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+Project Gutenberg's Economy of the Round Dairy Barn, by Wilber John Fraser
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Economy of the Round Dairy Barn
+
+Author: Wilber John Fraser
+
+Release Date: December 16, 2011 [EBook #38321]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ECONOMY OF THE ROUND DAIRY BARN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Pat McCoy and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER NOTES:
+
+    Words in bold in the original are bracketed in equal signs
+    (=).
+
+    Words in italics in the original are bracketed by underscores
+    (_).
+
+    The tables have been modified to fit by creating a key for
+    the first column. The key precedes the tables.
+
+    Footnotes have been moved closer to the reference.
+
+    Additional notes can be found at the end of the text.
+
+
+
+
+  UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
+
+  Agricultural Experiment Station
+
+
+  BULLETIN NO. 143
+
+
+  ECONOMY OF THE ROUND
+  DAIRY BARN
+
+
+  BY WILBER J. FRASER
+
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+
+  URBANA, ILLINOIS, FEBRUARY, 1910
+
+
+
+
+SUMMARY OF BULLETIN NO. 143
+
+
+    1. Round barns would be more generally built if their
+       advantages were known and if the few which have been
+       erected had been rightly constructed.                    Page  1.
+
+    2. The round dairy barn offers greater convenience in
+       storing, handling and distributing the feed.             Page  5.
+
+    3. In the circular construction, much greater strength is
+       secured with less lumber.                                Page  6.
+
+    4. The material for rectangular barns costs from 34 to 58
+       percent more than for round barns of the same area and
+       capacity.                                                Page  7.
+
+    5. Round and rectangular barns compared.                    Page 11.
+
+    6. Round and rectangular barns, including silos, compared.  Page 13.
+
+    7. Detailed account, with illustrations showing how the
+       round barn at the University was built.                  Page 17.
+
+    8. Itemized statement of cost of a 60-foot round barn.      Page 29.
+
+    9. Brief descriptions with illustrations and plans of
+       several round dairy barns in actual use.                 Page 31.
+
+   10. Conclusions. The advantages of the round dairy barn
+       are convenience, strength and cheapness.                 Page 44.
+
+
+
+
+ECONOMY OF THE ROUND DAIRY BARN
+
+FULL SPECIFICATIONS AND DETAILED COST AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW
+SIXTY-FOOT CIRCULAR DAIRY BARN AT THE UNIVERSITY. SAVING OF ROUND OVER
+RECTANGULAR BARNS. NOTES ON SEVERAL ROUND BARNS ON DAIRY FARMS.[A]
+
+    [A] Special acknowledgment is made to Mr. H. E. Crouch and
+    Mr. R. E. Brand for their assistance in working out the
+    detailed data which are the bases for the economic
+    comparisons of the round and rectangular barns made in this
+    bulletin.
+
+BY W. J. FRASER, CHIEF IN DAIRY HUSBANDRY
+
+    The planning, construction, and arrangement of farm buildings
+    do not usually receive the thought and study these subjects
+    warrant. How many dairymen have compared a circular, 40-cow
+    barn with the common rectangular building containing the same
+    area? How many understand that the circular structure is much
+    the stronger; that the rectangular form requires 22 percent
+    more wall and foundation to enclose the same space; and that
+    the cost of material is from 34 to 58 percent more for the
+    rectangular building?
+
+
+In a community in which everyone is engaged in the same occupation, one
+person is likely to copy from his neighbor without apparently giving a
+thought as to whether or not there is a better way.
+
+In a district of Kane county, Illinois, a certain type of dairy barn is
+used by nearly everyone, while in the next county a distinctly different
+type prevails, and the dairy barns of another adjacent county differ
+from those of either of the former, simply because the early settlers of
+this particular locality came from an eastern state and started building
+the style of barn then common in Pennsylvania.
+
+In a certain community in Ohio where a milk condensing factory is
+located, a large number of farmers have barns 36 × 60 feet, with an "L"
+the same size. The loft of the "L" is used for the storage of straw, and
+the cows run loose in the lower portion. These barns are all built on
+practically the same plan and are usually of the same size, and this is
+the only community known to the writer where this form of barn is used
+in this manner.
+
+This tendency to imitate emphasizes the fact that men do not exercise
+sufficient originality. Because most barns are rectangular is no reason
+that this is the best and most economical form.
+
+
+
+
+WHY MORE ROUND BARNS ARE NOT BUILT
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1. BARN NO. 5. 100 FEET IN DIAMETER, SCALE 20 FEET
+TO ONE INCH; SHOWING INCREASED MOW CAPACITY GIVEN BY SELF-SUPPORTING
+ROOF.]
+
+In an early day when lumber was cheap, buildings were built of logs, or
+at least had heavy frames. Under these conditions, the rectangular barn
+was the one naturally used, and people have followed in the footsteps of
+their forefathers in continuing this form of barn. The result is that
+the economy and advantages of the round barn have apparently never been
+considered. This is because they are not obvious at first sight, and
+become fully apparent only after a detailed study of the construction.
+For these reasons, the rectangular form still continues to be built,
+altho it requires much more lumber. As the price of lumber has advanced
+so materially in recent years, the possible saving in this material is a
+large item, and well worth investigating.
+
+The objections to round barns have usually been made by those who have
+only a superficial knowledge of the subject, and do not really
+understand the relative merits of the two forms. To the writer's
+knowledge, there has never been published a carefully figured out,
+detailed comparison of a properly constructed circular barn with the
+rectangular barn.
+
+The difficulty with most round barns that have been built, thus far, is
+that they do not have a self-supporting roof, and consequently lose many
+of the advantages of a properly constructed round barn. This is the
+principal reason why round barns have not become more popular. A
+straight roof necessarily requires many supports in the barn below.
+These are both costly and inconvenient, and make the roof no stronger
+than a dome-shaped, self-supporting roof which nearly doubles the
+capacity of the mow. See Fig. (1).
+
+Many who have thus disregarded capacity have also wasted lumber and made
+a needless amount of work by chopping or hewing out the sill and plate,
+thus requiring more labor and lumber, besides sacrificing the greater
+strength of a built-up sill. Rightly constructed round barns are,
+however, being built to a limited extent. One contractor has erected
+twenty-four round barns, with self-supporting roofs, in the last nine
+years. These barns vary in size from 40 feet in diameter with 18-foot
+posts to 102 feet in diameter with 30-foot posts.
+
+Another reason for the scarcity of round barns is the difficulty in
+getting them built. Most carpenters hesitate to undertake the work
+because in the erection of a round barn the construction should be
+entirely different from that of the rectangular form. Many new problems
+present themselves, but when these are once understood, the round barn
+offers no more difficulties in construction than the rectangular form.
+It is, however, important to have a head carpenter who is accustomed to
+putting up round barns, as a man with ingenuity and experience can take
+advantage of many opportunities to save labor and material.
+
+
+KIND OF BARN NEEDED
+
+The first thing to consider in the erection of a barn is a convenient
+arrangement for the purpose for which it is to be used. At the
+University of Illinois, two years ago, a twenty-acre demonstration dairy
+farm was started, the sole object being to produce the largest amount of
+milk per acre at the least possible cost. To meet the requirements of a
+barn for this purpose, it became imperative to build one that was
+convenient for feeding and caring for the cows, economical of
+construction, and containing a large storage capacity in both silo and
+mow. These are the requirements of a barn for every practical dairyman.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2. FILLING THE SILO.]
+
+A silo was needed that could be fed from the year round. With the small
+number of cows kept, a deep enough layer of silage could not be fed off
+each day to keep it good thru the summer, if the silo was more than 12
+feet in diameter. As this small diameter was a necessity, it would
+require two silos 33 feet deep to supply enough silage. Two silos of
+such small diameter would not only be costly, but difficult to make
+stand, unless built of concrete. This difficulty was overcome by using
+the circular barn and placing in the center a silo which is 12 feet in
+diameter and 54 feet deep, thus making the one silo, with as much
+capacity as the two before mentioned, answer every purpose. This deep
+silo is an important part of the round barn, as it not only forms a
+support for the roof, but is protected by the barn, thus saving the cost
+of siding. Then, too, besides occupying the space least valuable for
+other purposes, it being centrally located, is in the most convenient
+place for feeding. The silage chute being open at the top forms a
+suction of air, which keeps the silage odor from the barn at milking
+time, and also assists in ventilation when the door to the chute is
+open.
+
+
+
+
+ADVANTAGES OF THE ROUND BARN
+
+    The points of superiority that the round dairy barn shows
+    over the rectangular form are convenience, strength, and
+    cheapness.
+
+
+ROUND BARN MOST CONVENIENT
+
+Considering that the barn on a dairy farm is used twice every day in the
+year, and that for six months each year the cows occupy it almost
+continuously, and that during this time a large amount of the labor of
+the farm is done inside the barn, it is evident that the question of its
+convenience is a vital one. The amount of time and strength wasted in
+useless labor in poorly arranged buildings is appalling. People do not
+stop to consider the saving in a year or a lifetime by having the barn
+so conveniently arranged that there is a saving of only a few seconds on
+each task that has to be done two or three times every day.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3. INTERIOR OF BARN, SECOND FLOOR, SHOWING SILO AND
+LOCATION OF ENSILAGE CUTTER. (TEAM UNHITCHED TO SHOW CUTTER.)]
+
+The round barn has a special advantage in the work of distributing
+silage to the cows. The feeding commences at the chute where it is
+thrown down, and is continued around the circle, ending with the silage
+cart at the chute again, ready for the next feeding. The same thing is
+true in feeding hay and grain.
+
+Still another great advantage is the large unobstructed hay mow. With
+the self-supporting roof, there are no timbers whatever obstructing the
+mow, which means no dragging of hay around posts or over girders. The
+hay carrier runs on a circular track around the mow, midway between the
+silo and the outside wall, and drops the hay at any desired point, thus
+in no case does the hay have to be moved but a few feet, which means a
+saving of much labor in the mowing.
+
+To successfully embody all of the above discussed advantages in a dairy
+barn is one of the large problems in milk production. In a careful study
+of the barn question it soon became apparent that it was impossible to
+embody all of the requirements advantageously in anything but a circular
+form of building, and the 60-foot round barn, which is here described,
+was built.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4. SOUTH VIEW, SHOWING WELL LIGHTED STABLE.]
+
+
+CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION THE STRONGEST
+
+The circular construction is the strongest, because it takes advantage
+of the lineal, instead of the breaking strength of the lumber. Each row
+of boards running around the barn forms a hoop that holds the barn
+together. A barrel, properly hooped and headed, is almost indestructible,
+and much stronger than a box, altho the hoops are small. This strength
+is because the stress comes on the hoops in a lineal direction. Any
+piece of timber is many times stronger on a lineal pull than on a
+breaking stress. Take for example a No. 1 yellow pine 2 × 6, 16 feet
+long, with an actual cross section of 1-5/8 × 5-5/8 inches. If placed
+on edge and supported at the ends, as a joist, the limit of safety for a
+load evenly distributed is 642 pounds, while the limit of safety for a
+load in the lineal direction of the same piece of timber is 12,800
+pounds, or twenty times as great.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5. IN COW STABLE, SHOWING SILO AND FEED ALLEY IN
+CENTER OF BARN; STANCHIONS ON RIGHT, MILK SCALES AND RECORD SHEET ON
+LEFT.]
+
+All exposed surfaces of a round barn are circular, as both the sides and
+roof are arched, which is the strongest form of construction to resist
+wind pressure; besides, the wind, in striking it, glances off and can
+get no direct hold on the walls or roof, as it can on the flat sides or
+gable ends of a rectangular structure. If the lumber is properly placed
+in a round barn, much of it will perform two or more functions. Every
+row of siding boards running around the building serves also as a brace,
+and the same is true of the roof boards and the arched rafters. If the
+siding is put on vertically and the roof built dome-shaped, no
+scaffolding is required inside or out. These are points of economy in
+the round construction.
+
+
+RECTANGULAR BARNS REQUIRE 34 TO 58 PERCENT MORE MATERIAL
+
+In order to compare the amount and cost of material in round and
+rectangular barns, the following figures have been carefully worked out
+by an expert barn builder. Two comparisons, based on wood construction
+thruout, are made, in which round barns 60 feet and 90 feet in diameter
+are compared with both plank and mortise frame rectangular barns
+containing the same number of square feet of floor space, respectively.
+Since the most practical width of a rectangular dairy barn is 36 feet,
+its length will depend upon the number of square feet required in the
+barn.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6. SHOWING CONSTRUCTION OF MORTISE FRAME BARN, END
+VIEW.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7. SHOWING CONSTRUCTION OF PLANK FRAME BARN, SIDE
+VIEW.]
+
+Figures 6 to 9 are side and end views, showing the detail construction
+and size of the timbers of the plank frame and mortise frame barns here
+figured. The detailed figures of the lumber bills for each of these
+barns were carefully worked out, but are too voluminous for publication
+here. The total number of feet of each kind of lumber required is given
+in Tables 1A and 1B. Since the proportion of the different kinds of
+lumber and shingles varied for the different barns, to draw an exact
+comparison it was necessary to base it upon the money value, and for
+this purpose the total cost of lumber has been figured in each case. The
+lumber values used thruout are the best average prices that could be
+obtained. As the same prices are used for the material of all the barns,
+the comparisons of cost are correct, altho these exact prices will not
+hold for all localities and all times.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8. SHOWING CONSTRUCTION OF PLANK FRAME BARN, END
+VIEW.]
+
+Since a silo cannot be economically built inside of a rectangular barn,
+the first comparison is made with the barns simply enclosed, altho one
+of the chief advantages of a round barn is the deep silo which it is
+possible to build so economically in the center.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9. SHOWING CONSTRUCTION OF MORTISE FRAME BARN, SIDE
+VIEW.]
+
+Another item of economy in the circular barn is less framing lumber.
+This form has the strongest possible construction with the least lumber
+in the frame, and the least bracing, not a single timber larger than a
+2 × 6 being required above the sill. The arched circular roof requires no
+supports, and no scaffolding is needed inside during its construction.
+
+The accompanying tables show the comparative amount and value of lumber
+and cubical content in round barns 60 and 90 feet in diameter, and
+rectangular barns of equal area and height of posts.
+
+TABLE 1A.--A COMPARISON OF THE COST OF MATERIAL IN ROUND AND RECTANGULAR
+BARNS OF THE SAME AREA, _Not Including_ Foundation And Silos.
+
+  A: Framing lumber,
+  B: Sheathing, siding, and flooring,
+  C: Shingles,
+  D: Bolts,
+  E: Total cost of lumber,
+  F: Content, cubic feet,
+
+  ==+=====================+===========================================
+    |                     |    Rectangular barn, 36 × 78-1/2 ft.
+    |     Round barn,     +---------------------+---------------------
+    | 60 feet in diameter |    Plank frame      |   Mortise frame
+  --+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------
+  A | 13,976 ft. @ $25    | 19,833 ft. @ $25    | 29,074 ft. @ $25
+    |           = $349.40 |           = $495.83 |           = $726.85
+  B | 12,971 ft. @ $22    | 15,355 ft. @ $22    | 15,355 ft. @ $22
+    |           =  285.36 |            = 337.81 |           =  337.81
+  C | 44,000 @ $3.75      | 45,000 @ $3.75      | 45,000 @ $3.75
+    |           =  165.00 |            = 168.75 |           =  168.75
+  D |                     |               20.88 |
+  --+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------
+  E |            =$799.76=|           =$1023.27=|           =$1233.41=
+  ==+=====================+=====================+=====================
+  F | =117,669=           | =117,138=           | =117,138=
+  ==+=====================+=====================+=====================
+
+
+TABLE 1B.
+
+  A: Framing lumber,
+  B: Sheathing, siding, and flooring,
+  C: Shingles,
+  D: Bolts,
+  E: Total cost of lumber,
+  F: Content, cubic feet,
+
+  ==+=====================+===========================================
+    |                     |    Rectangular barn, 36 × 176-3/4 ft.
+    |     Round barn,     +---------------------+---------------------
+    | 90 feet in diameter |    Plank frame      |   Mortise frame
+  --+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------
+  A | 30,899 ft. @ $25    | 38,815 ft. @ $25    | 59,481 ft. @$25
+    |           = $772.48 |           = $970.38 |           = $1487.03
+  B | 22,375 ft. @ $22    | 28,547 ft. @ $22    | 28,547 ft. @ $22
+    |           =  492.25 |           =  628.03 |           =   628.03
+  C | 97,000   @ $3.75    | 102,000  @ $3.75    | 102,000  @ $3.75
+    |           =  363.75 |            = 382.50 |             = 382.50
+  D |                     |               26.76 |
+  --+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------
+  E |          =$1628.48= |          =$2007.67= |           =$2497.56=
+  ==+=====================+=====================+=====================
+  F | =322,952=           | =270,570=           | =270,570=
+  ==+=====================+=====================+=====================
+
+
+ROUND AND RECTANGULAR BARNS COMPARED
+
+In comparing the 60-foot round barn with a rectangular barn of the same
+area, the two barns should afford the cows the same amount of space on
+the platform. Allowing each cow in the 60-foot round barn 3 feet 6
+inches in width at the rear of the platform, it will accommodate 40 cows
+and leave space for two passage ways. But in a rectangular barn, only 3
+feet 4 inches of platform space need be allowed for each cow, and the
+78-1/2 foot barn, with two 3-foot passage ways across it for convenience
+in feeding, will accommodate 42 cows. While the rectangular barn has
+stall room for two more cows, the round barn contains space in the
+center for a silo 18 feet in diameter.
+
+The floor space and cubical content of the round barn 60 feet in
+diameter, and the rectangular barn compared with it in these tables, are
+practically the same, and the barns are therefore directly comparable.
+This being true, the percentages which were figured from the complete
+bills of material for these barns show the exact saving in lumber on the
+60-foot round barn over the plank and mortise frame rectangular barns
+36 × 78-1/2 feet. The lumber bills of the rectangular barns show an
+increase in cost of 28 percent for the plank frame and 54 percent for
+the mortise frame. The round barn, 60 feet in diameter, contains
+188-1/2, and the rectangular barn 225 lineal feet of wall. The
+rectangular barn has, therefore, 22 percent more lineal feet of outside
+barn wall, requiring a proportional increase in both paint and
+foundation.
+
+The 176-3/4-foot rectangular barn would hold 100 cows, allowing each cow
+3 feet 4 inches in width and providing for 3 passage ways of 3 feet each
+across the barn.
+
+The 90-foot round barn would hold 100 cows in two rows headed together,
+65 of which would be in the outer circle, and have 3 feet 6 inches each
+in width at the gutter. This leaves sufficient room for feed alleys and
+walks, and two passage ways, one three feet and the other seven feet
+wide for the manure and feed carriers. All of this is outside of a
+central space for a silo 20 feet in diameter and 71 feet high, with a
+capacity for 620 tons of silage, and in the mow there would still be an
+excess, above the capacity of the rectangular barn, of 33,000 cubic
+feet, which would hold 66 tons of hay, or as much as the entire mow of
+a barn 32 × 36 feet with 20-foot posts.
+
+TABLE 2A.--A COMPARISON OF THE COST OF MATERIAL IN ROUND AND RECTANGULAR
+BARNS, _Including_ FOUNDATION AND SILOS.
+
+  ========================+=============+=============================
+                          | Round barn, | Rectangular barn,
+                          | 60 feet in  |          36 × 78-1/2 ft.
+                          |  diameter   +-------------+---------------
+                          |             | Plank frame | Mortise frame
+  ------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
+  Lumber in barn,         |   $799.76   |  $1023.27   |  $1233.41
+  Material in foundation, |     86.89   |    105.90   |    105.90
+  Material in silo,       |    159.01   |    295.26   |    295.26
+  ------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
+  Total cost of material  |             |             |
+    in barn,              | =$1045.66=  | =$1424.43=  | =$1634.57=
+  ========================+=============+=============+===============
+  Actual money saved,     |             |  =$378.77=  |  =$588.91=
+  ------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
+  Proportional cost,      |    =100%=   |    =136%=   |    =156%=
+  ========================+=============+=============+===============
+
+
+TABLE 2B.
+
+  ========================+=============+=============================
+                          | Round barn, | Rectangular barn,
+                          | 90 feet in  |          36 × 176-3/4 ft.
