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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The American Indian as Slaveholder and
+Seccessionist, by Annie Heloise Abel
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The American Indian as Slaveholder and Seccessionist
+       An Omitted Chapter in the Diplomatic History of the Southern Confederacy
+
+Author: Annie Heloise Abel
+
+Release Date: November 30, 2011 [EBook #38173]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN INDIAN AS SLAVEHOLDER ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Slaveholding Indians
+
+  (1) As Slaveholder and Secessionist
+  (2) As Participants in the Civil War
+  (3) Under Reconstruction
+
+Vol. I
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: INDIAN TERRITORY, 1861 [_From General Land Office_]]
+
+
+
+
+  The American Indian as
+  Slaveholder and Secessionist
+
+  AN OMITTED CHAPTER IN
+  THE DIPLOMATIC HISTORY OF THE
+  SOUTHERN CONFEDERACY
+
+
+  BY ANNIE HELOISE ABEL, PH.D.
+
+
+  THE ARTHUR H. CLARK COMPANY
+  CLEVELAND: 1915
+
+
+
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY
+  ANNIE HELOISE ABEL
+
+
+
+
+TO MY FATHER AND MOTHER
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+      PREFACE                                                         13
+
+    I GENERAL SITUATION IN THE INDIAN COUNTRY, 1830-1860              17
+
+   II INDIAN TERRITORY IN ITS RELATIONS WITH TEXAS AND ARKANSAS       63
+
+  III THE CONFEDERACY IN NEGOTIATION WITH THE INDIAN TRIBES          127
+
+   IV THE INDIAN NATIONS IN ALLIANCE WITH THE CONFEDERACY            207
+
+      APPENDIX A--FORT SMITH PAPERS                                  285
+
+      APPENDIX B--THE LEEPER OR WICHITA AGENCY PAPERS                329
+
+      SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY                                          359
+
+      INDEX                                                          369
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+  INDIAN TERRITORY, 1861                                  _Frontispiece_
+
+  MAP SHOWING FREE NEGRO SETTLEMENTS IN THE CREEK COUNTRY             25
+
+  PORTRAIT OF COLONEL DOWNING, CHEROKEE                               65
+
+  PORTRAIT OF JOHN ROSS, PRINCIPAL CHIEF OF THE CHEROKEES            112
+
+  PORTRAIT OF COLONEL ADAIR, CHEROKEE                                221
+
+  MAP SHOWING THE RETREAT OF THE LOYAL INDIANS                       263
+
+  FORT MCCULLOCH                                                     281
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+This volume is the first of a series of three dealing with the
+slaveholding Indians as secessionists, as participants in the Civil War,
+and as victims under reconstruction. The series deals with a phase of
+American Civil War history which has heretofore been almost entirely
+neglected or, where dealt with, either misunderstood or misinterpreted.
+Perhaps the third and last volume will to many people be the most
+interesting because it will show, in great detail, the enormous price that
+the unfortunate Indian had to pay for having allowed himself to become a
+secessionist and a soldier. Yet the suggestiveness of this first volume is
+considerably larger than would appear at first glance. It has been
+purposely given a sub-title, in order that the peculiar position of the
+Indian, in 1861, may be brought out in strong relief. He was enough inside
+the American Union to have something to say about secession and enough
+outside of it to be approached diplomatically. It is well to note, indeed,
+that Albert Pike negotiated the several Indian treaties that bound the
+Indian nations in an alliance with the seceded states, under the authority
+of the Confederate State Department, which was a decided advance upon
+United States practice--an innovation, in fact, that marked the tremendous
+importance that the Confederate government attached to the Indian
+friendship. It was something that stood out in marked contrast to the
+indifference manifested at the moment by the authorities at Washington;
+for, while they were neglecting the Indian even to an extent that
+amounted to actual dishonor, the Confederacy was offering him political
+integrity and political equality and was establishing over his country,
+not simply an empty wardship, but a bona fide protectorate.
+
+Granting then that the negotiations of 1861 with the Indian nations
+constitute a phase of southern diplomatic history, it may be well to
+consider to what Indian participation in the Civil War amounted. It was a
+circumstance that was interesting rather than significant; and the
+majority will have to admit that it was a circumstance that could not
+possibly have materially affected the ultimate situation. It was the
+Indian country, rather than the Indian owner, that the Confederacy wanted
+to be sure of possessing; for Indian Territory occupied a position of
+strategic importance, from both the economic and the military point of
+view. The possession of it was absolutely necessary for the political and
+the institutional consolidation of the South. Texas might well think of
+going her own way and of forming an independent republic once again, when
+between her and Arkansas lay the immense reservations of the great tribes.
+They were slaveholding tribes, too, yet were supposed by the United States
+government to have no interest whatsoever in a sectional conflict that
+involved the very existence of the "peculiar institution." Thus the
+federal government left them to themselves at the critical moment and left
+them, moreover, at the mercy of the South, and then was indignant that
+they betrayed a sectional affiliation.
+
+The author deems it of no slight advantage, in undertaking a work of this
+sort, that she is of British birth and antecedents and that her
+educational training, so largely American as it is, has been gained
+without respect to a particular locality. She belongs to no section of
+the Union, has lived, for longer or shorter periods in all sections, and
+has developed no local bias. It is her sincere wish that no charge of
+prejudice can, in ever so small a degree, be substantiated by the
+evidence, presented here or elsewhere.
+
+  ANNIE HELOISE ABEL.
+    Baltimore, September, 1914
+
+
+
+
+I. THE GENERAL SITUATION IN THE INDIAN COUNTRY, 1830-1860
+
+
+Veterans of the Confederate service who saw action along the
+Missouri-Arkansas frontier have frequently complained, in recent years,
+that military operations in and around Virginia during the War between the
+States receive historically so much attention that, as a consequence, the
+steady, stubborn fighting west of the Mississippi River is either totally
+ignored or, at best, cast into dim obscurity. There is much of truth in
+the criticism but it applies in fullest measure only when the Indians are
+taken into account; for no accredited history of the American Civil War
+that has yet appeared has adequately recognized certain rather interesting
+facts connected with that period of frontier development; viz., that
+Indians fought on both sides in the great sectional struggle, that they
+were moved to fight, not by instincts of savagery, but by identically the
+same motives and impulses as the white men, and that, in the final
+outcome, they suffered even more terribly than did the whites. Moreover,
+the Indians fought as solicited allies, some as nations, diplomatically
+approached. Treaties were made with them as with foreign powers and not in
+the farcical, fraudulent way that had been customary in times past. They
+promised alliance and were given in return political position--a fair
+exchange. The southern white man, embarrassed, conceded much, far more
+than he really believed in, more than he ever could or would have
+conceded, had he not himself been so fearfully hard pressed. His own
+predicament, the exigencies of the moment, made him give to the Indian a
+justice, the like of which neither one of them had dared even to dream. It
+was quite otherwise with the northern white man, however; for he,
+self-confident and self-reliant, negotiated with the Indian in the
+traditional way, took base advantage of the straits in which he found him,
+asked him to help him fight his battles, and, in the selfsame moment,
+plotted to dispossess him of his lands, the very lands that had, less than
+five and twenty years before, been pledged as an Indian possession "as
+long as the grass should grow and the waters run."
