; but that if
+the spirit of peace and charity, humility and disinterestedness,
+inculcated by the Holy Scriptures, is compared with the system of
+severity, craft, and malice, dictated by the laws of the holy office,
+and the power possessed by the inquisitors (from the secrecy of their
+proceedings) of abusing their authority in defiance of natural and
+divine laws, the orders of the Popes and the royal decrees, it will be
+impossible not to detest the tribunal as only tending to produce
+hypocrisy.
+
+Gaspard de Benavides was an alcalde of the prison of the Inquisition,
+and appeared in the _auto-da-fe_ with a flambeau; he was banished for
+life from Seville, and lost his place, for _having failed in zeal and
+attention in his employment_. Let this qualification and the sentence be
+compared with the crime of which he was accused. He purloined part of
+the small rations of the prisoners, the food which he gave them was of a
+bad quality, and he made them pay for it, as if it was superior; he did
+not take care to prepare it properly, it was badly cooked and seasoned;
+he deceived them in the price of wood, and made false bills of
+expenditure. If any of the prisoners complained, he removed them to a
+dark and humid dungeon, where he left them for a fortnight or even
+longer, to punish them for murmuring; he did not fail to tell them that
+he did this by the order of the inquisitors, and that they were released
+at his intercession. When any prisoner demanded an audience, Gaspard
+(fearing that they would denounce him) did not inform the inquisitors of
+the request, and told the prisoner the next day that the inquisitors
+were so much occupied that they could not grant audiences. In short,
+there was no sort of injustice which he did not commit, until the moment
+when his conduct was discovered by chance.
+
+Maria Gonzalez, a servant of this man, was condemned to receive two
+hundred stripes, and to be banished for ten years. Her crime was, having
+received money from some prisoners, and having permitted them to see and
+converse with each other.
+
+Donna Jane Bohorques was declared innocent. She was the legitimate
+daughter of Don Pedro Garcia de Xeres y Bohorques, and the sister of
+Donna Maria Bohorques, who perished in a former _auto-da-fe_. She had
+married Don Francis de Vargas, lord of the borough of Higuera. She was
+taken to the secret prisons when her unfortunate sister declared that
+she was acquainted with her opinions, and had not opposed them; as if
+silence could prove that she had admitted the doctrine to be true. Jane
+Bohorques was six months gone with child; but this did not prevent the
+inquisitors from proceeding in her trial, a cruelty which will not
+surprise, when it is considered that she was arrested before any proof
+of her crime had been obtained. She was delivered in the prison; her
+child was taken from her at the end of eight days, in defiance of the
+most sacred rights of nature, and she was imprisoned in one of the
+common dungeons of the holy office. The inquisitors thought they did all
+that humanity required in giving her a less inconvenient cell than the
+common prison. It fortunately happened that she had as a companion in
+her cell a young girl who was afterwards burnt as a Lutheran, and who
+pitying her situation, treated her with the utmost tenderness during her
+convalescence. She soon required the same care; she was tortured, and
+all her limbs were bruised and almost dislocated. Jane Bohorques
+attended her in this dreadful state. Jane Bohorques was not yet quite
+recovered, when she was tortured in the same manner. The cords with
+which her still feeble limbs were bound penetrated to the bone, and
+several blood vessels breaking in her body, torrents of blood flowed
+from her mouth. She was taken back to her dungeon in a dying state, and
+expired a few days after. The inquisitors thought they expiated this
+cruel murder by declaring Jane Bohorques innocent, in the _auto-da-fe_
+of this day. Under what an overwhelming responsibility will these
+monsters appear before the tribunal of the Almighty!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+OF THE ORDINANCES OF 1561, WHICH HAVE BEEN FOLLOWED IN THE PROCEEDINGS
+OF THE HOLY OFFICE, UNTIL THE PRESENT TIME.
+
+
+The ancient laws of the holy office had been almost entirely forgotten,
+and the inquisitors merely followed a kind of routine in transacting
+their affairs. The inquisitor-general Valdes found it necessary to
+remedy this evil; and as a multitude of extraordinary cases had occurred
+since the publication of the Codes of Torquemada and his successor Deza,
+which had obliged the inquisitors to publish supplements and new
+declarations, he resolved to frame a new code, composed of those laws
+which experience had shown to be useful. This edict was published at
+Madrid, on the 2nd of September, 1561; it was composed of eighty-one
+articles, which have been, till the present time, the laws by which the
+proceedings of the Inquisition have been regulated.
+
+_Preamble._ "We, Don Ferdinand Valdes, by the grace of God, Archbishop
+of Seville, apostolical inquisitor-general against heresy and apostacy
+in all the kingdoms and domains of his majesty, &c.; we inform you,
+venerable apostolical inquisitors, that we understand, that although it
+has been provided by the ordinances of the holy office, that the same
+manner of proceeding should be exactly followed in all the Inquisitions,
+there are, nevertheless, some tribunals where this measure has not
+been, and is not well observed. In order to prevent any difference for
+the future, in the conduct of the tribunals, and the forms which should
+be followed, it has been resolved, after communicating and consulting
+with the council of the general Inquisition, that the following order
+shall be observed by the tribunals of the holy office:--
+
+1st. When the inquisitors admit an information, which shows that
+propositions have been advanced which ought to be denounced to the holy
+office, they must consult theologians of learning and integrity, and
+capable of qualifying the said propositions; they shall give their
+opinion in writing, accompanied by their signature.
+
+2nd. If it is certain from the opinion of the theologians that the
+object of their examination is a matter of faith, or if it is apparent
+without consulting them, and the denounced fact is sufficiently proved,
+the procurator-fiscal shall denounce the author of it, and the
+individuals implicated, if there are any, and shall require that they be
+arrested[23].
+
+3rd. The inquisitors shall be assembled to decide if imprisonment should
+be decreed; in doubtful cases, they shall summon consultors, if they
+find it necessary[24].
+
+4th. When the proof is not sufficient to cause the arrest of the
+denounced person, the inquisitor shall not cite him to appear, or
+subject him to any examination, because experience has shown, that an
+heretic who is at liberty will not confess, and this measure only makes
+him more reserved and attentive in avoiding everything that may increase
+the suspicions or the proofs brought against him.
+
+5th. If the inquisitors are not unanimous in decreeing an arrest, the
+writings of the trial shall be sent to the council, and this must
+likewise take place even when they are unanimous in their decisions, if
+the individuals to be arrested are persons of quality and consideration.
+
+6th. The inquisitors shall sign the decree of arrest, and address it to
+the _grand alguazil_ of the holy office. When it relates to a formal
+heresy, this measure shall be immediately followed by the sequestration
+of the property of the denounced person. If several persons are to be
+imprisoned, a decree of arrest shall be expedited for each individual,
+distinct and independent of each other, to be separately executed: this
+precaution is necessary to ensure secrecy, in case one _alguazil_ cannot
+arrest all the criminals. A note shall be entered in the trial, stating
+the day on which the decree of arrest was delivered, and the person who
+received it.
+
+7th. The _alguazil_ shall be accompanied, in the execution of the decree
+of imprisonment, by the recorder of the sequestrations, and the
+stewards. He shall appoint a depositary, and if the steward does not
+approve of the person mentioned, he shall appoint another himself, as he
+is responsible for the property.
+
+8th. The recorder of the sequestrations shall note all the effects
+separately, with the day, the month, and year of the seizure; he shall
+sign it with the _alguazil_, the steward, the depositary, and the
+witnesses; he shall give a copy of this writing to the depositary; but
+if the others demand copies, he is permitted to require payment for
+them.
+
+9th. The _alguazil_ shall deduct from the sequestrated property a
+sufficient portion to defray the expenses of the food, lodging, and
+journey of the prisoner; he shall give an account of what he received
+when he arrives at the Inquisition. If any money remains he shall give
+it to the cashier, to be employed in the maintenance of the prisoner.
+
+10th. The _alguazil_ shall require the prisoner to give up his money,
+papers, arms, and everything which it might be dangerous for him to be
+in possession of; he shall not allow him to have any communication,
+either by speech or writing with the other prisoners, without receiving
+permission from the inquisitors. He shall remit all the effects found
+upon the person of the prisoner to the goaler, and shall take a receipt,
+with the date of the day on which the remittance took place. The gaoler
+shall inform the inquisitors of the arrival of the prisoner, and he
+shall lodge him in such a manner, that he cannot have at his disposal
+anything which might be dangerous in his hands, unless they are confided
+to him, and he is obliged to be responsible. One of the notaries of the
+holy office shall be present, and shall draw up the verbal process of
+the decree of imprisonment and its execution; even the hour when the
+prisoner entered the prison must be mentioned, as this point is
+important in the accounts of the cashier.
+
+11th. The gaoler shall not lodge several prisoners together; he shall
+not permit them to communicate with each other, unless the inquisitors
+allow it.
+
+12th. The gaoler shall be provided with a register, in which all the
+effects in the chamber of the prisoner, with the clothes and food which
+he receives from each detained person, shall be noted; he shall sign the
+statement with the recorder of the sequestrations, and shall give notice
+of it to the inquisitors; he shall not remit any food or clothing to the
+prisoners without examining them with great attention, to ascertain if
+they contain letters, arms, or anything of which they might make a bad
+use.
+
+13th. When the inquisitors think proper, they shall order the prisoner
+to be brought into the chamber of audience; they shall cause him to sit
+on a bench or small seat, and take an oath to speak the truth, at this
+time, and on all succeeding audiences; they shall ask him his name, his
+surname, his age, his country, the place where he dwells, his profession
+and rank, and the time of his arrest; they shall treat him with
+humanity, and respect his rank, but without derogating from the
+authority of judges, that the accused may not infringe the respect due
+to them, or commit any reprehensible act towards their persons. The
+accused shall stand while the act of denunciation by the fiscal is read.
+
+14th. The accused shall be afterwards examined on his genealogy. He
+shall be asked if he is married: if more than once, what woman he
+married: how many children he had by each marriage, their age, as well
+as their rank and place of dwelling. The recorder shall write down these
+details, paying attention to place each name at the beginning of a line,
+because this practice is useful in consulting registers, to discover if
+the accused is not descended from Jews, Moors, heretics, or other
+individuals punished by the holy office.
+
+15th. When the preceding ceremony has passed, the accused shall be
+required to give an abridged history of his life, mentioning those towns
+where he has made a considerable stay, the motives of his sojourn, the
+persons he associated with, the friends he acquired, his studies, the
+masters he studied under, the period when he began them, and the time
+that he continued them; if he had been out of Spain, at what time and
+with whom he had quitted the country, and how long he had been absent.
+He shall be asked if he is instructed in the truths of the Christian
+religion, and shall be required to repeat the _Pater-noster_, the _Ave
+Maria_, and the _Credo_. He shall be asked if he has confessed himself,
+and to what confessors. When he has given an account of all these
+things, he shall be asked if he knows or suspects the cause of his
+arrest, and his reply shall regulate the questions put to him
+afterwards. The inquisitors shall avoid interrupting the accused while
+he is speaking, and shall allow him to express himself freely while the
+recorder writes down his declarations, unless they are foreign to the
+trial. They shall ask all necessary questions, but shall avoid fatiguing
+him by examining him on subjects not relating to the trial, unless he
+gives occasion for it by his replies.
+
+16th. It is proper that the inquisitors should always suspect that they
+have been deceived by the witnesses, and that they shall be so by the
+accused, and that they should not take either side; for, if they adopt
+an opinion too soon, they will not be able to act with that impartiality
+which is suitable to their station, and on the contrary will be liable
+to fall into error.
+
+17th. The inquisitors shall not speak to the accused during the
+audience, or at other times, of any affair not relating to his own. The
+recorder shall write down the questions and replies; and, after the
+audience, he shall read it to the accused, that he may sign it. If he
+wishes to add, retrench, alter, or elucidate, any article, the recorder
+shall write after his dictation, without suppressing or certifying the
+articles already written.
+
+18th. The fiscal shall present his act of accusation within the time
+prescribed by the ordinances; he shall accuse the prisoner of being an
+heretic in general terms, and afterwards mention, in particular, the
+facts and propositions of which he is charged. The inquisitors have not
+the right of punishing an accused person for crimes which do not relate
+to matters of faith; but if the preparatory instruction mentions any,
+the fiscal shall make it the object of an accusation, because this
+circumstance, and that of his general good or bad conduct, assists in
+determining the degree of credence to be given to his replies, and
+serves for other purposes in his trial.
+
+19th. Although the accused may confess all the charges brought against
+him in the first audiences of _admonition_, yet the fiscal shall draw up
+and present his act of accusation, because experience has shown, that it
+is better that a trial, caused by the _denunciation_ of a person who is
+a party in the cause, should be continued and judged at the prosecution
+of the _denunciator_; that the inquisitors may be at liberty to
+deliberate on the application of punishments and penances, which would
+not be the case if they proceeded _officially_.
+
+20th. Whenever the accused shall be admitted to an audience, he shall
+be reminded of the oath which he has taken to speak the truth.
+
+21st. At the end of his requisition, the fiscal shall introduce a
+clause, importing, that if the inquisitors do not think his accusation
+sufficiently proved, they are requested to decree the torture for the
+accused, because, as it cannot be inflicted without previous notice, it
+is proper that the accused should be informed that it has been required;
+and this moment appears the most convenient, because the prisoner is not
+prepared for it, and he will receive the notice with less agitation.
+
+22nd. The fiscal shall himself present his requisition, or demand in
+accusation, to the inquisitors; the recorder shall read it in the
+presence of the prisoner, the fiscal shall make oath that he does not
+act from bad intentions, and retire; the accused shall then reply
+successively to all the articles of the act, and the recorder shall
+write down his answers in the same order, even if they are only denials.
+
+23rd. The inquisitors shall give the prisoner to understand that it is
+of great consequence to him to speak the truth. One of the advocates of
+the holy office shall be appointed to defend him, who shall communicate
+with him in the presence of an inquisitor, in order to prepare himself
+to reply in writing to the accusation, after swearing fidelity to the
+accused, and secrecy to the tribunal, although he had already taken that
+oath at the time that he was appointed the _advocate of the prisoners of
+the holy office_. He must endeavour to persuade the accused that it is
+of the greatest consequence to be sincere, to ask pardon and submit to a
+penance if he acknowledges his guilt. His reply shall be communicated to
+the fiscal, who, with the prisoner and his advocate, shall be present at
+the audience, and shall demand the proofs. The inquisitors shall admit
+the requisition, but without naming the day or informing the parties of
+it, because neither the accused nor any other person in his name has
+the right of being present when the witnesses take their oaths.
+
+24th. The recorder shall read to the advocate all that the accused has
+declared relating to himself, but shall omit all that he has said
+concerning others; this communication is necessary to the advocate, that
+he may establish the defence of his client. If he wishes to make any
+additions to his declaration, the advocate must be obliged to retire.
+
+25th. If the accused has attained the age of twenty-five years, a
+guardian shall be appointed for him before the accusation is read. The
+advocate may fill that office, or any other person of known honour and
+integrity. The prisoner, with the approbation of his guardian, shall
+ratify all that he has declared in former audiences; and he shall
+afterwards be attended by the same person in all the circumstances of
+the trial.
+
+26th. Where the proof has been admitted, the fiscal shall announce in
+the presence of the accused, that he reproduces and presents the
+witnesses and the proofs which existed in the writings and the registers
+of the holy office; he shall demand that they proceed to the
+_ratification_ of the witnesses who have been examined in the
+preparatory instruction, that the witnesses shall be confronted and the
+depositions published. If the accused or his advocate speak at this
+time, the recorder shall write down all that they say.
+
+27th. If the accused confesses himself guilty of another crime, after
+the proof is admitted, the fiscal shall accuse him of it, and he shall
+be prosecuted according to the ordinary forms. If the proof of the first
+crime is increased, it will be sufficient to inform the prisoner of the
+circumstance.
+
+28th. In the interval between the proof and the publication, the
+prisoner may demand audiences, through the gaoler. The inquisitors must
+grant them without delay, in order to profit by the inclination of the
+accused, which may change from day to day.
+
+29th. The inquisitors must not neglect to cause the _ratification_ of
+the witnesses, or to take any measures to discover the truth.
+
+30th. The _ratification_ of the witnesses shall take place before
+responsible persons, such as two priests, Christians of an ancient race,
+and of a pure life and reputation. The witnesses shall be asked in their
+presence if they recollect having deposed in any trial before the
+Inquisition: if they reply in the affirmative, they shall be questioned
+on the circumstances, and the persons interested in it. When they have
+given satisfaction on this article, they shall be informed that the
+fiscal has presented them as witnesses in the trial of the prisoner.
+Their first declaration shall be read to them, and if they say that they
+have attested those facts, they shall be required to ratify them, making
+any additions, suppressions, explanations, and alterations, which they
+may think proper. These shall all be mentioned in the verbal process: it
+shall also be stated if the witness is at that time at liberty or
+detained in the chamber of audience, or in his chamber, and why he has
+not appeared in the ordinary place.
+
+31st. When the ratification of the witnesses is concluded, the
+publication shall be prepared, taking a copy of each deposition; it
+shall be literal, except in all that may tend to discover the witnesses
+to the accused. If the declaration is too long, it shall be divided into
+several chapters. At the publication of the depositions, they shall not
+be read to the accused all at once, nor all the articles of a long
+declaration. The first head of the deposition of the first witness shall
+be read to him, that he may reply to it with more precision and
+facility; they shall then pass to the second chapter, then to the third,
+following the same order in all the depositions. The inquisitors shall
+hasten, as much as possible, the publication of the depositions, to
+spare the accused the anxiety of a long delay; they shall avoid all that
+may lead him to suppose that new charges have been brought against him,
+or that those already made are more extended than in their own
+declarations; and although such circumstances may have occurred, and the
+accused has denied the charges, they shall cause the delay of the
+formalities and the conclusion of the trial.
+
+32nd. The inquisitors shall fulfil the form of the _publication_,
+dictating to the recorder all that is to be written in the presence of
+the accused, or they shall write it themselves and sign it. This writing
+shall be dated with the year, the month, and the day, when the witness
+deposed, provided that it is not convenient to do so; it would be
+improper if the deponent was in prison. They shall also mention the time
+and place when the facts occurred, because this is useful to the accused
+in his defence; but the place must only be designated in general terms.
+In the copy of the deposition the _third person_ shall be used, although
+the witness spoke to the _first_. Thus it must be said: The witness has
+seen or heard the accused conversing with an individual, &c.[25]
+
+33rd. If an accused, who has made declarations in several sittings,
+reveals crimes committed by persons whom he named, and afterwards makes
+new declarations, only cites these persons in a vague and general
+manner, employing for example, the words, _all those whom I have named_,
+or a similar expression; these accusations cannot be brought against any
+accused person, as they do not apply in a direct manner; this must
+oblige the inquisitors to pay attention to the prisoner who speaks of
+different individuals, and cause him to name them one after the other,
+and afterwards to state the facts or words which he imputes to them.
+
+34th. Although the accused has denied the charges, the publication of
+the depositions must be read to him, that he may not call in question
+the regularity of the proceedings of the tribunal which has arrested
+him, and that the judges may rely with more confidence on the law when
+they pass sentence; for this discretionary power exists only if the
+accused is convicted and confesses himself guilty; otherwise the charges
+brought against him by the witnesses, whose declarations have not been
+mentioned to him, cannot be of any value, particularly in a trial of
+this kind, when the accused is not present at the oath of the witnesses.
+
+35th. When the accused has replied to the publication of the
+depositions, he shall be permitted to consult with his advocate, in the
+presence of an inquisitor and the recorder, that he may prepare his
+defence. The recorder shall write down the particulars of the conference
+which he considers worthy of attention. Neither the inquisitor nor
+recorder, still less the advocate, shall remain alone with the accused.
+It shall be the same with all other persons, except the gaoler or his
+deputy. It is sometimes eligible that learned and pious persons should
+visit the accused, to exhort them to confess what they obstinately deny,
+though they have been convicted. These interviews can only take place in
+the presence of the recorder or an inquisitor. Procurators shall not be
+permitted to be appointed for the prisoner, though the _old
+instructions_ have established this measure, because experience has
+shown that great inconvenience arises from it[26]; besides which, the
+accused derives little advantage from it[27]. If any unforeseen
+circumstance renders this measure necessary, the advocate may be
+appointed to fill the office.
+
+36th. If the accused wishes to write, to fix the points of his defence,
+he shall be furnished with paper: but the sheets shall be counted and
+numbered by the recorder, that the accused may give them back again
+either written upon or blank. When his work is finished, he shall be
+allowed to converse with his advocate, to whom he may communicate what
+he has written, on condition that his defender restores the original
+without taking a copy when he presents his address to the tribunal. When
+there is an examination in the defence of the prisoner, he shall be
+required to name, on the margin of each article, the witnesses he wishes
+to call, that those who are the most worthy of credit may be examined.
+He must also be required to name as witnesses none but Christians of an
+ancient race, who are neither his servants nor relations, unless it is a
+case when the questions can only be answered by them[28]. Before the
+address is presented by the advocate, if the accused requires it, it
+shall be communicated to him, and the inquisitors shall desire the
+advocate to confine himself to the defence of the accused in what he has
+to say, and to observe a strict silence on everything said in the world,
+as experience has shown the inconvenience of this sort of revelations,
+even in respect to the accused persons; they shall cause him to restore
+all the papers, without taking copies of them, or even of the address,
+of which he must give up the notes, if there are any.
+
+37th. Whenever the prisoner is admitted to an audience, the fiscal shall
+examine the state of the trial, to ascertain if he has declared anything
+new of himself or others; he shall receive his declaration judicially,
+and mark the names of the persons of whom he has said anything, and all
+the other points which might elucidate the affair, in the margin.
+
+38th. The inquisitors shall receive the informations relative to the
+defence of the accused, the depositions in his favour, the indirect
+proofs and challenges of the witnesses, with as much care and attention
+as they receive those of the fiscal; that the detention of the prisoner,
+which prevents him from acting for himself, may not be an obstacle to
+the discovery of the truth.
+
+39th. When the inquisitors receive important information in defence of
+the prisoner, he shall be brought before the tribunal accompanied by his
+advocate; they shall inform him that the proofs of all the circumstances
+which might mitigate his crime have been received, and that they can
+conclude the trial, unless any other demand occurs on their part, in
+which case they will do everything which may be permitted for the
+prisoner. If he declares that he has nothing more to say, the fiscal may
+give in his conclusions. It will be proper, however, that he should not
+do it immediately, that he may take advantage of every circumstance that
+may take place. If the accused demands the publication of the
+depositions in his defence, it must be refused, as it may tend to
+discover the persons who have deposed against him[29].
+
+40th. When the trial is so far advanced that the sentence may be passed,
+the inquisitors shall convoke the ordinary and the consulters. As there
+is no reporter, the dean of the inquisitors shall report the trial,
+without giving any opinion, and the recorder shall read it in the
+presence of the inquisitors and the fiscal, who shall sit by the
+consultors, and retire when he has heard the report, before the judges
+give their votes. The consultors shall give their votes first, and then
+the ordinary, the inquisitors after him, and the dean the last. Each
+voter shall be at liberty to make any observations which he thinks
+proper in giving his vote, without being interrupted or prevented. If
+the inquisitors gave different votes, they shall explain their motives,
+to prove that there is nothing arbitrary in their conduct. The recorder
+shall write each opinion in a register prepared for the purpose, and
+shall afterwards join it to the trial, to give testimony of it.
+
+41st. When the accused confesses himself guilty, and his confessions
+have the required conditions, if he is not relapsed, he shall be
+admitted to reconciliation; his property shall be seized; he shall be
+clothed in the habit of a penitent, or a _san-benito_ (which is a
+scapulary of linen or yellow cloth, with two crosses of St. Andrew of
+another colour), and he shall be confined in the prison for those who
+are condemned to perpetual imprisonment, namely, that of _Mercy_. As to
+the colours of the habit he is to wear, and the confiscation of his
+property, there are _Fueros_ and privileges existing in some provinces
+of Aragon, and other rules and customs which must be conformed to, in
+acquitting the criminal, and restoring his ordinary garments to him,
+according to the sentence. If it is proper that he should remain in
+prison for an unlimited time, it shall be said in his sentence, that his
+punishment shall last as long as the inquisitors think proper. If the
+accused has really relapsed, after abjuring a _formal_ heresy, or is a
+_false penitent_ when he has abjured as _violently_ suspected, and is
+convicted in the present trial of the same heresy, he shall be given up
+to the common judge according to the civil law, and his punishment shall
+not be remitted, although he may protest that his repentance is sincere,
+and his confession true in this case.
+
+42nd. The abjuration must be written after the sentence, and signed by
+the accused: if he is incapable of signing it, this ceremony must be
+performed by an inquisitor and the recorder: if the condemned abjures in
+a public _auto-da-fe_, the abjuration must be signed the next day, in
+the chamber of audience.
+
+43rd. If the accused is convicted of heresy, bad faith, and obstinacy,
+he shall be _relaxed_, but the inquisitors must not neglect to endeavour
+to convert him, that he may die in the faith of the church.
+
+44th. If an accused who has been condemned, and informed of his sentence
+on the day before the _auto-da-fe_, repents during the night and
+confesses his sins, or part of them, in a manner that shows true
+repentance, he shall not be conducted to the _auto-da-fe_, but his
+execution shall be suspended, because it might be improper to allow him
+to hear the names of the persons condemned to death, and those condemned
+to other punishments, for this knowledge and the report of the offence
+might assist him in preparing his judicial confession. If the accused is
+converted on the scaffold of the _auto-da-fe_, before he has heard his
+sentence, the inquisitors must suppose that the fear of death has more
+influence in this conversion than true repentance; but if, from
+different circumstances and the nature of the confession, they wish to
+suspend the execution, they are permitted to do so, considering at the
+same time that confessions made in such circumstances are not worthy of
+belief, and more particularly those which accuse other individuals.
+
+45th. The inquisitors must maturely consider motives and circumstances
+before they decree the torture; and when they have resolved to have
+recourse to it, they must state the motive: they must declare if the
+torture is to be employed _in caput proprium_, because the accused is
+subjected to it as persisting in his denials, and incompletely convicted
+in his own trial; or if he suffers it _in caput alienum_, as a witness
+who denies, in the trial of another accused, the facts of which he has
+been a joint witness. If he is convicted of bad faith in his own cause,
+and is consequently liable to be _relaxed_, or if he is equally so in
+any other affair, he may be tortured, though he must be given up to the
+secular judge for what concerns him personally. If he does not reveal
+anything in being tortured as a witness, he shall nevertheless be
+condemned as an accused; but if the question forces him to confess his
+crime, and that of another person, and he solicits the indulgence of his
+judges, the inquisitors shall conform to the rules of right.
+
+46th. If only a semi-proof of the crime exists, or if appearances will
+not admit of the acquittal of the prisoner, he shall make an abjuration
+as being either _violently_ or _slightly_ suspected. As this measure is
+not a punishment for the past, but a precaution for the future,
+pecuniary penalties shall be imposed; but he shall be informed that if
+he again commits the crime for which he was denounced, he will be
+considered as having _relapsed_, and be delivered over to the secular
+judge: for this purpose he shall sign his act of abjuration.
+
+47th. In cases where only the semi-proof, or some indications of a crime
+exist, the accused has been sometimes permitted to clear himself
+canonically before the number of persons appointed in the ancient
+instructions; the inquisitors, the ordinary, and the consultors, may
+therefore allow it if they think proper, but they must observe that this
+proceeding is very dangerous, not often used, and can only be employed
+with great caution[30].
+
+48th. The third manner of proceeding in this case is to employ the
+_question_. This measure is thought to be dangerous and not certain,
+because its effects depend upon the physical strength of the subject;
+consequently no rule can be prescribed on this point, but it is left to
+the prudence and equity of the judges. Nevertheless the question shall
+only be decreed by the ordinary, the consultors, and the inquisitors, or
+applied without their concurrence, as circumstances may occur, when
+their presence would be necessary[31].
+
+49th. When it is necessary to decree the torture, the accused shall be
+informed of the motives for employing it, and the offences for which he
+is to suffer it; but after it has been decided he shall not be examined
+on any particular fact, he shall be allowed to say what he pleases.
+Experience has shown that if he is questioned on any subject when pain
+has reduced him to the last extremity, he will say anything that is
+required of him, which may be injurious to other persons, in making them
+parties concerned, and producing other inconveniences.
+
+50th. The question shall not be decreed until the process is terminated,
+and the defence of the accused has been heard. As the sentence of
+recourse to the question admits of an appeal, the inquisitors shall
+consult the council, if the case is doubtful; if the accused can
+maintain his appeal, it shall be admitted. But if the point of law is
+clear, the inquisitors are not required to consult the council, or to
+admit the application of the accused; they are at liberty to proceed
+immediately to execution, as if it had not been made.
+
+51st. If the inquisitors think that the appeal ought to be admitted,
+they shall send the writings of the process to the Supreme Council,
+without informing the parties, or any individual not belonging to the
+tribunal, because the council will send an order to the inquisitors, if
+it is considered proper that they should be made acquainted with it.
+
+52nd. If an inquisitor is challenged, and there is another in the
+tribunal, the first shall abstain from performing his office, and the
+second shall take his place, after the council has been informed of the
+circumstance. If there is only one inquisitor in the tribunal, the
+proceedings shall be suspended until the decision of the Supreme Council
+has been received; the same course shall be pursued if there are several
+inquisitors, and they are all challenged.
+
+53rd. Twenty-four hours after the accused has been put to the question,
+he shall be asked if he persists in his declarations, and if he will
+ratify them. The notary of the tribunal shall appoint the time for this
+formality, and likewise that for the application of the question. If at
+this moment the accused confesses his crimes, and afterwards ratifies
+his declarations in such a manner that the inquisitors may believe him
+to be converted, repentant, and sincere in his confessions, he may be
+admitted to reconciliation, notwithstanding the article in the ordinance
+of Seville, in 1484. If the accused retracts his declaration, the
+inquisitors shall proceed according to rule.
+
+54th. When the inquisitors, the ordinary, and the consultors decree the
+question, they shall not decide on what is to be done after it has been
+administered, as the result is uncertain, nothing being regulated on
+this point. If the accused resists the torture, the judges shall
+deliberate on the nature, form, and quality of the torture which he has
+suffered; on the degree of intensity with which it was inflicted; on the
+age, strength, health, and vigour of the patient: they shall compare all
+these circumstances, with the number, the seriousness of the indications
+which lead to the supposition of his guilt, and they shall decide if he
+is already cleared by what he has suffered; in the affirmative they
+shall declare him free from prosecution, in the other case he shall
+abjure according to the nature of the suspicion.
+
+55th. The judges, notary, and the executioners shall be present at the
+torture; when it is over, the inquisitors shall cause an individual who
+has been wounded to be properly attended, without allowing any suspected
+person to approach him, until he has ratified his declarations.
+
+56th. The inquisitors shall take every precaution that the gaoler shall
+not insinuate anything to the accused relating to his defence, that he
+may only follow his inclination in all that he says. This measure does
+not allow the gaoler to fill the office of guardian or defender to the
+prisoner, or even representative of the fiscal; he may however serve as
+a writer for the accused, if he does not know how to write: in this case
+he shall be prohibited from substituting his own ideas for those of the
+accused.
+
+57th. The affair being for the second time in a state for passing
+sentence, there shall be a new audience of the inquisitors, the
+ordinary, the consultors, the fiscal and the notary. The fiscal shall
+hear the report of the last incidents, to ascertain if it contains
+anything important relating to his office; after it has been read he
+shall retire, that the judges may remain alone when they proceed to
+vote.
+
+58th. When the inquisitors release an accused person from the secret
+prisons, he shall be conducted to the chamber of audience; they shall
+there ask him if the gaoler treated him and the other prisoners well, or
+ill; if he has communicated with him or other persons on subjects
+foreign to the trial; if he has seen or known that other prisoners
+conversed with persons not confined in the prison, or if the gaoler gave
+them any advice. They shall command him to keep secret these details,
+and all that has passed since his detention, and shall make him sign a
+promise to this effect, if he knows how to write, that he may fear to
+break it.
+
+59th. If a prisoner dies before his trial is terminated, and his
+declarations have not extenuated the charges of the witnesses, so as to
+give a sufficient cause for reconciliation, the inquisitors shall give
+notice of his death to his children, his heirs, or other persons who
+have the right of defending his memory and property; and, if there is
+cause to pursue the trial of the deceased, a copy of the depositions and
+the act of accusation shall be remitted to them, and all that they
+advance in defence of the accused shall be received.
+
+60th. If the mind of an accused person becomes deranged before the
+conclusion of the trial, a guardian or defender shall be appointed for
+him; if the children or relations of the accused present any means of
+defence in his favour to the tribunal, when he is in possession of his
+senses, the inquisitors shall not permit them to be joined to the other
+writings of the process, because neither the children nor relations of
+the accused are lawful parties; yet in a distinct and separate writing
+they may decree what they think fit, and take measures to discover the
+truth, without communicating with the prisoner, or the persons who
+represent him.
+
+61st. When sufficient proof exists to authorize proceedings against the
+memory and property of a deceased person, according to the _ancient
+instruction_, the accusation of the fiscal shall be signified to the
+children, the heirs, or other interested persons, each of whom shall
+receive a copy of the notification. If no person presents himself to
+defend the memory of the accused, or to appeal against the seizure of
+his goods, the inquisitors shall appoint a defender, and pursue the
+trial, considering him as a party. If any one interested in the affair
+appears, his rights shall be admitted, although he should be a prisoner
+in the holy office at the time; but he shall be obliged to choose a free
+person to act for him. Until the affair is terminated, the sequestration
+of the property cannot take place, because it has passed into other
+hands: yet the possessors shall be deprived of it, if the deceased is
+found guilty.
+
+62nd. If a person is found not liable to prosecution, this resolution of
+the tribunal shall be announced in the _auto-da-fe_ by a public act, in
+any manner most suitable to the interested party; the errors with which
+he was charged shall not be designated, if the accusation is not
+proved. If a deceased person is pronounced free from prosecution, the
+judgment shall be formally published, because the action was public and
+notorious.
+
+63rd. When a defender is appointed for the memory of a person accused
+after his death, in default of interested persons to take his defence,
+the choice must only fall on a person not belonging to the Inquisition;
+but he must be required to keep all the proceedings secret, and not to
+communicate the _depositions_ and the accusations to any but the lawyers
+of the prisoners, unless a decision of the inquisitors authorize him to
+make them known to other persons.
+
+64th. When absent individuals are to be tried, they shall be summoned to
+appear, by three public acts of citation at different intervals,
+according to the known or supposed place of their residence. The fiscal
+shall denounce them contumacious, at the end of each citation.
+
+65th. The inquisitors may take cognizance of several crimes which
+occasion suspicion of heresy, although they do not consider the accused
+an heretic, on account of certain circumstances; such as bigamy,
+blasphemy, and suspicious propositions. In these cases the application
+of the punishments depends upon the prudence of the judges, who ought to
+follow the rules of right, and consider the gravity of the offence.
+However, if they condemn the accused to corporeal punishment, such as
+whipping, or the galleys, they shall not say that it may be commuted for
+pecuniary penalties; for this measure would be an extortion, and an
+infringement of the respect due to the tribunal.
+
+66th. If the inquisitors and the ordinary differ in opinion when they
+assemble to give their votes on the definitive sentence, the trial shall
+be referred to the Supreme Council; but if the division is produced by
+the manner in which the consultors have voted, the inquisitors may pass
+them over, (although they may be more numerous,) and establish the
+definitive sentence on their own votes, and that of the ordinary, unless
+the importance of the case compels them to apply to the council, even if
+the inquisitors, the consultors, and ordinary are unanimous[32].
+
+67th. The _secret notaries_ shall draw up as many literal and certified
+copies of the declarations of the witnesses, and the confessions of the
+accused, as there are persons designated as guilty, or suspected of the
+crime of heresy, that there may be a separate proceeding against each;
+for the writings which contain the original charges are not sufficient,
+since experience has shown that it always causes confusion, and the
+prescribed method has been employed several times, although it increases
+the labour of the notaries.
+
+68th. When the inquisitors are informed that any of the prisoners have
+communicated with other detained persons, they shall ascertain the truth
+of the fact, inform themselves of the name and quality of the denounced
+persons, and if they are accused of the same species of crime. These
+details shall be mentioned in the process of each prisoner. In these
+cases little credit can be given to any subsequent declarations made by
+these persons, either in their own cause, or in the trial of another.
+
+69th. Where a trial has been suspended by the inquisitors, if another
+commences, though for a different crime, the charges of the first shall
+be added to those of the second, and the fiscal shall maintain them in
+his act of accusation, because they aggravate the new crime of which the
+prisoner is accused.
+
+70th. When two or more prisoners have been placed in the same prison,
+they shall not be afterwards separated, or introduced to other
+companions; if extraordinary circumstances make it impossible to comply
+with this order, they shall be stated in the process of each person, and
+this incident ought to diminish the weight of their declarations after
+the change; for it is certain that each prisoner will tell his
+companions all that he knows and has seen, and that these reports will
+influence the other prisoners in the recantations which they sometimes
+oppose to their first confessions.
+
+71st. If a prisoner falls sick, the inquisitors must carefully provide
+him with every assistance, and more particularly attend to all that
+relates to his soul. If he asks for a confessor, the inquisitors shall
+summon a learned man, worthy of possessing their confidence; they shall
+recommend that he shall not undertake any commission for any person,
+during the sacramental confession; and if the accused gives him one out
+of the tribunal of penance, that he shall communicate to the Inquisition
+everything relating to his trial. The confessor shall be required to
+inform the accused that he cannot be absolved in the sacrament of
+penitence, unless he confesses the crime of which he is accused. If the
+sick person is in danger of dying, or is a woman about to be delivered,
+the rules appointed for such cases shall be followed. If the accused
+does not ask for a confessor, and the physician declares that he is in
+danger, he shall be induced to make the request, and to confess himself.
+If the accused makes a judicial confession of his crime, agreeing with
+the charges, he shall be reconciled, and when he has been acquitted by
+the tribunal, the confessor shall give him absolution. In case of death,
+ecclesiastical sepulture shall be granted, but secretly, unless it is
+inconvenient. If the accused demands a confessor when he is in good
+health, it may be useful to refuse it, as he cannot be absolved until
+after his reconciliation; unless he has already judicially confessed
+enough to justify the charges: in that case the confessor may encourage
+him to be patient.
+
+72nd. The witnesses in a trial shall not be confronted, because
+experience has shown that this measure is useless and inconvenient,
+independently of the infringement of the law of secrecy which is the
+result.
+
+73rd. When an inquisitor visits the towns of the district of his
+tribunal, he shall not undertake any trial for heresy, or arrest any
+denounced person, but he shall receive the declarations and send them to
+the tribunal. Yet if it is the case of a person whose flight may be
+apprehended, he may be arrested and sent to the prisons of the holy
+office; the inquisitor may also decide upon affairs of small
+consequence, such as heretical blasphemies, which may be judged without
+arresting the parties. The inquisitor shall not exercise this authority
+without being empowered by the ordinary.
+
+74th. In the definitive sentence pronounced against an individual
+declared guilty of heresy, and condemned to be deprived of his property,
+the period when he first fell into heresy shall be indicated, because
+this knowledge may be useful to the steward of the confiscations; it
+shall likewise be mentioned if this declaration is founded on the
+confession of the accused, on the depositions of the witnesses, or on
+both. If this formality is omitted, and the steward demands that it
+shall be fulfilled, the inquisitors shall comply; if it cannot be done
+by all together, it shall at least be executed by one of them, or the
+consultors.
+
+75th. An account shall be given by the gaoler of the common and daily
+nourishment of each prisoner, according to the price of the eatables; if
+there is in the prison a person of quality, or who is rich and has
+several domestics, he shall be supplied with the quantity of food which
+he requires, but only on condition that the remnants be distributed to
+the poor, and not given to the gaoler.
+
+76th. If the prisoner has a wife or children, and they require to be
+maintained from his sequestrated property, a certain sum for each day
+shall be allowed them, proportioned to their number, age, quality, and
+the state of their health, as well as to the extent and value of these
+possessions. If any of the children exercise any profession, and can
+thus provide for themselves, they shall not receive any part of the
+allowance.
+
+77th. When any trials are terminated and sentences passed, the
+inquisitors shall fix the day for the celebration of an _auto-da-fe_.
+They give notice of it to the ecclesiastical chapter and the
+municipality of the town, and likewise to the president and the judges
+of the royal court, if there is one, that they may assemble with the
+tribunal, and accompany it to the ceremony according to custom. They
+shall use proper means that the execution of those who are to be
+_relaxed_ shall take place before night, in order to prevent accidents.
+
+78th. The inquisitors shall not permit any person to enter the prisons
+on the day before the _auto-da-fe_, except the confessors and the
+_familiars_ of the holy office when their employments make it necessary.
+The _familiars_ shall receive the prisoner and be responsible for him,
+after the notary has taken evidence of it in writing, and shall be
+required to take him back to the prisons after the ceremony of the
+_auto-da-fe_, if he is not given over to the secular judge; they shall
+not allow any person to speak to him on the road, or inform him of
+anything that is passing.
+
+79th. On the day after the _auto-da-fe_, the inquisitors shall cause all
+the reconciled persons to be brought into their presence. They shall
+explain to each the sentence which had been read the day before, and
+shall tell him to what punishment he would have been condemned if he had
+not confessed his crime; they shall examine them all, particularly on
+what passes in the prisons, and they shall afterwards give them into the
+custody of the gaoler of the _perpetual_ prisons, who shall be
+commissioned to observe that they accomplish their penances, and to
+inform them when they fail. He shall also be required to supply the
+prisoners with everything they want, and to procure work for those who
+can occupy themselves, that they may contribute to their subsistence,
+and be able to alleviate their misery.
+
+80th. The inquisitors shall visit the _perpetual_ prisons from time to
+time, to observe the conduct of the prisoners, and if they are well
+treated. In those places where there is no _perpetual_ prison, a house
+shall be provided instead; for without this precaution it is impossible
+to inflict the punishment of imprisonment on those who are condemned to
+it, or to ascertain if they faithfully accomplish their penances.
+
+81st. The _San-benitos_ of all those persons who have been condemned to
+_relaxation_, shall be exposed in their respective parishes, after they
+have been burnt in person or in effigy; the same shall be done with the
+_San-benitos_ of the reconciled persons, after they have left them off:
+no _San-benitos_ shall be suspended in the churches for those
+individuals who have been reconciled before the term of grace, as they
+have not been condemned to wear them. The inscription for the
+_San-benito_ shall consist of the names of the condemned persons, a
+notice of the heresies for which they were punished, and of the time
+when they suffered their penance in order to perpetuate the disgrace of
+the heretics and their descendants.
+
+As this formulary is still in force in the tribunals of the holy office,
+it appeared to me useless to follow minutely the details of the events
+of the reign of each inquisitor-general, since the nature of the
+institution may be known by the picture I have given of its laws and
+ordinances, and by the observations which I shall have occasion to make
+in the remainder of the history.
+
+I shall only add, that Don Ferdinand Valdes was, in 1566, succeeded by
+Don Diego Espinosa, Bishop of Siguenza and President of the Council of
+Castile. Espinosa died on the 5th of September, 1572. Don Pedro Ponce de
+Leon, Bishop of Placentia and Estremadura, was the next
+inquisitor-general, but he died before he had entered on his office.
+
+The king appointed the Cardinal Gaspard de Quiroga, Archbishop of
+Toledo, to be the eleventh inquisitor-general: he died on the 20th
+November, 1594.
+
+Don Jerome Manrique de Lara succeeded Quiroga; he was Bishop of Avila,
+and the son of Cardinal Manrique, who had filled the same office under
+Charles V.
+
+Don Jerome died in September, 1595, and after him Don Pedro
+Portocarrero, Bishop of Cordova, was at the head of the Inquisition.
+
+The fourteenth inquisitor-general was the Cardinal Don Ferdinand Nino de
+Guevara, Archbishop of Seville, who took possession in December 1599,
+during the reign of Philip III.
+
+It was under Philip II. that the Inquisition committed the greatest
+cruelties; and the reign of this prince is the most remarkable period of
+the history of the holy office.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+OF SOME AUTOS-DA-FE CELEBRATED IN MURCIA.
+
+
+The opinions of Luther, Calvin, and the other Protestant reformers, were
+not disseminated in the other cities in Spain with the same rapidity as
+at Seville and Valladolid; but there is reason to believe that all Spain
+would soon have been infected with the heresy, but for the extreme
+severity shown towards the Lutherans. From 1560 to 1570 at least one
+_auto-da-fe_ was celebrated every year in every Inquisition of the
+kingdom, and some heretics of the new sect always appeared among the
+condemned persons. Yet the progress of Lutheranism cannot be compared to
+that of Judaism and Mahometanism, because these religions had been long
+established, and the ancestors of a great number of Spanish families had
+professed them. An opinion may be formed of what passed in the other
+tribunals from some notices of the proceedings of that of Murcia.
+
+On the 7th of June, 1557, a solemn _auto-da-fe_ was celebrated at
+Murcia, where eleven individuals were burnt, and forty-three were
+reconciled. On the 12th of February, 1559, thirty victims were burnt
+with five effigies, and forty-three were reconciled. On the 14th
+February, in the same year, 1560, fourteen persons were burnt, and
+twenty effigies: twenty-nine persons were subjected to penances.
+
+On the 8th of September, in the same year, sixteen individuals perished
+in the flames, and forty-eight were condemned to penances.
+
+On the 15th of March, 1562, another _auto-da-fe_ took place, composed of
+twenty-three persons, who were burnt, and of sixty-three who were
+condemned to penances. They were all punished as Judaic heretics: among
+the first may be remarked, Fray Louis de Valdecanas, a Franciscan,
+descended from the ancient Jews; he was condemned for having preached
+the law of Moses; Juan de Santa-Fe, Alvarez Xuarez, and Paul d'Ayllon,
+alderman or sheriffs; Pedro Gutierrez, a member of the municipality; and
+Juan de Leon, syndic of the city.
+
+An _auto-da-fe_ was celebrated in the same town on the 20th of May,
+1563; seventeen persons were burnt in person, and four in effigy;
+forty-seven others were subjected to penances. I shall mention those
+distinguished by their rank or some particularity in their trials.
+
+Don Philip of Aragon, son of the Emperor of Fez and Morocco, came to
+Spain while he was very young, and became a Christian; he had for his
+godfather Ferdinand of Aragon, Viceroy of Valencia, Duke of Calabria,
+and eldest son of the King of Naples, Frederic III. Neither his rank, as
+the son of an emperor, nor the advantage of having a prince for his
+godfather, were sufficient to prevent the inquisitors from exposing him
+to the disgrace of appearing in a solemn _auto-da-fe_; he was introduced
+in the ceremony with the paper mitre on his head, terminated by long
+horns, and covered with figures of devils. In this state he was admitted
+to public reconciliation, after which he was to be imprisoned for three
+years in a convent, then banished for ever from the town of Elche where
+he had settled, and from the kingdoms of Valencia, Aragon, Murcia, and
+Grenada. The inquisitors boasted much of the lenity of this sentence,
+and informed the public that it was occasioned by Don Philip's having
+given himself up, instead of taking flight as he might have done. It
+appears that, after his baptism, he had shown some interest and
+inclination to the sect of Mahomet; he had also given assistance to some
+apostates, and had shown himself a favourer and concealer of heretics.
+He was also accused of having made a compact with the devil, and having
+practised sorcery.
+
+The licentiate Antonio de Villena, a native of Albacete, and a priest
+and preacher much esteemed at court, appeared in the _auto-da-fe_ in his
+shirt, with his head uncovered and a flambeau in his hand; he abjured
+heresy as slightly suspected. He was reconciled, and condemned to one
+year's imprisonment, without the privilege of celebrating the holy
+mysteries; deprived for ever of the power of preaching, banished from
+Madrid for two years, and obliged to pay five hundred ducats toward the
+expenses of the holy office. His crime was having spoken ill of the
+Inquisition, and of the inquisitor-general Valdes, saying that he
+persecuted him, and that he would find an opportunity of complaining to
+the king. He had also been unfortunate enough to betray the system of
+the prisons of the holy office, after having been detained there twice
+for suspicious propositions.
+
+Juan de Sotomayor, of Jewish origin, and a native of the town of Murcia,
+appeared in the _auto-da-fe_ as a penitent, with the gag and the cord
+round his neck. He was condemned to receive two hundred stripes, to wear
+the _San-benito_, and to be imprisoned in the _House of Mercy_ for life,
+with a threat that he should be treated with still greater severity if
+he presumed to converse with any one on the affairs of the Inquisition.
+Juan de Sotomayor had already been arrested and condemned to a penance,
+as suspected of Judaism. When he was set at liberty, he conversed with
+several persons on the subject, repeated the confession he had made, and
+some other circumstances. This was the crime for which he was condemned
+to receive two hundred stripes, and to be imprisoned for life!
+
+Francis Guillen, a merchant, of Jewish origin, appeared in the
+_auto-da-fe_, with several persons condemned to be _relaxed_, in virtue
+of a definitive sentence confirmed by the Supreme Council, which was to
+be read during the ceremony, with the charges against him. In the midst
+of the _auto-da-fe_ Francis announced that he had new declarations to
+make. Immediately Don Jerome Manrique (son of the Cardinal of that name,
+and who was afterwards inquisitor-general) descended from the tribunal,
+took off the insignia of _relaxation_, and gave Francis those belonging
+to a person intended to be reconciled.
+
+The history of this trial proves the arbitrary conduct, and the disorder
+with which the inquisitors pursued and judged the causes, and executed
+their sentences.
+
+More than twenty witnesses deposed that Francis Guillen had attended
+assemblies of the Jews in 1551, and the following years. He was sent to
+the secret prisons, and his sentence of _relaxation_ was pronounced in
+December, 1561. The process having been sent to the Supreme Council, the
+Council remarked that two new witnesses having been heard before the end
+of the trial, their depositions had not been communicated to the
+condemned; in consequence they commanded that this formality should be
+fulfilled, and that the votes should be afterwards given, according to
+law. The inquisitors obeyed, but they did not agree on the sentence;
+some voted for relaxation, the others that the trial should be
+suspended, and that the accused should be induced to acknowledge that
+which was admitted to be true, from the state of the depositions.
+Francis had three audiences, in which he confessed several other facts
+which related to himself, or concerned other persons; the inquisitors
+then voted a second time for the definitive sentence. Francis was
+unanimously declared to be a false penitent, for having confessed only a
+part of his crimes, and he was condemned to be _relaxed_; but it was
+agreed that as he had concealed facts concerning persons of
+consideration, he should be induced to make a more extended declaration.
+
+On the 27th of April, Guillen named twelve accomplices in his heresy,
+and ratified his declaration. On the 9th of May it was decreed that he
+should be told to prepare to die the next day. Francis inquired if his
+life would be spared, supposing that he revealed all he knew: they
+replied that he might depend upon the clemency of his judges. He
+demanded another audience, named a great many persons as his
+accomplices, and designated Fray Louis de Valdecanas as the principal
+preacher of the party. Some time after he accused other persons. On the
+night of the 19th the inquisitors assembled, with the ordinary and
+consultors, and decided that Francis should appear in the _auto-da-fe_
+with the habit of the _relaxed_ persons, in order to make him suppose
+that he was condemned to die; but that he should be reconciled, with the
+punishment of the _san-benito_, perpetual imprisonment, and
+confiscation.
+
+When he was placed among those destined to the flames, Francis demanded
+an audience. The inquisitor Marinque then informed him of his sentence;
+and when he was taken back to the prison, he made a new declaration
+against nine persons, alleging that he had forgotten them in his other
+depositions: he ratified these on the 22nd of the same month.
+
+Some days after the inquisitor-general caused the tribunal to be
+visited; the visitor declared that the judges had acted contrary to the
+laws in conducting Francis to the _auto-da-fe_ in the habit of a relaxed
+person, when they had decided on his reconciliation. The inquisitors
+endeavoured to justify themselves by saying that they thought it would
+frighten the accused into making new declarations. The visitor
+commanded that Francis should be reconciled and taken to the prison of
+the _Penitents_, likewise called that of _Mercy_.
+
+Francis, who was probably a little deranged, declared several times that
+he had deceived the inquisitors by accusing some persons as heretics who
+were innocent, because he hoped that he should escape death by this
+proceeding. These words were reported to the inquisitors, and Francis
+was taken to the secret prisons. There was an act of accusation against
+him; he acknowledged all the articles of the fiscal, and affirmed upon
+oath that all his declarations were true; he ratified them, and begged
+that he might be pardoned. On the 19th of January, 1564, he was
+condemned to appear in the _auto-da-fe_ with the gag, to receive two
+hundred stripes, and to pass three years in the house of _Penitence_.
+Francis suffered the stripes, but they did not render him more prudent,
+for he declared, even in the prison, that he was unjustly treated, for
+all that he had said was false, and dictated by fear.
+
+In 1565, the Inquisition of Murcia received the visit of a new
+commissary, who obliged Francis to appear before him as a witness, to
+ratify a declaration which he had made against Catherine Perez, his
+wife, for Judaism. The following dialogue took place between the visitor
+and the witness:--
+
+Do you remember making a declaration against Catherine Perez, your
+wife?--Yes.
+
+What was that declaration?--It will be found in the writings of the
+trial. (The declaration was here read to Francis.)
+
+Is what you have just heard true?--No.
+
+Why then did you affirm that it was so?--Because I heard an inquisitor
+say it.
+
+Are the declarations against other persons true?--No.
+
+Why did you make them?--Because I perceived in the _auto-da-fe_ at which
+I assisted, that the contents were read in the publication of the
+depositions, and I thought that if I declared it to be true, I should
+avoid death as being a good penitent.
+
+Why did you make your ratification after the _auto-da-fe_, when the
+fiscal presented you as a witness against your wife, and other
+persons?--For the same reason.
+
+After this conversation, Francis was sent back to the prison, where he
+wrote a kind of memorial, in which he said that none of the witnesses
+were admissible against him, because they differed and contradicted each
+other in their declarations.
+
+When the visitor was gone, the inquisitors recommenced their
+prosecution; the fiscal accused Francis Guillen of the crime of
+_revocation_, saying that he had imposed on them from fear, ignorance,
+or some other motive. When Francis again found himself in danger, he, as
+might have been expected, declared that his first depositions were true,
+and that the cause of his retracting was a mental indisposition, with
+which he had been affected. On the 10th November, 1565, Francis was
+condemned to appear in the _auto-da-fe_, to receive three hundred
+stripes, and to pass the rest of his life in a prison. The punishment of
+imprisonment was commuted for that of serving in the galleys, as long as
+the strength and health of Francis allowed of it. The judges reserved
+the right of deciding this point themselves. The prisoner was conducted
+to the _auto-da-fe_ on the 9th of December, and suffered the punishment
+of whipping; he was then transferred to the common royal prison.
+
+After he arrived there, he wrote to his judges, declaring himself
+incapable of serving in the galleys. The tribunal revised the judgment,
+and sent him to the house of _Mercy_. This proceeding displeased the
+fiscal, who protested against it, saying, that the office of the judges
+did not extend beyond the sentence, and that they had not the right of
+commuting the punishment, without the consent of the
+inquisitor-general; the affair stopped here, and Francis had been
+sufficiently punished for his indiscretion to render him more cautious
+for the future.
+
+The irregularity and disorder of the proceedings of this tribunal may be
+seen still more clearly in another trial before the Inquisition of
+Murcia, about the same time, and which was undertaken in consequence of
+the depositions of Guillen. It was instituted against _Melchior
+Hernandez_, a merchant of Toledo, which place he afterwards left to
+establish himself at Murcia. As he was descended from the Jews, he was
+suspected of being attached to the religion of his ancestors. After
+being taken to the secret prisons from the informations of seven
+witnesses, he had his first audience of _admonition_ on the 5th of June,
+1564; he was accused of having frequented a clandestine synagogue in
+Murcia, from 1551 to 1557, when the assembly was discovered; and of
+having acted and discoursed in a manner that proved his apostasy. Two
+witnesses afterwards appeared, and the accused having denied all the
+charges, the publication of the nine deponents was given to him: he
+persisted in his denial, and by the advice of his defender, alleged that
+the evidence of the witnesses could not be admitted, as they
+contradicted each other, and several of them were known to be his
+enemies.
+
+To prove this, and to challenge some other persons, he presented a
+memorial which was admitted, although it was afterwards considered to
+have failed in disproving the charges.
+
+A new witness was heard, when Melchior fell dangerously ill. On the 25th
+of January, 1565, he made the sacramental confession, and on the 29th
+demanded an audience, when he said that his memory was bad, but he
+remembered being in a house in 1553, where a number of persons, whom he
+named, were assembled; he denied having uttered anything concerning the
+law of Moses, and that the only thing he could reproach himself with,
+was not having declared that the others had made it the subject of
+conversation.
+
+Four days after, he declared that all that had been said in the assembly
+was spoken in jest. Several days after this he said that he had not
+heard what these persons said; and that he had affirmed the contrary,
+because the witnesses had deposed to that effect.
+
+Another witness, who was in the prison, was produced, who deposed, that
+after Melchior had written his memorial, he formed a plan of escaping,
+and endeavoured to induce his companions to accompany him. The
+procurator-fiscal read to him the act of accusation, and he denied all
+that it contained.
+
+At this period, the visitor Don Martin de Coscojales arrived, and
+examined the prisoner, who affirmed that if he had said anything, he was
+induced to do it from the fear of death. The advocate made his defence;
+Melchior wrote a memorial, which he read to his judges, in which he
+challenged several persons as if they had deposed against him.
+
+On the 24th September, 1565, Melchior suffered the _question in caput
+alienum_, with the view of making him confess what he knew of some
+suspected persons, but he bore it without speaking. On the 18th of
+October he was declared to be a Jewish heretic, guilty of concealment in
+his judicial confession, and condemned to _relaxation_, as a false
+penitent and obstinate heretic.
+
+Although the sentence was pronounced, it was resolved to press Melchior
+once more to reveal the truth. The _auto-da-fe_ was to be celebrated on
+the 9th of December, 1565; he was exhorted on the 7th; he replied that
+he had confessed all he knew; yet, when he was told on the 8th to
+prepare for death, he demanded an audience, and declared that he had
+seen and heard the suspected persons and several others, and that they
+spoke of the law of Moses, but that he considered these conversations to
+be of no consequence, and a mere pastime.
+
+On the 9th, before daylight, Melchior was dressed in the garb of the
+_relaxed_ persons, when perceiving that his confessions were not
+sufficient to save him, he demanded an audience, and mentioned the
+persons designated in the information, as forming part of the assembly,
+besides twelve other individuals who had not been named to him; but he
+added that he did not approve of their doctrine.
+
+Some minutes after, finding that the marks of condemnation were not
+taken from him, he added the names of two or three accomplices, declared
+the name of the person who had preached on the Law of Moses, and even
+confessed that he approved of some of the things which he had heard.
+
+Lastly, when his confessions did not produce the effect he wished, he
+said, that he really believed in what was preached in the synagogue, and
+persisted in this belief for a year; but that he had not confessed,
+because he thought there was no proof of his heresy in the depositions
+of the witnesses. The inquisitors decreed that Melchior should not
+appear in the _auto-da-fe_ of this day, and that they would consult on
+the proper measures to be taken.
+
+On the 14th of December, Melchior ratified his propositions of the 9th,
+but on the condition that all that had passed should not separate him
+from the Catholic communion, or cause him to be considered as a Judaic
+heretic. On the 18th he desired another audience, and again confessed
+that he believed in the Law of Moses. Yet on the 29th of June, 1566, he
+declared that the Holy Scriptures were read in the assembly, that he
+believed part of what he heard, and had consulted a priest on the
+subject; that the priest told him it ought to be held in contempt, and
+that this decision had regulated his subsequent conduct.
+
+On the 6th of May, 1566, the tribunal assembled to decide whether the
+definitive sentence pronounced against Melchior should be executed. Two
+of the consultors voted in the affirmative; the inquisitors, the
+ordinary, and the other consultors agreed that Melchior had confessed
+enough to entitle him to reconciliation. In an audience on the 28th of
+May, the accused again asked pardon, alleging that he had only believed
+what he heard, until he was undeceived by the priest. On the 30th he
+declared that he thought all he had heard necessary to salvation.
+
+In the October following, he was again admitted to an audience, where he
+spoke against the inquisitor, who had received his confession on the day
+of the _auto-da-fe_ (this was Don Jerome Manrique); he complained of the
+ill treatment he had been subjected to, in order to obtain new
+declarations. He acknowledged that his confessions on that day were
+true, but added that the presence of two inquisitors was necessary to
+prevent the abuse of authority which took place in his case.
+
+The fiscal protested against the act of reconciliation granted to
+Melchior on the 6th of May, 1566, and demanded that the sentence of
+_relaxation_ pronounced on the 8th of October, 1565, should be executed,
+because the accused had shown no signs of true repentance, and would not
+fail to seduce others into heresy if he was pardoned. The inquisitors
+consulted the Supreme Council, which decided that the prisoner should be
+examined again before the ordinary and consultors, and the affair
+submitted to the Council. The sentence was pronounced on the 9th of May,
+1567; three of the judges voted for the _relaxation_, and two for the
+_reconciliation_ of the accused.
+
+The Supreme Council decreed on the 6th of May, that Melchior should be
+_relaxed_, and the tribunal of Murcia pronounced a second definitive
+sentence according to the orders which they received. The execution was
+to take place on the 8th of the following month.
+
+In contempt of the rules of common law, Melchior was called up on the
+5th, 6th, and 7th of June, and exhorted to discover his accomplices; as
+he did not know that he was already sentenced, he referred them to what
+he had confessed before. But when he found that he was to be arrayed in
+the habit of a _relaxed_ person, he declared that he could name other
+accomplices. The inquisitor went to the prison, and Melchior designated
+another house where the Jews assembled, and named seven persons, whom he
+said he had seen there; he also wrote a list of seven synagogues, and of
+fourteen persons who frequented them. He afterwards named another house
+of Judaic heretics.
+
+He was conducted to the _auto-da-fe_ with the other persons condemned to
+be burnt. When he arrived at the place of execution, he demanded another
+audience, in which he named two other houses, and twelve heretics; on
+being told that this declaration was not sufficient to confirm the
+result of the trial, he said he would endeavour to recollect others, and
+a few minutes after he denounced seven persons. Before the conclusion of
+the _auto-da-fe_, he desired to make a third confession, and named two
+houses and six individuals; the inquisitors then agreed to suspend the
+execution, and to send Melchior back to the prison. This was what he
+wished, and on the 12th of June he signed his ratification; but when
+told that he was suspected of having other accomplices, he replied that
+he did not remember any other.
+
+On the 13th, Melchior declared that he was mistaken in naming a certain
+person among his accomplices, but pretended to remember another house,
+and two persons whom he named.
+
+The procurator-fiscal again spoke in favour of the _relaxation_ of the
+accused, alleging that he had been guilty of concealment; Melchior,
+supposing that his death was resolved upon, demanded an audience on the
+23rd of June, and endeavoured to excite the compassion of his judges.
+"What more could I do," he exclaimed, "than accuse myself falsely? Know
+that I have never been summoned to any assembly, that I never attended
+them for any purposes but those of commerce."
+
+Melchior was summoned to fifteen audiences during the months of July,
+August, and September; his replies were always the same. On the 16th of
+October another witness appeared, but Melchior denied his statement, as
+well as that of a witness who was examined on the 30th of December.
+Melchior wrote his defence, and demanded that his own witnesses should
+be heard, in order to prove that he was not at Murcia, but at Toledo, at
+the time specified by his accusers; but the inquisitors did not think
+the evidence offered by the accused sufficient to invalidate that of the
+witnesses against him.
+
+Melchior was at last sentenced to _relaxation_ for the third time, on
+the 20th of March; he, however, had not forgotten the means he had
+formerly used to save himself, and returned from the _auto-da-fe_. In
+five subsequent audiences, he made a long declaration against himself,
+and denounced a great number of persons. He was then told that he was
+still guilty of concealment in not mentioning several persons not less
+distinguished and well known than those he had already denounced, and
+that he could not be supposed to have forgotten them.
+
+This proceeding destroyed the tranquillity which Melchior had hitherto
+shown; and after a long invective against the inquisitors and all who
+had appeared on the trial, he said, "What can you do to me? burn me?
+well, then, be it so: I cannot confess what I do not know. Nevertheless
+know that all I have said of myself is true, but what I have declared of
+others is entirely false. I have only invented it because I perceived
+that you wished me to denounce innocent persons; and being unacquainted
+with the names and quality of these unfortunate people, I named all whom
+I could think of, in the hope of finding an end of my misery. I now
+perceive that my situation admits of no relief, and I therefore retract
+all my depositions; and now I have fulfilled this duty, burn me as soon
+as you please."
+
+The trial was sent to the Supreme Council, which confirmed the sentence
+of _relaxation_ for the third time, and wrote to reprimand the tribunal
+for having _summoned_ the accused before them after passing the
+sentence, since an audience should only take place at the request of the
+accused.
+
+Instead of submitting to this opinion, the inquisitors called Melchior
+before them on the 31st of May, and asked him if he had nothing else to
+communicate; he replied in the negative: they then represented to him
+that his declarations contained many contradictions, and that it was
+necessary for the good of his soul, that he should finally make a
+confession of the truth, respecting himself and all the guilty persons
+he was acquainted with.
+
+These words show the cunning of the inquisitors; their object was to
+induce the accused to retract his last declaration: but Melchior,
+knowing the character of the inquisitors, replied, that if they wished
+to know the truth, they would find it in the declaration which he made
+before the Senor _Ayora_, when he visited the tribunal. This writing was
+examined, and it was found that Melchior had said, _that he knew nothing
+of the subject on which he was examined_. The following conversation
+then took place:--
+
+"How can this declaration be true, when you have several times declared
+that you have attended the Jewish assemblies, believed in their
+doctrines, and persevered in the belief for the space of one year, until
+you were undeceived by a priest?"--"I spoke falsely when I made a
+declaration against myself."
+
+"But how is it that what you have confessed of yourself, and many other
+things which you now deny, are the result of the depositions of a great
+many witnesses?"--"I do not know if that is true or false, for I have
+not seen the writings of the trial; but if the witnesses have said that
+which is imputed to them, it is because they were placed in the same
+situation as I am. They do not love me better than I love myself; and I
+have certainly declared against myself both truth and falsehood."
+
+"What motive had you for declaring things injurious to yourself, if they
+were false?"--"I did not think it would be injurious to me; on the
+contrary, I expected to derive great advantages from it, because I saw
+that if I did not confess anything, I should be considered as
+impenitent, and the truth would lead me to the scaffold. I thought that
+falsehood would be most useful to me, and I found it so in two
+_autos-da-fe_."
+
+On the 6th of June Melchior Hernandez was informed that he must prepare
+for death on the following day. He was clothed in the habit of the
+persons condemned to be burnt, and a confessor was appointed for him. At
+two o'clock in the morning he demanded an audience, saying that he
+wished to acquit his conscience. An inquisitor, attended by a secretary,
+went to his cell; Melchior then declared "that, at the point of
+appearing before the tribunal of the Almighty, and without any hope of
+escaping from death by new delays, he thought himself bound to declare
+that he had never conversed with any person on the Mosaical Law; that
+all he had said on this subject was founded on the wish to preserve
+life, and the belief that his confessions were pleasing to the
+inquisitors; that he asked pardon of the persons implicated, that God
+might pardon him, and that no injury might be done to their honour and
+reputation."
+
+The inquisitor represented that he ought not to speak falsely, even from
+a motive of compassion for the denounced persons; that the declarations
+of the witnesses had every appearance of truth, and he therefore
+entreated him, in the name of God, not to increase his sins at the hour
+of death. Melchior merely repeated that all his former declarations were
+false. The royal judge condemned him to be strangled, and his body was
+afterwards burnt.
+
+Some doubts may be entertained of the sincerity of the last declarations
+of Melchior Hernandez, but the extreme irregularity of the proceedings
+of the tribunal must be evident to every one. The intervention of the
+Supreme Council proves that the same system was pursued in the other
+tribunals, since it approved of their proceedings, and exercised the
+rights of revocation and censure.
+
+In 1564 another _auto-da-fe_ took place at Murcia, one person and eleven
+effigies were burnt; there were also forty-eight penitents, but the
+following circumstance was the cause of this ceremony being more
+particularly remembered. Pedro Hernandez had been reconciled in 1561, as
+suspected of Judaism. In 1564 he fell sick, and through the mediation of
+his confessor demanded an audience of the inquisitors. One of them went
+to his house, and Pedro told him that he had denied the crime of which
+he was accused, and had afterwards made a confession, alleging as an
+excuse for this conduct, that a French priest had given him absolution.
+He now confessed that this was not true, and that he wished to relieve
+his conscience by acknowledging it before he died. The inquisitors
+presented this declaration to the tribunal, which immediately caused
+Pedro to be taken from his bed and conveyed to their prisons, where he
+died three days after.
+
+Three other _autos-da-fe_ took place at Murcia in the years 1565, 1567,
+and 1568, in which thirty-five persons were burnt, and a considerable
+number condemned to penances.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV.
+
+OF THE AUTOS-DA-FE CELEBRATED BY THE INQUISITIONS OF TOLEDO, SARAGOSSA,
+VALENCIA, LOGRONO, GRENADA, CUENCA, AND SARDINIA, DURING THE REIGN OF
+PHILIP II.
+
+
+_Inquisition of Toledo._
+
+On the 25th of February, 1560, the inquisitors of Toledo celebrated an
+_auto-da-fe_, in which several persons were burnt, with some effigies,
+and a great number subjected to penances. This _auto-da-fe_ was
+performed to entertain the new queen, Elizabeth de Valois, the daughter
+of Henry II., King of France. It is rather surprising that this
+melancholy ceremony was chosen to amuse a royal princess of thirteen
+years of age, and who in her native country had been accustomed to
+brilliant festivals, suitable to her rank and age. The Cortes general of
+the kingdoms was also assembled at Toledo at the same time, to swear
+allegiance to the heir-presumptive, Don Carlos, so that this
+_auto-da-fe_, with the exception of the number of victims, was as solemn
+as any of those in Valladolid.
+
+In 1561, another _auto-da-fe_ took place in the same town; four
+impenitent Lutherans were burnt, and eighteen reconciled. Among those
+condemned to penances was one of the king's pages, a native of Brussels,
+named Don _Charles Estrect_, but the young queen Elizabeth obtained his
+pardon.
+
+On the 17th of June, 1565 (which was Trinity Sunday), an _auto-da-fe_ of
+forty-five persons was celebrated; eleven were burnt, and thirty-four
+condemned to penances. Some of these were Lutherans, but the greater
+number were Jews. Among those designated as Protestants, some were
+called _Lutherans_, others the _Faithful_; there was a third called
+_Huguenaos_, after _Huguenots_.
+
+Although the Inquisition of Toledo celebrated as many _autos-da-fe_ as
+the other tribunals, I do not find any persons of distinction among the
+victims, until the _auto-da-fe_ of the 4th of June, 1571, when two men
+were burnt in person, and three in effigy, for Lutheranism, and
+thirty-one individuals were condemned to penances. One of the men who
+were burnt ought to be particularly mentioned. He was called the _Doctor
+Sigismond Archel_, of Cagliari, in Sardinia. He had been arrested at
+Madrid, in 1562, as a dogmatizing Lutheran, and after remaining for a
+long time in the prisons at Toledo, he contrived to make his escape. He
+had not time to get out of the kingdom; descriptions of his person were
+sent to all parts of the frontier, and he was again arrested, and fell
+into the hands of his judges. He persisted in denying the facts imputed
+to him, until the _publication of the witnesses_, when he confessed, and
+maintained not only that he was not a heretic, but that he was a better
+Catholic than the _Papists_. He was condemned to be burnt, but
+persevered in his system, and declared that he was a martyr; he insulted
+the priests when they exhorted him, and was then gagged until he was
+fastened to the stake. The archers, perceiving that he pretended to the
+glory of martyrdom, pierced him with their lances, while the
+executioners were lighting the faggots.
+
+
+_Inquisition of Saragossa._
+
+The Inquisition of Saragossa also celebrated an _auto-da-fe_ every year,
+when several people were burnt, and about twenty reconciled. Most of
+these were _Huguenots_ who had quitted Bearn, to establish themselves as
+merchants in Saragossa, Huesca, Barbastro, and other cities. The
+progress which the Calvinistic doctrines had made in Spain, is proved by
+an ordinance of the Supreme Council, in which we read, that "Don Louis
+de Benegas, the ambassador of Spain at Vienna, informed the
+inquisitor-general, on the 14th of April, 1568, that he had learnt from
+particular reports, that the Calvinists congratulated each other on the
+peace signed between France and Spain, and that they hoped that their
+religion would make as much progress in Spain as in England, Flanders,
+and other countries, because the great number of Spaniards who had
+secretly adopted it might easily hold communication with the Protestants
+of Bearn, through Arragon." These, and other reports, induced the
+council to recommend additional vigilance to the inquisitors.
+
+The following circumstance shows the injustice and cruelty of the
+Inquisition in a strong light. In 1578, a man was condemned, on
+suspicion of heresy, to receive two hundred stripes, to be sent for five
+years to the galleys, and to pay an hundred ducats. His crime was
+sending Spanish horses into France. Since the reign of Alphonso XI., in
+the fourteenth century, the introduction of Spanish horses into France
+was prohibited, on pain of death and confiscation; the particular
+circumstances which caused so disproportionate a punishment to the crime
+to be established are not known; it was however renewed in 1499, by
+Ferdinand the Catholic. No one will deny that the officers of the
+customs were the proper persons to arrest these smugglers; but when the
+civil wars broke out between the Catholics and Protestants in France,
+Philip thought proper to employ the Inquisition in repressing the
+practice, pretending, according to the Papal bull, that those who
+furnished the Protestants with arms, ammunition, &c., were favourers of
+heretics, and liable to suspicion of heresy. Philip II. commissioned the
+Inquisition of Logrono, Saragossa, and Barcelona, to take cognizance of
+all the crimes relating to the introduction of Spanish horses into
+France.
+
+The Council of the Inquisition added a clause to the annual edict of
+denunciations, which obliged every Spanish Catholic Christian to
+denounce persons known to have bought horses to send to France, for the
+use of the Protestants. Besides these motives of religion, the zeal of
+the inhabitants was excited by the promise of a reward.
+
+In 1575, the punishment of whipping was decreed for this crime; but
+though the law is expressed in general terms, the following event shows
+that it was only inflicted on those whose power and credit were small.
+In 1576, a Commissary of the Inquisition met a servant of the viceroy of
+Arragon going into France with two horses; he seized the horses, but
+allowed the servant to go away. He gave an account of his proceedings to
+the inquisitors, who approved of his conduct in not arresting the
+servant; their opinion was confirmed by the Supreme Council. The
+inquisitors were on the point of writing to the viceroy, to demand an
+explanation of the conduct of his servant, and the destination of the
+horses, when the council ordered them to desist, if they thought it
+would be disagreeable to the viceroy.
+
+This law was afterwards applied to those who were suspected of
+smuggling, and to those who favoured the practice. In 1607, Philip II.
+ordered the inquisitors to offer rewards to those who intercepted this
+trade, and the people were at last inspired with so great a horror of
+it, and those who practised it became so odious, that the government was
+obliged to declare that the misfortune of being convicted and punished
+for this crime, did not exclude a person from enjoying honours and
+offices.
+
+The inquisitors, always eager to extend their jurisdiction, wished to
+have the right of undertaking the trials for smuggling saltpetre,
+sulphur, and gunpowder; this attempt did not succeed, and was, in fact,
+the cause of their being deprived of the powers bestowed on them by
+Philip, respecting the introduction of horses into France.
+
+
+_Inquisition of Grenada._
+
+In the yearly _autos-da-fe_ of the Inquisition of Grenada, there
+generally appeared about twenty condemned persons; for although the
+Morescoes who denounced themselves were treated with great clemency, yet
+there were many who refused to accuse themselves, either from the fear
+which the severity of the Inquisition inspired, or because they were
+persuaded that those who declared they had been treated with great
+gentleness, did not dare to assert the contrary; and others, after
+having emigrated to Africa, had returned to Spain without considering
+the danger they were in of being arrested by the Inquisition.
+
+On the 27th of May, 1593, a grand _auto-da-fe_ took place at Grenada;
+five individuals were burnt in person, and five in effigy; eighty-seven
+were condemned to penances. The only considerable person among these,
+was Donna Inez Alvarez, the wife of Thomas Martinez, alguazil to the
+royal chancery. She was condemned to be burnt, but making a confession
+on the scaffold, she was reconciled.