+                          |  diameter   +-------------+---------------
+                          |             | Plank frame | Mortise frame
+  ------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
+  Lumber in barn,         |  $1628.48   |  $2007.67   |  $2497.56
+  Material in foundation, |    130.35   |    196.80   |    196.80
+  Material in silo,       |    265.00   |    513.52   |    513.52
+  ------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
+  Total cost of material  |             |             |
+    in barn,              | =$2023.83=  | =$2717.99=  | =$3207.88=
+  ========================+=============+=============+===============
+  Actual money saved,     |             |  =$694.16=  | =$1184.05=
+  ------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
+  Proportional cost,      |    =100%=   |    =134%=   |    =158%=
+  ========================+=============+=============+===============
+
+
+The square feet of floor space in the round barn 90 feet in diameter and
+rectangular barn 36 × 176-3/4 feet are the same, but the cubical content
+of the former is more than that of the latter. The increase in the
+lumber bill is 23 percent in the plank frame and 53 percent in the
+mortise frame barn. The round barn 90 feet in diameter contains 283 and
+the rectangular barn 426 lineal feet of wall. The rectangular barn has,
+therefore, 50 percent more lineal feet of outside barn wall, requiring a
+proportional increase in both paint and foundation.
+
+The smaller surface on the outside wall of the round barn requires less
+paint and makes a proportional saving in keeping the round barn painted
+in after years.
+
+
+ROUND AND RECTANGULAR BARNS, _Including Silos_, COMPARED
+
+Owing to the fact that a silo is a necessity for the most economical
+production of milk, a barn is not complete for a dairyman's purpose
+unless it includes a silo with capacity to store sufficient silage for
+the herd. In the case of the round barn, the silo is most economically
+built inside, but in the rectangular form would cause a waste of space,
+and for that reason is best erected outside. Therefore, in comparing a
+round dairy barn with a rectangular dairy barn, silos should be
+included.
+
+In figuring the cost of materials in the silos for the round and
+rectangular barns, the capacity needed in each case was determined in
+the following manner: Allowing 40 pounds of silage per cow per day for 7
+winter months and 25 pounds per cow per day for 3 months during the
+summer, would require for 40 cows 220 tons; then allowing one-eighth for
+waste would make the silage requirement 248 tons. As the silo in the
+round barn 60 feet in diameter is 53 feet deep, it would need to be only
+16 feet in diameter to hold 250 tons. This diameter is sufficiently
+small to allow summer feeding without waste. To erect a silo outside of
+a barn, with sufficient stability to stand well, the height above ground
+should not be much more than twice the diameter, and in order to avoid
+waste for summer feeding, the diameter should not be greater than 16
+feet for a herd of 40 cows. In order that a deep enough layer of silage
+can be fed off each day during the summer to avoid waste, it is evident
+that to store 250 tons of silage outside the barn, two silos would be
+required. One of these should be 16 feet in diameter and 36 feet deep,
+holding 154 tons, and the other 13 feet in diameter and 36 feet deep,
+holding 102 tons, making a total silo capacity of 256 tons.
+
+As the large barns hold 100 cows, the same allowance of silage per cow
+for the season would require silo capacity for 620 tons. As the silo in
+the round barn 90 feet in diameter would be 71 feet deep, it would need
+to be only 20 feet in diameter to hold 620 tons. To store 620 tons of
+silage in silos built outside the rectangular barn would require two
+silos, each 20 feet in diameter and 44 feet deep.[B] These are the sizes
+on which the figures for cost of silos of the Gurler type, given in
+Tables 2A and 2B, were used.
+
+    [B] Since the deeper the silo the more firmly the silage
+    packs, one silo 71 feet deep will hold as much as two silos
+    of the same diameter and 44 feet deep.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10. INTERIOR OF COW STABLE, SHOWING WATER TROUGH
+WITH FLOAT VALVE, SALT BOX, AND DOOR INTO DAIRY.]
+
+The table (page 12) is the final summing up of the cost of all the
+material for the completed dairy barns, with silos, and shows a saving
+of from 34 to 58 percent in favor of the round barn and silo, or an
+actual money saving in this case of from $379 to $1184, depending upon
+the size and construction of the barns.
+
+Thoughtlessly, men go on building rectangular barns, but what would this
+reckless disregard of a possible saving of 34 to 58 percent mean in a
+year's business on the farm? Some illustrations may help us to
+understand what this money saved in building a round barn really amounts
+to, and its convenience is also a great saving. If the dairyman
+discarded the idea of a rectangular barn and built a round barn
+instead, he could take the money thus saved and buy one of the best
+pure-bred sires for his herd, and also three to ten pure-bred heifers or
+fine grade cows. Either of these purchases might double the profit of
+the herd. Or, this saving, properly applied, would purchase many
+labor-saving devices which would make life less of a drudgery on many
+dairy farms. Is not such a saving worth while?
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11. COW COMFORT IN A ROUND BARN.]
+
+When the comparative cost and merit of two constructions are known, it
+is a poor financier who will pay extra for the one which is inferior. If
+a man received bids from contractors for a building, he would be a
+foolish man who would accept one which is from 34 to 58 percent higher
+than the lowest bidder, especially when he knew the lowest bidder would
+put up the most convenient and substantial building.
+
+
+
+
+DISADVANTAGES OF THE ROUND DAIRY BARN
+
+
+The disadvantages of the round dairy barn are, that it cannot be
+enlarged by building on as readily as can the rectangular form, but as
+the round barn may be built higher to the eaves than a rectangular barn
+36 feet wide, provision can be made for the growth of the herd by
+building so as to put cows in the second story and still leave
+sufficient mow room for hay.
+
+The objection is frequently raised that a round barn is difficult to
+light. This difficulty is entirely overcome in a barn 90 feet or less in
+diameter, if a sufficient number of properly spaced windows are used.
+See Figs. 4 and 30. With the same number of windows, the light is more
+evenly distributed in a round barn and the sun can shine directly into
+some portion at all hours of the day during the winter.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 12. FIRST STORY WALL, AND FOUNDATION FOR SILO, FEED
+ALLEY, AND MANGER; SILL IN PLACE, READY FOR JOISTS AND STUDS.]
+
+The objection has been raised that rectangular objects cannot be placed
+in a circle without a waste of space, but this does not apply to a dairy
+barn, as the storage of hay and grain depends upon cubical content,
+alone, and silos should always be circular, no matter where built. Cows,
+when lying down, are decidedly wedge-shaped, requiring much less space
+in front than behind. The objection may be raised, with round barns
+large enough for two rows of cows, that the row headed out does not use
+the space as economically as in the rectangular form, because a cow
+needs more width at the rear of the platform than at the manger. Where
+there are two rows of cows, the inner row is usually headed out, and as
+only about one-third of the cows are in this row, this loss of space is
+counterbalanced by the large number of cows in the outer circle using
+the space more economically than they do in the rectangular barn.
+
+Box stalls cannot be as conveniently arranged, but in a one-row barn,
+gates hung on the outside and swung around to the manger, form stalls
+for cows at freshening time, and in a barn with two rows, box stalls can
+be arranged in the inner circle.
+
+
+
+
+HOW THE ROUND BARN AT THE UNIVERSITY WAS BUILT
+
+
+The barn is located on the side of a hill, sloping gently to the south
+and east. With this location, it was an advantage to excavate 5 feet
+deep on the northwest and run out to the surface of the ground on the
+southeast.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 13. SHOWING TEMPORARY BRACING TO HOLD STUDS IN PLACE
+WHILE SHIP LAP CEILING IS NAILED ON.]
+
+The footing for the foundation is 18 inches wide. A ten-inch brick wall
+was carried up nine feet above the stable floor. This wall contains a
+2-inch air space to prevent moisture from condensing on the inner wall
+and making the barn damp. This is an important point, as barns with a
+solid stone or brick wall are very objectionable on account of dampness.
+It has been proven by two years' use that this difficulty is entirely
+obviated by the air space in the wall.
+
+The foundation for the manger and feed alley is built up 2 feet above
+the stable floor. The foundation for the silo extends 4 feet below the
+stable floor and is continued 9 inches above the floor in the feed
+alley. This silo wall, together with the foundation under the manger,
+forms the foundation for the center supports of the barn. Fig. 12 shows
+the foundation completed.
+
+The silo, which is the Gurler type, was then started and carried up with
+the barn. It was built by placing 2 × 4 studs around the circle, one
+foot on centers, and ceiling inside with 1/2 × 6-inch lumber. This
+1/2-inch lumber was obtained by re-sawing 1 × 6 yellow pine fencing.
+Common lath were then put on horizontally in the regular way inside,
+without furring out, and plastered with rich cement plaster.
+
+The sill of the barn is 6 × 6, made up of 1 × 6s, and built on top of
+the wall. Building it up in this manner makes a stronger sill than can
+be obtained in any other way, as it forms a continuous hoop around the
+barn.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 14. SHOWING HEIGHT AND CONSTRUCTION OF SILO, SIDING
+COMPLETED, AND FOUR MAIN RAFTERS IN PLACE.]
+
+The joists are 2 × 12s notched 6 inches to fit the sill, so that the
+outer ends rest on both the sill and the brick wall. The outer span of
+joists is 14 feet and the inner ends of these joists rest on a similar
+sill built of 1 × 6s on top of the 4 × 4 supports at the stanchions. The
+inner span of joists, between the stanchions and the silo, is 8 feet,
+the outer end resting on the sill over the stanchions, and the inner end
+on a 1-1/2 × 6-inch band, made up of three 1/2 × 6-inch pieces, running
+around the outside of the silo. These joists are placed 2-1/2 feet apart
+at the outside of the barn, and half as many joists are used in the
+inner span, making the joists at the silo one foot apart. The number of
+joists under the driveways are doubled, being only 1 foot and 3 inches
+apart at the outside of the barn.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 15. SHOWING ALL RAFTERS IN PLACE AND METHOD OF
+SHEATHING ROOF.]
+
+The studs, which are 2 × 6s, 20 feet long, were then placed on the sill,
+about 2 feet 6 inches apart, being as evenly spaced between the windows
+as possible, and temporarily braced, as shown in Fig. 13, until the
+8-inch ship lap ceiling could be nailed on the outside. This was carried
+up 5 feet to the second scaffold, and then covered to this height with
+shingles laid 5 inches to the weather. The scaffolding was then moved up
+and this process repeated until the siding was completed. The plate,
+made up of five 1 × 4s, was then built in the notch in the top of the
+studs shown in Fig. 13.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 16. SHOWING HEIGHT OF SILO, CAPACITY OF BARN, AND
+CONSTRUCTION OF ROOF.]
+
+The silo was completed, as before described. The rafters, which were
+framed on the ground, were then erected, as shown in Fig. 14, the first
+eight going to the center of the roof, and the remaining ones were cut
+to rest on the plate of the silo. There are 64 framed rafters, and these
+are the only ones in the upper section of the roof. At the break in the
+roof, a header is cut in between the framed rafters, and in the lower
+section a rafter is placed between these, thus making twice as many
+rafters in the lower section of the roof as in the upper section. After
+the rafters were all in place and temporarily braced, the 1 × 2-inch
+sheathing was put on, as shown in Fig. 15, and the shingles, which were
+the best 5/2 red cedar, were laid 5 inches to the weather on the lower
+section of the roof, and 4 inches to the weather on the upper section,
+as this had less pitch. No chalk line was necessary, as the shingles
+were laid by the sheathing.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 17. SHOWING ARRANGEMENT OF JOISTS AND HOW THE FLOOR
+IS LAID.]
+
+The floor was made of 1 × 8 ship lap, laid in four directions, as shown
+in Fig. 17. In the driveway an extra layer of ship lap was used, making
+this portion of the floor 2 inches thick.
+
+The doorways in the second story are 14 feet wide, and in the lower
+story 12 feet. These openings are closed by two sliding doors, each door
+being made of two sections, hinged together so as to follow the circular
+wall of the barn in opening.
+
+The cow stable is on the ground floor, and well lighted by 16 windows
+having twelve 9 × 12 lights each. There are also six windows in the
+doors. The windows are placed just below the ceiling and admit an
+abundance of sunshine at all times of the day, which is one of the
+essentials of a good dairy barn.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 18. SHOWING PRESENT ARRANGEMENT OF COW STABLE. THERE
+ARE STANCHIONS AND MANGERS FOR 28 COWS, AND 2200 SQ. FT. OF FLOOR SPACE
+IN WHICH THE COWS CAN RUN LOOSE. THE GATES ARE SWUNG INTO THE PRESENT
+POSITION WHEN BOX STALLS ARE NEEDED.]
+
+The floor, back of the manger, is of clay, except at the door, where a
+small portion is covered with cement. The cows run loose except at
+feeding and milking time, when they are placed in rigid stanchions. It
+must be distinctly understood that rigid stanchions are strongly
+condemned as a cow tie, where cows are to remain in them all night, but
+as they are here used merely to hold the cow during milking, they are
+both economical and convenient.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 19. SHOWING CROSS SECTION OF 60-FOOT ROUND BARN.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 20. CLEANING OUT COW STABLE WITH THREE-HORSE MANURE
+SPREADER.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 21. COWS IN STANCHION AT MILKING TIME.]
+
+Running cows loose in this manner is an excellent method, where bedding
+is abundant and sufficient space is available, as the cows are more
+comfortable, and all fertility is saved. There is no waste from
+leaching, as when the manure lies exposed to the weather. This method
+saves the labor of cleaning the stable, as the manure is loaded into the
+spreader and hauled directly upon the land whenever convenient, and the
+land is in the best condition to receive it.[C]
+
+    [C] For a more detailed discussion of the advantages of
+    keeping cows in this manner, see Illinois Agricultural
+    Experiment Station Circular No. 93.
+
+Three gates are hung on posts at the outside wall, and when box stalls
+are needed, these are swung around to the manger, as shown in Fig. 18.
+The south door in the cow stable can be closed by slatted gates, thus
+affording an abundance of fresh air and sunshine on nice days, without
+letting the cows out of the barn.
+
+
+SYSTEM OF VENTILATION
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 21. CONTINUED.]
+
+The system of ventilation is the "King." To economize space and lumber,
+the hay chute is used for a ventilator. This chute, which extends to the
+cupola, is 2-1/4 × 3-1/2 feet, having a cross section area of 8 sq. ft.,
+which, with a good draft, is sufficient for 40 cows. In order that this
+combination of ventilator and hay chute prove practical, doors thru
+which the hay could be thrust were placed at intervals in the side of
+the chute. These doors are hinged at the top, opening in, and close
+immediately after the hay drops, thus maintaining a closed ventilator
+chute. The air is drawn in at the bottom, the amount being regulated by
+means of a sliding door in the side. As this chute is 50 feet high, it
+creates a strong suction.
+
+
+THE MILK ROOM
+
+To economize space, the milk room, 12 × 16 feet, is located under the
+north driveway. The brick walls under the drive form the sides of this
+room, and the floor of the drive, which is made of 2 × 6s grooved on
+both edges, forms the roof. The grooves in the flooring were filled with
+white lead, and a wooden strip, fitted to fill the grooves of both
+planks, was driven in, forming a water-tight floor. This floor was
+covered with hot tar and sand 1/2 inch thick. The milk room is plastered
+on the inside, the plaster being applied directly to the brick walls,
+excepting in the case of the ceiling, which is lathed. The floor and
+cooling tank are of cement. The passage from the barn to the milk room
+is thru a small hallway, which is open to the outside, thus preventing
+the stable air getting into the milk room.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 22. FEED ALLEY, SHOWING COMBINED HAY CHUTE AND
+VENTILATOR. A DOOR ON THE SIDE WHICH IS HINGED AT THE BOTTOM, 3 FEET
+FROM THE FLOOR, IS LET IN TOWARD THE SILO, SLIDING THE HAY ONTO THE
+FLOOR. IN HOT WEATHER THIS OPENING TAKES THE HEAT OUT OF THE BARN;
+DURING THE WINTER THIS DOOR IS KEPT CLOSED AND THE VENTILATION IS
+REGULATED BY RAISING THE SLIDE, AS SHOWN IN THE CUT.]
+
+
+BARN SATISFACTORY
+
+This round dairy barn above described has been in use for over two years
+at the University of Illinois, and has given entire satisfaction.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 23. NORTHEAST VIEW, SHOWING DAIRY UNDER DRIVEWAY.
+THE BARN IS ON THE SAME SCALE AS THE DRAWING ON PAGE 28.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 24. INTERIOR OF DAIRY; COOLING TANK ON LEFT.]
+
+
+RE-ARRANGEMENT OF BARN TO ACCOMMODATE 40 COWS
+
+If it is desired to keep cows in stalls in a round barn of this size,
+the circular manger can be enlarged to 38 feet in diameter, which gives
+room for forty cows, as shown in Fig. 25, and the silo, to hold
+sufficient silage to feed the year round, enlarged to 18 feet in
+diameter. The present mow room is sufficient to store enough hay and
+bedding for this number of cows.
+
+The barn on the Twenty-acre Demonstration Dairy Farm was built this
+large, as it was thought it might be desired at some future time to
+increase the size of the farm and herd, and the barn could easily be
+changed to accommodate a larger herd by simply enlarging the silo,
+without rebuilding the barn.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 25. SHOWING HOW THIS 60-FOOT BARN MAY BE ARRANGED TO
+ACCOMMODATE 40 COWS IN STALLS. TO SUPPLY THIS SIZED HERD AND THE
+NECESSARY YOUNG STOCK WITH SILAGE FOR EIGHT MONTHS WOULD REQUIRE A
+370-TON SILO, OR ONE 18 FEET IN DIAMETER AND 56 FEET DEEP; WITH A
+SEVEN-FOOT FEED ALLEY AND A 2-1/2-FOOT MANGER, THE CIRCLE AT THE
+STANCHIONS WOULD BE 38 FEET IN DIAMETER, OR 119-1/3 FEET IN
+CIRCUMFERENCE; ALLOWING 4-1/4 FEET FOR TWO PASSAGE WAYS, THE STALLS
+WOULD BE 2 FEET 10-1/2 INCHES WIDE AT THE STANCHION, AND 3 FEET 6 INCHES
+AT THE DROP.]
+
+
+ITEMIZED COST OF THIS ROUND BARN
+
+  Excavating, foundation, and first story brick wall        $904.00
+
+  Lumber:
+
+    149 pieces, 1     ×  4     × 16        Y. P.
+     31   "     1     ×  4     × 14       Cypress
+     16   "     1     ×  4     × 12          "
+    165   "     1     ×  6     × 16        Y. P.
+     17   "     1     ×  6     × 14          "
+    226   "     2     ×  4     × 12          "
+     20   "     2     ×  4     × 16          "
+      6   "     2     ×  4     × 14          "
+     15   "     4     ×  4     × 14          "
+    120   "     2     × 12     × 16          "
+     23   "     2     × 12     × 14          "
+    100   "     2     ×  6     × 20          "
+    144   "     2     ×  6     × 16          "
+     67   "     2     ×  6     × 18          "
+      4   "     2     ×  6     × 26          "
+     60   "     2     ×  6     × 12          "
+     30   "     2     ×  6     × 22          "
+      4   "     2     ×  6     × 24          "
+      6   "     2     ×  8     × 10          "
+      9   "     2     ×  8     × 16          "
+      4   "     2     × 10     × 14          "
+     11   "     2     × 10     × 12          "
+      1   "     2     × 10     × 22          "
+      1   "     1     × 10     × 12          "
+      1   "     1     × 10     × 14       Cypress
+      2   "     1     × 12     × 14          "
+     22   "     1-1/8 ×  8     × 10       Cyp. S2S
+      2   "     1     ×  1-1/8 × 12 × 14     "
+      2   "     1     ×  1-1/8 × 12 × 16     "
+    6000 feet of 8-inch ship lap
+    3150 feet of 10-inch ship lap
+      71 M 5/2 red cedar shingles
+     165 Lineal feet of 2-inch Cr. molding
+     240 Lineal feet of Cr. molding
+     270 feet of 4-inch Y. P. S1S
+    4000 feet of 6-inch rough pine
+      62 feet of 3/8-inch Y. P. Ceiling
+     850 feet of 6-inch No. 1 flooring
+     230 feet of 6-inch fence flooring
+      56 lineal feet of 1/2 × 3-inch battening
+      32 lineal feet of lattice
+     444 lineal feet of 4-inch cypress
+       3 10-foot cedar posts
+            Total cost of lumber                          $1,313.63
+
+        Mill work:
+    Window sash and doors                                   $270.00
+    Window and door frames                                    71.00
+    Sawing lumber for silo, roof, bridge and stanchions       29.78
+    Cost of hardware                                          96.57
+
+        Carpenter work:
+    Head carpenter                518 hrs. @ 40c = $207.20
+    Carpenters                   1057 hrs. @ 35c =  369.95
+    Common labor                  429 hrs. @ 20c =   85.80
+                                                   -------
+            Total cost for carpenter work                    662.95
+
+    Tiling around barn and silo, sewer from dairy room,
+      retaining wall, cement floor in alley, dairy,
+      doorway of barn, and steps and tanks                   128.54
+    Plastering dairy room and inside of silo                 104.60
+    Painting                                                  89.54
+                                                           --------
+            Total cost of barn                             $3670.61
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 26. BARN NO. 2. 80 FEET IN DIAMETER; ENGINE ROOM IN
+FOREGROUND.]