+
+From what has just been said, it can be easily inferred that two distinct
+groups of Indians will have to be dealt with, a northern and a southern;
+but, for the present, it will be best to take them all together.
+Collectively, they occupied a vast extent of country in the so-called
+great American desert. Their situation was peculiar. Their participation
+in the war, in some capacity, was absolutely inevitable; but, preparatory
+to any right understanding of the reasons, geographical, institutional,
+political, financial, and military, that made it so, a rapid survey of
+conditions ante-dating the war must be considered.
+
+It will be remembered that for some time prior to 1860 the policy[1] of
+the United States government had been to relieve the eastern states of
+their Indian inhabitants and that this it had done, since the first years
+of Andrew Jackson's presidency, by a more or less compulsory removal to
+the country lying immediately west of Arkansas and Missouri. As a result,
+the situation there created was as follows: In the territory comprehended
+in the present state of Kansas, alongside of indigenous tribes, like the
+Kansa and the Osage,[2] had been placed various tribes or portions of
+tribes from the old Northwest[3]--the Shawnees and Munsees from Ohio,[4]
+the Delawares, Kickapoos, Potawatomies, and Miamies from Indiana, the
+Ottawas and Chippewas from Michigan, the Wyandots from Ohio and Michigan,
+the Weas, Peorias, Kaskaskias, and Piankashaws from Illinois, and a few
+New York Indians from Wisconsin. To the southward of all of those northern
+tribal immigrants and chiefly beyond the later Kansas boundary, or in the
+present state of Oklahoma, had been similarly placed the great[5] tribes
+from the South[6]--the Creeks from Georgia and Alabama, the Cherokees
+from Tennessee and Georgia, the Seminoles from Florida, and the Choctaws
+and Chickasaws from Alabama and Mississippi.[7] The population of the
+whole country thus colonized and, in a sense, reduced to the reservation
+system, amounted approximately to seventy-four thousand souls, less than
+seven thousand of whom were north of the Missouri-Compromise line. The
+others were all south of it and, therefore, within a possible slave belt.
+
+This circumstance is not without significance; for it is the colonized, or
+reservation, Indians[8] exclusively that are to figure in these pages and,
+since this story is a chapter in the struggle between the North and the
+South, the proportion of southerners to northerners among the Indian
+immigrants must, in the very nature of things, have weight. The relative
+location of northern and southern tribes seems to have been determined
+with a very careful regard to the restrictions of the Missouri Compromise
+and the interdicted line of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes was
+pretty nearly the boundary between them.[9] That it was so by accident may
+or may not be subject for conjecture. Fortunately for the disinterested
+motives of politicians but most unfortunately for the defenceless Indians,
+the Cherokee land obtruded itself just a little above the thirty-seventh
+parallel and formed a "Cherokee Strip" eagerly coveted by Kansans in later
+days. One objection, be it remembered, that had been offered to the
+original plan of removal was that, unless the slaveholding southern
+Indians were moved directly westward along parallel lines of latitude,
+northern rights under the Missouri Compromise would be encroached upon.
+Yet slavery was not conscientiously excluded from Kansas in the days
+antecedent to its organization as a territory. Within the Indian country,
+and it was all Indian country then, slavery was allowed, at least on
+sufferance, both north and south of the interdicted line. It was even
+encouraged by many white men who made their homes or their living there,
+by interlopers, licensed traders, and missionaries;[10] but it flourished
+as a legitimate institution only among the great tribes planted south of
+the line. With them it had been a familiar institution long before the
+time of their exile. In their native haunts they had had negro slaves as
+had had the whites and removal had made no difference to them in that
+particular. Since the beginning of the century refuge to fugitives and
+confusion of ownership had been occasions for frequent quarrel between
+them and the citizens of the Southern States. Later, when questions came
+up touching the status of slavery on strictly federal soil, the Indian
+country and the District of Columbia often found themselves listed
+together.[11] Moreover, after 1850, it became a matter of serious import
+whether or no the Fugitive Slave Law was operative within the Indian
+country; and, when influenced apparently by Jefferson Davis,
+Attorney-general Cushing gave as his opinion that it was, new
+controversies arose. Slaves belonging to the Indians were often enticed
+away by the abolitionists[12] and still more often were seized by southern
+men under pretense of their being fugitives.[13] In cases of the latter
+sort, the Indian owners had little or no redress in the federal courts of
+law.[14]
+
+In point of fact, during all the years between the various dates of Indian
+removal and the breaking out of the Civil War, the Indian country was
+constantly beset by difficulties. Some of the difficulties were
+incident to removal or to disturbances within the tribes but most of them
+were incident to changes and to political complications in the white man's
+country. Scarcely had the removal project been fairly launched and the
+first Indian emigrants started upon their journey westward than events
+were in train for the overthrow of the whole scheme.
+
+
+[Illustration: MAP SHOWING FREE NEGRO SETTLEMENTS IN THE CREEK COUNTRY
+[_From Office of Indian Affairs_]]
+
+
+When Calhoun mapped out the Indian country in his elaborate report of
+1825, the selection of the trans-Missouri region might well have been
+regarded as judicious. Had the plan of general removal been adopted then,
+before sectional interests had wholly vitiated it, the United States
+government might have gained and, in a measure, would have richly deserved
+the credit of doing at least one thing for the protection and preservation
+of the aborigines from motives, not self-interested, but purely
+humanitarian. The moment was opportune. The territory of the United States
+was then limited by the confines of the Louisiana Purchase and its
+settlements by the great American desert. Traders only had penetrated to
+any considerable extent to the base of the Rockies; but experience already
+gained might have taught that their presence was portentous and
+significant of the need of haste; that is, if Calhoun's selection were to
+continue judicious; for traders, as has been amply proved in both British
+and American history, have ever been but the advance agents of settlers.