+
+The proceedings were the same in the Inquisition of Valencia. The number
+of Morescoes who relapsed into Mahometanism, and refused to accuse
+themselves, was so considerable, that many appeared in every
+_auto-da-fe_, either to be burnt as _impenitent_, or to suffer different
+penances.
+
+
+_Inquisition of Logrono._
+
+The Inquisition of Logrono was not less active in prosecuting heretics.
+An _auto-da-fe_ was celebrated every year, composed of about twenty
+persons condemned for Judaism, and some others for different heresies,
+particularly Lutheranism; for after the time of Don Carlos de Seso,
+corregidor of Toro (who was arrested at Logrono, in 1558, and burnt in
+the following year at Valladolid), there were always some individuals to
+be found who professed his opinions, and succeeded in obtaining Lutheran
+books. The council which was informed of this circumstance, wrote to the
+inquisitors in 1568, enjoining them to redouble their vigilance in
+preventing the introduction of heretical books, and informed them, that
+Don Diego de Guzman, ambassador to England, had written that the
+Protestants of that country boasted that their doctrine was well
+received in Spain, particularly in Navarre, and that it was even
+preached there.
+
+While the inquisitors of Logrono were preparing for the _auto-da-fe_ of
+1570, they had the mortification of being blamed for their conduct in
+two instances by the Supreme Council. One was in the case of Lope de
+Arguinaraz, and the other in that of Juan Floristan Maestuz, who were
+accused of Judaism. Arguinaraz denied the fact, was tortured, and then
+confessed having committed the actions, but asserted that he did not do
+them with the sentiments and belief that he was accused of. He ratified
+his confession some days after, and demanded reconciliation. The judges
+when they assembled to vote for the definitive sentence, resolved to
+refer the case to the Supreme Council, which pronounced that they had
+not sufficiently examined the accused on the sentiments and intentions
+which he entertained in committing the actions he had confessed, and
+commanded them to return to that stage of the trial, and vote according
+to the result. The inquisitors sent an account of the motives of their
+conduct, and gave notice that they should wait until the council had
+considered their observations, before they proceeded further. The reply
+to this message enjoined the inquisitors to execute the orders they had
+received immediately, and harshly reproached them for not having obeyed
+them in silence, and for having failed in their duty, in the
+interrogation, when they ought to have examined the accused on his
+doctrine.
+
+In the other affair of Juan Floristan Maestuz, the council expressed its
+surprise, that the inquisitors did not examine the accused on some
+heretical propositions which were proved against him, though he refused
+to confess even during the torture; and above all, that the inquisitor,
+who had qualified the accused as _negatively_ perjured, had voted for
+his reconciliation, since the constitutions of the holy office
+prohibited the reconciliation of those who persisted denying the charges
+proved against him. The reconciliation of the two prisoners took place
+in the _auto-da-fe_.
+
+An _auto-da-fe_ took place at Logrono, on the 14th of November, 1593,
+where forty-nine persons appeared; five were burnt in person, seven in
+effigy; the others were subjected to penances.
+
+The custom of celebrating one _general auto-da-fe_ every year was so
+well established, that when the inquisitors of Cuenca, in 1558, gave up
+a man to secular justice in a _particular auto-da-fe_, it was doubted if
+the rules of the holy office permitted it; and though the council
+decided in the affirmative, the custom of reserving all the condemned
+persons for the general _auto-da-fe_ prevailed, unless any very
+particular circumstance made it necessary to deviate from it.
+
+
+_Inquisition of Sardinia._
+
+I have already stated, that Philip II. introduced the Spanish
+constitution into Sardinia, in 1562. Don Diego Calvo first began to put
+it into execution, but the novelty made so great an impression on the
+inhabitants, that they demanded that the tribunal should be visited.
+This commission was confided by the inquisitor-general to the
+licentiate, Martinez del Villar, who fulfilled it in 1567. He received
+so many complaints against the inquisitor Calvo, that he was recalled,
+and Martinez took his place; he, however, did not remain there long, but
+was succeeded by Don Alphonso de Lorca.
+
+In 1575, an appeal was made to Rome against the tribunal of Sardinia,
+and Philip II. interposed in its defence. Don Francis Minuta, a
+Sardinian gentleman, had been subjected to a penance for bigamy, and
+condemned to serve for three years as a common soldier in the galleys
+of Spain, and without the liberty of going out of the Goletta, in Malta.
+He had not been there a month, before he contrived to escape, and
+returned to Sardinia; the inquisitor-general then ordered him to be
+again arrested, and doubled his punishment; Minuta was taken back to the
+Goletta, whence he escaped a second time, and fled to Rome. He
+represented to the Pope that he was not guilty of bigamy, and that the
+manner in which the inquisitor-general had treated him was unjust, since
+he had left the fort with the permission of the governor. Don Francis
+demanded, and obtained of the Pope, two briefs of commission: the first
+for the examination of the principal question, that of bigamy; the other
+to judge of the reasons which he advanced against the sentence, which
+prolonged his detention. In the interim, the inquisitor of Sardinia
+declared him a contumacious fugitive, and condemned him to eight years'
+labour in the galleys. The apostolical judge required the inquisitor to
+suspend the proceedings; he informed the inquisitor-general, who applied
+to the king, whose interference they had never requested in vain. Philip
+II. wrote to Don Juan de Zuniga, his ambassador at Rome, to demand a
+revocation of the briefs of commission, and to obtain permission for the
+inquisitor of the island to continue the prosecution, or that it might
+at least be referred to the inquisitor-general, to whom the right of
+judging the cause belonged. The Pope revoked his bulls to please the
+King of Spain, and the unfortunate Don Francis Minuta experienced the
+fate which he might have expected; for, in cases of this nature, the
+inquisitor-general always delegates one of the members of the accused
+tribunal to be the examining judge, on pretence that they are in
+possession of the writings of the trial.
+
+Don Andrea Minuta, brother to Don Francis, was also condemned to the
+same punishment for three years. He fled to Rome, and appealing to the
+Pope, obtained a brief of commission for a bishop of Sardinia. Philip
+II. made the same request to the Pope, and Andrea was treated in the
+same way as his brother.
+
+Don Pedro Guisa, Baron de Casteli, in Sardinia, was prosecuted and
+condemned for the same crime of bigamy; but having learnt what had
+happened to the two brothers Minuta, he had recourse to entreaties and
+humiliations, to appease the inquisitor-general and obtain a commutation
+of his punishment.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV.
+
+OF THE LEARNED MEN WHO HAVE BEEN PERSECUTED BY THE INQUISITION.
+
+
+Among the many evils which the Inquisition has inflicted on Spain, the
+obstacles which it opposes to the progress of the arts and sciences, and
+literature, are not the least deplorable. The partisans of the holy
+office have never allowed this, yet it is a certain truth. The
+apologists, of whom I speak, maintain, that the Inquisition only opposes
+the invasion of heretical opinions, and leaves those who do not attack
+the doctrines of the faith in perfect liberty,--consequently, that it
+does not influence the arts and sciences. If this pretension was just,
+there are many excellent works which might be read, and which are only
+prohibited because they contain doctrines opposed to the opinions of the
+scholastic theologians.
+
+St. Augustine was certainly a very zealous partisan of religion in its
+greatest purity, yet he made a great distinction between a dogmatic
+proposition and one not defined. He acknowledged that in the second case
+a Catholic was free to maintain the argument for, or against, according
+to the dictates of his reason. St. Augustine did not suppose that the
+freedom of opinion would be opposed by such theological censures as the
+qualifiers of the holy office have established in modern times. They
+have had great influence on the prohibition of books, and even on the
+condemnation of their authors. They are employed against the first, on
+pretence that they contain propositions _favourable to heresy, ill
+sounding, savouring of heresy, fomenting heresy, or tending to heresy_;
+against the authors, in declaring them suspected of having adopted
+heresy in their hearts.
+
+In the present time the qualifiers have extended the prohibitions, by
+saying that the books contained propositions _offensive to persons of
+high rank, seditious, tending to disturb public tranquillity, contrary
+to the government of the state, and opposed to the obedience which has
+been taught by Jesus Christ and his apostles_.
+
+These censures are generally passed by scholastic theologians. The work
+of _Filangieri_, entitled _The Science of Legislation_, was censured by
+Fray Joseph de Cardenas, a Capuchin, who thought himself competent to do
+it, though he had only read the first volume of the Spanish translation,
+which contained only half of that of the original.
+
+The prohibition applies most to those books which treat of theology, and
+the canonical laws, particularly if they are well written, and contain
+the doctrines taught by the fathers, the councils, and even by the popes
+who reigned in the seven first centuries, but which have been forgotten
+or opposed by the theologians of the barbarous times, who wished to
+establish the system of the union of the two powers in the person of the
+sovereign pontiff.
+
+The theological censures likewise attack works on philosophy, on civil
+and natural law, and on the people. Those books which have been
+published on mathematics, astronomy, physic, and other subjects which
+depend upon these, have not been more highly favoured. The Spaniards
+have, consequently, been deprived of the advantages which other nations
+have derived from all the recent discoveries.
+
+Since the establishment of the holy office, there has scarcely been any
+man celebrated for his learning, who has not been prosecuted as a
+heretic. In the list which follows, I shall not (unless particular
+circumstances render it necessary) include any learned man who has been
+prosecuted for having embraced Judaism, Mahometanism, or any sect
+equally prohibited by the Catholic religion. Those only will be
+mentioned who suffered in their liberty, honour and fortunes, from not
+having adopted erroneous scholastic opinions.
+
+The names are disposed in an alphabetical order, that the reader may be
+enabled to find the article he wishes to consult more quickly.
+
+_Abady-la-Sierra_ (D. Augustin), bishop of Barbastro. See Chapter 29.
+
+_Abady-la-Sierra_ (D. Manuel), archbishop of Selimbria, _ibid._
+
+_Almodobar_ (Duke of). See following Chapter.
+
+_Aranda_ (Count d'). _Ibid._
+
+_Arellano_ (D. Joseph Xavier Rodriguez d'), archbishop of Burgos. See
+Chapter 29.
+
+_Avila_ (the venerable Juan d'), secular priest, born at Almodovar del
+Campo, surnamed the Apostle of Andalusia. See Chapters 13 and 14.
+
+_Azara_ (Doctor Nicholas d'). See the following Chapter.
+
+_Balvoa_ (Doctor Juan de), doctoral canon of the cathedral of Salamanca,
+and law professor in the university of that city. He was one of the most
+distinguished literati of his age. Nicolas Antonio only mentions one of
+his works, entitled _Salmantine Lessons_. He composed several others,
+one of which would have caused him to be arrested by the Inquisition, if
+he had not been protected by the inquisitor-general, Cardinal Don
+Antonio Zapata, and by some of the councillors of the tribunal. It was a
+memoir which he had drawn up and presented in 1627, to Philip IV., in
+the name of the universities of Salamanca, Valladolid and Alcala. The
+object of this memoir was to induce the king to refuse the permission
+which the Jesuits had requested, to change the _Imperial_ College of
+Madrid into a university.
+
+The Jesuits denounced the work, and qualified some of the propositions
+as _erroneous, offensive to pious ears, scandalous and injurious to the
+government, and to the regular ecclesiastics of the Society of Jesus_.
+
+The council caused the memoir to be examined by _qualifiers_, who
+declared that it did not merit theological censure, and the council
+abandoned the affair. The Jesuits then employed the influence of the
+Count Duke d'Olivarez with the king, but the attempt was unsuccessful.
+The other work which is attributed to Balvoa, is perhaps that which was
+printed at Rome in 1636, in the printing-office of the apostolic
+chamber. It is written in Latin, in quarto, and bears the name of
+Alphonso de Vargas de Toledo, with this title: _An Exposition made by
+Alphonso de Vargas to the Christian Kings and Princes, of the Stratagems
+and political Artifices which the Members of the Society of Jesus employ
+to establish a universal Monarchy in their favour, a Work which proves
+the Deceit of the Jesuits towards the Kings and Nations who have
+received them favourably; their Perfidy and Disobedience, even to the
+Pope, and the immoderate Desire of Innovation which they have always
+shown in Matters of Religion_. It has been said that this work was
+printed at Frankfort, with the exception of the justificatory pieces.
+The author advances and proves heavy charges against the Jesuits.
+
+_Bails_ (D. Benito), professor of mathematics at Madrid, and author of a
+work on that science, used in the schools. The Inquisition instituted
+his trial towards the end of the reign of Charles III., as suspected of
+atheism and materialism. Bails was deprived of the use of his limbs, and
+incapable of attending to his affairs; yet he was arrested and taken to
+the prisons of the holy office, with one of his nieces, who obtained
+permission to share his captivity, that she might continue to render
+him the assistance which his situation rendered necessary. He prepared
+his defence in the best manner he was able; and before the publication
+of the depositions, he acknowledged enough to show that he was sincere
+in his confession and repentance. When he was examined on his internal
+belief, he declared that he had had some doubts on the existence of a
+God, and the immortality of the soul, but that he had never actually
+been an atheist, or a materialist; that during his solitude in the
+prison, he had reflected on the subject, and was ready to abjure all
+heresies, and particularly those of which he was suspected. He demanded
+reconciliation, and a penance, which he promised to accomplish as well
+as his health would allow him. His situation was considered; and instead
+of sending him to a convent, whither his niece could not have followed
+him, he was kept for some time in the secret prisons of the holy office:
+he was afterwards removed to his own house, which served for his prison,
+and he was obliged to pay for his food during his imprisonment, and
+subjected to several other penances, one of which was being obliged to
+confess to a priest, who was appointed three times in the year,--at
+Christmas, Easter, and Pentecost.
+
+_Balza_ (Francis), Franciscan, and a celebrated preacher in the reign of
+Charles III. When the Jesuits were driven from Spain, he openly preached
+against the relaxed morals of the age; he inveighed against the authors
+who had introduced and propagated them, and endeavoured to inspire
+people with a horror of reading their works. As some of these authors
+were Jesuits, he declaimed violently against those persons who blamed
+the king for the measures he had taken, to drive them out of the
+kingdom. Balza was denounced at Logrono, and the inquisitors gave him to
+understand, that he would be treated with severity if he did not change
+his tone.
+
+_Barriovero_ (Doctor Ferdinand de), theologist of the church of Toledo,
+and a professor in the university. He was tried in 1558, for approving
+the doctrine of the Catechism of Don Bartholomew Carranza. He allayed
+the storm by retracting, when he received the king's order to do so, and
+by sending his recantation to the Pope, when the Archbishops of Granada
+and Santiago, and the Bishop of Jaen adopted that measure.
+
+_Belando_ (Fray Nicolas de Jesus), Franciscan: he was prosecuted on
+account of his _Civil History of Spain_. In this work he gives an
+account of all the events from the accession of Philip IV. to 1733. The
+inquisitors prohibited this book entirely from political motives, and
+not from anything relating to doctrine; their judgment against Belando
+was given on the 6th of December, 1774. The inquisitors had no respect
+either for the license at the beginning of the book, the dedication to
+Philip V., or for the favourable opinion of an enlightened member of the
+Council of Castile, who was commissioned by his majesty to examine it,
+before he allowed it to be dedicated to him. The author appealed against
+the sentence, and demanded to be heard: he offered to reply to all the
+observations, and to make any alterations or suppressions in his work
+which the tribunal should suggest. This attempt of Belando to defend his
+book was considered as a crime, and he was confined in the dungeons of
+the holy office, where he suffered the harshest treatment. He only left
+them to be imprisoned for life in a convent, and he was prohibited from
+ever composing another work. He was stripped of the honours which
+distinguished him in his order, and more severe penances were inflicted
+on him than if he had been an heretic.
+
+_Bercial_ (Clement Sanchez del), priest, archdeacon of Valderas, and
+dignitary of the church of Leon. He was prosecuted and punished in the
+time of Charles V. for Lutheranism. He was condemned for some
+propositions in a work called _Sacramental_. In 1559, the
+inquisitor-general Valdez placed this book in the _Index_.
+
+_Berrocosa_ (Fray Manuel Santos), author of a work called _Essays on the
+Theatre of Rome_. He was imprisoned by the Inquisition of Toledo,
+because he spoke of the court of Rome, in his Essays, in a manner
+displeasing to the Jesuits and inquisitors. The proceedings in this
+trial were so arbitrary, that the work in question was not examined
+until the affair was nearly finished. The writings of this trial were
+taken from the archives of the Inquisition, for some unknown reason. In
+1768 they were laid, by the king's order, before the council
+extraordinary of bishops, who were assembled to consider the affairs of
+the Jesuits.
+
+_Blanco_ (Don Francis), archbishop of Santiago. See Chapter 29.
+
+_Brozas_ (Francis Sanchez de Las), generally called _el Brocense_; he
+was born in the village of Las Brozas, from whence he took his name. He
+was one of the greatest _humanists_ of his age, and the most
+distinguished Spaniard of that party in the time of Philip II. During
+this reign he published several works, which are mentioned by Nicolas
+Antonio in his catalogue. The severe _Justus Lipse_ calls him the
+_Mercury and Apollo of Spain_, and Gaspard Scioppius, the _divine man_.
+He was prosecuted by the Inquisition of Valladolid several times for
+some propositions contained in his works, but principally in a book in
+octavo, entitled, _Escolias a las quatro Sylvas escritas en verso
+heroico por Angelo Policiano, intituladas Nutricia, Rustico, Manto y
+Ambra_; viz. "Commentaries on the four Sylvas, written in heroic verse
+by Angelo Politiano, called _Nutricia_, _Rustico_, _Manto_, and
+_Ambra_." _El Brocense_ completely satisfied the qualifiers, and his
+work was not inscribed on the Index.
+
+_Baruaga_ (Don Thomas Saenz), archbishop of Saragossa. See Chapter 29.
+
+_Cadena_ (Louis de la), second chancellor of the university of Alcala de
+Henares, and nephew of Doctor Pedro de Lerma, who was the first who
+possessed that dignity. Cadena was one of the most learned men of his
+time; he understood Hebrew, Greek, Arabic, and other eastern languages;
+he wrote Latin with the greatest elegance, and enjoyed a high reputation
+among the literati. The learned Alvaro Gomez de Castro says, in his
+_History of Cardinal Ximenez de Cisneros_, that he had formed the design
+of destroying the bad scholastic taste which reigned in the
+universities. This enterprise cost Cadena dear: those who were attached
+to the opinions of the schools denounced him to the Inquisition of
+Toledo, as suspected of Lutheranism; the archbishops Ximenez de Cisneros
+and Fonseca, who protected the persecuted members of the university of
+Alcala, were no more; and Cadena was obliged to follow the example of
+his uncle, and fly to Paris to escape the dungeons of the holy office.
+He was received as a doctor in the Sorbonne, and died a professor in
+that celebrated house.
+
+_Campomanes._ See following Chapter.
+
+_Cano_ (Melchior), bishop of Canary. See Chapter 29.
+
+_Canuelo_ (Don Louis), advocate of the king's council during the reign
+of Charles III. He was subjected to a penance, and abjured, _de levi_,
+for having inserted certain propositions in some numbers of a periodical
+work called _The Censor_, which appeared without the name of the author.
+Canuelo often published declamations against superstition in the
+_Censor_, in which he proved the evil which might be produced by a blind
+and vain confidence in the indulgences and pardons obtained by those who
+wore the scapulary of our Lady of Mount Carmel, in reciting _neuvaines_,
+and in the other outward exercises of devotion, which he said were
+detrimental to the purity of religion. He also presumed to ridicule the
+pompous titles given by the monks to the saints of their orders: thus
+St. Augustine was called the _Eagle of Doctors_; St. Bernard, _Honied_;
+St. Thomas, _Angelic_; St. Buonaventure, _Seraphic_; St. John de la
+Cruix, _Mystic_; St. Francis, _Cherubim_; and St. Dominic, _Burning_. He
+one day offered a recompense to any one who would apply the name of
+_Cardinal_ to St. Jerome, and that of _Doctor_ to St. Theresa de Jesus.
+The monks whom he ridiculed could not forgive his boldness, and they
+persecuted him with virulence. The numbers of his work were prohibited,
+although they were already published; and he was forbidden to write on
+any subject which had the least relation to doctrine, morals, or the
+received opinions on piety and devotion.
+
+_Cantalapiedra_ (Martin Martinez de), professor of theology, and very
+learned in the Oriental tongues. He was prosecuted during the reign of
+Philip II. for publishing a book called _Hippotiposeon_, &c.; it was
+prohibited, and inserted in the _Index_ of Cardinal Quiroga in 1583.
+This author was suspected of Lutheranism, from having too much enforced
+the necessity of consulting the original books of the Holy Scriptures,
+in preference to the interpretations: he abjured _de levi_, submitted to
+a penance, and was forbidden to write again. This example gives us an
+idea of the judgment and discrimination of the judges and qualifiers.
+
+_Carranza_ (Don Bartholomew), archbishop of Toledo. See Chapters 32, 33,
+and 34.
+
+_Casas_ (Don Fray Bartholomew de Las), a Dominican, bishop of Chiapa and
+afterwards of Cuzco, resigned his see to live in Spain; he was the
+defender of the right and liberty of the native Indians. He wrote
+several excellent works which are mentioned by Nicholas Antonio. In one
+of these, he endeavours to prove that the kings have not the power of
+disposing of the property and liberty of their American subjects, and of
+giving them to other masters, either under a feodal tenure, or from a
+right of conquest. This work was denounced to the Inquisition as opposed
+to the declarations of St. Paul and St. Peter, concerning the submission
+of serfs and vassals to their lords. The author was much grieved when he
+heard that it was intended to prosecute him; but the council only
+required of him, in an official manner, the remittance of the work and
+the manuscript. It was afterwards printed several times in other
+countries, which is mentioned by M. Peignot in his _Dictionnaire
+Critique, et Bibliographique des Livres remarquables qui ont ete brules,
+supprimees ou censures_. Casas died at Madrid in 1566 at the age of
+ninety-two. He had the pleasure of seeing another of his works in favour
+of the Americans approved by the censors, although it had been
+criticised by Juan Gines de Sepulveda. Charles V. ordered this writing
+to be suppressed, although it was favourable to the royal authority: he
+likewise made several ordinances in favour of the Americans, and if they
+had been executed, fewer reproaches would have been bestowed on the
+Spaniards who governed the new world.
+
+_Castillo_ (Fray Ferdinand del), a Dominican, and one of the most
+illustrious men of his order. He was implicated in the proceedings
+against the Lutherans at Valladolid in the year 1559. Fray Dominic de
+Roxas, Pedro Cazalla, and Don Carlos de Seso, wishing to prove that
+their opinions on _justification_ were orthodox, declared that they were
+the same as those of Fray Ferdinand del Castillo, who was universally
+acknowledged to be eminent for virtue and wisdom; he had been a member
+of the College of St. Gregory at Valladolid; afterwards professor of
+philosophy and theology at Grenada: he was at this time a preacher of
+great eminence at Madrid. The three witnesses ratified their
+declarations on the 3rd, 4th, and 5th of October, 1559; they were to be
+burnt on the 8th of the same month. Fortunately for Fray Ferdinand, the
+three witnesses had not positively asserted that he had maintained the
+doctrine of _justification_ in the manner that they did, or in the same
+sense, but that he had expressed himself in such a manner that it might
+be supposed. Fray Ferdinand was ordered to repair to Valladolid, where
+he was confined in the College of St. Gregory, and was summoned to
+appear before the tribunal. He cleared himself from the charges brought
+against him, and even obtained a certificate of his acquittal, that his
+honour and reputation might not be affected. He returned to Madrid,
+where he was made a prior, and was afterwards sent to Medina with the
+same dignity; lastly he was appointed preacher to Philip II. This prince
+often consulted him on difficult affairs, and appointed him to accompany
+the Duke of Ossuna in his embassy to Lisbon. Castillo was one of those
+who took the greatest part in inducing the Cardinal King, Don Henry, to
+call Philip II. to succeed him on the throne of Portugal, and he was
+subsequently made preceptor to the infant Don Ferdinand. He wrote the
+history of the order of St. Dominic, a work which is much esteemed by
+the learned of the present day. Castillo died on the 29th of March,
+1593: his life had been a model of austerity, and he fasted on bread and
+water three times a week.
+
+_Centeno_ (Fray Pedro), an Augustine monk. He was one of the most
+learned men of his order, and one of the most distinguished literati in
+Spain, during the reigns of Charles III. and Charles IV. Centeno
+incurred the hatred of all the monks, priests, and seculars, by his
+periodical work, entitled, _The Universal Apologist for all unfortunate
+Authors_. Centeno attacked the bad taste which predominated in
+literature, with the most delicate irony, so that the scholastic
+theologians, who knew nothing of good taste, dreaded to come under his
+examination. The ironical praise which he lavished on them, was more to
+be feared than his sharpest satire: his papers were universally read
+with pleasure, and his decisions generally adopted by his readers. The
+prejudices which prevailed in Spain did not fail to create him many
+enemies. He relied on the purity of his religious opinions, and the
+extent of his knowledge; but he was denounced at the holy office, and
+the denunciations were as different as the stations and characters of
+those who attacked him. He was accused of _impiety_ (a crime then
+considered in Spain as equal to _atheism_, or _materialism_), at the
+same time that others accused him of being a Lutheran and a Jansenist.
+The great reputation enjoyed by the accused, the protection which the
+Count de Florida Blanca, first secretary of state, afforded him, the
+fear that hatred, envy and resentment had induced the accusers to invent
+calumnies, and the impossibility that Centeno could be at the same time
+an atheist and a Lutheran, prevented the tribunal from sending him to
+their dungeons; they therefore confined him in the Convent of St.
+Philip, where he dwelt, commanding him to appear before the tribunal
+when summoned. His great knowledge of doctrine enabled him to defend
+himself with advantage: if his discourse had been printed, his fame must
+have much increased by it; yet he was condemned as _violently_ suspected
+of heresy, and was compelled to abjure and perform different penances.
+This treatment plunged Centeno into a profound melancholy, which
+alienated his reason; he died in this state in the convent of Arenas,
+where he was confined.
+
+The principal accusations against him were, 1st. That he had disapproved
+of the _Novenas_, the rosaries, processions, stations, and other pious
+exercises. This charge was supported by a quotation from the funeral
+oration of a nobleman, in which he had said that beneficence was the
+favourite virtue of the deceased; that it was in the constant practice
+of it that true devotion consisted, and not in the mere exterior
+exercises of religion, which required neither care nor trouble, or any
+sacrifices of money, or other things. 2d. That he denied the existence
+of _limboes_, places destined to receive the souls of those who die
+before the age of reason, without receiving baptism: the argument
+brought to support this charge was the suppression of the question and
+answer on the article _Limbo_, which he had obliged the author of the
+Catechism to make. This work had been printed for the use of the
+charity-schools at Madrid, of which he had been appointed censor; the
+accused replied to the first accusation, by giving clear and perfect
+explanations, founded on the texts of Scripture and the Holy Fathers,
+and on the principles of true devotion: he proved the perfect connection
+of his defence with the expressions he had used in the sermon, of which
+he produced the original copy, as a proof of his innocence. On the
+second charge, he said that the existence of _Limbus_ was not defined as
+an article of faith; that it ought not to be mentioned in a catechism,
+where, according to his opinion, nothing ought to be considered but
+_doctrine_; and that he had suppressed the question, that the Christians
+might not confound this subject which was still an object of discussion
+among the Catholics, with those already decided by the Church. He was
+formally summoned to declare whether he believed in the existence of
+_Limbus_; he replied that he was not obliged to answer, because it did
+not relate to an article of faith; but that as he had no motives to
+conceal his opinions, he would confess that he did not believe in the
+existence. He demanded permission to compose a theological treatise, in
+which he offered to demonstrate the truth of what he advanced, humbly
+submitting to the decisions of the Church: this permission being
+granted, he wrote an hundred and twenty pages in folio, in close lines,
+so that it would form an octavo volume. I had the curiosity to read it,
+and was astonished at his immense and profound erudition: this writing
+contains all that the Fathers and the great theologians have said since
+the time of Jesus Christ, particularly since St. Augustine, on the
+future lot of those who die without receiving baptism, and before they
+have committed any mortal sin. His defence could not save him. A
+barefooted Carmelite and a Minime were the principal qualifiers, who
+censured Centeno as _violently suspected of heresy_.
+
+_Cespedes_ (Doctor Paul de), born at Cordova, prebendary of the
+Cathedral of that city, and residing at Rome. The Inquisition of
+Valladolid tried him in 1560, for some letters which he had written to
+Don Bartholomew Carranza, archbishop of Toledo, and which were found
+among the papers of that prelate, with the copies of his replies. In one
+of these letters dated from Rome, on the 17th of February, 1559, he
+gives him an account of his proceedings in his favour, and allowed
+himself to speak ill of the inquisitor-general and the Inquisition of
+Spain. Cespedes was a great literati, a great painter, and poet, and a
+very clever modeller in wax: he composed a poem, in stanzas of eight
+verses, on _Repentance_. Juan de Verzosa and Francis Pacheco (both
+mentioned with approbation by Nicholas Antonio) have highly praised this
+poem. Cespedes continued to reside at Rome, and thus the inquisitors of
+Valladolid could not execute their projects of vengeance.
+
+_Chumacero_ (Don Juan de). See the following Chapter.
+
+_Clavijo y Faxardo_ (Don Joseph de), principal director of the museum of
+natural history at Madrid, and a learned man, who had a great taste for
+science. The Inquisition of the _Court_ tried him on the suspicion that
+he had adopted the antichristian principles of modern philosophy. He was
+confined to the city of Madrid, which was fortunate for him, as he thus
+preserved his honour and his office; he appeared privately before the
+tribunal, and was only condemned to private penances; he also made his
+abjuration, _de levi_, with closed doors, in the hall of the tribunal.
+It is true that the proofs against him were weak, and he gave to his
+propositions an air of Catholicism. He had lived for some time in Paris,
+where he had been intimate with Buffon and Voltaire. He edited a
+journal, called _The Thinker_. M. Langle, in his _Travels in Spain_,
+says, that this work is without merit; if this author judged truly, it
+would, perhaps, be the only truth in his book. Clavijo was appointed
+editor of the _Mercury_, by the government, he also published a
+translation of "Buffon's Natural History," with notes. As this book is
+written with great purity of style, and without gallicisms, it is an
+important acquisition to those who seek a work rich in the beauties of
+the Spanish language. The Count d'Aranda also gave him the direction of
+a company of tragic actors: Clavijo endeavoured to fulfil the intention
+of the minister, but religious fanaticism arrested the progress of the
+design.
+
+_Clement_ (Don Joseph), bishop of Barcelona. See the following Chapter.
+
+_Corpus Christi_ (Fray Mancio de), Dominican, doctor and professor of
+theology, in the university of Alcala de Henares. He was tried by the
+Inquisition of Valladolid for having given a favourable opinion of the
+Catechism of Carranza. On the 21st of February, 1559, he remitted those
+of the doctors of his university, who had carefully examined some
+propositions of a doubtful nature, and of which they acknowledged the
+orthodoxy. He escaped the dungeons, by retracting, at the request of
+Philip II. A brief of Gregory XIII. obliged him to restore the
+definitive sentence which he had passed on the Catechism and other works
+of Carranza, and in which he had condemned an hundred and thirty-one
+propositions of that prelate. On the 17th of October, 1559, he addressed
+a letter to the inquisitor-general, in which he asked pardon, and
+submitted to any penances which might be imposed on him.
+
+_Cruz_ (Father Louis de la), Dominican, disciple of Don Bartholomew
+Carranza de Miranda, a member of the college of St. Gregory, at
+Valladolid, and extremely well versed in doctrine and theology. He was
+imprisoned in the dungeons of the Inquisition at Valladolid, for being
+implicated in the affair of Cazalla and his companions. The quotations
+made by the friends of Cazalla from his works, created a suspicion that
+he was a Lutheran: it is true that he had held a regular correspondence
+with Carranza, and had given him his opinion of his Catechism. He was
+accused of having bribed the minister of the holy office to obtain
+information of his old master; but he vindicated himself by proving that
+he had acquired some knowledge of the affair, in his conversations with
+Melchior Cano, and with one of the condemned Lutherans whom he had
+exhorted. Fray Louis was arrested in the month of June, 1559, and on the
+7th of August he drew up a writing of six pages, in which he made many
+confessions. He soon became subject to fits of insanity, owing to his
+anxious thoughts during his trial. In June, 1560, he was removed to the
+ecclesiastical prison of the bishop, that he might be taken care of. It
+was impossible to prove any of the charges against him, yet the
+Inquisition kept him in prison until Carranza was released. At last,
+after five years of captivity, he abjured, _de levi_, and was sentenced
+to a seclusion of a few years as a penance.
+
+_Cuesta_ (Don Andres de la). See Chapter 29.
+
+_Cuesta_ (Don Antonio de la), archdeacon of the cathedral of Avila. The
+Inquisition of Valladolid ordered him to be arrested in 1801, as
+suspected of Jansenism and heresy; but he fled to Paris, where he lived
+during the five years of his trial: it would have been much longer if
+government had not interposed, as will be seen in the following article.
+
+_Cuesta_ (Don Jerome de la), penitentiary canon of the cathedral of
+Avila. He was arrested for Jansenism, and heresy, while his brother
+Antonio was pursued, to whom he furnished the means of flight, at the
+expense of his own safety. He passed five years in the prisons of the
+Inquisition, and he would have been detained for a much longer time, but
+for the solicitations addressed to Charles IV., by persons of the
+highest rank, who obtained permission to cause the original writings of
+the trial to be laid before his majesty. Don Jerome proved that the
+prosecution of himself and his brother originated in the intrigues of
+Don Raphael de Muzquiz, bishop of Avila, and formerly confessor to the
+queen, and archbishop of Santiago, and of Don Vincent Soto de Valcarce,
+bishop of Valladolid. When the depositions of the witnesses were read to
+Don Jerome, his great penetration enabled him to recognise them, and he
+clearly proved their injustice. The archbishop of Santiago made many
+representations to the king against the two brothers, the Inquisitors of
+Valladolid, and some members of the Supreme Council; he did not even
+spare Don Ramon Joseph de Arce, archbishop of Saragossa, patriarch of
+the Indies, and inquisitor-general: he accused them all of partiality in
+favour of the two brothers, who were, besides, countrymen of the chief
+of the holy office. The tribunal of Valladolid pronounced Don Jerome
+innocent; the votes were divided in the council: the king then examined
+the writings, and declared, that, from the reports he had received, the
+two brothers were innocent of the crimes of which they were accused. He
+authorized Don Antonio to return to Spain, created him and his brother
+knights of the order of Charles III., and commanded the
+inquisitor-general to appoint them honorary inquisitors. Don Francisco
+de Salazar, bishop of Avila, (who in quality of Inquisitor of
+Valladolid, and member of the council, had taken a great part in this
+intrigue,) received an order from his majesty to reinstate the brothers
+in their stalls. This is one of the very rare instances, where the King
+of Spain took an active part in the affairs of the Inquisition, and one
+of the still more rare occurrences where innocence has triumphed.
+
+_Delgado_ (Don Francis), archbishop of Santiago. See Chapter 29.
+
+_Feyjoo_ (Benedict), Benedictine, born in the Asturias, and a
+distinguished literati. He was one of the first who restored good taste
+in Spain: the works which he has composed, have been enumerated by Don
+Juan Sempere y Guarinos in the _Catalogue of the Authors who flourished
+during the Reign of Charles III._ This learned man was denounced at the
+different tribunals of the Inquisition, as being suspected of the
+different heresies of the fifteenth century, and of that of the ancient
+Iconoclasts; most of his accusers were ignorant and prejudicial monks,
+of whom he had made enemies by the arguments in his _Critical Theatre_
+against false devotion, false miracles, and some superstitious customs.
+It was fortunate for the author that the council of the Inquisition was
+well acquainted with the purity of his principles and Catholicism.
+Although the progress of knowledge has been extremely slow in Spain, it
+must be confessed that it has even penetrated into the interior of the
+_Holy House_ during the last part of the eighteenth century.
+
+_Fernandes_ (Juan), doctor of theology, prior of the cathedral of
+Palencia. He was prosecuted from the declarations of some Lutherans who
+were executed in 1559, particularly that of Fray Dominic de Roxas, who
+quoted several propositions of Fernandez, in which he pretended to find,
+especially on the subject of justification, the same opinions as his
+own. The fiscal presented Fray Dominic as a witness in the trial of
+Fernandez: he persisted in his declaration (he was already condemned to
+_relaxation_, but did not know it), and expected to be reconciled as a
+penitent. Fernandez, however, only received a reprimand for not having
+observed, in his discourse, the prudence which became a doctor of
+theology, at a period when heresy was so common in the kingdom.
+
+_Frago_ (Don Pedro), bishop of Jaca. See Chapter 29.
+
+_Gonzalo_ (Don Vitorian Lopez), bishop of Murcia. _Ibid._
+
+_Gorrionereo_ (Don Antonio), bishop of Almeria. _Ibid._
+
+_Guerrero_ (Don Pedro), archbishop of Grenada. _Ibid._
+
+_Grenada_ (Fray Louis de). _Ibid._
+
+_Gracian_ (Fray Jerome), Carmelite, born at Valladolid, and the son of
+Diego Gracian, secretary to Charles V., and Jane Dantisqui, daughter of
+the ambassador of Poland, at the court of the emperor. He was a doctor
+of theology, and professor of philosophy at the university of Alcala. He
+wrote several works of a mystical nature, and some others on literary
+subjects, which are mentioned by Nicolas Antonio. He was prior of a
+convent of barefooted Carmelites at Seville, which he founded when St.
+Theresa and her community, of whom he was the director, were attacked by
+the Inquisition. The tribunal of Seville prosecuted him as a heretic, of
+the sect of the _Illuminati_; but his trial failed for want of proof.
+Father Jerome experienced many vicissitudes; but as they have been
+related by historians it is unnecessary to mention them here.
+
+_Gudiel de Peralta_. See the following Chapter.
+
+_Gonzalez_ (Gil), Jesuit, born at Toledo in 1532. He was prosecuted by
+the Inquisition of Valladolid, in 1559, for having begun a Latin
+translation of the Catechism of Carranza. When this prelate was informed
+that his work was to be translated into the language of theologians, he
+made some corrections in it, thinking it not sufficiently clear, and in
+July requested Gil Gonzalez to undertake the task. St. Francis de
+Borgia, having heard of the trial of the archbishop, commanded Gonzalez
+to communicate to the Inquisition all that he had been requested to do.
+He obeyed; and in August informed the inquisitor-general of the order he
+had received, and his promptitude in submitting to it. In September he
+renewed his declarations, gave up the Castilian copy of the Catechism,
+with the corrections of Carranza, and all that he had written of the
+translation. He thus escaped persecution, and died in peace at Madrid in
+1596.
+
+_Illescas_ (Gonsalvo de). See Chapter 13.
+
+_Iriarte_ (Don Thomas), born in the island of Canary, master of the
+archives of the minister for foreign affairs, and of the first secretary
+of state, author of a poem on _Music_, a volume of _Fables_, and other
+poetical works. He was prosecuted by the Inquisition of Madrid, during
+the last years of the reign of Charles III., as suspected of professing
+the antichristian philosophy. He was confined to the city, and received
+an order to appear when he was summoned: the proceedings were private,
+and he replied in a satisfactory manner to the accusations, but the
+inquisitors did not think fit to acquit him; they declared him to be
+_slightly suspected_: he abjured and obtained absolution in private, the
+penance imposed was likewise private, and few persons knew that he had
+been tried. Don Thomas Iriarte had two brothers, one called Don Dominic,
+who concluded a treaty of peace with the French Republic at Basle; and
+the other, Don Bernard, counsellor of the Indies, and knight of the
+order of Charles III.
+
+_Isla_ (Francis de), Jesuit. He was the author of several works, during
+the reign of Charles III.; and also published, under a feigned name, the
+_History of the famous Preacher Fray Gerund de Campazas otherwise called
+Zotes, written at Madrid in 1750 and 1770, by the Licentiate Don Francis
+Lobon de Salazar_. This work is a fine satire, in two volumes, against
+the preachers who make a bad use of texts by quoting them in the wrong
+place, and distorting their meaning to support an extravagant
+proposition. This work produced very beneficial effects in Spain; all
+the preachers dreaded the epithet of _Fray Gerund_. This fictitious hero
+might be called the Don Quixote of the pulpit, since the effects of this
+romance were the same as those of Don Quixote de la Mancha, which was
+intended to cure the Spaniards of their ridiculous mania for books of
+chivalry. The monks united against this work; they declared it to be
+impious, injurious to the ecclesiastical state, and the author suspected
+of all the heresies of those who speak with contempt of mendicant
+friars. The holy office received an infinite number of denunciations
+against this work. The qualifiers were of opinion that it ought to be
+prohibited, because the author, in ridiculing those who made a bad use
+of the sacred text, had fallen into the same error in composing the
+sermons preached by his hero. These volumes were consequently forbidden,
+but a publisher at Bayonne reprinted them with a third volume composed
+of the different essays which had appeared in Spain, either for or
+against the history of Fray Gerund. The true author did not put his
+name to the work, but he was known, and the Inquisition having arrested
+him, reproached him for what he had done. Isla alleged his laudable
+intention of correcting the defects which had been introduced into the
+pulpit by bad preachers, and the affair finished there. The Jesuits at
+that time had still some power at Madrid, and many of their society were
+judges of the holy office.
+
+_Jesus_ (St. Theresa de). See Chapter 27.
+
+_Jovellanos._ See Chapter 43.
+
+_Joven de Salas_ (Don Joseph Ignacio), born in one of the towns of the
+Pyrenees, advocate to the king's councils, and a very learned man. He
+was chosen by several grandees of Spain to defend the right of their
+families to the succession of the elder branches, and for other
+interesting trials. He was denounced to the Inquisition for having read
+prohibited books: the inquest did not furnish sufficient proof to
+authorize imprisonment. His aversion for popular commotions, his love
+for social order, the absence of all the royal family, and the
+impossibility of resisting the invasion, induced him in 1808 to submit
+to the conqueror. The great merit of Joven obtained him the office of a
+counsellor of state under King Joseph: for this reason the political
+inquisitors who surround the throne of Ferdinand VII. induced him to
+banish this respectable old man, who lives at Bordeaux full of years and
+virtues.
+
+_Lainez_ (Diego). See Chapter 29.
+
+_Laplana_ (Don Joseph), bishop of Tarrazona. _Ibid._
+
+_Lara_ (Don Juan Perez de). See the following Chapter.
+
+_Lebrija_ (Antonio de). See Chapter 10.
+
+_Ledesma_ (Fray Juan de), Dominican, professor of theology in the
+college of St. Peter Martyr, at Toledo. He was tried by the Inquisition
+of Valladolid in 1559, for having expressed a favourable opinion of the
+Catechism of Carranza; the proceedings were transferred to the tribunal
+of Toledo, which continued the trial without imprisoning Fray Juan, who
+was only confined to his college. Fray Juan declared that he had not
+perceived the heresies in Carranza's work, for that relying on the
+learning, virtue, and zeal of the author, he had read it without
+examining it particularly; he added, that as he had not fallen into any
+error knowingly, which he acknowledged as such, he abided by the
+censures of the qualifiers. He abjured _de levi_; a small private
+canonical penance was imposed on him to be performed in secret, and he
+received the absolution _ad cautelam_.
+
+_Leon_ (Fray Louis de), an Augustine. He was born in 1527, of Lope de
+Belmonte, a judge and member of the chancery of Grenada, and of Donna
+Inez de Valera, his wife. He distinguished himself by the purity of his
+language and the beauty of his verses, which are looked upon as models
+of elegance. He took the monastic habit at Salamanca in 1544. His
+discernment was very great, and his knowledge of theology was so
+profound, that he was not surpassed by any of his contemporaries, and
+had very few rivals. He understood the Greek and Hebrew languages
+sufficiently to read them, and wrote Latin with peculiar elegance. He
+composed several works in verse and prose, which are mentioned by
+Nicolas Antonio. Experience has shown that it is impossible to possess
+superior talents without exciting envy; it is not therefore surprising
+that he was denounced to the holy office of Valladolid as being
+suspected of Lutheranism, at the time that he was professor of theology
+at Salamanca. Although he was innocent, he was kept in prison for five
+years. The solitude in which he lived during this period was so painful
+to him, that he could not help commemorating it in one of his works,
+taking for his text the 26th Psalm. Having been acquitted, he resumed
+his professorship; but his long captivity, the inaction in which he had
+lived, and his grief at being dishonoured, had considerably injured his
+health. He however had still sufficient strength to compose, in 1558,
+rules for the use of his order. He died at Madrid on the 23rd of August,
+1591, during the chapter of which he was named vicar-general.
+
+_Lerma_ (Pedro de), doctor, professor of theology and first chancellor
+of the university of Alcala. He was very learned in the oriental
+languages, which he had studied at Paris, where he had obtained the
+degree of Doctor in Theology: he was also one of the Junta convoked at
+Valladolid in 1527, by the inquisitor-general Manrique, to examine the
+works of Erasmus. He endeavoured to revive good taste in ecclesiastical
+literature in the university of Alcala, exhorting every one to take
+their opinions from the ancient sources. The scholastic theologians who
+did not understand the oriental languages, and who were accustomed to
+read the councils and the Holy Fathers only in the quotations of other
+authors, adopted the usual resource of the envious; they denounced him
+to the Inquisition of Toledo as suspected of Lutheranism. Pedro, being
+informed that he would be arrested, fled to Paris, where he died dean of
+the doctors of the Sorbonne, and professor of theology in that school.
+
+_Ludena_ (Fray Juan). See Chapter 29.
+
+_Linacero_ (Don Michael Raymond), canon of Toledo, preceptor of the
+archbishop of that city, the Cardinal de Bourbon. In 1768 he received an
+admonition from the holy office, while he was only cure of Ugena,
+because he had in his possession the _Ecclesiastical History_ written by
+Racine. This work had not yet been prohibited; but an order of the king
+forbade any person to read it, and the inquisitors compelled Linacero to
+give it up. After the king's death the tribunal prohibited this work as
+infected with Jansenism.
+
+_Melendez Valdez_ (Don Juan), a native of Estremadura; after having been
+a professor at Salamanca, he was appointed judge of the royal court of
+appeal at Valladolid, by Charles III. Charles IV. promoted him to the
+office of the king's attorney in the royal Council of Castile, the
+chamber of the alcades of the royal house and of the Court of Madrid. He
+was the Spanish Anacreon of the nineteenth century, and the fame of his
+odes will last while good poetry is made. One of these gave rise to
+several denunciations in 1796, and Melendez was accused of conversing
+like a man who had read prohibited books, such as Filangieri,
+Puffendorf, Grotius, Rousseau, Montesquieu, and others. This attack
+failed from want of proof. In 1808 Melendez was barbarously treated by
+assassins of the same description as those who massacred the Marquis de
+Perales and the intendant Truxillo, at Madrid; the Marquis del Socorro,
+at Cadiz; the Count del Aguila, at Seville; the Count de Torre del
+Fresno, at Badajoz, and many distinguished Spaniards in other places.
+Melendez survived almost by a miracle, and sought safety in the French
+army. King Joseph appointed him a counsellor of state. Melendez accepted
+the place for the same reasons as _Joven de Salas_; he afterwards
+incurred the same fate, and died at Montpelier in 1817. The _Mercury_ of
+France and the other Parisian journals have published his panegyric. I
+shall therefore only add that at Valladolid in 1788 he gave me a small
+poem of his own composition to read; it was called _The Magistrate_.
+When the second edition of his poems appeared, this poem was inserted,
+and on my inquiring the reason, he gave me the following account of it.
+"As I was always much occupied in composing poetry, even after I was
+appointed judge of the royal court of appeal, some of my colleagues
+harshly censured my conduct, saying that the composition of lyric and
+amatory verses was very unbecoming the dignity of the magistracy: one of
+them said maliciously, that I might perhaps know what a troubadour was,
+but not what a magistrate should be. I then composed this poem, and
+intended to publish it, but afterwards changed my mind, that it might
+not occasion a suspicion that I wished to revenge myself." This poem, in
+my opinion, has much merit, and I hope it will be included in the first
+edition of the poems of Melendez.
+
+_Macanaz_, (Don Melchior de). See the following Chapter.
+
+_Mariana_ (Juan de), Jesuit. He was a natural son of Juan Martinez de
+Mariana, afterwards canon and dean of the college of Talavera de la
+Reyna, where Mariana was born in 1536. When he had finished his studies
+at Alcala, and had become well skilled in the oriental tongues and in
+theology, he quitted Spain to travel in foreign countries: he professed
+theology in Rome, Sicily, and at Paris. When he returned he wrote his
+history of Spain, and was often consulted by the government in affairs
+of a difficult and delicate nature. He was chosen as an arbitrator in
+the great question concerning the royal Polyglott Bible of Antwerp, and,
+contrary to the wishes and intrigues of his brethren, he decided in
+favour of Benedict Arias Montanus. In 1583 he was commissioned to form
+an Index, in which he left out the work of St. Francis Borgia. The
+Jesuits, who are not accustomed to forgive such conduct, did not
+afterwards treat him with the consideration to which he was entitled. He
+proved the vices of the government of their society in a work called,
+_Of the Maladies of the Society of Jesus_. This work was not published
+till after the death of the author; but his brethren were acquainted
+with some parts of it, which increased their hatred towards him. In 1599
+he published and dedicated to Philip III. his treatise _de Rege et Regis
+institutione_, which was burnt at Paris by the common executioner. He
+also published in 1609, seven treatises in one folio volume, one of them
+is on the _Exchange of Money_, and another on _Death and Immortality_.
+These works exposed him to prosecutions from the government and the holy
+office. I have read his defence, and the doctrine he professed is so
+pure and solid, that I am persuaded it would be favourably received if
+it was printed. The sentence of the king was more lenient than he could
+have expected, after having, in his dedication to that monarch, shown
+himself the advocate of the _regicide_, disguised under the name of the
+_tyrannicide_. He did not escape so well from the inquisitors: they made
+some retrenchments in his work on the _Exchange of Money_, and it was
+prohibited until he had been punished. A penance was imposed on the
+author, and he was confined a long time in his college. He died at
+Toledo in 1623, at the age of eighty-seven. Nicholas Antonio mentions
+other works by the same author. In the _Dictionnaire_ of Peignot there
+are some details which might be interesting to a literary person.
+
+_Medina_ (Fray Michel de). See Chapter 29.
+
+_Meneses_ (Fray Philip de), Dominican, and professor of theology at
+Alcala de Henares; he gave a favourable opinion of the Catechism of
+Carranza. The Inquisition of Toledo received from that of Valladolid the
+writings of his trial, summoned Fray Philip, and condemned him to the
+same punishment as Fray Juan de Ludena.
+
+_Merida_ (Pedro de), canon of Palencia: he was commissioned by Carranza
+to take possession of the see of Toledo in his name, and administer to
+the archbishopric. He was mentioned by Pedro Cazalla and others, as
+partaking their sentiments on the subject of _justification_. He
+corresponded with Carranza, and in his trial the Inquisition took
+advantage of several letters in which he spoke ill of the holy office.
+He was arrested at Valladolid, abjured _de levi_, was subjected to a
+penance and a pecuniary penalty.
+
+_Monino_ (Don Joseph). See the following Chapter.
+
+_Molina_ (Don Michel de), bishop of Albaracin. See Chapter 29.
+
+_Montanus_ (Benedict Arias). _Ibid._
+
+_Montemayor_ (Prudencio de), Jesuit, born at Ceniecros, in Rioja, and
+professor of theology at Salamanca. He composed several works, which
+are mentioned by Nicholas Antonio. The Inquisition of Valladolid tried
+him on suspicion of Pelagianism, arising from some theological
+conclusions which he maintained and printed in 1600. He defended
+himself, and explained what he had advanced like a true Catholic. The
+inquisitors ceased to prosecute him personally, but they prohibited his
+conclusions. The Jesuits have always been reproached with their
+adherence to the system of the heresiarch Pelagius, on the subject of
+grace and free-will. Montemayor afterwards endeavoured to vindicate his
+honour and that of his order, in a discourse, entitled _A Reply to the
+Five Calumnies invented against the Society of Jesus, and promulgated in
+the City of Salamanca_. He died in that city in 1641, at a very advanced
+age.
+
+_Montijo_ (Donna Maria-Frances Portocarrero, Countess of), a grandee of
+Spain: she deserves a distinguished rank among the literati of Spain.
+Her claims to celebrity are not only supported by her translation of the
+_Christian Instructions on the Sacrament of Marriage_, by M. Le
+Tourneux, but by her great love for good literature, and by her efforts
+to render the taste for it more common. Her amiable and benevolent
+character made her house a favourite resort for many virtuous and
+enlightened ecclesiastics: among these may be distinguished Don Antonio
+de Palafox, bishop of Cuenca, and brother-in-law to the Countess; Don
+Antonio de Tabira, bishop of Salamanca; Don Joseph de Jeregui, preceptor
+to the Infants of Spain; Don Juan Antonio Rodrigalvarez, archdeacon of
+Cuenca; Don Juaquin Ivarra, and Don Antonio de Posada, canon of St.
+Isidore at Madrid. All these ecclesiastics, and the Countess herself,
+were the victims of the calumnies of fanatical priests and monks, who
+were the partisans of the Jesuits and of their maxims on discipline and
+morals; they were accused of Jansenism. The hatred of their enemies was
+so great, that Don Balthazar Calvo, Canon of St. Isidore, and Fray
+Antonio de Guerrero, a Dominican, declared in the pulpit, that there
+existed in one of the first houses in the capital a conventicle of
+Jansenists, protected by a lady of distinction: they took care to speak
+of her in such a manner that the person could not be mistaken. The
+nuncio of the Court of Rome informed the Pope of all these
+circumstances, and his Holiness immediately addressed letters of thanks
+to these two preachers and some other individuals, for the zeal they had
+shown in defending the faith. These letters were, in a manner, the
+signal for a denunciation against all persons suspected of Jansenism,
+and did not fail to produce that effect. Besides the suspicion of
+Jansenism, the Countess of Montijo was accused of holding a religious
+and literary correspondence with Monsignor Henri Gregoire, then bishop
+of Blois, and one of the most Catholic and learned men in France, a
+Member of the Institute, and author of several works, one of which was a
+_Letter to the Inquisitor-general of Spain_, in which he invites him to
+propose the suppression of the Inquisition of which he is the head. The
+accusers supposed Monsignor Gregoire to be the head of the Jansenists in
+France; but they concealed the fact that this bishop had several times
+exposed himself to death to give the victims of the revolution the last
+spiritual aid, and to maintain the Catholic religion when Robespierre
+endeavoured to destroy it. The accusers, who dwelt upon the mention
+which had been made of the Countess in the national council of France,
+held by the bishops who had taken the oaths, and of which Monsignor
+Gregoire was a member. The inquisitors received secret informations of
+this affair; but no facts or heretical propositions were proved, and
+they had not courage to issue the orders for an arrest. The rank and
+birth of the accused gave them the means of putting an end to the
+persecution: a sort of court intrigue, however, caused the Countess to
+be sent from Madrid. She retired to Logrono, where she died in 1808,
+with the reputation of being virtuous, and charitable to the poor.
+
+_Mur_ (Don Joseph de). See following Chapter.
+
+_Olavide_ (Don Paul). _Ibid._
+
+_Palafox y Mendoza_ (Don Juan de). See Chapter 30.
+
+_Palafox_ (Don Antonio de), bishop of Cuenca. He was prosecuted by the
+Inquisition of Madrid on suspicion of Jansenism, but his trial did not
+proceed further than the _preparatory instruction_, as nothing but
+conjectures could be brought against him. He was tried at the same time
+with his sister-in-law, the Countess de Montijo. This prelate made a
+learned and energetic representation to the king, in which he proved
+that the ex-jesuits who had returned to Spain were the authors of the
+prosecutions against himself and his friends; and they left nothing
+undone to ruin those who were not of their party.
+
+_Pedroche_ (Fray Thomas de), Dominican, and a professor at Toledo; he
+gave a favourable opinion of the Catechism of Carranza, and received the
+same treatment as Fray Juan de Ledesma.
+
+_Pena_ (Fray Juan de la), Dominican, director of the studies of the
+college of St. Gregory at Valladolid, and a professor of Salamanca. In
+1558 he gave a favourable opinion of the Catechism of Carranza. He was
+summoned by the inquisitors on the 15th of March, 1559, to qualify
+twenty propositions of an author whose name they concealed from him; on
+the 5th of April following, he gave his reply, containing nineteen pages
+of writing. He declared that the propositions were Catholic; that some
+of them were ambiguous, which might cause them to be considered as
+tending to Lutheranism, but that it did not appear that the author had
+advanced them with any bad intention. The Archbishop Carranza, being
+thrown into prison on the 22nd of August in the same year, De la Pena
+became alarmed, and wrote to the Inquisition, saying, that he had been
+intimate with that prelate, because he believed him to be a good
+Catholic; that this reason had also prevented him from denouncing a
+favourable opinion which he had expressed of one Don Carlos de Seso,
+one of the Lutherans who were tried in this year; that Carranza had not
+condemned him, because he did not think him an heretic, although he had
+advanced propositions which were tinctured with Lutheranism. De la Pena
+added, that, seeing the archbishop arrested, he had confessed this, lest
+his silence might be construed into a crime. His precaution was
+unavailing. De la Pena appeared guilty, from the opinion he had given of
+the Catechism, and two other accusations were brought against him: the
+first was, that he had said that there was no foundation for denouncing
+the proposition of Carranza, which states, _that it is not yet decided
+if faith was lost in committing a mortal sin_; the second, that he had
+asserted when the archbishop was arrested, _that even if he was an
+heretic, the holy office ought to overlook it, lest the Lutherans in
+Holland should acknowledge him as a martyr, which they had already done
+to several individuals who had been punished_. De la Pena's reply
+displeased the inquisitors; they sharply reproved him, condemned him to
+several penances, and commanded him to be more cautious for the future.
+
+_Perez_ (Antonio), secretary of state. See Chapter 35.
+
+_Quiros_ (Don Joseph), priest, advocate to the king's council at Madrid.
+Being informed of the persecution of Belando by the Inquisition, on
+account of his _Civil History of Spain_, he drew up a writing, in which
+he endeavoured to prove that the inquisitors ought to have examined the
+author before they condemned his work. This liberty cost him dear;
+although he was seventy years old, and his legs swelled continually, he
+was sent to the secret prisons, and as if this was not sufficient, he
+was kept during the months of February and March in a cold, damp
+chamber, where he was obliged to endure all the rigour of the season,
+and nearly sunk under it. Philip V. was at last informed of the state to
+which Quiros was reduced, and he obtained his liberty after forty-four
+days of suffering, on the condition of never again writing on the
+affairs of the Inquisition, unless he wished to experience greater
+severity.
+
+_Ramos del Manzano_ (Don Francis). See following Chapter.
+
+_Regla_ (Fray Juan de). See Chapter 29.
+
+_Ricardos_ (Don Antonio), Count de Trullas in his own right, and of
+Torrepalma in that of his wife and cousin; captain-general of the royal
+armies, and commander-in-chief of that of Roussillon against the French
+republic in the years 1793 and 1794. He was suspected of being an
+_esprit fort_, or an incredulous philosopher, and the dean of the
+inquisitors invited him to attend the _auto-da-fe_ of Don Paul de
+Olavide; they thought that he might consider some of the declarations as
+relating to himself, though his name was not mentioned, particularly as
+he had been very intimate with Olavide, and their religious sentiments
+were very similar on some points. This was the only mortification which
+the Inquisition could inflict upon Ricardos, as they had not sufficient
+proof to authorize a prosecution.
+
+_Ripalda_ (Jerome de), Jesuit, born at Teruel in Aragon towards the end
+of the sixteenth century and the beginning of the seventeenth. He was
+one of the most learned theologians of his order; he professed theology,
+and wrote two Treatises, one mystic and the other on _Christian
+Doctrine_, which has been used by the schools for near a century, with
+the exception of some alterations which have been made in the new
+editions of his Catechism. Nicholas Antonio says that he died, with the
+reputation of being a saint, in 1618, aged eighty-four. He had been for
+some time director to St. Theresa de Jesus. It is possible that the
+forty-four last years of Ripalda's life may have been exemplary, but the
+impartiality of an historian compels me to say, that Jerome Ripalda was
+tried by the Inquisition of Valladolid as an _illuminati_, or
+_quietist_, and tinctured with the heresy of _Molinos_; that he
+confessed some of the charges, asked pardon, and implored his judges to
+be merciful; and that a penance was imposed on him in 1574, as being
+_suspected de vehementi_. The sincere repentance which he showed induced
+the inquisitor-general, Quiroga, to shorten the duration of his penance;
+I must add that the purity of Ripalda's faith and morals after this
+event were such as to render him worthy of the esteem and respect of
+mankind.
+
+_Ribera_ (Don Juan de). See Chapter 30.
+
+_Roda_ (Don Manuel de). See following Chapter.
+
+_Rodrigalvarez_ (Don Juan Antonio), priest, canon of St. Isidore at
+Madrid, afterwards archdeacon of Cuenca, and provisor and vicar-general
+of that diocese; he wrote several historical works. Rodrigalvarez was
+implicated in the denunciation of Don Balthazar Calvo, his colleague,
+who, giving way to personal considerations, and instigated by the
+ex-jesuits lately arrived from Italy, inflicted such cruel
+mortifications on Rodrigalvarez and Posada his colleague, that they were
+obliged to complain to the Prince of Peace, and to implore his
+assistance. The trial begun by the Inquisition did not furnish
+sufficient proof of their guilt, and it was not continued. The trials of
+Don Antonio Posada, and Don Juaquin Ibarra, mentioned in the article
+_Montijo_, finished in the same manner.
+
+_Roman_ (Fray Jerome), an Augustine, born at Logrono. He was very
+learned in the oriental languages, and directed his attention towards
+the study of sacred and profane history. In prosecuting this design, he
+travelled over a great part of Europe, examining the different archives,
+and making extracts of all that appeared likely to increase the success
+of the great works which he had projected. Being appointed historian to
+his order, he published the history of it from the year 1569; in it he
+gives an account of the lives of the saints and illustrious men who had
+belonged to it, with many interesting details. His wish to publish the
+historical facts which he had collected during his travels, induced him
+to write a book called the _Republics of the World_; in this work he
+treats very learnedly of the ancient and modern republics: it was
+printed at Medina del Campo, in 1575, and again in 1595 at Salamanca.
+Unfortunately for the author, it contained several truths which
+displeased some persons powerful enough to injure him; he experienced
+some persecution, and the Inquisition of Valladolid reprimanded him, and
+ordered his work to be corrected. He died in 1597, leaving some MSS.
+which are mentioned by Nicholas Antonio.
+
+_Salazar_ (Fray Ambrose de), Dominican, and professor of theology at
+Salamanca. The Inquisition of Valladolid tried him in 1559, on two
+accusations: the first was founded on the declarations of Fray Dominic
+de Roxas and Fray Louis de la Cruz, during their imprisonment: they
+imputed to Fray Ambrose some propositions which tended to Lutheranism;
+the second charge was founded on the favourable opinion which he had
+given of the Catechism of Carranza. The trial was not continued, on
+account of the death of Fray Ambrose in 1560, in the thirty-eighth year
+of his age: it was supposed that fear, and his imprisonment in the holy
+office, where Carranza was detained, hastened his death. He left, in
+order to be printed, some _Commentaries on the first part of the Sum of
+St. Thomas_.
+
+_Salas_ (Don Ramon de), born at Belchite in Aragon, was a professor at
+Salamanca, and one of its greatest literati: he was prosecuted in 1796
+by the Inquisition of Madrid, on suspicion of having adopted the
+principles of the modern philosophers, Voltaire, Rousseau, and others,
+whose works he had read. He acknowledged that he was acquainted with
+their works, but added that he had only read them in order to refute
+them, which he had done in several public theses, maintained at
+Salamanca by some of his pupils, under his direction. All these theses
+were introduced in the trial. He replied in a satisfactory manner to
+all the allegations, and the qualifiers did not find anything in his
+writings which deserved theological censure. The judges not only
+acquitted him, but on being informed that Father Poveda, a Dominican,
+had intrigued against him, thought that he had a right to a public
+reparation. On the 22nd of October, in the same year, they sent their
+sentence and the writings of the trial, together with the considerations
+and the points of doctrine on which they were founded, to the Supreme
+Council, at the same time expressing their opinion on the right of Salas
+to a reparation.
+
+Father Poveda, by his intrigues, caused the trial to be sent back to the
+inquisitors, with an order to make fresh inquiries, which was done, but
+the qualifiers and judges persisted in their first sentence. The
+intrigues again began in the council, which returned the trial to the
+Inquisition a second time, with an order to make another inquest
+extraordinary: a third qualification, and a third sentence were the
+result, confirming the innocence of Salas. This was not what was
+intended; the accused had a powerful enemy in the council: this was Don
+Philip Vallejo, archbishop of Santiago, and governor of the Council of
+Castile; he had been inimical to Salas, from having had certain literary
+discussions with him at the university of Salamanca, when he was bishop
+of that see. The trial was suspended, to afford time for the archbishop
+to procure new denunciations, to add to those he had already obtained.
+Salas requested that his imprisonment might be ameliorated, and that he
+might only be confined to the city of Madrid. The council refused this
+favour; he then demanded permission to apply to the king, but this was
+also refused. He was at last condemned to abjure _de levi_; received the
+absolution and censures _ad cautelam_; and was banished from the
+capital. He retired to Guadalaxara, and there complained to his
+sovereign of the injustice of the Council of the Inquisition. Charles
+IV. ordered the writings of the trial to be sent to his minister of
+justice. Cardinal de Lorenzana, inquisitor-general, endeavoured to
+prevent it, but his efforts were ineffectual. When the affair was
+examined by the minister, the intrigue was discovered, and a resolution
+was formed to expedite a royal ordinance, forbidding the inquisitors to
+arrest any individual for the future, without first informing the king
+of their intention. The decree was drawn up by Don Eugene Llaguno,
+minister of justice, and he presented it to his majesty for signature;
+the king told him that it must first be shown to the Prince of Peace, as
+he had taken part in the deliberation, and would see if it was properly
+drawn up. Unfortunately for mankind, this delay of one day gave Vallejo
+time to renew his intrigues, so that the Prince of Peace changed his
+mind, and the royal decree was so different from what was expected, that
+the affair was ordered to be left in the same state.
+
+_San Ambrosio_ (Fray Ferdinand de), Dominican; he was a learned man, and
+well skilled in the conduct of affairs. The Inquisition of Valladolid
+tried him in 1559: he was accused of having taken measures in favour of
+Carranza; of having profited by his sojourn at Rome in the same year, to
+prejudice his Holiness against the tribunal, to engage him to cause the
+trial to be transferred to Rome, and not to allow the archbishop to be
+arrested. The prosecutions soon ceased, because the accused remained at
+Rome.
+
+_Saloedo._ See following Chapter.
+
+_Salgado._ _Ibid._
+
+_Samaniego_ (Don Felix-Maria de), lord of the town of Arraya, and an
+inhabitant of Laguardia in the province of Alava. He composed some
+fables and lyric poems of great merit, and was one of the greatest
+Spanish literati, during the reign of Charles IV. The Inquisition of
+Logrono prosecuted him, on suspicion of having embraced the errors of
+the modern philosophers, and of having read prohibited books. He was on
+the point of being arrested, when, discovering it by chance, he
+immediately set off for Madrid, where Don Eugene Llaguno, the minister
+of justice, and his friend and countryman, privately arranged his
+affairs with the inquisitor-general.
+
+_Samaniego_ (Don Philip). See following Chapter.
+
+_Santo Domingo_ (Fray Antonio de), Dominican, rector of the college of
+St. Gregory at Valladolid, was prosecuted by the Inquisition of that
+city in 1559 and 1560. The proceeding was founded on several
+accusations; in 1558, he had approved of some reprehensible propositions
+in the Catechism of Carranza: he was also accused of having said in
+1559, _that the arrest of this prelate was as unjust as that of Jesus
+Christ_; that the prosecutions of the tribunal were of the same
+character; that Fray Melchior Cano ought to die first, because he was
+the most guilty; and that his death would be as agreeable to God as the
+sacrifice of mass. The accused was imprisoned, and a penance was imposed
+on him.
+
+_Santa Maria_ (Fray Juan de), barefooted Franciscan, and confessor to
+the Infanta Maria-Anne of Austria, Empress of Germany, and daughter to
+Philip IV. In 1616 he published a work called _Christian Republics and
+Politics_, which he dedicated to Philip III. Having occasion to say in
+this work that the Pope Zachariah had deposed Childeric, King of France,
+and crowned Pepin in his place, he added; "_It is from this time that we
+date the right which the Popes have arrogated to themselves of deposing
+and establishing kings_." The Inquisition receiving information of it,
+reprimanded the author, and altered the sentence as follows: "_It is
+from this time that the Popes have made use of their right of deposing
+and establishing kings_."
+
+_Sese_ (Don Joseph de). See following Chapter.
+
+_Siguenza_ (Fr. Joseph de), Jeronimite of the Convent of the Escurial;
+he was born in the town of that name. He was one of the most learned men
+of the reigns of Philip II., and Philip III., and well versed in history
+and the oriental languages. In 1595 he published the life of St.
+Jerome, and in 1600, a history of his order. He experienced much
+persecution, because he was one of the best preachers of his time, and
+the most esteemed by the king. The other monks (whose sermons were not
+so well received) denounced him to the Inquisition of Toledo, as
+suspected of Lutheranism. He remained in seclusion for nearly a year, in
+the monastery of _La Sisla_, belonging to his order, and he was obliged
+to appear before the tribunal whenever he was summoned. He justified
+himself, was acquitted, and died the superior of the convent of the
+Escurial.
+
+_Sobanos._ See Chapter 26.
+
+_Solorzano._ See following Chapter.
+
+_Soto_ (Fray Dominic). See Chapter 29.
+
+_Soto_ (Fray Pedro). _Ibid._
+
+_Sotomayor_ (Fray Pedro), Dominican; he was one of those who, in 1558,
+approved the Catechism of Carranza. The Inquisition of Valladolid tried
+him in 1559, on the suspicion that he was tinctured with some heretical
+sentiments attributed to the archbishop; he was confined in the Convent
+of St. Paul, and afterwards severely reprimanded. He did not suffer any
+other punishment, because he declared (like all the others), that his
+confidence in the virtue and great learning of the author of the
+Catechism had induced him to act without any bad intention.
+
+_Tabira_ (Don Antonio), bishop of Salamanca, knight of the order of St.
+James, almoner and preacher to the king, and the author of several
+unpublished works: his great virtue, his literary talent and exquisite
+judgment, made him the ornament of the church during the reigns of
+Charles III. and Charles IV. The government consulted him several times
+on affairs of the greatest importance, and his opinions deserved the
+approbation of enlightened men: his sermons passed in Spain for the best
+which the age had produced. In 1809, I published the reply of this
+prelate to a consultation addressed to him in 1799, concerning the
+validity of marriages contracted before the civil authority, as in
+France. The piety and erudition of Tabira are displayed in this writing.
+It was impossible that the ex-jesuits should not employ the influence of
+their party to persecute a prelate who gave the preference to a decision
+given by the church legally assembled in a general council, to a bull
+expedited by its chief. Calvo, Guerrero, and other _Jesuits of the short
+robe_, attacked Tabira as a Jansenist; they denounced him to the holy
+office, but did not succeed in their attempt, since they could not
+impute to him any fact tending to heresy.
+
+_Talavera_ (Don Ferdinand de), first archbishop of Grenada. See Chapter
+10.
+
+_Tobar_ (Bernardine de). See Chapter 14.
+
+_Tordesillas_ (Fray Francis de), Dominican, member of the college of St.
+Gregory of Valladolid, and pupil of Carranza: he was a learned
+theologian. Tordesillas was imprisoned a short time after his master, on
+the suspicion that he entertained the same opinions. He appears to have
+justified this suspicion, by the care which he took to copy all his
+treatises on theology, and other works. He abjured _de levi_, submitted
+to a penance, and was obliged to relinquish giving lessons on theology.
+
+_Tormo_ (Don Gabriel de), bishop of Orihuela. See Chapter 26.
+
+_Urquijo_ (Don Marianno Louis de), secretary of state under Charles IV.
+See Chapter 43.
+
+_Valdes_ (Juan de), author of some works which are mentioned by Nicolas
+Antonio; one of them, the _Commentary on the First Epistle of St. Paul
+to the Corinthians_, is prohibited in the Index. He was tried on account
+of this treatise and another, which was found among the papers of
+Carranza, and which was at first supposed to be his composition; this
+work is called _Thoughts on the Interpretations of the Holy Scriptures_.
+Valdes also composed another called _Acharo_; all these works were
+noted as being Lutheran, and the author was declared to be a _formal
+heretic_. Valdes left Spain, and thus escaped imprisonment. In 1559,
+Fray Louis de la Cruz, a prisoner in the Inquisition of Valladolid,
+declared that Valdes was living at Naples; that his _Thoughts_, &c. had
+been sent twenty years before to Carranza, in the form of a letter, but
+that it had its origin in the _Christian Institutions_ of Thaulero. Fray
+Dominic de Roxas (another prisoner in the Inquisition) spoke of this
+Valdes as if he was the secretary of Charles V.; if that was the case,
+he must be called _Juan Alonzo de Valdes_. Nicolas Antonio mentions him
+as a different person in his _Bibliotheque_.
+
+_Vergara_ (Juan de). See Chapter 14.
+
+_Vicente_ (Doctor Don Gregory de), priest and professor of philosophy at
+Valladolid. The tribunal of this city tried and imprisoned him in 1801,
+for some theses which had been maintained and printed in Spanish, on the
+manner of studying, examining, and defending true religion. He abjured
+_naturalism_ publicly in a lesser _auto-da-fe_, and several penances
+were imposed on him. His theses appear to be orthodox, if they are
+understood literally. The masters of scholastic theology declared
+against Vicente, because he had attacked the manner of teaching and
+studying religion practised in his time; he was also accused of having
+preached against the pious exercises of devotion. The sermon which was
+the origin of this accusation was severely examined, and it was found
+that he had said, that true devotion consists in the actual practice of
+virtue, and not in exterior ceremonies; his theses were publicly
+condemned, and he was detained in prison for eight years. He was nephew
+to an inquisitor of Santiago, which induced those of Valladolid to
+pronounce him to be insane, in order to save him; but when he returned
+home he gave such unequivocal proofs of being in his senses, that the
+inquisitors thought the honour of the tribunal would not allow the
+affair to be left in this state, and again arrested him. He had been in
+the prison more than a year when the _auto-da-fe_ was celebrated.
+
+_Villagarcia_ (Fray Juan), Dominican, a pupil of Carranza, and his
+companion during his travels in Germany, England, and Flanders. He was
+one of the greatest theologians of his age. His arrest took place at
+Medemblick, in Flanders, at the same time as that of the Archbishop of
+Torrelaguna, in Spain. He was imprisoned at Valladolid, on the 19th of
+September, 1559. Several letters were found among his papers, and those
+of the archbishop, from Fray Louis de la Cruz, and Fray Francis de
+Tordesillas, in which they gave an account of all that they could learn
+concerning the trial of the archbishop. The same errors were imputed to
+Villagarcia as to Carranza, principally because he had copied part of
+the prelate's MS. works. Some person having told him that Carranza's
+Catechism would be better in Latin than in the vulgar tongue, he
+occupied himself in translating it, during his stay in England. This was
+the source of another accusation, and a consultation took place to
+decide if he ought not to receive the question _in caput alienum_, in
+order to make him confess certain facts brought against the archbishop,
+but without any proof concerning his having read the works of
+_OEcolampadius_ and other prohibited books. The opinions were
+different, and the council decreed, that Villagarcia should first be
+formally examined on some other propositions. His replies were so
+favourable to the archbishop, that he could not have answered more
+conclusively for himself. Villagarcia remained four years in prison; he
+abjured, and was subjected to several penances, one of which was, never
+again to teach or write on theology.
+
+_Villalba_ (Fray Francis de). See Chapter 29.
+
+_Villegas_ (Alphonso de). See Chapter 13.
+
+_Virues_ (Don Alphonso de). See Chapter 14.