+
+The cost of this barn, if built on the ordinary dairy farm, could be
+materially reduced without shortening the life of the barn. Owing to the
+conditions under which this barn was built, it was necessary to pay for
+hauling all material to the farm, two and one-half miles from town. All
+of the labor had to be hired, and as it was necessary for the men to
+board themselves the wages paid were proportionately higher. The farmer
+usually does the excavating and hauls the brick, sand, and lumber with
+his own teams, tends the mason, and does quite an amount of the rough
+work with his own help, besides boarding the men, all of which would
+greatly reduce the cost. The construction could also be cheapened by
+using drop siding to cover the outside, instead of shingles, which in
+this case were used over ship lap on the side walls to improve the
+appearance. This barn could be still further cheapened by putting hoops,
+five feet apart, around the studs, and covering with common 1 × 12
+boards, put on vertically, as is done in some cases. A saving could also
+be made on the mill work and large doors by having the carpenters make
+these plainer and leave the windows out of them.
+
+Anyone wishing to build a round barn can get local bids on the lumber
+bill, and determine approximately the cost in his locality. This will
+vary with both the location and the year.
+
+
+
+
+OTHER ROUND DAIRY BARNS
+
+
+BARN NO. 2
+
+Built 1897.
+
+Diameter, 80 feet.
+
+Capacity, 75 cows in 2 rows, tails together, 51 head in outer circle, 24
+head in inner circle.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 27. INTERIOR OF BARN NO. 2. SHOWING TWO ROWS OF
+STANCHIONS AND DRIVE BEHIND COWS WHICH IS USED IN CLEANING BARN; SILO ON
+RIGHT.]
+
+Cost, $1800.
+
+Studs, 2 × 6s, placed 2-1/2 feet on center.
+
+Supports, two 2 × 6s in each stanchion.
+
+Joists, main span 3 × 12s, 20 feet long, placed 14 inches on center.
+Short spans over feed alleys, 2 × 10s.
+
+Plate, 1 × 10-inch boards sprung around near top of studs.
+
+Roof supports, 6 × 6s placed 12 feet apart. Purline plate rests on these
+posts and consists of 1 × 8s sprung to the circle.
+
+Siding, 8-inch, put on horizontally, first story ceiled inside.
+
+To clean out, a wagon is driven around between the two rows of cows.
+
+The chief objection to this barn is insufficient light in the cow
+stable.
+
+This barn and No. 3 are approximately the same in construction, and are
+more substantially built than barns No. 4 and 5.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 28. ARRANGEMENT OF COW STABLE IN BARN NO. 2; TWO
+ROWS OF COWS TAILED TOGETHER. THE BARN IS CLEANED BY DRIVING AROUND
+BEHIND THE COWS.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 29. BARN NO. 3. 80 FEET IN DIAMETER.]
+
+
+BARN NO. 4
+
+Built in 1900.
+
+Diameter, 90 feet.
+
+Capacity, 105 cows, two rows heading together.
+
+Cost, $3000.
+
+Foundation, width at base and top, 18 inches; depth in ground, 20
+inches, (not sufficient).
+
+Sills, 2 × 8s, sawed in short lengths, and placed flatwise.
+
+Studding, 20-foot 2 × 8s, placed 3 feet on center and toenailed to sill.
+
+Supports, first story 4 × 4s placed between stanchions in each row,
+making two rows of supports between the outside wall and the silo; 4 ×
+4s cut to a circle placed on top of these supports. The outside span,
+over cows, is 13 feet 6 inches; middle span, over feed alley, 6 feet 8
+inches, and inside span, over cows, 13 feet.
+
+Joists, 2 × 8s placed 3 feet apart at studs on outside wall. There are
+as many joists in center of barn as at the outside.
+
+Supports, second-story, consist of one row of posts running around at a
+point immediately under the break in the roof. These are 16 feet apart
+and are made of three 2 × 8s kept 2 inches apart by horizontal braces
+which run from studding near the eave thru these posts to studding in
+silo. See Fig. 31.
+
+Plate, rafter is set on top of each stud, and no plate is used.
+
+Rafters, 2 × 6s resting on studs at outside and on circular plate at
+break in roof.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 30. BARN NO. 4. 90 FEET IN DIAMETER; ONE OF THE FEW
+DAIRY BARNS WITH SUFFICIENT LIGHT; SAME SCALE AS DRAWING ON PAGE 37.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 31. SILO IN CENTER OF BARN NO. 4; UPPER PORTION IN
+HAY LOFT. LOWER PORTION IN COW STABLE.]
+
+Siding, 8-inch drop siding, put on horizontally, nailed with 10d nails.
+Ends holding well.
+
+Windows, 12 light, 10 × 12 glass; one window every six feet. This gives
+an abundance of light in the center of the barn.
+
+Doors, built on circle; (not satisfactory).
+
+Silo, round; diameter, 24 feet over all; height, 53 feet, exclusive of
+12-foot space for water tank on top; capacity, 500 tons. Studs of silo,
+2 × 4s placed 12 inches on center. Ceiled inside of studs with two
+thicknesses of half-inch lumber with paper between.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 32. INTERIOR OF BARN NO. 4, SHOWING STALLS AND FEED
+ALLEY.]
+
+Remarks: Considering its size, the construction of this barn is
+apparently too light to be substantial, as the joists and studs are too
+small and too far apart, yet it has stood for nine years with no more
+evidence of wear than is common with any barn.
+
+Were the owner to build again he would place the studs only 2-1/2 feet
+apart and use 2 × 12 joists, 2-1/2 feet apart at the outside wall. He
+would also use cement plaster on inside of silo.
+
+The owner says it would have cost him as much to have built a
+rectangular barn without the 500-ton silo, and containing 1300 sq. ft.
+less floor space. In other words, he gained a 500-ton silo and 1300 sq.
+ft. of floor space, besides an immense amount of mow room, by building a
+circular barn.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 33. ARRANGEMENT OF COW STABLE IN BARN NO. 4, 90 FEET
+IN DIAMETER; TWO ROWS OF COWS HEADED TOGETHER.]
+
+
+BARN NO. 5
+
+Built in 1906.
+
+Diameter, 100 feet.
+
+Capacity, 115 cows.
+
+Cost, $3400.
+
+Studding, 16-foot 2 × 6s, placed 3 feet on centers.
+
+Supports, 3 rows 4 × 4s.
+
+Joists, 2 × 10s, placed 3 feet on centers. Hemlock and yellow pine.
+
+Floor, laid in eight directions.
+
+Rafters, 2 × 6s spiked to studs. A band of two 1 × 6s is placed around
+the studs just below the rafters, and helps support the rafters.
+
+Supports for roof. There are three purline plates. Two of these are
+supported by posts, the other by braces running out from the silo. The
+roof is straight from eaves to peak. The bracing is similar to that of
+barn No. 4.
+
+Silo, 18 feet in diameter, 56 feet deep, 2 feet in ground. Capacity, 350
+tons.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 34. BARN 92 FEET IN DIAMETER; TWO ROWS OF COWS
+HEADED TOGETHER; SILO IN CENTER.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 35. VIEW OF 70-FOOT SELF-SUPPORTING ROOF ON BARN
+SHOWN IN FIG. 36; NOTE HOOPS ON STUDS IN RIGHT FOREGROUND.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 36. BARN 70 FEET IN DIAMETER; FRAME HOOPED FOR
+PERPENDICULAR SIDING; LOWER SECTION SIDED.]
+
+
+THE SMALL DAIRYMAN'S BARN
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 37. BARN 40 FEET IN DIAMETER.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 38. BARN 48 FEET IN DIAMETER, 16-FOOT POSTS; NOTE
+METHOD OF TAKING HAY INTO SMALL ROUND BARN.]
+
+The round barns previously described do not meet the needs of the man
+with only a few cows. He usually wants a general-purpose barn. The
+circular form can be made satisfactory for this purpose if proper
+attention is given to the plan. It is necessary that the cow stable be
+distinctly separated from all other stock by a tight wall. Round barns
+with this arrangement are giving satisfaction in Illinois at the present
+time.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 39. SHOWING CONSTRUCTION OF BARN IN FIG. 40. HOOPS
+IN PLACE READY FOR PERPENDICULAR SIDING; ROOF SHEATHED FOR SHINGLES.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 40. BARN 102 FEET IN DIAMETER AND 85 FEET HIGH.]
+
+
+
+
+DISADVANTAGES OF THE POLYGONAL BARN.
+
+
+A polygonal barn has the disadvantages of both the rectangular and the
+round barn, and is less stable than either. It must necessarily have a
+heavy frame, which is expensive, and as the siding cannot run around the
+corners, it is very difficult to tie the different sides together
+sufficiently to prevent the barn being racked by the wind.
+
+
+BARN NO. 6
+
+16-sided.
+
+Built, 1888.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 41. BARN NO. 6; 85 FEET IN DIAMETER; SAME SCALE AS
+DRAWING ON OPPOSITE PAGE.]
+
+Diameter, 85 feet.
+
+Height, 26-foot posts on 9-foot wall.
+
+Capacity, 88 cows; 350 tons of hay.
+
+Foundation and first story, cement wall 9 feet above cement floor.
+
+Supports, 4 × 8s, placed just back of stanchions, 3 feet on center.
+
+Studs, 2 × 10s, 26 feet long, placed 2-1/2 feet on center.
+
+Joists 3 × 12s, 20 feet long, 14 inches on center for main span.
+
+Rafters, self-supporting. Sheathed with 1 × 6s with no space between.
+This roof has a purline plate thrown in the gambrel. The plate is
+supported only by the braces which tie the joints.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 42. ARRANGEMENT OF COW STABLE IN BARN NO. 6.]
+
+The barn has been racked three times by the wind, replumbed and heavy
+iron rods put in to brace it, yet it is out of plumb at the present
+time.
+
+
+
+
+CONCLUSIONS
+
+
+In summing up the data given in this bulletin, it is obvious that the
+advantages of the round barn are convenience, strength, and cheapness.
+
+The round barn is the more convenient, because of the unobstructed mow,
+which reduces the labor required in mowing hay, and because of the
+greater ease and fewer steps with which the feed can be gotten to the
+cows, owing to the central location of the supply.
+
+The circular construction is the strongest because advantage is taken of
+the lineal strength of the lumber. All exposed surfaces are circular,
+and withstand greater wind pressure, as the wind can get no direct hold,
+as on the sides or gable ends of a rectangular barn.
+
+In round numbers, rectangular barns require, according to their
+construction, from 34 to 58 percent more in cost of material than round
+barns with the same floor area and built of the same grade of material.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TRANSCRIBER NOTES:
+
+    Punctuation has been normalized without note.
+
+    Hyphenation of words has been changed to be more consistent
+    throughout the text.
+
+    Page 6: "betwen" changed to "between" (midway between the silo and
+    the outside wall).
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Economy of the Round Dairy Barn, by 
+Wilber John Fraser
+
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+
+Project Gutenberg's Economy of the Round Dairy Barn, by Wilber John Fraser
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Economy of the Round Dairy Barn
+
+Author: Wilber John Fraser
+
+Release Date: December 16, 2011 [EBook #38321]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ECONOMY OF THE ROUND DAIRY BARN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Pat McCoy and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
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+
+
+
+<p class="title"><big>UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS<br />
+
+Agricultural Experiment Station<br />
+<br />
+BULLETIN NO. 143</big></p>
+
+<h1>ECONOMY OF THE ROUND<br />
+DAIRY BARN</h1>
+
+<p class="title"><big><span class="smcap">By WILBER J. FRASER</span></big></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/tpage.jpg" width="600" height="288" alt="" title="Title Page" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">URBANA, ILLINOIS, FEBRUARY, 1910</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">Summary of Bulletin No. 143</span></h2>
+
+<ol>
+<li><a href="#Sec_1">Round barns would be more generally built if their advantages were
+known and if the few which have been erected had been rightly constructed.</a><span class="ralign">Page 1.</span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Sec_2">The round dairy barn offers greater convenience in storing, handling and
+distributing the feed.</a><span class="ralign">Page 5.</span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Sec_3">In the circular construction, much greater strength is secured with less
+lumber.</a><span class="ralign">Page 6.</span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Sec_4">The material for rectangular barns costs from 34 to 58 percent more
+than for round barns of the same area and capacity.</a><span class="ralign">Page 7.</span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Sec_5">Round and rectangular barns compared.</a><span class="ralign">Page 11.</span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Sec_6">Round and rectangular barns, including silos, compared.</a><span class="ralign">Page 13.</span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Sec_7">Detailed account, with illustrations showing how the round barn at the
+University was built.</a><span class="ralign">Page 17.</span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Sec_8">Itemized statement of cost of a 60-foot round barn.</a><span class="ralign">Page 29.</span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Sec_9">Brief descriptions with illustrations and plans of several round dairy
+barns in actual use.</a><span class="ralign">Page 31.</span></li>
+
+<li><a href="#Sec_10">Conclusions. The advantages of the round dairy barn are convenience,
+strength and cheapness.</a><span class="ralign">Page 44.</span></li>
+</ol>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 1]</span></p>
+
+<h2>ECONOMY OF THE ROUND DAIRY BARN</h2>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Full Specifications and Detailed Cost and Construction of
+the New Sixty-foot Circular Dairy Barn at the University.
+Saving of Round over Rectangular
+Barns. Notes on Several Round Barns
+on Dairy Farms.</span><a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By</span> W. J. FRASER, <span class="smcap">Chief in Dairy Husbandry</span></p>
+
+
+<blockquote><p><b>The planning, construction, and arrangement of farm buildings do not
+usually receive the thought and study these subjects warrant. How many
+dairymen have compared a circular, 40-cow barn with the common rectangular
+building containing the same area? How many understand that
+the circular structure is much the stronger; that the rectangular form requires
+22 percent more wall and foundation to enclose the same space; and
+that the cost of material is from 34 to 58 percent more for the rectangular
+building?</b></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In a community in which everyone is engaged in the same occupation,
+one person is likely to copy from his neighbor without
+apparently giving a thought as to whether or not there is a better
+way.</p>
+
+<p>In a district of Kane county, Illinois, a certain type of dairy
+barn is used by nearly everyone, while in the next county a distinctly
+different type prevails, and the dairy barns of another adjacent
+county differ from those of either of the former, simply
+because the early settlers of this particular locality came from an
+eastern state and started building the style of barn then common
+in Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>In a certain community in Ohio where a milk condensing factory
+is located, a large number of farmers have barns 36&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;60 feet,
+with an &#8220;L&#8221; the same size. The loft of the &#8220;L&#8221; is used for the
+storage of straw, and the cows run loose in the lower portion.
+These barns are all built on practically the same plan and are usually
+of the same size, and this is the only community known to the
+writer where this form of barn is used in this manner.</p>
+
+<p>This tendency to imitate emphasizes the fact that men do not
+exercise sufficient originality. Because most barns are rectangular
+is no reason that this is the best and most economical form.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Special acknowledgment is made to Mr. H. E. Crouch and Mr. R. E. Brand for their
+assistance in working out the detailed data which are the bases for the economic comparisons
+of the round and rectangular barns made in this bulletin.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 2]</span></p>
+<h3><a name="Sec_1" id="Sec_1"></a><span class="smcap">Why More Round Barns Are not Built</span></h3>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<a id="F1" name="F1"></a>
+<img src="images/fig_001.jpg" width="550" height="489" alt="" title="Fig. 1." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 1. <span class="smcap">Barn No.</span> 5. <span class="smcap">100 feet in diameter, scale 20 feet to one inch; Showing
+increased mow capacity given by self-supporting roof.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In an early day when lumber was cheap, buildings were built
+of logs, or at least had heavy frames. Under these conditions, the
+rectangular barn was the one naturally used, and people have followed
+in the footsteps of their forefathers in continuing this form
+of barn. The result is that the economy and advantages of the
+round barn have apparently never been considered. This is because
+they are not obvious at first sight, and become fully apparent
+only after a detailed study of the construction. For these reasons,
+the rectangular form still continues to be built, altho it re<span class="pagenum">[Pg 3]</span>quires
+much more lumber. As the price of lumber has advanced so
+materially in recent years, the possible saving in this material is a
+large item, and well worth investigating.</p>
+
+<p>The objections to round barns have usually been made by those
+who have only a superficial knowledge of the subject, and do not
+really understand the relative merits of the two forms. To the
+writer's knowledge, there has never been published a carefully figured
+out, detailed comparison of a properly constructed circular
+barn with the rectangular barn.</p>
+
+<p>The difficulty with most round barns that have been built, thus
+far, is that they do not have a self-supporting roof, and consequently
+lose many of the advantages of a properly constructed
+round barn. This is the principal reason why round barns have
+not become more popular. A straight roof necessarily requires
+many supports in the barn below. These are both costly and inconvenient,
+and make the roof no stronger than a dome-shaped,
+self-supporting roof which nearly doubles the capacity of the mow.
+See <a href="#F1">Fig. (1)</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Many who have thus disregarded capacity have also wasted
+lumber and made a needless amount of work by chopping or hewing
+out the sill and plate, thus requiring more labor and lumber,
+besides sacrificing the greater strength of a built-up sill. Rightly
+constructed round barns are, however, being built to a limited extent.
+One contractor has erected twenty-four round barns, with
+self-supporting roofs, in the last nine years. These barns vary in
+size from 40 feet in diameter with 18-foot posts to 102 feet in
+diameter with 30-foot posts.</p>
+
+<p>Another reason for the scarcity of round barns is the difficulty
+in getting them built. Most carpenters hesitate to undertake the
+work because in the erection of a round barn the construction
+should be entirely different from that of the rectangular form.
+Many new problems present themselves, but when these are once
+understood, the round barn offers no more difficulties in construction
+than the rectangular form. It is, however, important to have
+a head carpenter who is accustomed to putting up round barns, as
+a man with ingenuity and experience can take advantage of many
+opportunities to save labor and material.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Kind of Barn Needed</span></h3>
+
+<p>The first thing to consider in the erection of a barn is a convenient
+arrangement for the purpose for which it is to be used.
+At the University of Illinois, two years ago, a twenty-acre demonstration
+dairy farm was started, the sole object being to produce
+the largest amount of milk per acre at the least possible cost. To<span class="pagenum">[Pg 4]</span>
+meet the requirements of a barn for this purpose, it became imperative
+to build one that was convenient for feeding and caring
+for the cows, economical of construction, and containing a large
+storage capacity in both silo and mow. These are the requirements
+of a barn for every practical dairyman.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/fig_002.jpg" width="600" height="345" alt="" title="Fig. 2." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 2. <span class="smcap">Filling the silo.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>A silo was needed that could be fed from the year round. With
+the small number of cows kept, a deep enough layer of silage could
+not be fed off each day to keep it good thru the summer, if the
+silo was more than 12 feet in diameter. As this small diameter
+was a necessity, it would require two silos 33 feet deep to supply
+enough silage. Two silos of such small diameter would not only
+be costly, but difficult to make stand, unless built of concrete. This
+difficulty was overcome by using the circular barn and placing in
+the center a silo which is 12 feet in diameter and 54 feet deep, thus
+making the one silo, with as much capacity as the two before mentioned,
+answer every purpose. This deep silo is an important part
+of the round barn, as it not only forms a support for the roof, but
+is protected by the barn, thus saving the cost of siding. Then,
+too, besides occupying the space least valuable for other purposes,
+it being centrally located, is in the most convenient place for feeding.
+The silage chute being open at the top forms a suction of air,
+which keeps the silage odor from the barn at milking time, and
+also assists in ventilation when the door to the chute is open.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 5]</span></p>
+<h2><a name="Sec_2" id="Sec_2"></a>ADVANTAGES OF THE ROUND BARN</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p><b>The points of superiority that the round dairy barn shows over the rectangular
+form are convenience, strength, and cheapness.</b></p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Round Barn Most Convenient</span></h3>
+
+<p>Considering that the barn on a dairy farm is used twice every
+day in the year, and that for six months each year the cows occupy
+it almost continuously, and that during this time a large
+amount of the labor of the farm is done inside the barn, it is evident
+that the question of its convenience is a vital one. The
+amount of time and strength wasted in useless labor in poorly arranged
+buildings is appalling. People do not stop to consider the
+saving in a year or a lifetime by having the barn so conveniently
+arranged that there is a saving of only a few seconds on each task
+that has to be done two or three times every day.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/fig_003.jpg" width="600" height="430" alt="" title="Fig. 3." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 3. <span class="smcap">Interior of barn, second floor, showing silo and location
+of ensilage cutter.</span> (<span class="smcap">team unhitched to show cutter.</span>)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The round barn has a special advantage in the work of distributing
+silage to the cows. The feeding commences at the chute
+where it is thrown down, and is continued around the circle, ending
+with the silage cart at the chute again, ready for the next feeding.