+
+Unfortunately for the cause of pure philanthropy, the United States
+government was exceedingly slow in adopting the plan of Indian removal;
+but its citizens were by no means equally slow in developing the spirit of
+territorial expansion. Their successful seizure of West Florida had fired
+their ambition and their cupidity. With Texas annexed and lower Oregon
+occupied, the selection of the trans-Missouri region had ceased to be
+judicious. How could the Indians expect to be secure in a country that was
+the natural highway to a magnificent country beyond, invitingly open to
+settlement! But this very pertinent and patent fact the officials at
+Washington singularly failed to realize and they went on calmly assuring
+the Indians that they should never be disturbed again, that the federal
+government would protect them in their rights and against all enemies,
+that no white man should be allowed to intrude upon them, that they should
+hold their lands undiminished forever, and that no state or territorial
+lines should ever again circumscribe them. Such promises were decidedly
+fatuous, dead letters long before the ink that recorded them had had time
+to dry. The Mexican War followed the annexation of Texas and its conquests
+necessitated a further use of the Indian highway. Soldiers that fought in
+that war saw the Indian land and straightway coveted it. Forty-niners saw
+it and coveted it also. Prospectors and adventurers of all sorts laid
+plans for exploiting it. It entered as a determining factor into Benton's
+great scheme for building a national road that should connect the Atlantic
+and Pacific shores and with the inception of that came a very sudden and a
+very real danger; for the same great scheme precipitated, although in an
+indirect sort of way, the agitation for the opening up of Kansas and
+Nebraska to white settlement, which, of course, meant that the recent
+Indian colonists, in spite of all the solemn governmental guaranties that
+had been given to them, would have to be ousted, for would not the
+"sovereign" people of America demand it? Then, too, the Dred Scott
+decision, the result of a dishonorable political collusion as it was,[15]
+militated indirectly against Indian interests. It is true that it was only
+in its extra-legal aspect that it did this but it did it none the less;
+for, if the authority of the federal government was not supreme in the
+territories and not supreme in any part of the country not yet organized
+into states, then the Indian landed property rights in the West that
+rested exclusively upon federal grant, under the Removal Act of 1830, were
+virtually nil. It is rather interesting to observe, in this connection,
+how inconsistent human nature is when political expediency is the thing at
+stake; for it happened that the same people and the same party,
+identically, that, in the second and third decades of the nineteenth
+century, had tried to convince the Indians, and against their better
+judgment too, that the red man would be forever unmolested in the western
+country because the federal government owned it absolutely and could give
+a title in perpetuity, argued, in the fourth and fifth decades, that the
+states were the sole proprietors, that they were, in fact, the joint
+owners of everything heretofore considered as national. Inferentially,
+therefore, Indians, like negroes, had no rights that white men were bound
+to respect.
+
+The crucial point has now been reached in this discussion. From the date
+of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, the sectional affiliation of the Indian
+country became a thing of more than passing moment. Whatever may have been
+John C. Calhoun's ulterior and real motive in urging that the
+trans-Missouri region be closed to white settlement forever, whether he
+did, as some of his abolitionist enemies have charged, plan thus to block
+free-state expansion and so frustrate the natural operations of the
+Missouri Compromise, certain it is, that southern politicians, after his
+time, became the chief advocates of Indian territorial integrity, the ones
+that pleaded most often and most noisily that guaranties to Indians be
+faithfully respected. They had in mind the northern part of the Indian
+country and that alone; but, no doubt, the circumstance was purely
+accidental, since at that time, the early fifties, the northern[16] was
+the only part likely to be encroached upon.[17] Their interest in the
+southern part took an entirely different direction and that also may have
+been accidental or occasioned by conditions quite local and present. For
+this southern part, by the way, they recommended American citizenship and
+the creation of American states[18] in the Union, also a territorial
+organization immediately that should look towards that end. Such advice
+came as early as 1853, at least, and was more natural than would at first
+glance appear; for the southern tribes were huge in population, in land,
+and in resources. They were civilized, had governments and laws modelled
+upon the American, and more than all else, they were southern in origin,
+in characteristics, and in institutions.
+
+The project for organizing[19] the territories of Kansas and Nebraska
+caused much excitement, as well it might, among the Indian immigrants,
+even though the Wyandots, in 1852, had, in a measure, anticipated it by
+initiating a somewhat similar movement in their own restricted
+locality.[20] Most of the tribes comprehended to the full the ominous
+import of territorial organization; for, obviously, it could not be
+undertaken except at a sacrifice of Indian guaranties. At the moment some
+of the tribes, notably the Choctaw and Chickasaw,[21] were having domestic
+troubles that threatened a neighborhood war and the new fear of the white
+man's further aggrandizement threw them into despair. The southern
+Indians, generally, were much more exercised and much more alarmed than
+were the northern.[22] Being more highly civilized, they were better able
+to comprehend the drift of events. Experience had made them unduly
+sagacious where their territorial and treaty rights were concerned, and
+well they knew that, although the Douglas measure did not in itself
+directly affect them or their country, it might easily become the
+forerunner of one that would.
+
+The border strife, following upon the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska
+Bill, disturbed in no slight degree the Indians on the Kansas
+reservations, which, by-the-by, had been very greatly reduced in area by
+the Manypenny treaties of 1853-1854. Some of the reserves lay right in the
+heart of the contested territory, free-state men intrenching themselves
+among the Delawares and pro-slavery men among the Shawnees,[23] the former
+north and the latter south of the Kansas River. But even remoteness of
+situation constituted no safeguard against encroachment. All along the
+Missouri line the squatters took possession. The distant Cherokee Neutral
+Lands[24] and the Osage and New York Indian reservations[25] were all
+invaded.[26] The Territorial Act had expressly excluded Indian land from
+local governmental control; but the Kansas authorities of both parties
+utterly ignored, in their administration of affairs, this provision. The
+first districting of the territory for election purposes comprehended, for
+instance, the Indian lands, yet little criticism has ever been passed
+upon that grossly illegal act. Needless to say, the controversy between
+slavocracy and freedom obscured and obliterated, in those years, all other
+considerations.