+
+_Yeregui_ (Don Joseph de), secular priest, doctor of theology and canon
+law, born at Vergara de Guipuzcoa: he was preceptor to the infants Don
+Gabriel and Don Antonio de Bourbon, and knight of the royal order of
+Charles III. He published a good catechism, and was denounced three
+times to the Inquisition of Madrid, on suspicion of being a Jansenist.
+In 1792, he was commanded not to go out of the city of Madrid. He lived
+in this kind of captivity for six months, and was then acquitted by the
+inquisitors of the court. Unfortunately he had enemies in the Supreme
+Council, who wished to order the trial to be suspended, and they would
+have succeeded if the inquisitor-general, Rubin de Cevallos, had not
+died at that time. His successor, Don Manuel Abady-la-Sierra, archbishop
+of Selimbria, professed the same opinions as Yeregui, who at last
+received a certificate of absolution, and regained his liberty; the king
+then appointed him to be an honorary inquisitor. Yeregui in his new
+office incurred other inconveniences, because he had spoken to his
+friends of the circumstances of his trial, which was interpreted as a
+sign of contempt for the holy office, which always enjoins secrecy to
+those who appear before it. Yeregui however apologized, and refuted all
+that had been published concerning his opinions of the Inquisition.
+
+_Zeballos_ (Jerome de), native of Escalona; he was a professor in the
+university of Salamanca, and a member of the municipality of Toledo. In
+1609 he published at Rome a volume in folio, containing several
+treatises on jurisprudence; the first is a _Discourse on the principal
+Reasons of the King of Spain and his Council, for taking Cognizance of
+Ecclesiastical Trials, or Trials between Ecclesiastics, when a Writ of
+Error is brought in_. Among the questions which he discusses, is the
+following: "Is an ecclesiastical judge permitted to arrest and imprison
+laymen in a trial on canonical affairs, without the intervention of the
+royal judge?" The same author published at Salamanca, in 1613, another
+volume in folio, entitled, _Of the Cognizance of Ecclesiastical Trials,
+between Ecclesiastics, when an Appeal is made by one of the Parties to
+the Royal Authority_. He wrote some other works recorded by Nicolas
+Antonio. Some priests, who thought it heresy to defend the privileges of
+the king against the power of the clergy, denounced Zeballos to the
+Inquisition of Toledo. The members of this tribunal did not arrest him,
+but sent him the heads of the accusations against the two works already
+mentioned; he justified himself completely, and they were permitted to
+be in circulation. Some time after the Inquisition of Rome placed them
+on its Index, and that of Spain suppressed some passages, which are not
+found in the modern editions.
+
+This list might have been augmented by the names of many less
+distinguished men, and I did not think it necessary to include those
+Spaniards whose works have been prohibited, but who were not personally
+attacked by the holy office. Those already mentioned are sufficient to
+show the danger of attempting to introduce the taste for good literature
+in Spain.
+
+Charles III., wishing to be made acquainted with the affairs of the
+Jesuits, and some other circumstances relating to them, assembled a
+council in 1768, composed of five archbishops and bishops; they were
+occupied in consulting upon the tribunal of the Inquisition, and
+particularly of the prohibition of books. Don Joseph Monino, Count de
+Florida-Blanca, and Don Pedro Rodriguez de Campomanes, Count de
+Campomanes, the king's procurators in the Council of Castile, made a
+report to the assembly. Some extracts from it will be interesting in
+this part of the history.
+
+Speaking of the clandestine introduction of a brief relating to the
+Jesuits on the 16th of April, 1767, and of another concerning the
+affairs of the Duke of Parma, on the 30th of January, 1768, these
+ministers thus express themselves: "The council is not ignorant of the
+intrigues employed by the nuncios with the Inquisition, to gain their
+ends by clandestine means. During the first fifteen centuries there
+were no tribunals of the Inquisition in Spain. The bishops alone were
+acquainted with points of doctrine, and heretics and blasphemers were
+punished by civil law. The abuse of the prohibitions of books commanded
+by the Inquisition, is one cause of the ignorance which prevails over
+the greatest part of this nation.... According to the bulls which
+created the holy office, the bishops are joint judges with the
+inquisitors, and sometimes the principal judges in the affairs which
+depend on the tribunal. This power of the bishops was acquired by their
+rank and their respectable office of pastors. Why then have these
+natural judges of all discussions which may arise on matters of faith
+and the morals of the faithful, no part or influence in the prohibitions
+of books, and the choice of qualifiers? It is from this circumstance
+that the subject has been treated with a negligence which excites and
+perpetuates the complaints of learned men.... Supposing that the
+regulations of Benedict XIV. were not sufficiently clear, the same
+cannot be said of the brief of Innocent VIII., which commands the
+Inquisition to follow the rules of justice in their proceedings: Can
+there be anything more just, than that the parties should be heard? Is
+it not contrary to the public interest, that books which might be useful
+in instructing subjects should be prohibited, from passion, or to gain
+some particular end? The fiscal would say too much if he dwelt upon this
+subject, to prove how much the tribunal has always abused its authority,
+in commanding the prohibition of doctrines which even Rome has not dared
+to condemn, such as the four propositions of the clergy of France, in
+supporting the indirect power of the Court of Rome against that of
+kings; and lastly, in sanctioning opinions equally reprehensible. It
+might be proved that the tribunal has constantly favoured and encouraged
+the wickedness committed by certain ecclesiastics who remain unmolested,
+contrary to the respect due to the king and his magistrates. _The
+regular priests of the Society of Jesus_ have had the greatest
+influence in the holy office, since the minority of Charles II., when
+the Jesuit Juan Everard Nitardo, confessor to the queen-mother, was
+inquisitor-general.... The last general expurgatory index, published in
+1747, is still remembered. _Casani_ and _Carrasco_ (both Jesuits) so
+falsified and confused it, that it was a disgrace to the tribunal: the
+fact is so well known, and had such important consequences, that that
+circumstance alone furnished sufficient motives to suppress the
+Inquisition entirely, or at least to reform it, since it only uses its
+authority to injure the state, and the purity of morals and the
+Christian religion.... It may be said that the expurgatory index drawn
+up in Spain is more injurious to the rights of the sovereign and the
+instruction of his subjects, than that of Rome. In that court the
+qualifiers are well chosen, the prohibitions moderate, and the interests
+of individuals are never considered.... We cannot forbear to mention the
+memoir presented by Monsignor Bossuet to Louis XIV., against the
+inquisitor-general Rocaberti, on the subject of a decree of the
+Inquisition of Toledo, in which the doctrine, refusing to the Pope the
+direct, or indirect power of depriving sovereigns of their kingdoms, is
+declared to be erroneous and schismatic.... The procurators cannot
+conceal from themselves that the tribunals of the Inquisition compose
+the most fanatical body in the state, and the most attached to the
+Jesuits, who have been banished from the kingdom; that the inquisitors
+profess the same doctrines and the same maxims; lastly, that it is
+necessary to accomplish a reform in the Inquisition."
+
+In their conclusion, the procurators proposed, that in consideration of
+the edict of 1762, and to ensure its execution, the holy office should
+be compelled to hear the defence of the authors of the works before they
+are prohibited, according to the provision of the bull _Sollicita et
+Provida_, of Benedict XIV.; that the tribunal should only condemn those
+books which contain errors in doctrine, superstition, or relaxed moral
+opinions; that it should particularly avoid prohibiting works written in
+the defence of the prerogatives of the crown; that it should not be
+allowed to seize or retain any unprohibited book, on pretence of
+correcting or qualifying it, but should leave it to the proprietor; that
+it should be obliged to present to the king the minutes of the decrees
+of prohibition before publication, and to the Council of Castile all the
+briefs sent to it, in order that they may be submitted to his majesty
+for his approbation.
+
+The Council of Castile, with the extraordinary Council of Archbishops
+and Bishops, approved of the opinion of the king's procurators. They
+presented it to Charles III., who wished to know the opinion of Don
+Manuel de Roda, Marquis de Roda, minister of justice. This nobleman (one
+of the most distinguished scholars in Spain, during the last century)
+remitted his opinion to his majesty on the 16th of March in the same
+year: it entirely accorded with those of the fiscals; he added, "on the
+5th of September, 1761, the King of Naples, being informed of what was
+passing at Rome concerning the condemnation of Mazengui's work,
+commanded that the Inquisition of Sicily and the ecclesiastical
+superiors throughout his states should not print or publish, in any way
+whatever, any kind of proclamation without permission from his
+majesty.... I was then at Rome, and I demanded in your majesty's name
+some reparation from his Holiness, for the offence committed by his
+nuncio at Madrid, in inducing the inquisitor-general to publish the
+brief, for the prohibition of Mazengui's work, without his knowledge....
+His Holiness approved of the nuncio's proceedings; but was convinced of
+the justice of our complaint, when I supported it by facts and
+arguments. The Pope, however, did not dare to express his opinion
+openly, as he was entirely governed by Cardinal Torregiani, who had
+managed all the intrigues under the influence of the Jesuits....
+Torregiani knew that the brief would not be received in any court
+either in Italy, France, or even at Venice. The Pope wrote to that
+Republic to prevent the work from being reprinted; but it was,
+nevertheless, published not only then against the Pope's command, but
+afterwards with a dedicatory epistle to his Holiness.... I have seen, in
+the library of the Vatican, a printed proclamation of the Inquisition of
+Spain in 1693: this tribunal condemns two authors, called the
+_Barclayos_, because their books contained two propositions which the
+Romans consider heretical: one was, that "_the Pope has no authority
+over the temporalities of kings, and can neither depose them, nor
+release their subjects from their oath of fidelity_; the other, that
+_the authority of the general council is greater than that of the
+Pope_."
+
+The same minister, in 1776, wrote a letter from Aranjuez to Don Philip
+Bertran, inquisitor-general. Speaking with approbation of his intention
+to correct the Spanish expurgatory index, he says, "A thousand
+absurdities were committed in the last expurgatory (confided in 1747 by
+the Bishop of Teruel to two Jesuits), and it is necessary to correct
+them; the fact is proved by the denunciations and printed notes of Fray
+Martin Llobet. But the appendix, or catalogue of authors called
+_Jansenists_, is the most intolerable; the names are all taken from the
+_Bibliotheque Janseniste_ of Father Colonia, a Jesuit, which was
+condemned by a brief of Benedict XIV. Instead of placing this work in
+the Index, as it ought to have been, the names are copied from it. You
+know the brief addressed by that Pope to the Bishop of Teruel, on the
+31st of July, 1748, and in which he disapproves of the insertion of the
+works of Cardinal Noris in the Index. His Holiness also addressed five
+letters to Ferdinand VI. on the same subject, but neither the Popes nor
+the king could get the name of _Noris_ erased from the Index for ten
+years: at that time the Bishop of Teruel (who had at last consented)
+died, and, the king dismissed his confessor, the Jesuit Rabago, who had
+been the most averse to the measure. I took the necessary steps, and the
+king's order was sent to Monsignor Quintano, inquisitor-general, and his
+majesty's confessor, with whom I had a long conference on this subject:
+I at last obtained a decree, declaring _that the works of Noris had
+neither been condemned, censured, nor denounced to the holy office_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI.
+
+OFFENCES COMMITTED BY THE INQUISITORS AGAINST THE ROYAL AUTHORITY AND
+MAGISTRATES.
+
+
+In addition to the prevention of the progress of literature, the
+Inquisition was so much dreaded by the magistrates, that criminals were
+frequently left unpunished. Ferdinand and his successors had granted
+privileges to this tribunal, which the encroachments of the inquisitors
+soon rendered insupportable. They even endeavoured to humiliate three
+sovereigns: Clement VIII.; the Prince of Bearn, King of Navarre; and the
+Grand Master of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, at Malta. They also
+attacked and qualified, as suspected of heresy, the whole Council of
+Castile; excited seditions in several cities by their arbitrary
+measures; and persecuted several members of their own _Supreme_ Council.
+
+This system of domination has never been repressed either by the general
+laws of Spain and America, the particular resolutions taken in each of
+the kingdoms of the crown of Aragon, the king's ordinations, or the
+circular letters of the Council of the Inquisition. The inquisitors have
+been punished (though rarely) by being deprived of their offices; this,
+however, had no effect. Lastly, the general conventions have not been
+less impotent in restraining the ambition which led them to endeavour
+to establish their dominion throughout the world by fear.
+
+The Inquisition presents to our view a tribunal, whose judges have
+neither obeyed the laws of the kingdom in which it was established, the
+bulls of the Popes, the first constitutions of the tribunal, or the
+particular orders of its chiefs; which has even dared to resist the
+power of the Pope, in whose name it acts, and has disowned the king's
+authority eleven different times; which has suffered books to circulate,
+favouring regicides and the authority of the Popes to dethrone kings,
+and at the same time condemned and prohibited works containing a
+contrary doctrine, and defending the rights of the sovereign; which
+acted in this manner in circumstances entirely foreign to the crime of
+heresy, which was the only one they were competent to judge. Some
+examples will be given of the contests for jurisdiction which have so
+much injured Spain.
+
+In 1553, the inquisitors of Calahorra excommunicated and arrested the
+licentiate Izquierdo, _alcalde-major_ of Arnedo, for having attempted to
+prosecute Juan Escudero, a familiar of the holy office, who had
+assassinated a soldier. They also ordered divine service to cease at
+Arnedo. The Chancery of Valladolid demanded the writings of the trial,
+but the inquisitors eluded two of their ordinances. In the mean time the
+culprit was left at liberty in the town of Calahorra, and afterwards
+made his escape, so that the crime remained unpunished.
+
+In 1567, the inquisitors of Murcia excommunicated the Chapter of the
+Cathedral, and the municipality of that city; their competence was
+contested, and the Supreme Council decided that some members of the
+chapter and municipality should make public reparation in the capital of
+the kingdom, and receive absolution; they received it in public, and in
+the character of penitents, before the altar.
+
+In 1568, a royal ordinance prescribed the execution of the Convention,
+known as that of _Cardinal Espinoza_. It was issued, on the inquisitors
+of Valencia claiming the right of judging in affairs concerning the
+police of the city and many others, such as contributions, smuggling,
+trade, _&c._ They asserted that this right belonged to them,
+particularly if one of the individuals concerned in the affair was in
+the service of the Inquisition. They would not allow any criminal to be
+arrested in the houses of the inquisitors either in the town or country,
+while even the churches were no longer a refuge for those they pursued.
+
+In 1569, the tribunal of Barcelona excommunicated and imprisoned the
+military deputy and the civil vice-governor of the city, and several of
+their people. Their crime was, having exacted from an usher of the
+Inquisition a certain privilege called _la Merchandise_. The Royal
+Council of Aragon contested the competence of the Council of the
+Inquisition; but Philip II. put an end to the dispute, by liberating the
+prisoners: the inquisitors were not punished for disobeying the law,
+which forbids them to excommunicate a magistrate.
+
+In 1574 the Inquisition of Saragossa excommunicated the members of the
+deputation which represented the kingdom of Aragon during the interval
+of the assembly of the Cortes. The deputies complained to Pius V., who
+paid no attention to them: after his death they applied to his
+successor, Gregory XIII. The Pope commissioned the inquisitor-general to
+arrange the affair; but, being influenced by the Supreme Council, he
+rejected the papal commission, and asserted that the cognizance of the
+complaint belonged to him by right. Philip II., that fanatical protector
+of the holy office, commanded his ambassador at Rome to defend the
+Inquisition to the Pope; and he obtained what he required, while the
+deputies were still suffering under the excommunication, which lasted
+nearly two years. It must be remarked, that this deputation was composed
+of eight persons: two of them were ecclesiastics, generally bishops; two
+for the highest order of nobility, who were counts or grandees of
+Spain; two gentlemen of illustrious birth to represent the second class
+of nobility; and two for the third class, selected from the most
+distinguished citizens.
+
+In 1588, the inquisitors of Toledo excommunicated the licentiate Gudiel,
+alcalde of the king's house, and judge of the royal court of justice at
+Madrid: this magistrate had prosecuted Inigo Ordonez, secretary of the
+holy office, for having wounded Juan de Berrgos, who died in
+consequence, and for having wilfully fired a pistol at the Canon Don
+Francis Monsalve. The Council of the Inquisition pleaded the cause of
+the culprit before the king, and excused the use of censures, alleging
+that _such was the usual proceeding of the holy office_.
+
+In 1591, violent contests took place between the Inquisition of
+Saragossa and the chief justice of Aragon. Two seditions were the
+result, and several grandees of Spain, many gentlemen, and a still
+greater number of private individuals, were condemned to death. An
+account of the intrigues of the inquisitors in this affair will be given
+in the trial of Antonio Perez.
+
+In 1598, the Inquisitors of Seville went to the metropolitan church,
+with the president and members of the royal court of justice, to attend
+the funeral of Philip II.; they pretended that they ought to precede the
+judges, who resisted, and the inquisitors excommunicated them in the
+church. The king's attorney protested against this act, and the
+scandalous scene which ensued may be easily conceived. The judges
+repairing to the place where they held their sessions, declared that the
+inquisitors had used violence in proceeding against the law, and passed
+a decree commanding the inquisitors to take off the excommunication. The
+inquisitors did not obey the order, and the judges repeated it, with the
+threat of depriving them of all civil rights, and condemning them to
+banishment and confiscation. Philip III. disapproved of the conduct of
+the inquisitors, commanded them to take off the excommunication and
+repair to Madrid, where they were confined to the city. In the December
+following, the king issued a decree, importing that the inquisitors
+should only take precedence in the ceremony of the _auto-da-fe_. The
+inquisitor-general Portocarrero was deprived of his office, and banished
+to his bishopric of Cuenca.
+
+In 1622 the town of Lorca, which was within the jurisdiction of the
+Inquisition of Murcia, appointed a familiar of the holy office to be the
+collector of a tax upon the sale of goods called _Alcabala_. The man
+refused the employment, but his representations were not admitted, upon
+which the inquisitors excommunicated the judge of Lorca, and required
+the assistance of Don Pedro Porres, the corregidor of Murcia, to take
+him to their prisons. On his refusal, they excommunicated him also, and
+decreed that divine service should cease in all the churches of Murcia.
+This measure threw the inhabitants into the greatest consternation, and
+they entreated their bishop, Don Antonio Trejo, to interpose his
+authority. This prelate remonstrated with the inquisitors; but not
+succeeding, in order to tranquillize the people, he published a mandate,
+announcing that he was not obliged to submit to the interdict, or to the
+order for the _cessation of divine service_. Don Andres Pacheco, the
+inquisitor-general, condemned the mandate, and ordered this measure to
+be proclaimed in all the churches of Murcia. At the same time he imposed
+a penalty of eight thousand ducats on the bishop, and cited him to
+appear within twenty days at Madrid, to answer the complaint preferred
+against him, by the fiscal of the Supreme Council, on pain of another
+penalty of four thousand ducats. The bishop and the chapter of his
+cathedral sent the dean and a canon to Madrid as his deputies. The
+inquisitor-general excommunicated them, without hearing their defence,
+and threw them into separate prisons, and at the same time caused this
+excommunication to be announced in all the pulpits of Madrid. The
+inquisitors also excommunicated the Cure of St. Catherine, who refused
+to submit to this interdict without an order from his bishop. The king
+and the Pope were at last obliged to interfere, they re-established the
+bishop in his rights; but this act of justice did not destroy the cause
+of the evil which was complained of.
+
+In the same year, the Inquisitors of Toledo excommunicated the
+sub-prefect of that city, who had seized and sentenced a butcher as a
+thief, and convicted him of having sold bad meat with false weights: the
+inquisitors pretended that the culprit came under their jurisdiction,
+because he furnished the holy office with meat, and they accordingly
+required that the prisoners and the writings of the trial should be
+given up to them. Their demand was refused, because the offence was
+committed in the exercise of a public profession. The inquisitors then
+published the excommunication in all the churches of Toledo; they
+imprisoned the usher and the porter of the sub-prefect for having obeyed
+their master, and they remained in prison several days; they were then
+subject to the punishment of having their beards and hair shaven, which
+was at that time considered infamous, and to appear in the chamber of
+audience without their shoes and girdles; they were examined on their
+genealogy, to discover if they were descended from the Moors or Jews;
+they were made to repeat the catechism as if they were heretics, and
+were then condemned to perpetual banishment; the inquisitors even
+refused to give them a certificate, to show that they had not been
+condemned for heresy. The compassion excited by the fate of these
+unfortunate men was so general, that the people rose against the
+Inquisition; but some persons of high rank, and who were devoted to the
+public good, succeeded in appeasing the tumult. The king being informed
+of what had passed by the Council of Castile, appointed an extraordinary
+commission of eleven members selected from his councils; they passed
+several resolutions against the inquisitors, which had only the effect
+of correcting the present disorder, without entirely destroying the
+evil.
+
+In the following year, the Inquisitors of Grenada excommunicated Don
+Louis Gudiel de Peralta, and Don Mathias Gonzalez; the first a member of
+the royal civil court, and the other the king's procurator in the same
+court. They condemned as heretical two works of these excellent
+jurisconsults, in which they defended the rights of the royal
+jurisdiction in all cases of _competence_. The Council of Castile
+respectfully remonstrated with the king, and showed that the inquisitors
+acted in opposition to _Instructions to the holy office of 1485_, which
+directed them to consult the king in affairs of this nature. In order to
+remedy this abuse, a committee was appointed in 1625, to decide upon all
+difficulties which might arise on this subject. This committee did not
+exist long, but it was re-established in 1657.
+
+In 1530, the Inquisitors of Valladolid behaved with still greater
+insolence. The bishop of that city (who was at the same time president
+of the royal chancery) was to officiate pontifically in a solemn mass.
+The inquisitors chose that day to publish the edict of _denunciations_;
+and asserting that their power as inquisitors was superior to that of
+the bishop, they attempted to take away the canopy which was raised when
+the prelate officiated. The canons resisted, and the inquisitors sent
+some of their officers to the church, who arrested Don Alonso Nino the
+chanter, and Don Francis Milan a canon; they carried them away in their
+canonical robes, and deposited them in that dress in the prisons of the
+holy office. The Council of Castile made a representation to the king on
+this event, which was the origin of the convention of the following
+year, known as that of _Cardinal Zapata_. Several resolutions were
+passed, and it was decided that censures should only be employed in
+cases of emergency; but this had little effect on the inquisitors. Much
+more would have been done, if the king had taken the advice of the
+Council of Castile, which (after giving an account of evils arising from
+the system of the inquisitors) recommended, that he should allow the
+other tribunals to proceed against them for abuse of power. This advice
+was addressed to the king by his councils, in the consultations of the
+year 1634, 1669, 1682, 1696, 1761, and in several others, when the
+Inquisition of Spain prohibited works in which the privileges of the
+crown were defended, particularly that of Don Joseph de Mur, president
+of the royal court at Majorca. It was printed in that island in 1615,
+and called, _Allegations in favour of the King, on the Conflicts for
+Jurisdiction which have arisen between the Royal Court of Justice and
+the Tribunal of the Inquisition of Majorca_.
+
+In 1634, another contest took place on the subject of competency,
+concerning certain taxes which had been received from an inhabitant of
+Vicalboro, near Madrid. The inquisitors of Toledo excommunicated a judge
+of the royal court, and of the king's court, and committed the greatest
+excesses against the authority of the Council of Castile, which,
+impressed with a sense of its dignity, as the Supreme Senate of the
+nation, commanded the Dean-inquisitor of Toledo to repair to Madrid, to
+answer in person the charges brought against him, and threatened, in
+case he refused, to deprive him of his property and temporal rights. It
+also condemned a priest, the secretary of the holy office, to banishment
+and confiscation, and ordered the Inquisitor of Madrid to give up the
+prisoners and the writings of the trial to the chamber of judges of the
+court. The council made an address to the king, requesting him to forbid
+the inquisitors the use of censures, and to deliver his people from the
+oppression under which they suffered. The king merely renewed the
+prohibition of employing excommunication without an absolute necessity,
+and decreed that it should never be employed against judges without a
+particular permission. This ordinance shows the neglect or contempt into
+which the Convention of Cardinal Zapata had fallen, only three years
+after it had been established.
+
+In 1640 the Inquisitors of Valladolid had another contest with the
+bishop, who complained to the king, representing that the permission
+granted by royal council to print or publish, without suppressing what
+those authors who depend on the Inquisition write on the privileges of
+that tribunal, would have the most fatal consequences. This assertion
+was proved in 1641. Some disputes arose on the subject of competency,
+between the Inquisition and the Chancery of Valladolid; the Council of
+Castile was obliged to consult the king several times during the course
+of the affair, and in one of its memorials stated, _that the
+jurisdiction which the inquisitors exercise in the name of the king is
+temporal, secular, and precarious, and cannot be defended by the use of
+censures_. The members of the Council of the Inquisition in which Don
+Antonio de Sotomayor the inquisitor-general presided, carried their
+presumption so far as to convoke an assembly of ignorant scholastic
+theologians, all chosen from the monks, to _qualify_ the proposition
+advanced by the Council of Castile. These qualifiers, eager to display
+their penetration, divided it into three parts.
+
+"_First part._ The jurisdiction which the inquisitors exercise in the
+name of the king is temporal and secular.--QUALIFICATION. _This
+proposition is probable, if considered on the fairest side._"
+
+"_Second part._ The said jurisdiction is precarious.--QUALIFICATION.
+_This proposition is false, improbable, and contrary to the welfare of
+his majesty._"
+
+"_Third part._ Ecclesiastical censures cannot be employed to defend the
+said jurisdiction.--QUALIFICATION. _This proposition is audacious, and
+approaching to heresy._"
+
+After this measure, the fiscal of the Council of the Inquisition accused
+the Council of Castile; he demanded that the tribunal should procure the
+copies and the minutes of the consultation addressed to the king; that
+the condemnation of it should be published, and the authors should be
+proceeded against. The council of the holy office, intending to act
+according to circumstances, represented all that had passed to the king,
+referring to the judgment of the theologians. The king, with the
+carelessness which was natural to him, merely told the
+inquisitor-general that he had failed in his duty, in approving a
+proceeding so contrary to the honour and dignity of the senate of the
+nation. The effects of the obstinacy and violence of the inquisitors was
+felt for some time after. In 1643, the king obliged Don Antonio de
+Sotomayor to give in his resignation.
+
+In America, the ordinances of the king, and other regulations, could not
+prevent violent quarrels from arising between the civil tribunals and
+those of the holy office. But in all these affairs the viceroys showed
+more firmness, and repressed the arrogance of the inquisitors with more
+success than was displayed in the Peninsula. This is not surprising,
+because in distant countries the inquisitors are not supported by an
+inquisitor-general, who, possessing the king's favour, may influence him
+in private conversations. Besides this, the viceroys, jealous of the
+power with which they are invested, are careful that it shall meet with
+no obstacles or contradictions.
+
+In 1686, a quarrel arose between the inquisitors of Carthagena in
+America, and the bishop. The inquisitor Don Francis Barela, after
+excommunicating the prelate, caused his decree to be read in all the
+churches. The bishop replied, and showed by his manner to the
+inquisitor, his contempt for the excommunication. Don Francis (in
+concurrence with his consultors) arrested and threw into prison the
+bishop and many respectable persons of the cathedral and the city, who
+had spoken freely on the subject. The Pope being informed of this affair
+on the 13th February, 1687, commanded the inquisitor-general, Don Diego
+Sarmiento de Valladares, to cause the inquisitor Barela and the
+consultors to be brought to Madrid, and to deprive them of their
+offices. This order not being obeyed, on the 15th of December he
+expedited a second brief, which was comminatory. The inquisitor-general
+then had recourse to the king, and gave so unfaithful an account of the
+transaction, that neither his majesty nor the council of the Indies were
+ever informed of the truth. The Pope persisted in his resolution, and
+wished to decide on the affair himself. It was not finished when Clement
+XI. ascended the pontifical throne; this Pope assembled the cardinals,
+and taking their opinions, confirmed by a formal decree all that the
+bishop had done, and annulled the extravagant measures of the
+inquisitor. A bull, in 1706, commanded the restitution of the penalties
+which had been imposed, and suppressed the tribunal of Carthagena. This
+suppression was not executed, because it was contrary to the king's
+policy.
+
+In 1713, the Cardinal Francis Judice, inquisitor-general, prohibited a
+work of Don Melchior Macanaz, procurator of the king in the Council of
+Castile: the cardinal knew that this work had been printed by the order
+of Philip V., who had approved it after having read it. The king was at
+first very much irritated at this proceeding; but the cardinal,
+accustomed to the intrigues of Rome and Paris, succeeded in eluding the
+orders of his sovereign; although he was not in the kingdom, he
+continued to exercise his office, and sent orders to his creatures which
+were extremely displeasing to Philip. This prince could not obtain the
+dismission of Judice, until Cardinal Alberoni had exerted his influence
+at Rome and Paris, to second his master's views. Judice retired in 1716.
+
+Don Melchior Macanaz continued to live in exile. His trial became
+important, from the great number of denunciations which were made
+against different works which he had written: in some of these he
+inveighed against the abuses which were committed at the Court of Rome,
+against those of the immunities of the clergy and of the ecclesiastical
+tribunals, and called the public attention to the fatal effects of
+increasing the number of monks and other societies. The qualifiers, in
+judging his works, clearly showed the spirit of hatred and revenge which
+actuated them. In the trial of Macanaz, one of his works, called _A
+Critical Defence of the Inquisition_, is mentioned; the inquisitors
+qualified it as _ironical_, because they found some things in it which
+were not true. They were confirmed in their opinion some time after, by
+another work of Macanaz, called _An Apology for the Defence of Fray
+Nicolas Jesus de Belando, in Favour of the Civil History of Spain,
+unjustly prohibited by the Inquisition_.
+
+Although the inquisitors treated him with so much severity, Ferdinand
+VI., and the inquisitor-general Don Manuel Quintano Bonifaz, permitted
+Macanaz to return to Spain, and the king sent him to Aix-la-Chapelle as
+his ambassador.
+
+In 1768, the inquisitors endeavoured to obtain the right of trying
+persons for polygamy: Charles III. ordered that the cognizance of this
+offence should belong to the secular judge, except when the criminals
+thought that it was permitted. It was his pleasure that the inquisitors
+"should only punish heresy and apostasy, and, above all, that none of
+his people should be subjected to the disgrace of an arrest, if they had
+not been previously convicted of a crime."
+
+In 1771, the Council of the Inquisition represented to the king, that
+the simple fact of marrying another person, while the first wife was
+alive, was sufficient to create a suspicion that the persons guilty of
+it erred in faith on the article of marriage. For this reason the
+inquisitors continued to receive the denunciations on this pretended
+heresy, and to take cognizance of it.
+
+In 1781, the inquisitor-general commanded that the confessionals in the
+convents of nuns should be placed within sight of the persons in the
+churches. This was done by the inquisitors, without consulting the
+archbishops and bishops of the dioceses; they were extremely offended
+at this conduct, but dissembled their anger, that the public
+tranquillity might not be disturbed.
+
+In 1797, the Inquisitors of Grenada removed the confessional of the
+convent of the nuns of St. Paul, which was under the immediate direction
+of the archbishop: the ecclesiastical governor of the archbishopric
+complained to the king. The minister of justice, Don Gaspar Melchior de
+Jovellanos, resolved to take advantage of this event; he addressed
+himself to the Archbishop of Burgos, inquisitor-general, to the Bishops
+of Huesca, Tuy, Placentia, Osma, Avila, and to Don Joseph Espiga, the
+king's almoner, and requested them to propose "whatever they thought
+most proper to correct the abuses committed in the holy office, and to
+destroy the false principles on which that tribunal founded all its
+measures." The archbishop (as may be supposed) sent notes favourable to
+the tribunal; those of all the others were of quite an opposite nature.
+This attempt, however, did not lead to any satisfactory result:
+Jovellanos quitted the ministry before Charles IV. had decided on the
+subject; the minister who succeeded him had other views, and Jovellanos
+was denounced on suspicion of heresy.
+
+
+_Of the Magistrates who were persecuted._
+
+The examples which have been given of the quarrels between the
+Inquisition and the civil tribunals, sufficiently prove the constant
+attention of the inquisitors in endeavouring to extend their influence
+and privileges, even in defiance of the sovereign power; yet a list of
+the persecuted magistrates may be useful and interesting.
+
+_Almodovar_ (Don Christopher Ximenez de Gongora, duke of). He was
+ambassador to the Court of Vienna, and published a work _on the
+Establishments of the European Nations beyond Sea_. This book is only a
+free translation of that of the Abbe Raynal. He concealed his name
+under that of _Eduardo Malo de Luque_, which is the anagram of El Duque
+de Almodovar. He presented some copies of his book to the king, but
+though he had taken this precaution, and had suppressed some articles,
+he was denounced to the Inquisition as being tinctured with the opinions
+of the incredulous philosophers. The inquisitors endeavoured to find out
+how the duke conversed in society with learned men; but they did not
+learn enough to authorize an accusation, as it almost always happened,
+during the reigns of Charles III. and Charles IV., when they wished to
+attack the literati.
+
+_Aranda_ (Don Pedro-Paul Abarca de Bolea y Ximenez d'Urrea, Count d'),
+grandee of Spain. He rendered himself more illustrious by his talents
+and learning than he was by his birth and high offices. As a soldier he
+attained the rank of Captain-general, which is equivalent to that of
+Field-marshal: his diplomatic talents obtained the office of ambassador
+to Paris; his knowledge as a statesman, that of prime-minister,
+secretary of state, under Charles IV.; and for his talents as a
+politician he was made president of the Council of Castile. In these
+four branches of the art of governing he was always truly great. He was
+president in the royal council extraordinary, assembled by Charles III.
+to consider the affairs of the Jesuits. Although the members of this
+assembly deliberated in secret, the public were informed not only of its
+objects in general, but the particular opinions of each councillor. The
+Count d'Aranda was denounced to the holy office as being suspected of
+professing the sentiments of the philosophers of the eighteenth century,
+because his political opinions were extremely liberal. The ordinance
+signed by Charles III. in 1770 (forbidding the inquisitors to take
+cognizance of any crime but heresy) was thought to be the work of the
+Count d'Aranda, and the inquisitors hated him in consequence. The trial
+of Don Paul Olavide, which took place about this time, furnished some
+details which caused a suspicion that the opinions of the Count d'Aranda
+on the subject of mere exterior devotion were the same as those of the
+accused. However the inquisitors could not obtain a sufficient mass of
+evidence to authorize proceedings against him, and he died after having
+been denounced four times to the holy office, but without ever being put
+upon his trial.
+
+_Arroyo_ (Don Stephen d'), corregidor of Ecija, a town in Andalusia, and
+a member of the royal civil court of the district of Granada. He was
+excommunicated by the Inquisition of Cordova in 1664, because he opposed
+the attempts made by the inquisitors to extend their jurisdiction at the
+expense of the civil tribunals.
+
+_Avalos_ (Don Diego Lopez d'), corregidor of the city of Cordova, was
+threatened to be excommunicated and imprisoned in 1501, because he
+refused to give up two archers of the holy office, who had been taken to
+the royal prison, unless they were demanded with the proper forms.
+
+_Azara_ (Don Joseph Nicolas d'), born in Aragon, was successively
+director of the office of the minister for foreign affairs, minister
+plenipotentiary at Rome, and ambassador extraordinary to Paris. He
+published a translation of the _Life of Cicero_, with notes,
+illustrations, and plates. He was considered one of the most learned men
+in Spain during the reigns of Charles III. and his successor. Although
+he almost always resided in Italy or France, his name was in the
+registers of the holy office. He was denounced at Saragossa and Madrid
+as an incredulous philosopher; but there were no proofs, and the trial
+was suspended until fresh charges should be brought against him.
+
+_Aragon_ (the deputation of). See the preceding Article.
+
+_Aragon._ The Chief Justice of Aragon was invested with supreme power,
+and placed between the king and the nation, to decide without appeal, if
+the king's ministers infringed the laws established at the beginning of
+the monarchy. Even the king was obliged to submit to the decisions of
+this magistrate in all constitutional affairs. In order to prevent
+disputes between the two powers, the chief justice and his tribunal were
+independent of the king in the criminal proceedings. The inquisitors of
+Saragossa, regardless of these regulations, commenced proceedings
+against the chief justice, and in 1591 threatened to excommunicate him.
+Some account of this affair will be given in the trial of Antonio Perez.
+
+_Banueelos_ (Don Vincent) was excommunicated by the Inquisition of
+Toledo, for endeavouring to defend the jurisdiction of the civil
+tribunal in a trial for homicide.
+
+_Barcelona._ See the preceding Article.
+
+_Barrientos_ (the commandant), knight of the military order of St. Jago,
+and Corregidor and Sub-prefect of Logrono, was obliged, in 1516, to go
+to Madrid, and appear before the inquisitor-general of the Supreme
+Council, to ask pardon for having refused to lend assistance to the
+archers of the holy office in arresting some monks. He was subjected to
+the lesser _auto-da-fe_, attended mass, standing with a torch in his
+hand, and received some slight strokes of a whip from the inquisitor;
+this ceremony was concluded by a solemn absolution from all censures.
+
+_Benalcazar_ (the Count de) was excommunicated and menaced with an
+arrest by the inquisitors of Estremadura in 1500. The same threat was
+made to the governor of the fortress of Benalcazar; their offence was
+having defended their temporal power against the pretensions of the holy
+office, in the case of a woman who was arrested for having uttered some
+words against the faith.
+
+_Campomanes_ (Don Pedro Rodriguez de Campomanes, Count de) was, perhaps,
+the most eminent literary man in Spain, during the reigns of Charles
+III. and Charles IV. He is the author of several works mentioned in the
+_Spanish Library of the time of Charles III._ published by Don Juan de
+Sempere Guarinos. He first filled the office of procurator to the king
+in the Council of Castile, and in the chamber of the king, of which he
+was afterwards the governor. In all his works he constantly maintained
+the independence of sovereigns with respect to the Court of Rome, the
+obligation that all the citizens of the state should pay their part of
+the public expenses, and the impossibility that the contentious
+jurisdiction should form part of the ecclesiastical power, unless
+accorded by the special favour of the sovereign. It is easy to suppose
+that Campomanes had a great many enemies among the clergy; he was
+denounced to the holy office as an anti-catholic philosopher. The
+charges were numerous, but they did not prove that he had advanced any
+heretical proposition; they only tended to create a suspicion that his
+works were opposed to the spirit of Christianity. He was invited to
+attend the _auto-da-fe_ of Don Paul Olavide, in order to inform him of
+the punishment he would incur by professing the same opinions; but
+though the inquisitors knew him to be their enemy, they did not dare to
+go any further.
+
+_Cardona_ (Don Pedro de), captain-general of Catalonia. See Chapter 16.
+
+_Castile_ (Council of). See preceding Article.
+
+_Chaves_ (Don Gregorio Antonio de), corregidor and sub-prefect of
+Cordova, was excommunicated and threatened with imprisonment by the
+inquisitors of Cordova in 1660.
+
+_Chumacero_ (Don Juan), Count de Guaro, president of the Council of
+Castile, ambassador at Rome, composed several works which are mentioned
+by Nicolas Antonio, and some discourses in defence of the temporal
+against the ecclesiastical power, and in favour of the independence of
+sovereigns against the abuses of the Court of Rome. The inquisitors of
+Spain, at the instigation of the Pope's nuncio, undertook to condemn his
+doctrine, and to prohibit his works, with those of some other authors
+who wrote in the same spirit, in order to force them to retract, on
+pain of excommunication and imprisonment.
+
+_Cordova_ (Don Pedro Fernandez de), Marquis de Priego, member of the
+municipality of Cordova, was persecuted by the Inquisition in 1506. See
+Chapter 10.
+
+_Cordova_ (Don Diego Fernandez de), Count de Cabra, and also a member of
+the municipality of Cordova, was treated in the same manner. _Ibid._
+
+_Godoy_ (Don Manuel), Prince of Peace, Duke of Alcudia, secretary of
+state to Charles IV. See Chapter 43.
+
+_Gonzalez_ (Don Mathias). See the preceding Article.
+
+_Gudiel_ (the Licentiate). _Ibid._
+
+_Gudiel de Peralta_ (Don Louis). _Ibid._
+
+_Guzman_ (Don Gaspar de), Count-Duke d'Olivarez, prime minister to
+Philip IV. See Chapter 37.
+
+_Izquierdo_ (the Licentiate). See the preceding Article.
+
+_Jovellanos_ (Don Gaspard Melchior de), Secretary of State in the
+department of grace and justice under Charles IV., was one of the most
+learned men in Spain; he wrote several pamphlets on politics and
+different branches of literature. In 1798 he resolved to reform the mode
+of proceeding in the holy office, and intended to take advantage of a
+memorial which I had composed in 1794, according to the orders of the
+inquisitor-general Abad-y-la-Sierra; but from a secret court intrigue he
+was denounced to the Inquisition as a Jansenist and an enemy to the
+tribunal. Charles IV. was persuaded first to banish him to his native
+place Gijon, in the Asturias, and afterwards to confine him in the
+Chartreuse, in the island of Majorca, where he was informed that he was
+to study the Christian doctrine. This treatment was extremely unjust,
+for Jovellanos was not only a good Catholic, but a just and
+irreproachable man, whose memory will do honour to Spain.
+
+_Juan_ (D. Gabriel de), president of the royal Court of Appeal at
+Majorca, was excommunicated in 1531; he maintained the rights of the
+sovereign against the inquisitors.
+
+_Lara_ (Don Juan Perez de), procurator to the king, and fiscal of the
+royal Court of Appeal at Seville, was extremely ill-treated by the
+inquisitors in 1637, because he maintained the rights of the royal
+jurisdiction in a manifesto, which the inquisitors declared contained
+propositions offensive to the holy office.
+
+_Macanaz_ (Don Melchior de). See the preceding article.
+
+_Monino_ (Don Joseph), Count de Florida-Blanca, first secretary of state
+under Charles III., and Charles IV. He had been successively an advocate
+at Madrid, procurator to the king and fiscal of the Council of Castile,
+and minister plenipotentiary at Rome. His celebrity as a lawyer was the
+origin of his elevation, and his subsequent conduct fully justified the
+favourable opinion which had been formed of him. In his quality of
+fiscal he wrote several works. Don Juan Sempere Guarinos, in his
+_Catalogue of the Authors of the Reign of Charles III._, has inserted
+notices of those which had been printed and those which remained
+unpublished. Among the first are some of great merit: the _Advice of a
+Fiscal_, which he gave to the council on the memorial presented to
+Charles III. by Don Isidro Carbajal y Lancaster, Bishop of Cuenca, and
+on the _impartial judgment_ of the brief issued by Clement XIII. against
+the sovereign Duke of Parma, induced some ignorant and prejudiced
+priests to denounce him to the Inquisition as an enemy to religion. The
+Count furnished them with additional arms against himself, when he gave
+his opinion as procurator-fiscal on the abuses committed by the
+inquisitors in the prohibition of books, and on the system which they
+had adopted of taking cognizance of crimes not relating to doctrine.
+However, the inquisitors, not finding in his writings any proposition
+which might be qualified as heretical, were afraid to continue the trial
+of a minister for whom the king showed the greatest esteem.
+
+_Mur_ (Don Joseph de), president of the royal Court of Appeal at
+Majorca, being obliged to maintain the rights of the tribunal against
+the holy office, composed, in 1615, a work on competency, in which he
+supported the royal jurisdiction against the ecclesiastical power in all
+contests not relating to spiritual concerns. The holy office made the
+author suffer much, and inserted his work in the _Index_. Philip IV.
+caused it to be erased in 1641, at the request of the Council of
+Castile.
+
+_Ossuna_ (the Duke of). See Chapter 37.
+
+_Olavide_ (Don Paul), born at Lima, in Peru, _Assistant_, that is,
+Prefect of Seville, and director of the towns and villages recently
+built in the _Sierra-Morena_ and in Andalusia, was arrested in 1776, and
+taken to the secret prisons of the Inquisition of Madrid; on the
+suspicion that he held impious opinions, particularly those of Rousseau
+and Voltaire, with whom he maintained an intimate correspondence. It
+appeared from the trial, that Olavide had, in the new towns which he
+governed, uttered the opinions of these philosophers, on the exterior
+worship which is rendered to God in this country. The accused denied
+many of the words and actions imputed to him; he explained others which
+might not have been understood by the witnesses, but he confessed enough
+to induce the inquisitors to believe that he secretly held the same
+opinions as his two friends. Olavide asked pardon for his imprudence,
+but declared that he could not do so for the crime of heresy, as he had
+never lost his interior faith. On the 24th of November, 1778, an
+_auto-da-fe_ was celebrated with closed doors, in the hall of the
+Inquisition of Madrid, in the presence of sixty persons of high rank:
+Don Paul Olavide appeared before them, in the habit of a penitent, and
+holding in his hand an extinguished torch. The sentence declared him to
+be convicted of _formal heresy_; he ought to have appeared in the
+_San-benito_, with a cord round his neck, but this was dispensed with,
+as well as the obligation of wearing the _San-benito_ afterwards. He was
+condemned to pass eight years in a convent, and to live according to
+the orders of a spiritual director chosen by the Inquisition; to be
+banished from Madrid, Seville, Cordova, and the new town in the Sierra
+Morena. His property was confiscated; he was forbidden to possess any
+office or honourable title; to ride on horseback, or to wear any jewels
+or ornaments of gold, silver, pearls, diamonds, precious stones, or
+habits of silk, or fine wool, but only those of coarse serge or some
+other stuff of that kind. The reading of the _factum_ of his trial, by
+the secretary, lasted four hours; the fiscal accused him of having
+advanced seventy heretical propositions, and seventy-two witnesses were
+examined. Towards the conclusion, Olavide exclaimed, _Whatever the
+fiscal may say, I have never lost my faith_. No answer was made to him.
+When he heard his sentence he fainted, and fell off the bench on which
+he had been permitted to sit. When he had recovered, and the reading of
+the sentence was finished, he received absolution on his knees, after
+having read and signed his profession of faith; he was then taken back
+to the prison. The sixty individuals who were invited to this ceremony
+were dukes, counts, marquises, generals, members of the councils, and
+knights of different military orders; they were most of them his
+friends. These persons were, from some circumstances in the trial,
+suspected of partaking his opinions, and the invitation was intended to
+inform them of what they might expect, and to induce them to be more
+reserved in their conversation. Olavide went to the convent where he was
+to be confined, but made his escape some time after, and retired to
+France. He lived at Paris under the name of the _Count de Pilo_, a title
+which he had never borne in Spain. A few years after he published a
+work, called _The Gospel Triumphant; or, the Converted Philosopher_.
+This composition obtained his pardon, and permission to return to Spain,
+where no penances were imposed on him.
+
+_Perez_ (Antonio). See Chapter 35.
+
+_Ramos del Manzano_ (Don Francis), Count de Francos, tutor of Charles
+II. and president of the Sovereign Council of the Indies, composed some
+treatises on politics, which are mentioned by Nicolas Antonio. In these
+writings he maintains the prerogatives and independence of the
+sovereigns against the indirect powers of the Popes, the abuses of the
+Court of Rome, and the ecclesiastical judges in the holy office. The
+Count de Francos suffered much persecution, and his works were
+prohibited; if Philip IV. had not protected him, he would have been
+arrested, and his books burnt.
+
+_Ricla_ (the Count de), minister of war, and lieutenant-general in the
+army under Charles III., was denounced to the holy office as having
+adopted the opinions of the philosophers of the eighteenth century.
+There was not sufficient proof against him, and the trial was suspended.
+
+_Roda_ (Don Manuel de), Marquis de Roda, minister and secretary of state
+in the department of grace and justice, under Charles III. He had been a
+celebrated advocate at Madrid, and minister-plenipotentiary at Rome; his
+talents and learning made him of the greatest use to Charles III. in the
+important affairs relative to the expulsion of the Jesuits. The
+imputation of Jansenism, incurred by the archbishops and bishops of the
+Council extraordinary, was also brought against this minister, who had
+made many enemies by advising Charles III. to reform the six great
+colleges established at Salamanca, Alcala, and Valladolid. This
+denunciation failed, because it contained no _particular proposition_
+which deserved to be censured.
+
+_Salcedo_ (Don Pedro Gonzalez de), procurator to the king in the Council
+of Castile, published a treatise _On Political Law_, and some other
+works, in which he attacked the abuses committed by the judges of the
+privileged tribunals, and the pretensions of the inquisitors and other
+ecclesiastics to the royal jurisdictions. He was persecuted, and his
+works were condemned, but Philip IV. revoked the prohibition; however
+some passages were afterwards retrenched, and they are not found in the
+later editions.
+
+_Salgado_ (Don Francis de), member of the Council of Castile, published
+some works in defence of the royal jurisdiction against the
+ecclesiastical authority; they are mentioned by Nicolas Antonio. The
+Court of Rome condemned them; the inquisitors of Spain persecuted the
+author, but when they were on the point of publishing the prohibition of
+his works, Philip IV. commanded them to suspend their proceedings.
+
+_Samaniego_ (Don Philip de), priest, archdeacon of Pampeluna, knight of
+the order of St. James, counsellor to the king, and chief secretary and
+interpreter of foreign languages. He was invited to attend the
+_auto-da-fe_ of Don Paul Olavide, and was so alarmed that he voluntarily
+denounced himself. He presented a declaration, in which he confessed
+that he had read prohibited books, such as those of Voltaire, Mirabeau,
+Rousseau, Hobbes, Spinosa, Montesquieu, Bayle, d'Alembert, Diderot, and
+others; that from this course of reading he had fallen into a religious
+pyrrhonism; that having thought seriously on the subject, he had
+resolved to remain firmly attached to the Catholic faith, and that in
+consequence he had resolved to demand to be absolved from the censures
+_ad cautelam_. The tribunal ordered that he should confirm his
+declaration by taking an oath. They then obliged him to confess by what
+means he had obtained the books, whom he had received them from, and
+where they were at that time; with what persons he had conversed on the
+subject of religion, and revealed his opinions; what individuals had
+refuted or adopted them; who had appeared to be ignorant of the
+doctrine, or were acquainted with it; and lastly, how long he had known
+it himself: these declarations were the conditions on which he was to
+receive absolution. Samaniego wrote a declaration, in which almost all
+the learned men of the court were implicated. Some of these persons had
+been invited to the _auto-da-fe_ of Don Paul Olavide.
+
+_Sardinia_ (the viceroy of) was excommunicated in 1498, and punished by
+the inquisitors for having lent assistance to the Archbishop of Cagliari
+in taking a criminal from the prisons of the holy office to those of the
+archbishopric.
+
+_Sese_ (Don Joseph de), president of the royal Court of Appeal of the
+kingdom of Aragon. This magistrate wrote a work, in which he had
+collected many definitive sentences which had been pronounced in trials
+for competency; they were all favourable to the secular power. The
+author was the victim of his zeal; he was persecuted, and his work
+prohibited, but Philip IV. caused it to be revoked.
+
+_Solorzano_ (Don Juan de), member of the Sovereign Council of the
+Indies. He was the author of a work on _Indian Politics_, and several
+others of the same nature. They were written in the same spirit as those
+of Salgado; Solorzano and his works shared his fate.
+
+_Sotomayor_ (Don Guiterre de), knight commander of the order of
+Alcantara, brother of the Count de Benalcazar, and governor of the
+fortress of that name. See _Benalcazar_.
+
+_Terranova_ (the Marquis de). See Chapter 16.
+
+_Toledo_ (the royal judge of) was excommunicated, imprisoned, and
+received much ill treatment from the inquisitors in 1622, in a contest
+for jurisdiction.
+
+_Valdes_ (Don Antonio), member of the royal Council of Castile. He was
+excommunicated by the inquisitors in 1639, because he refused to exempt
+the familiars of the holy office who possess land, from paying a
+contribution.
+
+_Valencia_ (the viceroy of), captain-general, was obliged in 1488, to
+appear before the Supreme Council of the Inquisition, and ask pardon and
+absolution for having set at liberty a soldier who was detained in the
+prisons of the holy office. He had the mortification of being obliged to
+appear in a _lesser auto-da-fe_.
+
+_Vera_ (Don Juan-Antonio de). See Chapter 36.
+
+_Zarate_ (Diego Ruiz de), chief alcade of Cordova, was punished by the
+Supreme Council in 1500, and suspended from his office for six months,
+because he refused to allow the inquisitors of Cordova to take
+cognizance of the trial of the chief alguazil of that city.
+
+Many other instances might be quoted: but these are sufficient to show
+that the nature of the tribunal of the holy office will be contrary to
+the independence of the sovereign, while the royal jurisdiction is
+confounded with that of the inquisitors, and while the members of the
+holy office are exempted from the civil and criminal jurisdiction of the
+royal tribunals.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII.
+
+OF THE TRIALS OF SEVERAL SOVEREIGNS AND PRINCES UNDERTAKEN BY THE
+INQUISITION.
+
+
+It is not surprising that the Inquisition should persecute magistrates
+and learned men, when it has not scrupled to attack kings, princes, and
+grandees. Some writers (particularly the French and Flemish) have
+singularly exaggerated the accounts of these trials; some of them having
+but a vague and slight foundation for what they have advanced, and
+others have filled their accounts with invectives and fictions. The
+history is derived from the archives and writings of the trials of the
+Inquisition, and I have attended more to these authentic documents than
+to the narratives of those who have not had the same advantages. This
+Chapter will contain _all that is certainly known_ of the trials of the
+princes and other potentates by the Inquisition.
+
+The _Holy Tribunal_ was scarcely established in Aragon, when it attacked
+Don James de Navarre, sometimes called the _Infant of Tudela_, and the
+_Infant of Navarre_. His crime was an act of benevolence. The
+assassination of Pedro Arbues, the first inquisitor of Aragon, which
+took place in 1485, obliged many of the principal inhabitants of
+Saragossa to take flight. One of these persons went to Tudela de
+Navarre, where the Infant of Navarre resided, and asked and obtained an
+asylum in his house for several days, until he could make his escape
+into France. The inquisitors being informed of this humane action,
+arrested and took Don James to their prisons in 1487, as an enemy to the
+holy office. He was condemned to hear solemn mass, standing in the
+presence of a great concourse of people, and of his cousin Don Alphonso
+of Aragon (a natural son of Ferdinand V. and Archbishop of Saragossa),
+and to receive absolution from the censures which he was supposed to
+have incurred, after submitting to be _scourged_ by two priests, and
+having gone through all the ceremonies prescribed in such cases by the
+Roman ritual.
+
+In 1488, the Inquisition tried John Pic de la Mirandola and de
+Concordia, a prince who was considered a prodigy of science, from the
+age of twenty-three years. Innocent VIII. instigated them to this
+measure by a brief addressed to Ferdinand and Isabella, dated the 16th
+of December, 1487, in which he said, that he had been informed that John
+Pic was going into Spain, with the intention of maintaining, in the
+universities and other schools of the kingdom, the erroneous doctrine of
+several theses which he had already published at Rome, and had abjured,
+which rendered him still more culpable. His Holiness added, that he was
+most afflicted in perceiving that the youth, the pleasing manners and
+agreeable conversation of the prince would gain him many partisans; he
+said that these considerations had induced him to request the two
+sovereigns to arrest the prince when he arrived in Spain, as the fear of
+corporal punishment might have more effect than the anathemas of the
+Church. De la Mirandola doubtless received information of what awaited
+him in Spain, as he did not undertake the journey; at least nothing is
+to be found in the archives concerning it. The learned historian Fleury
+must have been ignorant of the existence of this bull, since he says
+that the affair of the Prince de la Mirandola terminated in the
+suppression of his theses at Rome, in 1486. This prince had published
+and defended nine hundred propositions on theology, mathematics,
+physics, cabala, and other sciences. Thirteen of these were examined and
+qualified as heretical; the author published an apology, showing the
+ignorance of his judges. His adversaries, finding that they could not
+dispute with him, accused him of being a magician; and asserted, that so
+much knowledge in so young a person could only be acquired by a compact
+with the devil.
+
+In 1507 the Inquisition, instigated by Ferdinand V., undertook to
+prosecute and arrest Caesar Borgia, Duke de Valentinois, and
+brother-in-law to John d'Albret, King of Navarre. It is most probable
+that this prince would have been taken, if he had not been killed in the
+same year before Viana, not far from Logrono, by the governor of a
+fortress, Juan Garces de los Fayos. Caesar Borgia was the natural son of
+Don Rodrigo de Borgia (afterwards raised to the papal see, by the name
+of Alexander VI.), and the famous _Vanoci_. He had been a cardinal, but,
+in 1499, his father, in compliance with the request of Louis XII. King
+of France, who adopted him, granted him dispensations to marry the
+sister of the King of Navarre; he then obtained the titles and estates
+of the dukedom of Valentinois. A short time after the death of Caesar
+Borgia's father, in 1503, he was arrested at Naples, by the order of
+Gonzalo de Cordova, viceroy of that monarchy, on the pretence that he
+disturbed the tranquillity of the kingdom. He was taken to Spain, and
+confined in the Castle of Medina del Campo, from whence he made his
+escape, and fled to Navarre. Ferdinand, finding that his niece, the
+Queen of Navarre, would not give up this prince to him, resolved to
+secure him by means of the Inquisition.
+
+It has been already stated that the inquisitors did not prosecute the
+memory of Charles V.; but in 1565, they were concerned in the
+proceedings against Jane d'Albret, the hereditary Queen of Navarre, and
+against her son, Henry de Bourbon, afterwards Henry IV. of France, and
+his sister, Margaret de Bourbon Albret, who married the sovereign Duke
+of Bar. The holy office, however, did not take an active part in this
+affair. After Ferdinand V. had taken possession of the five districts of
+the kingdom of Navarre, called _Merindades_, he refused to recognise
+either Jane or Henry de Bourbon as sovereigns of Navarre. These princes
+were deprived of all their dominions, except the sixth _Merindade_ of
+Navarre, by a papal bull in 1512; the Court of Rome also refused to
+grant them the title of Kings of Navarre until the year 1561. The first
+to whom it was given was Anthony de Bourbon.
+
+Charles V. had ordered in his will that the right of his successors to
+the crown of Navarre should be examined, and that it should be restored
+to its rightful owners if it had been unjustly seized. In 1561, Philip
+II., who had not yet thought of executing the intentions of his father,
+perceiving that the king, Anthony de Bourbon, inclined towards
+Calvinism, entered into a negociation with him on this subject. In order
+to attach him to the Catholic party, Philip promised to obtain a
+dissolution of his marriage with Jane, who was a heretic, to induce his
+holiness to excommunicate her, and to give her states to him, with the
+consent of the Kings of France and Spain; to restore Navarre, or to give
+the island of Sardinia in exchange for it, and to negotiate a marriage
+between him and Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland. Anthony accepted this
+offer, but died before it could be executed. Philip then, through the
+intrigues of his agents at Rome, obtained the excommunication of Jane
+d'Albret, and that her states should be offered to the first Catholic
+prince who would take possession of them on the condition of expelling
+the heretics. Pius V. published a bull on the 28th September, 1563,
+excommunicating Queen Jane, for having adopted the heresy of Calvin, and
+promulgating his doctrines in her states; and according to the
+requisition of the procurator-fiscal of the Inquisition, his Holiness
+summoned her to appear at Rome, within six months, to answer these
+charges.
+
+Catherine de Medicis, regent of France, who was then reconciled to the
+Prince of Conde, the brother of the late King of Navarre, was displeased
+at the Inquisition of Rome; and in order to stop the proceedings, sent
+an ambassador extraordinary to the Pope, with a very learned memorial,
+which has been printed, with the bull, in the _Memoires du Prince de
+Conde_.
+
+Charles IX., and Catherine de Medicis, his mother, wrote to Philip II.,
+(who was married to Elizabeth of France, the daughter of Catherine,) and
+informed him of what had passed, requesting that he would act in concert
+with them. Philip replied, that he not only disapproved of the conduct
+of the court of Rome, but he offered to protect the Princess Jane
+against any one who should attempt to deprive her of her states. It has,
+however, been proved by the letters of the French king to the Cardinal
+d'Armagnac, that Philip at the same time offered assistance to the
+Catholic subjects of Jane, to induce them to rebel against her, and that
+he privately introduced Spanish troops into her territories. This event
+was the origin of a confederation, known by the name of the _Catholic
+League_, which forms part of the histories of M. de Varillas, and of the
+secret memoirs of M. de Villeroi.
+
+The Spanish monarch endeavoured to obtain, by means of the Inquisition
+of Spain, what he had been refused by that of Rome. The
+inquisitor-general Cardinal Espinosa, in concert with the Cardinal de
+Lorraine, caused several witnesses to be examined, to prove that Jane
+d'Albret and her children were Huguenots, and that, as they encouraged
+this heresy in their states, it might spread into Spain. Espinosa (who
+pretended that Philip was ignorant of his proceedings) informed the
+council that it was necessary to impart this circumstance to his
+majesty, and entreat him to do all in his power to prevent Jane from
+persecuting the Catholics.
+
+Philip secretly directed the affairs of the _League_ in France by means
+of communications with the chiefs of the party; and according to his
+orders the inquisitor-general formed a plot to carry off the Queen of
+Navarre and her two children, and confine them in the dungeons of the
+Inquisition of Saragossa. He hoped to succeed in this enterprise,
+through the assistance afforded him by the Cardinal de Lorraine, and the
+other chiefs of the _League_.
+
+Those French historians who wrote after this period (such as the Abbe
+St. Real, Mercier, and others) have endeavoured to throw all the odium
+of this plot on Philip II. and the Duke of Alva; but as truth is the
+first duty of historians, I am compelled to say, that the De Guises were
+the authors of it. Nicolas de Neuville, Lord of Villeroy, minister and
+first secretary of state during the reigns of Charles IX., Henry III.,
+Henry IV., and Louis XIII., has left details of this affair, in a
+_Memoir_ which was found after his death among his papers, and which has
+been printed with many others, under the title of _Secret Memoirs of M.
+de Villeroi_. This author, who was a contemporary, and acquainted with
+the secrets of the government, seems to be more deserving of confidence
+than any other.
+
+Philip II. took advantage of the attempt, though it entirely failed; and
+wrote to represent to the Pope, that his subjects in the neighbourhood
+of France might imbibe the heresy, and demanded and obtained an order to
+separate from the bishopric of Bayonne the villages of the valley of
+Bastan, and those of the arch-priesthood of Fontarabia.
+
+In 1563, the Inquisition of Murcia condemned another prince, called Don
+Philip of Aragon. See Chapter 23.
+
+In 1589, the Prince Alexander Farnese, governor-general of the Low
+Countries and Flanders, and uncle to Philip II., was denounced to the
+Inquisition of Spain, as suspected of Lutheranism, and a favourer of
+heretics; it was also said, that he intended to become the sovereign of
+Flanders, for which purpose he courted the Protestants. No proofs of
+heresy were produced, and the inquisitor-general suspended the
+proceedings. Although the enemies of Prince Farnese made every effort to
+ruin him, Philip did not deprive him of his office, and he remained
+Governor of the Low Countries till his death in 1592. It has been said
+that he was poisoned by Philip II.
+
+The Cardinal Quiroga, and the Council of the Inquisition, treated the
+Sovereign Pontiff, Sextus Quintus, with little respect. This Pope
+published a translation of the Bible in Italian, and prefaced it by a
+bull, in which he recommended every one to read it, saying, that the
+faithful would derive the greatest advantages from it. This conduct of
+the Pope was contrary to all the regulations from the time of Leo X. All
+doctrinal works had been forbidden to be in the vulgar tongue for fifty
+years, by the expurgatory index of the council, and by the inquisitions
+of Rome and Madrid. The Cardinals, Quiroga at Madrid, and Toledo at
+Rome, and others, represented to Philip II., that great evils would
+arise from it, if he did not employ his influence to induce the Pope to
+relinquish his design. Philip commissioned the Count d'Olivarez to
+expostulate with the Pontiff; the Count obeyed, but at the peril of his
+life, for Sextus Quintus was on the point of depriving him of it,
+without respect for the rights of nations, or for the privileges of
+Olivarez as an ambassador.
+
+This formidable Pope died in 1592, and Philip was suspected of having
+shortened his days by slow poison. After this event, the Inquisition of
+Spain having received witnesses to prove that the _infallible_ oracle of
+the law was a favourer of heretics, condemned the Sextine Bible, as they
+had already condemned those of Cassiodorus de Reyna, and many others.
+
+A preparatory instruction was commenced against Don John of Austria, a
+natural son of Philip IV., but the proceedings were suspended by the
+king. This event was caused by the intrigues of the inquisitor-general,
+John Everard Nitardo, who was the mortal enemy of Don John; and some
+persons were found base enough to accuse the king's brother of
+Lutheranism, in order to flatter him.
+
+The Grandees of Spain may be numbered among the princes, since Charles
+V. declared them to possess that title, and that they were equal in rank
+to the sovereigns of the Circles of Germany; they had likewise the
+privileges of being seated and covered in the presence of the king, as,
+for example, when the emperor was crowned.
+
+Among the princes humiliated by the Inquisition, the following persons
+must be included. The Marquis de Priego, the grand-master of the
+military order of Montesa, the Duke de Gandia, St. Francis de Borgia,
+the blessed Juan de Ribera, the venerable Don Juan de Palafox, and many
+others, among whom were several ladies. None of these trials had any
+serious result; the denounced persons only received a severe
+remonstrance, except in the case of the Dowager Marchioness d'Alcanices,
+who was imprisoned in the Convent of St. Catherine, at Valladolid. These
+persons were all innocent; the only foundation for the accusations was
+their intimacy with the Doctors Pedro and Augustine Cazalla, Fray
+Dominic de Roxas, and Don Pedro Samiento de Roxas: they were also
+accused of having heard conversations on justification, and of not
+having denounced them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII.
+
+OF THE CONDUCT OF THE HOLY OFFICE TOWARDS THOSE PRIESTS WHO ABUSED THE
+SACRAMENT OF CONFESSION.
+
+
+While the Inquisition was occupied in persecuting the peaceable
+Lutherans, they were obliged to take measures to punish Catholic
+priests, who abused the ministry of confession, by seducing their
+penitents. The inquisitors were compelled to act with great reserve and
+caution in this affair, that they might not furnish the Lutherans with
+new arguments against auricular confession, and the Catholics with a
+motive for employing it less frequently.
+
+On the 18th of January, 1556, Paul IV. addressed a brief to the
+Inquisitors of Granada, in which his Holiness commanded them to
+prosecute those priests whom the _public voice_ accused of seduction,
+and not to pardon _one_ of them. He also recommended that they should
+ascertain if the doctrine of the priests on the sacrament of penitence
+was orthodox, and if it was necessary to pursue the course prescribed
+for the prosecution of heretics. The inquisitors communicated this brief
+to the Archbishop of Granada, and the Council of the Inquisition, which
+informed them in reply, that the publication of the brief in the usual
+form would produce great inconveniences, and that it was necessary to
+act with prudence and moderation.
+
+For this reason the archbishop summoned the cures, and other
+ecclesiastics, while the inquisitors did the same with the prelates of
+the regular communities, to recommend to them to notify the brief of the
+Pope to all the confessors, that they might be more strict in their
+conduct for the future, and that the people might not be made acquainted
+with the order of his Holiness. At the same time, informations were
+taken against those who were suspected, and some who were guilty were
+privately punished under other pretexts.
+
+This measure convinced the Pope that the abuse was not confined to the
+kingdom of Granada; and, in 1561, he addressed a brief to the
+inquisitor-general Valdes, authorizing him to proceed against the
+confessors guilty of this crime in the domains of Philip, as if they
+were heretics. As this bull did not affect the inquisitors-general who
+succeeded Valdes, several others were afterwards expedited.
+
+It was the custom to read the _Edict of Denunciations_ in the churches
+every year, on some Sunday in Lent, and as the number of crimes
+increased, new articles were added to the Edict. The inquisitors of some
+provinces introduced that of the priests who corrupted their penitents,
+and Raynaldus Gonzalvius Montanus, speaking of the occurrences at
+Seville after the publication of this edict, declares that it was
+published in 1563, and that the denunciations were so numerous that the
+notaries of the holy office refused to receive them, and that the
+inquisitors were obliged to relinquish the prosecution of the criminals.
+
+The edict was not published till 1564, and the denunciations were much
+less numerous than he pretends. The denunciations ceased, because the
+obligation imposed on the penitents to inform against the criminals was
+annulled by the Supreme Council. Several other edicts were afterwards
+published on this subject, and they were framed to include a great
+number of cases.
+
+This crime is never punished in a public _auto-da-fe_, because it might
+prevent the faithful from confessing themselves. The _auto-da-fe_ was
+held in the hall of the holy office; the secular confessors were
+summoned to attend it, two from each of the establishments in the town,
+and four from that of the condemned person, if there were any. No laymen
+were permitted to be present, except the notaries. When the sentence,
+and the motives for it, had been read, the dean of the inquisitors
+exhorted the criminal to acknowledge his crime, and prepared him to make
+the abjuration of all heresies in general, and of that of which he was
+suspected in particular. He then placed himself on his knees, pronounced
+his confession of faith, and signed his abjuration: the inquisitor
+absolved him _ad cautelam_ from all the censures he had incurred: this
+act terminated the _auto-da-fe_, the criminal was taken back to the
+prison, and the next day he was transferred to the convent in which he
+was to be imprisoned, according to his sentence. The confessors who
+attended this ceremony, were commanded to inform others of the affair,
+to deter them from committing the same crime.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIX.
+
+OF THE TRIALS INSTITUTED BY THE INQUISITION AGAINST THE PRELATES AND
+SPANISH DOCTORS OF THE COUNCIL OF TRENT.
+
+
+_Prelates._
+
+Eight venerable prelates and nine doctors of theology, who were sent by
+Spain to the Council of Trent, were attacked in secret by the
+Inquisition of their country. From particular circumstances, rather than
+from the will of the inquisitors, some of these trials were suspended,
+before any attempt had been made on the liberty of the doctors.
+
+The trial of the Archbishop of Toledo ought to be introduced in this
+place, but its importance and interest renders it worthy of a separate
+chapter.
+
+_Don Pedro Guerrero_, born at Leza-de-rio-Leza, in Rioxa, archbishop of
+Granada, was one of those prelates who, from their learning and virtue,
+had the greatest influence in the Council of Trent. He was prosecuted
+by the Inquisition of Valladolid, for the favourable opinion he
+expressed in 1558, of the Catechism of Carranza, and for the letters he
+wrote to him in the following year. It was also known that he voted for
+the archbishop, in the commission employed by the Council of Trent to
+examine his book, and likewise in the particular congregation of that
+assembly, which approved his conduct in 1563. Guerrero averted the
+danger by retracting his opinion in 1574, when he was informed of the
+inclinations of Philip on this subject. He then gave a new opinion,
+entirely different from the first, persuaded that it would be sent to
+Rome, which in fact was done, in order to strengthen the charges against
+Carranza: this is proved by the letter of the Supreme Council to Philip
+II., in which it announces that the censures which his majesty had
+demanded of the Archbishop of Granada were prepared, and that it was
+absolutely necessary to send them to Rome, because _it was to be
+apprehended that the affair would be soon concluded, that the trial went
+on quickly_[33], and _that it was necessary to send this document, on
+account of the high esteem in which the opinion of the archbishop was
+held in Rome_.
+
+It would be difficult to give a just idea of the intrigues which were
+employed to obtain so contrary an opinion from Guerrero. The Pope
+commanded, in a particular brief, that those censors who had been
+favourable to the Catechism should examine and censure it again, and
+afterwards give their opinions of the inedited works of Carranza. On the
+arrival of this brief, the Cardinal Quiroga, who was in the king's
+confidence, despatched persons whom he could depend upon, to the
+Archbishop of Granada, to induce him to renew his censure, _without
+saying that he had done it before, to conform to the king's intentions,
+but as if he only did it in obedience to the orders of his Holiness_.
+This intrigue is proved by the private instructions which Quiroga gave
+to his messengers. It must be confessed that the conduct of the
+Archbishop of Granada does little honour to his memory, but it must also
+be remembered how formidable the policy of Philip II. rendered him, and
+that Guerrero was advanced in years.
+
+_Don Francisco Blanco_, born at Capillas, in the bishopric of Leon, had
+been bishop of Orense and Malaga, when he was prosecuted on suspicion of
+Lutheranism, for the same reason as Guerrero.
+
+The arrest of Carranza alarmed Blanco so much, that he wrote immediately
+to the inquisitor-general, and sent him several inedited works of the
+archbishop of Toledo. He received an order to repair to Valladolid,
+where he entered into the convent of Augustins: he made his declarations
+on the 14th of September, and on the 13th of October, 1559, acknowledged
+two of his approbations, but declared that he could not consent to
+ratify them, until he had re-examined the book, since he had given them
+without reflection, and was only influenced by the great reputation of
+Carranza. It is impossible to read his declarations, and the letters
+which he wrote to the inquisitor-general, without perceiving the extreme
+terror which had seized him. He had recourse to the same means as
+Guerrero, to extricate himself from his embarrassment. This prelate died
+in 1581, after having composed several works, which are mentioned by
+Nicholas Antonio.
+
+_Don Francisco Delgado_, born at Villa de Pen, in Rioxa, founder of the
+eldership of the Counts de Berberana, bishop of Lugo, and afterwards of
+Jaen, and one of the fathers of the council of Trent, was suspected of
+heresy for the same reasons as the two preceding prelates. He avoided
+the sentence which threatened him, by retracting his opinions in 1574.
+
+_Don Andres Cuesta_, bishop of Leon, was prosecuted for the same cause.
+The inquisitor-general wrote to him before the arrest of Carranza, to
+know if he had given a favourable opinion of his Catechism. The Bishop
+replied in the affirmative, and sent him a copy of his opinion. Valdes
+kept this paper, but could not make any use of it. As the Archbishop of
+Toledo had then been arrested, the trial of the Bishop of Leon was
+begun, and the inquisitor-general resolved to summon him to Valladolid.
+Valdes informed the king of this resolution, and he wrote to Cuesta,
+saying, that all that was to be done was in the cause of God, and the
+service of his majesty. The Bishop of Leon submitted without resistance;
+and on the 14th of October, 1559, he was examined in the Council of the
+Inquisition, and in the presence of all its members. The opinion which
+he had given of the catechism, in 1558, was shown to him, and he
+acknowledged it to be his, but said that if he examined it again, he
+should be able to judge differently of Carranza's doctrine. He returned
+to his diocese, and sent another favourable opinion of the catechism to
+the inquisitor-general; it was founded on many doctrinal considerations
+and reflections, which he had not made in that which he sent to
+Carranza. His letters, declarations, and opinions, show a bold and
+strong mind, which may induce one to believe that he was not provoked to
+retract in 1574, or that his trial recommenced at that period; for the
+inquisitor-general and the Supreme Council finding in 1560 that the
+trial of Carranza caused them much trouble and embarrassment, resolved
+to _suspend_ the trials of the other bishops, until the result of the
+first was known.
+
+_Don Antonio Gorrionero_, bishop of Almeria, was prosecuted for his
+favourable opinion of the Catechism, and some letters which he wrote on
+the subject. He however attended the third convocation of the council of
+Trent, which took place in 1560, and the following years.
+
+_Don Fray Melchior Cano_, born in Tarancon, in the province of Cuenca:
+he had resigned the bishopric of the Canaries, and attended the second
+session of the Council of Trent, in 1552. He was a member of the order
+of St. Dominic, as well as Carranza, and his rival in the government and
+administration of the affairs of his order, particularly after Carranza
+had obtained the preference, when they were both candidates for the
+office of Provincial of Castile. When the Catechism was denounced to the
+Inquisition, Valdes appointed Cano to examine it, affecting to favour
+its author, by choosing qualifiers from the monks of his order, but not
+doubting, at the same time, that the opinion of Fray Melchior would be
+unfavourable.
+
+Fray Melchior examined the catechism, and some inedited works of
+Carranza; but it appears that he did not strictly observe the secrecy
+recommended by the inquisitors, since Carranza received information of
+what was passing, while he was in Flanders, and wrote to Fray Melchior,
+who replied to him from Valladolid, in 1559. About this time, Fray
+Dominic de Roxas, and some other Lutherans confined in the secret
+prisons of the holy office, deposed to certain facts, which caused some
+suspicion of Fray Melchior.
+
+However, the prosecution begun against him had no result; for at the
+time when Cano was about to be reproved by the inquisitor-general, he
+offered him the dedication of his Treatise _de Locis Theologicis_, which
+was accepted; and as he had not time to publish it, he left it to the
+inquisitor-general in his will, some time before his death, which
+happened in 1560. His censure of the Catechism of Carranza, and some
+propositions which he had maintained against the archbishop, and which
+caused the faith of that prelate to be suspected, contributed to
+preserve him from punishment. His calumnious discourse concerning
+Carranza was no doubt the reason why he was thought to be his denouncer.