+The same thing is true in feeding hay and grain.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 6]</span>Still another great advantage is the large unobstructed hay
+mow. With the self-supporting roof, there are no timbers whatever
+obstructing the mow, which means no dragging of hay around
+posts or over girders. The hay carrier runs on a circular track
+around the mow, midway between the silo and the outside wall,
+and drops the hay at any desired point, thus in no case does the
+hay have to be moved but a few feet, which means a saving of
+much labor in the mowing.</p>
+
+<p>To successfully embody all of the above discussed advantages
+in a dairy barn is one of the large problems in milk production.
+In a careful study of the barn question it soon became apparent
+that it was impossible to embody all of the requirements advantageously
+in anything but a circular form of building, and the 60-foot
+round barn, which is here described, was built.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a id="F4" name="F4"></a>
+<img src="images/fig_004.jpg" width="600" height="316" alt="" title="Fig. 4." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 4. <span class="smcap">South view, showing well lighted stable.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<h3><a name="Sec_3" id="Sec_3"></a><span class="smcap">Circular Construction the Strongest</span></h3>
+
+<p>The circular construction is the strongest, because it takes advantage
+of the lineal, instead of the breaking strength of the lumber.
+Each row of boards running around the barn forms a hoop
+that holds the barn together. A barrel, properly hooped and
+headed, is almost indestructible, and much stronger than a box,
+altho the hoops are small. This strength is because the stress
+comes on the hoops in a lineal direction. Any piece of timber is
+many times stronger on a lineal pull than on a breaking stress.
+Take for example a No. 1 yellow pine 2&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;6, 16 feet long, with an<span class="pagenum">[Pg 7]</span>
+actual cross section of 1<sup>5</sup>&#8260;<sub>8</sub>&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;5<sup>5</sup>&#8260;<sub>8</sub> inches. If placed on edge and
+supported at the ends, as a joist, the limit of safety for a load
+evenly distributed is 642 pounds, while the limit of safety for a
+load in the lineal direction of the same piece of timber is 12,800
+pounds, or twenty times as great.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/fig_005.jpg" width="600" height="379" alt="" title="Fig. 5." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 5. <span class="smcap">In cow stable, showing silo and feed alley in center of
+barn; Stanchions on right, milk scales and record sheet on left.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>All exposed surfaces of a round barn are circular, as both the
+sides and roof are arched, which is the strongest form of construction
+to resist wind pressure; besides, the wind, in striking it,
+glances off and can get no direct hold on the walls or roof, as it
+can on the flat sides or gable ends of a rectangular structure. If
+the lumber is properly placed in a round barn, much of it will perform
+two or more functions. Every row of siding boards running
+around the building serves also as a brace, and the same is true of
+the roof boards and the arched rafters. If the siding is put on
+vertically and the roof built dome-shaped, no scaffolding is required
+inside or out. These are points of economy in the round construction.</p>
+
+<h3><a id="Sec_4" name="Sec_4"></a><span class="smcap">Rectangular Barns Require 34 to 58 Percent More
+Material</span></h3>
+
+<p>In order to compare the amount and cost of material in round
+and rectangular barns, the following figures have been carefully
+worked out by an expert barn builder. Two comparisons, based<span class="pagenum">[Pg 8]</span>
+on wood construction thruout, are
+made, in which round barns 60
+feet and 90 feet in diameter are
+compared with both plank and
+mortise frame rectangular barns
+containing the same number of
+square feet of floor space, respectively.
+Since the most practical
+width of a rectangular dairy
+barn is 36 feet, its length will depend
+upon the number of square
+feet required in the barn.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 423px;">
+<a id="F6" name="F6"></a>
+<img src="images/fig_006.png" width="423" height="550" alt="" title="Fig. 6." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 6. <span class="smcap">Showing construction of
+mortise frame barn, end view.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/fig_007.png" width="600" height="394" alt="" title="Fig. 7." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 7. <span class="smcap">Showing construction of plank frame barn, side view.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a href="#F6">Figures 6</a> to <a href="#F9">9</a> are side and
+end views, showing the detail
+construction and size of the timbers
+of the plank frame and mortise
+frame barns here figured.
+The detailed figures of the lumber
+bills for each of these barns
+were carefully worked out, but
+are too voluminous for publication here. The total number of feet
+of each kind of lumber required is given in <a href="#T1a">Tables 1A</a> and <a href="#T1b">1B</a>.
+Since the proportion of the different kinds of lumber and shingles
+varied for the different barns, to draw an exact comparison it was<span class="pagenum">[Pg 9]</span>
+necessary to base it upon the
+money value, and for this purpose
+the total cost of lumber has been
+figured in each case. The lumber
+values used thruout are the best
+average prices that could be obtained.
+As the same prices are
+used for the material of all the
+barns, the comparisons of cost are
+correct, altho these exact prices
+will not hold for all localities and
+all times.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 446px;">
+<img src="images/fig_008.png" width="446" height="550" alt="" title="Fig. 8." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 8. <span class="smcap">Showing construction of
+plank frame barn, end view.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Since a silo cannot be
+economically built inside of a
+rectangular barn, the first comparison
+is made with the barns
+simply enclosed, altho one of the
+chief advantages of a round barn
+is the deep silo which it is possible
+to build so economically in the center.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a id="F9" name="F9"></a>
+<img src="images/fig_009.png" width="600" height="411" alt="" title="Fig. 9." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 9. <span class="smcap">Showing construction of mortise frame barn, side view.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Another item of economy in the circular barn is less framing
+lumber. This form has the strongest possible construction with
+the least lumber in the frame, and the least bracing, not a single<span class="pagenum">[Pg 11]</span>
+timber larger than a 2&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;6 being required above the sill. The arched
+circular roof requires no supports, and no scaffolding is needed
+inside during its construction.</p>
+
+<p>The accompanying tables show the comparative amount and
+value of lumber and cubical content in round barns 60 and 90 feet
+in diameter, and rectangular barns of equal area and height of posts.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><a id="T1a" name="T1a"></a><b><span class="smcap">Table 1A.&mdash;A Comparison of the Cost of Material in Round and Rectangular Barns of the Same Area</span>, <i>Not
+Including</i> <span class="smcap">Foundation and Silos</span></b></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="center" colspan="2">Rectangular barn, 36&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;78<sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>2</sub> ft.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">Round Barn<br />60 feet in diameter</td><td align="center">Plank frame</td><td align="center">Mortise frame</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Framing lumber</td><td align="right">13,976&nbsp;ft.&nbsp;@&nbsp;$25&nbsp;=&nbsp;$349.40</td><td>19,833&nbsp;ft.&nbsp;@&nbsp;$25&nbsp;=&nbsp;$495.83</td><td>29,074&nbsp;ft.&nbsp;@&nbsp;$25&nbsp;=&nbsp;$726.85</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Sheathing, siding, and flooring</td><td>12,971&nbsp;ft.&nbsp;@&nbsp;$22&nbsp;=&nbsp;285.36</td><td align="right">15,355&nbsp;ft.&nbsp;@&nbsp;$22&nbsp;=&nbsp;337.81</td><td align="right">15,355&nbsp;ft.&nbsp;@&nbsp;$22&nbsp;=&nbsp;337.81</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Shingles</td><td align="right">44,000&nbsp;@&nbsp;$3.75&nbsp;=&nbsp;165.00</td><td align="right">45,000&nbsp;@&nbsp;$3.75&nbsp;=&nbsp;168.75</td><td align="right">45,000&nbsp;@&nbsp;$3.75&nbsp;=&nbsp;168.75</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Bolts</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">20.88</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total cost of lumber</td><td align="right"> <b>$799.76</b></td><td align="right"><b>$1023.27</b></td><td align="right"><b>$1233.41</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Content, cubic feet</td><td align="left"> <b>117,669</b></td><td align="left"><b>117,138</b></td><td align="left"><b>117,138</b></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p class="center"><a id="T1b" name="T1b"></a><span class="smcap"><b>Table 1B.</b></span></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="center" colspan="2"> Rectangular barn, 36&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;176<sup>3</sup>&#8260;<sub>4</sub> ft.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">Round barn,<br />90 feet in diameter</td><td align="center">Plank frame</td><td align="center">Mortise frame</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Framing lumber</td><td>30,899&nbsp;ft.&nbsp;@&nbsp;$25&nbsp;=&nbsp;$772.48</td><td>38,815&nbsp;ft.&nbsp;@&nbsp;$25&nbsp;=&nbsp;$970.38</td><td>59,481&nbsp;ft.&nbsp;@&nbsp;$25&nbsp;=&nbsp;$1487.03</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Sheathing, siding, and flooring</td><td>22,375&nbsp;ft.&nbsp;@&nbsp;$22&nbsp;=&nbsp;492.25</td><td>28,547&nbsp;ft.&nbsp;@&nbsp;$22&nbsp;=&nbsp;628.03</td><td>28,547&nbsp;ft.&nbsp;@&nbsp;$22&nbsp;=&nbsp;628.03</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Shingles</td><td>97,000&nbsp;@&nbsp;$3.75&nbsp;=&nbsp;363.75</td><td> 102,000&nbsp;@&nbsp;$3.75&nbsp;=&nbsp;382.50</td><td>102,000&nbsp;@&nbsp;$3.75&nbsp;=&nbsp;382.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Bolts</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">26.76</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total cost of lumber</td><td align="right"><b>$1628.48</b></td><td align="right"><b>$2007.67</b></td><td align="right"><b>$2497.56</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Content, cubic feet</td><td align="left"><b>322,952</b></td><td align="left"><b>270,570</b></td><td align="left"><b>270,570</b></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><a id="Sec_5" name="Sec_5"></a><span class="smcap">Round and Rectangular Barns Compared</span></h3>
+
+<p>In comparing the 60-foot round barn with a rectangular barn
+of the same area, the two barns should afford the cows the same
+amount of space on the platform. Allowing each cow in the 60-foot
+round barn 3 feet 6 inches in width at the rear of the platform,
+it will accommodate 40 cows and leave space for two passage
+ways. But in a rectangular barn, only 3 feet 4 inches of platform
+space need be allowed for each cow, and the 78<sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>2</sub> foot barn, with
+two 3-foot passage ways across it for convenience in feeding, will
+accommodate 42 cows. While the rectangular barn has stall room
+for two more cows, the round barn contains space in the center for
+a silo 18 feet in diameter.</p>
+
+<p>The floor space and cubical content of the round barn 60 feet
+in diameter, and the rectangular barn compared with it in these
+tables, are practically the same, and the barns are therefore directly
+comparable. This being true, the percentages which were
+figured from the complete bills of material for these barns show
+the exact saving in lumber on the 60-foot round barn over the
+plank and mortise frame rectangular barns 36&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;78<sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>2</sub> feet. The
+lumber bills of the rectangular barns show an increase in cost of
+28 percent for the plank frame and 54 percent for the mortise
+frame. The round barn, 60 feet in diameter, contains 188<sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>2</sub>, and
+the rectangular barn 225 lineal feet of wall. The rectangular barn
+has, therefore, 22 percent more lineal feet of outside barn wall,
+requiring a proportional increase in both paint and foundation.</p>
+
+<p>The 176<sup>3</sup>&#8260;<sub>4</sub>-foot rectangular barn would hold 100 cows, allowing
+each cow 3 feet 4 inches in width and providing for 3 passage
+ways of 3 feet each across the barn.</p>
+
+<p>The 90-foot round barn would hold 100 cows in two rows
+headed together, 65 of which would be in the outer circle, and have
+3 feet 6 inches each in width at the gutter. This leaves sufficient
+room for feed alleys and walks, and two passage ways, one three
+feet and the other seven feet wide for the manure and feed carriers.
+All of this is outside of a central space for a silo 20 feet
+in diameter and 71 feet high, with a capacity for 620 tons of silage,
+and in the mow there would still be an excess, above the capacity
+of the rectangular barn, of 33,000 cubic feet, which would<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12" name="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a><br />[Pg 13]</span> hold 66 tons of hay, or as much as the entire mow of a barn 32&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;36
+feet with 20-foot posts.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><a id="T2a" name="T2a"></a><b><span class="smcap">Table 2A.&mdash;A Comparison of the Cost of Material in Round and Rectangular Barns</span>,
+<i>Including</i> <span class="smcap">Foundation and Silos.</span></b></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="center"> Round barn,<br /> 60 feet in diameter</td><td align="center" colspan="2"> Rectangular barn, 36&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;78<sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>2</sub> ft.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">Plank frame</td><td align="center">Mortise frame</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Lumber in barn,</td><td align="center">$799.76</td><td align="center">$1023.27</td><td align="center">$1233.41</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Material in foundation,</td><td align="center">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;86.89</td><td align="center">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;105.90</td><td align="center">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;105.90</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Material in silo,</td><td align="center">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;159.01</td><td align="center">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;295.26</td><td align="center">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;295.26</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Total cost of material in barn,</td><td align="center"> <b>$1045.66</b>&nbsp;</td><td align="center"><b>$1424.43</b></td><td align="center"><b>$1634.57</b></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Actual money saved,</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center"> <b>&nbsp;$378.77</b></td><td align="center"> <b>&nbsp;$588.91</b></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Proportional cost,</td><td align="center"> <b>100%</b></td><td align="center"> <b>136%</b></td><td align="center"> <b>156%</b></td></tr>
+
+</table></div>
+<p class="center"><a id="T2b" name="T2b"></a><b><span class="smcap">Table 2B.</span></b></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="center"> Round barn,<br /> 90 feet in diameter</td><td align="center" colspan="2"> Rectangular barn, 36&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;176<sup>3</sup>&#8260;<sub>4</sub> ft.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="center"> Plank frame</td><td align="center">Mortise frame</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Lumber in barn,</td><td align="center">$1628.48</td><td align="center">$2007.67</td><td align="center">$2497.56</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Material in foundation,</td><td align="center">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;130.35</td><td align="center">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;196.80</td><td align="center">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;196.80</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Material in silo,</td><td align="center">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;265.00</td><td align="center">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;513.52</td><td align="center">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;513.52</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Total cost of material in barn,</td><td align="center"><b>$2023.83</b>&nbsp;</td><td align="center"><b>$2717.99</b></td><td align="center"><b>$3207.88</b></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Actual money saved,</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center"><b>$694.16</b></td><td align="center"><b>$1184.05</b></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Proportional cost,</td><td align="center"><b>100%</b></td><td align="center"> <b>134%</b></td><td align="center"> <b>158%</b></td></tr>
+
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The square feet of floor space in the round barn 90 feet in diameter
+and rectangular barn 36&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;176<sup>3</sup>&#8260;<sub>4</sub> feet are the same, but the
+cubical content of the former is more than that of the latter. The
+increase in the lumber bill is 23 percent in the plank frame and 53
+percent in the mortise frame barn. The round barn 90 feet in
+diameter contains 283 and the rectangular barn 426 lineal feet of
+wall. The rectangular barn has, therefore, 50 percent more lineal
+feet of outside barn wall, requiring a proportional increase in both
+paint and foundation.</p>
+
+<p>The smaller surface on the outside wall of the round barn requires
+less paint and makes a proportional saving in keeping the
+round barn painted in after years.</p>
+
+<h3><a id="Sec_6" name="Sec_6"></a><span class="smcap">Round and Rectangular Barns</span>, <i>Including Silos</i>, <span class="smcap">Compared</span></h3>
+
+<p>Owing to the fact that a silo is a necessity for the most economical
+production of milk, a barn is not complete for a dairyman's
+purpose unless it includes a silo with capacity to store sufficient
+silage for the herd. In the case of the round barn, the silo is most
+economically built inside, but in the rectangular form would cause
+a waste of space, and for that reason is best erected outside. Therefore,
+in comparing a round dairy barn with a rectangular dairy
+barn, silos should be included.</p>
+
+<p>In figuring the cost of materials in the silos for the round and
+rectangular barns, the capacity needed in each case was determined
+in the following manner: Allowing 40 pounds of silage per cow
+per day for 7 winter months and 25 pounds per cow per day for
+3 months during the summer, would require for 40 cows
+220 tons; then allowing one-eighth for waste would make the silage
+requirement 248 tons. As the silo in the round barn 60 feet
+in diameter is 53 feet deep, it would need to be only 16 feet in diameter
+to hold 250 tons. This diameter is sufficiently small to allow
+summer feeding without waste. To erect a silo outside of a
+barn, with sufficient stability to stand well, the height above ground
+should not be much more than twice the diameter, and in order to
+avoid waste for summer feeding, the diameter should not be
+greater than 16 feet for a herd of 40 cows. In order that a deep
+enough layer of silage can be fed off each day during the summer
+to avoid waste, it is evident that to store 250 tons of silage outside
+the barn, two silos would be required. One of these should be 16
+feet in diameter and 36 feet deep, holding 154 tons, and the other
+13 feet in diameter and 36 feet deep, holding 102 tons, making a
+total silo capacity of 256 tons.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 14]</span>As the large barns hold 100 cows, the same allowance of silage
+per cow for the season would require silo capacity for 620 tons.
+As the silo in the round barn 90 feet in diameter would be 71 feet
+deep, it would need to be only 20 feet in diameter to hold 620 tons.
+To store 620 tons of silage in silos built outside the rectangular
+barn would require two silos, each 20 feet in diameter and 44 feet
+deep.<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> These are the sizes on which the figures for cost of silos
+of the Gurler type, given in <a href="#T2a">Tables 2A</a> and <a href="#T2b">2B</a>, were used.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/fig_010.jpg" width="600" height="417" alt="" title="Fig. 10." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 10. <span class="smcap">Interior of cow stable, showing water trough with float
+valve, salt box, and door into dairy.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The table (<a href="#Page_12">page 12</a>) is the final summing up of the cost of all
+the material for the completed dairy barns, with silos, and shows a
+saving of from 34 to 58 percent in favor of the round barn and
+silo, or an actual money saving in this case of from $379 to $1184,
+depending upon the size and construction of the barns.</p>
+
+<p>Thoughtlessly, men go on building rectangular barns, but what
+would this reckless disregard of a possible saving of 34 to 58 percent
+mean in a year's business on the farm? Some illustrations
+may help us to understand what this money saved in building a
+round barn really amounts to, and its convenience is also a great
+saving. If the dairyman discarded the idea of a rectangular barn
+<span class="pagenum">[Pg 15]</span>and built a round barn instead, he could take the money thus saved
+and buy one of the best pure-bred sires for his herd, and also three
+to ten pure-bred heifers or fine grade cows. Either of these purchases
+might double the profit of the herd. Or, this saving, properly
+applied, would purchase many labor-saving devices which
+would make life less of a drudgery on many dairy farms. Is not
+such a saving worth while?</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/fig_011.jpg" width="600" height="413" alt="" title="Fig. 11." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 11. <span class="smcap">Cow comfort in a round barn.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>When the comparative cost and merit of two constructions are
+known, it is a poor financier who will pay extra for the one which
+is inferior. If a man received bids from contractors for a building,
+he would be a foolish man who would accept one which is
+from 34 to 58 percent higher than the lowest bidder, especially
+when he knew the lowest bidder would put up the most convenient
+and substantial building.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Since the deeper the silo the more firmly the silage packs, one silo 71 feet deep will hold
+as much as two silos of the same diameter and 44 feet deep.</p></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>DISADVANTAGES OF THE ROUND DAIRY BARN</h2>
+
+
+<p>The disadvantages of the round dairy barn are, that it cannot
+be enlarged by building on as readily as can the rectangular form,
+but as the round barn may be built higher to the eaves than a rectangular
+barn 36 feet wide, provision can be made for the growth
+of the herd by building so as to put cows in the second story and
+still leave sufficient mow room for hay.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 16]</span>The objection is frequently raised that a round barn is difficult
+to light. This difficulty is entirely overcome in a barn 90 feet or
+less in diameter, if a sufficient number of properly spaced windows
+are used. See <a href="#F4">Figs. 4</a> and <a href="#F30">30</a>. With the same number of windows,
+the light is more evenly distributed in a round barn and the
+sun can shine directly into some portion at all hours of the day
+during the winter.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a id="F12" name="F12"></a>
+<img src="images/fig_012.jpg" width="600" height="271" alt="" title="Fig. 12." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 12. <span class="smcap">First story wall, and foundation for silo, feed alley, and
+manger; Sill in place, ready for joists and studs.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The objection has been raised that rectangular objects cannot
+be placed in a circle without a waste of space, but this does not
+apply to a dairy barn, as the storage of hay and grain depends upon
+cubical content, alone, and silos should always be circular, no matter
+where built. Cows, when lying down, are decidedly wedge-shaped,
+requiring much less space in front than behind. The objection
+may be raised, with round barns large enough for two rows
+of cows, that the row headed out does not use the space as economically
+as in the rectangular form, because a cow needs more
+width at the rear of the platform than at the manger. Where
+there are two rows of cows, the inner row is usually headed out,
+and as only about one-third of the cows are in this row, this loss
+of space is counterbalanced by the large number of cows in the
+outer circle using the space more economically than they do in the
+rectangular barn.</p>
+
+<p>Box stalls cannot be as conveniently arranged, but in a one-row
+barn, gates hung on the outside and swung around to the manger,
+form stalls for cows at freshening time, and in a barn with two
+rows, box stalls can be arranged in the inner circle.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 17]</span></p>
+<h2><a name="Sec_7" id="Sec_7"></a>HOW THE ROUND BARN AT THE UNIVERSITY WAS
+BUILT</h2>
+
+<p>The barn is located on the side of a hill, sloping gently to the
+south and east. With this location, it was an advantage to excavate
+5 feet deep on the northwest and run out to the surface of
+the ground on the southeast.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a id="F13" name="F13"></a>
+<img src="images/fig_013.jpg" width="600" height="397" alt="" title="Fig. 13." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 13. <span class="smcap">Showing temporary bracing to hold studs in place while
+ship lap ceiling is nailed on.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The footing for the foundation is 18 inches wide. A ten-inch
+brick wall was carried up nine feet above the stable floor. This
+wall contains a 2-inch air space to prevent moisture from condensing
+on the inner wall and making the barn damp. This is an important
+point, as barns with a solid stone or brick wall are very
+objectionable on account of dampness. It has been proven by two
+years' use that this difficulty is entirely obviated by the air space
+in the wall.</p>
+
+<p>The foundation for the manger and feed alley is built up 2 feet
+above the stable floor. The foundation for the silo extends 4 feet
+below the stable floor and is continued 9 inches above the floor in
+the feed alley. This silo wall, together with the foundation under
+the manger, forms the foundation for the center supports of the
+barn. <a href="#F12">Fig. 12</a> shows the foundation completed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 18]</span>The silo, which is the Gurler type, was then started and carried
+up with the barn. It was built by placing 2&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;4 studs around the
+circle, one foot on centers, and ceiling inside with <sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;6-inch lumber.