+
+As the year 1860 approached, appearances assumed an even more serious
+aspect. Kansas settlers and would-be settlers demanded that the Indians,
+so recently the only legal occupants of the territory, vacate it
+altogether. So soon had the policy of granting them peace and undisturbed
+repose on diminished reserves proved futile. The only place for the Indian
+to go, were he indeed to be driven out of Kansas, was present Oklahoma;
+but his going there would, perforce, mean an invasion of the property
+rights of the southern tribes, a matter of great moment to them but
+seemingly of no moment whatsoever to the white man. Some of the Kansas
+Indians saw in removal southward a temporary refuge--they surely could not
+have supposed it would be other than temporary--and were glad to go,
+making their arrangements accordingly.[27] Some, however, had to be
+cajoled into promising to go and some had to be forced. A few held out
+determinedly against all thought of going. Among the especially obstinate
+ones were the Osages,[28] natives of the soil. The Buchanan government
+failed utterly to convince them of the wisdom of going and was, thereupon,
+charged by the free-state Kansans with bad faith, with not being sincere
+and sufficiently persistent in its endeavors to treat, its secret purpose
+being to keep the free-state line as far north as possible. The breaking
+out of the Civil War prevented the immediate removal of any of the tribes
+but did not put a stop to negotiations looking towards that end.
+
+All this time there was another influence within the Indian country, north
+and south, that boded good or ill as the case might be. This influence
+emanated from the religious denominations represented on the various
+reserves. Nowhere in the United States, perhaps, was the rivalry among
+churches that had divided along sectional lines in the forties and fifties
+stronger than within the Indian country. There the churches contended with
+each other at close range. The Indian country was free and open to all
+faiths, while, in the states, the different churches kept strictly to
+their own sections, the southern contingent of each denomination staying
+close to the institution it supported. Of course the United States
+government, through its civilization fund, was in a position to show very
+pointedly its sectional predilections. It will probably never be known,
+because so difficult of determination, just how much the churches aided or
+retarded the spread of slavery.[29]
+
+Among the tribes of Kansas, denominational strength was distributed as
+follows: The Kickapoos[30] and Wyandots[31] were Methodists; but, while
+the former were a unit in their adherence to the Methodist Episcopal
+Church South, the latter were divided and among them the older church
+continued strong. The American Baptist Missionary Union had a school on
+the Delaware reservation and, previous to 1855, had had one also on the
+Shawnee, which the political uproar in Kansas had obliged to close its
+doors. These same Northern Baptists were established also among the
+Ottawas, as the Moravians were among the Munsees and the Roman
+Catholics[32] among the Osages and the Potawatomies. The Southern Baptists
+were likewise to be found among the Potawatomies[33] and the Southern
+Methodists among the Shawnees. The Shawnee Manual Labor School, under the
+Southern Methodists, was, however, only very grudgingly patronized by the
+Indians. Its situation near the Missouri border was partly accountable for
+this as it was for the selection of the school as the meeting-place of the
+pro-slavery legislature in 1855. The management of the institution was
+from time to time severely criticized and the superintendent, the
+Reverend Thomas Johnson, an intense pro-slavery agitator,[34] was strongly
+suspected of malfeasance,[35] of enriching himself, forsooth, at the
+expense of the Indians. The school found a formidable rival, from this and
+many another cause, in a Quaker establishment, which likewise existed on
+the Shawnee Reserve but independently of either tribal or governmental
+aid.
+
+If church influences and church quarrels were discernible among the
+northern tribes, they were certainly very much more so among the southern.
+The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Congregational)
+that had labored so zealously for the Cherokees, when they were east of
+the Mississippi, extended its interest to them undiminished in the west;
+and, in the period just before the Civil War,[36] was the strongest
+religious force in their country. There it had no less than four mission
+stations[37] and a flourishing school in connection with each. The same
+organization was similarly influential among the Choctaws[38] or, in the
+light of what eventually happened, it might better be said its
+missionaries were. Both Southern and Northern Baptists and Southern
+Methodists likewise were to be found among the Cherokees;[39]
+Presbyterians[40] and Southern Methodists among the Chickasaws and
+Choctaws; and Presbyterians only among the Creeks and Seminoles. In every
+Indian nation south, except the Creek and Seminole,[41] the work of
+denominational schools was supplemented, or maybe neutralized, by that of
+public and neighborhood schools.
+
+True to the traditions and to the practices of the old Puritans and of the
+Plymouth church, the missionaries of the American Board,[42] so strongly
+installed among the Choctaws and the Cherokees, took an active interest in
+passing political affairs, particularly in connection with the slavery
+agitation. On that question, they early divided themselves into two camps;
+those among the Choctaws, led by the Reverend Cyrus Kingsbury,[43]
+supporting slavery; and those among the Cherokees, led by the Reverend S.
+A. Worcester,[44] opposing it. The actions of the former led to a
+controversy with the American Board and, in 1855, the malcontents, or
+pro-slavery sympathizers, expressed a desire to separate themselves and
+their charges from its patronage.[45] When, eventually, this separation
+did occur, 1859-1860, the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions (Old
+School) stepped into the breach.[46]
+
+The rebellious conduct of the Congregational missionaries met with the
+undisguised approval of the Choctaw agent, Douglas H. Cooper,[47] formerly
+of Mississippi. It was he who had already voiced a nervous apprehension,
+as exhibited in the following document,[48] that the Indian country was in
+grave danger of being abolitionized:
+
+    If things go on as they are now doing, in 5 years slavery will be
+    abolished in the whole of your superintendency.
+
+    (_Private_) I am convinced that something must be done speedily to
+    arrest the systematic efforts of the Missionaries to abolitionize the
+    Indian Country.
+
+    Otherwise we shall have a great run-away harbor, a sort of
+    Canada--with "underground rail-roads" leading to & through
+    it--adjoining Arkansas and Texas.
+
+    It is of no use to look to the General Government--its arm is
+    paralized by the abolition strength of the North.
+
+    I see no way except secretly to induce the Choctaws & Cherokees &
+    Creeks to allow slave-holders to settle among their people & control
+    the movement now going on to abolish slavery among them.
+
+        C--
+
+Cooper sent this note, in 1854, as a private memorandum to the southern
+superintendent, who at the time was Charles W. Dean. In 1859, it was
+possible for him to write to Dean's successor, Elias Rector, in a very
+different tone. The missionaries had then taken the stand he himself
+advocated and there was reason for congratulation. Under such
+circumstances, Cooper wrote,
+
+    I cannot close this report without calling your attention to the
+    admirable tone and feeling pervading the reports of superintendents of
+    schools and missionaries among the Choctaws, and particularly to that
+    of the Rev. Ebenezer Hotchkin, one of the oldest missionaries among
+    the Choctaws, who, in referring to past political disturbances, says:
+    "We have looked upon our rulers as the 'powers that be, are ordained
+    of God,' and have respected them for this reason. 'Whomsoever,
+    therefore, resisteth the power resisteth the ordinance of God'
+    (Romans, xiii, 2). This has been our rule of action during the
+    political excitement. We believe that the Bible is the best guide for
+    us to follow. Our best citizens are those most influenced by Bible
+    truth."