+
+_Don Pedro del Frago_, bishop of Jaca, was born in 1490, in Uncastillo,
+in the diocese of Jaca. Pedro studied at Paris, and became a Doctor of
+the Sorbonne: he learnt Hebrew and Greek, and was considered one of the
+best Latin poets of his age. He was appointed theologian to Charles V.,
+for the first convocation of the Council of Trent; he assisted at it in
+1545, and when the second assembly took place in 1551, he preached a
+Latin sermon to the fathers, on Assumption-day: this discourse forms
+part of the collection of documents relating to the council. In 1561,
+Philip II. created him Bishop of Alguer in Sardinia, and he attended the
+third convocation of the council in that quality. Don Pedro was made,
+first, Bishop of Jaca, in 1572; and in the following year, when he was
+sixty-four years of age, the Council of the Inquisition commanded the
+inquisitors of Saragossa to take informations against this worthy
+prelate, as suspected of heresy, because he had been denounced as not
+being known to confess himself, and that he had no regular confessor; he
+was likewise accused of not celebrating mass with sufficient solemnity.
+It is surprising that the council should admit these charges, since a
+bishop is not obliged to have a regular confessor, and it is not
+necessary for any person to confess, so that the public may be informed
+of it. The other charge brought against an old man of sixty-four, shows
+that there was nothing more serious to accuse him of. Philip II., to
+reward his services, gave Don Pedro the bishopric of Huesca, in 1577,
+where he founded an episcopal seminary. He died in 1584. He held a synod
+at Huesca, in which he established constitutions, which he had drawn up
+and caused to be printed; he also composed a Journal of the most
+remarkable events in the Council of Trent, from the year 1542 to 1560,
+and much Latin poetry.
+
+Among the doctors of theology of the Council of Trent, who were
+persecuted or punished by the Inquisition, the most celebrated is
+_Benedict Arias Montano_, perhaps the most learned man of his age in the
+oriental tongues.
+
+Several towns in Spain have disputed the honour of being the place of
+his birth. Montano understood Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, Greek,
+Latin, French, Italian, English, Dutch, and German: he was almoner to
+the king, a knight of the order of St. Jago, and doctor of theology in
+the university of Alcala.
+
+As there were no more copies in the trade of the _Polyglott_ Bible of
+the Cardinal Ximenez de Cisneros, the celebrated Plantin, a printer at
+Antwerp, represented to Philip II. the advantages which might arise from
+a new edition, with corrections and additions. The king approved of the
+scheme, and in 1568 appointed Arias Montano to be the director of the
+undertaking; he went to Flanders to fulfil the intentions of that
+monarch, and to compose the Expurgatory _Index_, known as that of the
+Duke of Alva's. In order to make the re-impression of the Polyglott
+Bible as perfect as possible, a great number of unpublished copies of
+the Bible, in all languages, were procured; this great work is in eight
+folio volumes. St. Pius V. and Gregory XIII. expressed their approbation
+of the execution of this undertaking, in particular briefs addressed to
+their nuncios in Flanders. Arias Montano went to Rome, and presented a
+copy to the Pope in person: he made a very eloquent speech in Latin on
+the occasion, which gave great pleasure to the Pope and cardinals. The
+King of Spain made presents of these Bibles to all the princes of
+Christendom: it has been called the _Royal Bible_, because it was done
+by the king's command; the _Philippine_, from his name; of _Antwerp_,
+because it was printed in that place; _Plantinian_, from the name of the
+printer; _Polyglott_, from being in several tongues; and of _Montano_,
+because he had the direction of it, though he was assisted by many
+learned men of the universities of Paris, Louvain, and Alcala de
+Henares.
+
+Arias returned to Spain, where the reputation he had acquired caused
+many persons to become his enemies, particularly among the Jesuits,
+because he had not consulted Diego Lainez, Alphonso Salmeron, or the
+other Jesuits of the Council of Trent: he made another enemy in Leon de
+Castro, a secular priest, professor of the oriental languages at
+Salamanca, because he did not consult the university, and employ him in
+the work. The certainty that he should be protected by the Jesuits
+induced him to denounce Arias Montano to the Inquisition of Rome: this
+denunciation was in Latin: he addressed another, in Spanish, to the
+Supreme Council at Madrid. Leon de Castro accused him of having given
+the Hebrew text of the Bible according to the Jewish MSS., and of having
+made the version accord with the opinions of the rabbis, without
+regarding those of the fathers of the church. He also qualified him as
+suspected of Judaism, because he affected to take the title of Rabbi,
+_master_; this, however, may be looked upon as a calumny, for in a copy
+of this Bible, which I have seen, his superscription is that of
+_Thalmud_, which means _disciple_. Other accusations were brought
+against him by the Jesuits. Leon de Castro, impatient to see Arias
+arrested, wrote on the 9th of November, 1576, to Don Fernando de la Vega
+de Fonseca, a counsellor of the _supreme_, and renewed his denunciation,
+showing by his letter that he was only actuated by resentment, at
+finding his pretended zeal so ill repaid. There is no doubt that Arias
+would have been arrested, if he had not been protected by the king, and
+if the Pope had not signified his approbation of his Bible by a special
+brief; he, however, thought it necessary to go to Rome to justify
+himself.
+
+Leon de Castro circulated copies of his denunciation, and the Jesuits
+did the same. He was attacked by Fray Luis Estrada, in a discourse
+addressed to Montano, in 1574; and his denunciation was also refuted by
+Pedro Chacon, another learned Spaniard, who proved the injury that would
+accrue to the Christian religion, if it was admitted that the Hebrew
+MSS. were falsified. De Castro published a reply, which he called
+_Apologetic_.
+
+Arias returned from Rome, and he could depend upon the favour of the
+king; he was not arrested, but confined to the city of Madrid. The
+council decreed that a copy of the denunciations should be given to him;
+Arias replied to and refuted the charges, insinuating that this attack
+was a plot of the Jesuits.
+
+The inquisitor-general, in concert with the council, appointed different
+theologians as qualifiers in the trial of Arias, and remitted to them
+the denunciation of de Castro and his apology, the reply of the accused,
+and the two writings of Estrada and Chacon. The principal censor was
+Juan de Mariana, a Jesuit, who was considered very learned in the
+oriental languages, and in theology. This choice, in which the Jesuits
+had some influence, induced them to suppose that Arias would be
+condemned. They were, however, disappointed; for though Mariana declared
+that the Polyglott Bible was full of errors and inaccuracies, he
+acknowledged that they were of no importance, and were not deserving of
+theological censure. This decision induced the council to pronounce in
+favour of Arias, who was soon after informed that he had gained his
+cause at Rome. Mariana was never forgiven by the Jesuits for his
+impartiality, and they afterwards made him a victim of the Inquisition.
+
+_Doctor Don Diego Sobanos_, rector of the university of Alcala, a
+theologian of the third convocation of the Council of Trent, not only
+expressed a favourable opinion of the Catechism of Carranza, but chiefly
+by his ascendancy over the theologians of his university, induced them
+to approve the work. He was tried by the Inquisition of Valladolid, and
+condemned to a pecuniary penalty, and to be absolved _ad cautelam_, from
+the censures which he had incurred by approving the Catechism.
+
+_Diego Lainez_, born in Almazan, in the diocese of Siguenza, second
+general of the Society of Jesus, was denounced to the Inquisition as
+suspected of Lutheranism, and the heresy of the _illuminati_. The
+Jesuits did not pardon Valdes for having prosecuted their general, and
+they contributed to his dismission in 1566. Diego Lainez, who was at
+Rome, succeeded in evading the jurisdiction of the Inquisition of Spain.
+
+_Fray Juan de Regla_, a Jeronimite, who had been confessor to Charles
+V., and provincial of his order in Spain, theologian of the Council of
+Trent at the second convocation, was arrested by the Inquisition of
+Saragossa, on the denunciation of the Jesuits, as suspected of
+Lutheranism: he abjured eighteen propositions, was absolved and
+subjected to a penance.
+
+_Fray Francisco Villalba_, a Jeronimite of Montamarta, born at Zamora,
+was one of the theologians at the second Council of Trent, and preacher
+to Charles V. and Philip II. He attended the emperor at his death, and
+pronounced his funeral oration. Philip II. had often consulted him. The
+Inquisition of Toledo began an action against him as a Lutheran, and
+being descended from the Jews. This arose from the envy of some monks of
+his order, who denounced him. The general of his order, and his
+coadjutors, made inquiries on the genealogy of Villalba, and discovered
+that he was not descended either from the Jews or any persons punished
+by the Inquisition. The protection of the king prevented the Inquisition
+from obtaining witnesses soon enough to substantiate the charges, and
+they did not dare to arrest him without further information. At this
+period, in 1575, Villalba died at the Escurial, leaving, among honest
+Spaniards, the reputation of being a good Catholic.
+
+_Fray Michel de Medina_, a Franciscan, was a theologian of the third
+convocation of the Council of Trent. He was born at Benalcazar, and
+became a member of the college of St. Peter and St. Paul at the
+university of Alcala, and guardian of the convent of Franciscans at
+Toledo; he died in 1578, in the secret prisons of that city, after
+having been sentenced as suspected of professing the opinions of
+Luther. This accusation was occasioned by his great esteem for the
+theological writings of Fray Juan de Fero, a monk of his order. He
+published some of his works, which were denounced to the Inquisition,
+and Medina wrote an apology for them, which was placed in the index by
+Cardinal Quiroga, in 1583. Nicolas Antonio has given notices of some
+works of Medina, and asserts that he justified himself on his doctrine.
+This statement is inaccurate, for Medina was declared to be suspected,
+and however innocent he may be supposed, his works were condemned, and
+he would have been obliged to abjure and receive absolution _ad
+cautelam_, if death had not arrested the progress of his trial.
+
+_Fray Pedro de Soto_, a Dominican, confessor to Charles V. and first
+theologian of Pope Pius IV. in the third convocation of the Council of
+Trent. He was persecuted by the Inquisition of Valladolid in 1560, on
+suspicion of Lutheranism: this suspicion was founded on the declarations
+of some accomplices of Cazalla, of the favourable opinion given by Fray
+Pedro on the Catechism of Carranza, of his letters to the archbishop,
+his efforts to induce Fray Dominic de Soto to retract his first opinions
+of the work, and to approve it, and on what he said at the council.
+Pedro de Soto was not arrested, as he died at Trent in 1563, during the
+first forms of his trial. He was taken by Philip II. to England, to
+labour in the cause of religion. Nicolas Antonio mentions his works.
+
+_Fray Dominic de Soto_, a Dominican, professor at Salamanca, attended
+the two first convocations of the Council of Trent; he had a great
+knowledge of theology, but he showed himself full of deceit and without
+any resolution, when, wishing to favour two adverse parties at the same
+time, he lost the esteem of both. An account of his conduct towards the
+Doctor Egidius has been already given. He did not act with more
+sincerity in the affair of the companion of his studies, the Archbishop
+of Toledo. The inquisitors of Valladolid commissioned him to examine
+and censure the Catechism of Carranza: he noted two hundred
+propositions, as _heretical_, _ill-sounding_, or _favouring the
+heretics_. The archbishop being informed of his conduct, wrote to Pedro
+de Soto in September, 1558, to complain of Fray Dominic, and begged that
+he would take his part and defend him. An epistolary correspondence was
+the result of this letter, and when Carranza was arrested, the letters
+were found among his papers: among them was one which deserves
+particular attention; in it Fray Dominic speaks of the trials he had
+been put to by the inquisitors of Valladolid, and the violence which was
+used to make him censure the Catechism as he had done, although he had
+said that he thought it good and according with sound doctrine. These
+words were the origin of his trial, and it is certain that he would have
+been arrested and taken to the secret prisons; but he died on the 17th
+of December, 1560, when his trial began to assume a dangerous aspect.
+
+_Fray Juan de Ludena_, Dominican, born at Madrid, prior of the convent
+of St. Paul at Valladolid, and the author of several controversial works
+against the Lutherans. He was prosecuted by the Inquisition of
+Valladolid in 1559 for Lutheranism, because he gave a favourable opinion
+of the Catechism of Carranza. He was not taken to the prisons, but
+appeared at the _audiences of the charges_ in the hall of the tribunal.
+He justified himself by declaring that he had only read the work through
+rapidly, on account of his great confidence in the virtue of the author,
+and because he did not discover any error in doctrine: he was condemned
+to a private penance, which was not at all humiliating. This precaution,
+which prevented his trial from becoming public, gave him the liberty of
+attending the third convocation of the Council of Trent in the quality
+of procurator to the Bishop of Siguenza, and of preaching before the
+fathers of that assembly on the first Sunday in Advent, 1563. If Ludena
+had had the boldness to defend his censure, he would certainly have
+been punished severely.
+
+To this account a list of other prelates prosecuted by the Inquisition
+is added, but those mentioned in the former chapters are omitted.
+
+_Abad y la Sierra_ (Don Augustine), bishop of Barbastro. He was
+denounced at Madrid in 1796 as a Jansenist, because he corresponded with
+some of the French bishops who had taken the oaths. This denunciation
+had no result. He was attacked a second time at Saragossa in 1801. His
+accusers renewed the charge of correspondence with the French bishops,
+and his having granted matrimonial dispensations according to a royal
+order was imputed to him as a crime. This accusation failed as well as
+the former.
+
+_Abad y la Sierra_ (Don Manuel), archbishop of Selimbria _in partibus
+infidelium_, inquisitor-general after Don Augustine Rubin de Cevallos.
+In 1794 Charles IV. commanded him to quit his office, and to retire to
+Sopetran, a Benedictine monastery near Madrid. Don Manuel was possessed
+of great talents and profound learning; his opinions were enlightened in
+the highest degree. In 1793 this prelate commanded me to make him a plan
+for an establishment of learned qualifiers to censure books and persons.
+After being informed of the principles of my system, he commissioned me
+to write a work to expose the vices of the procedure of the holy office,
+and to propose one more useful to religion and the state. When this
+prelate lost his office of inquisitor-general, he was denounced as a
+Jansenist by a fanatical monk, but the information was neglected.
+
+_Arrellano_ (Don Joseph Xavier Rodriguez d'), archbishop of Burgos, and
+a member of the council extraordinary of Charles III. This prelate has
+composed a great number of works on the theological principles of the
+_Summary of St. Thomas_, which are taught by the Dominicans, and are in
+opposition to the moral of the Jesuits. The partisans of the Jesuits,
+and some friends of the Inquisition, denounced Arellano as a Jansenist,
+because he expressed opinions favourable to temporal power, and defended
+the royal and civil authorities against the holy office. The inquisitors
+could not take any advantage of the denunciation, because it did not
+express any particular proposition.
+
+_Buruaga_ (Don Thomas Saenz de). He was archbishop of Saragossa, and
+incurred the same danger as Arellano.
+
+_Muzquiz_ (Don Raphael de), born at Viana in Navarre. He was almoner and
+preacher to Charles III. and Charles IV., confessor of the Queen Louisa,
+successively bishop of Avila and archbishop of Santiago. He was
+implicated in the affairs of Don Antonio de la Cuesta and his brother,
+and this was sufficient to induce the inquisitors to prosecute him. This
+prelate was one of the persecutors of the two brothers. Charles IV.,
+having ordered the writings of the trial to be submitted to him,
+discovered the intrigue, and condemned the archbishop to pay a
+considerable fine, and receive a reprimand.
+
+_Acuna_ (Don Antonio), bishop of Zamora, commander of one of the armies
+of Castile, which were raised by the people for the war of the _Commons_
+against the oppression of the Flemings, who governed Spain in the name
+of Charles V. That prince wished that the bishop and the priests who
+engaged in the war, as soldiers, should be punished by the Inquisition
+as suspected of heresy, because they acted in opposition to the spirit
+of peace taught by Jesus Christ and his Apostles, and contrary to the
+spirit of the Catholic Church. Leo X., however, pretended that it would
+be a scandal if the bishop was punished by the holy office; and that it
+would be sufficient if he was judged at Rome, and the priests by their
+diocesan prelates.
+
+_La Plana-Castillon_ (Don Joseph de), bishop of Tarragona. He was a
+member of the council-extraordinary convoked by Charles III. The
+inquisitors noted him as a Jansenist for the same reasons as
+_Arellano_.
+
+_Mendoza_ (Don Alvarez de), bishop of Avila. He was noted in the
+registers of the Inquisition as suspected of heresy, from the
+declarations of some of the witnesses in the trial of Carranza.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXX.
+
+OF THE PROSECUTION OF SEVERAL SAINTS AND HOLY PERSONS BY THE
+INQUISITION.
+
+
+An account has been already given of the persecutions of Don Ferdinand
+de Talavera, first Archbishop of Granada; of Juan Davila, surnamed the
+Apostle of Andalusia; and of San Juan de Dios, founder of the
+congregation of Hospitallers. The following is a list of other holy
+persons who have been prosecuted by the holy office:--
+
+St. Ignacius de Loyola was denounced as an _illuminati_ to the
+Inquisition of Valladolid; and when the inquisitors were about to arrest
+him, he went to France, afterwards to Italy, and arrived at Rome, where
+he was tried and acquitted; after having been so likewise in Spain by a
+juridical sentence of the vicar-general of the Bishop of Salamanca. His
+real name was Inigo.
+
+Melchior Cano says, in an unpublished work written during the life of
+Inigo, "that he fled from Spain when the Inquisition intended to arrest
+him as a heretic of the sect of _Illuminati_. He went to Rome, and
+wished to be judged by the Pope. As no person appeared to accuse him, he
+was discharged."
+
+It is certain that St. Ignacius was arrested at Salamanca in 1527, as a
+_fanatic_ and _illuminati_, and that he recovered his liberty in about
+twenty-two days; he was enjoined in his preaching from qualifying mortal
+or venial sins, until he had studied theology four years. It is also
+true that when the inquisitors of Valladolid learnt that the saint was
+in prison, they wrote to cause an inquest to be made of the words and
+actions which caused a suspicion that he was one of the _Illuminati_.
+
+But it is not proved that Ignacius quitted Spain to escape from
+punishment; it appears that he only fulfilled his intention of studying
+theology at Paris. The humility of the saint was so great, that when he
+was denounced a second time in that city, to Matthew d'Ory the
+apostolical inquisitor, he surrendered himself voluntarily, and had no
+difficulty in proving his orthodoxy.
+
+It is not more certain that he went to Rome at that time, since he was
+still at Paris in 1535, and he afterwards returned to Spain, where he
+remained a year without being molested, though he preached in several
+provinces. He then embarked for Italy, went first to Bologna, and then
+to Venice, where he was a third time denounced as a heretic, but
+justified himself to the papal nuncio, and was admitted into the
+priesthood in that city. Ignacius arrived in Rome in 1538.
+
+It cannot be proved that he was acquitted at Rome because he had no
+accuser, since any criminal may be prosecuted by the minister of the
+public and punished. It is true that there was not at that time a
+particular tribunal of the Inquisition at Rome; but the civil judges
+could punish heretics, and the procurator-fiscal impeached the
+criminals. St. Ignacius was again denounced by a Spaniard named Navarro.
+The informer deposed that Ignacius had been accused and convicted of
+several heresies in Spain, France, and Venice, and charged him with some
+other crimes. Fortunately his three judges knew his innocence, and he
+was acquitted. His accuser was banished for life, and three Spaniards
+who had supported his evidence were condemned to retract.
+
+Thus it appears that Melchior Cano was misinformed when he wrote, ten
+years after, that Inigo was acquitted because no accuser appeared.
+
+St. Francis de Borgia, a disciple of Loyola, and third general of his
+order, succeeded Lainez, in 1565, and died 1572. He had been the Duke de
+Gandia, and was cousin to the king in the third degree, by his mother,
+Jane of Arragon.
+
+In 1559, the Inquisition of Valladolid tried several Lutherans, who were
+condemned. Many of these heretics, who endeavoured to justify themselves
+by supporting their doctrine by the opinions of St. Francis de Borgia,
+whose virtue was well known, related some discourses and actions of this
+saint, to prove that they thought as he did on the justification of
+souls by faith, on the passion and death of Jesus Christ; and added, to
+strengthen their defence, the authority of some mystic treatises. Among
+these involuntary persecutors, was Fray Dominic de Roxas, his near
+relation, and advantage was taken of a former denunciation of his
+_Treatise on Christian Works_, which he composed while he was known as
+the Duke of Gandia.
+
+This book, the discourse of Melchior Cano, and the Dominicans, caused
+him to be accused as favouring the heresy of the _Illuminati_. Neither
+his merit, nor his near relationship to the king, would have saved him
+from the prisons of Valladolid, if he had not hastened to Rome the
+moment he was informed that his trial had commenced, and that his
+enemies would endeavour to secure his person. He escaped from the
+Inquisition, but he had the mortification of seeing his work twice
+placed in the Index, in 1559 and in 1583.
+
+Juan de Ribera was a natural son of Don Pedro Afan de Ribera, Duke of
+Alcala, and Viceroy of Naples and Catalonia. In 1568, he passed from the
+bishopric of Badajoz to the archbishopric of Valencia. His life was
+irreproachable; but his great charity and ardent zeal, in endeavouring
+to reform the clergy, made him many enemies.
+
+In 1570 Philip II. commanded him to visit the University of Valencia,
+and reform some of its rules. The archbishop began to fulfil his
+commission, but offended some of the doctors, who conspired against
+him. They circulated defamatory libels concerning him, during a whole
+year, and the affair was carried so far that a monk prayed for his
+conversion publicly in the church of Valencia. Ribera was denounced to
+the Inquisition, as a heretic, fanatic, and one of the _Illuminati_.
+
+St. Juan de Ribera would not demand the punishment of his slanderers;
+but the procurator-fiscal being informed that Onuphrius Gacet, a member
+of the college, was the principal author of the intrigue, denounced him
+to the provisor and vicar-general of the archbishop. Gacet being
+convicted, was imprisoned. The archbishop did not think it proper that a
+judge belonging to his own household should take cognizance of offences
+which concerned him personally; and in order to remove all suspicion of
+partiality, he wished that the trial should be transferred to the
+Inquisition of Valencia, as some of the libels and texts of Scripture
+were employed in so scandalous a manner, that they came under the
+jurisdiction of the tribunal.
+
+St. Juan de Ribera communicated his design to the Cardinal Espinosa,
+inquisitor-general, who commanded the inquisitors of Valencia to
+continue the trial. The inquisitors had already begun the preparatory
+instruction against the archbishop according to the denunciations;
+witnesses were found to support them, which is not surprising, since
+every accuser caused the men devoted to his party to sign his deposition
+as witnesses. The trial, however, took a sudden turn; instead of
+proceeding in the usual forms, the inquisitor caused a decree to be read
+in all the churches of Valencia, enjoining every individual to denounce
+all those who employed passages of the Holy Scriptures in a scandalous
+manner, on pain of excommunication. The informations began, and the
+inquisitors arrested both priests and laymen. The affair was carried on
+as a matter of faith; some of the accused were already condemned, and
+others on the point of being so, when the procurator of the holy office
+declared that doubts existed of the competence of the inquisitors, and
+advised that the affair should be referred to the Pope, who would
+appease the scruples.
+
+The tribunal approved of the proposition, and in 1572, Gregory XIII.
+expedited a brief, which contained all that has been here related, and
+authorized the inquisitor-general, and the provincial inquisitors, to
+decide in similar cases, and at the same time sanctioned all that had
+been done. The inquisitors then condemned several persons, some to
+corporal punishments, others to pecuniary penalties, declaring that they
+should have been more severe, but from consideration for the archbishop,
+who had solicited the pardon of the criminals, that no person might
+suffer from an injury done to him.
+
+St. Theresa de Jesus, one of the most celebrated women in Spain for her
+talents, was accused before the Inquisition of Seville. She was not
+imprisoned, because the trial was suspended after the preparatory
+instructions. She was born at Avila, in 1515.
+
+St. Juan de la Crux, who united with St. Theresa in reforming the
+Convents of Carmelites, was born at Ontiveros in the diocese of Avila,
+in 1542. He was prosecuted by the Inquisitions of Seville, Toledo, and
+Valladolid. He was denounced as a fanatic, and of the _Illuminati_: the
+proceedings did not go farther than the preparatory instruction. St.
+Juan de la Crux died at Ubeda, in 1591. He composed several works on
+mental orisons.
+
+St. Joseph de Calasanz, founder of the institute of regular clerks of
+the Christian schools. He was imprisoned in the dungeons of the holy
+office as a fanatic, and of the _Illuminati_; but he justified himself
+and was acquitted. He died some time after, at the age of ninety-two. He
+was born in 1556.
+
+
+_Venerables._
+
+The venerable Fray Louis de Grenada, born in 1504, was the disciple of
+Juan d'Avila; he was of the order of St. Dominic, and left several works
+on religion. He was implicated in the trial of the Lutherans at
+Valladolid; Fray Dominic de Roxas defended his opinions, by saying that
+they were the same as those of Fray Louis de Grenada, Carranza, and
+other good Catholics. The procurator-fiscal made Fray Dominic renew his
+declaration, with the intention of producing him as a witness in the
+trial of Fray Louis: Fray Dominic was burnt five days after. A sentence
+condemning some of his works was also brought against Fray Louis.
+
+He was denounced a third time as one of the _Illuminati_, but was
+acquitted. Fray Louis died in 1588. His works are well known: it is
+singular that the Index in which his condemnation was published, was
+afterwards prohibited by the inquisitor-general Quiroga.
+
+The venerable Don Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, the natural son of Don
+James Palafox, afterwards Marquis de Hariza and of Donna Maria de
+Mendoza (who soon after became a Carmelite); he was born in 1600. He was
+made Bishop de la Puebla de los Angelos, in America, in 1639; afterwards
+Archbishop and Viceroy of Mexico; and lastly, Bishop of Osma, in Spain,
+in 1653. He died in 1659, leaving several works on history, devotion,
+and mysticity, and with so great a reputation of sanctity, that his
+canonization is pending at Rome.
+
+Don Juan had great disputes with the Jesuits in America, on account of
+the privileges of his rank, of which the Fathers wished to deprive him.
+The most important of his writings, is his letter to Pope Innocent X.,
+who terminated their disputes, to a certain degree, by a brief, in 1648.
+The Jesuits did not consider themselves vanquished; they denounced the
+archbishop as one of the _Illuminati_ and a false devotee, at Rome, at
+Madrid, and at Mexico. The provincial inquisitors of the last city
+applied to the Supreme Council, and the venerable Palafox suffered
+everything from them which they could inflict, except imprisonment.
+They condemned and prohibited the writings which the archbishop had
+published in his defence, and circulated those of his adversaries, and
+some libels which they had framed to ruin Don Antonio Gabiola,
+procurator-fiscal to the Inquisition, who openly disapproved of the
+conduct of the Jesuits.
+
+This officer wrote to Palafox in 1647, exhorting him to make every
+effort, that the trials before the Inquisition of Mexico should proceed
+in a regular manner, according to the spirit of the institution, and
+encouraging him to oppose his formidable enemies.
+
+The Jesuits, by their intrigues, succeeded in causing some of the works
+of Palafox to be placed in the Index, but the congregation of cardinals
+having afterwards declared that they contained nothing reprehensible, or
+which could impede his beatification, the inquisitors were obliged to
+efface them from the catalogue.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXI.
+
+OF THE CELEBRATED TRIAL OF DON CARLOS, PRINCE OF THE ASTURIAS.
+
+
+All Europe has believed that Philip II. caused the Inquisition to
+proceed against Don Carlos his only son; that the inquisitors condemned
+the prince to death, and that they only differed on the manner in which
+the sentence was to be executed. Some writers have gone so far as to
+record the conversations which took place, on this occasion, between
+Philip and the inquisitor-general, Don Carlos and other persons, with as
+much confidence as if they had been present at them, and have even
+quoted part of the sentence as if they had read it.
+
+As it has been my principal aim to ascertain the truth, I have examined
+the archives of the Council of the Inquisition and others, and I, in
+consequence, affirm, that Don Carlos was never tried or condemned by the
+Inquisition; an opinion only was given against the prince by the
+councillors of state, whose president was the Cardinal Espinosa, who at
+that time was the king's favourite. The circumstance of the cardinal
+being inquisitor-general may have been the cause of the mistake; the
+deaths of the Count de Egmont and other noblemen, and the intention of
+establishing the Inquisition in the Low Countries, may have tended to
+confirm the general opinion.
+
+Don Carlos lost his life in consequence of a verbal sentence approved by
+his father, and the holy office was not concerned in it. As I wrote only
+the history of the Inquisition, this fact renders it unnecessary to say
+more on the subject; but as almost all the historians of Europe have
+said that the inquisitors condemned Don Carlos, the beat way of
+disproving it is to relate the facts as they occurred.
+
+Don Carlos was born at Valladolid, on the 8th of July in 1545, and lost
+his mother, Maria of Portugal, four days after his birth. Charles V.
+scarcely ever saw him until the year 1557, when he abdicated and retired
+to the monastery of St. Juste in Estremadura. He visited his grandson in
+passing through Valladolid. It is not true that Charles V. educated Don
+Carlos, and formed his mind; but during his various journeys he gave him
+good preceptors. The young prince was nine years old, and his father was
+on the point of embarking for England, when the emperor wrote a letter
+from Germany, dated the 3rd of July, 1554, in which he speaks (among
+other tutors intended for his grandson) of Don Honorato Juanez, one of
+the greatest humanists of his age, and afterwards Bishop of Osma[34]. It
+is evident that Don Carlos was not fond of learning, by a letter from
+his father, dated Brussels, 15th of March, 1558, in which he thanks the
+preceptor for the trouble he took to give his pupil a taste for reading
+and to inculcate moral principles; he desires him to pursue the same
+plan, adding, that "though Don Carlos may not profit by it so much as he
+ought, it will not be entirely useless. I have also written to Don
+Garcia to pay particular attention in selecting those who see and visit
+the prince; it will be better to put a taste for study into his head
+than many other things[35]." Philip had imbibed a very disadvantageous
+opinion of his son's character; he had been informed that the prince
+amused himself with cutting the throats of the young rabbits which were
+brought to him, and that he appeared to take pleasure in seeing them
+expire. Fabian Estrada relates that the same thing was remarked by a
+Venetian ambassador[36].
+
+War had been declared between France and Spain, and the two powers were
+on the point of giving battle in August, 1558, but at the same time were
+negotiating a peace in the secret conference held at the Abbey of
+Corpans. One of the articles states that Don Carlos, when he arrived at
+a proper age, should marry Isabella, daughter to Henry II., King of
+France: the prince was thirteen years of age, and the princess twelve.
+This circumstance, and the custom observed at that period, of keeping
+the preliminaries of a peace secret till its conclusion, entirely
+disproves all that has been said of the love of the young princess,
+which is the more improbable, as she had never even seen the prince's
+picture, and very unfavourable accounts of his education had been
+received. Charles V., after his retirement, had been heard to say, that
+he thought his grandson showed a very vicious disposition. This may be
+attributed to the education given him by his uncle and aunt, Maximilian,
+King of Bohemia, afterwards Emperor, and Jane of Austria. They paid the
+greatest attention to the health of Don Carlos, but neglected to repress
+his violent inclinations, and confided the care of forming his character
+to his governor, his master, and his principal chaplain.
+
+The secret preliminaries only preceded the definitive treaty of peace,
+which was concluded at Cambray on the 8th of April, 1559. Mary, Queen of
+England, died during the interval, and Philip II., being then a widower,
+and only thirty-two years of age, while Don Carlos was scarcely
+fourteen, Henry II. thought it better to marry his daughter to the king.
+The marriage of Isabella to Philip was therefore agreed upon in the
+twenty-seventh article, and the secret article in the preliminaries was
+not mentioned.
+
+The marriage was celebrated at Toledo, on the 2nd of February, 1560. The
+general Cortes of the kingdom was then held: the members took the oaths
+of fidelity to Don Carlos, and acknowledged him as the successor to the
+crown, on the 22nd of the same month. The young queen could not attend
+this ceremony, as she was attacked by the small pox a few days after her
+marriage. Don Carlos had also fallen sick of the quartan fever, some
+time before the arrival of the queen in Spain. Although this disorder
+did not prevent him from riding on horseback, and attending at the
+assembly of the Cortes, it appears, from contemporary writers, that it
+rendered him thin, weak, and pale. This circumstance makes it improbable
+that he was handsome, and renders the journey which Mercier pretends
+that he made to meet the queen at Alcala extremely doubtful.
+
+When she became convalescent, Isabella must certainly have been made
+acquainted with the neglected education of Don Carlos, his bad
+principles, and his insupportable pride. She could not be ignorant how
+ill he treated his attendants; that when he was angry he broke anything
+he could seize; and she was probably informed of his behaviour to the
+Duke of Alva, at the assembly of the Cortes. The duke had the entire
+regulation of everything relating to the ceremonies, and was so much
+occupied, that he forgot to attend Don Carlos when he ought to have
+taken the oath of fidelity. He was sought for, and found, but the young
+prince was furious, and insulted him so grossly, that he almost made him
+forget the respect which was due to him. The king compelled Don Carlos
+to make an apology to the duke; but it was too late, they hated each
+other mortally all their lives.
+
+I have not found in the MSS. I have examined, anything which might lead
+to the supposition that Don Carlos was in love with the queen; the
+opinion must have been founded on the article in the secret
+preliminaries, which, there is reason to suppose, the prince was never
+acquainted with. He had scarcely recovered, and the queen was still in a
+state of convalescence, when the king sent him to Alcala de Henares. He
+was accompanied by Don John of Austria, his uncle, and by Alexander
+Farnese, the hereditary Prince of Parma, his cousin; his governor,
+master, and almoner, also attended him, with other domestics. The king
+expected that this journey would restore the health of his son, and also
+wished that he should apply himself to his studies, for he did not yet
+understand Latin. Don Honorato Juanez perceived his dislike to learning
+foreign languages, and therefore gave him his lessons in Spanish.
+
+On the 9th of May, 1552, Don Carlos, who was then seventeen years of
+age, fell down the staircase of his palace, and received several wounds,
+principally in the spine and head, some of which appeared to be mortal.
+As soon as the king was informed of the accident, he set off for the
+palace, that he might give him every assistance, and ordered all the
+archbishops, and other superior ecclesiastics of the kingdom, to offer
+up prayers for the recovery of his son. The king, supposing him to be
+already at the point of death, sent for the body of the blessed Diego, a
+lay Franciscan, by which it was said that many miracles had been
+performed. This body was laid upon that of Don Carlos, and as he began
+to recover from that time, it was attributed to the protection of St.
+Diego, who was canonized a short time after, at the request of Philip
+II. It must be observed, that the prince was attended by the celebrated
+Don Andrea Basilio, the king's physician, who opened his skull, freed it
+from a considerable quantity of water which had accumulated, and thus
+saved his life; but he never entirely recovered, and was subject to
+pains and weakness in the head, which prevented him from studying, and
+by producing a disorder in his ideas, rendered his character still more
+insupportable.
+
+Don Carlos returned to court in 1564, emancipated from his masters:
+Philip recompensed Don Honorato Juanez, by making him bishop of Osma.
+The solid piety and amiableness of this prelate had inspired Don Carlos
+with an affection which their separation did not interrupt: this is
+proved by his letters, which do not give a very advantageous idea of his
+capacity or information. He often left sentences imperfect, and a
+different meaning might be inferred from them from what he wished to
+express. The following is a letter addressed to the prelate:--
+
+"To my master the bishop.--My master: I have received your letter in the
+wood: I am well. God knows how much I should have been delighted to go
+to see you with the queen[37]: let me know how you were, and if there
+was much expense. I went from Alameda to Buitrago, which appeared to me
+very well. I went to the wood in two days; I returned here in two days,
+where I have been from Wednesday till to day. I am well; I finish. From
+the country, June 2nd. My best friend in this world. I will do every
+thing that you wish: I, the Prince." He finishes another letter dated on
+St. John's day, in the same terms.
+
+Don Carlos was so much attached to the bishop, that he obtained a brief
+from the Pope, granting him permission to reside half the year in
+Madrid, that he might enjoy his society; but the infirmities of Don
+Honorato prevented him from making use of the permission, and soon
+caused his death. This prelate availed himself of the attachment of Don
+Carlos to give him good advice: the prince appears to have received it
+as he ought, but his conduct was not improved by it. He gave himself up
+without restraint to the impetuosity of his passions. Some instances may
+undeceive those who approve the pompous eulogium bestowed on the talents
+and generosity of Don Carlos, by St. Real, Mercier, and others.
+
+One day, when the prince was hunting in the wood of Aceca, he was in
+such a passion with his governor, Don Garcia de Toledo, that he rode
+after him to beat him. Don Garcia, fearing that he should be forced to
+forget the respect due to his prince, took flight, and did not stop till
+he reached Madrid, where Philip II. bestowed several favours on him to
+induce him to forget the insult he had received: he, however, requested
+to be dismissed, and the king appointed in his place Ruy Gomez de Sylva,
+Prince of Evoli. This nobleman was also subjected to the most
+disagreeable scenes from the violent fits of rage to which Don Carlos
+gave way[38].
+
+Don Diego Espinosa (afterwards a cardinal, and Bishop of Siguenza,
+Inquisitor-general and Councillor of State) was the president of the
+Council of Castile, and banished from Madrid a comedian named
+_Cisneros_, at the time when he was about to perform in a comedy in the
+apartment of Don Carlos. The prince desired the president to suspend the
+sentence until after the representation; but receiving an unfavourable
+answer, he ran after him in the palace with a poniard in his hand. In a
+transport of rage he insulted him publicly, saying to him, "What, little
+priest, do you dare to oppose me, and prevent Cisneros from doing as I
+wish? By the life of my father, I will kill you!" He would have done so,
+if some grandees who were present had not interposed, and if the
+president had not retired[39].
+
+Don Antonio de Cordova, brother of the Marquis de las Navas, and the
+prince's chamberlain, slept in his apartment. It once happened that he
+did not wake soon enough to attend the prince when he rung his bell; Don
+Carlos quitted his bed in a fury, and attempted to throw him out at the
+window. Don Alphonso, fearing to fail in respect to the prince in
+resisting him, cried out, and the servants immediately came in; he then
+repaired to the king's apartment, who, on being informed of what had
+passed, took him into his own service[40].
+
+He often struck his servants. His boot-maker having unfortunately
+brought him a pair of boots which were too small, he had them cut to
+pieces and cooked, and forced the man to eat them, which made him so ill
+that he nearly lost his life. He persisted in going out of the palace at
+night contrary to all advice, and in a short time his conduct became
+extremely scandalous and irregular. It is scarcely possible that the
+queen could be ignorant of all these occurrences; and if she was
+acquainted with them, it cannot be reasonably supposed that she could
+have any inclination for Don Carlos.
+
+In 1565, Don Carlos attempted to go secretly to Flanders, contrary to
+the will of his father; he was assisted in this enterprise by the Count
+de Gelbes and the Marquis de Tabera, his chamberlain. The prince
+intended to take his governor, the Prince d'Evoli, with him (not
+considering that he was in the confidence of the king); he thought his
+presence would make it supposed that he travelled with the king's
+consent. His flatterers procured fifty thousand crowns for him, and four
+habits to disguise themselves when they left Madrid: they were
+persuaded that if the Prince d'Evoli began the journey, he would be
+obliged to go on, or that they might get rid of him; but that able
+politician baffled this scheme in the manner related by Cabrera in his
+Life of Philip II.
+
+The Bishop of Osma being informed of the irregular conduct of Don
+Carlos, and having also received private orders from the king, wrote a
+long letter to him[41], directing him how to behave to the king's
+ministers, and demonstrating the incalculable evils that would arise
+from a different line of conduct. He took particular pains to avoid an
+insinuation that the prince stood in need of these admonitions. Don
+Carlos received the letter with the respect he always showed for the
+worthy prelate, but he did not follow his advice, and had given himself
+up to the greatest excesses, when he learnt that his father had bestowed
+the government of Flanders on the Duke of Alva. The duke went to take
+leave of the prince, who told him that the government was more suitable
+to the heir of the crown. The duke replied, that doubtless the king did
+not wish to expose him to the dangers which he would incur in the Low
+Countries from the quarrels which had arisen between the principal
+noblemen. This reply, instead of appeasing Don Carlos, irritated him
+still more; he drew his dagger, and endeavoured to stab the duke,
+crying, _I will soon prevent you from going to Flanders, for I will stab
+you to the heart before you shall go_. The duke avoided the blow by
+stepping back; the prince continued the attack, and the duke had no
+means of escaping but by seizing Don Carlos in his arms, and although
+their strength was very unequal, he succeeded in arresting the blows of
+this madman. As Don Carlos still struggled, the duke made a noise in the
+apartment, and the chamberlains entered; the prince then made his
+escape, and retired to his cabinet to await the result of this scene,
+which could not but be disagreeable if the king was informed of it[42].
+
+The vices of Don Carlos could not destroy the affection of the Emperor
+of Germany, his uncle, or that of the Empress Maria, his aunt. These
+sovereigns wished to marry him to Anne of Austria, their daughter: this
+princess had been known to Don Carlos from her earliest years, as she
+was born at Cigales in Spain in 1549. Philip consented to this marriage;
+but fearing, perhaps, to make his niece miserable if the character and
+morals of Don Carlos did not change, he proceeded in the affair with his
+usual tardiness. On the contrary, as soon as the prince was informed of
+what was in contemplation, he wished to marry his cousin immediately;
+and for that purpose resolved to go to Germany without the consent of
+his father, hoping that his presence at Vienna would induce the emperor
+to overcome all difficulties. Full of this idea, he employed himself in
+the execution of his design, and was assisted by the Prince of Orange,
+the Marquis de Berg, the Counts Horn and Egmont, and by the Baron de
+Montigny, the chiefs of the conspiracy in Flanders. Don Carlos must be
+also included among the victims of this conspiracy[43].
+
+The Marquis de Berg and the Baron de Montigny were sent to Madrid as the
+deputies of the provinces of Flanders, with the consent of Margaret of
+Austria, then governess of the Low Countries, to arrange some points
+relative to the establishment of the Inquisition, and other
+circumstances which had caused disturbances. These deputies discovered
+the prince's intention; they endeavoured to confirm him in his
+resolution, and offered to assist him: it was necessary to make use of
+an intermediate person in this affair, and they had recourse to M. de
+Vendome, the king's chamberlain. They promised Don Carlos to declare him
+chief governor of the Low Countries, if he would allow liberty of
+opinion in religion. Gregorio Leti speaks of a letter from Don Carlos to
+the Count d'Egmont, which was found among the papers of the Duke of
+Alva, and was the cause of the execution of the Counts Egmont and Horn:
+the Prince of Orange made his escape. At the same time the government
+was preparing (though by indirect means) the punishment of the deputies
+in Spain.
+
+The prince did not accept the money offered by these noblemen for his
+journey, and the steps he took to obtain it himself, occasioned the
+discovery of the conspiracy. He wrote to almost all the grandees of
+Spain, to request their assistance in an enterprise which he had
+planned. He received favourable answers; but most of them contained the
+condition, _that the enterprise should not be directed against the
+king_. The Admiral of Castile was not satisfied with this precaution.
+The mysterious silence in which this scheme was wrapped, and his
+knowledge of the small share of understanding possessed by Don Carlos,
+made him suspect that the enterprise was criminal.
+
+In order to prevent the danger, the admiral remitted the prince's letter
+to the king, who had already been informed of the affair by Don John of
+Austria, to whom Don Carlos had communicated it. Some persons suspected
+that the assassination of the king formed part of the conspiracy, but
+the letters only prove the attempt to obtain money. Don Carlos had taken
+into his confidence Garci Alvarez Osorio, his valet-de-chambre, and
+commissioned him to give explanations of the design alluded to in the
+letters which he carried. This confidant made several journeys to
+Valladolid, Burgos, and other cities in Castile, in pursuance of his
+master's plan.
+
+The prince did not obtain as much money as he required, and on the 1st
+of December, 1567, wrote to Osorio from Madrid; the letter was
+countersigned by his secretary, Martin de Gaztalu. He says that he had
+only received six thousand ducats on all the promises and letters of
+change which had been negotiated in Castile, and that he wanted six
+hundred thousand for the plan in question. In order to procure this sum
+he sent him twelve blank letters, signed by himself, and with the same
+date, that he might fill them up with the names and surnames of the
+persons to whom they were remitted: he also ordered him to go to
+Seville, and make use of these letters[44].
+
+As the hopes of succeeding in his plan increased, Don Carlos gave way to
+more criminal thoughts, and before Christmas in the same year he had
+formed the design of murdering his father. He acted without any plan or
+discretion, and by the little pains he took to conceal his secret and
+secure himself from danger, proved that his resolution was that of a
+madman, rather than of a villain and a conspirator.
+
+Philip II. was at the Escurial, and all the royal family at Madrid; they
+were to confess and take the sacrament on Sunday the 28th of December,
+which was Innocents' Day. This was a custom established at the Court of
+Madrid, to obtain a jubilee granted to the kings of Spain by the Popes.
+Don Carlos confessed on the 27th to his confessor in ordinary, Fray
+Diego de Chaves (afterwards confessor to the king). The prince soon
+after told several persons, that having declared his intention of
+killing a man of very high rank, his confessor had refused to give him
+absolution, because he would not promise to renounce his intention. Don
+Carlos sent for other priests, but received the same refusal from them
+all. He then endeavoured to exact a promise from Fray Juan de Tobar,
+prior of the Convent of the Dominicans of _Atocha_, to give him an
+unconsecrated wafer at the sacrament; he wished to make it appear that
+he could approach the altar as well as Don John of Austria, Alexander
+Farnese, and the rest of the royal family. The prior perceived that the
+prince was a madman, and in that persuasion he asked who the person was
+that he wished to assassinate, adding, if he was made acquainted with
+his rank it might induce him not to require the renunciation of his
+design. This was a bold proposition, but the prior only wished to make
+Don Carlos name the individual, and he succeeded. The unfortunate Don
+Carlos did not hesitate to name the king, and afterwards made the same
+declaration to his uncle, Don John. One of the prince's ushers, who
+witnessed all that passed, has given a faithful relation of it. As it is
+of great importance, and has never been printed, a copy of it is
+inserted in the account of the arrest of Don Carlos, at which he was
+also present.
+
+Garcia Alvarez Osorio soon procured a sufficient sum of money at
+Seville, and Don Carlos prepared to commence his journey towards the
+middle of January, 1568. He requested his uncle, Don John, to accompany
+him according to a promise he had made when informed of his design. Don
+Carlos made many promises to his uncle, who replied that he was ready to
+do whatever he thought proper, but that he feared the journey could not
+take place, on account of the danger they would incur. Don John informed
+the king, who was at the Escurial, of this circumstance; Philip
+consulted several theologians and jurisconsults to ascertain if he could
+conscientiously continue to feign ignorance, in order to cause his son
+to perform his journey. Martin d'Alpizcueta (so celebrated under the
+title of the Doctor Navarro) was one of the persons consulted; he
+advised the king not to allow Don Carlos to depart, urging that it was
+the duty of a sovereign to avoid civil wars, which were likely to be the
+result of such a journey, as the loyal subjects of Flanders might go to
+war with the rebels. Cabrera says that Melchior Cano was likewise
+consulted in this affair[45], but Fray Melchior died in 1560.
+
+The prince communicated his intentions to Fray Diego de Chaves, who
+endeavoured to dissuade him, but without success. Don Carlos went to
+make a visit to the wife of Don Diego de Cordova, the king's master of
+the horse. This lady discovered, from some expressions which dropped
+from Don Carlos, that he was prepared to depart, and immediately
+informed her husband, who was at the Escurial with the king, and who
+gave the letter to his majesty. At last, on the 17th January, 1568, Don
+Carlos sent an order to Don Ramon de Tasis, director-general of the
+posts, to have eight horses ready for him on the following night. Tasis,
+fearing that this order covered some mystery, and knowing the prince's
+character, replied that all the post-horses were engaged, and gained
+sufficient time to inform the king. Don Carlos sent a more peremptory
+order, and Tasis, who dreaded his violence, sent all the post-horses out
+of Madrid, and repaired to the Escurial. The king went to the Pardo (a
+castle about two leagues from Madrid), where Don John joined him. Don
+Carlos, who was ignorant of his father's removal, wished to have a
+conference with his uncle, and went as far as _Retamar_[46], whence he
+sent for him to come to him. The prince recounted all the arrangements
+for his journey. Don John replied that he was ready to set out with him,
+but as soon as he left him, he returned to the king to tell him all that
+he had heard. The king immediately went to Madrid, where he arrived a
+few minutes after Don Carlos[47].
+
+The arrival of the king altered the measures of Don Carlos, and
+prevented him from insisting upon having horses that night. Louis
+Cabrera has given some details of the circumstances of his arrest, but I
+prefer inserting the account of the affair, which was written by the
+usher a few days after.
+
+"The prince, my master," says he, "had been for some days unable to
+take a moment's rest; he was continually repeating that he wished to
+kill a man whom he hated. He informed Don John of Austria of his design,
+but concealed the name of the person. The king went to the Escurial, and
+sent for Don John. The subject of their conversation is not known; it
+was supposed to be concerning the prince's sinister designs. Don John,
+doubtless, revealed all he knew. The king soon after sent post for the
+Doctor Velasco; he spoke to him of his plans, and the works at the
+Escurial, gave his orders, and added that he should not return
+immediately. At this time happened the day of jubilee, which the court
+was in the habit of gaining at Christmas; the prince went on the
+Saturday evening to the Convent of St. Jerome[48]. I was in attendance
+about his person. His royal highness confessed at the convent, but could
+not obtain absolution, on account of his evil intentions. He applied to
+another confessor, who also refused. The prince said to him, '_Decide
+more quickly_.' The monk replied, '_Let your highness cause this case to
+be discussed by learned men_.' It was eight o'clock in the evening; the
+prince sent his carriage for the theologians of the convent of
+_Atocha_[49]. Fourteen came, two and two; he sent us to Madrid to fetch
+the monks Albarado, one an Augustine, the other a Maturin; he disputed
+with them all, and obstinately persisted in desiring to be absolved,
+always repeating that he hated a man until he had killed him. All these
+monks declaring that it was impossible to comply with the prince's
+request, he then wished that they should give him an unconsecrated
+wafer, that the court might believe that he had fulfilled the same
+duties as the rest of the royal family. This proposal threw the monks
+into the greatest consternation. Many other delicate points were
+discussed in this conference, which I am not permitted to repeat.
+Everything went wrong; the prior of the Convent of _Atocha_ took the
+prince aside, and endeavoured to learn the quality of the person he
+wished to kill. He replied that he was a man of very high rank, and said
+no more. At last the prior deceived him, saying, '_My Lord, tell me what
+man it is; it may, perhaps, be possible to give you absolution according
+to the degree of satisfaction your highness wishes to take._' The prince
+then declared that it was the king, his father, whom he hated, and that
+he would have his life. The prior then said, calmly, '_Does your
+highness intend to kill the king yourself, or to employ some person to
+do it?_' The prince persisted so firmly in his resolution, that he could
+not obtain absolution, and lost the jubilee. This scene lasted until two
+hours after midnight; all the monks retired overwhelmed with sorrow,
+particularly the prince's confessor. The next day I accompanied the
+prince on his return to the palace, and information was sent to the king
+of all that had passed.
+
+"The monarch repaired to Madrid on Saturday[50]; the next day he went to
+hear mass in public, accompanied by his brother and the princes[51]. Don
+John, who was ill with vexation, went to visit Don Carlos on that day,
+who ordered the doors to be shut, and asked him what had been the
+subject of his conversation with the king. Don John replied that it was
+about the galleys[52]. The prince asked him many questions to find out
+something more, and when he found that his uncle would not be more
+explicit, he drew his sword. Don John retreated to the door; finding it
+shut, he stood on his defence, and said, '_Hold, your highness_.' Those
+who were outside having heard him, opened the doors, and Don John
+retired to his hotel. The prince, feeling indisposed, went to bed,
+where he remained till six in the evening; he then rose and put on a
+dressing-gown. As he was still fasting at eight o'clock, he sent for a
+boiled capon; at half-past nine he again retired to bed. I was on duty
+on that day also, and I supped in the palace.
+
+"At eleven o'clock I saw the king descending the stairs; he was
+accompanied by the Duke de Feria, the grand prior[53], the
+lieutenant-general of the guards, and twelve of his men: the king wore
+arms over his garments, and had a helmet on; he walked towards the door
+where I was; I was ordered to shut it, and not to open it to any person
+whatever. These persons were already in the prince's chamber, when he
+cried '_Who is there?_' The officers went to the head of his bed, and
+seized his sword and dagger. The Duke de Feria took an arquebuse loaded
+with two balls[54]. The prince, having uttered cries and menaces, was
+told, '_The Council of State is present_.' He endeavoured to seize his
+arms, and to make use of them; he had already jumped out of bed when the
+king entered. His son then said to him, '_What does your majesty want
+with me?_' '_You will soon know_,' replied the king. The door and
+windows were fastened; the king told Don Carlos to remain quietly in
+that apartment until he received further orders; he then called the Duke
+de Feria, and said, '_I give the prince into your care, that you may
+guard him and take care of him_:' then addressing Louis Quijada, the
+Count de Lerma, and Don Rodrigo de Mendoza[55], he said to them, '_I
+commission you to serve and amuse the prince; do not do anything he
+commands you without first informing me. I order you all to guard him
+faithfully, on pain of being declared traitors._' At these words the
+prince began to utter loud cries, and said, '_You had much better kill
+me, than keep me a prisoner; it is a great scandal to the kingdom: if
+you do not do it, I shall know how to kill myself._' The king replied,
+'_that he must take care not to do so, because such acts were only
+committed by madmen_.' The prince said, '_Your majesty treats me so ill,
+that you will force me to come to that extremity, either from madness or
+desperation_.' Some other conversation passed between them, but nothing
+was decided on, because neither the time nor place permitted it.
+
+"The king retired; the duke took the keys of the doors, and sent away
+the valets and other servants of the prince. He placed guards in the
+cabinet, four _Monteros d'Espinosa_, four Spanish halberdiers, and four
+Germans with their lieutenant. He afterwards came to the door where I
+was, and placed there four _Monteros_, and four guards, and told me to
+retire. The keys of the prince's escrutoires and trunks were then taken
+to the king; the beds of the valets were taken away. The Duke de Feria,
+the Count de Lerma, and Don Rodrigo, watched by his highness that night;
+he was afterwards watched by two chamberlains, who were relieved every
+six hours. The persons appointed by the king for this service, were the
+Duke de Feria, the Prince of Evoli, the prior, Don Antonio de Toledo,
+Louis Quijada, the Count de Lerma, Don Fadrique Enriquez, and Don Juan
+de Valesco[56]; they did not wear arms for this service. The guards did
+not allow us to approach either night or day. Two chamberlains prepared
+the table; the major-domo came to fetch the dinner in the court. No
+knives were allowed, the meat was taken in already cut up. Mass was not
+said in the prince's apartment, and he has not heard it since he was
+imprisoned[57].
+
+"On Monday[58] the king assembled in his apartment all the councillors
+and their presidents; he made to each council a report of the arrest of
+his son; he said that it had taken place for things which concerned the
+service of God and the kingdom. Eye-witnesses have assured me that his
+majesty shed tears in making this recital. On Tuesday, his majesty
+convoked in his apartment the members of the Council of State; they
+remained there from one o'clock till nine in the evening. It is not
+known what they were occupied with. The king made an inquest; Hoyos was
+the secretary[59]. The king was present at the declarations of each
+witness; they were written down, and formed a pile six inches in height.
+He gave to the council the privileges of the _Majorats_[60], as well as
+those of the king and prince of Castile, that they might take cognizance
+of them.
+
+"The queen and the princess were in tears[61]. Don Juan went to the
+palace every evening; he went once plainly dressed and in mourning; the
+king reproached him, and told him to dress himself as usual. On the
+Monday above-mentioned his majesty gave orders that all the prince's
+valets-de-chambre should retire to their respective homes, promising to
+provide for them. He caused Don Fadrique, the admiral's brother, and the
+prince's major-domo, and Don Juan de Valesco to enter into the service
+of the queen." _Here finishes the relation of the usher._
+
+Philip II. saw very plainly that an event of this nature could not long
+remain concealed, and would not fail to excite the curiosity of the
+public. He therefore thought it necessary to give notice of it to all
+the civil and ecclesiastical authorities, to the Pope, the Emperor of
+Germany, to several sovereigns of Europe, to Catherine of Austria, Queen
+of Portugal, widow of John III., sister of Charles V., aunt and
+mother-in-law of Philip II., grandmother of the unfortunate prisoner,
+and aunt and grandmother of Anne of Austria, to whom he was to have been
+married. This relationship is the reason why Philip calls her in his
+letter _the mother and mistress of all the family_. Louisa Cabrera says,
+that this letter was addressed to the Empress of Germany, his sister, to
+whom he also wrote; but the Queen of Portugal was the only one to whom
+the title could be applied.
+
+In the letter addressed to the Pope, and dated from Madrid on the 20th
+of January, the king says, that though he is afflicted, he has the
+consolation of knowing that he had done his utmost to procure a good
+education for his son, and had shut his eyes to all that might arise
+from his physical organization; but that the service of God and his duty
+to his subjects would no longer permit him to tolerate his conduct. He
+finishes by promising to inform his holiness further of the affair, and
+asks his prayers for a happy result. On the same day Philip wrote
+another letter to Queen Catherine, his aunt, in which he imparts all his
+paternal grief. He reminds her that he had already informed her of some
+preceding circumstances which caused fears for the future, and tells her
+that the arrest would not be followed by any other punishment, but that
+it had been decided on to put a stop to his irregularities: the letter
+to the empress is in much the same terms.
+
+In that which the king addressed to the cities, he said, that if he only
+had been a father, he should never have decided upon such a
+determination, but that as a king he could not to do otherwise, and
+that it was only in acting thus that he could prevent the evils which
+his clemency would have occasioned. Don Diego Colmenares has inserted,
+in his history of Segovia, the letter sent by the king to that city. All
+the other cities and the different authorities received similar letters,
+which were inclosed in others to the corregidors. In that to the
+corregidor of Madrid, Philip commands him to prevent the municipality
+from making representations in favour of his son, since it was not
+necessary that a father should be solicited to grant a pardon. He also
+commands that, in the reply, no detail of the affair should be entered
+into. On the address from Murcia, the king (who had read them all) wrote
+the following note: "_This letter is written with prudence and
+reserve_." As it has never been published, and will show the style
+approved by Philip on this occasion, it is here inserted.
+
+"Sacred, Catholic, and Royal Majesty:--The municipality of Murcia has
+received your majesty's letter containing your determination relating to
+the imprisonment of our prince. The municipality kisses your majesty's
+feet a thousand times for the distinguished favour shown them in
+informing them of this event; it is fully persuaded that the reasons and
+motives which have guided your majesty were so important, and so
+conducive to the public good, that you could not do otherwise. Your
+majesty has governed your kingdom so well, maintained your subjects in
+such a state of peace, and caused religion to prosper so much, that it
+is natural to conclude, that in an affair which concerns you so nearly,
+your majesty has only resolved on it for the service of God, and the
+general welfare of your people. Nevertheless, this city cannot help
+experiencing unfeigned sorrow, for the important causes which have given
+fresh grief to your majesty; it cannot consider without emotion, that it
+possesses a sovereign sufficiently just and attached to the good of his
+kingdom to prefer it before everything, and to make him forget his
+tender affection for his own son. So great a proof of love must compel
+your majesty's subjects to testify their gratitude by their submission
+and fidelity. This city, which has always been distinguished for its
+zeal, will, at this time, give a greater proof of it in immediately
+obeying your majesty's commands. God preserve the royal and Catholic
+person of your majesty! In the municipal council of Murcia, February
+16th, 1568."
+
+Pius V., and all the other persons to whom Philip had written, replied,
+by interceding for his son. They said it might be hoped that so striking
+an event would be a check to the prince, and induce him to alter his
+conduct. No one made more earnest intercessions than Maximilian II.; it
+is true that he was more interested on account of the marriage intended
+for his daughter. He was not satisfied with writing, but sent the
+Archduke Charles to Madrid, for the purpose of interfering. The journey
+which the archduke was obliged to make into Flanders and France, was the
+ostensible motive for that to Madrid. Philip was inflexible; he not only
+detained the prince as a prisoner, but proved, by the following
+ordinance, that he intended to keep him so. It was confirmed by the
+Secretary Pedro del Hoyo, and the execution of it confided to the Prince
+of Evoli, who was appointed his lieutenant-general in everything
+relating to the prince. It was as follows:--
+
+"The Prince of Evoli is the chief of all the persons employed in the
+service of the prince, in guarding, supplying him with food, and in his
+health, and other ways. He shall cause the door to be fastened by a
+latch, and not locked, either night or day, and he shall not allow the
+prince to come out. His majesty appoints to guard, serve, and keep the
+prince company, the Count de Lerma, Don Francis Manrique, Don Rodrigo de
+Benavides, Don Juan de Borgia, Don Juan de Mendoza, and Don Gonzalo
+Chacon. No other individual (except the physician, the barber, and the
+_montero_[62], who has the care of the prince's person) shall be allowed
+to enter the apartment, without the king's permission. The Count de
+Lerma shall sleep in the chamber of Don Carlos. If he cannot do this,
+one of his colleagues must take his place; one of them shall watch all
+night: this duty they may fulfil in turns. During the day they shall
+endeavour to be all together in the apartment, that Don Carlos may be
+diverted and enlivened by their company; and they shall not dispense
+with this duty, unless they are compelled by business. These noblemen
+shall converse on indifferent topics with the prince; they shall take
+care to avoid conversing on anything relating to his affair, and as much
+as possible all that concerns the government; they shall obey all the
+orders which he gives for his service or satisfaction, but they shall
+not take charge of any commission from him to people without. If Don
+Carlos happens to speak of his imprisonment, they shall not answer him;
+and they shall relate all that passes to the Prince d'Evoli. The king
+particularly recommends to them (if they would not fail in the fidelity
+and obedience they have sworn), never to report elsewhere anything that
+has been said or done in the interior, without first obtaining his
+consent; if any of them hear the affair spoken of, in the city, or in
+particular houses, he or they must report it to the king. Mass shall be
+said in the chapel, and the prince shall hear it from his chamber, in
+the presence of two of the noblemen who have the care of him. The
+breviary, hours, rosary, and any other books which he asks for, shall be
+given him, provided they treat of nothing but devotion. The six
+_monteros_ who guard and serve the prince shall take the food for his
+table into the first saloon, to be served to his highness by the
+noblemen: a _montero_ shall take the dishes in the second chamber. The
+_monteros_ shall be employed, and serve night and day, according to the
+regulations of Rui Gomez de Sylva. Two halberdiers shall be placed in
+the porch of the hall, leading to the court; they shall not allow any
+person to enter, without the permission of the Prince d'Evoli. In his
+absence, they shall ask it of the Count de Lerma, or of any one of the
+others, who is appointed to act as chief in their absence. Rui Gomez de
+Sylva is commissioned to command, in the name of the king, the
+lieutenant-captains of the Spanish and German guards, to place eight or
+ten halberdiers outside the porch. These men shall also mount guard at
+the doors of the infantas; two shall be placed in the apartment of Rui
+Gomez, from the time when the great gate of the palace is opened, until
+midnight, when the prince's chamber shall be closed, and the _monteros_
+commence their service. Each nobleman is permitted to have a servant for
+his own use; he shall select from his people the one he has most
+confidence in. All these persons shall make oath, before the Prince
+d'Evoli, to execute faithfully the regulations contained in this
+ordinance. Rui Gomez, and the noblemen under his orders, shall inform
+the king of any negligence in this respect. The said Rui Gomez is
+commanded to supply all that shall be considered necessary in the
+service, and which has not been stated in this ordinance. As all the
+responsibility rests upon him, his orders must be executed by the people
+under him."
+
+The secretary Hoyo read this ordinance to all the persons employed, and
+to each in particular; they all took the oath required.
+
+It has been shown by the recital of the usher, that Philip gave orders
+for the trial of his son. The king having proceeded to the interrogation
+of the witnesses, by means of the secretary Hoyo, created a special
+commission to examine into the affair. It was composed of Cardinal
+Espinosa, the inquisitor-general, the Prince of Evoli, and Don Diego
+Bribiesca de Munatones, a counsellor of Castile: the king presided.
+Munatones was charged with the instruction of the process. Philip, who
+wished to give this affair the air of a proceeding for a crime of
+_lese-majeste_, caused to be brought from the royal archives of
+Barcelona, the writings of a trial instituted by his great-great
+grandfather, John II., King of Aragon and Navarre, against Charles, his
+eldest son, Prince of Biana and Girone, who had already been
+acknowledged as the successor to the throne.
+
+The ordinance concerning the imprisonment of Don Carlos was so strictly
+observed, that the queen and the princess Jane, who wished to see and
+console him, were refused permission to do so by the king. Philip was so
+suspicious of every one, that he lived in a kind of captivity, and did
+not make his accustomed excursions to Aranjuez, the Pardo, and the
+Escurial. He kept himself shut up in his apartment; the least noise in
+the street drew him to the window, such was his dread of some tumult. He
+had always suspected the Flemings, or other persons, of being the
+prince's partisans, or at least to affect it.
+
+The unhappy Don Carlos, who was not accustomed to conquer his passions,
+could never make use of any means to palliate his misfortune. He gave
+himself up to the greatest impatience, and refused to confess, to enable
+himself to fulfil the duty always performed by the royal family on Palm
+Sunday. His old master, the Bishop of Osma, had died in 1566. The king
+commanded the Doctor Suarez de Toledo, his first almoner, to visit him,
+and try to persuade him: his efforts were unavailing, though Don Carlos
+always treated him with great respect. On Easter-day, Suarez wrote a
+long and touching letter to him, in which he proved by unanswerable
+arguments, that his highness did not take the proper means of
+terminating the affair favourably. He represented that his highness had
+no longer either friends or partisans, and reminded him of several
+scandalous scenes which had increased the number of his enemies; he
+finishes his letter in the following terms: "Your highness may easily
+imagine all that will be said when it is known that you do not confess,
+and when many other terrible things are discovered; some are so much so,
+that if it concerned any other person than your highness, _the holy
+office would be entitled to inquire if you are really a Christian_. I
+declare to your highness, with all truth and fidelity, that you only
+expose yourself to lose your rank, and (what is worse) your soul. I am
+obliged to say, in the grief and bitterness of my heart, that there is
+no remedy, and the only advice I can give you, is to return towards God
+and your father, who is his representative on earth. If your highness
+will follow my advice, you will apply to the president, and other
+virtuous persons, who will not fail to tell you the truth, and conduct
+you in the right way." This letter had no more success than any of the
+other attempts; the prince still refused to confess.
+
+The despair which Don Carlos soon felt, made him neglect all regularity
+in taking food and rest. He became so heated by the rage which preyed on
+him, that iced water (which he used continually) had no effect on him.
+He caused a great quantity of ice to be put into his bed, to temper the
+dryness of his skin, which was become insupportable. He walked about
+naked, and without shoes or stockings, on the pavement, and remained
+whole nights in this state. In the month of June, he refused all
+nourishment but iced water, for eleven days, and became so weak that it
+was supposed he had not long to live. The king being informed, went to
+visit him, and addressed some words of consolation to him, the result of
+which was to induce the prince to eat more than was proper for him in
+his weak state, and this excess brought on a malignant fever,
+accompanied by a dangerous dysentery. The prince was attended by Doctor
+Olivares, chief physician to the king; he went in alone to the patient,
+and when he returned, held a consultation with the other physicians of
+the king, in the presence of the Prince d'Evoli.
+
+The preliminary case, drawn by Don Diego Bribiesca de Munatones, was
+sufficiently advanced in the month of July, to allow of a final
+sentence, without examining the criminal, or to appoint a procurator for
+the king, who in quality of fiscal accused the prince of the crimes
+stated in the _preparatory instruction_. No judicial notice was sent to
+the prince; they had only the declarations of the witnesses, letters,
+and other papers.
+
+These writings proved that, according to the laws of the kingdom, Don
+Carlos must be condemned to death, for high treason, on two counts:
+first, for having attempted parricide; and secondly, for having framed a
+plan to usurp the sovereignty of Flanders, by means of a civil war.
+Munatones made a report of this, and the punishments established for
+such crimes, to the king; he added, that particular circumstances, and
+the rank of the criminal, might authorize his majesty to declare, that
+general laws could not affect the eldest sons of kings, because they
+were subject to laws of a higher nature, those which related to policy,
+and the welfare of the state; lastly, that the monarch might, for the
+good of his subjects, commute the punishment.
+
+Cardinal Espinosa and the Prince of Evoli were of the opinion of
+Munatones; Philip then said, that his heart inclined him to follow their
+advice, but that his conscience would not permit him to do so: that he
+thought it would be far from being a benefit to Spain; that, on the
+contrary, he thought it would be the greatest misfortune that could
+happen to his kingdom, to be governed by a king devoid of knowledge,
+talents, judgment, or virtue, full of vices and passions, and, above
+all, furious, ferocious and sanguinary; that these considerations
+compelled him, notwithstanding his attachment to his son, and his
+anguish at so terrible a sacrifice, to suffer the laws to take their
+course; but considering that the health of Don Carlos was in such a
+state that there was no hope of prolonging his life, he thought it would
+be better to suffer him to satisfy himself in his inclinations in eating
+and drinking, since, from the disorder of his ideas, he would not fail
+to commit some excess, which would lead him to the tomb: that the only
+thing which concerned him, was the necessity of persuading his son that
+his death was inevitable, and that in consequence he must confess
+himself to ensure salvation; that this was the greatest proof of
+affection which he could show to his son and the Spanish nation.
+
+This decision of the king is not mentioned in the writings of the trial.
+There was no sentence written or signed; but the secretary Hoyo, in a
+note, says, _that at this period of the trial the prince died of his
+malady, and this was the reason why no sentence was pronounced_. The
+proof of the fact exists in other papers, in which the curious anecdotes
+of the time have been related. Although these documents are not
+authentic, they merit attention, as they were written by persons
+employed in the king's palace, and accord with what some writers have
+insinuated. It is true that they did think proper not to speak plainly
+on such delicate subjects, but they have said enough to lead to the
+truth.
+
+Cardinal Espinosa and the Prince of Evoli thought that they should
+fulfil the intentions of Philip in hastening the death of Don Carlos;
+they agreed that the physician should inform the prince of his
+condition, without saying anything of the king's displeasure or of the
+trial, and that he should prepare him to receive the exhortations which
+would be made for the benefit of his soul: by these means they hoped to
+induce him to confess and prepare himself for death, which would put an
+end to his misfortunes.
+
+The Prince of Evoli held a conference with the Doctor Olivares. He spoke
+to him in that mysterious and important manner which persons versed in
+the politics of courts know so well how to employ, when it is necessary
+to further the views of their sovereign, or their own designs. Rui Gomez
+de Sylva was perfect in this art, according to the opinion of his friend
+Antonio Perez, the first secretary of state, who was well acquainted
+with all that passed. In one of his letters he says, _that after the
+death of the Prince of Evoli, there would be no one but himself
+initiated in these mysteries_.
+
+Olivares perfectly understood that he was expected to execute the
+sentence of death pronounced by the king; and that it was to be done in
+such a manner, that the prince's honour should not be affected; in
+short, that his death was to appear natural. He therefore endeavoured to
+express himself, so as to inform the prince of Evoli that he
+comprehended him, and considered it as an order from the king.
+
+On the 20th of July, Olivares ordered a medicine which Don Carlos took.
+Louis Cabrera, who was employed in the palace at that time, and who
+often saw Rui Gomez, says in his history of Philip II., that "_this
+medicine did not produce any beneficial effect; and the malady appearing
+to be mortal_, the physician informed the patient, that he must prepare
+to die like a good Christian, and receive the sacraments."
+
+The histories published by Cabrera, Wander-Hamen, Opmero and Estrada,
+all agree with the secret memoirs of the times which I have read. It is
+not surprising, then, that the Prince of Orange, in his manifesto
+against Philip II., should impute to him the death of his son[63]; that
+James Augustus de Thou, a French contemporary historian, has done the
+same, from the accounts given him by Louis de Foix, a French architect,
+employed in building the Escurial, and Pedro Justiniani, a Venetian
+nobleman, who resided some time in Spain; although he was mistaken in
+making the holy office interfere in this affair; in supposing that the
+prince died, in a few hours, from poison; and in advancing some other
+errors on the authority of his two informants[64]. It is not more
+surprising that the authors cited by Gregorio Leti have stated things
+which appear to be written by the pen of a novelist or romance writer,
+because the death of the prince being occasioned by a mysterious
+medicine, administered according to a private order, no one doubted that
+it was caused by violence, and endeavoured to conjecture how it was
+done.
+
+But the truth is always discovered sooner or later, and after a century
+and a half, we find so many isolated facts and accounts of this event,
+that they produce conviction, and show that the death of Don Carlos had
+the external appearances of a natural death, and that he himself
+considered it to be so. The accounts of some foreign historians, of the
+result of the medicine, have been refuted by authentic documents: those
+of the writers, who have composed romances under the names of histories,
+are equally disproved. I shall therefore proceed to relate the facts as
+they occurred.
+
+Don Carlos, on being informed by Olivares that death was approaching,
+desired that Fray Diego de Chaves, his confessor, might be sent for: his
+orders were executed on the 21st of July. The prince commissioned the
+monk to ask pardon of his father, in his name; the king sent to tell
+him, that he granted it with all his heart, as well as his blessing, and
+that he hoped his repentance would obtain pardon from God. On the same
+day he received the sacraments of the Eucharist and Extreme Unction with
+great devotion. He also, with the king's consent, made a will, which was
+written by Martin de Gatzelu, his secretary. On the 22nd and 23rd he was
+in a dying state, and tranquilly listened to the exhortations of his
+confessor and Doctor Suarez de Toledo. The ministers proposed to the
+king that he should see his son, and give him his blessing in person, as
+it would be a consolation to him on his death-bed. Philip asked the
+opinion of the two ecclesiastics above-mentioned. They said that Don
+Carlos was well-disposed, and it might be feared that the sight of his
+father would occasion some disturbance in his mind. This motive
+restrained him for the present; but being informed, on the night of the
+23rd, that his son was at the point of death, he went to his apartment,
+and extending his arms between the Prince of Evoli and the grand prior,
+he gave him his blessing a second time, without being perceived. He then
+retired weeping, and Don Carlos expired soon after, at four o'clock in
+the morning of the 24th of July, which was the day before the festival
+of St. James, the patron Saint of Spain.
+
+The death of Don Carlos was not kept secret. He was interred, with all
+the pomp due to his rank, in the church of the Convent of the Nuns of
+St. Dominic _el Real_, at Madrid, but there was no funeral oration.
+Philip II. announced the death of Don Carlos to all the authorities who
+had been informed of his imprisonment. The city of Madrid also
+celebrated solemn obsequies on the 14th of August. The sermon was
+preached by Fray Juan de Tobar, the same monk who had deceived the
+prince, to make him confess who he wished to kill. In the same year a
+long account of the sickness, death, and funeral of Don Carlos was
+printed. The municipality of Madrid had ordered it to be written by Juan
+Lopez del Hoyo, professor of Latin in that capital.
+
+Spain regretted the death of Don Carlos, as the king had no other son.
+By his third wife, Elizabeth or Isabella of France, he had only had two
+daughters, and that virtuous princess died of a miscarriage in the same
+year, 1568. This misfortune (and the bad opinion conceived by all Europe
+of Philip II., who was considered as a cruel and hypocritical prince)
+occasioned the imputation of having caused the queen's death. He was
+first accused of it by the Prince of Orange, and afterwards by many
+other persons. France had proofs of the contrary, since Charles IX. sent
+an ambassador extraordinary to Madrid, with compliments of condolence
+to the king, who was really inconsolable for the loss of his expected
+heir. Juan Lopez del Hoyo, in 1569, published a faithful account of the
+illness and death of the queen; and some circumstances which he mentions
+seem incompatible with the use of poison, which is said to have
+occasioned her death. It is evident that the Prince of Orange suffered
+himself to be misled by hatred and revenge. The reality of a crime
+cannot be believed when neither the end nor motives for it can be
+perceived, and Philip was certainly interested in the queen's life. Some
+writers, after having supposed that the crime was committed, have
+endeavoured to discover the cause, and some romance-writers have thought
+that they discovered it in the pretended intrigue with Don Carlos.