+This <sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>2</sub>-inch lumber was obtained by re-sawing 1&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;6 yellow
+pine fencing. Common lath were then put on horizontally in the
+regular way inside, without furring out, and plastered with rich
+cement plaster.</p>
+
+<p>The sill of the barn is 6&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;6, made up of 1&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;6s, and built on top
+of the wall. Building it up in this manner makes a stronger sill
+than can be obtained in any other way, as it forms a continuous
+hoop around the barn.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a id="F14" name="F14"></a>
+<img src="images/fig_014.jpg" width="600" height="469" alt="" title="Fig. 14." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 14. <span class="smcap">Showing height and construction of silo, siding completed,
+and four main rafters in place.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The joists are 2&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;12s notched 6 inches to fit the sill, so that the
+outer ends rest on both the sill and the brick wall. The outer span
+of joists is 14 feet and the inner ends of these joists rest on a
+similar sill built of 1&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;6s on top of the 4&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;4 supports at the stanchions.
+The inner span of joists, between the stanchions and the
+silo, is 8 feet, the outer end resting on the sill over the
+stanchions, and the inner end on a 1<sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;6-inch band, made up<span class="pagenum">[Pg 19]</span>
+of three <sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;6-inch pieces, running around the outside of the silo.
+These joists are placed 2<sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>2</sub> feet apart at the outside of the barn,
+and half as many joists are used in the inner span, making the
+joists at the silo one foot apart. The number of joists under the
+driveways are doubled, being only 1 foot and 3 inches apart at the
+outside of the barn.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a id="F15" name="F15"></a>
+<img src="images/fig_015.jpg" width="600" height="479" alt="" title="Fig. 15." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 15. <span class="smcap">Showing all rafters in place and method of sheathing roof.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The studs, which are 2&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;6s, 20 feet long, were then placed on the
+sill, about 2 feet 6 inches apart, being as evenly spaced between
+the windows as possible, and temporarily braced, as shown in <a href="#F13">Fig.
+13</a>, until the 8-inch ship lap ceiling could be nailed on the outside.
+This was carried up 5 feet to the second scaffold, and then covered
+to this height with shingles laid 5 inches to the weather. The
+scaffolding was then moved up and this process repeated until the
+siding was completed. The plate, made up of five 1&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;4s, was then
+built in the notch in the top of the studs shown in <a href="#F13">Fig. 13</a>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 391px;">
+<img src="images/fig_016.jpg" width="391" height="550" alt="" title="Fig. 16." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 16. <span class="smcap">Showing height of silo, capacity of barn, and construction
+of roof.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The silo was completed, as before described. The rafters,
+which were framed on the ground, were then erected, as shown in
+<a href="#F14">Fig. 14</a>, the first eight going to the center of the roof, and the <span class="pagenum">[Pg 20]<br />[Pg 21]</span>remaining ones were cut to rest on the plate of the silo. There are
+64 framed rafters, and these are the only ones in the upper section
+of the roof. At the break in the roof, a header is cut in between
+the framed rafters, and in the lower section a rafter is placed between
+these, thus making twice as many rafters in the lower section
+of the roof as in the upper section. After the rafters were all
+in place and temporarily braced, the 1&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;2-inch sheathing was put
+on, as shown in <a href="#F15">Fig. 15</a>, and the shingles, which were the best 5&#8260;2
+red cedar, were laid 5 inches to the weather on the lower section
+of the roof, and 4 inches to the weather on the upper section, as
+this had less pitch. No chalk line was necessary, as the shingles
+were laid by the sheathing.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 538px;">
+<a id="F17" name="F17"></a>
+<img src="images/fig_017.png" width="538" height="550" alt="" title="Fig. 17." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 17. <span class="smcap">Showing arrangement of joists and how the floor is laid.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The floor was made of 1&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;8 ship lap, laid in four directions, as
+shown in <a href="#F17">Fig. 17</a>. In the driveway an extra layer of ship lap was
+used, making this portion of the floor 2 inches thick.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 22]</span>The doorways in the second story are 14 feet wide, and in the
+lower story 12 feet. These openings are closed by two sliding
+doors, each door being made of two sections, hinged together so
+as to follow the circular wall of the barn in opening.</p>
+
+<p>The cow stable is on the ground floor, and well lighted by 16
+windows having twelve 9&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;12 lights each. There are also six windows
+in the doors. The windows are placed just below the ceiling
+and admit an abundance of sunshine at all times of the day, which
+is one of the essentials of a good dairy barn.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 521px;">
+<a id="F18" name="F18"></a>
+<img src="images/fig_018.png" width="521" height="550" alt="" title="Fig. 18." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 18. <span class="smcap">Showing present arrangement of cow stable. There are
+stanchions and mangers for 28 cows, and 2200 sq. ft. of floor space
+in which the cows can run loose. The gates are swung into the
+present position when box stalls are needed.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The floor, back of the manger, is of clay, except at the door,
+where a small portion is covered with cement. The cows run loose <span class="pagenum">[Pg 23]<br />[Pg 24]</span>except at feeding and milking time, when they are placed in rigid
+stanchions. It must be distinctly understood that rigid stanchions
+are strongly condemned as a cow tie, where cows are to remain
+in them all night, but as they are here used merely to hold the
+cow during milking, they are both economical and convenient.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 539px;">
+<img src="images/fig_019.png" width="539" height="550" alt="" title="Fig. 19." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 19. <span class="smcap">Showing cross section of 60-foot round barn.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/fig_020.jpg" width="600" height="416" alt="" title="Fig. 20." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 20. <span class="smcap">Cleaning out cow stable with three-horse manure spreader.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/fig_021.jpg" width="600" height="463" alt="" title="Fig. 21." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 21. <span class="smcap">Cows in stanchion at milking time.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Running cows loose in this manner is an excellent method,
+where bedding is abundant and sufficient space is available, as the
+cows are more comfortable, and all fertility is saved. There is no
+waste from leaching, as when the manure lies exposed to the
+weather. This method saves the labor of cleaning the stable, as
+the manure is loaded into the spreader and hauled directly upon
+the land whenever convenient, and the land is in the best condition
+to receive it.<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p>
+
+<p>Three gates are hung on posts at the outside wall, and when
+box stalls are needed, these are swung around to the manger, as
+<span class="pagenum">[Pg 25]</span>shown in <a href="#F18">Fig. 18</a>. The south door in the cow stable can be closed
+by slatted gates, thus affording an abundance of fresh air and sunshine
+on nice days, without letting the cows out of the barn.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> For a more detailed discussion of the advantages of keeping cows in this manner, see
+Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station Circular No. 93.</p></div>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">System of Ventilation</span></h3>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/fig_021b.jpg" width="600" height="443" alt="" title="Fig. 21 continuted." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 21. <span class="smcap">Continued.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The system of ventilation is the "King." To economize space
+and lumber, the hay chute is used for a ventilator. This chute,
+which extends to the cupola, is 2<sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>4</sub>&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;3<sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>2</sub> feet, having a cross section
+area of 8 sq. ft., which, with a good draft, is sufficient for
+40 cows. In order that this combination of ventilator and hay
+chute prove practical, doors thru which the hay could be thrust
+were placed at intervals in the side of the chute. These doors are
+hinged at the top, opening in, and close immediately after the hay
+drops, thus maintaining a closed ventilator chute. The air is drawn
+in at the bottom, the amount being regulated by means of a sliding
+door in the side. As this chute is 50 feet high, it creates a strong
+suction.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 26]</span></p>
+<h3><span class="smcap">The Milk Room</span></h3>
+
+<p>To economize space, the milk room, 12&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;16 feet, is located under
+the north driveway. The brick walls under the drive form the
+sides of this room, and the floor of the drive, which is made of
+2&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;6s grooved on both edges, forms the roof. The grooves in the
+flooring were filled with white lead, and a wooden strip, fitted to
+fill the grooves of both planks, was driven in, forming a water-tight
+floor. This floor was covered with hot tar and sand <sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>2</sub> inch
+thick. The milk room is plastered on the inside, the plaster being
+applied directly to the brick walls, excepting in the case of the ceiling,
+which is lathed. The floor and cooling tank are of cement.
+The passage from the barn to the milk room is thru a small hallway,
+which is open to the outside, thus preventing the stable air
+getting into the milk room.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/fig_022.jpg" width="600" height="388" alt="" title="Fig. 22." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 22. <span class="smcap">Feed alley, showing combined hay chute and ventilator.
+A door on the side which is hinged at the bottom, 3 feet from
+the floor, is let in toward the silo, sliding the hay onto the
+floor. In hot weather this opening takes the heat out of the
+barn; During the winter this door is kept closed and the ventilation
+is regulated by raising the slide, as shown in the cut.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Barn Satisfactory</span></h3>
+
+<p>This round dairy barn above described has been in use for over
+two years at the University of Illinois, and has given entire satisfaction.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 27]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/fig_023.jpg" width="600" height="490" alt="" title="Fig. 23." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 23. <span class="smcap">Northeast view, showing dairy under driveway. The barn
+is on the same scale as the drawing on</span> <a href="#Page_28"><span class="smcap">page</span> 28</a>.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/fig_024.jpg" width="600" height="415" alt="" title="Fig. 24." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 24. <span class="smcap">Interior of dairy; Cooling tank on left.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28" name="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Re-arrangement of Barn to Accommodate</span> 40 <span class="smcap">Cows</span></h3>
+
+<p>If it is desired to keep cows in stalls in a round barn of this
+size, the circular manger can be enlarged to 38 feet in diameter,
+which gives room for forty cows, as shown in <a href="#F25">Fig. 25</a>, and the silo,
+to hold sufficient silage to feed the year round, enlarged to 18 feet
+in diameter. The present mow room is sufficient to store enough
+hay and bedding for this number of cows.</p>
+
+<p>The barn on the Twenty-acre Demonstration Dairy Farm was
+built this large, as it was thought it might be desired at some future
+time to increase the size of the farm and herd, and the barn
+could easily be changed to accommodate a larger herd by simply
+enlarging the silo, without rebuilding the barn.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 460px;">
+<a id="F25" name="F25"></a>
+<img src="images/fig_025.png" width="460" height="550" alt="" title="Fig. 25." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 25. <span class="smcap">Showing how this 60-foot barn may be arranged to accommodate
+40 cows in stalls. To supply this sized herd and the necessary
+young stock with silage for eight months would require a 370-ton
+silo, or one 18 feet in diameter and 56 feet deep; With a seven-foot
+feed alley and a 2<sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>2</sub>-foot manger, the circle at the stanchions
+would be 38 feet in diameter, or 119<sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>3</sub> feet in circumference;
+Allowing 4<sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>4</sub> feet for two passage ways, the stalls would be 2 feet
+10-1/2 inches wide at the stanchion, and 3 feet 6 inches at the drop.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 29]</span></p>
+<h3><a name="Sec_8" id="Sec_8"></a><span class="smcap">Itemized Cost of this Round Barn</span></h3>
+
+<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" border="0" summary="">
+
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="18">Excavating, foundation, and first story brick wall</td><td align="right">$904.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="19" align="left"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Lumber:</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">149</td><td align="center">pieces,</td><td align="right">1</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">16</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">Y. P.</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">31</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td align="right">1</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&times;</td>
+<td align="right">14</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">Cypress</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">16</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td align="right">1</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">12</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">165</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td align="right">1</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">6</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">16</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">Y. P.</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">17</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td align="right">1</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">6</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">14</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">226</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td align="right">2</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">12</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td align="right">2</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center" >&times;</td><td align="right">16</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td align="right">2</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">14</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td align="right">4</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">14</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td align="right">2</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">12</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&times;</td>
+<td align="right">16</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">23</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td align="right">2</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">12</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&times;</td>
+<td align="right">14</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">100</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td align="right">2</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">6</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&times;</td>
+<td align="right">20</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">144</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td align="right">2</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">6</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center" >&times;</td><td align="right">16</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">67</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td align="right">2</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">6</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">18</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td align="right">2</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">6</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">26</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">60</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td align="right">2</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">6</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">12</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td align="right">2</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">6</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">22</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td align="right">2</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">6</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">24</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td align="right">2</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right" >8</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">10</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">9</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td align="right">2</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">8</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">16</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td align="right">2</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">10</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">14</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">11</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td align="right">2</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">10</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">12</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td align="right">2</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">10</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">22</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td align="right">1</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">10</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">12</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td align="right">1</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">10</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">14</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">Cypress</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td align="right">1</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">12</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">14</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">22</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="left" style="padding-left: 0;"><sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>8</sub></td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">8</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">10</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">Cyp. S2S</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td align="right">1</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="left" style="padding-left: 0;"><sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>8</sub></td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">12</td><td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">14</td>
+<td align="center">&#8222;</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">&#8222;</td><td align="right">1</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="left" style="padding-left: 0;"><sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>8</sub></td>
+<td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">12</td><td align="center">&times;</td><td align="right">16</td>
+<td align="center">&#8222;</td><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">6000</td><td align="left" colspan="17">feet of 8-inch ship lap</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">3150</td><td align="left" colspan="17">feet of 10-inch ship lap</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">71</td><td align="left" colspan="17">M 5&#8260;2 red cedar shingles</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">165</td><td align="left" colspan="17">Lineal feet of 2-inch Cr. molding</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">240</td><td align="left" colspan="17">Lineal feet of Cr. molding</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">270</td><td align="left" colspan="17">feet of 4-inch Y. P. S1S</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">4000</td><td align="left" colspan="17">feet of 6-inch rough pine</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">62</td><td align="left" colspan="17">feet of <sup>3</sup>&#8260;<sub>8</sub>-inch Y. P. Ceiling</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">850</td><td align="left" colspan="17">feet of 6-inch No. 1 flooring</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">230</td><td align="left" colspan="17">feet of 6-inch fence flooring</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">56</td><td align="left" colspan="17">lineal feet of <sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;3-inch battening</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">32</td><td align="left" colspan="17">lineal feet of lattice</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">444</td><td align="left" colspan="17">lineal feet of 4-inch cypress</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="left" colspan="17">10-foot cedar posts</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="19">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="18"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Total cost of lumber</span></td><td align="right">$1,313.63</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="19">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="19"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Mill work:</span></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="18">Window sash and doors</td><td align="right">$270.00</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="18">Window and door frames</td><td align="right">71.00</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="18">Sawing lumber for silo, roof, bridge and stanchions</td><td align="right">29.78</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="18">Cost of hardware</td><td align="right">96.57</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="19">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="19"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Carpenter work:</span></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="12">Head carpenter</td><td align="right">518 hrs.</td><td align="center">@</td>
+<td align="right">40c</td><td align="center">=</td><td align="right">$207.20</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="12">Carpenters</td><td align="right">1057 hrs.</td><td align="center">@</td>
+<td align="right">35c</td><td align="center">=</td><td align="right">369.95</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="12">Common labor</td><td align="right">429 hrs.</td><td align="center">@</td>
+<td align="right">20c</td><td align="center">=</td><td align="right" style="border-bottom: solid 1px;">85.80</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="19">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="18"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Total cost for carpenter work</span></td><td align="right">662.95</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="19">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="18">Tiling around barn and silo, sewer from dairy room, retaining wall, cement floor in alley, dairy,
+doorway of barn, and steps and tanks</td><td align="right">128.54</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="18">Plastering dairy room and inside of silo</td><td align="right">104.60</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="18">Painting</td><td align="right" style="border-bottom: solid 1px;">89.54</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="18"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Total cost of barn</span></td><td align="right">$3670.61</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/fig_026.jpg" width="550" height="456" alt="" title="Fig. 26." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 26. <span class="smcap">Barn No. 2. 80 feet in diameter; Engine room in foreground.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 30]</span>The cost of this barn, if built on the ordinary dairy farm, could
+be materially reduced without shortening the life of the barn.
+Owing to the conditions under which this barn was built, it was
+necessary to pay for hauling all material to the farm, two and one-half
+miles from town. All of the labor had to be hired, and as it
+was necessary for the men to board themselves the wages paid
+were proportionately higher. The farmer usually does the excavating
+and hauls the brick, sand, and lumber with his own teams,
+tends the mason, and does quite an amount of the rough work
+with his own help, besides boarding the men, all of which would
+greatly reduce the cost. The construction could also be cheapened
+by using drop siding to cover the outside, instead of shingles, which
+in this case were used over ship lap on the side walls to improve
+the appearance. This barn could be still further cheapened by putting
+hoops, five feet apart, around the studs, and covering with
+common 1&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;12 boards, put on vertically, as is done in some cases.
+A saving could also be made on the mill work and large doors by<span class="pagenum">[Pg 31]</span>
+having the carpenters make these plainer and leave the windows
+out of them.</p>
+
+<p>Anyone wishing to build a round barn can get local bids on
+the lumber bill, and determine approximately the cost in his locality.
+This will vary with both the location and the year.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a id="Sec_9" name="Sec_9"></a>OTHER ROUND DAIRY BARNS</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Barn No.</span> 2</h3>
+
+<p>Built 1897.</p>
+
+<p>Diameter, 80 feet.</p>
+
+<p>Capacity, 75 cows in 2 rows, tails together, 51 head in outer
+circle, 24 head in inner circle.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/fig_027.jpg" width="600" height="431" alt="" title="Fig. 27." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 27. <span class="smcap">Interior of Barn No. 2, showing two rows of stanchions and
+drive behind cows which is used in cleaning barn; Silo on right.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Cost, $1800.</p>
+
+<p>Studs, 2&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;6s, placed 2<sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>2</sub> feet on center.</p>
+
+<p>Supports, two 2&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;6s in each stanchion.</p>
+
+<p>Joists, main span 3&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;12s, 20 feet long, placed 14 inches on center.