+
+    I rejoice to believe the above sentiments are entertained by most, if
+    not all, the missionaries now among the Choctaws and Chickasaws, and
+    that they entirely repudiate the higher-law doctrine[49] of northern
+    and religious fanatics. It is but lately, as I learn, that the Choctaw
+    mission, for many years under the control of the American Board of
+    Commissioners for Foreign Missions (whose headquarters are at Boston)
+    has been cut off, because they preferred to follow the teachings of
+    the Bible, as understood by them, rather than obey the dogmas
+    contained in Dr. Treat's letter and the edicts of the parent board.
+
+    It is a matter of congratulation among the friends of the old Choctaw
+    missionaries, who have labored for thirty years among them, and intend
+    to die with armor on, that all connection with the Boston board has
+    been dissolved. If it had been done years ago, when their freedom of
+    conscience and of missionary action was attempted to be controlled by
+    the parent board, much of suspicion, of ill-feeling, and diminished
+    usefulness, which attached to the Choctaw missionaries in consequence
+    of their connection with and sustenance by a board avowedly and openly
+    hostile to southern institutions, would have been prevented.[50]
+
+In the next year, 1860, Cooper was still sanguine as to affairs among the
+Indians of his agency and he could report to Rector, unhesitatingly, as
+if confident of official endorsement both at Forth Smith and at
+Washington,[51]
+
+    Great excitement has prevailed along the Texas border, in consequence
+    of the incendiary course pursued in that State by horse thieves and
+    religious fanatics; but I am glad to say, as yet, so far as I am
+    informed, no necessity has existed in this agency for the organization
+    of "vigilance committees" ... No doubt we have among us
+    _free-soilers_; perhaps abolitionists in sentiment; but, so far as I
+    am informed, persons from the North, residing among the Choctaws and
+    Chickasaws, who entertain opinions unfriendly to our system of
+    domestic slavery, keep their opinions to themselves and attend to
+    their legitimate business.[52]
+
+George Butler, the United States agent for the Cherokees, seems to have
+been, no less than Cooper, an adherent of the State Rights Party and an
+upholder of the institution of slavery. In 1859, he ascribed the very
+great material progress of the Cherokees to the fact that they were
+slaveholders.[53] Slavery, in Butler's opinion, had operated as an
+incentive to all industrial pursuits. To an extent this may have been
+true, since all Indians, no matter how high their type, have an aversion
+for work. As Professor Shaler once said, they are the truest aristocrats
+the world has ever known. But the slaveholders among the great tribes of
+the South were, for the most part, the half-breeds, the cleverest and
+often, much as we may regret to have to admit it, the most unscrupulous
+men of the community.
+
+Butler's commission as Indian agent expired in March, 1860, and he was not
+reappointed, Robert J. Cowart of Georgia[54] being preferred. This man,
+illiterate and unprincipled, immediately set to work to perform a task to
+which his predecessor had proved unequal. The task was the removal of
+white intruders from the Cherokee country. For some time past, the
+southern superintendent and the agents under him, to say nothing of
+Commissioner Greenwood and Secretary Thompson, the one a citizen of
+Arkansas and the other of Mississippi, had resented most bitterly the
+invasion of the Cherokee Neutral Lands by Kansas free-soilers and the
+division of it into counties by the unlawfully assumed authority of the
+Kansas legislature. The resentment was thoroughly justifiable; for the
+whole proceeding of the legislature was contrary to the express enactment
+of Congress; but no doubt, enthusiasm for the strict enforcement of the
+federal law came largely from political predilections, precisely as the
+Kansan's outrageous defiance of it came from a deep-rooted distrust of
+the Buchanan administration.
+
+There were, however, other intruders that Cowart and Rector and Greenwood
+designed to remove and they wanted to remove them on the ground that they
+were making mischief within the tribe and interfering with its
+institutions, or, more specifically, with slavery. The intruders meant
+were principally the missionaries against whom Greenwood had even the
+audacity to lay the charge of inciting to murder. Newspapers of bordering
+slave states were full of criticism,[55] just before the war, of these
+same men and, notably, of the Reverend Evan[56] and John Jones, the
+reputed ringleaders. The official excuse for removing them is rather
+interesting because it is so similar to that given, some thirty years
+earlier, in connection with the removal from Georgia. Ulterior motives can
+so easily be hidden under cold official phrase.
+
+That the cause of slavery within the Cherokee country was in jeopardy in
+the spring and summer of 1860 can not well be denied. To the men of the
+time the evidence was easily obtainable. Almost as if by magic, a "search
+organization" started up among the full-bloods, an organization profoundly
+secret in its membership and in its purposes, but believed to be for no
+other object than the overthrow of the "peculiar institution." Its
+existence was promptly reported to the United States government and, as
+was to be expected, the missionaries were held responsible for both its
+inception and its continuance. It was then that Greenwood made[57] his
+most serious charge against these men and prepared, under color of law, to
+have them removed. Later, in this same year of 1860, Quantrill, the
+Hagerstown, Maryland man of Pennsylvania Dutch origin, who afterwards
+became such a notorious frontier guerrilla in the interests of the
+Confederate cause, leagued himself with some abolitionists for the sake
+of making an expedition to the Cherokee country and rescuing negroes,
+there held in bondage.[58] The timely distrust of Quantrill, however,
+caused the enterprise to be abandoned even before its preliminaries had
+been thoroughly well arranged; yet, had the rescue been carried to
+completion, it would not have been entirely without precedent[59] and its
+very contrivance indicated an uncertainty and a precariousness of
+situation south of the Kansas line.
+
+Ever since their compulsory removal from Georgia under circumstances truly
+tragic, the Cherokees had been much given to factional strife. This was
+largely in consequence of the underhand means taken by the state and
+federal authorities to accomplish removal. The Cherokees had, under the
+necessities of the situation, divided themselves into the Ross, or
+Anti-removal Party, and the Ridge, or Treaty Party.[60] Removal took place
+in spite of the steady opposition of the Rossites and the Cherokees went
+west, piloted by the United States army. Once in the west a new division
+arose in their ranks; for, as newcomers, they came into jealous contact
+with members of their tribe who had emigrated many years previously and
+who came to figure, in subsequent Cherokee history, as the Old Settlers'
+Party.[61] In 1846, the United States government attempted to assume the
+role of mediator in a settlement of Cherokee tribal differences but
+without much success.[62] The old wrongs were unredressed, so the old
+divisions remained and formed nuclei for new disintegrating issues. Thus,
+in 1857, there were no less than three factions created in consequence of
+a project for selling the Cherokee Neutral Lands[63]. Each faction had its
+own opinion how best to dispose of the proceeds, should a sale take place.