+Supposing it to be true, there are historical proofs that it could not
+have commenced till after his return from Alcala, and at that time he
+ardently wished to marry his cousin, Anne of Austria. This princess
+became the fourth wife of Philip, and the mother of his successor,
+Philip III.
+
+Philip II., wishing to commemorate the justice of his conduct towards
+his son, ordered that the writings of the trial, with the original, and
+translation from the Catalonian tongue of that of Don Charles, Prince of
+Biana, should be collected and preserved. Don Francis de Mora, Marquis
+de Castel Rodrigo, who became the king's confidant after the death of
+Rui Gomez de Sylva, in 1592, deposited these writings in a green coffer,
+which the king afterwards sent shut, and without a key, to the royal
+archives of Simancas, where it is still, if it has not been carried away
+by the order of the French government, as it has been reported in
+Spain.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXII.
+
+TRIAL OF THE ARCHBISHOP OF TOLEDO.
+
+
+One of the most illustrious victims of the holy office was Don
+Bartholomew Carranza de Miranda, Archbishop of Toledo. The writings of
+the trial amount to twenty-four folio volumes, each containing one
+thousand or twelve hundred pages. This immense mass of writings must
+doubtless contain many facts unknown to Don Pedro Salazar de Mendoza,
+the author of the life of Carranza. This respectable writer spared no
+expense to discover the truth, but could not penetrate the mystery which
+envelopes the proceedings of the Inquisition. I have read this trial,
+which enables me to fill up the omissions of Salazar de Mendoza, and
+correct his involuntary errors.
+
+Bartholomew Carranza was born in 1503, at _Miranda de Arga_, a little
+borough in the kingdom of Navarre: he was the son of Pedro Carranza, and
+grandson of Bartholomew, both members of the nobility of Miranda. His
+true family name, consequently, was _Carranza_; but while he was a
+Dominican monk, he was only called Miranda. When he was made Archbishop
+of Toledo, he was named Carranza de Miranda, to prove the identity: he,
+however, only signed the name Fray Bartholomeus Toletanus, according to
+the custom of the times. The family of Carranza has been perpetuated to
+the eighteenth century, in the direct male line from Pedro, brother to
+the archbishop. At twelve years of age, Bartholomew, through the
+interest of his uncle Sancho de Carranza, a doctor in the university of
+Alcala de Henares, and the antagonist of Erasmus, was received into the
+College of St. Eugenius, which was dependant on the university. When he
+attained his fifteenth year, he passed into the College of St. Balbina,
+to study what was then called _philosophy and the arts_, which was
+confined to some general ideas of logic, metaphysics, and physics. In
+1520 he took the habit of a Dominican, in the Convent of _Venalec_, in
+the _Alcarria_, which was afterwards transferred to the city of
+_Guadalaxara_. As soon as he had professed, he was sent to study
+theology in the College of St. Stephen of Salamanca and in 1525 he was
+placed in that of St. Gregory of Valladolid.
+
+A proof of the rapid progress of Bartholomew may be seen in his trial.
+Fray Michel de St. Martin, a Dominican monk, and a professor in the same
+college at Valladolid, denounced him to the holy office, in 1530,
+deposing that, two or three years before, he had had several
+conversations with Carranza, on subjects concerning his conscience; that
+he had remarked that he limited the power of the Pope, relating to the
+ecclesiastical ceremonies; and that he had reprimanded him for so
+erroneous an opinion. Carranza was also denounced in 1530, by Fray Juan
+de Villamartin, as having been the ardent defender of Erasmus, even on
+the subject of the sacrament of penance, and the frequent confession of
+persons who are only in a state of venial sin; that having opposed to
+him the example of St. Jerome, he maintained that it was impossible to
+support the fact by the authority of any respectable ecclesiastical
+historian; that Carranza also said Erasmus ought not to be contemned,
+for saying that the Apocalypse was not the work of St. John the
+Evangelist, but of another priest, who bore the same name.
+
+These denunciations were not made use of until the instruction of the
+trial of the archbishop was far advanced, when every method was employed
+to find materials for accusations; the _denunciations_ and _suspended
+trials_ were then looked over, and those above-mentioned were found.
+They were noted as declarations of witnesses, under the numbers
+ninety-four and ninety-five; while, according to the dates, they ought
+to have been the first.
+
+As these denunciations were not known out of the holy office, the
+rector and counsellors of the College of St. Gregory de Valladolid
+presented Carranza, in 1530, as a professor of philosophy; in 1534 he
+was appointed professor of theology, and soon after a qualifier to the
+holy office of Valladolid. In 1539 he was sent to Rome, to attend a
+general chapter of his order, where he was chosen to maintain the
+theses, which were only confided to persons capable of performing their
+duty well: the talents he displayed in these exercises obtained him the
+rank of Doctor and Master of Theology; and Paul III. permitted him to
+read prohibited books.
+
+On his return to Spain, he professed theology, with the greatest
+success, in his College of St. Gregory. The harvest having entirely
+failed in the mountains of Leon and Santander in 1540, the inhabitants
+went to Valladolid in great numbers. Carranza not only maintained forty
+of these poor people in his college, but sold his books to assist others
+in the city, only retaining his Bible, and the _Summary_ of St. Thomas.
+During this period he was continually occupied, either at the holy
+office as a qualifier, or at home in censuring books sent to him by the
+Supreme Council, or in preaching sermons at the _auto-da-fe_.
+
+In the same year, 1540, Carranza was appointed Bishop of Cuzco, but he
+refused to go to South America, except as a preacher of the gospel. In
+1544, Carranza was sent to the Council of Trent, as theologian to
+Charles V. He remained there three years, and it was there that Cardinal
+Pacheco (dean of the Spanish prelates who attended at the council)
+engaged him to preach on _justification_ before the Fathers. In 1546, he
+published at Rome one of his works, called _The Summary of Councils_;
+and another at Venice, of _Theological Controversies_. In 1547 he
+published a treatise _On the Residence of Bishops_, which created him
+many enemies, and which was attacked by Fray Ambrose Caterino, and
+defended by Fray Dominic de Soto, both Dominicans.
+
+On his return to Spain, in 1548, he refused the appointment of
+confessor to Philip II., then prince of the Asturias, and in 1549
+declined accepting the bishopric of the Canaries. He was elected in the
+same year prior of the Dominicans of Palencia, which he accepted. In
+1550 he was made provincial of the Convents of Castile, and visited his
+province.
+
+The Council of Trent being again convoked in 1651, Carranza was
+commanded by the emperor to attend it, and furnished with full powers by
+the Cardinal Archbishop of Toledo; he assisted at the different
+assemblies until 1552, when he was suspended the second time. Among the
+different commissions confided to him, was that of preparing an _Index_.
+On his return to Spain, the period of his provincialship had expired,
+and he re-entered his College of St. Gregory of Valladolid.
+
+The alliance between Philip II. and Mary, Queen of England, being fixed,
+Fray Bartholomew, in 1554, went to England in order to assist Cardinal
+Pole in preparing the kingdom to return to the Catholic faith. Carranza
+passed the greatest part of his time in preaching, and succeeded in
+converting a great number of heretics. When the king left England to go
+to Brussels, Carranza remained with the queen, to whom he was useful in
+supporting the Catholic doctrine in the universities, and arranging
+other affairs of the greatest importance. He revised, by the order of
+Cardinal Pole, the canons which had been decreed by a national council,
+and caused several obstinate heretics to be punished, particularly
+Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Martin Bucer; his zeal
+often exposed him to great danger.
+
+In 1557 he went to Flanders, where he caused all books infected with the
+heresy of Luther to be burnt. He did the same at Frankfort, and also
+informed the king that many of these books were introduced into Spain by
+way of Aragon. Philip, in consequence, gave the necessary orders to the
+inquisitor-general to intercept these works. In order to render this
+measure more effectual, Carranza drew up a list of suspected Spaniards
+who had fled to Germany and Flanders. The original copy of this list was
+found among his papers when he was arrested.
+
+On the death of Cardinal Siliceo, Archbishop of Toledo, the king
+appointed Carranza to succeed him; he however refused to accept the
+dignity, and named Don Gaspard de Zuniga y Avellanada, Bishop of
+Segovia, Don Francis de Navarra, Bishop of Badajoz, and Don Alphonso de
+Castro, a Franciscan, as more worthy of the king's choice than himself.
+He persisted in his refusal, until the king commanded him on his
+allegiance to accept the archbishopric: the original of this royal order
+was also found among the papers of Carranza. Paul IV. dispensed with the
+usual formalities; he was _preconised_ in a full consistory on the 16th
+December, 1557, and his bulls were expedited. Pedro de Merida, canon of
+Palencia, administrated until the arrival of the archbishop. The
+Inquisition of Valladolid afterwards prosecuted him for some letters
+which he had written to Carranza, and which were found among his papers;
+he was also implicated by Fray Dominic de Roxas, and by other
+accomplices of Dr. Cazalla.
+
+The Archbishop Carranza was consecrated at Brussels on the 27th of
+February in the same year, by the Cardinal Granville, afterwards first
+archbishop of Malines. He published at Antwerp his Catechism in Spanish,
+under the title of _Commentaries of the very Reverend Fray Bartholomew
+Carranza de Miranda, Archbishop of Toledo, on the Christian Catechism,
+in four parts_[65].
+
+He afterwards returned to Spain, and assisted several times at the
+Councils of Castile and the Inquisition. About the middle of September
+he went to the monastery of St. Juste, to make a report to Charles V. of
+some affairs confided to him by Philip II., and to pay his respects to
+the emperor, who was then ill, and died two days after. An account has
+been given in the eighteenth chapter of what passed at this visit. He
+then repaired to his archbishopric, where he remained six months, and
+then went to Alcala de Henares, with the intention of visiting his
+diocese. During the six months that he passed in the capital, his
+conduct was exemplary, passing his time in preaching, distributing alms,
+visiting the prisoners and the sick, and in causing prayers to be said
+for the dead. He employed himself in the same manner in all the places
+he passed through, until he arrived at Torrelaguna, where he was
+arrested by the Inquisition on the 22nd of August. He was taken back to
+Valladolid, and imprisoned in a house belonging to the eldest branch of
+the family of Don Pedro Gonzalez de Leon, where Don Diego Gonzalez, an
+inquisitor, was appointed to guard him.
+
+Carranza had made enemies of several bishops, when he published his
+treatise _On the Residence of Bishops_: the reputation which he acquired
+for learning in the Council of Trent, at the expense of several
+individuals who considered themselves superior to him, rendered them
+also his enemies, or at least his rivals. Of this number were Melchior
+Cano, who has been already mentioned; their rivalry was changed into
+open jealousy on his part, and on that of Fray Juan de Regla, when
+Carranza was appointed Archbishop of Toledo. This hatred became common
+to others, when, after refusing the archbishopric, Fray Bartholomew
+recommended the three persons before mentioned to the king: among them
+were Don Ferdinand Valdes, inquisitor-general; Don Pedro de Castro,
+Bishop of Cuenca, a son of the Count de Lemos; and a man of much greater
+merit, Don Antonio Augustine, Archbishop of Tarragona, who was the
+luminary of Spain in sacred literature. These persons endeavoured to
+conceal their sentiments, but their words and actions betrayed them.
+
+Besides this principal motive for the conspiracy against the archbishop,
+we may be permitted to suppose another. Carranza had given a copy of his
+Catechism to the Marchioness d'Alcanices in several detached pieces;
+when it was printed, he distributed it as it came from the press.
+
+The Marchioness d'Alcanices intrusted the work to several pupils or
+partisans of the archbishop, among whom were Fray Juan de la Pena, Fray
+Francis de Tordesillas, and Fray Louis de la Cruz; it was also read by
+Melchior Cano, who, in different conversations, plainly insinuated that
+it contained propositions tending to the Lutheran heresy. Don Ferdinand
+Valdes being informed of these circumstances, bought several copies of
+the Catechism, and sent them to persons with whose opinions he was well
+acquainted, desiring them to read it attentively, and to observe all
+that merited theological censure, but not to give their opinions in
+writing until they had again communicated with him. The persons he
+selected, were Fray Melchior Cano, Fray Dominic Soto, Fray Dominic
+Cuevas, the Master Carlos, and Fray Pedro Ibarra, provincial of the
+Franciscans.
+
+This work was also sent to Don Pedro de Castro, Bishop of Cuenca; and it
+may be said that his reply, dated from Pareja, April 28, 1558, was the
+foundation of the trial of Carranza. It appears from the letter to the
+inquisitor-general, that he had requested to know the opinion of de
+Castro on the Catechism, and he informs him that he thinks it a
+dangerous work, promises to give him his reasons for it, and adds that
+the article on _justification_ tends towards Lutheranism. He says that
+having heard the author speak in the same manner at the Council of
+Trent, he had conceived a bad opinion of his doctrine, although he did
+not think that Carranza really held such erroneous sentiments. Don
+Pedro further says, that his present opinion is supported by facts,
+which he had already communicated to Doctor Andres Perez, a member of
+the Supreme Council.
+
+It appears, by a paper signed by the same bishop, on the first of
+September, 1559, that his communications to the counsellor were confined
+to the following articles: that being present at a sermon preached by
+Carranza before the king in London, he observed that he spoke of the
+_justification of men by a lively faith in the passion and death of
+Jesus Christ_, in terms approaching to Lutheranism; that Fray Juan de
+Villagarcia informed him that Don Bartholomew had preached the sermon in
+the preceding year at Valladolid, and that he then thought it
+reprehensible. The bishop adds, that he spoke to Carranza on the
+subject, and attributed his silence to humility; that at another time
+when he was preaching before the king, he said, that some sins were
+irremissible. At first he thought he had not understood him, but
+Carranza afterwards repeated the same proposition several times. The
+bishop concluded by stating, that in another sermon preached before the
+king, Don Bartholomew spoke of the indulgences granted by the bull of
+the Crusade, as if they might be bought for two rials (_ten pence_); and
+that he thought such language very dangerous to hold in England in the
+midst of heretics. All this accords with the declaration of Fray Angel
+del Castillo, after the arrest of the archbishop, who deposed that de
+Castro said that _Carranza had preached like Philip Melancthon_.
+
+It appears from this statement, that Don Pedro de Castro did not feel
+any scruples until three years after his journey to London, and did not
+think himself obliged to denounce Carranza, until he had lost all hope
+of becoming Archbishop of Toledo; if Don Bartholomew had remained a
+single month, he would never have been accused. The inquisitor-general
+gave up the letter he had received from de Castro, to begin the
+proceedings, but he did not mention that which he had written himself,
+which shows that it was not official. The counsellor Don Andrea Perez
+neither deposed nor proved any of the facts related by the bishop, so
+that the declaration was not entered in the proceedings when the order
+for the arrest was issued; about a year and a half after, it was thought
+proper to supply the place of it, by the insertion of a writing signed
+by the bishop. The Court of Rome was astonished at the irregularity of
+the proceedings, when it received the writings of the trial.
+
+Fray Juan de Villagarcia, being already imprisoned, in 1561, declared
+that he perfectly remembered hearing de Castro mention the sermon
+preached by Carranza in London, but not that he had been scandalized at
+it, or that he had said anything which could produce that effect.
+Villagarcia said, that as the confidant of the archbishop, and having
+been employed to transcribe his works, he was more capable of defending
+the purity of his faith than any other person; and endeavoured to prove
+that there was none but Catholic propositions in his works.
+
+It is evident that the trial originated in the malice of the
+inquisitor-general, which induced him to give the catechism to the
+enemies of Carranza: when he was informed by Cano of the existence of
+the propositions which caused the denunciation, he sent the work
+officially to him, and to the other _qualifiers_, Soto and Cuevas; but
+this did not take place till after some circumstances occurred, during
+the trials of several Lutherans, which seem to have caused that of
+Carranza, although the fact was entirely false. The inquisitor-general
+being informed that Carranza was intimate with the Marquises d'Alcanices
+and de Poza, many of whose friends and relations were in the prisons of
+the Inquisition, ordered the inquisitors of Valladolid to obtain
+information of the prisoners concerning the faith of the archbishop. A
+report was also spread, that several persons had discovered a similarity
+between the opinions of Carranza and Cazalla; which succeeded so well,
+that a partisan of Cano had the audacity to announce from the pulpit,
+when Cazalla was arrested, that an order had been issued to arrest the
+Archbishop of Toledo.
+
+On the 25th of April, 1558, Donna Antoinia Mella deposed, that
+Christopher de Padilla had given her a MS. containing Lutheran
+doctrines, which he said was written by Carranza. This declaration was
+not communicated to the archbishop, because the work was composed by
+Fray Dominic de Roxas. On the 17th of the same month, Pedro de Sotelo
+made a similar declaration.
+
+On the 29th of April, Donna Anne Henriquez d'Almanza deposed, that she
+asked Fray Dominic de Roxas if he should treat of points of doctrine
+with the archbishop, and that he said he should not, because Carranza
+had just written a book against the Lutherans. She added that she had
+heard Francis de Vibero say, that the archbishop would burn in hell,
+because, knowing better than any person that the doctrine of Luther was
+orthodox, he had condemned several persons to the flames in England, for
+professing it. Francis de Vibero, on being interrogated, declared that
+he did not remember to have used these words, and that he thought it
+doubtful, because Carranza had always been a Roman Catholic.
+
+Donna Catherine de Rios, prioress of the convent of St. Catherine, at
+Valladolid, deposed, on the 24th of April, that she heard Fray Dominic
+de Roxas say, that Don Bartholomew had declared that _he did not find
+any evidence of the existence of purgatory in the Holy Scriptures_: she
+added however, on the following day, that she was persuaded that
+Carranza did believe in purgatory, because he always exhorted his monks
+to perform masses for the dead; she deposed, that having asked Donna
+Anne Henriquez, if the archbishop held the same opinion, that she did;
+she replied, that on the contrary he had written a book in refutation of
+them; that Donna Bernardina de Roxas told her that she had learnt from
+Fray Dominic, that the archbishop had advised him _not to suffer
+himself to be led away by his genius_; that Sabino Astete, canon of
+Zamora, assured her that he had heard Fray Dominic declare that he had
+the greatest compassion for Carranza, because he did not hold the same
+opinions as he did. This declaration was not communicated to the
+archbishop in the _publication of the depositions of the witnesses_,
+because it contained nothing against him. If these declarations had been
+made known to his defender, he might have derived great benefit from
+them.
+
+Fray Dominic de Roxas being summoned on the proposition relating to
+purgatory, declared that Don Bartholomew had always spoken on that
+subject like a good Catholic.
+
+Fray Juan Manuelez, a Dominican, deposed on the 18th October, 1560, that
+nine or ten years before, he conversed with Don Bartholomew concerning a
+Lutheran who was condemned to be burnt, but could not be certain whether
+the archbishop advanced the following proposition: _It is certain that
+the Holy Scriptures do not assure us that there is a purgatory_,--This
+witness makes his deposition a year after the arrest of the archbishop,
+and is not certain of the fact. Would he not have denounced him ten
+years before, if he had heard him speak in that manner?
+
+On the 4th of May, 1559, Pedro de Cazalla deposed that in 1554 he heard
+Don Charles de Seso deny the existence of a purgatory, and repeat the
+proposition before Don Bartholomew Carranza, who appeared scandalized,
+but did not attempt to refute or denounce him. The deponent also said,
+that Fray Dominic de Roxas told him, that he had informed Carranza that
+he could not reconcile the doctrines of justification and purgatory, and
+he replied that _it would not be a great evil if there was no
+purgatory_; that having answered from the decision of the Church, his
+master said to him, _You are not yet capable of understanding this
+matter_.
+
+Don Charles de Seso being interrogated on this subject on the 27th
+June, replied that Don Bartholomew had told him that he ought to believe
+in the existence of purgatory, and that if he was not obliged to depart,
+he would answer his arguments in a satisfactory manner; that Pedro
+Cazalla was the only person to whom he had communicated his conversation
+with Carranza; that he had reason to believe his present summons was
+occasioned by the declaration of Cazalla, who had not spoken the truth.
+On the 20th and 23rd, Fray Dominic declared that Carranza had always
+spoken of purgatory like a good Catholic. Thus it appears that the
+declarations of Cazalla were proved to be false, before the order for an
+arrest was issued.
+
+On the 7th of May, 1559, the inquisitor, William, remitted a letter from
+Carranza, in which he mentions Don Charles de Seso, and says that he did
+not denounce him, because he thought he had only been led into error;
+which was proved by the reply of Seso, when reprimanded by him, that he
+would only believe that which was really commanded by the Catholic
+religion, and that he then told him he could not do better.
+
+Garcia Barbon de Bexega, an alguazil of the Inquisition of Calahorra,
+deposed on the 12th of May, that he arrested Fray Dominic de Roxas, when
+he endeavoured to fly from Spain, and that when conversing with him on
+the increase of the number of Lutherans, he asked if his master Carranza
+was of that sect; Roxas replied in the negative; that he was not going
+to seek him in Flanders for that reason, but to obtain from the king the
+favour of not being degraded. This declaration was not communicated to
+the archbishop in the _publication of the depositions_.
+
+On the 13th of May, Fray Dominic de Roxas declared that Fray Francis de
+Tordesillas had expressed pity for him, when he heard him speak of
+_justification_, and make use of phrases in his discourses tinctured
+with Lutheranism; that this also happened to Carranza. Fray Francis, on
+being examined, deposed, that having copied several works of the
+archbishop, and translated others into Latin, for the Marchioness
+d'Alcanices and different persons, he had introduced a _preface_ into
+one MS., stating that the way to avoid falling into error in reading
+these works, was to understand in a Catholic sense some propositions on
+_justification_, which might be interpreted in a different manner; that
+all that Carranza had written was in the spirit of the Catholic
+religion; that he, deponent, knew his intentions to be pure, because he
+had seen him practise good works, and his sermons, conferences, and
+private life, perfectly accorded with the true principles of faith.
+
+Donna Frances de Zuniga, deposed on the 2d of June, that Carranza had
+told her, that provided she was not in a state of mortal sin, she might
+approach the holy table without confessing; that on the 13th of July she
+heard Fray Dominic de Roxas say that Carranza thought as he did on some
+of Luther's opinions, but not on all; that the nuns of the convent of
+Bethlehem did not believe in purgatory, because Pedro Cazalla had told
+them that such was the opinion of Carranza. Fray Dominic, being
+summoned, made the depositions relating to purgatory above mentioned: he
+added, on the 21st of March, that Don Bartholomew always explained his
+propositions in a Catholic sense, and detested the Lutheran doctrine;
+and that if he, deponent, had always profited by these explanations, he
+would not have fallen into error. Pedro Cazalla being interrogated
+concerning the nuns of Bethlehem, replied that he did not remember to
+have spoken in that manner, but that he had concluded that such were the
+opinions of Carranza when he did not denounce Don Charles de Seso.
+
+On the 13th of July the inquisitors seized all the books composed by
+Carranza in the house of the Marchioness d'Alcanices, who on the 28th
+deposed, that having read the _Commentaries on the Prophecies of
+Isaiah_, written by Carranza, she asked Fray Juan de Villagarcia from
+what book the author had taken so much erudition? Fray Juan replied
+that it was contained in a work of Luther, and that the book could not
+be confided to every person, because the good was too often mixed with
+evil in those authors. Fray Juan de Villagarcia being interrogated on
+this subject, replied that it was a work of _OEcolampadius_, and that
+the archbishop always kept it concealed; that it was true that he had
+taken from it materials for the treatise in which he explained the
+prophecies of Isaiah; but he was accustomed to say that no confidence
+could be placed in the heretical authors; that the archbishop had been
+seduced by them, but always defended the Catholic religion. It has been
+already stated that Paul III. granted him permission to read prohibited
+works; the brief was found among his papers.
+
+On the 3rd of July, Elizabeth Estrada deposed, that Fray Dominic de
+Roxas had told her, that it depended upon Don Bartholomew to make her
+sister the Marchioness d'Alcanices adopt the errors of Luther, and that
+he hoped to see that event take place, because then the king and all
+Spain would embrace that religion. The deponent also said that Fray
+Dominic told her that Don Bartholomew had read the works of Luther. Fray
+Dominic, being examined, replied that he often spoke in that manner to
+the nuns who were of his opinions, and to other individuals of his
+society of Lutherans, adding that Carranza thought as he did on
+_justification_ and purgatory; that he (Roxas) composed an _Explanation
+of the articles of faith_, according to his own creed, and attributed it
+to Carranza, to give it more consequence; that he always said the
+archbishop approved the doctrine of Luther, to persuade those persons to
+persevere in the faith, but that he never said that Don Bartholomew had
+read the works of Luther, because he did not know that he had. The
+deponent declared that the changes in his situation induced him to
+confess the truth; that the archbishop had never adopted such doctrines,
+and that he always gave a Catholic meaning to those phrases which would
+bear a contrary interpretation.
+
+On the 23rd of August, Fray Bernardin de Montenegro, and Fray Juan de
+Meceta, (both monks of the convent of St. Francis, at Valladolid,)
+voluntarily denounced a sermon, which was preached by the archbishop two
+days before, in the convent of St. Paul, and in which he used some
+expressions similar to those employed by the heretics. He also said,
+that converted heretics should be treated with clemency, and that
+persons were sometimes called heretics, illuminati, or quietists, merely
+because they were seen on their knees before a crucifix, and smiting
+their breasts with a stone: he invoked the authority of St. Bernard, to
+support his last proposition, which (according to the denouncers) did
+not agree with what he had advanced. The sermon being afterwards found
+among the papers of the archbishop, was examined by the qualifiers, and
+did not appear to contain any proposition deserving of censure. Yet the
+inquisitors presumed to demand officially of the princess Jane,
+governess of the kingdom, what she thought of the sermon; the princess
+had the complaisance to reply, that she only remembered to have heard
+some propositions which appeared to her to be improper.
+
+On the 25th of the same month, Ferdinand de Sotelo denounced Don
+Bartholomew, for having said in the presence of Pedro de Sotelo, his
+brother, and Christopher Padilla, that if he had a notary with him when
+he was dying, he would desire him to draw up an act of _renunciation of
+all his good works_. Pedro and Christopher declared that they did not
+remember that they had repeated this to Ferdinand de Sotelo. But Fray
+Dominic de Roxas deposed, during the torture, on the 10th of September,
+1559, that he thought he remembered being once in the village of
+Alcanices, and hearing Don Bartholomew say, that at the point of death
+he should wish to have a notary, to draw up an act of renunciation of
+the merit of his good works, because he relied solely on those of Jesus
+Christ, and that he considered his sins as nothing, because Jesus had
+expiated them; Dominic added, that Don Louis de Roxas, his nephew,
+related the same thing, as having occurred at his return from Flanders
+in the king's suite, and that all these expressions did not make him
+consider the archbishop as a Lutheran, but as a good Catholic; because
+the heretics denied that the good works of the creature could expiate
+sin, and attributed the expiation to the merits of Jesus Christ, while
+Carranza only asserted, that the expiation by the good works of a sinner
+was so little when compared with the infinite merits of our Redeemer,
+that the sinner might regard them as nothing if he fervently prayed for
+the application of the merits of our Saviour dying on the cross. There
+seems to be no doubt that Fray Dominic was the author of the denounced
+proposition; he explained it to the advantage of the accused during the
+torture.
+
+On the 8th of September, Fray Dominic declared that Don Bartholomew had
+said, that the expression, _say the mass_, was not exact; that it would
+be more correct to say _perform the mass_, from the Latin, _facere rem
+sacram_, and that he used this expression in the pulpit and in his
+writings. This accusation was certainly not sufficient to authorize a
+decree of arrest.
+
+On the 23rd of September, Doctor Cazalla declared, that ten or twelve
+years before, he heard Fray Dominic de Roxas say, that Don Bartholomew
+held the doctrines of the Lutherans. Fray Dominic on being examined
+denied the fact, but afterwards, on being tortured, confessed, that he
+had often declared that Don Bartholomew believed in the doctrines of the
+Lutherans, to give weight to his own opinions, and acknowledged that he
+did not speak the truth.
+
+The same Doctor Cazalla (being examined on the evidence of Donna Francis
+de Zuniga, who said he had instructed her in the doctrine of Luther)
+declared, that Donna Frances, and her brother Juan, had told him, that
+they were instructed by Don Bartholomew. The brother and sister denied
+the fact, and Cazalla being tortured, retracted his declaration.
+
+On the 9th of December, Fray Ambrose de Salazar, Dominican, being
+summoned to declare if it was true that he had said, that some persons
+held the same language as the heretics of Germany, replied that it was
+true, and that he alluded to Dominic de Roxas, Christopher Padilla, and
+Juan Sanchez. He was pressed to name all those to whom his allusion
+could be applied, and he said that he did not remember any others. He
+was then requested to consult his memory, and return the next day to the
+tribunal of the Inquisition. He obeyed, but did not add anything to his
+former declaration. He was then told that the inquisitors had been
+informed that he alluded to some other person, that he must endeavour to
+recollect him, and then return. The monk repaired to the Inquisition on
+the 14th of the same month, and said, that he had thought the questions
+put to him related to the archbishop, particularly after a report that
+his trial had commenced; that until then he had been far from suspecting
+the most zealous defender of the Catholic religion of heresy; that his
+words agreed with his writings; that he had converted many heretics, and
+burnt some others; that if he adopted certain phrases used by the
+heretics, he always explained them in an orthodox manner, and that in
+this case he only followed the example of several saints.
+
+Don Francis Manrique de Lara, bishop of Salamanca, deposed, on the 10th
+of October, that, at Naxera, he heard it said, that the archbishop had
+been arrested on account of his catechism, and that Fray Ambrose
+remarked, _it may not be for that alone; it is possible that his belief
+in purgatory was suspected_.
+
+When the _publication of the depositions_ took place, the evidence of
+Salazar was not mentioned, and the defenders of the accused never knew
+that he had given it. It is thus that the inquisitors in their
+proceedings violate natural right, in concealing all that may be taken
+advantage of by a defender.
+
+On the 9th of December, Fray Juan de Regla voluntarily denounced
+Carranza, for some expressions used by him to Charles V., on the
+forgiveness of sins. This affair has already been mentioned in the
+thirteenth chapter. On the 23rd Fray Juan again denounced Don
+Bartholomew, for having supported the arguments of the Lutherans, in the
+second session of the council of Trent, concerning the holy sacrifice of
+mass; and for having dared to say _ego haero certe_, which scandalized
+several fathers of the council; he admitted that the accused afterwards
+explained his words, but said it was without energy. This monk was the
+only witness who deposed to this fact. Don Diego de Mendoza, ambassador
+of Spain to the council, who had been punctual in attending the
+sessions, declared that he did not remember the circumstance, which had
+not been denounced before by any of the numerous rivals of Carranza.
+Fray Juan was extremely mortified that he could not obtain a bishopric,
+and we may suppose that nothing but jealousy could inspire him with such
+scruples, sixteen years after the event. It must be observed that he had
+been condemned by the Inquisition of Saragossa, that he had abjured
+eighteen propositions, and had been pursued by the Jesuits, of whom he
+and Cano had shown themselves the most violent adversaries, while Don
+Bartholomew was their friend. Cano and de Regla, therefore, endeavoured
+to mortify Carranza, and persecuted him as being secretly attached to
+the Jesuits.
+
+The licentiate Hornuza, judge of appeals of the district of Santiago,
+states in a writing annexed by the fiscal to the trial six weeks after
+the arrest of the archbishop, that this prelate, having presented to the
+Council of Trent some arguments in favour of Luther, he acknowledged
+that they might be answered conclusively; the witness added that Doctor
+Grados could confirm the truth of his testimony. The doctor was not
+examined. Who, indeed, can believe that Carranza would have spoken in
+that manner in the Council of Trent? On the 14th December, Fray Dominic
+de Roxas presented a writing, containing a confession of his errors and
+a prayer for pardon: he made the same declarations concerning the
+archbishop as before; adding, that _he was obliged to confess that he
+thought_ if the prelate and some _others had not been prepared by the
+syrup of the Lutheran phrases, the works of the heresiarch would not
+have made so much impression on their minds_. Fray Dominic said this to
+palliate his own crime, and in the hope of being reconciled; but being
+informed, on the 7th October, 1559, that he must prepare to die the next
+day, he demanded an audience, in order to make a declaration necessary
+to the repose of his soul; and having obtained it, he said "that he had
+never heard Don Bartholomew utter any words contrary to the doctrine of
+the Holy Church, that he always spoke against the Lutherans, and
+explained those phrases which he (Fray Dominic) had seen in heretical
+books, and heard from the preachers in Valladolid, in an orthodox
+sense."
+
+The above are all the declarations contained in the process of the
+Archbishop of Toledo when a brief was denounced for his arrest. It may
+even be supposed that there were not so many, since the brief was
+expedited on the 7th January, 1559, and therefore it must have been
+demanded, at the latest, in the beginning of December 1558. The censure
+of the works of Carranza and the opinion of the Bishop of Cuenca were
+also made use of as a motive for the demand. The qualifiers were
+Melchior Cano, Dominic Cuevas, Dominic Soto, Pedro Ybarra, and the
+Master Carlos. The following is a list of the MS. works of the
+archbishop which are mentioned with the printed Catechism in this part
+of the process.
+
+1. Notes on the Explanation of the Book of Job, by another author.
+
+2. Notes on the Explanation of the verse _Audi filia_ of the 44th Psalm,
+by Juan d'Avila, 83.
+
+3. Explanation of Psalm 83.
+
+4. Explanation of Psalm 129.
+
+5. Explanation of Psalm 142.
+
+6. Explanation of the Prophet Isaiah.
+
+7. Explanation of the Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans.
+
+8. Ditto Galatians.
+
+9. Ditto Ephesians.
+
+10. Ditto Philippians.
+
+11. Ditto Colossians.
+
+12. Explanation of the Canonical Epistle of St. John.
+
+13. Treatise on the Love of God to Man.
+
+14. Ditto on the Sacrament of the Order, with notes on the same subject.
+
+15. Ditto on the holy Sacrifice of Mass.
+
+16. Ditto on the Celibacy of Priests.
+
+17. Ditto on the Sacrament of Marriage.
+
+18. Ditto on the Utility and Efficacy of Prayer.
+
+19. Ditto on the Tribulation of the Just.
+
+20. Ditto on the Christian Widow.
+
+21. Ditto on Christian Liberty.
+
+22. Remarks on the Commandments of God and the Sins of Mortals.
+
+23. Apology for the _Commentaries on the Catechism_.
+
+24. Proofs taken from Holy Writ for the defence of the publication of a
+Catechism in the Spanish language.
+
+25. Abridgment of the _Commentaries on the Catechism_.
+
+26. Sermons for all the Year.
+
+27. Ditto on the Love of God.
+
+28. Ditto, _Super flumina Babylonis_.
+
+29. Ditto on the Manner of hearing Mass.
+
+30. Ditto on Holy Thursday.
+
+31. Sermons preached before the Prince at Valladolid.
+
+32. Ditto on the Circumcision of our Saviour.
+
+33. Ditto, intituled _Poenitentiam agite_.
+
+34. Ditto, _Si revertamini et quiescatis salviti eritis_.
+
+35. Ditto on Prayer.
+
+36. Ditto, _Hora est jam nos de somno surgere_.
+
+37. Ditto, _Dirigite viam Domine_.
+
+38. Ditto, _Spiritus est Deus_.
+
+39. Ditto on the Psalm _De profundis clamavi_.
+
+40. Ditto, _Filius quidem hominis vadit_.
+
+41. Abridgment of two Sermons sent to Flanders to the Licentiate
+Herrera.
+
+Some MS. copies which had been given to the Marchioness d'Alcanices, and
+other persons, before the Catechism was printed, were also annexed to
+the process; the contents were the same, except some corrections
+afterwards made by the author. The Marchioness d'Alcanices gave them to
+Don Diego de Cordova, a member of the Supreme Council, who died soon
+after. The MSS. were then taken by St. Francis de Borgia, who informed
+Carranza, on his return from Flanders, that they were in his possession,
+but that he wanted them to assist him in composing a sermon. Don
+Bartholomew being arrested before the MSS. were returned to him, St.
+Francis de Borgia sent them to the grand-inquisitor, in whose house they
+were lost; it is stated in the process that only one of them was found
+there some time after.
+
+The holy office endeavoured to ascribe to Carranza some other works
+condemned on the trial: these were the
+
+     Explanation of the Articles of the Faith, by Fray Dominic de Roxas.
+
+     Opinions on the Interpretation of the Holy Scriptures, by Juan
+     Valdes, secretary to Charles V., who became a Lutheran.
+
+     Treatise on Prayer and Meditation, which appears to have been
+     written by some other Lutheran author.
+
+     Explanation of the Book of Job, of which Carranza only wrote the
+     notes, which refute the text in several places.
+
+     Explanation of the verse _Audi filia_, explanatory notes only by
+     Carranza.
+
+     Several papers which Fray Dominic de Roxas and Christopher de
+     Padilla had distributed, maliciously attributing them to Don
+     Bartholomew, although they belonged to Fray Dominic, and other
+     Lutherans.
+
+As to the _Exposition of the Canonical Epistle of St. John_, the
+archbishop declared that, in the state in which it was, he did not
+acknowledge it as his work; that he had only given it verbally to his
+pupils, and that, doubtless, one of them had written it from memory;
+that although the foundation of it was what he had taught, the errors
+which it contained could not be imputed to him.
+
+The grand-inquisitor was at first only acquainted with the Catechism of
+Carranza, the censure of which was confided to Cano and others. Cano,
+whose heart was full of hatred, wanted no incitements to condemn it; of
+the inclinations of the others we may judge by letters, in which Fray
+Dominic de Soto speaks of his embarrassment at being obliged to censure
+some propositions which he considered very orthodox. Of all the works of
+Carranza, those only were marked with the theological censure which are
+numbered 3, 4, 13, 27, 28, 29, and 30. The Master Carlos, and afterwards
+Cano and Cuevas, were employed in this work.
+
+As there were among the Lutherans many persons intimate with the
+archbishop, and even some who had been his pupils, he wished to be
+informed of the state of their affairs. Fray Juan de la Pena, Fray
+Francis de Tordesillas, and Fray Louis de la Cruz, sent the details to
+Flanders to Fray Juan de Villagarcia, the companion of the Archbishop,
+and by this means he learnt that his Catechism was to be condemned for
+two reasons: first, on the pretext that it contained several heretical
+propositions; and secondly, because the principle which caused the Bible
+in the vulgar tongue to be prohibited in Spain in the present state of
+the kingdom, would not admit of the permission of a work on
+_justification_, and other points of controversy with the Lutherans, in
+the same language. The archbishop first commissioned Villagarcia, and
+afterwards the Jesuit Gil Gonzalez, to translate his Catechism into
+Latin, with notes on the obscure passages: they began, but never
+finished the work.
+
+The archbishop, however, was far from suspecting that he would be
+attacked for his personal profession of faith, when he received a letter
+from Fray Louis de la Cruz, dated Valladolid, May 21, 1558, in which he
+informed him that the Lutherans declared he partook their opinions.
+Carranza replied, that he was more grieved for their misfortune in
+having embraced heresy than for their false testimony against him. As he
+was perfectly convinced of the purity of his faith, and believed that he
+had given sufficient proofs of it in combating the opinions of the
+heretics, he persuaded himself that only the sense of his _Commentaries_
+was to be dismissed. He therefore returned to Spain, expecting to
+arrange the affair on a few conferences with the grand inquisitor; and
+in order to facilitate the attainment of his object, he obtained
+approbations of his work from some of the most famous theologians in
+Spain,--Don Pedro Guerrero, archbishop of Granada; Don Francis Blanco,
+archbishop of Santiago; Don Francis Delgado, bishop of Lugo and Jaen;
+Don Andrea Cuesta, bishop of Leon; Don Antonio Gorrionero, bishop of
+Almeria; Don Diego Sobanos, rector of the university of Alcala; Fray
+Pedro de Soto, confessor to Charles V.; Fray Dominic Soto, professor of
+Salamanca; Don Hernando de Barriovero, canon, magistrate, and professor
+of Toledo; and Fray Mancio del Corpus, professor of Alcala; besides
+many other Doctors of Salamanca, Valladolid, and Alcala.
+
+While the archbishop was at Valladolid in 1558, he demanded that the
+theological censures of his works should be communicated to him, that he
+might reply to them, and give any satisfaction required of him. He
+thought he had a right to this concession, for several reasons: first,
+as he was the author; secondly, as the primate of Spain; and thirdly, as
+a man who might expect such an act of deference from the holy office, in
+consideration of his labours in its cause. But the grand-inquisitor
+Valdes (who was his enemy, though he pretended to be his friend) would
+not grant his request, alleging that it was not the custom to hear an
+author on the qualification of his works. Carranza then endeavoured to
+avail himself of the approbations he had obtained from the illustrious
+theologians already mentioned, who were almost all of them fathers of
+the council of Trent; but they were not received, and he experienced the
+same rejection from the Supreme Council. The mystery which shrouded all
+the proceedings of that body was impenetrable, and he departed from
+Valladolid in ignorance of the causes of his trial.
+
+He, however, afterwards obtained information, that some witnesses had
+been examined on his personal faith, and that the censurers of his work
+noted it, as containing _heresies, propositions savouring of heresy,
+fomenting heresy, tending to heresy, and capable of causing it_. Some
+idea may be formed of the state of his mind from his application to the
+king and the pope, to whom he sent an account of all that had passed
+between him and the grand-inquisitor, and implored their protection; the
+minutes of this account, and the letters which accompanied it, were
+afterwards found among his papers.
+
+On the 20th of September, he arrived at Yuste, in Estremadura. His
+misfortune, it may be presumed, rendered him prudent in his exhortations
+to Charles V.; it is not likely that he would use the phrases
+attributed to him by Fray Juan de Regla, without adding expressions to
+limit the absolute sense which the denouncer imputed to him. On the 5th
+of October he again wrote to the king, on the occasion of the death of
+the emperor, and also to Ruy Gomez de Sylva, and to Don Antonio de
+Toledo, grand-prior of the order of St. John, both high in favour with
+his majesty, and with whom he was intimate, but more particularly with
+Don Antonio, who always endeavoured to be useful to him. His letters and
+those of many others at Rome, who wished to serve him, were found among
+his papers. The papal nuncio in Spain had already informed his court of
+what was passing at Madrid, and it was believed that the
+grand-inquisitor acted in concert with the king; this circumstance
+prevented Paul IV. (though he esteemed Carranza) from interfering in the
+affair, until he clearly perceived what was to be thought of it.
+
+Philip II., who then resided at Brussels, was far from being capable of
+arresting the progress of a trial undertaken by the inquisitors for a
+matter of faith; he contented himself with promising to protect
+Carranza, as long as it was compatible with the Catholic religion. The
+demand of being heard in his defence, before the condemnation of his
+Catechism, might have been granted, if the depositions concerning his
+personal faith had not presented an obstacle. Don Ferdinand Valdes
+represented to the princess Jane, governess of the kingdom, the
+declarations of the witnesses, which, read by a person without
+discrimination, and with the intention of injuring, made the archbishop
+appear to be a real heretic. The princess communicated this to the king,
+her brother, who being naturally suspicious, and knowing that Valdes was
+inimical to Carranza, resolved to take the cowardly part of remaining
+inactive, and waiting until the affair should be elucidated. It is not
+true that Philip repented of having elevated Carranza to the see of
+Toledo; the proof of this exists in the procedure: he was favourably
+disposed towards the archbishop, till Valdes and the counsellors of the
+Inquisition persuaded him that Carranza was an hypocritical heretic. The
+absolute inactivity of this prince's character, and the formidable and
+continual activity of Valdes, were the cause of the misfortunes of
+Carranza.
+
+The archbishop now thought it would be better to submit in order to
+avoid the infamy, and without waiting for replies from Brussels and
+Rome, on the 21st of September, 1558, he addressed a petition to Don
+Sancho Lopez de Otalora, counsellor of the Inquisition, in which he
+consented that his Catechism should be placed in the Index, provided his
+name was not mentioned, and that the prohibition did not extend beyond
+Spain, because the work was in the Spanish language. He hoped by these
+means to preserve the reputation of being a Catholic author, the only
+fame of which he was ambitious. In November, he sent letters to the
+grand-inquisitor and others, and remitted petitions to the Supreme
+Council, earnestly requesting, that in order to terminate all
+difficulties as soon as possible, his Catechism might be printed in
+Spanish, and given to him to be revised, corrected, and translated into
+Latin. His efforts were unsuccessful; the grand-inquisitor, far from
+wishing to serve him, obtained from the Pope the brief which completed
+his disgrace. He perceived that he ought to have followed the advice
+which had been given to him in Flanders, to repair to Rome, instead of
+Spain. The Bishop of Orense gave him to understand that there were in
+his case some things savouring of heresy, when he made the following
+reply:--_Unless this crime entered by the sleeve of my habit, I am,
+thank God, innocent of any thing of the kind. I shall therefore allow
+the affair to take the common course._
+
+On the 7th of June, 1558, Paul IV. declared in full consistory, "that
+being informed that the heresies of Luther, and some others, had been
+propagated in Spain, he had reason to suspect that several prelates had
+adopted them; and in consequence he authorized the grand-inquisitor _for
+two years from that day_, to make inquests concerning all the bishops,
+archbishops, patriarchs, and primates, of that kingdom: to commence
+their trials, and, in case that an _attempt to escape_ was suspected, to
+arrest them and lodge them in a place of security, and that the
+inquisitor should _immediately_ report the same to the sovereign
+pontiff, and send the criminals to Rome as soon as possible, with their
+process sealed up." The archbishop received notice of the expedition of
+this brief, in a letter from Cardinal Theatire, on the 18th of January.
+Valdes also demanded of the king, his permission to put it in execution.
+A letter from Don Antonio de Toledo to Carranza, dated Brussels, 27th of
+February, informed him, that his majesty had commanded the
+grand-inquisitor to suspend the proceedings till he arrived in Spain;
+adding, that his majesty was quite convinced of the wickedness with
+which the archbishop was treated. Valdes renewed his demand in March,
+representing the inconveniences of delay, and at last obtained
+permission to execute the brief.
+
+During this period, the inquisitors of Valladolid continued to receive
+every possible deposition unfavourable to the archbishop, to justify the
+proceedings against him.
+
+On the 20th of February, 1559, Fray Gaspard Tamayo, a Franciscan,
+voluntarily denounced the Catechism: he said, he thought it wrong in the
+author, to exhort the faithful to read the Scriptures, and not to
+address to the saints the prayers beginning _Pater-Noster_ and
+_Ave-Maria_.
+
+On the 11th of April, Don Juan de Acuna, count de Buendia, deposed that
+the archbishop had recommended him to renounce that practice, and to
+pray to the saints in the manner he had taught in his book; that he and
+all his family, and Donna Francisca de Cordova, had followed his advice,
+until the Bishop of Ciudad Rodrigo had persuaded them to the contrary:
+the deponent added, that he knew that Carranza had given the same
+advice to several other persons employed in the palace. This deposition
+was followed by those of the countess his wife, their chaplain, and
+seven of their servants.
+
+On the same day, Fray Dominic de Roxas deposed, that the Marquis de
+Roza, his father, asked Carranza if he should cause a thousand masses to
+be said for his soul during his life, or after his death, and that the
+archbishop replied, "_If my lord the marquis will believe me, he will
+say the masses during his life_." The deponent further said, that the
+archbishop, in going to Trent to attend the second convocation of the
+council, was in company with some Lutherans who were with the King of
+Bohemia; that he disputed with one of them in the presence of the Bishop
+of Segovia, and though he appeared to have the advantage in the
+argument, he afterwards said privately to the deponent, "_I was never so
+much embarrassed as to-day; although I am a master of theology, yet I am
+not so learned in the Scriptures as this Lutheran, who is only a
+layman._" The witness also said, that the archbishop had read and
+approved his _explanation of the articles of the faith_, and that he had
+even inserted part of it in his Catechism. It has been also stated, that
+Fray Dominic recanted all his depositions before his death.
+
+On the 5th of May, Donna Catherine de Castilla, who was a prisoner of
+the holy office, declared that she believed the archbishop to be a
+Lutheran; but repenting, she retracted her declaration, and said that
+she knew that Carranza had maintained to Don Carlos de Seso, her
+husband, that he committed a fatal error in denying the existence of
+purgatory. She persisted in her recantation.
+
+I appeal to my readers, if the state of the trial and the depositions of
+the witnesses were sufficient allegation: Canino the fiscal, reserving
+to himself the right of accusing him with more formality hereafter,
+demanded that the person of the archbishop should be seized, that he
+should be imprisoned, and his goods and revenues sequestrated, to be at
+the disposal of the grand-inquisitor. Valdes, after consulting the
+Supreme Council, commanded the fiscal to present the papers of which he
+had spoken in his requisition: these were the Catechism with the
+qualifications of Cano, Cuevas, Soto, and Ybarra; two MSS. bound,
+containing the articles of faith by Fray Dominic de Roxas, and the other
+works of Carranza mentioned under the numbers 3, 4, 13, 27, 28, 29, and
+30, with their qualifications; two sermons sent by Carranza to the
+licentiate Herrera, judge of the trials for smuggling, who was under
+arrest for Lutheranism; the depositions of the witnesses, with a summary
+of them, and to cause the archbishop to be pronounced attainted of
+heresy. Valdes, having drawn up, on the 8th of April, a verbal process
+of the reception of the powers granted by the Pope, the licentiate
+Canino, fiscal of the council of the Inquisition, on the 6th of May,
+presented to the grand-inquisitor a requisition, in which he demanded
+the execution of the brief, and declared that he would designate, in
+time and place, the person which it was to strike. Valdes remitted a
+declaration, in which he announced that he was ready to do justice
+whenever he was required. On the same day, the fiscal presented another
+requisition, in which he stated that Don Bartholomew Carranza,
+archbishop of Toledo, had preached, insinuated, written, and taught, in
+his conferences, his sermons, and his catechism, and in other books and
+writings, several heresies of Luther, according to the depositions of
+witnesses, and the books and writings which he presented to support his
+charges: the letters were those of the Bishop of Cuenza, Don Pedro de
+Castro; a letter from the archbishop to Doctor Cazalla, dated Brussels,
+18th of February, 1558, in reply to compliments on his elevation to the
+see of Toledo; (in this letter he begs Cazalla to "_pray that he may
+have the light necessary to govern his diocese well_;" adding, "_that it
+was more needful to ask it then than before, for those who formed part
+of the church of God_;") two letters of Juan Sanchez, a Lutheran, in
+which he says _that he was going to Flanders, because he hoped to be
+well received by Carranza_.
+
+As these formalities were all fulfilled in one day, it is not to be
+doubted that it was a concerted scheme between the grand-inquisitor,
+some members of the council, and the fiscal: if this had not been the
+case, three days would have been necessary for these ceremonies. On the
+13th of May, the grand-inquisitor and the council determined that
+Carranza should be cited to appear, and reply to the accusations of the
+fiscal.
+
+When the king had given his consent that the archbishop should be
+prosecuted, he required that he should be treated _with the respect due
+to his dignity_: this he repeated in a letter to Cardinal Pacheco, who
+informed him that Carranza had demanded that his affair should be judged
+at Rome. The king also wrote two letters to Carranza on the 30th of
+March, and the 4th April, in which he promised to protect him. The
+letter to Cardinal Pacheco induced the grand-inquisitor to write to the
+king on the 19th of May, when he informed him of the measure which had
+been decreed, adding, that he thought a citation to appear more
+moderate, less humiliating, and more private than an arrest by
+alguazils. The king, however, had still some regard for Carranza, since
+he did not approve of what had been done. At this period Don Antonio de
+Toledo, who continued to correspond with Carranza, informed him, that
+though he did not think the affair had taken so favourable a turn as
+might be wished, yet he thought he still perceived some marks of
+attachment for him in the king, in spite of the evil report made of him.
+
+At last, on the 26th of June, the king sent an answer to the
+inquisitor-general, in which he gives his consent to what had been
+resolved upon; adding, that he hoped the execution of this measure would
+be attended _with all the consideration due to the merit of Carranza,
+and the dignity with which he was invested_. The prelate was informed of
+this event, in a letter written by Don Antonio de Toledo, the next day.
+The approbation of the king was received on the 10th of July, and on the
+15th the fiscal presented a second requisition, in which he insisted on
+the execution of the demand contained in the first, that Carranza should
+be arrested, and his goods seized. He represented that the instruction
+of the process furnished proofs which ought to have been considered
+sufficient on the 13th of May; that nevertheless he would add to them
+the deposition of Donna Louisa de Mendoza, wife of Don Juan Vasquez de
+Molina, secretary to the king. This lady deposed, that the Marchioness
+d'Alcanices told her, that, _according to the instructions of the
+archbishop, it was not meritorious in the sight of God to deprive
+ourselves of pleasures, and that it was not necessary to wear
+haircloth_. The marchioness, who was examined, declared that she had
+never said anything of the kind, but only that all these things were
+less meritorious; that she had been intimate with the archbishop for
+more than twenty years, and had been his penitent, but during all that
+time she had never heard him say any thing against the faith.
+
+On the 1st of August, the grand-inquisitor, in concert with the Supreme
+Council, and several consultors, issued the order for the arrest of the
+archbishop. At this juncture, Philip II. wrote to his sister, the
+governess of the kingdom, saying, that in order to avoid the scandal and
+inconveniences arising from the measures decreed by the holy office, it
+would be proper to send for the archbishop to court upon some decent
+pretext. Don Antonio de Toledo having heard some hints of this, hastened
+to communicate it to Carranza, on the 19th of July: this was the last
+letter that faithful friend wrote to him. Among the papers of the
+archbishop, were found letters from persons, who afterwards, from want
+of courage, joined his enemies. There was also found the minutes of a
+representation in Latin, addressed to the Pope, in the name of the
+chapter of Toledo, entreating his holiness not to allow the cause of
+Carranza to be judged by the holy office of Spain, alleging that its
+members were swayed by human motives, and not from zeal to religion: it
+is not certain if this petition reached the Court of Rome, but the
+chapter behaved to the prelate with great generosity.
+
+The regent wrote a letter to the archbishop on the 3rd of August, in
+which she says, that before the arrival of the king, which would soon
+take place, she wished to communicate some affairs to him, and therefore
+begged him to repair immediately to Valladolid, adding, that as the
+least delay might occasion very disagreeable consequences, she should be
+pleased if he came as soon as possible, even if without ceremony or
+equipage, and that she sent Don Rodrigo de Castro that he might not lose
+time, and might inform her of his arrival.
+
+This Don Rodrigo de Castro was the nephew of the Bishop of Cuenca, the
+first denouncer of Carranza: he departed from Valladolid on the 4th of
+August; on the 6th he delivered the letter to the archbishop, who, on
+the next day, replied to the princess that he would obey her orders. He
+immediately sent his equipages and part of his household to Valladolid,
+but followed slowly, that he might visit the towns and villages of his
+diocese, which he was to pass through.
+
+During this interval, Don Rodrigo wrote several letters to Valdes, one
+dated the 4th of August, from Arevalo, and four from Alcala de Henares,
+dated the 7th, 9th, 10th, and 14th, from which the inquisitor-general
+concluded that the delay of eight days was too long, and concealed some
+bad design: he pretended to think that Carranza intended to make his
+escape to Rome, yet Don Rodrigo de Castro lodged in the same house, and
+never lost sight of him. This pretext, futile as it was, gave Valdes the
+opportunity of issuing a mandate on the 17th, appointing Don Rodrigo and
+Don Diego Ramirez de Sedeno inquisitors of the districts of Toledo and
+Valladolid. He commissioned them and the chief alguazil of Valladolid to
+seize the person of the archbishop, to sequestrate his goods, and draw
+up an inventory of them.
+
+This order was executed at Torre-Laguna, on the 22nd, before day, and
+while the archbishop was still in bed. When he was told that he was
+under arrest, he demanded to know by whose order he was made prisoner;
+that of the inquisitor-general, and the brief of the Pope, were shown to
+him. He replied that the brief was general, and that it ought to be a
+special commission expedited with a knowledge of the cause, which was
+out of the jurisdiction of the inquisitor-general: that even supposing
+him to be competent, the conditions prescribed in the brief were not
+observed in his case, since nothing but malice could inspire the fear
+that he should attempt to escape; that, from all these considerations,
+he protested against the order of the grand-inquisitor, and the violence
+of his measures, and demanded satisfaction of the Pope for the insult he
+had received. Not being able at that moment to put his intentions into
+execution, the archbishop desired Juan de Ledesma, the notary of the
+holy office, who was present at his arrest, to write down his replies to
+the inquisitors, and that he obeyed the order only to avoid
+ill-treatment.
+
+The archbishop requested that great care might be taken of his papers,
+some of which belonged to trials concerning the archiepiscopal see, and
+were of great importance. All that he requested was complied with on
+this subject.
+
+On the 23rd of August he left Torre-Laguna, and arrived at Valladolid on
+the 28th; he was imprisoned in the house of Don Pedro Gonzalez de Leon:
+his portfolio, and a box containing papers, were sent to the
+inquisitor-general, who immediately caused them to be opened, and an
+inventory taken of their contents. On the 6th of September he addressed
+a letter to the king, giving an account, in his manner, of the arrest,
+and alleging his pretended fear of the flight of Carranza, as the
+motive for it. He added, that the archbishop appeared to be informed of
+his proceedings; an insinuation which might have injured Don Antonio de
+Toledo, whose correspondence he had read.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIII.
+
+CONTINUATION OF THE TRIAL UNTIL THE ARCHBISHOP WENT TO ROME.
+
+
+The enemies of Carranza procured new witnesses, in order to justify
+their conduct. Valdes and his coadjutors feared that public opinion
+would be against them, if, when they pronounced the definitive sentence,
+the archbishop was not proved, to all Europe, to be guilty of heresy.
+
+To attain this end, the inquisitors examined ninety-six witnesses, who,
+most of them, unfortunately, added nothing to what had been already
+deposed; some of them attested the purity of Carranza's faith, and the
+few who were against him deposed only what they had heard from other
+persons, who either did not confirm, or denied the facts. It is worthy
+of remark, that the greatest number of the witnesses who spoke in favour
+of the archbishop were in the dungeons of the Inquisition, and made
+their depositions during or after the torture, and when they were liable
+to have it renewed, and to be subject to the cruel treatment of the
+judges, whose schemes they frustrated. While these miserable people
+showed so much courage, the bishops, archbishops, and theologians, who
+aspired to the episcopacy, basely retracted their first and true
+opinion, and qualified, as _violently suspected of Lutheranism_, the man
+whom they had before considered almost as an apostle, and that in the
+same trial and for the same work.
+
+On the 26th of August, the grand-inquisitor delegated his powers to the
+counsellors Valtodano and Simancas, reserving to himself the right of
+pronouncing the definitive sentence; at the same time he appointed Baca,
+Riego, and Gonzalez, inquisitors of Valladolid, to take the proper
+measures to guard the archbishop, and sequestrate his property.
+
+When the prelate arrived at the house intended for his prison, he was
+asked what domestics he wished to have; he named six, but only two were
+permitted to attend him. He begged Valtodano and Simancas not to allow
+any person to see certain papers and letters from the Pope, Fray
+Ferdinand de St. Ambrose, and the licentiate Cespedes, because they
+related to a trial for the lordship of Cazorla: he asked the same favour
+for a bundle of letters from the king, on some affairs which it had been
+improper to make public. He demanded the original of his consultations,
+and some approbations of his book, because he wished to present them to
+the Pope, who was the only competent judge of his trial; and lastly,
+some other writings relative to conferences which took place at the
+Council of Trent, in England, and in Flanders, and which were so many
+proofs of his efforts in the cause of the Catholic religion.
+
+On the 1st of September, Valtodano and Simancas summoned the archbishop
+to take an oath to speak the truth. The prelate replied that he would do
+so when he received an order from the Pope or the king; that he
+protested against all that had been done, because they were not
+competent; that he did not acknowledge the grand-inquisitor as his
+judge, until he was furnished with special powers for that purpose;
+that, supposing him to have sufficient authority, he did not believe
+that he could delegate it; that he should prove his assertions much
+better if he had the brief, of which he demanded a copy. His request was
+granted the next day; on the 3rd, the grand-inquisitor, after a
+consultation with the Council, declared that he was a competent judge,
+and that he could delegate his powers; he announced that he should
+attend with the Council at the sessions of the tribunal: he attended on
+the 4th, and required Carranza to take the oath to speak the truth,
+either against himself or any other person, informing him that if he
+confessed all he knew, he would be treated with clemency, but in the
+contrary case he would be used with all the rigour of justice: he also
+told him that if he was reluctant to reply in the presence of the
+Council, he would be permitted to do so before two counsellors, or the
+inquisitors of Valladolid. Carranza made the same reply as on the
+preceding day, adding, that he was not certain that truth had been
+spoken in soliciting the brief from the Pope; since at that time there
+were no Spanish prelates suspected of heresy; that, if they had him in
+view, he was not in Spain at the time, but in Flanders, occupied in
+labouring for the defence of the Catholic religion, and converting
+heretics; that he exerted himself to destroy all the heresies, and for
+that purpose informed the king that heretical books were sold even at
+his palace-gates, and that the king, in consequence, gave the necessary
+orders to prevent the evil, which would be proved by the testimony of
+the king and the noblemen of his court.
+
+Not satisfied with these arguments, the archbishop challenged the
+grand-inquisitor for reasons which he explained at the same session, and
+in his presence: on the 5th and the following days he continued to give
+the motives for his challenge in writing; his charges against Valdes
+were numerous, and very serious. He mentions persons, times, subjects,
+and reasons, which authorized him to represent Valdes as a perfidious,
+envious, vindictive man; to maintain that he continually abused his
+authority in order to satisfy his vengeance, which could be proved by
+some writings which were registered: he particularly applied himself to
+show that Valdes concealed his hatred to him, under the mask of an
+hypocritical zeal for religion; that this enmity was caused by his
+spite and envy after he (Carranza) was elevated to the see of Toledo,
+and had published his work on the Residence of Bishops;--in short, he
+filled eight folio sheets in a small hand, with the motives which
+induced him to challenge Valdes, and added those concerning the
+counsellors Perez and Cobos, promising to establish the proofs.
+
+The archbishop chose for his advocates those men whom he considered most
+able to defend him; but they were, by different intrigues, induced to
+refuse their assistance: this plan was pursued with all the others whom
+he chose in case of their default, so that he was obliged to apply to
+some advocates who defended in the chancery his right to the lordship of
+some villages, although they knew nothing of the affairs of the holy
+office. Don Juan Sarmiento de Mendoza, counsellor of the Indies, for
+Valdes, and the licentiate Isunza, judge of the civil court of
+Valladolid, for the fiscal, were appointed arbitrators, to decide on the
+validity of the challenge. On the 23rd of February, 1560, they
+pronounced that the allegations were just, reasonable, and well proved.
+The fiscal not being satisfied with the decision, intended to appeal to
+Rome, but soon renounced the measure; in fact, how could the
+inquisitor-general think of sending a trial to Rome, which, if made
+public, would cover him and many others, who afterwards attained the
+highest dignities of the church, with eternal infamy? However, this
+appeal took place at a later period, after a thousand intrigues, but
+Valdes was not the inquisitor-general at that time.
+
+The lodgings assigned to the archbishop were neither commodious,
+agreeable, nor airy; he was allowed only two rooms for himself, a monk,
+and his page. He complained of the inconvenience, but the fiscal
+presented a verbal process, stating that the house was large,
+convenient, and healthy: this was true, for he spoke of it in general,
+and did not mention the place where Carranza was confined. The rooms
+were very remote from all communication; in 1561 there was a great fire
+at Valladolid, which consumed four hundred houses in the quarter nearest
+to the prison of the archbishop, yet he heard neither the cries of the
+people, nor the noise which must have been occasioned by such an event,
+and only learnt that it had happened, a long time after, when he was at
+Rome. This privation of air and exercise produced in the archbishop a
+tertian fever, which weakened him considerably, but the inquisitors had
+not sufficient humanity to remove him to a more suitable place. They
+dreaded that he would appeal to the Pope, or the king, on whom however
+it would not have had any effect, as Valdes had contrived to persuade
+him, in some private conversations, that Carranza was really an heretic,
+and that all that he had done in England and Flanders was intended to
+conceal his opinions.
+
+Although Valdes persisted in maintaining that he had the right of
+delegating his powers to prosecute the archbishop, yet as several
+counsellors, and particularly Baco de Castro, held a contrary opinion,
+he was obliged to appeal to the Pope. Paul IV. was dead, and had been
+succeeded by Pius IV., who, on the 23rd of February, confirmed to Valdes
+the powers granted to him by his predecessor, and that of delegating
+confidential persons to proceed in the trial of the Archbishop of
+Toledo. This brief was of no use, because the arbitrators had declared
+on the same day that the motives for the challenge were just and valid;
+his holiness, in consequence, expedited another special brief,
+confirming all that had passed, provided that the proceedings had been
+lawful, and authorizing Philip II. to choose judges in his own name, to
+whom he gave from that moment the power of continuing the trial until it
+was in a state to be terminated, for the space of two years, beginning
+from the 7th of January, 1561. This brief was interpreted at Madrid to
+be a permission to pass a definitive sentence. The Pope being informed
+of this circumstance, on the 3rd of July issued a fourth brief, in which
+he disapproved of the interpretation of that preceding it, and commanded
+that the trial should be remitted to him, _instructed_ but not judged,
+within a certain time.
+
+Philip II. appointed Don Gaspard de Zuniga y Avellanada, archbishop of
+Santiago, to be the judge, with the power of delegating his authority.
+This choice was pleasing to Carranza, because that prelate was one of
+the persons he had proposed for the see of Toledo; in fact, he derived
+some advantage from the change of his guards, and other measures. But
+Zuniga appointed Valtodano and Simancas, who had begun the trial, to be
+the judges. Carranza intended to challenge them, as having voted his
+arrest; but being told that the king had said that no person who had
+ordered the imprisonment of a criminal could afterwards be his judge, if
+this challenge was allowed, he abandoned his design. The right which the
+prelate had intended to make use of, is now recognised as a principle
+among civilized nations; to it we owe the establishment of _Juries_.
+
+The trial having been commenced more than two years after the arrest of
+the archbishop, he was at last permitted, in consequence of an order
+from the king, to choose four advocates: these were Doctor Martin
+d'Alpizcueta, known by the name of _Doctor_ Navarro; Don Antonio
+Delgado, canon of Toledo; Doctor Santander, archdeacon of Valladolid;
+and Doctor Morales, an advocate of the Chancery. The two first of these
+lawyers were allowed to see the archbishop, but the writings of the
+trial were not communicated to any of them, consequently it was
+impossible for them to demonstrate the insufficiency of the proofs of
+the charges brought against him by the witnesses. It is true that the
+answers of Carranza were decided and conclusive.
+
+The unqualified works of Carranza, and even some of those which had been
+examined, were confided to Fray Diego de Chabes, who had been the
+confessor of Don Carlos, and afterwards of the king; to Fray Juan
+d'Ybarra, and to Fray Rodrigo de Vadillo, and Fray Juan de Azoloros, who
+were afterwards the bishops of Cephalonia and the Canaries. These
+qualified as heretical some propositions contained in works not written
+by Carranza, but found among his papers; others were qualified as
+approaching to heresy, and likely to cause it; and the author was
+declared to be violently suspected of being an heretic. The edicts
+condemning the Catechism, and the Explanation of the Canonical Epistle
+of St. John, had been already published.
+
+The Council of Trent having been convoked for the third time, Valdes
+feared that the Fathers might take notice of the affairs of Carranza,
+and he persuaded the king that it was important to the rights of the
+crown to prevent them from taking cognizance of the trial. Philip had
+appointed the Count de Luna to be the ambassador to the council, and on
+the 30th October, 1562, he sent him instructions, in which he says, that
+he has been informed that it was intended to form a _general index_ of
+the prohibited books contained in the _index_ of Paul IV., which had
+occasioned much expostulation. The king added, that he could not allow
+this measure to extend its influence into Spain, which had an _index_,
+and particular regulations; that this exception might also apply to
+other Christian countries, since books, which were dangerous in one,
+might not be so in others. The king commanded his ambassador to oppose
+such a resolution in the council, because he could not receive into
+Spain books approved by the council which had been prohibited in that
+kingdom, and _some persons suspected that this project concealed
+particular views_; that he had already commanded his ambassador at Rome,
+and the Marquis of Pescara, to use every effort, consistent with
+prudence, to baffle the scheme.
+
+These instructions show very plainly that the Court of Madrid were
+afraid that the Council would approve the Catechism of Carranza, and
+the explanation of St. John, which had been prohibited in Spain. The
+fathers, who were displeased to see the proceedings so long in the hands
+of the inquisitors, addressed several remonstrances to the Pope against
+them and the King of Spain, and even refused to open the letters which
+that prince wrote to them, until he had atoned for the offence committed
+against the episcopal dignity, in the person of one of its members. At
+last the fathers declared that they would not assemble, unless his
+Holiness did not cause the proceedings, and the person of the
+archbishop, to be sent to Rome. The Pope had just prolonged the period
+destined for the trial (which would otherwise have expired on the 7th of
+January, 1568); he however replied that he would write to Philip, to
+demand that the Archbishop of Toledo and the writings of his trial
+should be sent to him; and to prove how much he wished to satisfy the
+fathers, he sent this letter by Odescalchi, to whom he gave the title of
+nuncio extraordinary.
+
+On the 15th of August following, Philip replied, with an energy unusual
+to him, that he was very much surprised that the Fathers of the council
+occupied themselves with particular affairs, instead of those which
+concerned religion in general; that the imperative dispositions of the
+brief presented by the nuncio were contrary to the rights of his
+sovereignty and the honour of his person, and that he hoped his holiness
+would not take it ill, if he did not order it to be published, and
+continued the trial. The Pope feared to irritate Philip, who was already
+offended that the ambassador of France had obtained the precedence, and
+therefore he granted the delay requested by that prince; at the same
+time, he charged the cardinal-legate, president of the council, to
+pacify the fathers, promising to do what they desired when the process
+was _instructed_. His Holiness also commanded that the archbishop should
+be treated with as much gentleness as was consistent with the
+proceedings.
+
+The resolution of the Pope appeased the fathers of the council for the
+present; but they soon began to discuss an affair equally displeasing to
+the King of Spain. The bishops and theologians commissioned to examine
+books, pronounced the doctrine of the Catechism of Carranza to be
+Catholic. They communicated their decision to the Archbishop of Prague,
+who was president of the congregation of the _Index_, who, together with
+the theologians composing it, approved the Catechism, and resolved to
+send an act of their approbation to Carranza, that he might make use of
+it in his defence. The decree of approbation was to be confirmed by the
+general assembly, but violent measures were employed to prevent it. The
+Pope permitted the Catechism to be printed at Rome on the 26th of June.
+
+The Spanish ambassador, the Count de Luna, vehemently protested against
+this resolution; he said that, as the Catechism was prohibited by the
+Inquisition of Spain, it was an insult to his master and the Supreme
+Council to declare it orthodox, and he demanded that the decree of the
+congregation should be revoked. Don Antonio d'Augustine, Bishop of
+Lerida, was a member of the congregation of the _Index_, and had not
+been present on the 2nd of June, when the members approved the
+Catechism. This circumstance induced him to support the Count de Luna.
+His enmity to Carranza, and his desire to please the king, made him go
+so far as to say that _the congregation approved heresies, since the
+Catechism contained them_. The Archbishop of Prague, anxious to defend
+his honour and that of his colleagues, addressed to the papal legates a
+formal complaint against the Bishop of Lerida, demanding in their names
+and his own a public reparation for the injury they had received, and
+protesting that if it was refused, they would not attend the assemblies.
+The cardinal succeeded in reconciling the two parties, by proposing to
+maintain the decree of approbation, but to forbid a literal copy to be
+given, and to commission the Count de Luna to obtain that which had
+been already remitted to the agent of Carranza, on the condition that
+the bishop made a public apology to the congregation, and one in private
+to the president. The bishop complied, and the Count de Luna, by his
+entreaties and promises, at last succeeded in obtaining the decree which
+the agent had received; but he had already sent an authenticated copy
+into Spain[66].
+
+Philip II., on the 3rd of August, wrote to the Count de Luna,
+complaining bitterly of all that had occurred, and charging him to
+represent to the Pope and the Council, that this resolution was the
+effect of an intrigue which tended to favour particular views, _as
+injurious to the Pope_ as to himself, and to give the authors of the
+decree to understand that they could not expect to succeed in causing
+the trial to be transferred to Rome, as the king would never permit it.
+
+On the 26th of October, the Count de Luna wrote to his master, informing
+him of all that he had done. He said that after he had received his
+instructions, he endeavoured to suppress the commission for the
+examination of books, or to render their decrees concerning books
+prohibited in Spain null and void; that the cardinal legates had assured
+him that it was impossible to grant his request, because the commission
+was the work of the council, and not of the Pope; that he must,
+therefore, apply to the general assembly, but that he must not expect to
+succeed, and the only thing that he could ask would be that the
+commission should not go beyond its powers.
+
+The Count de Luna also said, that though the commission was formed to
+examine the book contained in the _Index_ of Paul IV., a particular
+brief had been obtained from Pius IV. to extend the examination to the
+prohibited books of the other indexes of Christendom; that the affair
+concerning the Catechism of Carranza had been carried on unknown to the
+Bishop of Lerida, and to Doctor Pedro _Zumel_, canon of Malaga,
+commissary of the Inquisition; that in consequence, the Bishop of Lerida
+and the Bishop of Caba had appealed against the decree of the
+congregation, and demanded that it should be annulled; that he could
+still make a remonstrance in full synod, but that he found it necessary
+to renounce that intention, _as it might be the occasion of great
+inconveniences_[67]; and that the only cause for this event was that the
+Cardinal de Lorraine, the Archbishop of Braga, the Bishop of Modena, and
+several others, defended Carranza to the Pope.
+
+The fathers of the council could not succeed in their attempt to cause
+the trial of Carranza to be transferred to them. When the assembly was
+dissolved, the grand-inquisitor, who had now only the Pope to contend
+with, commissioned the Council of the Inquisition to request the king to
+obtain a brief to allow the trial to be terminated in Spain;
+representing to him that he might say that it would be useful in
+alarming those Spaniards who had adopted heretical opinions; that the
+King of Spain merited such a favour, because he was the only prince who
+had used every means to extirpate heresy; that the ancient canons
+permitted that the trial should take place where the crime was
+committed; that _if that of Carranza was transferred to Rome, the names
+of the witnesses would be revealed_, which would occasion serious
+consequences; that the trial must be translated into Latin or Italian,
+which would take much time, and that none but Spaniards could understand
+the strength of the expressions of the witnesses; that the
+procurator-fiscal would be obliged to go to Rome, where he would have
+the mortification of not being heard or well received, because many
+persons of high rank had been zealous in the cause of the archbishop;
+that the crimes were committed before he was raised to the episcopal
+dignity; that it would not be convenient to allow the archbishop to go
+to Rome, and that the trial could not be properly judged unless he did
+so; that from all these considerations it would be better for the
+sovereign pontiff to appoint persons to finish the trial in Spain, in
+concert with the Supreme Council.
+
+On the other side, Don Martin D'Alpizcueta represented to the king all
+the ill treatment which the archbishop had suffered, and demanded that
+he should be sent to Rome. He represented that the archbishop might have
+made his escape to Rome, but that he did not do so, because his majesty
+_had commanded him in a letter written with his own hand, not to apply
+to any one but himself, and to have confidence in his protection_.
+Alpizcueta, speaking of the injustice Carranza had suffered, says that
+his arrest was decreed before anything was proved against him, since all
+impartial persons would see that the propositions imputed to him were
+not heretical; that his Catechism had been approved by the Council of
+Trent, and that it was read in every country but Spain, where his
+enemies resided.
+
+The advocate states, that suspected judges had been appointed, and that
+nothing but the fear of displeasing his majesty could prevent his client
+from challenging them;
+
+That his enemies, taking advantage of his captivity, always prevented
+him from informing the king and the Pope of the secret intrigues;
+
+That his act of accusation had been divided into fifteen or twenty
+parts, and the same charges multiplied into four hundred articles, while
+it might and ought to have been reduced to thirty points;
+
+That he had been accused of having advanced heretical propositions, when
+they were perfectly Catholic;
+
+That the accusations had been accumulated to embarrass his client, and
+cause him to contradict himself;
+
+That the copies of the requisitions of the fiscal were not given to him
+until the period allowed for the reply had nearly expired; that the
+archbishop might render his detention longer by demanding fresh delays,
+or might reply without reflection;
+
+That works had been imputed to him, of which he was not the author;
+
+That consequently he did not expect to be tried fairly unless the
+process was transferred to the throne;
+
+That the king ought not to listen to his flatterers; that all Spain
+murmured at the treatment the archbishop had received, and that it was
+spoken of still more severely than in other countries.