+Short spans over feed alleys, 2&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;10s.</p>
+
+<p>Plate, 1&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;10-inch boards sprung around near top of studs.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 32]</span>Roof supports, 6&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;6s placed 12 feet apart. Purline plate rests
+on these posts and consists of 1&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;8s sprung to the circle.</p>
+
+<p>Siding, 8-inch, put on horizontally, first story ceiled inside.</p>
+
+<p>To clean out, a wagon is driven around between the two rows
+of cows.</p>
+
+<p>The chief objection to this barn is insufficient light in the cow
+stable.</p>
+
+<p>This barn and No. 3 are approximately the same in construction,
+and are more substantially built than barns No. 4 and 5.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 505px;">
+<img src="images/fig_028.png" width="505" height="550" alt="" title="Fig. 28." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 28. <span class="smcap">Arrangement of cow stable in Barn No. 2; Two rows of
+cows tailed together. The barn is cleaned by driving around
+behind the cows.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 33]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 546px;">
+<img src="images/fig_029.jpg" width="546" height="550" alt="" title="Fig. 29." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 29. <span class="smcap">Barn No. 3. 80 feet in diameter.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Barn No.</span> 4</h3>
+
+<p>Built in 1900.</p>
+
+<p>Diameter, 90 feet.</p>
+
+<p>Capacity, 105 cows, two rows heading together.</p>
+
+<p>Cost, $3000.</p>
+
+<p>Foundation, width at base and top, 18 inches; depth in ground,
+20 inches, (not sufficient).</p>
+
+<p>Sills, 2&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;8s, sawed in short lengths, and placed flatwise.</p>
+
+<p>Studding, 20-foot 2&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;8s, placed 3 feet on center and toenailed
+to sill.</p>
+
+<p>Supports, first story 4&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;4s placed between stanchions in each
+row, making two rows of supports between the outside wall and the<span class="pagenum">[Pg 34]</span>
+silo; 4&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;4s cut to a circle placed on top of these supports. The outside
+span, over cows, is 13 feet 6 inches; middle span, over feed
+alley, 6 feet 8 inches, and inside span, over cows, 13 feet.</p>
+
+<p>Joists, 2&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;8s placed 3 feet apart at studs on outside wall. There
+are as many joists in center of barn as at the outside.</p>
+
+<p>Supports, second-story, consist of one row of posts running
+around at a point immediately under the break in the roof. These
+are 16 feet apart and are made of three 2&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;8s kept 2 inches apart
+by horizontal braces which run from studding near the eave thru
+these posts to studding in silo. See <a href="#F31">Fig. 31</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Plate, rafter is set on top of each stud, and no plate is used.</p>
+
+<p>Rafters, 2&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;6s resting on studs at outside and on circular plate
+at break in roof.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a id="F30" name="F30"></a>
+<img src="images/fig_030.jpg" width="600" height="499" alt="" title="Fig. 30." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 30. <span class="smcap">Barn No. 4. 90 feet in diameter; One of the few dairy barns with
+sufficient light; Same scale as drawing on <a href="#Page_37">page 37</a>.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 35]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 362px;">
+<a id="F31" name="F31"></a>
+<img src="images/fig_031.jpg" width="362" height="500" alt="" title="Fig. 31." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 31. <span class="smcap">Silo in center of Barn No. 4; Upper portion in hay loft. Lower
+portion in cow stable.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 36]</span>Siding, 8-inch drop siding, put on horizontally, nailed with 10d
+nails. Ends holding well.</p>
+
+<p>Windows, 12 light, 10&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;12 glass; one window every six feet.
+This gives an abundance of light in the center of the barn.</p>
+
+<p>Doors, built on circle; (not satisfactory).</p>
+
+<p>Silo, round; diameter, 24 feet over all; height, 53 feet, exclusive
+of 12-foot space for water tank on top; capacity, 500 tons.
+Studs of silo, 2&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;4s placed 12 inches on center. Ceiled inside of
+studs with two thicknesses of half-inch lumber with paper between.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/fig_032.jpg" width="600" height="458" alt="" title="Fig. 32." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 32. <span class="smcap">Interior of Barn No. 4, showing stalls and feed alley.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Remarks: Considering its size, the construction of this barn is
+apparently too light to be substantial, as the joists and studs are
+too small and too far apart, yet it has stood for nine years with
+no more evidence of wear than is common with any barn.</p>
+
+<p>Were the owner to build again he would place the studs only
+2<sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>2</sub> feet apart and use 2&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;12 joists, 2<sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>2</sub> feet apart at the outside
+wall. He would also use cement plaster on inside of silo.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37" name="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>The owner says it would have cost him as much to have built
+a rectangular barn without the 500-ton silo, and containing 1300
+sq. ft. less floor space. In other words, he gained a 500-ton silo
+and 1300 sq. ft. of floor space, besides an immense amount of mow
+room, by building a circular barn.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 520px;">
+<img src="images/fig_033.png" width="520" height="550" alt="" title="Fig. 33." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 33. <span class="smcap">Arrangement of cow stable in Barn No. 4, 90 feet in diameter;
+Two rows of cows headed together.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 38]</span></p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Barn No.</span> 5</h3>
+
+<p>Built in 1906.</p>
+
+<p>Diameter, 100 feet.</p>
+
+<p>Capacity, 115 cows.</p>
+
+<p>Cost, $3400.</p>
+
+<p>Studding, 16-foot 2&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;6s, placed 3 feet on centers.</p>
+
+<p>Supports, 3 rows 4&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;4s.</p>
+
+<p>Joists, 2&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;10s, placed 3 feet on centers. Hemlock and yellow
+pine.</p>
+
+<p>Floor, laid in eight directions.</p>
+
+<p>Rafters, 2&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;6s spiked to studs. A band of two 1&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;6s is placed
+around the studs just below the rafters, and helps support the
+rafters.</p>
+
+<p>Supports for roof. There are three purline plates. Two of
+these are supported by posts, the other by braces running out from
+the silo. The roof is straight from eaves to peak. The bracing
+is similar to that of barn No. 4.</p>
+
+<p>Silo, 18 feet in diameter, 56 feet deep, 2 feet in ground. Capacity,
+350 tons.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/fig_034.jpg" width="600" height="375" alt="" title="Fig. 34." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 34. <span class="smcap">Barn 92 feet in diameter; Two rows of cows headed
+together; Silo in center.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 39]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/fig_035.jpg" width="600" height="365" alt="" title="Fig. 35." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 35. <span class="smcap">View of 70-foot self-supporting roof on barn shown in
+<a href="#F36">fig. 36</a>; Note hoops on studs in right foreground.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a id="F36" name="F36"></a>
+<img src="images/fig_036.jpg" width="600" height="439" alt="" title="Fig. 36." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 36. <span class="smcap">Barn 70 feet in diameter; Frame hooped for perpendicular
+siding; Lower section sided.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 40]</span></p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The Small Dairyman's Barn</span></h3>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/fig_037.jpg" width="600" height="374" alt="" title="Fig. 37." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 37. <span class="smcap">Barn 40 feet in diameter.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/fig_038.jpg" width="600" height="445" alt="" title="Fig. 38." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 38. <span class="smcap">Barn 48 feet in diameter, 16-foot posts; Note method of
+taking hay into small round barn.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The round barns previously described do not meet the needs
+of the man with only a few cows. He usually wants a general-purpose
+barn. The circular form can be made satisfactory for this<span class="pagenum">[Pg 41]</span>
+purpose if proper attention is given to the plan. It is necessary
+that the cow stable be distinctly separated from all other stock by
+a tight wall. Round barns with this arrangement are giving satisfaction
+in Illinois at the present time.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/fig_039.jpg" width="600" height="393" alt="" title="Fig. 39." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 39. <span class="smcap">Showing construction of barn in <a href="#F40">fig. 40</a>. Hoops in place
+ready for perpendicular siding; Roof sheathed for shingles.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a id="F40" name="F40"></a>
+<img src="images/fig_040.jpg" width="600" height="373" alt="" title="Fig. 40." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 40. <span class="smcap">Barn 102 feet in diameter and 85 feet high.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 42]</span></p>
+
+<h2>DISADVANTAGES OF THE POLYGONAL BARN.</h2>
+
+<p>A polygonal barn has the disadvantages of both the rectangular
+and the round barn, and is less stable than either. It must
+necessarily have a heavy frame, which is expensive, and as the siding
+cannot run around the corners, it is very difficult to tie the different
+sides together sufficiently to prevent the barn being racked
+by the wind.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Barn No.</span> 6</h3>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/fig_041.jpg" width="550" height="533" alt="" title="Fig. 41." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 41. <span class="smcap">Barn No. 6; 85 feet in diameter; Same scale as drawing on
+opposite page.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>16-sided.</p>
+
+<p>Built, 1888.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 43]</span>Diameter, 85 feet.</p>
+
+<p>Height, 26-foot posts on 9-foot wall.</p>
+
+<p>Capacity, 88 cows; 350 tons of hay.</p>
+
+<p>Foundation and first story, cement wall 9 feet above cement
+floor.</p>
+
+<p>Supports, 4&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;8s, placed just back of stanchions, 3 feet on center.</p>
+
+<p>Studs, 2&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;10s, 26 feet long, placed 2<sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>2</sub> feet on center.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 532px;">
+<img src="images/fig_042.png" width="532" height="550" alt="" title="Fig. 42." />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 42. <span class="smcap">Arrangement of cow stable in Barn No. 6.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Joists 3&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;12s, 20 feet long, 14 inches on center for main span.</p>
+
+<p>Rafters, self-supporting. Sheathed with 1&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;6s with no space
+between. This roof has a purline plate thrown in the gambrel.
+The plate is supported only by the braces which tie the joints.</p>
+
+<p>The barn has been racked three times by the wind, replumbed
+and heavy iron rods put in to brace it, yet it is out of plumb at the
+present time.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 44]</span></p>
+<h2><a name="Sec_10" id="Sec_10"></a>CONCLUSIONS</h2>
+
+<p>In summing up the data given in this bulletin, it is obvious that
+the advantages of the round barn are convenience, strength, and
+cheapness.</p>
+
+<p>The round barn is the more convenient, because of the unobstructed
+mow, which reduces the labor required in mowing hay, and
+because of the greater ease and fewer steps with which the feed
+can be gotten to the cows, owing to the central location of the
+supply.</p>
+
+<p>The circular construction is the strongest because advantage is
+taken of the lineal strength of the lumber. All exposed surfaces
+are circular, and withstand greater wind pressure, as the wind can
+get no direct hold, as on the sides or gable ends of a rectangular
+barn.</p>
+
+<p>In round numbers, rectangular barns require, according to their
+construction, from 34 to 58 percent more in cost of material than
+round barns with the same floor area and built of the same grade
+of material.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p class="title">TRANSCRIBER NOTES:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Punctuation has been normalized without note.</p>
+
+<p>Scale references in photos have not been retained.</p>
+
+<p>Footnotes have been moved to the end of each section.</p>
+
+<p>Hyphenation of words has been changed to be more consistent throughout the text.</p>
+
+<p>Some page numbers are missing due to movement of tables from their original location.</p>
+
+<p>Page 6: "betwen" changed to "between" (midway between the silo and the outside wall).</p></blockquote>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Economy of the Round Dairy Barn, by 
+Wilber John Fraser
+
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+</body>
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+Project Gutenberg's Economy of the Round Dairy Barn, by Wilber John Fraser
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Economy of the Round Dairy Barn
+
+Author: Wilber John Fraser
+
+Release Date: December 16, 2011 [EBook #38321]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ECONOMY OF THE ROUND DAIRY BARN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Pat McCoy and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER NOTES:
+
+    Words in bold in the original are bracketed in equal signs
+    (=).
+
+    Words in italics in the original are bracketed by underscores
+    (_).
+
+    The tables have been modified to fit by creating a key for
+    the first column. The key precedes the tables.
+
+    Footnotes have been moved closer to the reference.
+
+    Additional notes can be found at the end of the text.
+
+
+
+
+  UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
+
+  Agricultural Experiment Station
+
+
+  BULLETIN NO. 143
+
+
+  ECONOMY OF THE ROUND
+  DAIRY BARN
+
+
+  BY WILBER J. FRASER
+
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+
+  URBANA, ILLINOIS, FEBRUARY, 1910
+
+
+
+
+SUMMARY OF BULLETIN NO. 143
+
+
+    1. Round barns would be more generally built if their
+       advantages were known and if the few which have been
+       erected had been rightly constructed.                    Page  1.
+
+    2. The round dairy barn offers greater convenience in
+       storing, handling and distributing the feed.             Page  5.
+
+    3. In the circular construction, much greater strength is
+       secured with less lumber.                                Page  6.
+
+    4. The material for rectangular barns costs from 34 to 58
+       percent more than for round barns of the same area and
+       capacity.                                                Page  7.
+
+    5. Round and rectangular barns compared.                    Page 11.
+
+    6. Round and rectangular barns, including silos, compared.  Page 13.
+
+    7. Detailed account, with illustrations showing how the
+       round barn at the University was built.                  Page 17.
+
+    8. Itemized statement of cost of a 60-foot round barn.      Page 29.
+
+    9. Brief descriptions with illustrations and plans of
+       several round dairy barns in actual use.                 Page 31.
+
+   10. Conclusions. The advantages of the round dairy barn
+       are convenience, strength and cheapness.                 Page 44.
+
+
+
+
+ECONOMY OF THE ROUND DAIRY BARN
+
+FULL SPECIFICATIONS AND DETAILED COST AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW
+SIXTY-FOOT CIRCULAR DAIRY BARN AT THE UNIVERSITY. SAVING OF ROUND OVER
+RECTANGULAR BARNS. NOTES ON SEVERAL ROUND BARNS ON DAIRY FARMS.[A]
+
+    [A] Special acknowledgment is made to Mr. H. E. Crouch and
+    Mr. R. E. Brand for their assistance in working out the
+    detailed data which are the bases for the economic
+    comparisons of the round and rectangular barns made in this
+    bulletin.
+
+BY W. J. FRASER, CHIEF IN DAIRY HUSBANDRY
+
+    The planning, construction, and arrangement of farm buildings
+    do not usually receive the thought and study these subjects
+    warrant. How many dairymen have compared a circular, 40-cow
+    barn with the common rectangular building containing the same
+    area? How many understand that the circular structure is much
+    the stronger; that the rectangular form requires 22 percent
+    more wall and foundation to enclose the same space; and that
+    the cost of material is from 34 to 58 percent more for the
+    rectangular building?
+
+
+In a community in which everyone is engaged in the same occupation, one
+person is likely to copy from his neighbor without apparently giving a
+thought as to whether or not there is a better way.
+
+In a district of Kane county, Illinois, a certain type of dairy barn is
+used by nearly everyone, while in the next county a distinctly different
+type prevails, and the dairy barns of another adjacent county differ
+from those of either of the former, simply because the early settlers of
+this particular locality came from an eastern state and started building
+the style of barn then common in Pennsylvania.
+
+In a certain community in Ohio where a milk condensing factory is
+located, a large number of farmers have barns 36 x 60 feet, with an "L"
+the same size. The loft of the "L" is used for the storage of straw, and
+the cows run loose in the lower portion. These barns are all built on
+practically the same plan and are usually of the same size, and this is
+the only community known to the writer where this form of barn is used
+in this manner.
+
+This tendency to imitate emphasizes the fact that men do not exercise
+sufficient originality. Because most barns are rectangular is no reason
+that this is the best and most economical form.
+
+
+
+
+WHY MORE ROUND BARNS ARE NOT BUILT
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1. BARN NO. 5. 100 FEET IN DIAMETER, SCALE 20 FEET
+TO ONE INCH; SHOWING INCREASED MOW CAPACITY GIVEN BY SELF-SUPPORTING
+ROOF.]
+
+In an early day when lumber was cheap, buildings were built of logs, or
+at least had heavy frames. Under these conditions, the rectangular barn
+was the one naturally used, and people have followed in the footsteps of
+their forefathers in continuing this form of barn. The result is that
+the economy and advantages of the round barn have apparently never been
+considered. This is because they are not obvious at first sight, and
+become fully apparent only after a detailed study of the construction.
+For these reasons, the rectangular form still continues to be built,
+altho it requires much more lumber. As the price of lumber has advanced
+so materially in recent years, the possible saving in this material is a
+large item, and well worth investigating.
+
+The objections to round barns have usually been made by those who have
+only a superficial knowledge of the subject, and do not really
+understand the relative merits of the two forms. To the writer's
+knowledge, there has never been published a carefully figured out,
+detailed comparison of a properly constructed circular barn with the
+rectangular barn.
+
+The difficulty with most round barns that have been built, thus far, is
+that they do not have a self-supporting roof, and consequently lose many
+of the advantages of a properly constructed round barn. This is the
+principal reason why round barns have not become more popular. A
+straight roof necessarily requires many supports in the barn below.
+These are both costly and inconvenient, and make the roof no stronger
+than a dome-shaped, self-supporting roof which nearly doubles the
+capacity of the mow. See Fig. (1).
+
+Many who have thus disregarded capacity have also wasted lumber and made
+a needless amount of work by chopping or hewing out the sill and plate,
+thus requiring more labor and lumber, besides sacrificing the greater
+strength of a built-up sill. Rightly constructed round barns are,
+however, being built to a limited extent. One contractor has erected
+twenty-four round barns, with self-supporting roofs, in the last nine
+years. These barns vary in size from 40 feet in diameter with 18-foot
+posts to 102 feet in diameter with 30-foot posts.
+
+Another reason for the scarcity of round barns is the difficulty in
+getting them built. Most carpenters hesitate to undertake the work
+because in the erection of a round barn the construction should be
+entirely different from that of the rectangular form. Many new problems
+present themselves, but when these are once understood, the round barn
+offers no more difficulties in construction than the rectangular form.
+It is, however, important to have a head carpenter who is accustomed to
+putting up round barns, as a man with ingenuity and experience can take
+advantage of many opportunities to save labor and material.
+
+
+KIND OF BARN NEEDED
+
+The first thing to consider in the erection of a barn is a convenient
+arrangement for the purpose for which it is to be used. At the
+University of Illinois, two years ago, a twenty-acre demonstration dairy
+farm was started, the sole object being to produce the largest amount of
+milk per acre at the least possible cost. To meet the requirements of a
+barn for this purpose, it became imperative to build one that was
+convenient for feeding and caring for the cows, economical of
+construction, and containing a large storage capacity in both silo and
+mow. These are the requirements of a barn for every practical dairyman.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2. FILLING THE SILO.]
+
+A silo was needed that could be fed from the year round. With the small
+number of cows kept, a deep enough layer of silage could not be fed off
+each day to keep it good thru the summer, if the silo was more than 12
+feet in diameter. As this small diameter was a necessity, it would
+require two silos 33 feet deep to supply enough silage. Two silos of
+such small diameter would not only be costly, but difficult to make
+stand, unless built of concrete. This difficulty was overcome by using
+the circular barn and placing in the center a silo which is 12 feet in
+diameter and 54 feet deep, thus making the one silo, with as much
+capacity as the two before mentioned, answer every purpose. This deep
+silo is an important part of the round barn, as it not only forms a
+support for the roof, but is protected by the barn, thus saving the cost
+of siding. Then, too, besides occupying the space least valuable for
+other purposes, it being centrally located, is in the most convenient
+place for feeding. The silage chute being open at the top forms a
+suction of air, which keeps the silage odor from the barn at milking
+time, and also assists in ventilation when the door to the chute is
+open.
+
+
+
+
+ADVANTAGES OF THE ROUND BARN
+
+    The points of superiority that the round dairy barn shows
+    over the rectangular form are convenience, strength, and
+    cheapness.
+
+
+ROUND BARN MOST CONVENIENT
+
+Considering that the barn on a dairy farm is used twice every day in the
+year, and that for six months each year the cows occupy it almost
+continuously, and that during this time a large amount of the labor of
+the farm is done inside the barn, it is evident that the question of its
+convenience is a vital one. The amount of time and strength wasted in
+useless labor in poorly arranged buildings is appalling. People do not
+stop to consider the saving in a year or a lifetime by having the barn
+so conveniently arranged that there is a saving of only a few seconds on
+each task that has to be done two or three times every day.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3. INTERIOR OF BARN, SECOND FLOOR, SHOWING SILO AND
+LOCATION OF ENSILAGE CUTTER. (TEAM UNHITCHED TO SHOW CUTTER.)]
+
+The round barn has a special advantage in the work of distributing
+silage to the cows. The feeding commences at the chute where it is
+thrown down, and is continued around the circle, ending with the silage
+cart at the chute again, ready for the next feeding. The same thing is
+true in feeding hay and grain.
+
+Still another great advantage is the large unobstructed hay mow. With
+the self-supporting roof, there are no timbers whatever obstructing the
+mow, which means no dragging of hay around posts or over girders. The
+hay carrier runs on a circular track around the mow, midway between the
+silo and the outside wall, and drops the hay at any desired point, thus
+in no case does the hay have to be moved but a few feet, which means a
+saving of much labor in the mowing.
+
+To successfully embody all of the above discussed advantages in a dairy
+barn is one of the large problems in milk production. In a careful study
+of the barn question it soon became apparent that it was impossible to
+embody all of the requirements advantageously in anything but a circular
+form of building, and the 60-foot round barn, which is here described,
+was built.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4. SOUTH VIEW, SHOWING WELL LIGHTED STABLE.]
+
+
+CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION THE STRONGEST
+
+The circular construction is the strongest, because it takes advantage
+of the lineal, instead of the breaking strength of the lumber. Each row
+of boards running around the barn forms a hoop that holds the barn
+together. A barrel, properly hooped and headed, is almost indestructible,
+and much stronger than a box, altho the hoops are small. This strength
+is because the stress comes on the hoops in a lineal direction. Any
+piece of timber is many times stronger on a lineal pull than on a
+breaking stress. Take for example a No. 1 yellow pine 2 x 6, 16 feet
+long, with an actual cross section of 1-5/8 x 5-5/8 inches. If placed
+on edge and supported at the ends, as a joist, the limit of safety for a
+load evenly distributed is 642 pounds, while the limit of safety for a
+load in the lineal direction of the same piece of timber is 12,800
+pounds, or twenty times as great.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5. IN COW STABLE, SHOWING SILO AND FEED ALLEY IN
+CENTER OF BARN; STANCHIONS ON RIGHT, MILK SCALES AND RECORD SHEET ON
+LEFT.]