+In 1860, there were two factions, the selling and the non-selling[64].
+This tendency of the Cherokees perpetually to quarrel among themselves and
+to bear long-standing grudges against each other is most important;
+inasmuch as that marked peculiarity of internal politics very largely
+determined the unique position of the tribe with reference to the Civil
+War.
+
+The other great tribes had also occasions for quarrel in these same
+critical years. The disgraceful circumstances of their removal had widened
+the gulf, once simply geographical, between the Upper and the Lower
+Creeks. They were now almost two distinct political entities, in each of
+which there were a principal and a second chief. In 1833, provision had
+been made for the accommodation of the Seminoles within a certain definite
+part of the Creek country[65]--just such an arrangement, forsooth, as
+worked so ill when applied to the Choctaws and Chickasaws; but it took
+several years for the Seminoles to be suited. At length, when their
+numbers had been considerably augmented by the coming of the new
+immigrants from Florida, they took up their position, for good and all,
+in the southwestern corner of the Creek Reserve, a politically distinct
+community. By that time, the Creeks seem to have repented of their
+generosity,[66] so, perhaps, it was well that the United States government
+had not yielded to their importunity and consented to a like settlement of
+the southern Comanches.[67] It had taken the Chickasaws a long time to
+reconstruct their government after the political separation from the
+Choctaws; but now they had a constitution,[68] all their own, a
+legislature, and a governor. The Choctaws had attempted a constitution,
+likewise, first the Scullyville, then the Doaksville, set up by a minority
+party; but they had retained some semblance of the old order of things in
+the persons of their chiefs.[69]
+
+There were other Indians within the southern division of the Indian
+country that were to have their part in the Civil War and in events
+leading up to it or resulting from it. In the extreme northeastern corner,
+were the Quapaws, the Senecas, and the confederated Senecas and Shawnees,
+all members, with the Osages and the New York Indians of Kansas, of the
+Neosho River Agency which was under the care of Andrew J. Dorn. In the far
+western part, at the base of the Wichita Mountains, were the Indians of
+the Leased District, Wichitas, Tonkawas,[70] Euchees, and others,
+collectively called the "Reserve Indians." Most of them had been brought
+from Texas,[71] because of Texan intolerance of their presence, and placed
+within the Leased District, a tract of land west of the ninety-eighth
+meridian, which, under the treaty of 1855, the United States had rented
+from the Choctaws and Chickasaws. It was a part of the old Chickasaw
+District of the Choctaw Nation. Outside of the Wichita Reserve and still
+wandering at large over the plains were the hostile Kiowas and Comanches,
+against whom and the inoffensive Reserve Indians, the Texans nourished a
+bitter, undying hatred. They charged them with crimes that were never
+committed and with some crimes that white men, disguised as Indians, had
+committed. They were also suspected of manufacturing evidence that would
+incriminate the red men and of plotting, in regularly-organized meetings,
+their overthrow.[72]
+
+Although the plan for colonizing some of the Texas Indians had been
+completed in 1855, the Indian Office found it impossible to execute it
+until the summer of 1859. This was principally because the War Department
+could not be induced to make the necessary military arrangements.[73] In
+point of fact, the southern Indian country was, at the time, practically
+without a force of United States troops, quite regardless of the promise
+that had been made to all the tribes upon the occasion of their removal
+that they should _always be protected_ in their new quarters and,
+inferentially, by the regular army. Even Fort Gibson had been virtually
+abandoned as a military post on the plea that its site was unhealthful;
+and all of Superintendent Rector's recommendations that Frozen Rock, on
+the south side of the Arkansas a few miles away, be substituted[74] had
+been ignored, not so much by the Interior Department, as by the War.
+Secretary Thompson thought that enough troops should be at his disposal to
+enable him to carry out the United States Indian policy, but Secretary
+Floyd demurred. He was rather disposed to dismantle such forts as there
+were and to withdraw all troops from the Indian frontier,[75] a course of
+action that would leave it exposed, so the dissenting Thompson
+prognosticated, to "the most unhappy results."[76]
+
+It happened thus that, when the United States surveyors started in 1858 to
+establish the line of the ninety-eighth meridian west longitude and to run
+other boundary lines under the treaty of 1855,[77] they found the country
+entirely unpatrolled. Troops had been ordered from Texas to protect the
+surveyors; but, pending their arrival, Agent Cooper, who had gone out to
+witness the determination of the initial point on the line between his
+agency and the Leased District, himself took post at Fort Arbuckle and
+called upon the Indians for patrol and garrison duty.[78] It would seem
+that Secretary Thompson had verbally authorized[79] Cooper to make this
+use of the Indians; but they proved in the sequel very inefficient as
+garrison troops. On the thirtieth of June, Lieutenant Powell, commanding
+Company E, First United States Infantry, arrived at Fort Arbuckle from
+Texas and relieved Cooper of his self-imposed task. The day following,
+Cooper set out upon a sixteen day scout of the Washita country, taking
+with him his Indian volunteers, Chickasaws[80] and a few Cherokees;[81]
+and for this act of using Indian after the arrival of white troops, he was
+severely criticized by the department. One thing he accomplished: he
+selected a site for the prospective Wichita Agency with the recommendation
+that it be also made the site[82] of the much-needed military post on the
+Leased District. The site had originally been occupied by a Kechie village
+and was admirably well adapted for the double purpose Cooper intended. It
+lay near the center of the Leased District and near the sources of Cache
+and Beaver Creeks. It was also, so reported Cooper, "not very distant from
+the Washita, & Canadian" (and commanded) "the Mountain passes through the
+Wichita Mountains to the Antelope Hills--to the North branch of Red River
+and also the road on the South side of the Wichita Mountains up Red
+River."
+
+The colonization of the Wichitas and other Indians took place in the
+summer of 1859 under the excitement of new disputes with Texas, largely
+growing out of an unwarranted and brutal attack[83] by white men upon
+Indians of the Brazos Agency. That event following so closely upon the
+heels of Van Dorn's[84] equally brutal attack upon a defenceless Comanche
+camp brought matters to a crisis and the government was forced to be
+expeditious where it had previously been dilatory. The Comanches had come
+in, under a flag of truce, to confer in a friendly way with the Wichitas.