+
+He then goes on to accuse the judges of partiality, and says that their
+boldness in preferring their judgment to that of the Council of Trent,
+resembles that of the Lutherans who were prosecuted by them.
+
+The advocate continues, "These judges are so offended at this decision,
+(concerning the Catechism,) that one of them said to my two colleagues
+and myself, _All the council could not defend two propositions contained
+in that book_; he quoted one, which I immediately proved to be Catholic,
+and told him that if I had the authority of the grand-inquisitors, I
+should perhaps denounce him, for I thought there was as much heresy in
+looking upon a Catholic proposition as heretical, as in thinking an
+heretical opinion Catholic; besides, it is certain that it is heretical,
+to suppose that the council can approve a doctrine as Catholic, which is
+not so."
+
+That the Lutherans, when they found that the king had more confidence in
+the Inquisition of Spain than in the sovereign Pontiff, would take
+advantage of the circumstance, to persist in their opposition to the
+holy see, and would say that his majesty's faith was subordinate to his
+interest;
+
+That he had been informed in a _confession_, that the _real design_ of
+these men was to let the archbishop die in prison, _without concluding
+his trial_; that such proceedings lead to the supposition, _that the
+authors of them dissipate the revenues of the archbishopric to their own
+profit, which they really do, without any person to call them to an
+account_; besides that such a plan is equivalent to a condemnation,
+since every one will suppose that his client is guilty, if the
+inquisitors do not judge him; that it even concerned the honour of his
+majesty, because it would be said, that he spared heretics of high rank,
+and punished those of no importance.
+
+Alpizcueta concludes, by declaring that he believes the archbishop would
+be acquitted and received with the greatest honours, if he was sent to
+Rome, and conjures the king to grant permission that the trial should be
+transferred.
+
+Alpizcueta was doubtless a very learned man, and told the king many
+truths; but he did not understand the character of that prince, for the
+letter he wrote to the Pope, on the 15th of April, shows that he had
+become even more unjust than the judges. Persuaded that Carranza was an
+heretic, he resolved to show the world that if he knew how to reward
+merit, he also knew how to punish his creatures.
+
+He therefore resolved to demand permission of the Pope to conclude the
+trial in Spain. He selected for this commission Don Rodrigo de Castro,
+to whom were remitted on the 24th November, 1564, the instructions
+decreed by the council, and others from the king, which were private,
+and without a date; an alphabet of the cipher, in which he was to
+correspond with the king, and letters of credit to the Pope, and many
+cardinals.
+
+The king, who foresaw the events which might arise from this journey,
+also sent letters to the King and Queen of France, to the constables of
+that kingdom, and his own ambassador there, to his ambassador at Genoa,
+to the Viceroy of Naples, the Governor of Milan, the Grand Duke of
+Tuscany, and Prince Marcantonio Colonna.
+
+Among the instructions, the following may be remarked: "That although it
+is to be hoped that God will influence the decision of the Pontiff, yet
+the means of succeeding in so just an enterprise ought not to be
+neglected: therefore _the persons who have most influence in the affair
+must be gained over by any means which may appear most convenient_."
+
+Don Rodrigo de Castro succeeded in obtaining the required permission. On
+the 13th of July, 1565, Pius IV. appointed as judges, the Cardinal
+Buoncompagni (afterwards Pope Gregory XIII.) with the title of Legate;
+the Archbishop of Rosano (afterwards Pope Urban VII.), the auditor of
+the _Rota_, Aldobrandini, and the general of the Franciscans (afterwards
+Sextus Quintus). The Pope informed Philip of these nominations in a
+brief, dated the 21st of August following.
+
+The papal envoys arrived in Spain in the month of November. Philip went
+to Alcala to meet the legate, and received him in the most flattering
+manner, to induce him to consent that the counsellors of the Inquisition
+should be associated with the papal judges: this, the legate, who was
+aware of the inexpedience of the measure, refused. Many powerful
+intrigues were by the king's order employed to obtain his wish, but they
+were in vain; and the Pope dying on the night of the 8th of December,
+Buoncompagni, who wished to assist at the conclave, immediately set off
+for Rome, without even informing the king of his intention, and leaving
+the archbishop and his trial in exactly the same state as in the year
+1562.
+
+On the 17th of January, 1566, Pius V. was elected. Buoncompagni was
+informed of this event while he was on the road, and stopped at Avignon.
+Philip sent a courier to the new Pontiff, to entreat him to confirm the
+arrangements of his predecessor, which was complied with; his Holiness
+at the same time commanded the cardinal to return to Spain; he replied
+that he thought it necessary to have a private conference with his
+holiness, before he obeyed his orders, and therefore continued his
+journey. As soon as he arrived at Rome, he proved to the new Pontiff
+that the trial of Carranza could never be judged with impartiality in
+Spain, even by judges appointed by the holy see; Pius IV. then
+determined that the Archbishop of Toledo, and the writings of his trial,
+should be transferred to Rome, and that Don Ferdinand Valdes should be
+deprived of the office of inquisitor-general: this he considered
+necessary, in case the proceedings required that fresh witnesses should
+be examined in Spain.
+
+Salazar de Mendoza says, that Philip obeyed immediately, but he had not
+read the history of the trial: it is certain that a great contest
+ensued; that Pius IV. was firm, and the pride of Philip was obliged to
+give way, when the Pope threatened to excommunicate him, and to put his
+kingdom under an interdict. The writings of the trial are still in
+existence; and _I refer to those documents_.
+
+The king appointed Don Diego Espinosa, Bishop of Siguenza, to be
+inquisitor-general; and on the 9th of September, the Pope expedited a
+bull, in which he says, that on account of the great age and infirmities
+of Valdes, he had thought proper to appoint Don Diego Espinosa to be his
+coadjutor, authorizing him to act as inquisitor-general, without any
+dependance on Valdes. This bull was published, that Valdes might not be
+dishonoured; but his holiness privately imparted his intentions to
+Espinosa, in a brief on the 1st of October, commanding him to avoid
+speaking of the trial of Carranza to Valdes.
+
+The Pope sent Pietro Camayani, Bishop of Asculi, to Spain, with the
+title of nuncio-extraordinary, and with the most positive orders not to
+return to Rome without the archbishop, and the writings of his trial. On
+the 30th of July he addressed a brief to Camayani, which it is necessary
+to abridge, though of much importance. His Holiness says, that the delay
+of the trial, and the detention of Carranza, had scandalized all
+Christendom. He commands him, on pain of excommunication, to signify to
+the Archbishop of Seville, the Council of the Inquisition, and the other
+persons concerned in the trial of Carranza, with a menace of the same
+penalties, the absolute revocation of all the powers intrusted to them;
+and a positive order, on pain of _excommunication in its full extent_,
+to set Carranza immediately at liberty without delay or protestation,
+and even without requiring any security from him; to place all the
+papers of the trial in the hands of the nuncio, to be by him transferred
+to Rome; to subject the detainers of the papers to the same censures, if
+they did not give them up immediately; to inform the archbishop, when
+set at liberty, of the order to repair to Rome, and to permit him to
+appoint an administrator for his see.
+
+Nothing, however, was done as the Pope had ordained. The archbishop was
+not liberated; the king sent a detachment of his guards to escort him to
+Carthagena, where he was to embark. He was detained at Valladolid so
+long by the preparations for his departure, that he only reached Rome on
+the 29th of May in the following year.
+
+The nuncio was obliged to issue fresh menaces of excommunication, before
+he could obtain the papers, which detained the archbishop at Carthagena
+for four months. The ignorance of the nuncio concerning the affair was
+taken advantage of, and only part of the proceedings were remitted to
+him, the rest being claimed when the deficiency was discovered at Rome,
+and thus the delay of a whole year occurred; in short, it was evident
+that the inquisitors wished to defer the conclusion of the trial till
+after the death of Carranza. The members of the Chapter of Toledo were
+remarkable for their courageous devotion to their chief; they appointed
+two of their body to attend him during his detention, and to render him
+every service in their power, charging them never to leave him during
+his voyage and his residence at Rome.
+
+Carranza left his prison on the 5th of December, 1566, after seven
+years, three months, and fourteen days' captivity, which he had passed
+in two rooms, from which he could see neither the country nor the
+street, and without conversing with any persons but his two domestics,
+and his two advocates. He was not permitted to name an administrator to
+his archbishopric according to the commands of the Pope: the reason
+given for this was, that his holiness did not know that an administrator
+had been already appointed by the king, and that Paul IV. had confirmed
+the nomination.
+
+Carranza travelled in a litter, and was accompanied by Don Diego
+Gonzalez, Inquisitor of Valladolid, and Don Lope de Avellaneda, who had
+been appointed his gaoler in 1561. On his arrival at Carthagena,
+Gonzalez and the guard returned to Valladolid, as the captain-general of
+the province was then responsible for his person.
+
+On the 27th of April, 1567, he embarked, and on the 25th of May he
+arrived at Civita Vecchia, where the Spanish ambassador, and Paul
+Vislersio, nephew to the Pope and captain of his guards, received him,
+and on the 29th he arrived at Rome. Besides his servants and Avellaneda,
+he was accompanied by two counsellors of the Inquisition, Don Diego de
+Simancas, and Don Antonio Pazos; by Don Pedro Fernandez de Temino,
+inquisitor of Callahorra, Don Jerome Ramirez, fiscal to the Supreme
+Council, Sebastian de Landeta and Alphonso de Castellon, secretaries to
+the Inquisition of Valladolid, and several _familiars_, who all
+travelled at the archbishop's expense. He had also with him Don Martin
+de Alpizcueta and Don Alonso Delgado, his advocates.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIV.
+
+END OF THE TRIAL OF CARRANZA.--HIS DEATH.
+
+
+On the arrival of Carranza at Rome, the Pope assigned to him the
+apartments occupied by the sovereign pontiffs in the Castle of St.
+Angelo: the size of these rooms allowed him to take exercise, and he
+enjoyed a view of the country. His health became better, and his
+strength returned; he was also allowed three more domestics. The Pope
+forbade any person to speak to him of his trial, and while it lasted he
+was not permitted to take the sacrament, or to say mass. In Spain he was
+not suffered to confess, but in Rome he was allowed to do so four times
+in a year.
+
+Pius V. appointed sixteen consultors for the trial: these were Cardinals
+Reviva, Pacheco, Gambaya, and Chiesa; the Archbishop of Tarragona; the
+Bishop of Ciudad Rodrigo; the Bishop of Pati in Sicily; the Bishop of
+Chefalu; Don Pedro Fernandez de Temino, counsellor of the Spanish
+Inquisition; Fray Thomas Manrique, a Dominican; the Archbishop of St.
+Severin; the Bishop of St. Agatha; the Bishop of Arezzo; the Bishop of
+Fiesoli, and Doctor Artimo, auditor of the causes of the apostolical
+palace. The Pope also appointed the fiscal of the Supreme Council to the
+same office; two Italian secretaries, and the two who came from Spain.
+The rest of the year 1567, and part of the following, were employed in
+translating the trial into Italian.
+
+The Canons of Toledo presented a letter to the Pope, entreating him to
+take into consideration the merit of the archbishop and his high rank,
+as well as the honour and consolation of their church, which had been
+deprived of its pastor for eight years, and soliciting him to show him
+as much favour as was compatible with religion and justice. This his
+Holiness promised to do, and expressed great satisfaction at the noble
+sentiments contained in the letter, and the tender interest the chapter
+displayed for the welfare of their pastor.
+
+The works and MSS. of the archbishop remained in Spain; they were
+claimed and sent to Rome in 1570: this circumstance caused fresh delays.
+When the translation was finished, the fiscal required that no
+conferences of the consultors should take place unless the Pope was
+present, which prolonged the affair excessively, as his Holiness was
+often unable to attend. The fiscal also challenged Fray Thomas
+Manrique, because he was the friend of Carranza. The Pope then appointed
+Doctor Toledo, a Jesuit, but he was also challenged, because he was
+related to Don Antonio de Toledo, another friend of the archbishop.
+
+Don Gomez Tellez Giron, governor of the archbishopric, dying at this
+time, the Chapter of Toledo wrote to the Pope a second time, expressing
+the utmost anxiety to see the trial terminated. His Holiness replied to
+this letter with peculiar graciousness, excusing himself on account of
+his numerous avocations, and the nature of the trial, and promising to
+hasten the conclusion, which he said he had already endeavoured to do.
+
+When the writings were arranged, it was discovered that several sheets
+were missing; Pius V. therefore considering that it would be difficult
+to express in writing what he thought on this subject, sent John de
+Bedoya, agent of the Council of the Inquisition, into Spain, with a
+brief addressed to the king, requesting him to listen to the commission
+of John de Bedoya with his usual benevolence and goodness.
+
+It is not known what Bedoya said to the king, but the trial informs us
+that he caused the papers concerning the trial to be sought for, and
+that some of these were given by the inquisitor-general to the king, to
+be sent to Rome: among these were found some qualifications and
+depositions, which were favourable to the archbishop. The persons who
+had concealed these documents were so blinded by passion, that they did
+not consider that they were cited in the papers which had been sent.
+Although his Holiness and Philip intended to transfer all the papers
+concerning Carranza, yet all the MS. copies of the Catechism, which were
+taken from the Marchioness d'Alcanices, and which had been used in the
+qualification of the work, and the duplicates and triplicates of the
+unprinted works, remitted by Alphonso de Castro, and Doctor Astete, were
+retained in Spain. This omission was not at first supposed to be
+occasioned by malevolence, since all the rest had been sent; but it was
+afterwards discovered that the papers were retained to be made use of on
+some other opportunity, which in fact occurred; and to give occasion for
+fresh delays if they were claimed by the Pope.
+
+Pius V. prepared the definitive sentence; but he did not pronounce it
+until he knew the inclinations of Philip, whom he did not wish to
+offend. In his judgment he declared that the accusation of the fiscal
+was not proved, and acquitted the prelate. He commanded that the
+_Catechism_ should be restored to the author, to be translated into
+Latin, and that he should insert the necessary corrections, and explain
+the censured propositions in a Catholic sense; secondly that the
+prohibition of that work should be held to be valid, until the
+explanations were furnished; that that of the _explanation of St. John_
+should remain, and that none of the manuscript works of Carranza should
+be printed or published, until he had made the necessary corrections.
+
+The Pope sent this sentence to the King of Spain, by Alessandro Casali,
+his chamberlain. He was persuaded that Philip would be pleased to see
+that he had acknowledged the innocence of Carranza, and that he would be
+satisfied with the measures taken to prevent the books from being
+dangerous. The Pope did not understand the character of Philip II., who
+considered himself as much dishonoured as the holy office, by the
+exoneration of Carranza. He wrote to his Holiness, to prove that it was
+impossible that the works of the prelate could contain so many of the
+errors of Luther, if he was not an heretic. He therefore requested the
+Pope to defer the judgment until the return of his chamberlain, to whom
+he would give important documents proving the truth of his statement.
+
+The king ordered a _Refutation of the Apology for the Catechism of
+Carranza, published by Alpizcueta and Delgado_, to be composed, and also
+another work by the Abbot of Alcala de Henares, under the title of a
+_New Qualification of the Catechism of Carranza, and the Faith of its
+Author_. Philip sent these two writings to Rome, in 1572, by Casali.
+When he arrived, he found that his master, Pius V. was dead, and Gregory
+XIII., his successor, received the documents, and joined them to the
+trial.
+
+The death of Pius has been attributed to the agents of the Inquisition.
+Such reports are not often worthy of credit, but there are letters on
+the subject in existence, which contain very bold expressions. One of
+them says, "The death of a man who showed himself so much attached to a
+Dominican monk, and who compromised by his discourse the honour of the
+Spanish Inquisition, ought not to be considered of much importance. It
+(the Inquisition) would be benefitted by the death of such a Pope."
+
+Philip II. congratulated the new Pontiff on his accession, and at the
+same time requested him to suspend the judgment of the trial, until he
+had heard the opinions of four Spanish theologians, whom he intended to
+send to throw a new light on the affair: these doctors were, Don Francis
+Sancho, professor of theology at Salamanca; Fray Diego de Chabes,
+confessor to the king; Fray Juan Ochoa, and Fray Juan de la Fuente,
+masters of theology. Their censures were joined to the trial.
+
+Philip II. perceiving the turn which the affair now took, made a last
+effort, and the counsellors of the Inquisition, in order to obtain a
+recantation of the favourable opinions emitted by respectable
+theologians before the arrest of Carranza, made use of terror and
+persuasion: the first by making them dread that they would be arrested
+as being suspected of professing the errors which they had approved; and
+the second, by offering them an honourable pretext for reforming their
+first judgment, in the discovery of the inedited works of Carranza, in
+which there were a greater number of propositions susceptible of an
+heretical interpretation.
+
+The first who fell into the snare was a man truly respectable for his
+learning, his virtues, his birth, and many eminent qualities; but his
+great age, and his dread of the dungeons of the Inquisition, may be
+considered as an excuse for his weakness, as well as for that of the
+venerable Osius.
+
+On the 30th of March, 1574, the archbishop qualified, as erroneous,
+seventy-five propositions of the same printed Catechism, which he had
+before pronounced to be orthodox; he however added, that the errors were
+owing to the Castilian language in which the work was written, and that
+if it was published in Latin, it would be necessary to suppress,
+correct, or explain thirty-one propositions. The prelate also declared,
+that there were two hundred and ninety-two errors in the MSS., numbered
+1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, and sixty-six in the explanations and sermons
+(of which a list has been given in a former part of this work), and from
+thence he concluded that the author was _violently suspected_ of heresy.
+
+Serrano, the reporter of the Supreme Council, who had taken these works
+to the Archbishop of Grenada, returned full of triumph to Madrid. The
+Supreme Council, in a letter to the king, expresses great satisfaction
+on this account, and says, "It is absolutely necessary to send this
+qualification to Rome, because the activity with which the affair is
+proceeded in makes it likely that it will soon be concluded, and this
+measure is the more important as the opinion of the Archbishop of
+Grenada will have much influence." This letter was accompanied by a
+false estimate of the censures, plainly showing the animosity of the
+council towards Carranza.
+
+Serrano then repaired to Don Francis Blanco, then Bishop of Malaga. This
+prelate, on the 29th of April, retracted the opinion he had given in
+1558. He censured sixty-eight propositions of the Catechism, although he
+had formerly praised the work. Serrano immediately informed the council
+of it, and that the bishop had pronounced Carranza to be _violently
+suspected_ of heresy. The Archbishopric of Santiago being vacant at
+this time, the king bestowed it on this prelate.
+
+Don Francis Delgado followed his example, and censured three hundred and
+fifteen propositions. Don Francis Delgado obtained the see of Santiago,
+on the death of Blanco, but he did not live long enough to take
+possession of it.
+
+The king did not send the opinions of the prelates to Rome, but wrote to
+the Pope, and told him that he was informed that the archbishops of
+Santiago and Grenada had many important things to reveal concerning
+Carranza, and that he hoped his holiness would command all that was
+necessary to be done on this occasion.
+
+On the 7th of August in the same year, Gregory XIII. expedited a brief,
+in which he commissioned Don Gaspar de Quiroga, inquisitor-general, to
+receive the declarations of the prelates in the presence of a notary,
+and of witnesses, and to send them signed and sealed to Rome. A similar
+brief was sent on the 17th of October, to the Bishop of Jaen, the
+magistral canon of Toledo, and Professor Mancio. The inquisitor-general
+appointed commissioners, to whom he gave written instructions. They were
+directed to exact an oath to speak the truth and observe secrecy, to
+induce the prelates to declare that the change in their opinion was
+founded on a more strict examination of the work, and a knowledge of the
+other writings of the author; lastly, to make them state in a separate
+paper what they now thought of the works and faith of Carranza, and not
+to allow them to say that they did so in obedience to the king, as they
+had stated at first, but to declare that they acted according to the
+brief.
+
+These declarations were sent to Rome in December. Don Francis Blanco,
+who had only censured sixty-eight propositions of the Catechism on the
+first examination, now censured two hundred and seventy-three in the
+Catechism and pamphlets together, sixty-three of which he pronounced to
+be heretical.
+
+This extraordinary change was attributed by the prelates to a love of
+justice, to conscience, zeal for religion, and a wish to please God.
+
+The declarations of five new witnesses of so much consequence, entirely
+changed the appearance of the trial. Gregory XIII. fell into the snare,
+which it was indeed difficult to avoid, since the intrigue which
+produced it was conducted by so powerful a sovereign as Philip, and so
+formidable and able a body as the Spanish Inquisition. Gregory had
+discovered the intrigues when at Madrid, and informed St. Pius V. that
+it would be impossible even for foreign judges to terminate the trial in
+an equitable manner in Spain; but he was far from supposing that the
+animosity of Carranza's enemies would be still more active at Rome.
+
+The Pope loved justice, and thought he was obeying its dictates, in
+commanding, on the 14th of April, 1576, that the Archbishop of Toledo
+should abjure all heresies in general, and particularly the sixteen
+Lutheran propositions which he was _violently_ suspected of believing.
+He was suspended for five years from performing his archiepiscopal
+duties, and condemned to be confined during that time in the dominican
+convent of Orvietta in Tuscany, and for the present in that of the
+Minerva at Rome, where some penances were also imposed, one of which was
+to visit in one day the seven churches of St. Peter, St. Paul, St. John
+de Lateran, Santa Croce of Jerusalem, St. Sebastian, St. Mary Major, and
+St. Laurence. The prohibition of the Catechism by the holy office was
+maintained.
+
+The sixteen Lutheran propositions abjured by Carranza were the
+following:--
+
+1. Works performed without the spirit, of whatever nature, are sins, and
+offend God.
+
+2. Faith is the first and principal means of obtaining justification.
+
+3. Man is formally justified by the justice of Jesus Christ; by that,
+Christ has merited for us.
+
+4. No one can obtain the justice of Christ, except by firmly believing
+that he has obtained it.
+
+5. Those who are in a state of mortal sin cannot comprehend the Holy
+Scriptures, or discern things relating to faith.
+
+6. Natural reason is contrary to faith, in all that relates to religion.
+
+7. The _germ_ of sin exists in baptized persons with the quality of sin.
+
+8. True faith does not exist in the sinner when he has lost grace by
+sin.
+
+9. Repentance is equal to baptism, and is equal to a new life.
+
+10. Our Lord Jesus Christ has atoned for our sins in so efficacious and
+entire a manner, that no other atonement is required of us.
+
+11. Faith without works is sufficient for salvation.
+
+12. Jesus Christ was not a legislator, and it did not enter into his
+plan to give laws.
+
+13. The actions and works of Saints can only serve for an example, but
+they cannot aid us in any way.
+
+14. The use of holy images, and the veneration for the relics of Saints,
+are customs purely human.
+
+15. The Church of the present age has not the same light, or an
+authority equal to the primitive Church.
+
+16. The condition of the apostles and a religious life, do not differ
+from the common state of Christians.
+
+The declarations of the witnesses do not prove that Carranza ever
+uttered any of these propositions, and from this censures we may
+perceive that he only advanced in writing some which led the censurers
+to suppose that he professed those and many others, since he was not
+obliged to abjure several hundred propositions which had been censured,
+or the seventy-two which were qualified as heretical. As it could not be
+proved that he had ever spoken or expressed in writing any of the
+sixteen propositions considered as Lutheran, I do not hesitate to say
+that this sentence cannot be approved by upright men.
+
+The archbishop heard his sentence with humility, and was absolved _ad
+cautelam_; he performed mass on the four first days of the holy week,
+and on the 23rd of April he performed his penance of visiting the
+churches. He refused the letter which the Pope offered him, as a public
+testimony of his esteem and interest in his fate. He celebrated mass on
+another day in the church of St. John Lateran, for the last time in his
+life; he expired at three o'clock in the morning of the 2nd of May,
+1576, aged seventy-two years, eighteen of which he had passed in prison.
+
+The Pope being informed of his illness, on the 30th of April sent him a
+pontifical absolution and exemption of the penance imposed on him; the
+holy father did this for the consolation of Carranza, who in fact showed
+great satisfaction, and received extreme unction with tranquillity, and
+even with some demonstrations of joy.
+
+He made his will in the presence of one of the secretaries of his trial,
+and appointed as his executors his faithful friend Don Antonio de
+Toledo; the doctors d'Alpizcueta and Delgado, who never forsook him; Don
+Juan de Navarra y Mendoza, chanter, dignitary, and canon of the
+cathedral of Toledo (he was the son of the Count de Lodosa, and
+descended in the direct male line from the kings of Navarre); Fray
+Ferdinand de San Ambrosio, his procurator, always faithful to his cause;
+and Fray Antonio d'Utrilla, a model of fidelity and affection, who
+voluntarily shared his captivity for eighteen years. He had not obtained
+the permission which was necessary for bishops, to make a will; but as
+the Popes at that time disposed of the revenues of the stewardships, he
+approved and confirmed the pious arrangements of the archbishop.
+
+On the 30th of April, after the prelate had received absolution, and
+before he pronounced his act of faith, he made the following declaration
+in Latin, in the presence of the three secretaries, several Spaniards,
+and some Italians, speaking slowly and with a distinct utterance, that
+all present might hear him.
+
+"Considering that I have been suspected of having fallen into the errors
+imputed to me, I think it my duty to make known my sentiments on this
+subject; it was for this purpose that I requested the attendance of the
+four secretaries who have been employed in my trial. I call, then, to
+witness the celestial court, and for my judge the sovereign Lord, whose
+sacrament I am about to receive, the angels who accompany him, whom I
+have always chosen as my intercessors; I swear by that Almighty God, by
+my approaching death, by the account I shall soon render up to God, that
+while I professed theology in my order, and afterwards when I wrote,
+taught, preached, and argued in Spain and Germany, Italy and England, I
+always intended to make the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ triumphant,
+and to combat heretics. His divine Majesty came to my assistance, since
+in England I converted several heretics to the Catholic faith; with the
+king's permission I caused the bodies of the greatest heretics of those
+times to be disinterred, and they were burnt, to secure the power of the
+Inquisition. The Catholics, as well as the heretics, have always given
+me the title of _First Defender of the Faith_. I can truly affirm that I
+have always been one of the first to labour in this holy work, and have
+done many things concerning it by the order of the king my master. His
+majesty has been a witness of part of what I have asserted. I have loved
+him, and I still love him truly; no son could have a greater affection
+for him than I have.
+
+"I also declare, that in the whole course of my life I have never
+taught, preached, or maintained any heresy, or anything contrary to the
+true faith of the Roman Church; that I never fell into any of the
+errors of which I have been suspected, from having different meanings
+attributed to my words to what I gave them myself; I swear by all that I
+have already said, by that God to whom I have appealed as my judge, that
+the errors I have mentioned or those reported in my trial never entered
+into my mind; that I never had the least doubt of any of these points of
+doctrine; but on the contrary I have professed, written, taught, and
+preached the holy faith, with the same firmness as I now believe and
+profess it at the hour of my death.
+
+"Nevertheless I acknowledge my sentence to be just, because it was
+pronounced by the vicar of Christ; I have received and regarded it as
+such, because to the quality of vicar of Jesus Christ the person who
+pronounced it joins the character of an upright and prudent judge. I
+pardon, at the hour of my death, as I have always done, all offences, of
+whatever nature, which have been committed against me; I also pardon
+those who have shown themselves against me in my trial; also those who
+have taken the smallest part in it. I have never felt any resentment
+against them; on the contrary, I have always recommended them to God; I
+do so at this moment, loving them with all my heart, and I promise that
+if I go to that place where I hope to be by the mercy of our Lord, that
+I will not ask any thing against them, but pray to God for all."
+
+The corpse of the archbishop was deposited, on the 3rd of May, in the
+choir of the convent of _the Minerva_, between two cardinals of the
+family of Medicis. The Pope caused an inscription to be engraved on his
+tomb, in which he calls him a _man illustrious by his doctrine and his
+sermons_. From this it appears probable that he did not consider his
+works full of heresies; but, perhaps, it was occasioned by the
+protestation of Carranza before his death. Solemn obsequies were
+performed at Rome; and those celebrated at Toledo, some time after, were
+still more magnificent.
+
+Although the holy office had obtained an unjust victory, the inquisitors
+were vexed that Carranza had not been degraded from his dignity. The
+suspension for five years appeared to them a singularly slight
+punishment, and they feared that the Pope would grant him a dispensation
+from it, which he, in fact, did, eight days after the sentence.
+
+Their rage is displayed in several letters written from Rome on the
+three first days after the judgment, and which were found among the
+papers of the trial at Madrid. Among many things which are disgraceful
+to the writers, is the advice given to the king, not to permit Carranza
+to return to Spain, and, above all, not to suffer him to govern his see
+even after the lapse of the suspension; their envy and animosity making
+them suppose, that it would be a disgrace to the diocese of Toledo to be
+governed by a man who had been prosecuted by the Inquisition: they said
+that it would be better for the king to request the Pope to induce
+Carranza to give up his diocese and accept a pension, that some person
+might be placed in his see more worthy to occupy it; but God in his
+infinite wisdom destroyed, by the death of the archbishop, the cause,
+the motive, and the matter for new intrigues. In the writings of the
+process I saw with sorrow, that, far from relinquishing their pursuits,
+the inquisitors had prepared a fresh persecution for him.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXV.
+
+TRIAL OF ANTONIO PEREZ, MINISTER AND FIRST SECRETARY OF STATE TO PHILIP
+II.
+
+
+Antonio Perez was another illustrious victim to the Inquisition and the
+evil disposition of Philip II. The misfortunes of Perez commenced when
+Philip put to death Juan Escobedo, secretary to Don John of Austria; he
+succeeded in making his escape to Aragon, where he hoped to live in
+tranquillity under a government which only allowed the sovereign to have
+an accusing fiscal in the tribunals. It is not necessary to relate all
+that Perez suffered at Madrid during twelve years before he made his
+escape; these details may be found in a work published by this minister,
+under the title of _Relations_, in the recital which Antonio Valladares
+de Sotomayor inserted in the _Seminario erudito_, and in a volume in
+octavo which appeared in 1788, entitled _The Trial of Antonio Perez_.
+
+Antonio Perez having retired to Aragon in 1590, Philip issued an order
+for his arrest, which took place at Calatayud. Perez having protested
+against this measure, and claimed the privilege of the _manifestados_,
+he was conducted to Saragossa, and confined in the prison of the
+_kingdom_, or of _liberty_. The prisoners were there free from the
+immediate authority of the king, and only depended on an intermediate
+judge called the chief justice of Aragon. It was also called the prison
+of the _Fuero_ or _Constitutional_, because the constitution of the king
+alone was named the _Fuero d'Aragon_; it was sometimes named the prison
+of the _manifestados_; no persons were received into it except those who
+presented themselves, or claimed the benefit of the constitution, in
+order to avoid the royal prison, and declared that they submitted to the
+laws of the kingdom, and invoked the support of its privileges: those of
+a prisoner in the case of Perez consisted in not being put to the
+torture; in being set at liberty, after taking an oath to present
+himself to reply to the charges, and being allowed even if condemned to
+death by any other judge, to appeal to the tribunal of the chief justice
+of Aragon[68], who examined if the execution of the sentence was
+contrary to any _Fuero_ of the kingdom. This tribunal resembles that of
+France called the _Court of Cassation_.
+
+Philip II., after many earnest but useless endeavours to induce the
+permanent deputation of the kingdom to transfer Perez to Madrid, sent
+the commencement of the trial into Aragon, and gave the necessary powers
+to his fiscal at Saragossa, to accuse him of having made false reports
+to the king, which had induced him to put Juan Escobedo to death; of
+having forged letters from the cabinet, and revealed state secrets.
+After many incidents, Perez reduced the king to the necessity of
+renouncing the prosecution, by a public act on the 18th of August, in
+order to avoid the disgrace of seeing him acquitted.
+
+His majesty, however, reserved to himself the right of making use of his
+privileges; and to prevent Perez from obtaining his liberty, he caused
+another trial to be commenced, under the form of an _inquest_[69],
+before the regent of the royal audience of Aragon. To give occasion for
+this trial, it was decided that the domestics of the king were exempted
+from the privileges of the _Fueros_, and that Antonio Perez was the
+king's servant, in the office of Secretary of State. Perez asserted that
+the Secretary of State was a servant of the public, and had never been
+confounded with the king's domestics; that supposing he had been of that
+class, the law could only extend to the Secretary of State for Aragon;
+that the constitution only alluded to those royal domestics who were
+natives of Aragon; that no one could be tried twice for the same crime
+before two different tribunals; that he had been tried at Madrid in
+1582; that he then submitted to much ill-treatment, rather than justify
+himself by divulging the private letters of the king, which he had in
+his possession; lastly, that though the papers useful in his defence had
+been obtained from his wife by fraudulent means, yet he had still
+documents enough to justify himself entirely.
+
+Perez had, in fact, retained several notes in the king's own
+hand-writing, which were sufficient to exculpate him: he sent copies of
+them to the Marquis d'Almenara and other persons attached to the king,
+and told them that having been informed that his majesty was vexed that
+his letters had been exposed in the trial, he wished to spare him the
+pain of seeing other original documents presented, which contained very
+important secrets relating to different people; but if the disposition
+to persecute him continued, he would produce them, because he was no
+longer capable of making useless sacrifices to the prejudice of his wife
+and seven children.
+
+The _inquest_ was then given up, and Perez demanded his liberty on his
+parole, or at least on giving security; this was refused by the regent:
+he then appealed to the privileges of the kingdom against force, before
+the tribunal of the chief justice, who did not show him more favour.
+
+It appears that Perez then, with his companion in misfortune, Juan
+Francis Mayorini, formed a plan to escape into Bearn. Their design was
+discovered at the moment they were about to execute it, but Perez
+conducted himself with so much address, that he reduced his part in the
+transaction to a simple suspicion.
+
+The deposition of the witnesses before the regent furnished the
+Inquisition with a pretext to prosecute Perez; this event was agreeable
+to the Court, because no means to prolong the _inquest_ could be
+invented.
+
+On the 19th of February, 1591, the regent wrote to the inquisitor,
+Molina, that Perez and Mayorini intended to escape from prison to go to
+Bearn, and to other places in France, where the heretics resorted, with
+intentions which would be proved by the declarations of witnesses.
+
+The proof mentioned in this letter is an attestation, without date,
+given by the notary, Juan Montanes, into which had been copied the 8th
+chapter of the first additions and the 5th of the second, which had been
+made to the principal charges against Perez by the royal fiscal, and the
+depositions which had been obtained from Juan Louis de Luna, Anton de la
+Almunia and Diego Bustamente. In these chapters an attempt had been made
+to prove, "that Antonio Perez and Juan Francis Mayorini intended to
+escape from confinement, saying that they intended to go to Bearn, to
+Vendome and his sister[70], and to other parts of France, where they
+would find many heretics inimical to his majesty; that he hoped to be
+well received, because Perez knew a great many state secrets which he
+could communicate to them; that they had added to this discourse many
+expressions criminal and offensive to the majesty of the king, and that
+they were resolved to do him as much harm as they could." I should not
+have believed that such depositions would have been sufficient to
+denounce Perez to the Inquisition as guilty of heresy, if I had not seen
+the writings of the trial.
+
+We may be permitted to suppose, from what passed at Madrid, and the
+commencement of the _inquest_ which threatened Perez with capital
+punishment, that the accusation of heresy was a stroke of policy of the
+agents of the king. They did not dare to present the depositions they
+had obtained as being decisive, but they hoped that when the holy office
+began the trial of their victim, the charges would be multiplied.
+
+The inquisitors of Saragossa were Don Alphonso Molina de Medrano, and
+Don Juan Hurtado de Mendoza: the one was the cousin of the Marquis
+d'Almenara, and the other an intriguing and immoral man, who wished to
+obtain a bishopric at any price. For this reason the marquis placed more
+confidence in him than in his cousin, who was less learned, and too good
+to become a persecutor. In fact, Don Juan avoided, as much as possible,
+taking any part in this transaction, and even obtained leave to remove
+to another tribunal. Molina received the letter of the regent, and the
+depositions which accompanied it; but instead of communicating them to
+the tribunal, he sent them by the first courier to Quiroga, the
+inquisitor-general. The Marquis d'Almenara gave information of the event
+to the Count de Chinchon, who communicated it the king; after having
+consulted the cardinal, Philip commanded him to take proper measures to
+prove the heresy of Perez, and to punish him accordingly. On the 5th of
+March, Quiroga ordained that Molina alone should receive the
+depositions; that the inquisitors should examine them without the
+concurrence of the diocesan and consultors, and send them immediately to
+Madrid.
+
+On the 20th of March ten witnesses were examined: Diego Bustamente, the
+servant of Perez, and Juan de Basante, a teacher of Latin, who often saw
+him in prison, quoted sentences which, in the original, did not prove
+anything against him, but which, on being separated from the others, had
+a meaning which gave an appearance of justice to the measure employed.
+
+The tribunal remitted the information to Quiroga, who sent it to Fray
+Diego de Chabes, who qualified four propositions imputed to Perez, and
+one to Mayorini.
+
+The latter was reduced to some indecent oaths, used by Italians, which
+had escaped Mayorini in losing at play, and were qualified as _heretical
+blasphemies_; this was sufficient to authorize his imprisonment.
+
+_First proposition, taken from the testimony of Diego de
+Bustamente._--Some one told Perez not to speak ill of Don John of
+Austria: he replied, "After being accused by the king of having
+disguised the sense of my letters, and betraying the secrets of the
+council, it is just that I should vindicate myself without respect of
+persons: _If God the Father put any obstacle in the way of it, I would
+cut off his nose for having permitted the king to behave like a disloyal
+knight towards me._"--QUALIFICATION. This proposition is blasphemous,
+scandalous, offensive to pious ears, and approaching to the heresy of
+the Vaudois, who suppose that God the Father has a body.
+
+_Second proposition, taken from the deposition of Juan de
+Basante._--Antonio Perez considering the bad state of his affairs, said
+to me one day, in a fit of grief and anger: "I shall perhaps no longer
+believe in God. _One would say that he sleeps during my trial; if he
+does not perform a miracle in my favour, I shall lose all
+faith._"--QUALIFICATION. This proposition is scandalous, offensive to
+pious ears, and suspected of heresy, because it supposes that God
+sleeps, and has an intimate relation with the preceding proposition. The
+two remaining accusations were very similar, with similar
+qualifications. It appears that the words he used were uttered in
+moments of grief and despair. It is remarkable that the Inquisition has
+provided for this case, for in one of their ordinances it is decreed,
+that no person shall be arrested for uttering a blasphemy, when excited
+by impatience or rage. To this may be added, that the proof was
+defective, since the second proposition rested solely on the testimony
+of Basante. With respect to the three others, I shall quote the third
+article of the instruction of Toledo, in 1498. "We also command the
+inquisitors to be prudent when a person is to be arrested, and not to
+issue the decree _until they_ have obtained sufficient proof of the
+crime of heresy imputed to the accused."
+
+However, as religion was only the ostensible motive for this trial, the
+Supreme Council, after having seen the censures, decreed on the 21st of
+May, that Perez and Mayorini should be arrested and confined in the
+secret prisons of the Inquisition, that they should be strictly watched,
+and arrested so promptly, that no one should have any suspicion of it.
+
+On the 24th of May, the inquisitors sent an order to the grand alguazil
+of the holy office, to seize the persons of the accused. The gaoler of
+the prison of the kingdom declared, that he could not give them up
+without an order from the chief justice, or one of his lieutenants. The
+inquisitors wrote on the same day to the lieutenant, and commanded him
+on pain of excommunication, and a penalty of a thousand ducats, to give
+up the prisoners in the space of three hours, _without allowing the
+Fuero of the manifestation to be any obstacle, since it could not be
+applied to a trial for heresy; and for that reason the inquisitors
+revoked and annulled any such interpretation of the Fuero, as preventing
+the free exercise of the holy tribunal_.
+
+The secretary presented these letters to the chief justice, Don Juan de
+la Nuza, in a public audience, in the presence of five judges who formed
+his council, and of all the persons employed in his tribunal. The chief
+justice submitted to the order of the inquisitors, and the prisoners
+were conducted to the Inquisition in separate carriages. It was
+afterwards known that the courier, who brought the order from Madrid,
+also brought letters from the Count de Chinchon to the Marquis
+d'Almenara, who, in a private conversation with the chief justice,
+persuaded him not to insist upon his privileges; and that the two
+letters of the inquisitors were written on the same night, though they
+were dated the 24th, because they were previously informed by the
+marquis of what would take place.
+
+Perez, who foresaw his danger, had imparted his fears to the Count
+d'Aranda and other nobles, who resolved to oppose this measure as an
+infraction of the most valuable privilege of the kingdom. Don Diego
+Fernandez de Heredia, baron de Barboles, afterwards declared, in the
+trial which brought him to the scaffold, that the Count and Perez agreed
+to assassinate the Marquis d'Almenara, because if they got rid of him,
+the king and the Count de Chinchon would renounce their plan of making a
+Castilian the viceroy of Aragon, who would not fail to destroy all their
+privileges in succession.
+
+Perez, in his _Relations_, informs us that the father of the Count
+d'Aranda above mentioned, and several other persons, claimed and were
+allowed the privileges of the _Fuero de Manifestados_, when arrested by
+the Inquisition.
+
+When Perez was transferred to the prison of the holy office, he told his
+servants to inform the Baron de Barboles and several other gentlemen of
+the circumstance. At this news the Aragonese excited the people of
+Saragossa to revolt, by cries of "Treason! Treason! Live the nation!
+Live our liberty! Live the Fueros! Death to the traitors!" In less than
+an hour, more than a thousand men, under arms, surrounded the house of
+the Marquis d'Almenara, and treated him with so much violence, that he
+would have been killed if he had not been immediately taken into the
+royal prison, where he died of his wounds fourteen days after. The
+insurgents insulted the archbishop, and threatened to kill him and burn
+his hotel if he did not make the inquisitors give up the prisoners: they
+menaced the viceroy Bishop of Teruel in the same manner, and assembling
+to the number of three thousand men, began to set fire to the Castle of
+Aljaferia, (an ancient palace of the Moorish kings, where the
+Inquisition was held,) crying that they would burn the inquisitors if
+they did not give up Perez and Mayorini. Many other events occurred in
+the city, because Molina de Medrano obstinately persisted in
+endeavouring to quell the insurrection, contrary to the entreaties twice
+repeated of the archbishop, the viceroy, of the Counts d'Aranda and
+Morata, and of many of the first noblemen of Aragon. At last, finding
+that the danger increased, he appeared to yield, and announced that he
+would not set the prisoners at liberty, but would give them for the
+prison of the holy office that of the kingdom, and they were removed
+thither on the same day.
+
+The inquisitors were left in a critical situation, and did not dare to
+arrest any one; they addressed several letters to the commissioners of
+the holy office, some of them accompanied by the order to the
+lieutenants and their decree, to show that they had not violated the
+prison of the kingdom, but had only received the persons given up to
+them by the chief justice: the others were sent with the bull of Pius
+V., dated 1st of April, 1569, concerning those who opposed the exercise
+of the holy office; they also proposed to publish an edict,
+excommunicating several persons already noted in the registers of the
+Inquisition as having opposed the execution of the orders of the
+inquisitors, but they were persuaded to relinquish the intention by the
+archbishop. At this period, some persons who fled to Madrid when the
+revolt took place, and who were known to be devoted to the king, were
+examined as witnesses; and it appeared from their depositions, that the
+Counts d'Aranda and Morata, the Barons de Barboles, de Biescas, de
+Purroy, de la Laguna, and many others of the first noblemen of the
+country, had excited the people to sedition, and increased the
+disturbance by persuading them that the _Fuero_ was attacked.
+
+The members of the permanent deputation of the kingdom thought, that
+being interested in the defence of the political constitution, they
+might be accused of having failed in their duty; they therefore
+endeavoured to justify themselves, by declaring that as theirs was not
+an armed body or a judicial authority, they could not prevent the
+revolt. They also thought proper to pronounce by a commission of
+jurisconsults, that those who had given up the prisoners to the
+inquisitors, from the prison of the kingdom, had violated its
+privileges. However the secret intrigues of the inquisitors, the
+archbishop, the viceroy, and the chief justice were so adroitly
+conducted, that some members remarked, that four lawyers were not enough
+to discuss the rights of the king and the holy office. This observation
+caused nine other jurisconsults to be appointed, and it was decreed that
+they should decide by a majority of three votes. They declared that the
+inquisitors had exceeded their powers, when they cancelled the
+_manifestation_, because no authority could do so, except that of the
+king, and the deputies assembled in Cortes; but that if the inquisitors
+required the prisoners to be given up to them, and the _privilege of
+manifestation was suspended_ during their prosecution, it would not be
+contrary to the laws of the kingdom. Antonio Perez wrote to the
+deputation, to represent that his cause was that of all the Aragonese;
+several of his friends undertook to shew, that the _suspension_ was
+equally contrary to the laws, since the prisoner might be tortured, was
+deprived of his right to his liberty on oath, and was exposed to the
+misery of an interminable trial; these efforts were all in vain. It was
+privately decided that the inquisitors should demand the prisoners a
+second time, without threats or orders, and resting only on the
+_suspension of the privileges_. The king was given to understand that it
+would be useful if he wrote to the Duke de Villahermosa, and the Counts
+d'Aranda, de Morata, and de Sastago, to engage them to lend assistance
+to the viceroy, with their relations and friends, and to aid the
+constituted authorities, if any event rendered it necessary. Philip
+followed the advice, and his letters to those noblemen were as gracious
+and flattering, as if he had been ignorant of the part they had taken in
+the late disturbances.
+
+Perez now saw no safety except in flight, and had everything in
+readiness to force his prison, when he was betrayed some hours before,
+by the perfidious Juan de Basante, his false friend and accomplice.
+
+The removal of Perez was to take place on the 24th of September; the
+Inquisition, the viceroy, the archbishop, the deputation of the kingdom,
+the municipality, and the civil and military governors, were all to
+assist. The inquisitors had summoned to Saragossa, from the neighbouring
+towns, a great number of the _familiars_ of the holy office, and the
+military governor had in attendance three thousand men, well armed. This
+expedition was to have been made without the knowledge of the
+inhabitants; but the Barons de Barboles, de Biescas, and de Purroy, and
+some other individuals, were informed of it. At the moment when the
+prisoners were coming out of the prison, in the presence of the
+principal magistrates of the city, and while the avenues and streets
+through which they were to pass were lined with soldiers, a furious
+troop of insurgents broke through the lines, killed a great number of
+men, dispersed the others, put the magistrates to flight, and seizing
+Perez and Mayorini, carried them off in triumph, shouting, _Live our
+liberty! Live the Fueros of Aragon!_ Perez and Mayorini were received
+into the house of the Baron de Barboles; when they had reposed for a few
+minutes, they were taken out of the town, and taking different roads,
+hastened away from it.
+
+Perez repaired to Tauste, with the intention of crossing the Pyrenees by
+the valley of Roncal, but as the frontiers were strictly guarded, he
+returned to Saragossa. He entered it in disguise, on the 2nd of October,
+and remained concealed in the house of the Baron de Biescas until the
+10th of November. He then thought it dangerous to remain there longer,
+because Don Alphonso de Vargas was advancing with an army to take the
+town, and punish the rebels. This event has been related very
+incorrectly in several histories.
+
+The presence of Perez in Saragossa was suspected by means of some
+letters from Madrid, which Basante had seen, and of which he had given
+information. The inquisitors searched the houses of the Baron de
+Barboles and several other persons. Don Antonio Morejon, the second
+inquisitor[71], suspected that de Biescas knew the place of his
+concealment, and pressed him to discover it, promising that Perez should
+be well treated if he presented himself voluntarily. Perez had several
+times declared that he would surrender to the holy office, if he was not
+almost certain that he should be given up to the government, which would
+immediately execute the sentence of death passed upon him in 1590,
+without allowing him to be heard. On the 11th of November, Perez went to
+Sallen, in the Pyrenees, on the estates of the Baron de Biescas.
+
+On the 18th he wrote to the Princess of Bearn, to ask an asylum in the
+states of her brother, Henry IV., or to be permitted to pass through
+them to some other country. This letter was given to the princess by Gil
+de Mesa, an Aragonese gentleman, and an old and faithful friend of
+Perez.
+
+Catherine received Perez into her brother's states on the 24th of
+November, when the Barons de Concas and de la Pinilla arrived at Sallen,
+with three hundred men, to take him; they had offered to betray him if
+they were pardoned: the first had been condemned by the Inquisition, for
+having sent horses to France, and the other was to be executed for
+having excited a revolt, in an attempt of the same nature.
+
+Perez went to Pau, and while he was in that place the inquisitor Morejon
+again requested the Baron de Biescas to persuade him to submit to the
+Inquisition; he replied that he would do so, if they would promise to
+try him at Saragossa instead of Madrid, and that he should require that
+his wife and children should be set at liberty, of which they had been
+deprived, although they were innocent. Perez made the same reply to
+another requisition.
+
+In order to satisfy the curiosity of the Princess Catherine and her
+subjects, Perez composed two little works, the first called _Morceau
+Historique, sur ce qui est arrivee a Saragosse d'Aragon, le_ 24th
+Septembre, 1591; and the other, _Precis du Recit des Avantures d'Antoine
+Perez, depuis le Commencement, de sa premiere Detention jusqu'a sa
+Sortie des Domaines du Roi Catholique_. These works were printed at Pau,
+without the name of the author; the inquisitors examined them, and
+derived from them some additional charges.
+
+Philip II. and the inquisitors offered life, offices, money, and
+honours, to any condemned criminal who would kill Perez or bring him as
+a prisoner into Spain. I refer the reader for all that relates to this
+part of the history to the work entitled _Relations_, in which Perez
+takes the name of _Raphael Peregrino_. Perez obtained leave from Henry
+IV. to go to London, where he was extremely well received by Queen
+Elizabeth and the Earl of Leicester; he afterwards went to Paris, where
+he passed the rest of his life, pining unceasingly for his wife and
+children.
+
+On the 15th of February, 1592, the inquisitors declared Antonio Perez to
+be a fugitive; they affixed an edict on the metropolitan church of
+Saragossa, summoning him to appear within one month; this measure was
+most revoltingly unjust, since they well knew that Perez was in a
+country then at war with Spain, and the laws of the holy office allowed
+even the space of a year, according to the distance the accused had to
+travel.
+
+The declarations of the witnesses who were interrogated at Madrid, after
+the first revolt of Saragossa in 1591, deposed to facts to which no
+importance could have been attached, if they had related to other
+persons and events. But Antonio Perez was concerned in them, and that
+was sufficient to cause them to be censured as _audacious_, and
+_suspected of heresy_. I shall not stay to prove the insufficiency of
+this act, but shall give the third of the propositions as an example of
+the rest. "In speaking of Philip II., and of Vendome, Antonio Perez
+said that the king was a tyrant, but that Vendome would be a great
+monarch, for he was an excellent prince, and governed the state to the
+satisfaction of every one; that he therefore rejoiced on hearing of his
+victories, and _that it was not heresy to pay court to him and speak to
+him_." QUALIFICATION. "The accused shews himself to be impious in
+respect to God and the holy Catholic faith, a favourer and violently
+suspected of heresy; and as he now lives in the midst of heretics, it
+proves that he is himself an heretic."
+
+The inquisitors, who wished to favour the views of the court at any
+rate, took advantage of a vague report, communicated to them by one of
+their _familiars_, that Antonio Perez was descended from the Jews,
+because in the borough of Hariza, near Montreal, from whence his family
+came, there had lived a new Christian called Juan Perez, who was burnt
+by the Inquisition as a judaizing heretic. The registers of the holy
+office were immediately consulted, and it appeared that one Juan Perez
+de Fariza had been burnt, and that Antonio Perez de Fariza had died a
+heretic.
+
+Pascual Gilberte, a priest and commissioner of the holy office, was
+appointed, on the 16th of April, 1592, to ascertain if there was any
+degree of relationship between the condemned heretics and the father of
+Antonio Perez. Many witnesses were examined, both in Montreal, and the
+neighbouring towns, but they all declared that the two families were
+perfectly distinct.
+
+All that is known concerning the genealogy of Perez is, that he was the
+natural son of Gonzalez Perez and Donna Jane d'Escobar, and that he was
+legitimatized by Charles V. That his paternal grandfather was
+Bartholemew Perez, secretary to the Inquisition of Calahorra, that his
+grandmother was Donna Louisa Perez del Hierro, of a noble family of
+Segovia; that he was great grandson to Juan Perez, an inhabitant of
+Montreal, and of Mary Tirado his wife; and that there was no
+relationship, direct or indirect, between his family and that of Juan
+and Antonio Perez de Fariza. This was afterwards fully proved by the
+wife and children of Antonio Perez. It must be observed, that if the
+inquisitors had wished to be truly informed, they might have had a copy
+of the contract of marriage between Perez and Donna Jane Coello, which
+states that his father was born at Segovia. In that city, at Calahorra,
+and even in the Supreme Council, they might have found his real
+genealogy.
+
+However, the fiscal abused the privilege of secrecy, in the accusation
+he brought against Perez, on the 6th of July, by supposing that he was
+descended from the Jews, in order to strengthen the suspicion of heresy,
+according to the custom of the Inquisition. The accusation was composed
+of forty-three articles, each more vague than the others, and only
+founded on words uttered without reflection, during a fit of rage, or in
+extreme pain, which had no connexion with doctrine, and concerning which
+no two witnesses agreed in the time, place, or circumstances.
+
+On the 14th of August the fiscal demanded that the depositions of the
+witnesses should be published; and on the 16th the qualifiers again
+assembled to censure the propositions already noted, and the works
+printed at Pau. They censured sixteen as _audacious_ and _erroneous_;
+some others as _blasphemous_, and _approaching to heresy_, and concluded
+that Antonio Perez was _suspected of heresy in the most violent
+degree_[72].
+
+On the 18th the fiscal required that Perez should be declared
+contumaceous, and that the definitive sentence should be pronounced. On
+the 7th of September, the diocesan, different consultors, and
+jurisconsults (among whom was the first informer, Don Urban Ximenez de
+Aragues, regent of the royal audience) were convoked, and voted the
+punishment of _relaxation_ in effigy. The Supreme _Council_ confirmed
+the sentence on the 13th of October, and on the 20th the judges
+pronounced the definitive sentence, condemning Perez as a _formal
+heretic_, _a convicted Hugonot_, and _an obstinate impenitent_, to be
+_relaxed_ in person when he could be taken, and in the mean time to
+suffer that punishment in effigy, with the mitre and San-benito. His
+property was confiscated, and his children and grandchildren in the male
+line devoted to infamy, besides other penalties. Many other persons
+suffered in this _auto-da-fe_, of whom an account will be given in the
+next chapter.
+
+Perez was in England when he was condemned to death. A conspiracy
+against his life by some Spaniards was discovered there: it was renewed
+at Paris by the Baron de la Pinilla, who declared that he had been sent
+to kill him by Don Juan Idiaquez, minister to Philip II.
+
+The death of that prince, and the consequent change in the politics of
+the government, inspired Perez with the hope of arranging his affairs at
+Madrid; but the misfortune of having been prosecuted by the Inquisition
+rendered his efforts unavailing. The reader is referred to the
+_Relations_ for all that concerns this part of the history.
+
+Perez had, at Paris, been intimate with Fray Francis de Sosa, general of
+the Franciscans, then Bishop of the Canaries, and a counsellor of the
+Inquisition, who often advised him to give himself up to the holy
+office, as the only means of obtaining a reconciliation. Perez replied
+that he would do so, and even wished it, but was deterred by the fear of
+being arrested by the government, after being set at liberty by the
+Inquisition. Sosa then tried to persuade him that he would avoid that
+danger by obtaining a safe conduct from the inquisitor-general and the
+Supreme Council, promising that he should be set at liberty when his
+trial was terminated by the holy office. Sosa, at that time, was little
+acquainted with the Inquisition, of which he was afterwards a member.
+
+Perez wrote again to Sosa in 1611 concerning this affair; the bishop
+replied, and his letter determined Perez to inform him that he was ready
+to surrender to the Inquisition as soon as the safe conduct was sent to
+him: he sent at the same time to his wife, a petition addressed to the
+Supreme Council, in which he renewed his promise. His wife presented it,
+and added to it one from herself, to interest the judges in her
+husband's favour. The attempt was fruitless, and Perez died at Paris on
+the 3rd of November, in the same year, after giving many proofs of his
+Catholicism, which were afterwards useful to his children in obtaining
+the revocation of the sentence given at Saragossa in 1592, and in
+_rehabilitating_ his memory.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVI.
+
+OF SEVERAL TRIALS OCCASIONED BY THAT OF ANTONIO PEREZ.
+
+
+The trial of Antonio Perez was the cause of a great number of
+prosecutions against persons who had taken part in the tumults and the
+flight of Perez and his companion. The censures and penalties of the
+bull of Pius V., destined to punish those who opposed the exercise of
+the ministry of the holy office, were applied to them.
+
+On the 12th of November, 1591, Don Alphonso de Vargas entered Saragossa
+at the head of his army; this expedition re-established the inquisitors,
+and they secretly informed against the instigators of the rebellion.
+
+On the 8th of January, 1592, the fiscal of the holy office gave in a
+complaint against the rebels in general, as suspected in matters of
+faith; and he composed a list of the authors of the sedition, and of
+those who were suspected of being implicated in it: it amounted to
+three hundred and seventy-two individuals, who had compromised
+themselves either by their words or actions.
+
+The inquisitors imprisoned a hundred and seventy, and made arrangements
+for the arrest of others who were only suspected, as the charges were
+not proved against them. Of this number, only a hundred and twenty-three
+individuals were taken, because the others had either been already taken
+to the royal prison by the command of Vargas, to be tried by Doctor
+Lanz, a senator of Milan, and the king's special commissioner on this
+occasion, or had made their escape; some who had only taken an indirect
+part in the event came under the jurisdiction of the commissioner, and
+obtained permission to remain as prisoners in their own houses. The
+following are some of the most remarkable trials, from the high rank of
+the individuals:--
+
+Don Juan de la Nuza, Chief Justice of Aragon, not only had not opposed
+the exercise of the holy office, but might have been reproached for
+having given up more than the privileges of the kingdom allowed. He
+however suffered the fate of a rebel subject, because in the struggle
+which ensued he was unfortunately the weakest. The oath which the king
+had taken to observe the privileges of the kingdom did not allow him to
+send into it more than five hundred soldiers. The permanent deputation,
+on being informed of the preparations for the entrance of the army of
+Vargas, remonstrated; Philip replied that they were destined for France:
+the deputies then represented the danger which might arise from their
+being permitted to pass through Saragossa; they were then informed that
+the army would only remain in their city for the period necessary to
+restore the authority of justice, which had been almost entirely
+destroyed in the late seditions.
+
+The deputies, on receiving this last reply, consulted thirteen lawyers
+on the sense of the _Fueros_; they declared that their rights were
+infringed by the entrance of the troops into Aragon, and that every
+Aragonese was bound to resist and prevent them. Circulars were then sent
+to all the towns, and to the permanent deputation of Catalonia and
+Valencia, to demand the aid stipulated by the treaties, in case either
+country was invaded. The chief justice, whom the laws of the kingdom
+called to the command, was ordered to place himself immediately at the
+head of the troops. When the Castilians came within six miles of
+Saragossa, the chief justice found himself almost deserted, and
+consequently retired and left the passage free to the troops, who
+entered the town.
+
+On the 28th of November, Don Francis de Borgia, Marquis de Lombay,
+arrived at Saragossa; he was commissioned to treat with the permanent
+deputies and the principal gentlemen of the kingdom concerning the
+points on which it was asserted the privileges had been infringed.
+Several conferences took place without any result, because the deputies
+declared that the _Fueros_ did not permit them while the country was
+occupied by foreign troops.
+
+Philip II. appointed the Count de Morata to be viceroy in the place of
+the Bishop of Teruel, who had retired to his see, alarmed at the danger
+he had incurred. The viceroy made his public entry into Saragossa, on
+the 6th of December, to the great joy and satisfaction of the
+inhabitants; but their joy was of short duration. On the 18th of the
+same month, Don Gomez Velasquez arrived with a commission to arrest a
+great number of persons, and with a positive order to behead the chief
+justice of Aragon, as soon as he entered the town; this order was obeyed
+with so much expedition, that on the 28th Don Juan de la Nuza was no
+longer in existence. All Aragon was filled with consternation at the
+news of this execution. It is impossible to express how much La Nuza was
+respected by the people on account of his high office, which had been
+filled by the illustrious members of his family for more than a hundred
+and fifty years. On this event, many gentlemen fled to France and
+Geneva, and those who, from an ill-founded confidence, remained, soon
+had cause to repent.
+
+Don Francis d'Aragon, Duke de Villahermosa, Count de Ribagorza, did not
+escape the persecution, although he had the advantage of being of royal
+blood, being descended from John II. King of Aragon and Navarre, by his
+son Don Alphonso d'Aragon. In his trial before the Inquisition he was
+not accused of having opposed the measures of the tribunal during the
+insurrections, or of taking any part in them: but Don Francis Torralba,
+lieutenant to the chief justice (who had been deprived of his office in
+consequence of some serious complaints of Perez), pretended that the
+duke was, by the nature of his blood, an enemy to the holy tribunal,
+since he descended from Jews, who had been burnt and subjected to
+penances, by Estengua Conejo, a Jewess, who, on her baptism, took the
+name of Mary Sanchez, and afterwards became the wife or concubine of Don
+Alphonso d'Aragon, first Duke of Villahermosa, and grandfather to the
+present duke, whom he denounced. Torralba minutely detailed the proofs
+of what he asserted.
+
+When the inhabitants of Saragossa resolved to oppose the entrance of the
+Castilian army in their city, the duke, according to the laws of the
+kingdom, offered his services to the chief justice. The royal
+commissioner, not satisfied with his trial before the Inquisition,
+arrested him on the 19th of December, and sent him into Castile, in
+contempt of another law of the _Fuero_. The duke was beheaded at Burgos,
+as convicted of treason; his property was confiscated, and the king
+bestowed the duchy on the next in succession.
+
+The Count d'Aranda, Don Louis Ximenez de Urrea, was also arrested on the
+19th of December, but died in the prison of Alaejos, on the 4th of
+August, 1592. It appears from his trial by the Inquisition, that when
+Perez was sent to the prison of the kingdom, he declared himself his
+protector, according to a promise he had given to the wife of Perez at
+Madrid; that he was one of the principal instigators of the popular
+commotions; that he had influenced the lawyers, who declared the act, by
+which Perez was consigned a second time to the Inquisition, to be
+illegal; and lastly, that he had assisted in the military arrangements
+for the resistance of the royal troops. It has been already stated, that
+Diego de Heredia accused the Count d'Aranda and Antonio Perez of having
+conspired against the life of the Marquis d'Almenara. This deposition is
+not found in the trial, but Don Diego declared he had already informed
+the senator Lanz, while he was imprisoned by that magistrate. But if the
+circumstances independent of this conspiracy may be considered as
+crimes, why did Philip after the first revolt write to request him to
+lend assistance to the authorities, and afterwards to thank him for
+having so well performed his mission? It must excite indignation, to see
+a powerful monarch deceiving his subjects, and punishing them by
+surprise.
+
+The Count de Morata, Don Michael Martinez de Luna, Viceroy of Aragon,
+was denounced to the Inquisition, after the insurrection of Saragossa.
+It appears that he blamed the conduct of the tribunal and the civil
+authorities towards Perez. Some witnesses supposed that he was one of
+the principal instigators of the first insurrection; but that afterwards
+learning that Philip had said that Perez was an unfaithful minister, he
+ceased to defend him. This is certainly an historical error, for the
+declaration of the king concerning Perez was made in August, 1590, after
+the act by which the king abandoned the prosecution relating to the
+death of Escobedo, and the insurrections at Saragossa took place in May,
+1591. The change in the opinions of Martinez de Luna must have had some
+other cause. Some circumstances in his trial lead to the belief that he
+was acquainted with the proceedings of the council appointed at Madrid
+to consider the affairs, and that he foresaw that the consequences
+would be serious, which induced him to change his system.
+
+When he was made viceroy, the inquisitor suppressed the preparatory
+instruction of the trial, and the decree of arrest which had already
+been resolved upon. The tribunal had received another information
+against the Count in 1577, concerning some _ill-sounding_ propositions,
+but they had not sufficient proof to proceed upon.
+
+Although the inquisitors had been so indulgent to the count, he was not
+devoted to their party. His indifference induced the fiscal to bring a
+complaint against him in 1592, and to require that he should be
+arrested. He founded his requisition on the following allegation: the
+inquisitor-general Quiroga had published an edict of grace in favour of
+all the criminals who had not been arrested, that they might be absolved
+from all censures; and this edict having been communicated to the count
+before the publication, he declared that it was impertinent, useless,
+and ridiculous. The fiscal gave this as an instance of the contempt of
+the count for the censures under which he pretended that he had fallen,
+as the principal instigator of the first revolt. Some other expressions
+were construed into a sign of his hatred of the Inquisition.
+
+It is certain that the count would not have escaped the vengeance of the
+Inquisitors, in his quality of viceroy. When he quitted his office they
+were fully occupied with other trials, and his affair was too
+unimportant, and too old, to attract the attention of their successors.
+The opinion of the count on the edict of grace was very just. This
+_grace_ was not accorded until the inquisitors had celebrated a solemn
+_auto-da-fe_ in which seventy-nine inhabitants of the town were
+_relaxed_, and a much greater number of honourable persons condemned to
+infamy, on pretence of publicly absolving them from censure; besides
+that, those already in prison were excluded from the pardon.
+
+After the executions of the chief justice, the Duke de Villahermosa,
+and the Count d'Aranda, the king granted a general pardon on the 24th
+December, 1592, with the exception of many individuals who had excited
+and directed the sedition. This edict saved the lives of several
+thousand Aragonese; palliating circumstances afterwards caused the
+capital punishment to be remitted to all those who were excepted in the
+general pardon.
+
+The Baron de Barboles, Don Diego Fernandez de Heredia, brother and
+presumptive heir to the Count de Fuentes, a grandee of Spain, was to
+have been arrested by the Inquisition; but he was taken by order of
+Vargas, claimed his privilege, and was taken to the prison of the
+_Manifestados_, and on the 9th of October, 1592, had his head struck off
+at the back of the neck as guilty of treason. He had made several
+depositions before the Senator Lanz, and all that concerned Antonio
+Perez was communicated to the inquisitors; he had already been examined
+twice on that subject as a witness of the fiscal, and deposed to a great
+number of facts which proved that he had excited the people, and kept up
+the rebellion with the Count d'Aranda and others, and that he was
+engaged in the plan to assassinate the Marquis d'Almenara, but that he
+repented and revoked the orders he had given concerning it; nevertheless
+some witnesses deposed that they had seen him in the road encouraging
+the assassins. The Baron de Barboles also declared that he was the
+principal author of the complaint brought by Antonio Perez before the
+ordinary judge of Saragossa, against the secretary, major-domo, and
+squire of the Marquis d'Almenara and several other persons, whom he
+accused of having, by order of the marquis, suborned several witnesses
+in 1591, to depose against Perez several facts required by the
+inquisitors; that he had directed and instigated the efforts which were
+made to find witnesses to confirm by their declarations the articles of
+their complaint, and that he had deposed as from himself what he had
+only heard from the agent of Perez.
+
+Another inquest against Don Diego existed in the Inquisition, in which
+he was accused of having made use of necromancy to discover treasures,
+and sending horses to France. The Judge Torralba also deposed that he
+had heard it said that Don Diego had been arrested by the Inquisition of
+Valencia for having concealed a Moresco from an alguazil; he added that
+it was not surprising that Don Diego was an enemy to the holy office,
+because though the blood of his ancestors had not been sullied by that
+of the Jews, his children had not that advantage, since his wife, the
+Baroness d'Alcaraz, was of Jewish origin.
+
+Philip II. wished to show the Count de Fuentes that though he punished
+the guilty he knew how to reward a faithful subject, and made him
+governor of the Low Countries. The Count hated Perez, whom he considered
+as the cause of the misfortunes of de Barboles; it is not therefore
+surprising that he took an active part in the conspiracy formed in
+London against his life. This attempt did not succeed, and two of the
+conspirators were put to death at the requisition of the English fiscal,
+who had been commanded by Queen Elizabeth to prosecute the authors of
+the plot.
+
+The Baron de Purroy, Don Juan de Luna, a member for the nobility in the
+deputation of the kingdom, was executed on the same day with Barboles;
+the charges against him were very similar to the preceding. His offences
+against the Inquisition were, that he was the cause of the resolution
+taken in the committee of the deputation to defend the independence of
+the prison of the _Manifestados_ against the pretensions of the
+inquisitors; to confine their jurisdiction to the crime of heresy, and
+to prevent them from taking cognizance of offences in the revolt and
+similar crimes, which they undertook, because they said that some of the
+persons concerned in it opposed the exercise of their office; lastly,
+Don Juan was implicated in the subornation of witnesses in the affair of
+Perez.
+
+The Baron de Biescas, Don Martin de la Nuza, Lord of Sallen and the
+towns of the valley of Tena, fled to France, but afterwards returned to
+Spain; he was arrested in Tudela of Navarre, and was beheaded. The trial
+before the Inquisition states, that besides the crimes committed like
+the other rebels, the Baron de Biescas was guilty of having received
+Antonio Perez into his house, and concealed him until he could fly to
+France; and of entering into the Spanish territory at several points
+with a corps of Bearnese troops, and declaring that he would not lay
+down his arms until he had driven the Castilian army out of Aragon, and
+revenged the death of his relation the chief justice.
+
+The senator Lanz likewise condemned to death many other noble gentlemen,
+besides labourers and artisans. Many who fled to France or Geneva were
+condemned to death: these individuals remained in exile till after the
+death of Philip II. His successor, Philip III., permitted them to return
+to their country, and annulled all the articles in the sentences
+pronounced against those who had been executed, which were contrary to
+the interests of their families; _the king declaring that none of them
+were guilty towards the state: and that he acknowledged that each person
+had considered himself bound to defend the rights of his country_.
+
+The cruelty of the inquisitors was not satiated by these executions.
+They represented to the Supreme Council that they did not dare to demand
+the prisoners of the General Vargas, although it would be much better if
+they were tried by the Inquisition: but that nevertheless they thought
+it would be useful if the Baron de Barboles was given up to them, since
+his execution, in that case, would strike more terror into the guilty.
+The council rejected the request of the inquisitors; they, however,
+retained in their prisons many illustrious persons, among whom were some
+women.
+
+When the inquisitors published the edict of grace, more than five
+hundred persons presented themselves to demand absolution. Each person
+confessed the crime for which they were to be absolved; some of these
+are rather ludicrous.
+
+Mary Ramirez declares, that on seeing Antonio Perez taken to prison, she
+exclaimed--_Poor wretch! after such long imprisonments, they have not
+yet found him an heretic._
+
+Christoval de Heredia _confesses that he has often wished that Perez
+might get out of his troubles_.
+
+Donna Geronima d'Arteaga, _that she raised a little subscription for
+Antonio Perez, during his imprisonment, because he could not enjoy his
+own property_.
+
+Louis de Anton, _that he was the prosecutor of Perez, and that he did
+several things to serve him_.
+
+Martina de Alastuey, _that she prepared the food of Perez, in her house,
+and that her son Antonio Anoz, who was his servant, carried it to him in
+the prison_.
+
+Don Louis de Gurrea _demands absolution only to reassure his conscience,
+although it does not reproach him_!
+
+Don Michael de Sese also claims it, _to appease the same scruples_!
+
+Doctor Murillo, _that he visited Perez in the prison when he was ill_.
+
+The following are instances of a spirit quite contrary to the preceding
+examples:--
+
+The Doctor Don Gregory de Andia, vicar of the parish of St. Paul, being
+informed that a priest had refused absolution to more than two hundred
+persons, because they had not been absolved from the censures incurred
+by the bull of St. Pius V., could not help saying, _That priest is an
+ignorant fellow. Let all those people come to me, and also all those who
+revolted: I would absolve them with pleasure of all their sins, and feel
+no fear for such an action._ The vicar was arrested for his boldness,
+and taken to the secret prisons. Many persons shared his fate, among
+whom were,--
+
+Juan de Cerio, a familiar of the holy office, who, on hearing it
+remarked that the Aragonese ought not to endure the Inquisition any
+longer, replied: "As for me, they may burn the house, the papers, the
+prisons, and even the inquisitors: I shall have nothing to say against
+it."
+
+A brother of the Trinity, who, on hearing that the Castilians wished to
+reduce the Aragonese, and destroy their privileges, said, "_If Jesus
+Christ was a Castilian, I would not believe in him._"
+
+Michael Urgel, procurator of the royal audience, confessed that after he
+had heard the declaration of the four counsellors, that it was an
+infringement of the _Fueros_ to transfer Perez to the Inquisition, he
+said: "We must treat the letters of the inquisitors with contempt, and
+if the king supports them, he is a tyrant: let us get rid of him and
+elect a native king of Aragon, since we have a right to do so."
+
+These are a few instances of the pretended sins for which absolution was
+demanded, and for which many persons were arrested, but they are
+sufficient to shew the spirit of the people and of the inquisitors.
+
+Donna Juana de Coello, the wife of Perez, and her young children, were
+also victims to the events at Saragossa. They had been detained in the
+Castle of Pinto, two leagues from Madrid, since the month of April,
+1590, where that heroine had favoured the escape of her husband at the
+expense of her own liberty. After his second flight from Saragossa,
+their imprisonment became still more rigorous. It is proved by the trial
+of Perez, that he often said when in prison, that nothing should induce
+him to renounce the privileges of the prison of the kingdom, except the
+assurance that his wife and children enjoyed their liberty; but that he
+was certain if he gave himself up to the inquisitors he should be sent
+to Madrid and executed.
+
+This information induced the inquisitors at the end of September, 1591,
+to request that Donna Juana and her children might be more strictly
+imprisoned, since he would hear of it, and it might induce him to return
+to the prison of the kingdom. This idea was inspired by the perfidious
+Basante. In fact, Perez was informed that his wife and children were
+removed to a sort of bastion or tower of the castle, which was much more
+inconvenient than the former prison; however, Donna Juana requested her
+husband to think only of his own safety, since the news of his flight
+had been sufficient to keep her and her children in good health. Donna
+Juana remained in prison during the life of Philip II., who on his death
+advised his successor to set her and her family at liberty.
+
+All the events above-mentioned were occasioned by the trial of Antonio
+Perez, but the original cause was the extreme attachment of the
+Aragonese to a privilege which Philip II. wished to destroy, because it
+set bounds to his despotism; they had not forgotten that this prince
+made use of the Inquisition, in his political schemes, which they had
+experienced in some attempts made twenty years before.
+
+The insurrection offered to Philip the opportunity he had so long
+desired, of making himself absolute monarch of Aragon, by the abolition
+of the intermediate office of the chief justice, and of all the _Fueros_
+of the primitive constitution, which bounded the extent of his power.
+Another cause of the revolt was, the policy which disgraced and kept in
+a perpetual state of uneasiness, all the first families of the kingdom,
+a great number of the second order, and even of the people. It was well
+known that these misfortunes were the consequence of the system of the
+inquisitors, who were always eager to disgrace and humiliate those who
+did not debase themselves before the lowest among them, and to sacrifice
+every man who did not acknowledge their tribunal to be the most holy of
+institutions, and the only bulwark of faith, which they still declare
+and publish through their partisans, though in their hearts they are
+convinced of the contrary.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVII.
+
+OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS IN THE INQUISITION DURING THE REIGN OF PHILIP
+III.
+
+
+Philip II. died on the 13th of September, 1598, and left the crown to
+his son, Philip III., whose education had made him more worthy of
+wearing the habit of St. Dominic, than of governing a kingdom: the
+Inquisition was then as formidable and powerful as before the
+constitutions of 1561. As the new king wished to have an
+inquisitor-general of his own choice, he took advantage of a bull,
+commanding all bishops to reside in their dioceses, to invite Don Pedro
+Porto-Carrero to retire to his see of Cuenca, and appointed as his
+successor, in 1599, Don Ferdinand Nino de Guevara, cardinal of the Roman
+Church, and afterwards archbishop of Seville. This prelate retired to
+his diocese in 1602, in consequence of an order from the king; his
+successor was Don Juan de Zuniga, bishop of Carthagena, who died in the
+same year. Juan Baptiste de Acebedo, bishop of Valladolid, took his
+place, and died in it in 1607, with the title of Patriarch of the
+Indies. He was succeeded by Don Bernardo de Sandoval Roxas, cardinal
+archbishop of Toledo, brother to the Duke de Lerma. At his death Don
+Fray Louis Aliaga, a Dominican confessor to the king, was appointed
+inquisitor-general; Philip IV., on his accession, deprived him of his
+office.