+
+All exposed surfaces of a round barn are circular, as both the sides and
+roof are arched, which is the strongest form of construction to resist
+wind pressure; besides, the wind, in striking it, glances off and can
+get no direct hold on the walls or roof, as it can on the flat sides or
+gable ends of a rectangular structure. If the lumber is properly placed
+in a round barn, much of it will perform two or more functions. Every
+row of siding boards running around the building serves also as a brace,
+and the same is true of the roof boards and the arched rafters. If the
+siding is put on vertically and the roof built dome-shaped, no
+scaffolding is required inside or out. These are points of economy in
+the round construction.
+
+
+RECTANGULAR BARNS REQUIRE 34 TO 58 PERCENT MORE MATERIAL
+
+In order to compare the amount and cost of material in round and
+rectangular barns, the following figures have been carefully worked out
+by an expert barn builder. Two comparisons, based on wood construction
+thruout, are made, in which round barns 60 feet and 90 feet in diameter
+are compared with both plank and mortise frame rectangular barns
+containing the same number of square feet of floor space, respectively.
+Since the most practical width of a rectangular dairy barn is 36 feet,
+its length will depend upon the number of square feet required in the
+barn.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6. SHOWING CONSTRUCTION OF MORTISE FRAME BARN, END
+VIEW.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7. SHOWING CONSTRUCTION OF PLANK FRAME BARN, SIDE
+VIEW.]
+
+Figures 6 to 9 are side and end views, showing the detail construction
+and size of the timbers of the plank frame and mortise frame barns here
+figured. The detailed figures of the lumber bills for each of these
+barns were carefully worked out, but are too voluminous for publication
+here. The total number of feet of each kind of lumber required is given
+in Tables 1A and 1B. Since the proportion of the different kinds of
+lumber and shingles varied for the different barns, to draw an exact
+comparison it was necessary to base it upon the money value, and for
+this purpose the total cost of lumber has been figured in each case. The
+lumber values used thruout are the best average prices that could be
+obtained. As the same prices are used for the material of all the barns,
+the comparisons of cost are correct, altho these exact prices will not
+hold for all localities and all times.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8. SHOWING CONSTRUCTION OF PLANK FRAME BARN, END
+VIEW.]
+
+Since a silo cannot be economically built inside of a rectangular barn,
+the first comparison is made with the barns simply enclosed, altho one
+of the chief advantages of a round barn is the deep silo which it is
+possible to build so economically in the center.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9. SHOWING CONSTRUCTION OF MORTISE FRAME BARN, SIDE
+VIEW.]
+
+Another item of economy in the circular barn is less framing lumber.
+This form has the strongest possible construction with the least lumber
+in the frame, and the least bracing, not a single timber larger than a
+2 x 6 being required above the sill. The arched circular roof requires no
+supports, and no scaffolding is needed inside during its construction.
+
+The accompanying tables show the comparative amount and value of lumber
+and cubical content in round barns 60 and 90 feet in diameter, and
+rectangular barns of equal area and height of posts.
+
+TABLE 1A.--A COMPARISON OF THE COST OF MATERIAL IN ROUND AND RECTANGULAR
+BARNS OF THE SAME AREA, _Not Including_ Foundation And Silos.
+
+  A: Framing lumber,
+  B: Sheathing, siding, and flooring,
+  C: Shingles,
+  D: Bolts,
+  E: Total cost of lumber,
+  F: Content, cubic feet,
+
+  ==+=====================+===========================================
+    |                     |    Rectangular barn, 36 x 78-1/2 ft.
+    |     Round barn,     +---------------------+---------------------
+    | 60 feet in diameter |    Plank frame      |   Mortise frame
+  --+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------
+  A | 13,976 ft. @ $25    | 19,833 ft. @ $25    | 29,074 ft. @ $25
+    |           = $349.40 |           = $495.83 |           = $726.85
+  B | 12,971 ft. @ $22    | 15,355 ft. @ $22    | 15,355 ft. @ $22
+    |           =  285.36 |            = 337.81 |           =  337.81
+  C | 44,000 @ $3.75      | 45,000 @ $3.75      | 45,000 @ $3.75
+    |           =  165.00 |            = 168.75 |           =  168.75
+  D |                     |               20.88 |
+  --+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------
+  E |            =$799.76=|           =$1023.27=|           =$1233.41=
+  ==+=====================+=====================+=====================
+  F | =117,669=           | =117,138=           | =117,138=
+  ==+=====================+=====================+=====================
+
+
+TABLE 1B.
+
+  A: Framing lumber,
+  B: Sheathing, siding, and flooring,
+  C: Shingles,
+  D: Bolts,
+  E: Total cost of lumber,
+  F: Content, cubic feet,
+
+  ==+=====================+===========================================
+    |                     |    Rectangular barn, 36 x 176-3/4 ft.
+    |     Round barn,     +---------------------+---------------------
+    | 90 feet in diameter |    Plank frame      |   Mortise frame
+  --+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------
+  A | 30,899 ft. @ $25    | 38,815 ft. @ $25    | 59,481 ft. @$25
+    |           = $772.48 |           = $970.38 |           = $1487.03
+  B | 22,375 ft. @ $22    | 28,547 ft. @ $22    | 28,547 ft. @ $22
+    |           =  492.25 |           =  628.03 |           =   628.03
+  C | 97,000   @ $3.75    | 102,000  @ $3.75    | 102,000  @ $3.75
+    |           =  363.75 |            = 382.50 |             = 382.50
+  D |                     |               26.76 |
+  --+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------
+  E |          =$1628.48= |          =$2007.67= |           =$2497.56=
+  ==+=====================+=====================+=====================
+  F | =322,952=           | =270,570=           | =270,570=
+  ==+=====================+=====================+=====================
+
+
+ROUND AND RECTANGULAR BARNS COMPARED
+
+In comparing the 60-foot round barn with a rectangular barn of the same
+area, the two barns should afford the cows the same amount of space on
+the platform. Allowing each cow in the 60-foot round barn 3 feet 6
+inches in width at the rear of the platform, it will accommodate 40 cows
+and leave space for two passage ways. But in a rectangular barn, only 3
+feet 4 inches of platform space need be allowed for each cow, and the
+78-1/2 foot barn, with two 3-foot passage ways across it for convenience
+in feeding, will accommodate 42 cows. While the rectangular barn has
+stall room for two more cows, the round barn contains space in the
+center for a silo 18 feet in diameter.
+
+The floor space and cubical content of the round barn 60 feet in
+diameter, and the rectangular barn compared with it in these tables, are
+practically the same, and the barns are therefore directly comparable.
+This being true, the percentages which were figured from the complete
+bills of material for these barns show the exact saving in lumber on the
+60-foot round barn over the plank and mortise frame rectangular barns
+36 x 78-1/2 feet. The lumber bills of the rectangular barns show an
+increase in cost of 28 percent for the plank frame and 54 percent for
+the mortise frame. The round barn, 60 feet in diameter, contains
+188-1/2, and the rectangular barn 225 lineal feet of wall. The
+rectangular barn has, therefore, 22 percent more lineal feet of outside
+barn wall, requiring a proportional increase in both paint and
+foundation.
+
+The 176-3/4-foot rectangular barn would hold 100 cows, allowing each cow
+3 feet 4 inches in width and providing for 3 passage ways of 3 feet each
+across the barn.
+
+The 90-foot round barn would hold 100 cows in two rows headed together,
+65 of which would be in the outer circle, and have 3 feet 6 inches each
+in width at the gutter. This leaves sufficient room for feed alleys and
+walks, and two passage ways, one three feet and the other seven feet
+wide for the manure and feed carriers. All of this is outside of a
+central space for a silo 20 feet in diameter and 71 feet high, with a
+capacity for 620 tons of silage, and in the mow there would still be an
+excess, above the capacity of the rectangular barn, of 33,000 cubic
+feet, which would hold 66 tons of hay, or as much as the entire mow of
+a barn 32 x 36 feet with 20-foot posts.
+
+TABLE 2A.--A COMPARISON OF THE COST OF MATERIAL IN ROUND AND RECTANGULAR
+BARNS, _Including_ FOUNDATION AND SILOS.
+
+  ========================+=============+=============================
+                          | Round barn, | Rectangular barn,
+                          | 60 feet in  |          36 x 78-1/2 ft.
+                          |  diameter   +-------------+---------------
+                          |             | Plank frame | Mortise frame
+  ------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
+  Lumber in barn,         |   $799.76   |  $1023.27   |  $1233.41
+  Material in foundation, |     86.89   |    105.90   |    105.90
+  Material in silo,       |    159.01   |    295.26   |    295.26
+  ------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
+  Total cost of material  |             |             |
+    in barn,              | =$1045.66=  | =$1424.43=  | =$1634.57=
+  ========================+=============+=============+===============
+  Actual money saved,     |             |  =$378.77=  |  =$588.91=
+  ------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
+  Proportional cost,      |    =100%=   |    =136%=   |    =156%=
+  ========================+=============+=============+===============
+
+
+TABLE 2B.
+
+  ========================+=============+=============================
+                          | Round barn, | Rectangular barn,
+                          | 90 feet in  |          36 x 176-3/4 ft.
+                          |  diameter   +-------------+---------------
+                          |             | Plank frame | Mortise frame
+  ------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
+  Lumber in barn,         |  $1628.48   |  $2007.67   |  $2497.56
+  Material in foundation, |    130.35   |    196.80   |    196.80
+  Material in silo,       |    265.00   |    513.52   |    513.52
+  ------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
+  Total cost of material  |             |             |
+    in barn,              | =$2023.83=  | =$2717.99=  | =$3207.88=
+  ========================+=============+=============+===============
+  Actual money saved,     |             |  =$694.16=  | =$1184.05=
+  ------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
+  Proportional cost,      |    =100%=   |    =134%=   |    =158%=
+  ========================+=============+=============+===============
+
+
+The square feet of floor space in the round barn 90 feet in diameter and
+rectangular barn 36 x 176-3/4 feet are the same, but the cubical content
+of the former is more than that of the latter. The increase in the
+lumber bill is 23 percent in the plank frame and 53 percent in the
+mortise frame barn. The round barn 90 feet in diameter contains 283 and
+the rectangular barn 426 lineal feet of wall. The rectangular barn has,
+therefore, 50 percent more lineal feet of outside barn wall, requiring a
+proportional increase in both paint and foundation.
+
+The smaller surface on the outside wall of the round barn requires less
+paint and makes a proportional saving in keeping the round barn painted
+in after years.
+
+
+ROUND AND RECTANGULAR BARNS, _Including Silos_, COMPARED
+
+Owing to the fact that a silo is a necessity for the most economical
+production of milk, a barn is not complete for a dairyman's purpose
+unless it includes a silo with capacity to store sufficient silage for
+the herd. In the case of the round barn, the silo is most economically
+built inside, but in the rectangular form would cause a waste of space,
+and for that reason is best erected outside. Therefore, in comparing a
+round dairy barn with a rectangular dairy barn, silos should be
+included.
+
+In figuring the cost of materials in the silos for the round and
+rectangular barns, the capacity needed in each case was determined in
+the following manner: Allowing 40 pounds of silage per cow per day for 7
+winter months and 25 pounds per cow per day for 3 months during the
+summer, would require for 40 cows 220 tons; then allowing one-eighth for
+waste would make the silage requirement 248 tons. As the silo in the
+round barn 60 feet in diameter is 53 feet deep, it would need to be only
+16 feet in diameter to hold 250 tons. This diameter is sufficiently
+small to allow summer feeding without waste. To erect a silo outside of
+a barn, with sufficient stability to stand well, the height above ground
+should not be much more than twice the diameter, and in order to avoid
+waste for summer feeding, the diameter should not be greater than 16
+feet for a herd of 40 cows. In order that a deep enough layer of silage
+can be fed off each day during the summer to avoid waste, it is evident
+that to store 250 tons of silage outside the barn, two silos would be
+required. One of these should be 16 feet in diameter and 36 feet deep,
+holding 154 tons, and the other 13 feet in diameter and 36 feet deep,
+holding 102 tons, making a total silo capacity of 256 tons.
+
+As the large barns hold 100 cows, the same allowance of silage per cow
+for the season would require silo capacity for 620 tons. As the silo in
+the round barn 90 feet in diameter would be 71 feet deep, it would need
+to be only 20 feet in diameter to hold 620 tons. To store 620 tons of
+silage in silos built outside the rectangular barn would require two
+silos, each 20 feet in diameter and 44 feet deep.[B] These are the sizes
+on which the figures for cost of silos of the Gurler type, given in
+Tables 2A and 2B, were used.
+
+    [B] Since the deeper the silo the more firmly the silage
+    packs, one silo 71 feet deep will hold as much as two silos
+    of the same diameter and 44 feet deep.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10. INTERIOR OF COW STABLE, SHOWING WATER TROUGH
+WITH FLOAT VALVE, SALT BOX, AND DOOR INTO DAIRY.]
+
+The table (page 12) is the final summing up of the cost of all the
+material for the completed dairy barns, with silos, and shows a saving
+of from 34 to 58 percent in favor of the round barn and silo, or an
+actual money saving in this case of from $379 to $1184, depending upon
+the size and construction of the barns.
+
+Thoughtlessly, men go on building rectangular barns, but what would this
+reckless disregard of a possible saving of 34 to 58 percent mean in a
+year's business on the farm? Some illustrations may help us to
+understand what this money saved in building a round barn really amounts
+to, and its convenience is also a great saving. If the dairyman
+discarded the idea of a rectangular barn and built a round barn
+instead, he could take the money thus saved and buy one of the best
+pure-bred sires for his herd, and also three to ten pure-bred heifers or
+fine grade cows. Either of these purchases might double the profit of
+the herd. Or, this saving, properly applied, would purchase many
+labor-saving devices which would make life less of a drudgery on many
+dairy farms. Is not such a saving worth while?
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11. COW COMFORT IN A ROUND BARN.]
+
+When the comparative cost and merit of two constructions are known, it
+is a poor financier who will pay extra for the one which is inferior. If
+a man received bids from contractors for a building, he would be a
+foolish man who would accept one which is from 34 to 58 percent higher
+than the lowest bidder, especially when he knew the lowest bidder would
+put up the most convenient and substantial building.
+
+
+
+
+DISADVANTAGES OF THE ROUND DAIRY BARN
+
+
+The disadvantages of the round dairy barn are, that it cannot be
+enlarged by building on as readily as can the rectangular form, but as
+the round barn may be built higher to the eaves than a rectangular barn
+36 feet wide, provision can be made for the growth of the herd by
+building so as to put cows in the second story and still leave
+sufficient mow room for hay.
+
+The objection is frequently raised that a round barn is difficult to
+light. This difficulty is entirely overcome in a barn 90 feet or less in
+diameter, if a sufficient number of properly spaced windows are used.
+See Figs. 4 and 30. With the same number of windows, the light is more
+evenly distributed in a round barn and the sun can shine directly into
+some portion at all hours of the day during the winter.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 12. FIRST STORY WALL, AND FOUNDATION FOR SILO, FEED
+ALLEY, AND MANGER; SILL IN PLACE, READY FOR JOISTS AND STUDS.]
+
+The objection has been raised that rectangular objects cannot be placed
+in a circle without a waste of space, but this does not apply to a dairy
+barn, as the storage of hay and grain depends upon cubical content,
+alone, and silos should always be circular, no matter where built. Cows,
+when lying down, are decidedly wedge-shaped, requiring much less space
+in front than behind. The objection may be raised, with round barns
+large enough for two rows of cows, that the row headed out does not use
+the space as economically as in the rectangular form, because a cow
+needs more width at the rear of the platform than at the manger. Where
+there are two rows of cows, the inner row is usually headed out, and as
+only about one-third of the cows are in this row, this loss of space is
+counterbalanced by the large number of cows in the outer circle using
+the space more economically than they do in the rectangular barn.
+
+Box stalls cannot be as conveniently arranged, but in a one-row barn,
+gates hung on the outside and swung around to the manger, form stalls
+for cows at freshening time, and in a barn with two rows, box stalls can
+be arranged in the inner circle.
+
+
+
+
+HOW THE ROUND BARN AT THE UNIVERSITY WAS BUILT
+
+
+The barn is located on the side of a hill, sloping gently to the south
+and east. With this location, it was an advantage to excavate 5 feet
+deep on the northwest and run out to the surface of the ground on the
+southeast.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 13. SHOWING TEMPORARY BRACING TO HOLD STUDS IN PLACE
+WHILE SHIP LAP CEILING IS NAILED ON.]
+
+The footing for the foundation is 18 inches wide. A ten-inch brick wall
+was carried up nine feet above the stable floor. This wall contains a
+2-inch air space to prevent moisture from condensing on the inner wall
+and making the barn damp. This is an important point, as barns with a
+solid stone or brick wall are very objectionable on account of dampness.
+It has been proven by two years' use that this difficulty is entirely
+obviated by the air space in the wall.
+
+The foundation for the manger and feed alley is built up 2 feet above
+the stable floor. The foundation for the silo extends 4 feet below the
+stable floor and is continued 9 inches above the floor in the feed
+alley. This silo wall, together with the foundation under the manger,
+forms the foundation for the center supports of the barn. Fig. 12 shows
+the foundation completed.
+
+The silo, which is the Gurler type, was then started and carried up with
+the barn. It was built by placing 2 x 4 studs around the circle, one
+foot on centers, and ceiling inside with 1/2 x 6-inch lumber. This
+1/2-inch lumber was obtained by re-sawing 1 x 6 yellow pine fencing.
+Common lath were then put on horizontally in the regular way inside,
+without furring out, and plastered with rich cement plaster.
+
+The sill of the barn is 6 x 6, made up of 1 x 6s, and built on top of
+the wall. Building it up in this manner makes a stronger sill than can
+be obtained in any other way, as it forms a continuous hoop around the
+barn.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 14. SHOWING HEIGHT AND CONSTRUCTION OF SILO, SIDING
+COMPLETED, AND FOUR MAIN RAFTERS IN PLACE.]
+
+The joists are 2 x 12s notched 6 inches to fit the sill, so that the
+outer ends rest on both the sill and the brick wall. The outer span of
+joists is 14 feet and the inner ends of these joists rest on a similar
+sill built of 1 x 6s on top of the 4 x 4 supports at the stanchions. The
+inner span of joists, between the stanchions and the silo, is 8 feet,
+the outer end resting on the sill over the stanchions, and the inner end
+on a 1-1/2 x 6-inch band, made up of three 1/2 x 6-inch pieces, running
+around the outside of the silo. These joists are placed 2-1/2 feet apart
+at the outside of the barn, and half as many joists are used in the
+inner span, making the joists at the silo one foot apart. The number of
+joists under the driveways are doubled, being only 1 foot and 3 inches
+apart at the outside of the barn.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 15. SHOWING ALL RAFTERS IN PLACE AND METHOD OF
+SHEATHING ROOF.]
+
+The studs, which are 2 x 6s, 20 feet long, were then placed on the sill,
+about 2 feet 6 inches apart, being as evenly spaced between the windows
+as possible, and temporarily braced, as shown in Fig. 13, until the
+8-inch ship lap ceiling could be nailed on the outside. This was carried
+up 5 feet to the second scaffold, and then covered to this height with
+shingles laid 5 inches to the weather. The scaffolding was then moved up
+and this process repeated until the siding was completed. The plate,
+made up of five 1 x 4s, was then built in the notch in the top of the
+studs shown in Fig. 13.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 16. SHOWING HEIGHT OF SILO, CAPACITY OF BARN, AND
+CONSTRUCTION OF ROOF.]
+
+The silo was completed, as before described. The rafters, which were
+framed on the ground, were then erected, as shown in Fig. 14, the first
+eight going to the center of the roof, and the remaining ones were cut
+to rest on the plate of the silo. There are 64 framed rafters, and these
+are the only ones in the upper section of the roof. At the break in the
+roof, a header is cut in between the framed rafters, and in the lower
+section a rafter is placed between these, thus making twice as many
+rafters in the lower section of the roof as in the upper section. After
+the rafters were all in place and temporarily braced, the 1 x 2-inch
+sheathing was put on, as shown in Fig. 15, and the shingles, which were
+the best 5/2 red cedar, were laid 5 inches to the weather on the lower
+section of the roof, and 4 inches to the weather on the upper section,
+as this had less pitch. No chalk line was necessary, as the shingles
+were laid by the sheathing.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 17. SHOWING ARRANGEMENT OF JOISTS AND HOW THE FLOOR
+IS LAID.]