+Van Dorn, ignorant of their purpose but supposing it hostile, made a
+forced march, surprised them, and mercilessly took summary vengeance for
+all the Comanches had been charged with, whether justly or unjustly, for
+some time past. After it was all over, the Comanches, with about sixty of
+their number slain, accused the Wichitas of having betrayed them.
+Frightened, yet innocent, the Wichitas begged that there be no further
+delay in their removal, so the order was given and arrangements made.
+Unfortunately, by the time everything was ready, the season was pretty far
+advanced and the Indians reached their new home to find it too late to put
+in crops for that year's harvest. Subsistence rations had, therefore, to
+be doled out to them, the occasion affording, as always, a rare
+opportunity for graft. Instead of calling for bids, as was customary,
+Superintendent Rector entered into a private contract[85] with a friend
+and relative of his own, the consequence being that the government was
+charged an exorbitant price for the rations. Soon other troubles[86] came.
+The Leased District proved to be already occupied by some northern Indian
+refugees[87] and became, as time went on, a handy rendezvous for free
+negroes; but, as soon as Matthew Leeper[88] of Texas became agent, the
+stay of such was extremely short.[89]
+
+Such were the conditions obtaining among the Indians west of Missouri and
+Arkansas in the years immediately antedating the American Civil War; and,
+from such conditions, it may readily be inferred that the Indians were
+anything but satisfied with the treatment that had been and was being
+accorded them. They owed no great debt of gratitude to anybody. They were
+restless and unhappy among themselves. Their old way of living had been
+completely disorganized. They had nothing to go upon, so far as their
+relations with the white men were concerned, to make them hopeful of
+anything better in the future, rather the reverse. Indeed at the very
+opening of the year 1860, a year so full of distress to them because of
+the great drouth[90] that ravaged Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma, the
+worst that had been known in thirty years, there came occasion for a new
+distrust. Proposals were made to the Creeks,[91] to the Choctaws,[92] and
+to the Chickasaws to allot their lands in severalty, notwithstanding the
+fact that one of the inducements offered by President Jackson to get them
+originally to remove had been, that they should be permitted to hold their
+land, as they had always held it, in common, forever. The Creeks now
+replied to the proposals of the Indian Office that they had had experience
+with individual reservations in their old eastern homes and had good
+reason to be prejudiced against them. The Indians, one and all, met the
+proposals with a downright refusal but they did not forget that they had
+been made, particularly when there came additional cause for apprehension.
+
+The cause for apprehension came with the presidential campaign of 1860 and
+from a passage in Seward's Chicago speech,[93] "The National Idea; Its
+Perils and Triumphs," expressive of opinions, false to the national trust
+but favorable to expansion in the direction of the Indian territory, most
+inopportune, to say the least, and foolish. Seward probably spoke in the
+enthusiasm of a heated moment; for the obnoxious sentiment, "The Indian
+territory, also, south of Kansas, must be vacated by the Indians," was
+very different in its tenor from equally strong expressions in his great
+Senate speech[94] on the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, February 17, 1854. It soon
+proved, however, easy of quotation by the secessionists in their arguments
+with the Indians, it being offered by them as incontestable proof that the
+designs of the incoming administration were, in the highest degree,
+inimical to Indian treaty rights. At the time of its utterance, the
+Indians were intensely excited. The poor things had had so many and such
+bitter experiences with the bad faith of the white people that it took
+very little to arouse their suspicion. They had been told to contract
+their domain or to move on so often that they had become quite
+super-sensitive on the subject of land cessions and removals. Seward's
+speech was but another instance of idle words proving exceedingly fateful.
+
+Two facts thus far omitted from the general survey and reserved for
+special emphasis may now be remarked upon. They will show conclusively
+that there were personal and economic reasons why the Indians, some of
+them at least, were drawn irresistibly towards the South. The patronage of
+the Indian Office has always been more or less of a local thing.
+Communities adjoining Indian reservations usually consider, and with just
+cause because of long-established practice, that all positions in the
+field service, as for example, agencies and traderships, are the
+perquisites, so to speak, of the locality. It was certainly true before
+the war that Texas and Arkansas had some such understanding as to Indian
+Territory, for only southerners held office there and, from among the
+southerners, Texans and Arkansans received the preference always. It
+happened too that the higher officials in Washington were almost
+invariably southern men.
+
+The granting of licenses to traders rested with the superintendent and
+everything goes to show that, in the fifties and sixties, applications for
+license were scrutinized very closely by the southern superintendents with
+a view to letting no objectionable person, from the standpoint of southern
+rights, get into the territory. The Holy See itself could never have been
+more vigilant in protecting colonial domains against the introduction of
+heresy. The same vigilance was exercised in the hiring of agency
+employees, blacksmiths, wheelwrights, and the like. Having full
+discretionary power in the premises, the superintendents could easily
+interpret the law to suit themselves. They could also evade it in their
+own interests and frequently did so. One notorious case[95] of this sort
+came up in connection with Superintendent Drew, who gave permits to his
+friends to "peddle" in the Indian country without requiring of them the
+necessary preliminary of a bond. Traders once in the country had
+tremendous influence with the Indians, especially with those of a certain
+class whom ordinarily the missionaries could not reach. Then, as before
+and since, Indian traders were not men of the highest moral character by
+any means. Too often, on the contrary, they were of degraded character,
+thoroughly unscrupulous, proverbial for their defiance of the law, general
+illiteracy, and corrupt business practices. It stands to reason that such
+men, if they had themselves been selected with an eye single to the cause
+of a particular section and knew that solicitude in its interests would
+mean great latitude to themselves and favorable reports of themselves to
+the department at Washington, would spare no efforts and hesitate at no
+means to make it their first concern, provided, of course, that it did not
+interfere with their own monetary schemes.
+
+To cap the climax, the last and greatest circumstance to be noted, if only
+because of the great weight it carried with the Indians when it was
+brought into the argument by the secessionists, is that practically all of
+the Indian money held in trust for the individual tribes by the United
+States government was invested in southern stocks;[96] in Florida 7's, in
+Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, South Carolina, Missouri,
+Virginia, and Tennessee 6's, in North Carolina and Tennessee 5's, and the
+like. To tell the truth, only the merest minimum of it was secured by
+northern bonds. The southerners asserted for the Indians' benefit, that
+all these securities would be forfeited[97] by the war. Sufficient is the
+fact, that the position of the Indians[98] was unquestionably difficult.
+With so much to draw them southward, our only wonder is, that so many of
+them stayed with the North.
+
+
+
+
+II. INDIAN TERRITORY IN ITS RELATIONS WITH TEXAS AND ARKANSAS
+
+
+For the participation of the southern Indians in the American Civil War,
+the states of Texas and Arkansas were more than measurably responsible.