+
+Philip III., in 1607, assembled the Cortes of the kingdom at Madrid,
+where they remained for more than a year. The members represented to the
+king, that in 1579 and 1586, they had required a reform of the abuses
+committed in the tribunal of the Inquisition, to put an end to the
+right, which the inquisitors had usurped, of taking cognizance of crimes
+not relating to heresy; that Philip II. had promised to do this, but
+died before he could perform it, and that in consequence they renewed
+the request.
+
+Philip replied, that he would take proper measures to satisfy the
+Cortes. In 1611, when he convoked the new Cortes, they made the same
+request and received the same answer, but nothing was attempted, and the
+inquisitors daily became more insolent, and filled their prisons with
+victims.
+
+The archbishop of Valencia, Don Juan de Ribera, represented to Philip
+III., that it was impossible to convert the Morescoes of Valencia, and
+that their skill in agriculture and the arts gave just cause of
+apprehension, that they might some day disturb the public tranquillity,
+with the assistance of the Moors of Algiers, and the other African
+cities, with whom they held constant intercourse; he therefore advised
+his majesty to banish them from the kingdom.
+
+The gentlemen whose vassals the Morescoes were, complained of the
+immense loss it would occasion, if their estates were thus depopulated;
+they also declared that the statement of the archbishop was shamefully
+exaggerated, since the holy office had never failed to punish every
+Moresco who returned to his heresy.
+
+The king summoned his council, and after many discussions, it was
+resolved to send the Morescoes out of the kingdom of Valencia, on the
+11th of September, 1609, and all the others in the following year.
+
+This emigration cost Spain a million of useful and industrious
+inhabitants, who all went to Africa: they were invited by Henry IV. to
+colonise the _Landes_ in Gascony on condition that they professed the
+catholic religion, but they feared that they should be persecuted in the
+same manner, at some future period. The inquisitors principally
+contributed to induce Philip III. to take this resolution, and they
+noted all who had condemned the measure, as suspected of heresy: among
+these was the Duke of Ossuna, whose process they began. This trial had
+no particular result, because the charges did not offer any heretical
+propositions, though some were qualified as audacious, scandalous, and
+offensive to pious ears. The duke was appointed Viceroy of Naples, but
+was deprived of the office some years after, and imprisoned by the king.
+The inquisitors seized this opportunity to renew their charges, but they
+were disappointed; the duke died in prison before the definitive
+sentence was pronounced.
+
+On the 7th and 8th of November 1610, the Inquisition of Logrono
+celebrated an _auto-da-fe_, in which six persons were burnt, with five
+effigies, twenty-one individuals were reconciled, and twenty condemned
+to different penances; among these were eighteen sorcerers[73].
+
+A sufficient number of the trials of the Inquisition, during the reign
+of Philip III., have already been cited; therefore, that of Don Antonio
+Manriques, Count de Morata, need only be mentioned: in 1603 he abjured
+some heretical propositions without being disgraced by an _auto-da-fe_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVIII.
+
+OF THE TRIALS AND AUTOS-DA-FE DURING THE REIGN OF PHILIP IV.
+
+
+Philip IV. ascended the throne on the 31st of March, 1621; and during
+the thirty-four years that he reigned, the following persons filled the
+office of inquisitor-general: Don Andres Pacheco, in 1621; Cardinal Don
+Antonio de Zapata Mendoza, in 1626; in 1632, Don Fray Antonio de
+Sotomayor; and in 1643, Don Diego de Arce y Reinoso. Don Diego died on
+the same day as the king.
+
+Many circumstances had shewn the necessity of a reform in the
+Inquisition, but the indolence of Philip IV. prevented him from
+attempting it; on the contrary, he permitted the inquisitors to take
+cognizance of the offence of exporting copper money, and to dispose of a
+fourth of what fell into their hands.
+
+On the 21st of June, 1621, the Inquisition celebrated the accession of
+Philip IV. by the _auto-da-fe_ of Maria de la Conception, a _Beata_, and
+famous hypocrite of the preceding reign, who had deceived many persons
+by her feigned revelations and pretended sanctity. She appeared in the
+_auto-da-fe_ gagged, with the _san-benito_, and the mitre.
+
+On the 30th of November, 1630, another _auto-da-fe_ was held at Seville,
+when six persons were burnt in effigy, and eight in person; fifty were
+reconciled, and six absolved _ad cautelam_.
+
+On the 21st of December, 1627, a general _auto-da-fe_ was celebrated at
+Cordova, composed of eighty-one condemned persons; fifty-eight were
+reconciled, among whom were three sorcerers.
+
+In 1532, a grand general _auto-da-fe_ was held at Madrid, at which the
+king and all the royal family attended. Seven persons were burnt, with
+four effigies, and forty-two reconciled; they were almost all
+Portuguese, or of Portuguese parents. The following circumstance has
+rendered this _auto-da-fe_ very famous. Miguel Rodriguez, and Isabella
+Martinez Albarez, his wife, were the proprietors of a house used by the
+condemned as a synagogue. They were accused of having struck the image
+of Jesus Christ with a whip, and of having crucified and insulted it in
+various ways, as if to revenge themselves upon it for all the evils
+which the Christians made them suffer. The holy office caused this house
+to be razed to the ground, and an inscription was placed on the spot. A
+monastery for the Capuchins was afterwards built on the site, and named
+the Convent of Patience, in allusion to the outrages which our Saviour
+allowed them to commit on his image: a report was then spread that the
+image spoke to the Jews three times, and that they did not hesitate to
+burn it. Solemn masses were performed at Madrid and other cities in the
+kingdom, to expiate the sacrilege which had been committed.
+
+On the 22nd of June, 1636, another general _auto-da-fe_ was held at
+Valladolid, composed of twenty-eight persons. The punishment inflicted
+on the Jews seems entirely novel: one hand was nailed to a wooden cross,
+and in that state they were obliged to hear read the report of their
+trial, and the sentence which condemned them to perpetual imprisonment
+for having insulted our Saviour and the Virgin by their blasphemies. A
+_Beata_ also appeared in this _auto-da-fe_; she was known by the name of
+_Lorenza_: her crimes were the same as those of the other women of her
+class; she pretended that she had seen apparitions of the Devil, Jesus
+Christ, and the Virgin Mary, and an infinity of revelations, but she
+was, in fact, nothing but a libertine woman.
+
+Another _Beata_, who was more celebrated, appeared before the tribunal
+of Valladolid, she was called _Louisa de l'Ascension_. M. Lavellee has
+spoken of the fragments of the cross which had belonged to this woman,
+in his history of the Inquisition, published at Paris in 1809. This
+author (_who has only added to the errors of the writers of the two last
+centuries_) says, that this cross was one of those which the inquisitors
+suspended round the necks of the condemned. This practice was never
+known in the Inquisition; the cross belonged to the _Beata_. M. Lavellee
+has not explained the inscription correctly. I have seen a cross entire;
+on the upper part are the letters I. N. R. I., which are the initials of
+_Jesus Nazarenius Rex Judaeorum_; on the mounting and on the arm, and
+towards the foot, are these words--_Jesus. La Tres Sainte Marie, concue
+sans peche originel. Soeur Louise de l'Ascension, esclave indigne de
+mon tres doux Jesus. Jesus. Maria santissima concibida sin pecado
+original. Indigna soror Luisa de la Ascencion, esclava de dulcisimo
+Jesus_. This _Beata_ gave similar crosses to those who, deceived by her
+reputation for sanctity, came to demand her prayers. This cross being
+once given, the wish to possess them became so general, that they were
+engraved and became the occasion and the subject of a trial: the
+Inquisition caused all that could be found to be remitted to them, and
+thus several were to be seen at Madrid and Valladolid.
+
+Louisa de l'Ascension must not be confounded with the hypocrites and
+false devotees, such as Mary de la Conception, Lorenza de Simancas,
+Magdalena de la Croix, and some others, who were vicious women. The
+constant virtue of Louisa was acknowledged by the nuns of St. Clara de
+Carrion, and by the inhabitants of that place and of the country.
+
+On the 23rd of January, 1639, there was a general _auto-da-fe_ at Lima
+in Peru, in which seventy-two persons appeared. Eleven persons were
+burnt, and one effigy. In this _auto-da-fe_ were seen, on elevated
+seats, six persons who had been accused by false witnesses.
+
+The cities of Toledo, Cuenca, Grenada, and Seville, also celebrated
+_autos-da-fe_ in 1651, 1654, and 1660, when many persons were burnt.
+
+Besides the public _autos-da-fe_ and trials mentioned in the Chapters
+24, 25, and 26, several others worthy of notice took place in the reign
+of Philip IV. Don Rodrigo Calderona, Marquis de Siete Inglesias,
+secretary to Philip III., was prosecuted by the Inquisition, which had
+not time to condemn him, because he was beheaded at Madrid in 1621,
+according to the sentence of the royal judges. The inquisitors accused
+him of having bewitched the king, in order to gain his favour. This
+charge was also brought against him by the fiscal of the civil tribunal
+of Madrid, but the judges paid no attention to it. It is certain that
+Calderona was the victim of a court intrigue, and the Count Duke de
+Olivares did an irreparable injury to his memory, in coldly witnessing
+the execution of a man, who, during his favour, had rendered him great
+services.
+
+Don Fray Louis Aliaga, archimandrite of Sicily, confessor to Philip
+III., and inquisitor-general, resigned his place by the command of
+Philip IV.; and a short time after Cardinal Zapata had succeeded him, he
+was prosecuted by the Inquisition of Madrid, for some propositions
+suspected of Lutheranism and materialism. Aliaga died in 1626, when his
+trial had not advanced further than the preparatory instruction.
+
+In the year 1645, the Inquisition of Madrid prosecuted Don Gaspard de
+Guzman, Count Duke de Olivares, favourite and prime-minister to Philip
+IV. This took place under the ministry of the inquisitor-general, Don
+Diego de Arce, on whom he had bestowed the bishoprics of Tui, Avila, and
+Placencia. Don Diego did not forget his benefactor, and it was to his
+prudence that the duke owed the favourable issue of an affair, which, in
+other hands, might have had the most fatal result.
+
+This minister was disgraced in 1643: a short time after, memorials were
+presented to the king, accusing him of the most heinous crimes. The
+tribunal, where every false report was received, also seized this
+opportunity to prosecute him; he was denounced to the Inquisition as a
+believer in judicial astrology; and as a proof that he was an enemy to
+the church, it was asserted that he attempted to poison Urban VIII.; the
+apothecary at Florence, who prepared the poison, and the Italian monk,
+who was to administer it, were mentioned; in fact, proofs were offered
+of all the crimes he had committed. The inquisitors commenced the
+preparatory instruction, but their proceedings were so dilatory, that
+the Count Duke died before the order for his arrest could be issued.
+
+The Jesuit, Count Juan Baptiste de Poza, occupied the Inquisitions of
+Spain and Rome for some time with his writings, during the reign of
+Philip IV., particularly from the year 1629 to 1636. I have spoken in
+Chapter 15 of the memorial presented by the university of Salamanca
+against the Jesuits, in order to prevent the imperial college of Madrid,
+which was under the direction of these fathers, from being made an
+university; Poza wrote several pamphlets in defence of the pretensions
+of his order, which were all condemned by the Inquisition of Rome in
+1632. The enemies of the Jesuits hoped that the Spanish Inquisition
+would do the same, but the inquisitors were afraid of offending the
+Count Duke de Olivares, whose confessor was a Jesuit. At this period,
+Francis Roales, doctor of the university of Salamanca, almoner and
+councillor of the king, professor of mathematics, and preceptor to the
+Cardinal-infant Don Ferdinand, published a work which created a great
+sensation. The author denounces the writings of Poza to the Catholic
+Church in general, and to each of its members in particular, as
+heretical and tainted with atheism, and also denounces all the Jesuits
+who defended his doctrine.
+
+Urban VIII. would have pronounced Poza to be an heretic, if he had not
+feared to offend the Court of Madrid; he therefore contented himself
+with depriving him of his professorship, and commanding that he should
+be sent to a house of the Jesuits, in some small town in Castile, and
+forbade him to preach, teach, or write. Although the Jesuits in their
+fourth vow, promised to obey the Pope without restriction, and they
+were, generally speaking, the most zealous supporters of his authority,
+yet, in this instance, they refused to obey, because they were supported
+by the Court of Madrid. At this time the work of Alphonso Vargas[74] was
+published out of Spain; Vargas exposes the stratagems, the perfidious
+politics, and the bad doctrine of the Jesuits. Their general alleged, as
+an excuse for their disobedience, that they were forbidden to execute
+the orders of his Holiness by the king of Spain: this was the state of
+the affair when Olivares was disgraced. The works of Poza were then
+prohibited in Spain, and he was condemned to abjure several heresies.
+
+Juan Nicolas Diana, another Jesuit, known for the very relaxed morals
+of his printed works, was prosecuted by the Inquisition of Sardinia for
+some propositions contained in a sermon, and was condemned to recant.
+The Jesuit published his defence, and went to Spain where he demanded to
+be tried by the Supreme Council. The Council, after taking the opinions
+of several qualifiers, annulled the sentence, and not only acquitted the
+Jesuit, but made him a qualifier.
+
+_Ali Arraez Ferrares_, surnamed the _Renegado_, was tried by the
+Inquisition of Sicily in this reign. He was a Moor of Tunis, and high in
+the favour of the king of that country: having been taken prisoner to
+Palermo, he was ransomed and sent back to Tunis. Some Christian slaves,
+who were in that city, expressed their surprise that an apostate had
+been ransomed instead of being sent to the dungeons of the Inquisition.
+The tribunal, being informed of the opinion of these slaves, published
+that they were ignorant that Ali Arraez Ferrares had been a Christian,
+and that he was surnamed the _Renegado_. Ali was taken a second time in
+1624, and though no other proof of his guilt existed but the report
+above-mentioned, he was taken to the prisons of the holy office. A great
+number of Sicilians, Genoese, and others, who had known him at Tunis,
+were examined; they all declared that he was called the _Renegado_, and
+some added that they had heard him say that he had been a Christian. Ali
+denied the fact, but the tribunal considered him as convicted, and
+condemned him to be burnt. The Supreme Council decided that the proof
+was not complete, annulled the sentence, and commanded that the prisoner
+should be tortured, in order to obtain additional proofs, and that the
+sentence should then be renewed. Ali still persisted in denying that he
+had been a Christian, and found means to inform the king of Tunis of his
+situation; the Moorish king received his letter at the moment when Fray
+Bartholomew Ximenez, Fray Ferdinand de Reina, Fray Diego de la Torre,
+and three other Carmelites, were brought in captive; they had been taken
+in going to Rome. The king commanded them to write to the inquisitors
+of Sicily to set Ali Arraez at liberty, and to accept his ransom, and,
+in case they refused, to inform them that he would imprison and torture
+all the Christian slaves in his power. The monks excused themselves by
+alleging that they did not know the inquisitors, and the affair was
+dropped. At this period the Supreme Council commanded that Ali should be
+confined in a dungeon and ironed. In 1628, Ali found means to convey
+another letter to the Moorish king, informing him that he was imprisoned
+in a dark and fetid dungeon, with a Christian captain, and that they
+were almost starved. When the king received the letter, the Spanish
+monks were negotiating their ransom. He sent for them, and said, "Why do
+they endeavour to make this renegado a Christian by their tortures? If
+this Inquisition is not suppressed, or if the inquisitors do not send
+the renegado immediately to the galleys with the other slaves, I will
+burn all the Christians who are in my power: write, and tell them so."
+The monks obeyed, and added, that if justice and religion required the
+execution of the prisoner, they were ready to suffer martyrdom. The king
+of Tunis afterwards accepted the ransom of the monks. After detaining
+Ali for sixteen years, the inquisitors had no greater proof of his
+crime, and yet they refused to exchange him for a Christian priest,
+alleging that the relations of the priest ought to ransom him, and that
+it would be taking an active part in the heresy and damnation of the
+renegado to set him at liberty: it was represented that their refusal
+might have the most fatal consequences to the Christian slaves at Tunis;
+but this consideration did not affect them.
+
+An affair, which created a great sensation, occupied the Supreme Council
+at this time. A convent for Benedictine nuns had been founded in the
+parish of St. Martin. The director and confessor, Fray Francis Garcia
+was considered a learned and holy man. Donna Theresa de Sylva, whose
+relation had founded the convent for her, was the abbess, though only
+twenty-six years of age. The community was composed of thirty nuns, who
+all appeared to be virtuous, and had voluntarily embraced the monastic
+life. While the new convent enjoyed the highest reputation, the gestures
+and words of one of the nuns indicated that she was in a supernatural
+state: Fray Garcia exorcised her, and on the 8th of September she was
+pronounced to be a demoniac. In a short time, the abbess and twenty-five
+nuns were attacked in the same manner. Many consultations took place on
+the condition of these women, between men of learning and virtue, who
+believed that they were really _possessed_,--their confessor repeated
+his exorcism every day, and even spent days and nights in the convent to
+renew them. He at last brought the tabernacle of the holy sacrament into
+the room where the nuns worked, and they said the prayers of forty
+hours. This singular scene lasted for three years, when the Inquisition
+of Toledo put a stop to it in 1631, by arresting the confessor, the
+abbess, and some of the nuns. Fray Francis Garcia was denounced as an
+_illuminati_, and it was said that he had corrupted the nuns, who
+pretended to be possessed. The trial was terminated in 1633; the
+confessor and the nuns were declared to be suspected of having fallen
+into the heresy of the _Alumbrados_. They were condemned to several
+penances, and sent to different convents; the abbess was exiled, and
+deprived of the privilege of consulting for four, and of voting for
+eight years: when this period had expired, she returned to her own
+convent, and was commanded by her superiors to demand a revision of her
+trial. The abbess obeyed, declaring at the same time, that she did it
+solely for the honour of her nuns and those of the other houses of St.
+Benedict. The enterprise was difficult, but the power of her relation,
+the prothonotary of Aragon, and of the Count Duke de Olivares, overcame
+every obstacle. In 1642 the Supreme Council acknowledged the innocence
+of the nuns, but not of Fray Francis, became he had been so imprudent
+as to hold a correspondence with the demons to satisfy his curiosity,
+before he drove them from the nuns. Donna Theresa gives an account of
+her own feelings when possessed, and says that she was in a state of
+delirium, and did the most foolish things.
+
+Don Jerome de Villanueva, prothonotary of Aragon, that is, the royal
+secretary of state for that kingdom, had, in his youth, been the
+secretary to the Inquisition. He was prosecuted by the tribunal on the
+disgrace of the Count Duke de Olivares, as his creature and principal
+confidant. Several heretical propositions were imputed to him, and he
+was arrested in 1645, and condemned to abjure: this sentence was
+pronounced on the 18th of June, 1647. When he was set at liberty to
+accomplish his penance, he appealed to Pope Innocent X., complaining of
+the injustice with which he had been treated in depriving him of the
+means of defending himself, and protesting that he had only submitted to
+the sentence, that he might bring his cause before an impartial
+tribunal; he therefore demanded that his trial should be revised by
+judges appointed by his Holiness. Don Pedro Navarro, an opulent
+gentleman, went to Rome to negotiate the affair, out of friendship to
+Villanueva; and although Philip requested through his ambassador that
+Navarro should be compelled to leave Rome, his Holiness refused, and
+would not allow him to be arrested. The Pope issued a brief of
+commission to the bishops of Calahorra, Segovia, and Cuenca, to revise
+the trial, but Philip IV., in consequence of the insinuations of the
+inquisitor-general, forbade them to accept the commission, because it
+was contrary to the prerogatives of the crown. The Pope then commanded
+that the process should be transferred to Rome; after some opposition he
+was obeyed, and Villanueva was acquitted. The resistance and the
+injustice witnessed by the Pope in this case induced him to expedite a
+second brief in 1653, in which he declared that he had discovered great
+irregularities in the trial of Villanueva, and charged the
+inquisitor-general to observe that the laws were more strictly followed,
+and the trials conducted with more justice, gravity and circumspection.
+
+New contests soon arose between the Courts of Madrid and Rome, and the
+Pope sent Francis Mancini as his nuncio to Madrid, to settle the
+dispute, but he could not obtain an audience of the king, and in 1654
+was obliged to apply in the name of his Holiness to the
+inquisitor-general, who told him that the Pope had offended the king in
+the affair above-mentioned; he asserted that the prosecution of
+Villanueva had been properly conducted, and that the Pope had approved
+it. If this assertion was true, the Pope must have expressed his
+approbation before he took cognizance of the trial, for when it was
+transferred to the tribunal of Rome, the injustice and defects were
+discovered.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIX.
+
+THE INQUISITION DURING THE REIGN OF CHARLES II.
+
+
+Charles II. succeeded his father on the 17th of September, 1665, when he
+was only four years of age. The grand inquisitors, during his reign,
+were, Cardinal Don Pascual d'Aragon, archbishop of Toledo; Father John
+Everard de Nitardo, a German Jesuit; Don Diego de Sarmiento de
+Valladares, bishop of Oviedo and Placentia; Don Juan Thomas Rocaberti,
+archbishop of Valencia; Cardinal Don Alphonso Fernandez de Cordova y
+Aguilar; and Don Balthazar de Mendoza-Sandoval, bishop of Segovia.
+
+The infancy of Charles II., the ambition of his brother Don John of
+Austria, the imperious temper of the queen-mother, Maria Anne of
+Austria, and the machiavelism of the Jesuit Nitardo, gave occasion for
+a number of scandalous events during this reign. The weakness of the
+government was the principal cause of the insolent conduct of the
+inquisitors.
+
+When Charles II. married Maria Louisa de Bourbon in 1680, the taste of
+the nation was so depraved, that a grand _auto-da-fe_, composed of a
+hundred and eighteen victims, was considered as a proper and flattering
+homage to the new queen; nineteen persons were burnt, with thirty-four
+effigies. None of the cases were remarkable, and may therefore be passed
+over in silence, together with another _auto-da-fe_ which was celebrated
+in the church of the convent of the nuns of St. Dominic. Some manuscript
+notes indicate that some of the condemned avoided the fate which awaited
+them, by bribing the inferior officers of the tribunal; I am persuaded
+that this assertion is incorrect, because the subalterns had very little
+influence after the criminals were arrested.
+
+The most celebrated trial of the Inquisition in this reign is that of
+Fray Froilan Diaz, bishop elect of Avila, and confessor to the king. The
+habitual weakness of Charles II., and the failure of an heir, created a
+suspicion that he was _bewitched_. The Cardinal Portocarrero and the
+inquisitor-general Rocaberti believed in sorcery, and after persuading
+the king that he was bewitched, they entreated him to suffer himself to
+be exorcised according to the formulary of the church. Charles
+consented, and was exorcised by his confessor. The novelty of this
+proceeding occasioned many remarks, and Froilan was informed that
+another monk was at that time exorcising a nun at Cangas de Tineo, in
+order to free her from the demons, which, she said, tormented her.
+Froilan and the inquisitor-general charged the exorcist of the
+_demoniac_ to command the demon, by the formula of the ritual, to
+declare if Charles II. was bewitched or not, and if he replied in the
+affirmative, to make him reveal the nature of the sorcery; if it was
+permanent; if it was attached to anything that the king had eaten or
+drank, to images or other objects; in what place it might be found; and
+lastly, if there were any natural means of preventing its effects: the
+confessor added several other questions, and desired the exorcist to
+urge them with all the zeal which the interest of the king and the state
+required.
+
+The monk at first refused to question the demon, because it is forbidden
+by the church; but on being assured by the inquisitor-general that it
+would not be sinful in the present circumstances, he faithfully
+performed all that had been requested of him. The demon declared by the
+mouth of the demoniac, that a spell had been put upon the king by a
+person who was named. According to the private notes of that time, the
+criminal was an agent of the Court of Vienna; but Cardinal Portocarrero
+and the confessor Diaz were the partisans of France for the succession
+of Spain.
+
+Diaz was very much alarmed at this information, and redoubled his
+conjurations until he learned some method of destroying the enchantment.
+Before this operation was concluded, Rocaberti died, and was succeeded
+by Don Balthazar de Mendoza, who was of the Austrian party; he signified
+to the king that all that had taken place had arisen from the imprudent
+zeal of his confessor, and that he must be removed. The king followed
+his advice, and made Froilan Bishop of Avila; but the new
+inquisitor-general, not contented with preventing the expedition of the
+bulls, prosecuted him for having made use of demons to discover hidden
+things.
+
+Mendoza directed this attack in concert with Torres Palmosa, the king's
+confessor, who was as eager for the ruin of Froilan Diaz as himself;
+this man communicated to Mendoza the letters which Diaz had received
+from Cangas, which were found among his papers.
+
+Mendoza examined witnesses, and after combining their declarations with
+the contents of the letters, he gave them to five qualifiers who were
+devoted to him, and made Don Juan Arcemendi, a counsellor of the
+Inquisition, and Don Dominic de la Cantolla, official of the
+secretaryship of the Supreme Council, their president and secretary.
+However, the five qualifiers declared that the trial offered no fact or
+proposition worthy of theological censure.
+
+This decision was very displeasing to Mendoza; but relying on his
+influence in the council, he proposed that Diaz should be arrested: the
+councillors refused, because the measure was unjust, and contrary to the
+laws of the holy office, according to the decision of the five
+qualifiers. This resistance irritated the inquisitor-general, who caused
+the decree to be drawn up, signed it, and sent it to the council, with
+an order to register it with the ordinary forms. The councillors replied
+that they could not perform a ceremony which they considered illegal,
+because the resolution had not been adopted by a majority of votes.
+
+During these transactions, Diaz made his escape to Rome: Mendoza, who
+could depend upon the king's confessor, induced him to persuade the king
+that this was an offence against the rights of the crown, and obtained a
+letter from him to the Duke de Uzeda, his ambassador at Rome, commanding
+him to seize the person of Diaz, and send him under an escort to
+Carthagena.
+
+The anonymous author of Anecdotes of the Court of Rome says, that Diaz
+went thither to show to the Pope the will of Charles II., by which
+Philip de Bourbon was called to the throne of Spain; and that his return
+as a prisoner was occasioned by a court intrigue; but there is no
+evidence to prove this assertion. The inquisitor-general sent Froilan
+Diaz to the prison of the Inquisition of Murcia, and commanded the
+inquisitors to begin his trial. They appointed as qualifiers nine of the
+most learned theologians of the diocese, who unanimously gave the same
+answer as those of the Supreme Council: the inquisitors consequently
+declared that there was no cause for the arrest. The inquisitor-general
+then caused Diaz to be transferred to Madrid. Mendoza afterwards charged
+the fiscal of the Inquisition to accuse him as a dogmatizing
+arch-heretic, for having said that an intercourse with the demon might
+be permitted, in order to learn the art of curing the sick.
+
+Charles II. died about this time, and Philip was at first too much
+engaged with the war against the Archduke Charles of Austria, to
+discover the intrigues and artifices of Mendoza. He at last submitted
+the affair to the Council of Castile, on the 24th of December, 1703,
+which decided that the arrest of Diaz was contrary to the common laws,
+and those of the holy office. The Supreme Council then decreed that Diaz
+should be set at liberty and acquitted.
+
+It must be observed, that the demon affirmed that God had permitted a
+spell to be put upon the king, and that it could not be taken off,
+because the holy sacrament was in the church without lamps or wax
+candles, the communities of monks dying of hunger, and other reasons of
+the same nature. Two other demons who were interrogated, only agreed in
+declaring the necessity of favouring the churches, convents, and
+communities of Dominican monks; perhaps because the inquisitor-generals
+Rocaberti and Diaz were of that order.
+
+This prince convoked the _grand junta_, composed of two councillors of
+state, two members of each of the Councils of Castile, Aragon, Italy,
+the Indies, the military orders and the finances, and one of the king's
+secretaries. The royal secretary informed the junta that the disputes
+between the inquisitors and the civil judges had caused so much
+disturbance, that the king had resolved to commission the assembly to
+propose a plain and fixed rule, to secure to the Inquisition the respect
+due to it, and to prevent the inquisitors from undertaking trials
+foreign to the jurisdiction of the holy office. The king commanded the
+six councils to remit to the junta all the papers necessary for the
+examination of the affair.
+
+On the 21st of May, 1696, the grand junta made a report, stating that it
+appeared from the papers which had been examined, that the greatest
+disorder had long existed in the different jurisdictions, because the
+inquisitors had arbitrarily extended their power, so that the common
+tribunals had scarcely anything to do; that they punished the slightest
+offence against themselves or their domestics with the greatest
+severity, as if it was a crime against religion; that not content with
+exempting their officers from taxes, they gave their houses the
+privileges of an asylum, so that a criminal could not be taken from
+them, even by a judicial order; and if the public authorities exercised
+their powers, they dared to complain of it as a sacrilegious violation
+of the church; that in their official letters, and in the conduct of
+their affairs, they showed an intention of weakening the respect of the
+people towards the royal judges, and even to make the authority of
+superior magistrates contemptible; and that they affected a certain
+independent manner of thinking on the subjects of administration and
+public economy, which made them forgetful of the rights of the crown.
+
+The junta then stated that these abuses had caused complaints from the
+subjects, division among the ministers, discouragement to the tribunals,
+and much trouble to his majesty in settling their differences. That this
+conduct had appeared so intolerable, even in the beginning, that the
+powers of the Inquisition had been suspended for ten years by Charles
+V., until it was restored by Philip II., in the absence of his father,
+with some restrictions, which had not been well observed; that the
+extreme moderation with which the inquisitors had been treated was the
+cause of their boldness.
+
+The junta proposed for the reformation of the holy office; 1st. That the
+Inquisition should not make use of censures in civil affairs. 2nd. That
+in case they employed them, the royal tribunals should be charged to
+oppose them by the means in their power. 3rd. That the privileges of the
+inquisitorial jurisdiction should be limited, in respect to the
+ministers and familiars of the Inquisition, and the relations of the
+inquisitors. 4th. That measures should be adopted to ensure the
+immediate settlement of affairs relating to competence and mutual
+pretensions.
+
+The Count de Frigiliana, councillor of state, added that the inquisitors
+ought to be compelled to give an account of the revenues of the holy
+office. These observations, and the propositions of the junta, had no
+effect; for the inquisitor-general Rocaberti, and Froilan Diaz,
+succeeded in changing the favourable inclinations of the king.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XL.
+
+OF THE INQUISITION IN THE REIGN OF PHILIP V.
+
+
+Philip V. succeeded his uncle Charles II. on the 1st of November, 1700;
+he died on the 9th of July, 1746. The grand-inquisitors, during this
+period, were, Don Balthazar Mendoza y Sandoval; Don Vidal Marin, Bishop
+of Ceuta; Don Antonio Ibanez de la Riba-Herrera, Archbishop of
+Saragossa; Cardinal Don Francis Judice; Don Joseph de Molinos; Don Diego
+de Astorga Cespedes, Bishop of Barcelona; Don Juan de Camargo, Bishop of
+Pampeluna; Don Andres de Orbe Larreategui, Archbishop of Valencia; Don
+Manuel-Isidore Manrique de Lara, Archbishop of Santiago; and Don Francis
+Perez de Prado Cuesta, Bishop of Teruel, who was still in office at the
+death of Philip V.
+
+The court had always been so favourable to the Inquisition, that the
+inquisitors thought that a solemn _auto-da-fe_ in celebration of his
+accession would be agreeable to the king. It took place in 1701, but
+Philip refused to be present at this barbarous scene. He however
+protected the tribunal of the holy office, according to the advice of
+his grandfather, Louis XIV., who told him, that he must support the
+Inquisition as the surest means of maintaining the tranquillity of his
+kingdom. This system acquired fresh importance in his eyes when Don
+Vidal Marin, the inquisitor-general, published an edict excommunicating
+all those who did not denounce the persons who had been heard to say,
+that they thought themselves permitted to violate the oath of fidelity
+to Philip V. This edict gave occasion for several trials, but none of
+them were followed by a definitive sentence.
+
+Judaism was nearly extirpated during the reign of Philip V.; it had been
+secretly propagated for the second time in a remarkable manner, after
+the reunion of Portugal to Spain. A yearly _auto-da-fe_ was celebrated
+by all the tribunals of the Inquisition, during the reign of this
+prince; some of them held two, and three were performed at Seville and
+Grenada. Thus, without including those of America, Sardinia and Sicily,
+seven hundred and eighty-two _autos-da-fe_ took place at Madrid,
+Barcelona, the Canaries, Cordova, Cuenca, Grenada, Jaen, Llerena,
+Logrono, Majorca, Murcia, Santiago, Seville, Toledo, Valencia,
+Valladolid and Saragossa.
+
+In fifty-four of these ceremonies seventy-four persons were burnt, with
+sixty-three effigies, and eight-hundred and eighty-one condemned to
+penances. From this statement we may calculate, that during the
+forty-six years of the reign of Philip V. fourteen thousand and
+sixty-six individuals were condemned by the Inquisition to different
+punishments.
+
+It has been a common opinion, that the Inquisition began to be less
+severe towards heretics, when the princes of the house of Bourbon
+ascended the throne of Spain; but other causes seem to have decreased
+the number of its victims, which will be considered in the following
+chapters.
+
+Among the pretended sorcerers condemned by the Inquisition was Juan
+Perez de Espejo, who was punished at Madrid in 1743, as a blasphemous
+hypocrite and a sorcerer. This person, after taking the name of _Juan de
+St. Esprit_, is said to have been the founder of the _Congregation of
+Hospitaliers_ or of the _Divine Shepherd_, which still exists. He was
+condemned to receive two hundred stripes, and to be imprisoned ten years
+in a fortress.
+
+A number of the disciples of _Molinos_ were also condemned. Don Joseph
+Fernandez de Toro, Bishop of Oviedo, was condemned for this doctrine in
+1721. The Inquisition of Logrono burnt Don Juan de Causados, a prebend
+of Tudela, the most intimate friend and disciple of _Molinos_; he had
+promulgated his mystic doctrines with great zeal and enthusiasm. His
+nephew, Juan de Longas, maintained this doctrine after his death; he is
+still known in Navarre, Rioxa, Burgos, and Soria, by the name of
+_Brother John_. The inquisitors of Logrono condemned him, in 1729, to
+receive two hundred stripes, and sent him for ten years to the galleys:
+he was afterwards imprisoned for life. Unfortunately some monks of his
+order had adopted his sentiments, and had communicated them to several
+nuns of the Convents of Lerma and Corrella, which gave occasion to
+several _autos-da-fe_.
+
+Donna Agueda de Luna was the principal of these: she was born of noble
+parents at Corella, in Navarre. In 1712 she entered the Carmelite
+Convent at Lerma, with so great a reputation for virtue, that she was
+looked upon as a saint. In 1713 she had already adopted the heresy of
+Molinos; she passed twenty years in the convent, and her fame was
+continually increased by the accounts of her ecstasies and miracles,
+which were promulgated by Juan de Longas, the Prior de Lerma, the
+provincial, and other monks of the first rank, who were all accomplices
+in the imposture of Agueda, and interested in her reputation for
+sanctity.
+
+A convent was founded at the place of her birth, and she was made
+prioress; in this character she continued her iniquitous course of life
+without losing any of her reputation, which, on the contrary, became so
+great, that the inhabitants of all the neighbouring countries repaired
+to her to implore her intercession with God.
+
+After having passed a life full of iniquity, concealed by an appearance
+of sanctity, Agueda was denounced to the Inquisition of Logrono; she was
+taken to the secret prison, where she died from the consequences of the
+torture, before her trial was terminated. She confessed during the
+question that her sanctity was an imposture; she appeared to repent in
+her last moments, and received absolution. It was said in the
+informations taken during the trial, that Agueda had made a compact with
+the demon, and had sold her soul to him. She was also accused of
+infanticide, and some bones were found in the spot where it was said
+that her children were murdered and buried.
+
+Fray Juan de la Vega, provincial of the barefooted Carmelites, was also
+prosecuted as an accomplice of Agueda; he was her spiritual director,
+and, according to the evidence in his trial, had participated in her
+crimes, and seduced several other nuns. Several persons declared that
+Fray Juan had likewise made a compact with the demon; but he denied the
+fact, and resisted the severity of the torture, although he was advanced
+in years. He only confessed that he had received the money for eleven
+thousand eight hundred masses which had not been said. He was declared
+to be suspected in the highest degree, and sent to the desert Convent of
+Duruelo, where he died a short time after.
+
+The provincial, and the secretary, and the two monks who had held those
+offices in the three preceding years, were implicated in the charges,
+arrested, tortured, and denied the facts; they were confined in the
+convents of their order in Majorca, Bilboa, Valladolid, and Osma. The
+annalist of the order confessed his crime, and appeared in the
+_auto-da-fe_ with the _San-benito_. The other nuns who were found guilty
+were dispersed in different convents.
+
+The trial of Don Balthazar Mendoza-Sandoval, Bishop of Segovia and
+inquisitor-general, was equally famous, though from a different cause.
+The conduct of this bad prelate towards Froilan Diaz has been related in
+the preceding chapter. When the Supreme Council refused to sanction the
+enormous abuse of his powers which he meditated, Mendoza ordered the
+arrest of three of the councillors who had been the most remarkable in
+their opposition; he requested of the king, in a false representation,
+the dismissal of Don Antonio Zambrana, Don Juan Arzemendi, and Don Juan
+Miguelez, whom he sent loaded with chains to Santiago de Grenada, and
+formed the bold design of depriving the council of the right of
+intervention in the trials submitted to them, and the members of the
+power of voting a definitive sentence.
+
+This act of despotism roused the resolution of Philip V. On the 24th of
+December he submitted the affair to the Council of Castile. On the 21st
+of January, 1704, the council proposed that the Supreme Council should
+be re-established in the possession of the privileges it had enjoyed
+since the foundation of the Inquisition, and that the three members
+should be restored to their office. The king took this advice, and
+commanded Mendoza to give in his resignation and leave Madrid.
+
+Mendoza complained to the Pope, who wrote to the king to remonstrate on
+the manner of treating one of his sub-delegates. The king, however,
+maintained his resolution with firmness, and Mendoza was obliged to
+obey.
+
+The king gave another proof of his firmness in defending the privileges
+of the crown, in his conduct towards the Inquisitor-general Judice, in
+the affair of Don Melchior Macanaz[75]. Philip, however, endured an
+insult from the Inquisition, which it is surprising that he did not
+avenge. He had complained of a decree which Cardinal Judice had signed
+at Marli in 1714, prohibiting the works of Macanaz. The members of the
+Supreme Council had the boldness to reply that his majesty might
+_suppress_ the holy office if he thought proper, but _that, according to
+the apostolic bulls, he could not prevent it from exercising its office
+while it continued in existence_.
+
+The Council of Castile, on the 3rd of November, 1714, gave the king
+substantial reasons for the suppression of the holy office. The
+ordinance for that purpose was prepared, and the blow would have been
+struck, but for the intrigues of the Queen, Isabella Farnese; the Jesuit
+Daubenton, her confessor, and Cardinal Alberoni, who made the faithful
+and zealous conduct of Macanaz appear in a criminal light. They reminded
+the king of the advice of Louis XIV., and obtained another decree
+annulling the first. In this ordinance the king acknowledges that he had
+paid too much attention to the evil advice of perfidious ministers, and
+approves the prohibition of the works of Macanaz as favourable to the
+rights of the crown, re-establishes the counsellors who had been
+dismissed, and praises the conduct of Cardinal Judice.
+
+The Inquisition prohibited the works of _Barclay_ and _Talon_ in the
+same edict with those of Macanaz, because they defended the rights of
+the crown against the pretensions of the Court of Rome, and Philip had
+the weakness to sanction an act so prejudicial to his own authority. It
+was during this reign that the works of Nicolas Belando and Don Joseph
+Quiros were prohibited[76].
+
+Among the trials I examined at Saragossa, was one very similar to that
+of Corellas, but the criminals had not committed the crime of
+infanticide, or made a compact with the demon.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLI.
+
+OF THE INQUISITION DURING THE REIGN OF FERDINAND VI.
+
+
+Philip V. left his crown to Ferdinand VI., his eldest son by his first
+wife, Gabriella of Savoy. This prince reigned from the 9th of July,
+1746, to the 10th of August, 1759; he died without children. He was
+succeeded by his brother, Charles III. of Naples, the son of Philip V.
+and Isabella Farnese, his second wife. Don Francis Perez del Prado,
+Bishop of Teruel, held the office of inquisitor-general at the accession
+of Ferdinand. He was succeeded by Don Manuel Quintano Bonifaz,
+Archbishop of Pharsala, who was still in office at the death of that
+Prince.
+
+The rise of good taste in literature in Spain, the restoration of which
+was prepared under Philip V., was dated from the reign of Ferdinand VI.
+On this circumstance is founded the opinion that the accession of the
+Bourbons caused a change in the system of the Inquisition; yet these
+princes never gave any new laws to the institution, or suppressed any of
+the ancient code, and, consequently, did not prevent any of the numerous
+_autos-da-fe_ which were celebrated in their reigns. But Philip
+established at Madrid two Royal Academies for History and the Spanish
+language, on the model of that of Paris, and favoured a friendly
+intercourse between the _literati_ of the two nations.
+
+The agreement made in 1737 with the Court of Rome, concerning the
+contributions to be imposed on the clergy, and some other points of
+discipline, had rendered appeals to the Pope more rare; and many
+opinions were admitted to be reasonable, which had been long represented
+as unfavourable to religion and piety, by the ignorance and superstition
+of one side, and the malevolence of the other. The establishment of
+weekly papers made the people acquainted with works they had never
+before heard of, and informed them of resolutions of the Catholic
+princes, concerning the clergy, which a short time before they would
+have considered as an outrage against religion and its ministers. The
+_Diario de los Literatos_ (Journal de Savans) also opened the eyes of
+many persons, who, till then, had not been able to judge of books.
+
+These circumstances, and some other causes, during the reign of Philip
+V. prepared the way for the interesting revolution in Spanish literature
+under Ferdinand VI. This change was followed by a great benefit to
+mankind; the inquisitors, and even their inferior officers, began to
+perceive that zeal for the purity of the Catholic religion is exposed to
+the admission of erroneous opinions. The doctrine of Macanaz no longer
+shocked the people, who heard with tranquillity all that had been
+written on the appeal against violence (_fuerzas_), and without dreading
+the anathemas fulminated every year by the Popes in the bull _in coena
+dominum_.
+
+The effect of this change in opinion was particularly conspicuous in the
+reduction of the number of trials for Judaism and, consequently, in the
+victims in the _autos-da-fe_. During the reign of Ferdinand, no general,
+and not more than thirty-four private _autos-da-fe_ were celebrated; the
+persons who appeared in them were condemned for blasphemy, bigamy, and
+pretended sorcery. Ten persons only were relaxed, and one hundred and
+seventy subjected to penances: those who were burnt had relapsed into
+Judaism. The Jews had been so severely persecuted in the preceding
+reigns, that scarcely any remained.
+
+Jansenism and Freemasonry particularly occupied the Inquisition under
+Ferdinand VI. The Jesuits called those persons Jansenists who did not
+adopt the opinions of Molina, on grace and free-will: their adversaries
+designated them as Pelagians. These parties reciprocally accused each
+other of favouring heresy. But the faction of the Jesuits prevailed
+during the reigns of Philip V. and his successor, because their
+confessors were of that order.
+
+Freemasonry was an object entirely new to the Inquisition. Clement XII.
+had expedited on the 28th of April, 1738, the bull _in Eminenti_, in
+which he excommunicates the freemasons. In 1740 Philip issued a royal
+ordinance against them, and many were arrested and sent to the galleys.
+The inquisitors took advantage of the example, and treated the members
+of a lodge discovered at Madrid with great severity. The punishment of
+death was decreed against freemasons, in 1739, by the Cardinal Vicar of
+Rome, in the name of the high-priest of the God of peace and mercy!
+Benedict XIV. renewed the bull of Clement, in 1751. Fray Joseph
+Torrubia, examiner of books for the holy office, denounced the existence
+of freemasons, and Ferdinand published an ordinance against them in the
+same year, in which it was said, that all who did not conform to the
+regulations contained in it, would be punished as state criminals guilty
+of _high treason_. Charles III., then King of Naples, prohibited the
+masonic assemblies on the same day. The following pages contain the
+notice of a trial of this nature, which took place at Madrid, in 1757.
+
+M. Tournon, a Frenchman, had been invited into Spain, and pensioned by
+the government, in order to establish a manufactory of brass or copper
+buckles, and to instruct Spanish workmen. On the 30th of April, 1757, he
+was denounced to the holy office as suspected of heresy by one of his
+pupils, who acted in obedience to the commands of his confessor.
+
+The charges were: 1st. That M. Tournon had asked his pupils to become
+freemasons, promising that the _Grand Orient_ of Paris should send a
+commission to receive them into the order, if they should submit to the
+trials he should propose, to ascertain their courage and firmness; and
+that their titles of reception should be expedited from Paris. 2nd.
+That some of these young workmen appeared inclined to comply, if M.
+Tournon would inform them of the object of the institution. That in
+order to satisfy them, he told them several extraordinary things, and
+showed them a sort of picture on which were figured instruments of
+architecture and astronomy. They thought that these representations
+related to sorcery, and they were confirmed in the idea, on hearing the
+imprecations which, according to M. Tournon, were to accompany the oath
+of secrecy.
+
+It appeared from the depositions of three witnesses that M. Tournon was
+a freemason. He was arrested and imprisoned on the 20th of May. The
+following conversation, which took place in the first audience of
+_monition_, may be interesting to some readers. After asking his name,
+birth-place, and his reason for coming to Spain, and making him swear to
+speak the truth, the inquisitor proceeded:--
+
+_Question._ Do you know or suppose why you have been arrested by the
+holy office?
+
+_Answer._ I suppose it is for having said that I was a freemason.
+
+_Q._ Why do you suppose so?
+
+_A._ Because I have informed my pupils that I was of that order, and I
+fear that they have denounced me; for I have perceived lately that they
+speak to me with an air of mystery, and their questions lead me to
+believe that they think me an heretic.
+
+_Q._ Did you tell them the truth?
+
+_A._ Yes.
+
+_Q._ You are then a freemason?
+
+_A._ Yes.
+
+_Q._ How long have you been so?
+
+_A._ For twenty years.
+
+_Q._ Have you attended the assemblies of freemasons?
+
+_A._ Yes, at Paris.
+
+_Q._ Have you attended them in Spain?
+
+_A._ No; I do not know if there are any lodges in Spain.
+
+_Q._ If there were, should you attend them?
+
+_A._ Yes.
+
+_Q._ Are you a Christian, a Roman Catholic?
+
+_A._ Yes; I was baptized in the parish of St. Paul, at Paris.
+
+_Q._ How, as a Christian, can you dare to attend masonic assemblies,
+when you know, or ought to know, that they are contrary to religion?
+
+_A._ I did not know that; I am ignorant of it at present, because I
+never saw or heard anything there which was contrary to religion.
+
+_Q._ How can you say that, when you know that freemasons profess
+_indifference_ in matters of religion, which is contrary to the article
+of faith, which teaches us that no man can be saved who does not profess
+the Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman religion?
+
+_A._ The freemasons do not profess that _indifference_. But it is
+_indifferent_ if the person received into the order be a Catholic or
+not.
+
+_Q._ Then the freemasons are an _anti-religious_ body?
+
+_A._ That cannot be; for the object of the institution is not to combat
+or deny the necessity or utility of any religion, but for the exercise
+of charity towards the unfortunate of any sect, particularly if he is a
+member of the society.
+
+_Q._ One proof that _indifference_ is the religious character of
+freemasons is, that they do not acknowledge the Holy Trinity, since they
+only confess one God, whom they call the _Great Architect of the
+Universe_, which agrees with the doctrine of the heretical philosophers,
+who say that there is no true religion but _natural religion_, in which
+the existence of God the Creator only is allowed, and the rest
+considered as a human invention. And as M. Tournon has professed himself
+to be of the Catholic religion, he is required by the respect he owes to
+our Saviour Jesus Christ, true God and man, and to his blessed mother,
+the Virgin Mary, our Lady, to declare the truth according to his oath;
+because in that case, he will acquit his conscience, and it will be
+allowable to treat him with that mercy and compassion which the holy
+office always showed towards sinners who confess: and if, on the
+contrary, he conceals anything, he will be punished with all the
+severity of justice, according to the holy canons and the laws of the
+kingdom?
+
+_A._ The mystery of the Holy Trinity is neither maintained nor combated
+in the masonic lodges: neither is the religious system of the natural
+philosophers approved or rejected; God is designated as the Great
+Architect of the Universe, according to the allegories of the freemasons
+which relate to architecture. In order to fulfil my promise of speaking
+truth, I must repeat, that in the masonic lodges nothing takes place
+which concerns any religious system, and that the subjects treated of
+are foreign to religion, under the allegories of architectural works.
+
+_Q._ Do you believe as a Catholic, that it is a sin of superstition to
+mingle holy and religious things with profane things?
+
+_A._ I am not sufficiently acquainted with the particular things which
+are prohibited as contrary to the purity of the Christian religion; but
+I have believed till now, that those who confound the one with the
+other, either by mistake, or a vain belief, are guilty of the sin of
+superstition.
+
+_Q._ Is it true that in the ceremonies which accompany the reception of
+a mason, the crucified image of our Saviour, the corpse of a man, and a
+skull, and other objects of a profane nature, are made use of?
+
+_A._ The general statutes of freemasonry do not ordain these things: if
+they are made use of, it must have arisen from a particular custom, or
+from the arbitrary regulations of the members of the body, who are
+commissioned to prepare for the reception of candidates; for each lodge
+has particular customs and ceremonies.
+
+_Q._ That is not the question; say if it true that these ceremonies are
+observed in masonic lodges?
+
+_A._ Yes, or no, according to the regulations of those who are charged
+with the ceremonies of the initiation.
+
+_Q._ Were they observed when you were initiated?
+
+_A._ No.
+
+_Q._ What oath is it necessary to take on being received a freemason?
+
+_A._ We swear to observe secrecy.
+
+_Q._ On what?
+
+_A._ On things which it may be inconvenient to publish.
+
+_Q._ Is this oath accompanied by execrations?
+
+_A._ Yes.
+
+_Q._ What are they?
+
+_A._ We consent to suffer all the evils which can afflict the body and
+soul if we violate the oath.
+
+_Q._ Of what importance is this oath, since it is believed that such
+formidable execrations may be used without indecency?
+
+_A._ That of good order in the society.
+
+_Q._ What passes in these lodges which it might be inconvenient to
+publish?
+
+_A._ Nothing, if it is looked upon without prejudice; but as people are
+generally mistaken in this matter, it is necessary to avoid giving cause
+for malicious interpretations; and this would take place if what passes
+when the brothers assemble was made public.
+
+_Q._ Of what use is the crucifix, if the reception of a freemason is not
+considered as a religious act?
+
+_A._ It is presented to penetrate the soul with the most profound
+respect at the moment that the novice takes the oath. It is not used in
+every lodge, and only when particular grades are conferred.
+
+_Q._ Why is the skull used?
+
+_A._ That the idea of death may inspire a horror of perjury.
+
+_Q._ Of what use is the corpse?
+
+_A._ To complete the allegory of Hiram, architect of the temple of
+Jerusalem, who, it is said, was assassinated by traitors, and to induce
+a greater detestation of assassination and other offences against our
+neighbours, to whom we ought to be as benevolent brothers.
+
+_Q._ Is it true that the festival of St. John is celebrated in the
+lodges, and that the masons have chosen him for their patron?
+
+_A._ Yes.
+
+_Q._ What worship is rendered him in celebrating his festival?
+
+_A._ None; that it may not be mingled with profane things. This
+celebration is confined to a fraternal repast, after which a discourse
+is read, exhorting the guests to beneficence towards their
+fellow-creatures, in honour of God, the great architect, creator, and
+preserver of the universe.
+
+_Q._ Is it true that the sun, moon, and stars, are honoured in the
+lodges?
+
+_A._ No.
+
+_Q._ Is it true that their images or symbols are exposed?
+
+_A._ Yes.
+
+_Q._ Why are they so?
+
+_A._ In order to elucidate the allegories of the great, continual, and
+true light which the lodges receive from the great Architect of the
+world, and these representations belong to the brothers, and engage them
+to be charitable.
+
+_Q._ M. Tournon will observe that all the explanations he has given of
+the facts and ceremonies which take place in the lodges, are false and
+different from those which he voluntarily communicated to other persons
+worthy of belief; he is therefore again invited, by the respect he owes
+to God and the Holy Virgin, to declare and confess the heresies of
+_indifferentism_, the errors of _superstition_, which mingle holy and
+profane things, and the errors of _idolatry_, which led him to worship
+the stars: this confession is necessary for the acquittal of his
+conscience and the good of his soul; because if he confesses with sorrow
+for having committed these crimes, detesting them and humbly soliciting
+pardon (before the fiscal accuses him of these heinous sins), the holy
+tribunal will be permitted to exercise towards him that compassion and
+mercy which it always displays to repentant sinners; and because if he
+is judicially accused, he must be treated with all the severity
+prescribed against heretics by the holy canons, apostolical bulls, and
+the laws of the kingdom.
+
+_A._ I have declared the truth, and if any witnesses have deposed to the
+contrary, they have mistaken the meaning of my words; for I have never
+spoken on this subject to any but the workmen in my manufactory, and
+then only in the same sense conveyed by my replies.
+
+_Q._ Not content with being a freemason, you have persuaded other
+persons to be received into the order, and to embrace the heretical
+superstitions and pagan errors into which you have fallen.
+
+_A._ It is true that I have requested these persons to become
+freemasons, because I thought it would be useful to them if they
+travelled into foreign countries, where they might meet brothers of
+their order, who could assist them in any difficulty; but it is not true
+that I engaged them to adopt any errors contrary to the Catholic faith,
+since no such errors are to be found in freemasonry, which does not
+concern any points of doctrine.
+
+_Q._ It has been already proved that these errors are not chimerical;
+therefore let M. Tournon consider that he has been a dogmatizing
+heretic, and that it is necessary that he should acknowledge it with
+humility, and ask pardon and absolution for the censures which he has
+incurred; since, if he persists in his obstinacy he will destroy both
+his body and soul; and as this is the first audience of _monition_, he
+is advised to reflect on his condition, and prepare for the two other
+audiences which are granted by the compassion and mercy which the holy
+tribunal always feels for the accused.
+
+M. Tournon was taken back to the prison; he persisted in giving the same
+answers in the first and second audiences. The fiscal presented his act
+of accusation, which, according to custom, was divided into the articles
+similar to the charges of the witnesses. The accused confessed the
+facts, but explained them as he had done before. He was desired to
+choose an advocate, but he declined this, alleging that the Spanish
+lawyers were not acquainted with the masonic lodges, and were as much
+prejudiced against them as the public. He therefore thought it better
+for him to acknowledge that he was wrong, and might have been deceived
+from being ignorant of particular doctrines; he demanded absolution, and
+offered to perform any penance imposed on him, adding, that he hoped the
+punishment would be moderate, on account of the good faith which he had
+shown, and which he had always preserved, seeing nothing but beneficence
+practised and recommended in the masonic lodges, without denying or
+combating any article of the Catholic faith.
+
+The fiscal consented to this arrangement, and M. Tournon was condemned
+to be imprisoned for one year, after which he was to be conducted under
+an escort to the frontiers of France; he was banished from Spain for
+ever, unless he obtained permission to return from the king or the holy
+office. During the first month of his imprisonment, he was directed to
+perform spiritual exercises, and a general confession; to spend half an
+hour every morning in reading the meditations on the book of _spiritual
+exercises_ of St. Ignatius de Loyola, and half an hour in the evening in
+reading the considerations of Father John Eusebius Nieremberg, in his
+work on the _difference between temporal and eternal_; to recite every
+day part of the Rosary of Our Lady, and often to repeat the acts of
+faith, hope, charity, and contrition; to learn by heart the catechism
+of Father Astete, and to prepare himself to receive absolution, at
+Christmas, Easter, and Pentecost.
+
+A private _auto-da-fe_ was celebrated in the hall of the tribunal, in
+which M. Tournon appeared without the _san-benito_, and signed his
+abjuration, with a promise never again to attend the assemblies of the
+freemasons.
+
+M. Tournon went to France, and it does not appear that he ever returned
+to Spain.
+
+The society of freemasons has occupied the learned men, since the middle
+of the seventeenth century, and the number of fables which have been
+published concerning it have confused the subject, and done much injury
+to it. The mysterious initiations of this order first began to attract
+observation in England, during the reign of Charles I., who perished on
+the scaffold in 1649. The enemies of Cromwell and the republican system
+then established the dignity of _grand master_ of the English lodges, to
+prepare the minds of the freemasons for the re-establishment of the
+monarchy. William III. was a freemason, and though the dynasty was
+changed by the accession of George I., it does not appear that
+freemasonry was suspected in England. It was introduced into France in
+1723, and Ramsay, a Scotchman, established a lodge in London in 1728,
+giving out that the society had been founded in 1099, by Godfrey de
+Bouillon, King of Jerusalem; preserved by the Knights Templars, and
+brought to Edinburgh, where it was established by King Robert Bruce in
+1314. In 1729 the order was introduced into Ireland. Holland received it
+in 1731, and the first lodges were opened in Russia in the same year: it
+appeared in Boston in America in 1733, and in several other towns of the
+New World, subject to England. It was also established in Italy in that
+year, and two years after freemasons were found at Lisbon.
+
+I believe the first severe measure against the freemasons in Europe,
+was that which was decreed on the 14th of December, 1733, by the chamber
+of Police of the Chatelet at Paris: it prohibited freemasons from
+assembling, and condemned M. Chapelot to a penalty of six thousand
+livres, for having suffered them to assemble in his house. Louis XV.
+commanded that those Peers of France, and other gentlemen who had the
+privilege of the _entry_, should be deprived of that honour, if they
+were members of a masonic lodge. The grand-master of the Parisian
+lodges, being obliged to quit France, convoked an assembly of Freemasons
+to appoint his successor. Louis XV., on being informed of it, declared
+that if a Frenchman was elected, he would send him to the Bastile.
+However, the Duke d'Antin was chosen, and after his death, Louis de
+Bourbon, prince of Conti, succeeded him. Louis de Bourbon, duke de
+Chartres, another prince of the blood, became grand-master.
+
+In 1737, the Dutch prohibited the assemblies of freemasons as a
+precautionary measure, without charging them with any crimes; the
+members of a lodge assembled, they were arrested and prosecuted, but
+they defended themselves with so much energy, that they were acquitted,
+and the prohibition revoked.
+
+The Elector Palatine of the Rhine also prohibited the order in his
+states, and arrested several members at Manheim, in consequence of their
+disobedience.
+
+John Gaston, grand duke of Tuscany, published a decree of proscription
+against the lodges in the same year. This prince died soon after, and
+the masons again assembled: they were denounced to Pope Clement XII.
+This pontiff sent an inquisitor to Florence, who imprisoned several
+members of the society, but Francis of Lorraine, when he became Grand
+Duke, set them at liberty. He declared himself the protector of the
+institution, and founded several lodges in Florence, and other towns in
+his states.
+
+If I was a member of the society, I would do all in my power to abolish
+those things which gave the inquisitors and other ecclesiastics occasion
+to say, that sacred and profane things are mingled in the masonic
+ceremonies; particularly the following, which have already appeared in
+printed works.
+
+In the sixth grade, or rank, which is that of _particular secretary_
+(_secretary intime_,) the history of Hiram, king of Tyre, is taken from
+the ninth chapter of the third book of Kings for the masonic allegories;
+and _Jehovah_, the ineffable name of God, for the _sacred_ word of
+freemasonry; this custom is likewise observed with some slight
+differences in several other grades.
+
+In the eighteenth, called the _Rosicrusian of Haradom_ of Kilwiniug, is
+a representation of columns with inscriptions; the highest is as
+follows: _In the name of the Holy and indivisible Trinity_: lower down,
+_May our salvation be eternal in God_; still lower, _We have the
+happiness of being in the pacific unity of the sacred numbers_. The
+history of the second chapter of the first, and the nineteenth of the
+second book of Esdras is made use of; the word of order between two
+freemasons of the same rank is INRI, which some persons have supposed to
+be _Jesus Nazarenus, Rex Judaeorum_: the word _passe_ is added, which
+means Emmanuel, or _God is with us_.
+
+The rank of Rosicrusiaci, in the Scotch lodges, is the perfection of the
+order; the meaning is developed in fifteen sections. In the fifth, the
+allegories are the mounts of salvation, mounts _Moriah_ and _Calvary_,
+the first for the sacrifices of Abraham, David, and Solomon, the second
+for that of Jesus of Nazareth: other allegories relate to the Holy
+Spirit, designated as the _Majesty of God_ which descended on the
+tabernacle, and on the temple at the moment of its dedication. In the
+twelfth section a _holy mountain_ is seen, on which is a large church in
+the form of a cross from east to west, in the neighbourhood of a city,
+which is the image of the _celestial Jerusalem_; in the thirteenth,
+three great lights, symbols of the natural law, the laws of Moses and
+of Jesus Christ, and the cabinet of wisdom, designated as the _stable
+for oxen_, in which is a faithful chevalier and his holy wife, and the
+sacred names of _Joseph_, _Mary_, and _Jesus_; the fourteenth is an
+allusion to the descent of our Saviour into the _Limbos_ after his
+death, his resurrection and ascension; lastly, the fifteenth has the
+words _consummatum est_, which Jesus pronounced on the cross.
+
+In the twenty-seventh grade of the _grand commander of the temple_, a
+cross is made on the forehead of the brother with the thumb of the right
+hand; the sacred word INRI; the scarf has four crosses, the _disc_ a
+triangle of gold, with the Hebrew characters of the ineffable name,
+_Jehovah_.
+
+The seal of the order has between the devices of the shield of arms
+across, the arch of alliance, a lighted candle in a candlestick on each
+side, and above the inscription, Glory to God. (Laus Deo).
+
+All these things, and many others which allude to the sacred history of
+the temple of Jerusalem, built by Solomon, re-established by Esdras,
+restored by the Christians, and defended by the knights templars,
+present a mixture liable to an interpretation similar to that in the
+information of the witnesses at Florence, which was the first
+apostolical condemnation; it was renewed under Pius VII., in an edict of
+Cardinal Gonsalvi, in 1814.
+
+There was not less inconvenience in the execratory oath of the famous
+masonic secret, for which no adequate object has been discovered, unless
+it was one which no longer exists.
+
+John Mark Larmenio (who secretly succeeded the grand-master of the
+Templars, the unfortunate James de Molay, who requested him to accept
+the dignity) invented, in concert with some knights who had escaped the
+proscription, different signs of words and actions, in order to
+recognise and receive knights into the order secretly, and by means of a
+novitiate, during which they were to be kept in ignorance of the object
+of the association (which was to preserve the order, to re-establish it
+in its former glory, and to revenge the deaths of the grand-master, and
+the knights who perished with him); when the qualities of the new member
+were perfectly well known, the grand secret was to be confided to him,
+after a most formidable oath.
+
+The secret signs were intended as a precaution against admitting into
+the order those Templars who had formed a schism during the persecution;
+they retired into Scotland, and refused to acknowledge John Larmenio as
+grand-master, and pretended that they had re-established the order; this
+pretension was refuted by a chapter of legitimate knights: after this
+the new chief issued his diploma in 1324, and his successors have
+followed his example, on attaining the dignity of secret grand-master of
+the order of Templars in France. The list of grand-masters until the
+year 1776 has been published. Philip de Bourbon, duke of Orleans, was
+appointed in 1705, Louis Augustus de Bourbon, duke de Maine, in 1724,
+Louis Henry de Bourbon Conde, in 1737, Louis Francis de Bourbon Conti,
+in 1745, Louis Henry Timoleon de Cosse Brissac, in 1776, and Bernard
+Raymond Fabre, in 1814.
+
+The Knights Templars who retired to Scotland, founded an establishment
+in 1314, under the protection of Robert Bruce; their objects and their
+measures were the same, and they were concealed under the title of
+_architects_; this was the origin of _freemasonry_. They soon, however,
+forgot the most criminal part of the execratory oath: since the deaths
+of Clement V. and Philip the Fair, the persecutors of the knights,
+deprived them of the power of revenging the executions of James de Molay
+and his companions, and had no other object but the re-establishment of
+the order; this intention shared the fate of the first, after the deaths
+of the authors of it, and their first disciples. From these facts it
+appears, that the execratory oath is without a motive or object in
+modern masonic lodges.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLII.
+
+OF THE INQUISITION UNDER CHARLES III.
+
+
+Charles III. succeeded his brother Ferdinand on the 10th of August,
+1759, and died on the 17th of November, 1788. The inquisitors-general
+during this reign were Don Manuel Quintano Bonifaz, archbishop of
+Pharsala; Don Philip Bertran, bishop of Salamanca, and Don Augustin
+Rubin de Cevallos, bishop of Jaen. The characters of these persons were
+humane, compassionate, and inclined to benevolence; qualities which
+caused a remarkable decrease in the number of public _autos-da-fe_. If
+the reign of Charles III. is compared with that of Philip V., his
+father, they appear as if they had been separated by a period of several
+centuries. The progress of knowledge was very rapid under this prince;
+even the provincial inquisitors, though the laws of the Inquisition had
+not been altered, adopted principles of moderation, which were unknown
+under the Austrian princes. It is true, that from time to time great
+severity was shown towards unimportant offences; but among the trials of
+this reign, I have seen several which were suspended, though the proofs
+were much more conclusive than many which were sufficient to condemn the
+criminal to _relaxation_, under Philip II.
+
+Yet, though the system was comparatively moderate, the number of trials
+was still immense, because all the denunciations were received. The
+witnesses of the preparatory instruction were examined immediately, in
+order to discover some charge, which the prejudices of the age rendered
+serious. If out of an hundred trials which were begun ten had been
+concluded, the number of persons subjected to _penances_ would have been
+greater than under Ferdinand V.; but the tribunal was no longer the
+same. Almost all the trials were suspended before the decree of arrest
+was issued. The denounced was sometimes induced to repair to the
+tribunal on the pretext of business, and then informed of the charges
+against him; he replied to them, and returned home, after having
+promised to return a second time when summoned. Sometimes the
+proceedings were abridged, and the criminal was only condemned to a
+private penance, which might be performed without the knowledge of any
+person but the commissary of the tribunal.
+
+Several trials which were commenced against persons of rank, were not
+proceeded in after the preliminary instruction; such were those of the
+Marquis de Roda, minister secretary of state, of grace and justice; of
+the Count de Aranda, president of the Council of Castile, and
+captain-general of New Castile, who was afterwards ambassador to Paris,
+and lastly, prime-minister; of the Count de Florida Blanca, then fiscal
+of the Council of Castile for civil affairs, afterwards successor to the
+Marquis de Roda, and prime-minister; of the Count de Campomanes, fiscal
+for criminal affairs, and afterwards governor of the same council; of
+those of the Archbishops of Burgos and Saragossa, and of the Bishops of
+Tarazona, Albarracin, and Orihuela, who had composed the council
+extraordinary, in 1767, for the expulsion of the Jesuits. The trials of
+all these distinguished men had the same origin.
+
+The Bishop of Cuenca, Don Isidro de Carbajal y Lancaster, highly
+respectable from his family, which was that of the Dukes of Abrantes,
+and from his dignity, his irreproachable conduct, and his charity to the
+poor, was less acquainted with the true principles of the canonic law
+than zealous for the maintenance of the ecclesiastical privileges.
+Influenced by this motive, he was so indiscreet as to represent to the
+king, that the _Church was persecuted in its rights, property and
+ministers_, and drew a picture of the reign of Charles III., which would
+have been more applicable to that of the Emperor Julian. The king
+commissioned the Council of Castile to examine if the complaint was
+just, and to propose measures to repair the injury, if any had taken
+place. The two fiscals of the council both made learned replies, in
+which the ignorance of the bishop, and the consequences of his imprudent
+zeal, were exposed. These answers, and the other papers belonging to the
+proceedings, were printed by the king's order, and though they were
+generally approved, some priests and monks, who regretted the inordinate
+power once possessed by the Church, denounced several propositions
+contained in them, as Lutheran, Calvinistic, or defended by other
+parties inimical to the Roman Church.
+
+The two archbishops, and the three bishops, already mentioned, who had
+voted for the requisition addressed to the Pope for the expulsion of the
+Jesuits, were also denounced, as suspected of professing the impious
+doctrines of philosophism, which, it was said, they had only adopted to
+please the court. They were commissioned to take cognizance of several
+affairs relating to the Jesuits, and only accidentally spoke of the
+Inquisition, and expressed opinions contrary to its system. The
+inquisitors were all creatures of the Jesuits, without even the
+exception of the inquisitor-general: it is not therefore surprising that
+they received so many denunciations. The exclusive right possessed by
+the Court of Rome to try bishops, never prevented the inquisitors from
+secretly examining witnesses against them, because it gave them a
+pretence to write to the Pope, and request permission to carry on the
+proceedings; and though it was the custom of the holy see to transfer
+the trials of bishops to Rome, the _Supreme Council_ of Spain always put
+forward its fiscal, in order to justify its conduct in prosecuting
+bishops: this was the case in the affair of Carranza.
+
+The denunciations had not the effect expected by the enemies of the
+prelates, because no _singular_ and independent proposition, opposed to
+true doctrine, was proved to have been advanced. In a less enlightened
+age, these prelates would have been exposed to great mortification from
+this attack; but at this time the Inquisition found it dangerous to be
+too severe, because the court had adopted the system of vigorously
+opposing all the ancient doctrines which favoured the pretensions of the
+ecclesiastics at the expense of the royal prerogatives; and on the
+occasion of the publication of some conclusions on the canonical law,
+which were entirely favourable to the Pope and the ecclesiastical
+jurisdiction, a royal censor was appointed for each university, without
+whose approbation no conclusion could be published or maintained.
+
+The perseverance of the government in the new system prevented the
+inquisitors from venturing to sentence the prelates of the extraordinary
+council: they however thought proper to endeavour to avert the storm,
+and applied to Don Fray Joachim de Eleta, the king's confessor. This man
+was an ignorant _Recollet_, and known for his blind attachment to the
+Court of Rome. The prelates declared that they condemned several
+propositions advanced by the two fiscals in their work called _An
+Impartial Judgment of the Monitory of Parma_, which was written by the
+king's order, because they thought they tended to the infringement of
+the privileges of the church. After this declaration, the prelates used
+every means to make the confessor persuade Charles III., that the
+printed copies ought not to be published, and that the work should be
+reprinted, after the suppression of several propositions. The
+inquisitor-general and the Supreme Council being informed of this
+circumstance, the affair took another turn, and the faction of the
+Jesuits became more calm.
+
+These events exposed to great danger a person who had entered into them
+without being aware of it. M. Clement, a French priest, treasurer of the
+cathedral of Auxerre, and afterwards bishop of Versailles, arrived at
+Madrid in 1768, at the time when the event above mentioned occupied
+every mind. He held several conversations on this subject with the
+Marquis de Roda, the fiscals of the council, and the Bishops of Tarazona
+and Albarracin[77]. The zeal of this theologian for the purity of
+doctrine on all points of discipline induced him to say, that the good
+dispositions of the Court of Madrid ought to be taken advantage of, and
+proposed three measures. The first was to place the Inquisition under
+each bishop, who should be the chief, with a deliberative vote, with the
+addition of two inquisitors with a consultive vote; the second, to
+oblige the monks and nuns to acknowledge the bishop as their chief, and
+to obey him as such after renouncing all the privileges contrary to this
+arrangement; the third to abolish the distinct schools of theology,
+under the titles of Thomists, Scotists, Suarists, or others, and to have
+only one system of theology for the schools and universities, founded on
+the principles of St. Augustin and St. Thomas.
+
+It is sufficient to be acquainted with Spain, and the state of the monks
+at that period, to foresee the persecution which the author of such a
+plan would incur. The confessor of the king and the inquisitor-general
+were informed of it by their political spies, and several monks
+denounced M. Clement to the holy office, as a Lutheran, a Calvinistic
+heretic, and an enemy of the regular orders.
+
+M. Clement suspected the existence of this intrigue, from some
+expressions made use of by a Dominican, with whom he was intimate. The
+inquisitors, who saw that M. Clement was received at court, did not dare
+to arrest him, but they requested their chief to oblige him to quit the
+kingdom. The treasurer of Auxerre imparted his fears to the Count de
+Aranda, and the Marquis de Roda; who being, from his connexion at court,
+acquainted with all that had passed, advised him to depart, but without
+informing him of what it was useless for him to know. M. Clement
+followed his advice, and though he had intended to go to Portugal, he
+returned immediately to France, to avoid the _Sbirri_ of the holy
+office, who might have arrested him on his return from Lisbon, if the
+system of the court was changed. In fact a great number of charges were
+brought against him after his departure, but they were not made public,
+and he wrote his travels without knowing anything of the plots against
+him.
+
+All that passed on the occasion of the apostolical prohibition of the
+catechism of Mesengui was made public: Charles III. had ordered that it
+should be made use of in the religious instruction of Charles IV.; and
+the inquisitor-general was openly and justly blamed, for having
+published the brief of prohibition, without waiting to obtain the
+consent of the king. This proceeding was the cause of the exile of the
+inquisitor-general. His disgrace might have rendered him more prudent,
+but in his reply to the king, in 1769, concerning some measures taken by
+the extraordinary council of five prelates, he advanced, as certain,
+several propositions concerning the Inquisition, which might have been
+proved to be false, if the Marquis de Roda had consulted the registers
+of the Supreme Council. He said that the Inquisition had met with
+nothing but opposition from the beginning; that it was conspired against
+in the most cruel manner; that all the proceedings of the council were
+made public, except the trials for heresy, but that even those were
+always submitted to his Majesty; and that the charge against it of
+acting with _entire independence_ was not just, he concluded with
+saying, that his Majesty might appoint an ecclesiastic as his secretary
+to attend the council, and inform him of all that passed.
+
+It is impossible to find a reason for the necessity here imposed upon
+the king to have a _priest_ for his secretary, since the inquisitors
+employed seculars in their offices, who were permitted to see the trial,
+though obliged to take an oath of secrecy, and two members of the
+Council of Castile also attend the Supreme Council. Yet neither an
+ecclesiastic nor a layman could prevent fraud: the same may be said of
+the members of the Council of Castile, because in case of any intrigues,
+for example, in a conflict for jurisdiction, the counsellors assembled
+at the house of the inquisitor-general, and their chief sealed their
+papers with his private seal.
+
+The most decisive proof of the _entire_ independence of the Inquisition,
+exists in two laws of Charles III., concerning bigamy and the
+prohibition of books; they were insufficient to restrain the inquisitors
+within their jurisdiction.
+
+Yet though these abuses and many others were still continued, I do not
+hesitate to say that the inquisitors of the reigns of Charles III. and
+his successors were men possessed of extreme prudence and singular
+moderation in comparison with those of the time of Philip V. and the
+preceding reigns. This is confirmed by the very small number of
+_autos-da-fe_ celebrated under the two kings, a period of twenty-nine
+years; only ten persons were condemned, four of whom were burnt, and
+fifty-six individuals subjected to penances. All the other trials were
+terminated by _individual autos-da-fe_; the condemned was taken into a
+church to hear his sentence read, when it was confirmed by the Supreme
+Council, without waiting for other prisoners to form a particular
+_auto-da-fe_. Other trials are concluded by a _lesser auto-da-fe_ in the
+audience-hall of the tribunal; another mode, which was the least severe,
+was to celebrate the _auto-da-fe_ in the presence of the secretaries of
+the Inquisition alone; no greater indulgence than this could be shown.
+
+The individual _auto-da-fe_ was decreed in two famous trials of the
+reign of Charles III. Of the first, that of Olavide, an account has been
+given in Chapter 26. The second was that of Don Francisco de Leon y
+Luna, a priest and knight of the military order of St. Jago. He was
+condemned as violently suspected of having fallen into the heresies of
+the _Illuminati_ and of Molinos, for having seduced several women, for
+communicating several times with the consecrated wafer from
+superstitious motives, and for preaching a false and presumptuous
+mysticity to several nuns and other women who were the dupes of his
+error and their own weakness. Leon was imprisoned for three years in a
+convent; he was then banished for seven years from Madrid, and forbidden
+to exercise the ministry of a confessor. The council of the orders
+requested the king to deprive Leon of his cross and knighthood,
+according to the statutes which ordain that measure towards all who
+commit a crime which incurs an infamous punishment. But the council
+ought to have known that the _suspicion_ of heresy was not sufficient,
+since the tribunal always declares, if the condemned desire it, that
+this sort of sentence does not prevent them from attaining offices and
+dignities.