+
+The floor was made of 1 x 8 ship lap, laid in four directions, as shown
+in Fig. 17. In the driveway an extra layer of ship lap was used, making
+this portion of the floor 2 inches thick.
+
+The doorways in the second story are 14 feet wide, and in the lower
+story 12 feet. These openings are closed by two sliding doors, each door
+being made of two sections, hinged together so as to follow the circular
+wall of the barn in opening.
+
+The cow stable is on the ground floor, and well lighted by 16 windows
+having twelve 9 x 12 lights each. There are also six windows in the
+doors. The windows are placed just below the ceiling and admit an
+abundance of sunshine at all times of the day, which is one of the
+essentials of a good dairy barn.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 18. SHOWING PRESENT ARRANGEMENT OF COW STABLE. THERE
+ARE STANCHIONS AND MANGERS FOR 28 COWS, AND 2200 SQ. FT. OF FLOOR SPACE
+IN WHICH THE COWS CAN RUN LOOSE. THE GATES ARE SWUNG INTO THE PRESENT
+POSITION WHEN BOX STALLS ARE NEEDED.]
+
+The floor, back of the manger, is of clay, except at the door, where a
+small portion is covered with cement. The cows run loose except at
+feeding and milking time, when they are placed in rigid stanchions. It
+must be distinctly understood that rigid stanchions are strongly
+condemned as a cow tie, where cows are to remain in them all night, but
+as they are here used merely to hold the cow during milking, they are
+both economical and convenient.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 19. SHOWING CROSS SECTION OF 60-FOOT ROUND BARN.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 20. CLEANING OUT COW STABLE WITH THREE-HORSE MANURE
+SPREADER.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 21. COWS IN STANCHION AT MILKING TIME.]
+
+Running cows loose in this manner is an excellent method, where bedding
+is abundant and sufficient space is available, as the cows are more
+comfortable, and all fertility is saved. There is no waste from
+leaching, as when the manure lies exposed to the weather. This method
+saves the labor of cleaning the stable, as the manure is loaded into the
+spreader and hauled directly upon the land whenever convenient, and the
+land is in the best condition to receive it.[C]
+
+    [C] For a more detailed discussion of the advantages of
+    keeping cows in this manner, see Illinois Agricultural
+    Experiment Station Circular No. 93.
+
+Three gates are hung on posts at the outside wall, and when box stalls
+are needed, these are swung around to the manger, as shown in Fig. 18.
+The south door in the cow stable can be closed by slatted gates, thus
+affording an abundance of fresh air and sunshine on nice days, without
+letting the cows out of the barn.
+
+
+SYSTEM OF VENTILATION
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 21. CONTINUED.]
+
+The system of ventilation is the "King." To economize space and lumber,
+the hay chute is used for a ventilator. This chute, which extends to the
+cupola, is 2-1/4 x 3-1/2 feet, having a cross section area of 8 sq. ft.,
+which, with a good draft, is sufficient for 40 cows. In order that this
+combination of ventilator and hay chute prove practical, doors thru
+which the hay could be thrust were placed at intervals in the side of
+the chute. These doors are hinged at the top, opening in, and close
+immediately after the hay drops, thus maintaining a closed ventilator
+chute. The air is drawn in at the bottom, the amount being regulated by
+means of a sliding door in the side. As this chute is 50 feet high, it
+creates a strong suction.
+
+
+THE MILK ROOM
+
+To economize space, the milk room, 12 x 16 feet, is located under the
+north driveway. The brick walls under the drive form the sides of this
+room, and the floor of the drive, which is made of 2 x 6s grooved on
+both edges, forms the roof. The grooves in the flooring were filled with
+white lead, and a wooden strip, fitted to fill the grooves of both
+planks, was driven in, forming a water-tight floor. This floor was
+covered with hot tar and sand 1/2 inch thick. The milk room is plastered
+on the inside, the plaster being applied directly to the brick walls,
+excepting in the case of the ceiling, which is lathed. The floor and
+cooling tank are of cement. The passage from the barn to the milk room
+is thru a small hallway, which is open to the outside, thus preventing
+the stable air getting into the milk room.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 22. FEED ALLEY, SHOWING COMBINED HAY CHUTE AND
+VENTILATOR. A DOOR ON THE SIDE WHICH IS HINGED AT THE BOTTOM, 3 FEET
+FROM THE FLOOR, IS LET IN TOWARD THE SILO, SLIDING THE HAY ONTO THE
+FLOOR. IN HOT WEATHER THIS OPENING TAKES THE HEAT OUT OF THE BARN;
+DURING THE WINTER THIS DOOR IS KEPT CLOSED AND THE VENTILATION IS
+REGULATED BY RAISING THE SLIDE, AS SHOWN IN THE CUT.]
+
+
+BARN SATISFACTORY
+
+This round dairy barn above described has been in use for over two years
+at the University of Illinois, and has given entire satisfaction.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 23. NORTHEAST VIEW, SHOWING DAIRY UNDER DRIVEWAY.
+THE BARN IS ON THE SAME SCALE AS THE DRAWING ON PAGE 28.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 24. INTERIOR OF DAIRY; COOLING TANK ON LEFT.]
+
+
+RE-ARRANGEMENT OF BARN TO ACCOMMODATE 40 COWS
+
+If it is desired to keep cows in stalls in a round barn of this size,
+the circular manger can be enlarged to 38 feet in diameter, which gives
+room for forty cows, as shown in Fig. 25, and the silo, to hold
+sufficient silage to feed the year round, enlarged to 18 feet in
+diameter. The present mow room is sufficient to store enough hay and
+bedding for this number of cows.
+
+The barn on the Twenty-acre Demonstration Dairy Farm was built this
+large, as it was thought it might be desired at some future time to
+increase the size of the farm and herd, and the barn could easily be
+changed to accommodate a larger herd by simply enlarging the silo,
+without rebuilding the barn.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 25. SHOWING HOW THIS 60-FOOT BARN MAY BE ARRANGED TO
+ACCOMMODATE 40 COWS IN STALLS. TO SUPPLY THIS SIZED HERD AND THE
+NECESSARY YOUNG STOCK WITH SILAGE FOR EIGHT MONTHS WOULD REQUIRE A
+370-TON SILO, OR ONE 18 FEET IN DIAMETER AND 56 FEET DEEP; WITH A
+SEVEN-FOOT FEED ALLEY AND A 2-1/2-FOOT MANGER, THE CIRCLE AT THE
+STANCHIONS WOULD BE 38 FEET IN DIAMETER, OR 119-1/3 FEET IN
+CIRCUMFERENCE; ALLOWING 4-1/4 FEET FOR TWO PASSAGE WAYS, THE STALLS
+WOULD BE 2 FEET 10-1/2 INCHES WIDE AT THE STANCHION, AND 3 FEET 6 INCHES
+AT THE DROP.]
+
+
+ITEMIZED COST OF THIS ROUND BARN
+
+  Excavating, foundation, and first story brick wall        $904.00
+
+  Lumber:
+
+    149 pieces, 1     x  4     x 16        Y. P.
+     31   "     1     x  4     x 14       Cypress
+     16   "     1     x  4     x 12          "
+    165   "     1     x  6     x 16        Y. P.
+     17   "     1     x  6     x 14          "
+    226   "     2     x  4     x 12          "
+     20   "     2     x  4     x 16          "
+      6   "     2     x  4     x 14          "
+     15   "     4     x  4     x 14          "
+    120   "     2     x 12     x 16          "
+     23   "     2     x 12     x 14          "
+    100   "     2     x  6     x 20          "
+    144   "     2     x  6     x 16          "
+     67   "     2     x  6     x 18          "
+      4   "     2     x  6     x 26          "
+     60   "     2     x  6     x 12          "
+     30   "     2     x  6     x 22          "
+      4   "     2     x  6     x 24          "
+      6   "     2     x  8     x 10          "
+      9   "     2     x  8     x 16          "
+      4   "     2     x 10     x 14          "
+     11   "     2     x 10     x 12          "
+      1   "     2     x 10     x 22          "
+      1   "     1     x 10     x 12          "
+      1   "     1     x 10     x 14       Cypress
+      2   "     1     x 12     x 14          "
+     22   "     1-1/8 x  8     x 10       Cyp. S2S
+      2   "     1     x  1-1/8 x 12 x 14     "
+      2   "     1     x  1-1/8 x 12 x 16     "
+    6000 feet of 8-inch ship lap
+    3150 feet of 10-inch ship lap
+      71 M 5/2 red cedar shingles
+     165 Lineal feet of 2-inch Cr. molding
+     240 Lineal feet of Cr. molding
+     270 feet of 4-inch Y. P. S1S
+    4000 feet of 6-inch rough pine
+      62 feet of 3/8-inch Y. P. Ceiling
+     850 feet of 6-inch No. 1 flooring
+     230 feet of 6-inch fence flooring
+      56 lineal feet of 1/2 x 3-inch battening
+      32 lineal feet of lattice
+     444 lineal feet of 4-inch cypress
+       3 10-foot cedar posts
+            Total cost of lumber                          $1,313.63
+
+        Mill work:
+    Window sash and doors                                   $270.00
+    Window and door frames                                    71.00
+    Sawing lumber for silo, roof, bridge and stanchions       29.78
+    Cost of hardware                                          96.57
+
+        Carpenter work:
+    Head carpenter                518 hrs. @ 40c = $207.20
+    Carpenters                   1057 hrs. @ 35c =  369.95
+    Common labor                  429 hrs. @ 20c =   85.80
+                                                   -------
+            Total cost for carpenter work                    662.95
+
+    Tiling around barn and silo, sewer from dairy room,
+      retaining wall, cement floor in alley, dairy,
+      doorway of barn, and steps and tanks                   128.54
+    Plastering dairy room and inside of silo                 104.60
+    Painting                                                  89.54
+                                                           --------
+            Total cost of barn                             $3670.61
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 26. BARN NO. 2. 80 FEET IN DIAMETER; ENGINE ROOM IN
+FOREGROUND.]
+
+The cost of this barn, if built on the ordinary dairy farm, could be
+materially reduced without shortening the life of the barn. Owing to the
+conditions under which this barn was built, it was necessary to pay for
+hauling all material to the farm, two and one-half miles from town. All
+of the labor had to be hired, and as it was necessary for the men to
+board themselves the wages paid were proportionately higher. The farmer
+usually does the excavating and hauls the brick, sand, and lumber with
+his own teams, tends the mason, and does quite an amount of the rough
+work with his own help, besides boarding the men, all of which would
+greatly reduce the cost. The construction could also be cheapened by
+using drop siding to cover the outside, instead of shingles, which in
+this case were used over ship lap on the side walls to improve the
+appearance. This barn could be still further cheapened by putting hoops,
+five feet apart, around the studs, and covering with common 1 x 12
+boards, put on vertically, as is done in some cases. A saving could also
+be made on the mill work and large doors by having the carpenters make
+these plainer and leave the windows out of them.
+
+Anyone wishing to build a round barn can get local bids on the lumber
+bill, and determine approximately the cost in his locality. This will
+vary with both the location and the year.
+
+
+
+
+OTHER ROUND DAIRY BARNS
+
+
+BARN NO. 2
+
+Built 1897.
+
+Diameter, 80 feet.
+
+Capacity, 75 cows in 2 rows, tails together, 51 head in outer circle, 24
+head in inner circle.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 27. INTERIOR OF BARN NO. 2. SHOWING TWO ROWS OF
+STANCHIONS AND DRIVE BEHIND COWS WHICH IS USED IN CLEANING BARN; SILO ON
+RIGHT.]
+
+Cost, $1800.
+
+Studs, 2 x 6s, placed 2-1/2 feet on center.
+
+Supports, two 2 x 6s in each stanchion.
+
+Joists, main span 3 x 12s, 20 feet long, placed 14 inches on center.
+Short spans over feed alleys, 2 x 10s.
+
+Plate, 1 x 10-inch boards sprung around near top of studs.
+
+Roof supports, 6 x 6s placed 12 feet apart. Purline plate rests on these
+posts and consists of 1 x 8s sprung to the circle.
+
+Siding, 8-inch, put on horizontally, first story ceiled inside.
+
+To clean out, a wagon is driven around between the two rows of cows.
+
+The chief objection to this barn is insufficient light in the cow
+stable.
+
+This barn and No. 3 are approximately the same in construction, and are
+more substantially built than barns No. 4 and 5.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 28. ARRANGEMENT OF COW STABLE IN BARN NO. 2; TWO
+ROWS OF COWS TAILED TOGETHER. THE BARN IS CLEANED BY DRIVING AROUND
+BEHIND THE COWS.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 29. BARN NO. 3. 80 FEET IN DIAMETER.]
+
+
+BARN NO. 4
+
+Built in 1900.
+
+Diameter, 90 feet.
+
+Capacity, 105 cows, two rows heading together.
+
+Cost, $3000.
+
+Foundation, width at base and top, 18 inches; depth in ground, 20
+inches, (not sufficient).
+
+Sills, 2 x 8s, sawed in short lengths, and placed flatwise.
+
+Studding, 20-foot 2 x 8s, placed 3 feet on center and toenailed to sill.
+
+Supports, first story 4 x 4s placed between stanchions in each row,
+making two rows of supports between the outside wall and the silo; 4 x
+4s cut to a circle placed on top of these supports. The outside span,
+over cows, is 13 feet 6 inches; middle span, over feed alley, 6 feet 8
+inches, and inside span, over cows, 13 feet.
+
+Joists, 2 x 8s placed 3 feet apart at studs on outside wall. There are
+as many joists in center of barn as at the outside.
+
+Supports, second-story, consist of one row of posts running around at a
+point immediately under the break in the roof. These are 16 feet apart
+and are made of three 2 x 8s kept 2 inches apart by horizontal braces
+which run from studding near the eave thru these posts to studding in
+silo. See Fig. 31.
+
+Plate, rafter is set on top of each stud, and no plate is used.
+
+Rafters, 2 x 6s resting on studs at outside and on circular plate at
+break in roof.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 30. BARN NO. 4. 90 FEET IN DIAMETER; ONE OF THE FEW
+DAIRY BARNS WITH SUFFICIENT LIGHT; SAME SCALE AS DRAWING ON PAGE 37.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 31. SILO IN CENTER OF BARN NO. 4; UPPER PORTION IN
+HAY LOFT. LOWER PORTION IN COW STABLE.]
+
+Siding, 8-inch drop siding, put on horizontally, nailed with 10d nails.
+Ends holding well.
+
+Windows, 12 light, 10 x 12 glass; one window every six feet. This gives
+an abundance of light in the center of the barn.
+
+Doors, built on circle; (not satisfactory).
+
+Silo, round; diameter, 24 feet over all; height, 53 feet, exclusive of
+12-foot space for water tank on top; capacity, 500 tons. Studs of silo,
+2 x 4s placed 12 inches on center. Ceiled inside of studs with two
+thicknesses of half-inch lumber with paper between.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 32. INTERIOR OF BARN NO. 4, SHOWING STALLS AND FEED
+ALLEY.]
+
+Remarks: Considering its size, the construction of this barn is
+apparently too light to be substantial, as the joists and studs are too
+small and too far apart, yet it has stood for nine years with no more
+evidence of wear than is common with any barn.
+
+Were the owner to build again he would place the studs only 2-1/2 feet
+apart and use 2 x 12 joists, 2-1/2 feet apart at the outside wall. He
+would also use cement plaster on inside of silo.
+
+The owner says it would have cost him as much to have built a
+rectangular barn without the 500-ton silo, and containing 1300 sq. ft.
+less floor space. In other words, he gained a 500-ton silo and 1300 sq.
+ft. of floor space, besides an immense amount of mow room, by building a
+circular barn.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 33. ARRANGEMENT OF COW STABLE IN BARN NO. 4, 90 FEET
+IN DIAMETER; TWO ROWS OF COWS HEADED TOGETHER.]
+
+
+BARN NO. 5
+
+Built in 1906.
+
+Diameter, 100 feet.
+
+Capacity, 115 cows.
+
+Cost, $3400.
+
+Studding, 16-foot 2 x 6s, placed 3 feet on centers.
+
+Supports, 3 rows 4 x 4s.
+
+Joists, 2 x 10s, placed 3 feet on centers. Hemlock and yellow pine.
+
+Floor, laid in eight directions.
+
+Rafters, 2 x 6s spiked to studs. A band of two 1 x 6s is placed around
+the studs just below the rafters, and helps support the rafters.
+
+Supports for roof. There are three purline plates. Two of these are
+supported by posts, the other by braces running out from the silo. The
+roof is straight from eaves to peak. The bracing is similar to that of
+barn No. 4.
+
+Silo, 18 feet in diameter, 56 feet deep, 2 feet in ground. Capacity, 350
+tons.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 34. BARN 92 FEET IN DIAMETER; TWO ROWS OF COWS
+HEADED TOGETHER; SILO IN CENTER.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 35. VIEW OF 70-FOOT SELF-SUPPORTING ROOF ON BARN
+SHOWN IN FIG. 36; NOTE HOOPS ON STUDS IN RIGHT FOREGROUND.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 36. BARN 70 FEET IN DIAMETER; FRAME HOOPED FOR
+PERPENDICULAR SIDING; LOWER SECTION SIDED.]
+
+
+THE SMALL DAIRYMAN'S BARN
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 37. BARN 40 FEET IN DIAMETER.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 38. BARN 48 FEET IN DIAMETER, 16-FOOT POSTS; NOTE
+METHOD OF TAKING HAY INTO SMALL ROUND BARN.]
+
+The round barns previously described do not meet the needs of the man
+with only a few cows. He usually wants a general-purpose barn. The
+circular form can be made satisfactory for this purpose if proper
+attention is given to the plan. It is necessary that the cow stable be
+distinctly separated from all other stock by a tight wall. Round barns
+with this arrangement are giving satisfaction in Illinois at the present
+time.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 39. SHOWING CONSTRUCTION OF BARN IN FIG. 40. HOOPS
+IN PLACE READY FOR PERPENDICULAR SIDING; ROOF SHEATHED FOR SHINGLES.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 40. BARN 102 FEET IN DIAMETER AND 85 FEET HIGH.]
+
+
+
+
+DISADVANTAGES OF THE POLYGONAL BARN.
+
+
+A polygonal barn has the disadvantages of both the rectangular and the
+round barn, and is less stable than either. It must necessarily have a
+heavy frame, which is expensive, and as the siding cannot run around the
+corners, it is very difficult to tie the different sides together
+sufficiently to prevent the barn being racked by the wind.
+
+
+BARN NO. 6
+
+16-sided.
+
+Built, 1888.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 41. BARN NO. 6; 85 FEET IN DIAMETER; SAME SCALE AS
+DRAWING ON OPPOSITE PAGE.]
+
+Diameter, 85 feet.
+
+Height, 26-foot posts on 9-foot wall.
+
+Capacity, 88 cows; 350 tons of hay.
+
+Foundation and first story, cement wall 9 feet above cement floor.
+
+Supports, 4 x 8s, placed just back of stanchions, 3 feet on center.
+
+Studs, 2 x 10s, 26 feet long, placed 2-1/2 feet on center.
+
+Joists 3 x 12s, 20 feet long, 14 inches on center for main span.
+
+Rafters, self-supporting. Sheathed with 1 x 6s with no space between.
+This roof has a purline plate thrown in the gambrel. The plate is
+supported only by the braces which tie the joints.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 42. ARRANGEMENT OF COW STABLE IN BARN NO. 6.]
+
+The barn has been racked three times by the wind, replumbed and heavy
+iron rods put in to brace it, yet it is out of plumb at the present
+time.
+
+
+
+
+CONCLUSIONS
+
+
+In summing up the data given in this bulletin, it is obvious that the
+advantages of the round barn are convenience, strength, and cheapness.
+
+The round barn is the more convenient, because of the unobstructed mow,
+which reduces the labor required in mowing hay, and because of the
+greater ease and fewer steps with which the feed can be gotten to the
+cows, owing to the central location of the supply.
+
+The circular construction is the strongest because advantage is taken of
+the lineal strength of the lumber. All exposed surfaces are circular,
+and withstand greater wind pressure, as the wind can get no direct hold,
+as on the sides or gable ends of a rectangular barn.
+
+In round numbers, rectangular barns require, according to their
+construction, from 34 to 58 percent more in cost of material than round
+barns with the same floor area and built of the same grade of material.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TRANSCRIBER NOTES:
+
+    Punctuation has been normalized without note.
+
+    Hyphenation of words has been changed to be more consistent
+    throughout the text.
+
+    Page 6: "betwen" changed to "between" (midway between the silo and
+    the outside wall).
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Economy of the Round Dairy Barn, by
+Wilber John Fraser
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ECONOMY OF THE ROUND DAIRY BARN ***
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