+
+At Saragossa the Marquis d'Aviles, intendant of Aragon, was accused
+before the holy office of having read prohibited books; but this
+denunciation, and that of the Bishop of Barcelona for Jansenism at
+Madrid, and several others of the same nature, were passed over without
+further notice.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLIII.
+
+OF THE SPANISH INQUISITION UNDER CHARLES IV.
+
+
+Charles IV. ascended the throne on the 17th November, 1788; he abdicated
+on the 19th March, 1808, in consequence of the popular commotions at
+Aranjuez. The inquisitors-general under Charles IV. were Don Augustin
+Rubin de Cevallos, Bishop of Jaen; Don Manuel de Abad-y-la-Sierra,
+Archbishop of Selimbra; the Cardinal Archbishop of Toledo, Don Francisco
+Lorenzana; and Don Ramon Joseph de Arce, Archbishop of Burgos.
+
+The two obstacles which had principally contributed to impede the
+progress of learning during the three preceding reigns, were removed by
+the reform of the six grand colleges and the expulsion of the Jesuits.
+Before this revolution, all the canonical offices and magistracies were
+given to the members and fellows of the colleges; while the immense
+influence of the Jesuits prevented all who were not their disciples, or
+Jesuits of the _short robe_, from obtaining any offices or honours. The
+Marquis de Roda was the author of this politic measure, which caused him
+to be hated by the disciples of St. Ignatius. But this minister has
+obtained an honourable place in history, because in granting to _all_
+classes the rewards due to merit, he excited a general emulation, which
+increased the influence of knowledge and a taste for the sciences. This
+has caused it to be said that the restoration of good Spanish literature
+was the work of de Roda, but the commencement of that change may be more
+correctly dated from the reign of Philip V.
+
+During the twenty years preceding the accession of Charles IV. a
+multitude of distinguished men had arisen, who would doubtless have led
+Spain to rival France in the good taste and perfection of literary
+works, if one of the most terrible events recorded in history had not
+arrested the impulse these great men had given. The French revolution
+caused a great number of works to be written on the rights of man, of
+citizens, and of nations; the principles contained in them could not but
+alarm Charles IV. and his ministers. The Spaniards read these books with
+avidity; the minister dreaded the contagion of this political doctrine,
+but in attempting to arrest its progress, he caused the human mind to
+retrograde. He charged the inquisitor-general to prohibit and seize all
+the books, pamphlets, and French newspapers, relating to the revolution,
+and to recommend to his agents to use the greatest vigilance in
+preventing them from being clandestinely introduced into the kingdom.
+Another measure employed by the government was to suppress the office of
+teacher of the natural law in the universities and seminaries.
+
+The Count de Florida-Blanca was then prime-minister; this conduct
+entirely destroyed the good opinion entertained of him by the nation. He
+was said to be a novice in the art of government, because the
+prohibition would only excite greater curiosity. The commissioners of
+the holy office received an order to oppose the introduction of the
+works of the modern philosophers, as contrary to the sovereign
+authority, and commanded every person to denounce whom they knew to be
+attached to the principles of insurrection.
+
+It would be difficult to calculate the number of denunciations which
+followed this order. The greatest number of the denounced were young
+students of the universities of Salamanca and Valladolid. Those who
+wished to read the French writings braved the prohibition, and employed
+every means to obtain them; so that the laws of nature and of persons
+were more studied than before the suppression of the office of teacher.
+The severity of the administration only caused the commencement of an
+immense number of trials, which were never finished, for want of proofs.
+
+Many Spaniards, some of illustrious birth and others of great learning,
+were the objects of secret informations, as suspected of impiety and
+philosophism. The history of their trials, and those of many
+distinguished persons for Jansenism, have been given in the twenty-fifth
+and twenty-sixth chapters.
+
+Don Bernardo-Maria de Calzada, colonel of infantry, and brother-in-law
+to the Marquis de Manca, interested me much, when he had the misfortune
+to be arrested by the Duke de Medina-Celi, grand provost of the holy
+office: I accompanied him as secretary, the notary for the
+sequestrations being ill. Don Bernardo was the father of a very large
+family, who were reduced to indigence by this event, and it gave me the
+greatest grief to witness the sad situation of their mother. I presume
+that that lady has not forgotten my conduct on that mournful night and
+on the following day, when I returned to visit her. The unfortunate
+Calzada, whose appointment in the office of the minister of war was not
+sufficient to maintain his very numerous family, had undertaken the
+translation of some French books, and composed a satirical work, by
+which he made enemies of some fanatics and monks, who, affecting the
+most austere morals, were intolerant towards all who did not agree with
+their opinions. By their denunciations they ruined this family. Calzada,
+after passing some time in the prisons of the holy office, submitted to
+an abjuration _de levi_, which is almost equivalent to an absolution,
+and was banished from Madrid, after giving up his place and all hope of
+advancement.
+
+The Inquisition of the _Court_ was more indulgent towards the Marquis de
+Narros: although many witnesses deposed that they had heard him maintain
+some heretical propositions of Voltaire and Rousseau, whose works he
+boasted that he had read, as well as those of Mirabeau, Montesquieu, the
+Baron d'Holbac, and other philosophers of the same school, he was spared
+the disgrace of an imprisonment and a public censure. It was thought
+more decent to request the Count de Florida-Blanca to write to him by
+the ordinary courier to Guipuscoa, where he then resided, and inform him
+that the king commanded him to repair to Madrid on some affairs of the
+government. The Marquis hastened to court, flattering himself (as he
+informed his relation the Duke of Grenada) that he would be appointed
+sub-governor to the Prince of Asturias, now Ferdinand VII. On the next
+day he received an order not to quit Madrid, and to attend a summons to
+the Inquisition. Some time after he confessed the truth of the charges,
+and added some other circumstances, protesting at the same time that he
+had always been a good Catholic, and that a desire of passing for the
+most learned man in his country induced him to advance the propositions.
+He abjured _de levi_; some private penances were imposed on him, and the
+affair was only known to a few persons.
+
+The inquisitors of Valencia prosecuted Fray Augustine Cabades,
+commander of the convent of the nuns of the order of Mercy, and
+professor of theology in that city; he abjured, and was then released
+from prison. When he had obtained his liberty, he demanded a revision of
+his judgment; the Supreme Council acknowledged the justice of his
+appeal, and the sentence was declared null and void.
+
+Don Mariano Louis de Urquijo, prime-minister and secretary of state
+under Charles IV., was also an object for the persecutions of the holy
+office. His great strength of mind, and a careful education, raised him
+above the errors of his age. He made himself known in his early youth by
+a translation of the _Death of Caesar_, a tragedy by Voltaire, which he
+published with a preliminary _Essay on the Origin of the Spanish
+Theatre, and its Influence on Morals_. This production, which only
+displays a generous wish to acquire fame, and the ardent genius of its
+young author, attracted the attention of the Inquisition. Private
+informations were taken concerning the religious opinions of the
+Chevalier de Urquijo, and the tribunal ascertained that he manifested
+great independence in his opinions, with a decided taste for philosophy,
+which the Inquisition called the doctrine of unbelievers. Everything
+consequently was prepared for his arrest, when the Count d'Aranda, then
+prime-minister, who discovered his merit (and had remarked his name in
+the list of distinguished youths destined to serve the state, belonging
+to the Count de Florida-Blanca his predecessor,) proposed to the king
+that he should be initiated into public affairs. Charles IV. appointed
+him to the office of first secretary of state in 1792.
+
+The inquisitors changed their manner of proceeding when they saw the
+elevation of their intended victim. Their policy at this time led them
+to shew a deference towards the ministry which had not been observed in
+preceding ages. They converted the decree of imprisonment into another
+called the _audience of charges_, by which de Urquijo was required to
+appear privately before the Inquisition of the court whenever he was
+summoned. The sentence pronounced him to be only _slightly suspected_ of
+partaking the errors of the unbelieving philosophers. He was absolved
+_ad cautelam_, and some spiritual penances were imposed on him which he
+might perform in private. The tribunal exacted his consent to the
+prohibition of his preliminary essay and the tragedy; but as a
+remarkable testimony of consideration, his name was not mentioned in the
+edict, either as the author or translator. The inquisitors, even of
+modern times, have rarely shewn themselves so moderate; but the fear of
+offending the Count d'Aranda (who abhorred the tribunal) was the real
+motive of their conduct.
+
+Urquijo, at the age of thirty, became prime-minister, and in that
+quality exerted himself to extirpate abuses, and to destroy the errors
+which opposed the prosperity of his party and the progress of knowledge.
+He encouraged industry and the arts, and the public owes to him the
+immortal work of the Baron de Humboldt. Contrary to the custom of Spain,
+he allowed him to travel in America, and supported him with the zeal of
+a person passionately attached to the arts and sciences. With the
+assistance of his friend Admiral Mazarredo he raised the navy. He was
+the first in Europe who meditated the abolition of slavery; and at that
+time concluded a treaty with the Emperor of Morocco for the exchange of
+prisoners of war, which is still in force. In the year 1800, when
+fortune seemed everywhere to attend the French arms, and the government
+persecuted the august house of Bourbon, he had the glory of establishing
+a throne in Etruria for a prince of that family, who had married a
+daughter of Charles IV., and signed the treaty to that effect at St.
+Ildephonso with General Berthier, afterwards Prince of Wagram.
+
+The death of Pius VI. gave him an opportunity of freeing Spain, to a
+certain degree, from its dependance on the Vatican. On the 5th
+September, 1799, he induced the king to sign a decree which restored to
+the bishops the powers which had been usurped by the Court of Rome, and
+delivered the people from an annual impost of several millions, produced
+by the sale of dispensations and other bulls and briefs.
+
+The reform of the Inquisition ought to have followed this bold step. The
+minister wished to suppress the tribunal entirely, and apply its
+revenues to the establishment of useful and charitable institutions. He
+drew up the edict for that purpose, and presented it to Charles IV. for
+signature. Though Urquijo did not succeed in this attempt, he convinced
+the king of the necessity of reforming the tribunal.
+
+Among the many wise regulations suggested to the king by Urquijo, was
+that published in the form of an ordinance in 1799, on the liberty and
+independence of all the books, papers and effects of the foreign consuls
+established in the sea-ports, and in the trading towns belonging to
+Spain. It was occasioned by an inconsiderate disturbance made by the
+commissioners of the holy office at Alicant, in the house of Don Leonard
+Stuck, consul for Holland, and at Barcelona, at the residence of the
+French consul.
+
+Those happy dispositions of the Court of Spain vanished at the fall of
+the minister who had inspired them. The victim of an intrigue, he shared
+the fate of those great men who do not succeed in destroying the
+prejudices and errors which they oppose. Urquijo was confined, and kept
+in the strictest solitude, in the humid dungeons of the citadel of
+Pampluna, where he was unable to obtain books, ink, paper, fire, or
+light.
+
+Ferdinand VII., on his accession to the throne, declared his treatment
+to have been unjust and arbitrary; and forgetting the persecutions he
+had suffered for eight years, he blessed, in Ferdinand, the sovereign
+who would make the necessary reforms, and had voluntarily put a period
+to his sufferings. He repaired to Vittoria, when that prince stopped
+there on his way to Bayonne, and used every means to prevent him from
+making that fatal journey. The letters he wrote on this subject to his
+friend, General Cuesta, contain an exact prophecy of all the miseries
+which have since overwhelmed Spain[78], and point out the means of
+avoiding them.
+
+Urquijo refused to repair to Bayonne, although Napoleon sent him three
+orders to do so, until the renunciation and abdication of Charles IV.,
+Ferdinand VII., and the princes of that house, had been made known.
+After the royal family had left the place, he went there, and
+endeavoured to persuade Napoleon to give up his plans.
+
+He accepted the appointment of Secretary to the Junta of Notables, which
+was then assembled at Bayonne, and soon after the office of
+Minister-Secretary of State. His generous intentions need no comments;
+they are known to all. The eulogium of this great man has just been made
+by our energetic and sincere advocate; the public will read it with
+pleasure and interest. During his ministry, he had the happiness of
+witnessing the decree which suppressed the formidable tribunal of the
+holy office, and declared it to be injurious to sovereignty.
+
+Urquijo died at Paris, after an illness of six days, at the age of
+forty-nine. He died as he had lived--full of that courage, serenity,
+that philosophy, and love of virtue, which belong to the virtuous and
+wise alone. He was buried on the 4th of May, 1817, in the cemetery of
+Pere la Chaise, where a magnificent monument of white Carrara marble has
+been erected to his memory.
+
+In 1792 the inquisitors of Saragossa received a denunciation, and
+examined witnesses against Don Augustin Abad-y-la-Sierra, Bishop of
+Barbastro, who was accused of Jansenism, and of approving the principles
+which were the basis of the civil constitution of the French clergy
+under the constitutional assembly. During the progress of this affair,
+Don Manuel Abad-y-la-Sierra, the brother of Don Augustin, was made
+inquisitor-general, and the inquisitors were afraid to carry it on. When
+Don Manuel was dismissed from his office, he also was denounced as a
+Jansenist, but he was not prosecuted.
+
+The bishop of Murcia and Carthagena, Victoriano Lopez Gonzalo, was
+denounced in 1800 as suspected of Jansenism and other heresies, and for
+having permitted certain propositions on some points of doctrine to be
+maintained in his seminary. The trial of the bishop was not carried
+farther than the summary instruction; because, on being informed of the
+plots of some scholastic doctors who were partisans of the Jesuits, he
+defended himself so ably before the inquisitor-general, that the members
+of council did not proceed against him; but they continued the
+prosecution of the theses, when they perceived that they were favourable
+to some conclusions on miracles, which had been condemned by qualifiers.
+
+The subject of Jansenism created a great sensation in Spain. The
+Jesuits, who had been permitted to return to that kingdom in 1798, soon
+acquired a numerous party, and accused all who did not adopt their
+opinions of Jansenism. Their conduct was so impolitic, that they were a
+second time banished from the kingdom. They were the authors of the
+denunciations against the Countess de Montijo, and many other
+distinguished persons, of whom an account has been given in a former
+chapter.
+
+The accusation of Jansenism against Don Antonio and Don Jerome de la
+Cuesta was the cause of the trial of Don Raphael Muzquiz, Archbishop of
+Santiago, who had been confessor to Queen Louisa, wife of Charles IV.
+
+The energetic defence of Don Jerome de la Cuesta obliged Muzquiz to
+defend himself against the imputation of calumny: he made
+representations which injured his cause, for he vilified the inquisitors
+of Valladolid, and even the inquisitor-general, and accused them of
+partiality and collusion with Cuesta: his rank protected him from the
+danger of an arrest which he incurred by this temerity, but he was
+condemned to pay a penalty of eight thousand ducats, and the Bishop of
+Valladolid four thousand. Muzquiz would have been more severely
+punished, if he had not been protected by a person, who obtained from
+the Prince of Peace that the affair should not be carried farther.
+
+The same pretence of Jansenism was the cause of the trial of Don Joseph
+Espiga, almoner to the king, and a member of the tribunal of the
+nunciature in 1799. His accusers represented him as the author of the
+royal decree of the 5th of September in that year, after the death of
+Pius VI., forbidding any person to apply to Rome for matrimonial
+dispensations. Espiga was then the most intimate friend of the minister
+Urquijo, but he never allowed any one to influence him in official
+affairs. The Nuncio Cassoni made many useless representations to the
+king on this subject; however, he partly obtained his end by political
+intrigues, for though the bishops had promised to obey the ordinance,
+yet most of them avoided granting matrimonial dispensations, and those
+who did so were accused of Jansenism. The inquisitors, though they were
+all sold to the Nuncio and the Jesuits, were afraid to proceed, and the
+trial of Espiga was suspended. When his friend Urquijo was deprived of
+his office, he was obliged to retire to the cathedral of Lerida, of
+which he was a dignitary.
+
+The year 1796 is remarkable for the prosecution commenced against the
+Prince of Peace, the king's cousin, by his marriage with Donna Maria
+Theresa de Bourbon, the daughter of the infant Don Louis. It may be
+easily supposed that much address was necessary in conducting an attack
+against a person so high in favour. Three denunciations were received at
+the holy office, accusing him of atheism, because he had not confessed
+himself or taken the pascal communion for eight years, and because he
+was married to two women at the same time, and the life he led with many
+others was a source of great scandal to the public. The three denouncers
+were monks, and there is some reason to suppose that they were directed
+by the authors of a court intrigue, to cause the prince to be disgraced.
+
+The head of the Inquisition at that time was Cardinal Lorenzana, who was
+simple and easily deceived, but too timid not to be on his guard against
+anything which might displease the king and queen. Although the
+denunciations were presented to him, he did not dare to examine
+witnesses, or even the accusers. Don Antonio Despuig, Archbishop of
+Seville, and Don Raphael Muzquiz, who were at the head of this intrigue,
+made every effort to induce Lorenzana to cause a private instruction to
+be taken, to arrest the prince in concert with the Supreme Council, and
+to obtain the approbation of the king, of which they thought themselves
+certain, if they could prove that his favourite was an atheist. This
+attempt was so repugnant to the disposition of Lorenzana, that the two
+conspirators agreed that Despuig should press his friend the Cardinal
+Vincenti, famous for his intrigues, to persuade Pius VI. to write to
+Lorenzana, and reproach him for the indifference with which he beheld a
+scandal so injurious to the purity of the religion professed by the
+Spanish nation. Vincenti obtained the letter from the Pope; Lorenzana
+promising, that if the Pope decided that the measure was necessary, he
+would do what they desired. Napoleon Bonaparte, who was then a general
+of the French Republic, intercepted a courier from Italy at Genoa. The
+letter of Cardinal Vincenti to Despuig, enclosing that of the Pope to
+Lorenzana, was found among his despatches: Bonaparte thought it
+necessary to the continuance of the good intelligence then established
+between France and Spain, to inform the Prince of Peace of the intrigue,
+and he commissioned General Perignon, ambassador at Madrid, to remit the
+correspondence to Godoy. The favourite opposed another intrigue to his
+enemies, and succeeded in freeing himself from them by sending
+Lorenzana, Despuig, and Muzquiz to Rome, to carry the condolences of the
+king to the Pope, on the occasion of the entrance of the French army
+into his states. Their commission was dated the 14th March, 1797.
+
+At this period the Inquisition was in imminent danger of being deprived
+of the power of arresting individuals without the consent of the king.
+This circumstance arose from the trial of Don Ramon de Salas, which is
+related in the twenty-fifth chapter. The affair of Jovellanos also took
+place at this time.
+
+In 1799 the inquisitors of Valladolid, with the approbation of the
+council, condemned Don Mariano and Don Raymond de Santander, booksellers
+of that city, to two months seclusion in a convent, to a suspension of
+their trade for two years, and to banishment; they were also forbidden
+to approach Valladolid, Madrid, and other royal residences, within eight
+leagues. They were obliged to pay a penalty, and after having been a
+long time in the secret prisons, Don Mariano could not obtain permission
+to remove to another place, though he was subject to attacks of
+epilepsy. Their only offence was having received and sold prohibited
+books; for though some fanatics had accused them of heresy, no proofs
+were obtained. On the 10th of November, Don Mariano solicited the
+inquisitor-general to allow them to reside in Valladolid, representing,
+that if this favour was refused, their families must die in poverty, and
+they offered to purchase the permission by paying another penalty.
+
+The affair of a Beata at Cuenca created a great sensation. She was the
+wife of a labourer at Villar d'Aguilar. Among other fictions which she
+invented to make people suppose her a saint, she said that Jesus Christ
+revealed to her that he had changed her flesh and blood into the same
+substance as his own body. This imposture caused great theological
+discussion among the priests and monks. Some maintained that it was
+impossible, others that it was not impossible, if the infinite power of
+God was considered; others believed all, and were astonished that any
+person could be so incredulous, for they thought that the Beata could
+have no interest in deceiving them; lastly, there were some who were
+witnesses of the life of this _Beata_, and were her accomplices from the
+beginning of her imposture, or who were the dupes of their credulity,
+and who continued to believe, or appeared to do so, in her supernatural
+state. They carried their folly so far as to adore this woman; they
+conducted her in procession in the streets and to the churches with
+lighted tapers; they burnt incense before her as before the consecrated
+host; lastly, they prostrated themselves before her, and committed many
+other sacrileges. The Inquisition could not but notice these scenes. The
+pretended saint and some of her accomplices were taken to the secret
+prisons, where the _Beata_ ended her days. One of the articles of the
+sentence commanded that her effigy should be taken to the _auto-da-fe_
+on a traineau, and burnt; the curate of Villar, and two monks, who were
+her accomplices, were condemned to follow the effigy barefooted, clothed
+in short tunics, and with a cord round their necks; they were degraded
+and banished for life to the Philippine Isles. The Curate of Casasimarro
+was suspended for six years, and two men of the lowest class received
+two hundred stripes, and were imprisoned for life; one of her servants
+was sent to the house of the _Recogidas_ for ten years. I do not know
+any judgment of the Inquisition more just than this.
+
+Another _Beata_ at Madrid, called Clara, did not profit by this
+example. She did not carry her phrensy so far as the other, but her
+miracles and her sanctity made a great noise; she pretended that she was
+paralytic, and could not leave her bed. On this report every one went to
+see her. The most distinguished ladies in Madrid repaired to her, and
+thought themselves happy in being admitted to see her; she was entreated
+to be the mediatrix with God for the cure of different maladies, to
+enlighten judges on the eve of an important judgment, and graces and
+assistances were implored against many other misfortunes. Clara replied
+to them all in an emphatic style, like an inspired person who saw into
+the future. She announced that, by an especial call from the Holy
+Spirit, she was destined to be a Capuchin nun, and she was extremely
+grieved that she had not the strength and health necessary for living in
+a community and a cloister. She imposed so well on the persons who
+surrounded her, that Pius VII. permitted her, in a special brief, to
+make her profession before Don Athanasius de Puyal, bishop coadjutor of
+the Archbishop of Toledo, at Madrid, and granted her a dispensation from
+the cloistered life, and the exercises of a community. From that moment
+nothing was spoken of in society but the miracles and heroic virtue of
+sister Clara. The bishop who had received her vows obtained permission
+from the Pope and the Archbishop of Toledo to erect an altar in her
+chamber opposite her bed; several masses were performed there every day,
+and even the holy sacrament was placed there in a tabernacle. Clara
+communicated every day, and persuaded those who came to see her that she
+took no sustenance but the bread of the eucharist. This delusion lasted
+for several years: but in 1802, Clara was taken to the prison of the
+holy office; her mother was likewise arrested, and a monk whom she had
+taken for her director. They were accused of having assisted the nun in
+her impostures, in order to obtain considerable sums of money, which the
+ladies of Madrid and other devout persons placed in her hands to be
+distributed as alms. When her deceit, her pretended sickness, and the
+other circumstances of her life were proved, Clara, her mother, and her
+director, were condemned to seclusion and other punishments, much less
+severe than they deserved.
+
+Another _Beata_ appeared after these, but the circumstances of her
+imposture are not so interesting.
+
+The inquisitors no longer thought of condemning criminals to the flames.
+A proof of this laudable change in their system may be seen in the trial
+of Don Miguel Solano, curate of Esco in Aragon[79]. It was proved by the
+depositions of the witnesses, that he had advanced several propositions
+condemned by the church.
+
+He was conducted to the secret prisons of Saragossa, where he confessed
+all, alleging, that having meditated for a long time with a sincere
+desire to discover the truth of the Christian religion, and that,
+without the assistance of any book but the Bible, he had convinced
+himself that there was no truth in anything but which was contained in
+the Holy Scriptures; that all the rest might be erroneous, because
+though several fathers of the church maintained these opinions, they
+were but men, and, consequently, liable to err; that he considered all
+that had been established by the Roman Church, in opposition to the
+proper and literal meaning of the Scriptural text, as false, and that it
+was possible to fall into error, in admitting that which did not result
+either directly or indirectly from the text; that he considered it
+certain that the ideas of purgatory and the limbos were the invention of
+man, since Jesus spoke of only two receptacles for souls, paradise and
+hell; that it was a sin to receive money for performing mass, although
+it was called an alms, and for the support of the celebrator; and that
+the priests and other ministers of religion ought to receive their
+salaries from the government, like the judges and other officers. He
+thought that the introduction and establishment of tithes was a fraud of
+the priests, and the manner of explaining the commandment of the church,
+which ordained that they should be paid without any deductions for seed,
+or the expenses of the harvest, was a shameful robbery; that no
+attention ought to be paid to the commands of the Pope, because no God
+but avarice is adored at Rome, and all the measures of that government
+only tend to take money from the people on religious pretences.
+
+Solano had made a complete body of doctrine of these articles, and had
+composed a book on it, which he confided to his bishop and other
+theologians, as if he incurred no danger from such a proceeding.
+
+The inquisitors of Saragossa undertook to persuade Solano to renounce
+his opinions, and employed for that purpose some respectable
+theologians; they exhorted him to acknowledge his errors and repent, and
+threatened him with _relaxation_. Don Michel replied that he was aware
+of his danger, but if he was induced to retract, he would be condemned
+before the tribunal of God, and that if he was in error, God would
+enlighten him or pardon him. The infallibility of the church, and the
+opinions of the saints and learned men who had decided on the meaning of
+the obscure texts, were represented to him; he replied, that in all
+their discussions the Court of Rome had interfered, and rendered their
+good intentions of no avail.
+
+It was impossible to make Solano recant, and the inquisitors passed
+sentence of _relaxation_; it must be confessed that they could not do
+otherwise, according to the code of the Inquisition. But the Supreme
+Council, wishing to spare the Spanish nation the spectacle of an
+_auto-da-fe_, had recourse to the extraordinary measure of examining
+some persons who had been mentioned by the witnesses, but had been
+neglected, commanding the inquisitors, at the same time, to use every
+effort to make Solano retract. It was in vain, and the inquisitors,
+though they well knew the motives which led the council to vote against
+their sentence, did not dare to disobey the law. They pronounced
+sentence of _relaxation_ a second time, and the council took advantage
+of a declaration made by one of the witnesses, to order an inquest to be
+taken among all the curates, priests, and physicians of Esco and the
+neighbourhood, in order to discover if Solano had ever suffered an
+illness which weakened or deranged his mind. The result of this inquest
+was to be communicated to the council, and in the mean time the trial
+was suspended. The physician, who suspected what they wished him to say,
+declared that Solano had had a severe illness for several years, before
+he was arrested, and that it was not surprising that it had weakened his
+mental powers; he said, that from that time he had spoken more
+frequently of his religious opinions, which were not those of the
+Catholics in Spain. On receiving this deposition, the council decreed,
+that, without pronouncing definitively on the subject, every means
+should be used to convert the accused. At this juncture, Solano fell
+dangerously ill; the inquisitors charged the most able theologians of
+Saragossa to endeavour to make him return to the faith, and even
+entreated the bishop coadjutor of the Archbishop of Saragossa, Don Fray
+Miguel Suarez de Santander, to exhort him with that tenderness and
+goodness which were characteristic of that worthy prelate. The curate
+appeared to be sensibly affected at all that was done for him, but he
+said that he could not renounce his opinions, without fearing that he
+offended God by betraying the truth. On the twentieth day of his
+illness, the doctor told him that he was dying, and desired him to take
+advantage of the few moments which were left him. "I am," said Solano,
+"in the hands of God; I have nothing more to do." Thus died the curate
+of Esco, in the year 1805; he was refused ecclesiastical sepulture, and
+was privately buried within the walls of the tribunal. The inquisitors
+reported all that had passed to the Supreme Council, which forbade them
+to continue the trial, that Solano might not be burnt in effigy.
+
+Two years after the intrigue intended to ruin the Prince of Peace,
+another event which took place at Alicant ought to have been sufficient
+to cause the tribunal to be reformed, or even suppressed. On the death
+of Don Leonard Stuck, Consul for the Batavian Republic in that city, his
+executor, the Vice-Consul of France, put his seals upon the property of
+the deceased, until the formalities of the law had been fulfilled. The
+commissary of the Inquisition desired the governor of the town to take
+off the seals and give him the keys of the house, that he might register
+the books and prints, as some of them were prohibited. The governor
+demanded time, in order to consult his majesty's minister. The
+commissary, who was disconcerted at this delay, went in the night with
+his alguazils, broke the seals, opened the door, and made the inventory;
+and when he had done, replaced the seals as well as he could, and went
+away. The ambassador of the Batavian Republic complained to the
+government of this violation of the law of nations, and the king wrote
+to the inquisitor-general, through his minister Urquijo, informing him,
+that the Inquisition must avoid similar infringements for the future,
+and bounding its office to the care of observing that, on the death of
+foreign ministers, no prohibited books were sold to Spaniards or
+naturalized foreigners. Nearly the same thing happened to the French
+consul at Barcelona.
+
+It may have been seen in the preceding chapters, that the Inquisition
+has been several times in danger of being suppressed, or subjected to
+the general forms of law. These occasions were more frequent during the
+reign of Charles IV.
+
+The Counts d'Aranda, de Florida-Blanca, and Campomanes, and the
+extraordinary council, represented the continual abuses committed by the
+_holy office_ to Charles III., but he contented himself with passing
+some ordinances to curtail its power.
+
+In 1794, Don Manuel Abad-y-la-Sierra, inquisitor-general under Charles
+IV., wished to reform the procedure of the tribunal, and commanded me to
+compose a work, entitled, _A Discourse on the Procedure of the Holy
+Office_, in which I represented the vices of the actual practice, and
+the means of obviating them, even though the proceedings for heresy
+should still continue to be secret. But, by various intrigues, an order
+was obtained from Charles IV., which forced the inquisitor-general to
+quit Madrid, and resign his office.
+
+Another attempt was made, when the Prince of Peace discovered the plot
+against him; the royal decree for the suppression was drawn up, but
+never presented for the signature of the king, because Godoy was the
+dupe of counter-intrigue. In the following year, Jovellanos wished to
+make use of the work I had composed for Don Manuel Abad-y-la-Sierra, of
+which I had given him a copy, but he failed in his design; and Charles
+IV., who was ill-informed, and deceived by intriguers, commanded that
+minister to retire to his house at Gijon in the Asturias. The attempt of
+Urquijo has been already mentioned.
+
+In 1808, Napoleon Buonaparte decreed the suppression of the Inquisition,
+at Chamastin, near Madrid; he alleged that the tribunal was an
+encroachment on the royal authority.
+
+In 1813, the Cortes-general of the kingdom adopted the same measures,
+after declaring that the existence of the privileged tribunal of the
+holy office was incompatible with the political constitution which had
+been decreed, published, and received by the nation.
+
+In spite of these two last suppressions, the tribunal still exists;
+because the greatest number of the men who surround the throne have been
+and will always be the partisans of ignorance, of the ultra-montane
+opinions, and of those which influenced the world before the invention
+of printing. These opinions are strenuously supported by the Jesuits,
+who have been recently recalled to Spain by Ferdinand VII.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLIV.
+
+OF THE INQUISITION DURING THE REIGN OF FERDINAND VII.
+
+
+Charles IV. abdicated the crown in favour of his eldest son, Ferdinand,
+who began to reign on the same day, before any public act had proved the
+validity of the abdication. The royal and supreme Council of Castile
+considered it necessary to observe the national custom on this occasion,
+and commissioned the royal fiscals to examine into the validity of the
+abdication, that the people might be informed that they were released
+from their oath of allegiance to Charles. But a strict order was
+immediately sent to the council to renounce the measure, to proclaim the
+validity of the abdication, and acknowledge Ferdinand as king. Charles
+protested against his abdication; he said that it was not voluntary,
+since he had only done it to save his own life and that of the queen, in
+the sedition at Aranjuez. Ferdinand paid no attention to this
+protestation; the emperor Napoleon took advantage of the event, and the
+Bourbons ceased to reign in Spain. While Charles IV. was at Marseilles,
+and Ferdinand at Valence, Joseph Napoleon, King of Naples, was
+proclaimed King of Spain; Ferdinand wrote to Joseph to congratulate him,
+and request his friendship, and commanded all Spaniards to recognise
+him, to prevent the ruin and desolation of their country.
+
+When Joseph was acknowledged King of Spain, the archives of the Supreme
+Council and of the Inquisition of the Court were confided to me, in
+consequence of an order from his majesty. With his approbation, I burnt
+all the criminal processes, except those which belonged to history, from
+their importance, and the rank of the accused; but I preserved all the
+registers of the resolutions of the council, the royal ordinances, the
+papal bulls and briefs, the papers of the affairs of the tribunal, and
+all the informations taken concerning the genealogies of the persons
+employed in the holy office, on account of their utility in proving
+relationship in trials when it is necessary.
+
+I have read in a work, intituled _Acta Latomorum_, that in the month of
+October, 1809, a grand national lodge of Spanish freemasons was founded
+even in the buildings of the Inquisition of Madrid. This assertion I
+consider entirely false, because at that time the keys of the building
+were in the possession of a subaltern under my orders, who would never
+have consented to give them up for such a purpose. I presume that the
+authors of this article wished to astonish, by the striking contrast
+between the different destinations of the same edifice.
+
+My acquaintance with the archives already mentioned enabled me to
+compose for the Royal Academy of History (of which I have the honour to
+be a member), a dissertation, under the title of _A Memorial, in which
+the Opinion of the Spaniards concerning the Inquisition is examined_.
+The Academy published my work.
+
+The above-mentioned materials, some others which I had collected since
+the year 1789, and some which were sent to me from Valladolid and other
+towns, enabled me to publish, in 1812 and 1813, two volumes of the
+_Annals of the Inquisition_, which comprehended all the events which
+passed in the tribunals from 1477 to 1530. I was not able to finish that
+work, being obliged to repair to France in 1813.
+
+On the 22d of February, in the same year, the Spanish assembly at Cadiz,
+which styled itself the _General Cortes_, suppressed the Inquisition,
+restoring to the bishops and secular judges their jurisdictions, that
+they might prosecute heretics in the same manner as before the existence
+of the Inquisition.
+
+This measure was the cause of long discussions in the tribune, and many
+orators pronounced speeches of great eloquence. The liberty of the press
+which then existed allowed many works to be published both for and
+against the holy office. Its partisans neglected nothing in its defence;
+in short, all that could possibly be advanced in favour of such a
+tribunal as the Inquisition, was published at Cadiz during this
+celebrated discussion. But reason prevailed; not because the majority of
+the voters were irreligious persons, or Jacobins (as it has since been
+unjustly said), but because the Cortes found an irresistible strength in
+the reasoning which condemned a tribunal which had been so fatal to the
+prosperity of the nation for three centuries. The representatives of
+Spain received an infinite number of letters and addresses, returning
+thanks for the benefit bestowed on the nation: several of these letters
+were signed by persons employed in the Inquisition. I have the
+satisfaction to be able to declare, that this triumph of reason and
+humanity was principally owing to the documents which I furnished, and
+which became known to the public in 1812, by means of the _Memorial on
+the Opinion of the Spaniards concerning the Inquisition_, and the first
+volume of the _Annals of the Inquisition_. This is proved by the
+manifesto addressed by the Cortes to the Spanish people; in which the
+representatives say, that they had seen the apostolical bulls addressed
+to the Inquisition, and the complaints and appeals of the prisoners:
+these details could only have been obtained from the works above
+mentioned, but they were not cited, because I was then a counsellor of
+state to King Joseph.
+
+These measures of the Cortes were however useless. Buonaparte restored
+the crown of Spain to Ferdinand, by a treaty at Valence, in 1813, and in
+March, 1814, the king re-entered Spain; on his arrival at Valencia, he
+was immediately surrounded by persons imbued with the Gothic prejudices
+of the age of chivalry, and one of the first measures of his
+administration was the re-establishment of the holy office, on the 21st
+of July, 1814.
+
+In the preamble to the royal decree, Ferdinand informed the people, that
+the object of the restoration of the Inquisition was to repair the evil
+caused to the religion of the state by the foreign troops, who were not
+Catholics; to forestall that which might be caused hereafter by the
+heretical opinions imbibed by a great number of Spaniards, and to
+preserve the tranquillity of the kingdom; that this measure was desired
+by learned and virtuous prelates, and by different bodies and
+corporations, who reminded him that, in the sixteenth century, Spain had
+preserved herself from the contagion of heresy, and the errors which
+desolated other countries; while the arts and sciences flourished under
+many men, who were famed for their learning and sanctity; that this
+happy influence of the Inquisition, was the reason why Buonaparte had
+destroyed the tribunal, and that the same resolution was afterwards
+adopted by the junta, falsely calling itself the _General Cortes_ of the
+kingdom, on the pretence that the Inquisition was opposed to the
+constitution of Cadiz, and that it was only decreed in the midst of
+tumults, and against the wishes of the nation. The decree also declares,
+that as it had been found necessary to frame new laws, to correct
+certain abuses and to limit privileges, it was his majesty's intention
+that they should be observed, and to appoint two members of the Council
+of Castile, and two of that of the _holy office_, to propose the
+necessary reforms and alterations in the mode of procedure concerning
+personal affairs, and the prohibition of books.
+
+It appears that these commissioners were, Don Manuel de Lardizabal Uribe
+and Don Sebastian de Torres, of the Council of Castile; Don Joseph
+Armarilla, and Don Antonio Galarza, counsellors of the Inquisition.
+These persons might have proposed a reform, which would have remedied
+several evils, or entirely destroyed them. I do not know what these
+commissioners have yet done to justify the confidence placed in them,
+but it is certain that hitherto no reform has been made public.
+
+On the 5th of May, 1815, Don Francis Xavier de Mier y Campillo, the
+inquisitor-general, published an edict, commanding all those who felt
+themselves guilty, to denounce themselves before the end of the year,
+and announcing that _Spain was infected by the new and dangerous
+doctrines which had ruined the greatest part of Europe_. The
+inquisitor-general condemned the _new_ and _dangerous doctrines_ which
+followed the entrance of the French army, and did not mention the
+systems which were propagated and put in practice by the Spanish
+partisans for the war, though they really came under his jurisdiction,
+because they were formerly opposed to the letter and spirit of the
+Gospel. This circumstance induces me to lay it before my readers, in
+order to prove that the _re-established_ Inquisition differs little from
+that which was _suppressed_, since, if the latter allowed works
+inculcating regicide to be circulated, and condemned books which
+supported the royal authority, the former began by condemning the
+doctrine which taught us, that men were not slaves or animals to be
+bought and sold, and at the same time allowed such maxims as the
+following to be acted upon:--
+
+1st. That it was allowable during the invasion, to assassinate any
+Frenchman in Spain, whether he was a soldier or not, without distinction
+of circumstances or means, because they were all enemies of the country,
+the defence of which ought to be the first consideration.
+
+2nd. That according to the same principal it was lawful to kill any
+Spaniard, who was a partisan of the superior power, designated as a
+_Francise_.
+
+3rd. That any Spaniards of the same party might be despoiled of their
+money, goods, or the produce of their estates, and that their houses,
+vineyards, olive-grounds, and other plantations might be burnt.
+
+4th. That an oath of fidelity, taken on the sacrament, might be broken,
+even if no mental reservation was made, because the person was persuaded
+that it was the only means to avoid the danger threatened by the
+superior power, which could execute its threats, according to the
+general laws of war.
+
+5. That the priests and monks were authorised to abandon their tranquil
+life, and engage in a military career, provided it was against the
+French and the Francises. This doctrine prevailed even when it was seen
+that the ecclesiastics and monks had become the chiefs of bands of
+robbers, and carried infamous concubines in their suites, and that they
+had imposed arbitrary contributions on different towns.
+
+6th. That the war against France was a war of religion, and,
+consequently, that those who perished were to be considered as martyrs.
+
+7th. That it was allowable, and even praiseworthy, to refuse sacramental
+absolution to a penitent who had submitted to the superior force, unless
+he promised to abandon it, and to contribute by every means to its
+destruction.
+
+8th. That it was preferable to eat meat on Fridays and other fast-days
+without permission, than to receive it from the apostolical
+commissary-general of the Holy Crusade of Spain, resident at Madrid, who
+was charged by the Pope with this commission.
+
+9th. That it was permitted to preserve an eternal hatred, and to excite
+others to an implacable war against the Spaniards who had submitted to
+the superior force.
+
+It is not my intention to accuse the Bishop of Almeira, or the present
+inquisitors, of abusing their powers. The edict, on the whole, expresses
+an intention of pursuing mild measures, and hitherto it does not appear
+that they have been unfaithful to this maxim; for I cannot credit
+certain reports circulated in Paris, or what was said in 1815, in _Acta
+Latomorum_. The author, after announcing the re-establishment of the
+Inquisition by Ferdinand VII., adds, that he had forbidden the masonic
+lodges, on pain of the punishments for high-treason. In another article
+of the same work, on the events of the year 1814, it is said,--
+
+"On the 25th of September, twenty-five individuals were arrested, on
+suspicion that they were the members of a masonic lodge, and partisans
+of the Cortes: among them were the Marquis Tolosa; the Canon Marina, a
+learned and distinguished member of the Academy; Doctor Luque, the court
+physician; and some French, and Italians, and Germans, who had settled
+in Spain. The brave General Alava, who was chosen by General Wellington
+for his aide-de-camp, on account of his merit, has been imprisoned by
+the holy office, as a freemason." I consider the latter assertion to be
+entirely false, because letters worthy of credit, and the gazettes of
+Spain, only stated that an order to leave Madrid had been sent to the
+general by the king, but it was revoked, as his majesty discovered that
+he had been deceived; it is certain that Ferdinand, some time after,
+sent him as his ambassador into the Low Countries.
+
+The account given in the Madrid Gazette on the 14th May, 1816, of an
+_auto-da-fe_ celebrated by the Inquisition of Mexico on the 27th
+December, 1815, is more worthy of belief. Don Joseph-Maria Morellos, a
+priest, had placed himself at the head of his countrymen, with the
+intention of freeing his country from the dominion of the King of Spain.
+The holy office prosecuted him for heresy, while the viceroy arrested
+him for rebellion. The prisons of the holy office were preferred to that
+of the government, and some witnesses were found who deposed to certain
+facts which the Mexican qualifiers thought sufficient to authorize them
+to pronounce Morellos suspected of atheism, materialism, and other
+errors. One proof of his guilt was, that he had two children. The
+accused abjured, and was absolved in an _auto-da-fe_, which was
+celebrated with as much parade as in the reign of Philip II. When the
+Inquisitors treated Morellos with so much moderation, they knew that the
+viceroy would hang him; before his execution he was degraded from the
+priesthood by the Bishop of Antequera in America.
+
+I do not know if the Spanish Inquisition has celebrated an _auto-da-fe_
+since its re-establishment. I shall only say, that if its members wish
+to follow the precepts of the Gospel more faithfully than their
+predecessors, they ought to follow the example of their chief, Pius VII.
+A letter from Rome, dated the 31st of March, 1816, announces that his
+Holiness had abolished the use of torture in all the tribunals of the
+holy office, and that the resolution had been communicated to the
+ambassadors of Spain and Portugal[80]. A second letter from the same
+city on the 17th of April following, says that the procedure of the
+Inquisition was to be similar to that of the other tribunals, and to be
+made public[81].
+
+A third letter on the 9th May, states that the Inquisition of Rome had
+annulled the sentence which that of Ravenna had pronounced against
+Solomon Moses Viviani, who had relapsed into Judaism, after having
+abjured it to become a Christian. In confirming the revocation, the Pope
+said: "The divine law is not of the same nature as that of man, but a
+law of persuasion and gentleness; persecution, exile, and imprisonment,
+are only suitable to false prophets and the apostles of false doctrines.
+Let us pity the man who does not see the true light, or who even refuses
+to see it; the cause of his blindness may tend to fulfil the profound
+designs of providence, &c." His Holiness having since presided at a
+congregation of the holy office, has decreed that, "in all trials of
+heresy, the accuser shall be confronted with the accused, in the
+presence of the judges, and has expressed an intention that the trials
+shall be so conducted as to avoid the punishment of death[82]."
+
+Another letter from Rome, of the 17th January, 1817, contains the
+following article: "It is reported that the holy office will be reformed
+this year. It appears that it will only be allowed to proceed in the
+same manner as the other tribunals. The government considers it to be
+dangerous to allow a body to exist which is useless, and always armed
+against the progress of reason. You may believe that the Inquisition has
+already ceased to exist[83]."
+
+In March, 1816, the Portuguese ambassador had sent a diplomatic note to
+the cardinal-secretary of state to his Holiness, in which he informs
+him, in the name of his court, of the condemnation of a work printed by
+the Inquisitor Louis de Paramo, of the formal and judicial suppression
+of the holy office, and of the re-establishment of the bishops in their
+former privileges[84].
+
+These just and moderate measures ought to be the rule and guide of the
+Spanish inquisitors; if they would make the proceedings public, and
+liberate the prisoners on bail, I confess that I should not be afraid to
+present myself to be tried by that tribunal.
+
+Since this article was printed, I have been informed, that the
+inquisitor-general Mier Campillo is dead, and that Ferdinand has
+appointed Monseigneur Jerome Castillon de Salas, Bishop of Taragona, as
+his successor. God grant that he may understand the spirit of the
+Gospel, and the necessity of reforming the Inquisition, better than his
+predecessor!
+
+
+
+
+NUMBER OF THE VICTIMS
+
+OF
+
+THE INQUISITION.
+
+
+It is impossible to determine the exact number of persons who perished
+in the first years after the establishment of the holy office. Persons
+were burnt in the year 1481, and the Supreme Council was not created
+until 1483. The registers in its archives, and those of the inferior
+tribunals, are of a still later date; and as the inquisitor-general
+accompanied the court, which had no fixed residence until the reign of
+Philip II., many of the trials must have been lost during these
+journeys. These circumstances oblige me to found my calculations on the
+combination of certain data, which I found in the registers and writings
+of the holy office.
+
+Mariana, in his History of Spain, informs us that, in 1481, the
+Inquisitors of Seville condemned two thousand persons to _relaxation_,
+that is, to be burnt, and that there were as many effigies; the number
+of persons reconciled was one thousand seven hundred. The latter were
+always subjected to severe penances.
+
+The _autos-da-fe_ of this period, which I examined at Saragossa and
+Toledo, lead me to suppose that each tribunal of the Inquisition
+celebrated at least four _autos-da-fe_ every year. The provincial
+tribunals were successively organised. I do not speak of those of
+Mexico, Lima, Carthagena in America, Sicily or Sardinia, although they
+were subject to the Inquisitors-general and the Supreme Council, because
+I am only enabled to establish my calculation for those of the Peninsula
+and the neighbouring isles.
+
+Andres Bernaldez, a contemporary historian, and very much attached to
+the new institution, in which he held the office of almoner to the
+second inquisitor, states, in his inedited History of the Catholic
+Kings, that from 1482 to 1489, more than seven hundred individuals were
+burnt, and more than five thousand subjected to penances, at Seville: he
+does not mention the effigies.
+
+In 1481 the number equalled that of the persons burnt. I will, however,
+suppose that these were only half that number, to avoid all
+exaggeration, though it was in general much more considerable; I may,
+therefore, say, that in each year of this period, 88 persons were burnt
+at Seville, 44 in effigy, and 600 condemned to different penances;
+total, 757. The same mode of calculation may be applied to the other
+tribunals of the province which were then founded.
+
+In the castle of Triana, at Seville, where the inquisitorial tribunal
+was held, is an inscription, placed there in 1524, importing that in the
+space of time from 1492 to that year, about 1000 persons had been burnt,
+and 20,000 condemned to penances;--I will suppose that 1000 individuals
+were burnt, and 500 effigies, which will give for each year 32 burnt, 16
+effigies, and 625 subjected to penances. I might admit a similar result
+for all the tribunals of the kingdom, but I prefer taking the half, on
+the supposition that the commerce carried on in the kingdom of Seville
+drew thither many Jewish families.
+
+With respect to the years 1490, 91, and 92, which elapsed between those
+mentioned by Bernaldez and the period of the inscription of Triana, I
+prefer calculating according to the thirty-two years after the
+inscription.
+
+Such are the foundations of my calculations for the first eighteen years
+of the Inquisition. I shall consider it from that time as entirely
+belonging to the government of Torquemada, the first inquisitor-general;
+for, although his office was not created till 1483, the two preceding
+years may be united to his administration, because he was at that time
+one of the Inquisitors appointed by the Pope. I shall, however,
+carefully distinguish the time when the inferior tribunals began to act,
+as a greater number of persons perished in the first year, because they
+were not sufficiently observant of their words and actions.
+
+1481. Seville, the only tribunal. Burnt, 2000. Effigies, 2000. Penances,
+1700. Total, 21,000.
+
+I do not mention Aragon, where the old Inquisition was in full activity.
+
+1482. Seville. Burnt, 88. Effigies, 44. Penances, 625. Total, 757.
+
+The tribunals of Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, and Majorca, belonged to
+the old Inquisition.
+
+1483. Seville. Ditto.
+
+Tribunals were established in this year at Cordova, Jaen, and Toledo; it
+is probable that as many persons were condemned at these places as in
+the first year at Seville, but I shall take the tenth part of that
+number.
+
+Cordova. Burnt, 200. Effigies, 200. Penances, 17. Total, 2100. Jaen,
+ditto. Toledo, ditto. Total, 7057.
+
+1484. Seville. Burnt, 88. Effigies, 44. Penances, 625. Total, 757.
+
+I calculate half that number for each of the three additional tribunals.
+Total, 1892.
+
+1485. Seville, ditto. Cordova, ditto. Jaen, ditto. Toledo, ditto.
+
+Valladolid, Estremadura, Murcia, Calahorra, Saragossa, and Valencia;
+each, burnt, 200. Effigies, 200. Penances, 1700. Total, 2100.
+
+For the ten tribunals. Total, 12,930.
+
+1486. Seville, as before.
+
+Cordova, Jaen, and Toledo, ditto.
+
+Valladolid, Llerena, Murcia, Logrono, Saragossa, and Valencia; same
+number as Cordova.
+
+For the ten tribunals. Total, 4149.
+
+1487. Seville, and the other tribunals; the same number as the preceding
+year.
+
+Barcelona and Majorca, burnt, 200. Effigies, 200. Penances, 1700.
+
+Total for the twelve tribunals, 8359.
+
+1488. Seville, ditto.
+
+Eleven other tribunals, same number as before. Total, 4915.
+
+1489. Same as the preceding year. Here finish the calculations founded
+on the statements of Mariana and Bernaldez.
+
+1490. Seville. Burnt, 32. Effigies, 16. Penances, 625. Total, 663.
+According to the calculation from the inscription of Triana.
+
+The eleven other tribunals may be considered to have punished half that
+number. Total for the twelve, 4369.
+
+1491 to 1498. According to my system of reduction, the total number of
+victims for the eight last years of Torquemada, was 34,952.
+
+Total for the eighteen years of his administration, 105,294.
+
+1499 to 1507. _Second inquisitor-general._ Don Fray Diego Deza. For the
+twelve tribunals during the eight years of his administration. Burnt,
+1664. Effigies, 832. Penances, 32,456. Total, 34,952.
+
+1507 to 1518. _Third inquisitor-general._ Cardinal Ximenes de Cisneros.
+In 1513 he separated the tribunal of Cuenca from that of Murcia.
+
+Number of persons condemned during the eleven years of his
+administration. Burnt, 2536. Effigies, 1368. Penances, 47,263. Total,
+51,163.
+
+1518 to 1524. _Fourth inquisitor-general._ Cardinal Adrian. Number of
+tribunals in the peninsula, the same as under his predecessor. Burnt,
+1344. Effigies, 662. Penances, 26,214. Total, 28,230.
+
+1524 to 1539. _Fifth inquisitor-general._ Cardinal Manrique. For each
+year of this administration, I calculate that in each of the tribunals
+10 were burnt, 5 in effigy, and 50 subjected to penances; total, 65.
+There were thirteen tribunals in the peninsula, and two in the adjacent
+isles. According to the preceding calculation, we find that during the
+fifteen years of the administration of Manrique, there were, Burnt,
+2250. Effigies, 1120. Penances, 11,250. Total, 14,625.
+
+1539 to 1545. _Sixth inquisitor-general._ Cardinal Tabera. His
+administration may be considered as having lasted seven years. For the
+fifteen tribunals during that period, I calculate, Burnt, 840. Effigies,
+420. Penances, 4200. Total, 5460.
+
+_Seventh inquisitor-general._ Cardinal Loaisa was appointed in 1546, and
+died in the same year; the time of his administration may be said to be
+twelve months. In the fifteen tribunals, Burnt, 120. Effigies, 60.
+Penances, 600. Total, 780.
+
+_Eighth inquisitor-general._ Don Ferdinand Valdes, Archbishop of
+Seville. Twenty years in the fifteen tribunals, Burnt, 2400. Effigies,
+1200. Penances, 12,000. Total, 19,600.
+
+_Ninth inquisitor-general._ Cardinal Espinosa, six years. Burnt, 720.
+Effigies, 360. Penances, 3600. Total, 4680.
+
+_Tenth inquisitor-general._ Don Pedro de Cordova, Ponce de Leon,
+succeeded in 1572, and died in January, 1573, before he could enter on
+his office.
+
+_Eleventh inquisitor-general._ Cardinal Quiroga, twenty-two years.
+Another tribunal was established in Galicia. In the sixteen tribunals
+were Burnt, 2816. Effigies, 1408. Penances, 14,080. Total, 18,304.
+
+_Twelfth inquisitor-general._ Don Jerome Manrique de Lara, Bishop of
+Carthagena and Avila, one year. Total for the sixteen Inquisitions,
+Burnt, 180. Effigies, 64. Penances, 640. Total, 832.
+
+_Thirteenth inquisitor-general._ Don Pedro de Porto-Carrero, Bishop of
+Cuenca, three years. Burnt, 184. Effigies, 92. Penances, 1920. Total,
+2196.
+
+_Fourteenth inquisitor-general._ Cardinal Guevara, three years. Burnt,
+240. Effigies, 96. Penances, 1728. Total, 2064.
+
+_Fifteenth inquisitor-general._ Don Juan de Zuniga, Bishop of
+Carthagena, one year. Burnt, 84. Effigies, 32. Penances, 576. Total,
+688.
+
+_Sixteenth inquisitor-general._ Don Juan Bautista de Acebedo, Archbishop
+_in partibus infidelium_, five years. Burnt, 400. Effigies, 116.
+Penances, 2880. Total, 3440.
+
+_Seventeenth inquisitor-general._ Cardinal Sandoval y Roxas, eleven
+years. Burnt, 880. Effigies, 352. Penances, 6336. Total, 7568.
+
+_Eighteenth inquisitor-general._ Don Fray Louis de Aliaga, two years.
+Burnt, 240. Effigies, 96. Penances, 1728. Total, 2064.
+
+_Nineteenth inquisitor-general._ Don Andres Pacheco, four years. Burnt,
+200. Effigies, 128. Penances, 1280. Total, 1664.
+
+_Twentieth inquisitor-general._ Cardinal Mendoza, six years. Burnt, 384.
+Effigies, 192. Penances, 1920. Total, 2496.
+
+_Twenty-first inquisitor-general._ Don Fray Antonio de Sotomayor,
+Archbishop _in partibus infidelium_, eleven years. Burnt, 704. Effigies,
+352. Penances, 3520. Total, 4576.
+
+_Twenty-second inquisitor-general._ Don Diego de Arce y Reynosa, Bishop
+of Placencia, twenty-three years. Burnt, 1472. Effigies, 736. Penances,
+7360. Total, 9568.
+
+_Twenty-third inquisitor-general._ Cardinal d'Aragon. Dismissed before
+he entered on his office.
+
+_Twenty-fourth inquisitor-general._ Don Juan Everard Nitardo, three
+years. Burnt, 144. Effigies, 48. Penances, 576. Total, 768.
+
+_Twenty-fifth inquisitor-general._ Don Diego Sarmiento de Valladares,
+twenty-six years. Burnt, 1248. Effigies, 416. Penances, 4992. Total,
+6656.
+
+_Twenty-sixth inquisitor-general._ Don Juan Thomas Rocaberti, Archbishop
+of Valencia, five years. Burnt, 240. Effigies, 80. Penances, 960. Total,
+1280.
+
+_Twenty-seventh inquisitor-general._ Cardinal Aguilar. Died before he
+entered on his office.
+
+_Twenty-eighth inquisitor-general._ Don Balthazar Mendoza y Sandoval,
+Bishop of Segovia, five years. Burnt, 240. Effigies, 80. Penances, 960.
+Total, 1280.
+
+_Twenty-ninth inquisitor-general._ Don Vidal Marin, Bishop of Ceuta,
+four years. Seventeen tribunals. Burnt, 136. Effigies, 68. Penances,
+816. Total, 1020.
+
+_Thirtieth inquisitor-general._ Don Antonio Ibanez de la Riva Herrera,
+Archbishop of Saragossa, two years. Burnt, 68. Effigies, 34. Penances,
+408. Total, 510.
+
+_Thirty-first inquisitor-general._ Cardinal Judice, six years. Burnt,
+204. Effigies, 102. Penances, 1224. Total, 1530.
+
+_Thirty-second inquisitor-general._ Don Joseph Molines, Auditor de Rote
+at Rome, two years. Burnt, 68. Effigies, 34. Penances, 408. Total, 510.
+
+_Thirty-third inquisitor-general._ Don Juan de Arzamendi. Died before he
+entered on the office.
+
+_Thirty-fourth inquisitor-general._ Don Diego de Astorga y Cespedes,
+Bishop of Barcelona, two years. Burnt, 68. Effigies, 34. Penances, 408.
+Total, 510.
+
+_Thirty-fifth inquisitor-general._ Don Juan de Camargo, Bishop of
+Pampluna, thirteen years. Burnt, 442. Effigies, 221. Penances, 2652.
+Total, 3315.
+
+_Thirty-sixth inquisitor-general._ Don Andres de Orbe y Larreategui,
+Archbishop of Valencia, seven years. Burnt, 238. Effigies, 119.
+Penances, 1428. Total, 1785.
+
+_Thirty-seventh inquisitor-general._ Don Manuel Isidro Manrique de Lara,
+Archbishop of Santiago, four years. Burnt, 336. Effigies, 68. Penances,
+816. Total, 1020.
+
+_Thirty-eighth inquisitor-general._ Don Francisco Perez de Prado y
+Cuesta, Bishop of Teruel. He was confirmed by the Pope in 1746; I do not
+know the exact term of his administration, but I have fixed it in 1757,
+before the death of Ferdinand VI., who appointed his successor. Burnt,
+10. Effigies, 5. Penances, 107. Total, 122.
+
+_Thirty-ninth inquisitor-general._ Don Manuel Quintano Bonifaz,
+Archbishop of Pharsala, seventeen years. Burnt, 2. Penances, 10 in
+public, a greater number in private.
+
+_Fortieth inquisitor-general._ Don Philip Bertran, Bishop of Salamanca,
+nine years. Two were burnt every year of this administration, six
+condemned to public, and a great number to private penances[85].
+
+_Forty-first inquisitor-general._ Don Augustin Rubin de Cevallos, Bishop
+of Jaen, nine years. Fourteen condemned to public penances, and a
+considerable number condemned intra muros.
+
+_Forty-second inquisitor-general._ Don Manuel Abad y la Sierra,
+Archbishop of Selimbria, two years. Sixteen individuals condemned to
+public, a greater number to private penances.
+
+_Forty-third inquisitor-general._ Cardinal Lorenzana, three years.
+Public penances, 14. A very great number condemned to private penances.
+One effigy was burnt at Cuenca.
+
+_Forty-fourth inquisitor-general._ Don Ramon Joseph de Arce, Archbishop
+of Saragossa, eleven years. Twenty individuals were condemned to public,
+and a very considerable number to private penances. The Curate of Esco
+was condemned to the flames, but the grand-inquisitor and the Supreme
+Council would not permit the sentence to be executed.
+
+    Number of persons who were condemned
+      and perished in the flames   -   -   31,912
+    Effigies burnt     -   -   -   -   -   17,659
+    Condemned to severe penances   -   -  291,450
+                                         ---------
+                                          341,021
+
+THE END.
+
+LONDON:
+
+Printed by WILLIAM CLOWES,
+Stamford-Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The following typographical errors have been corrected by the etext
+transcriber:
+
+those already in in prison were excluded from the pardon=>those already
+in prison were excluded from the pardon
+
+John Guiterrez de Chabes=>John Gutierrez de Chabes
+
+Don Diego Deza, a Dominician=>Don Diego Deza, a Dominican
+
+entirely composed by Catholics authors=>entirely composed by Catholic
+authors
+
+he went out, and was assasinated=>he went out, and was assassinated
+
+more favourably received than at Vallodolid=>more favourably received
+than at Valladolid
+
+expences in travelling and maintaining=>expenses in travelling and
+maintaining
+
+mind was so much disorderered=>mind was so much disordered
+
+from the secresy of their proceedings=>from the secrecy of their
+proceedings
+
+secresy, and two members of the Council of Castile=>secrecy, and two
+members of the Council of Castile
+
+inquisitor in ordinary of the diocease=>inquisitor in ordinary of the
+diocese
+
+he ackowledges his guilt=>he acknowledges his guilt
+
+
+Nicholas Antonio say that he died, with the reputation of being a
+saint=>Nicholas Antonio says that he died, with the reputation of being
+a saint
+
+Haping occasion to say=>Having occasion to say
+
+it appears, from cotemporary=>it appears, from contemporary
+
+
+made several journies to Valladolid=>made several journeys to Valladolid
+
+The queen and the princes were in tears=>The queen and the princess were
+in tears
+
+his death was invitable=>his death was inevitable
+
+afterwards transferred to the the city of=>afterwards transferred to the
+city of
+
+when Cazella was arrested=>when Cazalla was arrested
+
+decree of the congregation shuld be revoked.=>decree of the congregation
+should be revoked.
+
+Majorca, Bilboa, Valladolid, aud Osma=>Majorca, Bilboa, Valladolid, and
+Osma
+
+cemetery of Pere la Chaise=>cemetery of Pere la Chaise
+
+there was a third called called Huguenaos=>there was a third called
+Huguenaos
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] The following fact shews that the inquisitors of our own days do not
+fall below the standard of those who followed the fanatic Torquemada. *
+* * * was present when the Inquisition was thrown open, in 1820, by the
+orders of the Cortes of Madrid. Twenty-one prisoners were found in it,
+not one of whom knew the name of the city in which he was: some had been
+confined three years, some a longer period, and not one knew perfectly
+the nature of the crime of which he was accused.
+
+One of these prisoners had been condemned, and was to have suffered on
+the following day. His punishment was to be death by the _pendulum_. The
+method of thus destroying the victim is as follows:--The condemned is
+fastened in a groove, upon a table, on his back; suspended above him is
+a pendulum, the edge of which is sharp, and it is so constructed as to
+become longer with every movement. The wretch sees this implement of
+destruction swinging to and fro above him, and every moment the keen
+edge approaching nearer and nearer: at length it cuts the skin of his
+nose, and gradually cuts on, until life is extinct. It may be doubted if
+the holy office in its mercy ever invented a more humane and rapid
+method of exterminating heresy, or ensuring confiscation. This, let it
+be remembered, was a punishment of the Secret Tribunal, A.D. 1820!!!
+
+[2] The _absolution ad cautelam_ is that granted by inquisitors to
+persons who have been suspected of heresy.
+
+[3] Since the publication of this work, the Author has been informed
+that the convicts were only fastened to the statues of the _Four
+Prophets_, and not enclosed in them. Andrew Bernaldez, a contemporary
+writer, and eye-witness of the executions, from whom this fact was
+taken, is not sufficiently explicit to remove all doubt.
+
+[4] Erasmus, letters 884, 907, 910.
+
+[5] Sandoval. Hist. Charles V. B. 24, Sec. 23.
+
+[6] Salazar de Mendoza, Life of Don Bartholomew Carranza, ch. vii.
+
+[7] Mayan's Life of John Louis Vives, in the introduction to the new
+edition of his works.
+
+[8] Virues: _Philippics against Melancthon_, in the dedication of the
+edition of Antwerp, 1541.
+
+[9] Reginaldus Gonzalvius Montanus, _Sanctae Inquisitionis Hispanicae,
+artes aliquot detectae_. This work is now extremely rare; it was
+published in 8vo. at Heidelberg in 1567.
+
+[10] Charles V. is the hero of this poem.
+
+[11] Don Antonio Cajetan de Souza has inserted this bull in his
+genealogical History of the Royal House of Portugal; Vol. II.
+
+[12] Continued from Gonzales de Montes.
+
+[13] Sandoval's History of Charles V., vol. ii.
+
+[14] Sandoval's History of Charles V., tom. ii.
+
+[15] Cabrera, Hist. Philip II., Book 2. chap. vi.
+
+[16] Cabrera, ibid. B. I. chap. viii. and ix.
+
+[17] Leti, Life of Philip II. Book 17.--Reinaldi, Annales Eccles. An.
+1563, No. 146.--Palavicini, Hist. Council of Trent, Book 22, Chap.
+viii.--Sarpi, Hist. Council of Trent, Book 8. No. 42.
+
+[18] See Chapter XVI.
+
+[19] Pellecyr, Ensago de Biblioteca de Traductores Espanoles. Articles,
+_Reina_, _Perez_, and _Valera_.
+
+[20] Regnialdus Gonzalirus Montanus, _Sanctae Inquisitionis Hispanicae
+artes aliquot detectae_, in the rubric _Publicato testium_, p. 50.
+
+[21] Fleury, Hist. Ecoles, liv. 154, ann. 1559, No. 14.
+
+[22] Ulloa, _Vita di Carlos V._, edition of Venice; 1589, p. 237.
+
+[23] The _informer_ is admitted as a witness, in contempt of the rule of
+right, and the punishment due to a false witness is not inflicted, if he
+is discovered to be such.
+
+[24] They never found this measure necessary. The old bulls and the
+Cortes had provided that the interlocutory act of arrest should be
+consented to, and signed by the inquisitor in ordinary of the diocese.
+Reason dictated this measure, because the decree for an arrest does not
+permit the summons.
+
+[25] This form is very prejudicial to the prisoner, when the
+conversation takes place with one person, because the manner of relating
+the fact supposes three, the accused, the interlocutor, and the
+individual who has seen or heard.
+
+[26] This inconvenience was the danger to which the secrecy of the holy
+office was exposed from the activity of these procurators.
+
+[27] This is false; the advantages on the contrary were very important,
+because the procurators who knew the persons capable of proving the
+challenge of presumed witnesses, informed them of it, in order to favour
+the accused.
+
+[28] The New Christians, the relations, the servants, malefactors,
+infamous persons, in fact every man, a wife, a child, are admitted to
+depose against the accused, and he cannot call as a witness any person
+who is a relation or a servant!
+
+[29] This is an injustice. If an accused person had seen the proved
+articles of the examination in his defence, or if they had been
+communicated to his lawyer, he would have often derived conclusive
+arguments from them against the depositions for the prosecution.
+
+[30] _It was not often used_, because the inquisitors were unwilling to
+reveal the secret of their irregular proceedings; they considered it
+_dangerous_, because it was favourable to the accused, in the few cases
+where it had been employed; they wished it to be used with great
+caution, because they felt that those who are not inquisitors act like
+judges. The canonical proof takes place in the presence of twelve
+persons, who declare upon oath whether they believe the accused to be
+innocent or guilty. They were a kind of jury, to whom the inquisitors
+were obliged to show the original process, and thus the accused depended
+more upon the jury than on the inquisitors.
+
+[31] I have not read any process which proves that more than one
+inquisitor has assisted at this execution; I have never seen either the
+ordinary, or the consultors present at it; the question was only applied
+in the presence of the inquisitor, the notary, and the executioners.
+
+[32] It was afterwards regulated that this should be done in all
+definitive sentences.
+
+[33] The trial began in 1558; it had already lasted more than fifteen
+years, yet the council said that it went on quickly!
+
+[34] Father Kircher has inserted this letter in his work called
+_Principis Christiani Archetipon Politicum_.
+
+[35] Kircher has inserted the whole of this letter in the work before
+mentioned.
+
+[36] Estrada: Decades of the War of Flanders. Decade i. b. 7.
+
+[37] This refers to the queen's journey to Bayonne, to confer with her
+mother on the political affairs of the League. It took place in 1565.
+
+[38] Cabrera: History of Philip II., chap. 28.
+
+[39] Wander-Hamer: History of Philip II., p. 115. Cabrera: Prudence of
+Philip II., b. vii. chap. 22.
+
+[40] Cabrera. Ibid. chap. 28.
+
+[41] Kircher: _Vide_ the Work before mentioned, b. ii. chap. 2.
+
+[42] Estrada: Wars of Flanders, Decade i. b. 7.
+
+[43] Cabrera: Hist. Philip II., b. vii. chap. 28.
+
+[44] Wander-Hamen: Life of Don John of Austria, book i.
+
+[45] Cabrera: Hist. Philip II., book vii. chap. 22.
+
+[46] Retamar is a place situated half-way between Madrid and the Pardo.
+
+[47] Cabrera, book vii. chap. 22.--Wander-Hamen: Life of Don John of
+Austria, book i.
+
+[48] St. Jerome is a monastery of the order of Jeronimites, founded by
+Henry IV. Near this monastery is the old royal palace called _Buen
+Retiro_.
+
+[49] _Atocha_ is a Convent of Dominicans near _Buen Retiro_, on the east
+side.
+
+[50] This was not the Saturday following, which was on the 3rd of
+January, 1568, but on the 17th of January, the day before Don Carlos was
+arrested.
+
+[51] The princes of Bohemia and Hungary, then at Madrid, also Don John
+of Austria and Alexander Farnese.
+
+[52] Some galleys which were then being prepared under the command of
+Don John.
+
+[53] Grand prior of the order of St. John of Jerusalem: his name was Don
+Antonio de Toledo, brother to the Duke of Alva, and a councillor of
+state.
+
+[54] The Duke de Feria was captain-general of the king's guards, and a
+councillor of state.
+
+[55] Louis Quijada was Lord of Villagarcia, son of him who was
+major-domo to Charles V. in his retirement. The Count de Lerma was
+afterwards first duke and favourite of Philip III. Don Rodrigo de
+Mendoza was the eldest son of the Prince d'Evoli.
+
+[56] Son of Don Gabriel, Count de Siruela.
+
+[57] Mass was afterwards said in the prince's apartment; this shows that
+the account was written before the 2nd of March, when the order was
+given to have it performed.
+
+[58] The 19th of January, 1568.
+
+[59] Hoyos. His name was Pedro del Hoyo.
+
+[60] That is of the eldest sons who have the right of succeeding to the
+crown, which is a _majorat_, or a perpetual substitution by the order of
+primogeniture.
+
+[61] Jane, the king's sister, who had brought up Don Carlos before he
+had masters.
+
+[62] The _monteros_ are the king's body-guard for the night. All the
+individuals of this guard are called _Monteros de Espinosa_, because
+they ought to have been born in the borough called _Espinosa de la
+Monteros_; this is a privilege which was granted to them by the
+sovereign Count of Castile, Ferdinand Gonzalez, as a recompense for a
+distinguished act of fidelity.
+
+[63] Watson: History of the Reign of Philip II., in English and French,
+Appendix.
+
+[64] De Thou: History of his Time, in Latin, vol. ii. b. 43.
+
+[65] Comentarios del Reverendissimo senor Fray Barthome Carranza de
+Miranda, Arzobispo de Toledo, sobre el cathecismo christiano, divididos
+en quatro partes, les quales contienent odo lo que profesamos en el
+santo bautismo, como se vera en la plana siguiente, dirigida al
+serenisimo senor rey de Espana, &c., nuestro senor. En Anveres, en casa
+de Martin Nucio, Anno M. D. LVIII., con privilegio real.
+
+[66] Reinaldo: Ecclesiastical Annals for 1563, No. 137. Paul Sarpi:
+History of the Council of Trent, b. viii. p. 32.
+
+[67] These expressions show that the Count foresaw that the resolution
+of the council would be favourable to the Catechism; and in that case
+the holy office of Spain would be dishonoured.
+
+[68] The chief justice of Aragon was an intermediate judge between the
+king and his subjects, and independent of him as an officer of justice,
+before whom the king only was the pleading party. This magistracy had
+been established by the constitution of the kingdom; the person invested
+with it was authorized to declare, at the demand of any inhabitant, that
+the king, his judges, or his magistrates, abused their power, and acted
+against the law in violating the constitution and privileges of the
+kingdom; in this case, the chief justice could defend the oppressed by
+force of arms against the king, and of course against his agents or
+lieutenants.
+
+[69] This expression is ancient in the Aragonese dialect, and taken from
+the French, which derived it from the Latin _inquisitio_. It is the
+title given in the code of _Fueros_ to the sentence pronounced against
+magistrates or other public officers guilty of infidelity, abuse of
+power, or other crimes.
+
+[70] Henry IV. of France, then called the Duke of Vendome, and Catherine
+de Bourbon, afterwards Sovereign Duchess of Bar.
+
+[71] Molina was then at Madrid, where he had been rewarded by a place in
+the council of military orders. He was succeeded at Saragossa by Don
+Pedro de Zamora.
+
+[72] See _Relations_ of Perez.
+
+[73] See Chapter XV.
+
+[74] See Chapter 15.
+
+[75] See Chapter 26.
+
+[76] See Chapter 25.
+
+[77] A work, by M. Clement, was printed at Paris, in 1802, called _A
+Journal of Correspondences and Journeys for the Peace of the Church_.
+
+[78] These letters will be found in the second volume of the _Memoires
+pour servir a l'Histoire de la Revolution d'Espagne_, by Don Juan
+Nellerto, Nos. 34, 59, 67.
+
+[79] Don Miguel Juan Antonio Solano was born at Veroline in Aragon.
+Nature had endued him with an inventive, penetrating genius, inclined to
+mathematical applications; he learned the trade of a joiner, for his own
+amusement. He invented a plough which would work without oxen or horses,
+and presented it to the government, but little notice was taken of it.
+Desiring to make himself useful to his parishioners, he undertook to
+fertilize the earth in a ravine situated between two mountains, and
+completely succeeded. He had brought into the ravine the waters of a
+fountain, which was about a quarter of a Spanish league from the spot. A
+long and severe illness had made him lame, and during his convalescence,
+he invented a chair in which he could go out into his garden. When his
+age inclined him to meditations of another nature, as he had not many
+books, he particularly applied himself to the study of the Bible, and
+from it he formed his religious system, which differed little from that
+of the reformed Protestants, who are most attached to the discipline of
+the first ages of the church; he was persuaded that all that is not
+expressed in the New Testament, or is opposed to the literal sense of
+the text, was invented by man. He put his sentiments in writing, and
+sent the work to his bishop, requesting him to instruct him and give his
+opinion. The bishop Lopez Gil promised to send him an answer; but as it
+did not arrive, Solano communicated his opinions to some professors of
+theology in the University of Saragossa, and to some curates in his
+neighbourhood: he was in consequence denounced to the Inquisition of
+Saragossa, who proceeded to take informations, and arrest the criminal.
+A curate, who called himself his friend, received the commission to
+arrest the unfortunate Solano, while entire liberty was allowed him to
+enable him to recover. Solano, however, found means to convey himself to
+Oleron, the nearest town on the French frontier; but soon after,
+depending on the goodness of his intentions, hoping that the inquisitors
+would respect his innocence, and show him his errors, if he had fallen
+into any, he returned to Spain, and wrote to inform them that he would
+submit to anything, in order to be enlightened and convinced. His
+conduct proved that he was little acquainted with the tribunal of the
+Inquisition.
+
+[80] See _Gazette de France_, for the 14th April, 1816, No. 103.
+
+[81] _Gazette de France_, _Journal du Soir_, for the 1st May, 1816.
+
+[82] _Gazette de France_, 22nd May, 1816, No. 41.
+
+[83] _Gazette de France_, January 21st, 1817, No. 31.
+
+[84] _Gazette de France_, April 3rd, 1816, No. 94.
+
+[85] The last person burnt by the Inquisition was a Beata, for having
+made a compact with the devil. She suffered on the 7th of November,
+1781.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of the Inquisition of
+Spain from the Time of its Establishment to the Reign of Ferdinand VII., by Juan Antonio Llorente
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