+Indian Territory, or that part of the Indian country that was historically
+known as such, lay between them. Its southern frontage was along the Red
+River; and that stream, flowing with only slight sinuosity downward to its
+junction with the Mississippi, gave to Indian Territory a long diagonal,
+controlled, as far as situation went, entirely by Texas. Texas lay on the
+other side of the river and she lay also on almost the whole western
+border of Indian Territory.[99] She was, consequently, in possession of a
+rare opportunity, geographically, for exercising influence, should need
+for such ever arise. Running parallel with the Red River and northward
+about one hundred miles, was the Canadian. Between the two rivers were
+three huge Indian reservations, the most western was the Leased District
+of the Wichitas and allied bands, the middle one was the Chickasaw, and
+the eastern, the Choctaw.[100] The Indian occupants of these three
+reservations were, therefore, and sometimes to their sorrow, be it said,
+the very next door neighbors of the Texans. The Choctaws were, likewise,
+the next door neighbors of the Arkansans who joined them on the east; but
+the relations between Arkansans and Choctaws seem not to have been so
+close or so constant during the period before the war as were the
+relations between the Choctaws and the Texans on the one hand and the
+Cherokees and the Arkansans on the other.
+
+The Cherokees dwelt, like the Choctaws, over against Arkansas but north of
+the Canadian River and in close proximity to Fort Smith, the headquarters
+of the Southern Superintendency.[101] Their territory was not so compactly
+placed as was the territory of the other tribes; and, in its various
+parts, it passes, necessarily, under various designations. There was the
+"Cherokee Outlet," a narrow tract south of Kansas that had no definite
+western limit. It was supposed to be a passage way to the hunting grounds
+of the great plains beyond. Then there was the "Cherokee Strip," the
+Kansas extension of the outlet, and for most of its extent originally and
+legally a part of it. The territorial organization of Kansas had made the
+two distinct. Finally, as respects the more insignificant portions of the
+Cherokee domain, there were the "Cherokee Neutral Lands," already
+sufficiently well commented upon. They were insignificant, not in point of
+acreage but of tribal authority operating within them. They lay in the
+southeastern corner of Kansas and constituted, against their will and
+against the law, her southeastern counties. They were separated, to their
+own discomfiture and disadvantage, from the Cherokee Nation proper by the
+reservation of the Quapaws, of the Senecas, and of the confederated
+Senecas and Shawnees. This Cherokee Nation lay, as has already been
+indicated, over against Arkansas and north of the northeastern section of
+the Choctaw country. The Arkansas River formed part of the boundary
+between the two tribal domains. So much then for the location of the
+really great tribes, but where were the lesser?
+
+
+[Illustration: COLONEL DOWNING, CHEROKEE [_From Smithsonian Institution,
+Bureau of American Ethnology_]]
+
+
+The Quapaws, the Senecas, and the confederated Senecas and Shawnees, the
+most insignificant of the lesser, occupied the extreme northeastern corner
+of Indian Territory and, therefore, bordered upon the southwestern corner
+of Missouri. The Creeks lived between the Arkansas River, inclusive of its
+Red Fork, and the Canadian River, having the Cherokees to the east and
+north of them, the Choctaws and Chickasaws to the south, and the Seminoles
+to the southwest, between the Canadian and its North Fork. The Indians of
+the Leased District have already been located.
+
+In the years preceding the Civil War, the interest of Texas and of
+Arkansas in Indian Territory manifested itself, not in a covetous desire
+to dispossess the Indians of their lands, as was, unfortunately for
+national honor, the case in Kansas, but in an effort to keep the actual
+country true to the South, settled by slaveholders, Indian or white, as
+occasion required or opportunity offered. When sectional affairs became
+really tense after the formation of the Republican Party, they redoubled
+their energies in that direction, working always through the rich,
+influential, and intelligent half-breeds, some of whom had property
+interests and family connections in the states operating upon them.[102]
+The half-breeds were essentially a planter class, institutionally more
+truly so than were the inhabitants of the border slave states. It is
+therefore not surprising that, during the excitement following Abraham
+Lincoln's nomination and election, identically the same political agencies
+worked among them as among their white neighbors and events in Indian
+Territory kept perfect pace with events in adjoining states.
+
+The first of these that showed strong sectional tendencies came in
+January, 1861, when the Chickasaws, quite on their own initiative
+apparently, met in a called session of their legislature to consider how
+best the great tribes might conduct themselves with reference to the
+serious political situation then shaping itself in the United States.
+There is some evidence that the Knights of the Golden Circle had been
+active among the Indians as they had been in Arkansas[103] during the
+course of the late presidential campaign. At all events, the red men knew
+full well of passing occurrences among their neighbors and they certainly
+knew how matters were progressing in Texas. There the State Rights Party
+was asserting itself in no doubtful terms. For the time being, however,
+the Chickasaws contented themselves with simply passing an act,[104]
+January 5, suggesting an inter-tribal conference and arranging for the
+executive appointment of a Chickasaw delegation to it. The authorities of
+the other tribes were duly notified[105] and to the Creek was given the
+privilege of naming time and place.
+
+The Inter-tribal Council assembled at the Creek Agency,[106] February 17,
+but comparatively few delegates were in attendance. William P. Ross, a
+graduate[107] of Princeton and a nephew of John Ross, the principal chief
+of the Cherokees, went as the head of the Cherokee delegation. It was he
+who reported the scanty attendance,[108] saying that there were no
+Chickasaws present, no Choctaws, but only Creeks, Seminoles, and
+Cherokees. Why it happened so can not now be exactly determined but to it
+may undoubtedly be ascribed the outcome; for the council did nothing that
+was not perfectly compatible with existing friendly relations between the
+great tribes and the United States government. John Ross, in instructing
+his delegates, had strictly enjoined caution and discretion[109]. William
+P. Ross and his associates seem to have managed to secure the observance
+of both. Perchance it was Chief Ross's[110] known aversion to an
+interference in matters that did not concern the Indians, except very
+indirectly, and the consciousness that his influence in the council would
+be immense, probably all-powerful, that caused the Chickasaws to draw back
+from a thing they had themselves so ill-advisedly planned. It is, however,
+just possible that, between the time of issuing the call and of assembling
+the council, they crossed on their own responsibility the boundary of
+indecision and resolved, as most certainly had the Choctaws, that their
+sympathies and their interests were with the South. It might well be
+supposed that in this perilous hour their thoughts would have travelled
+back some thirty years and they would have remembered what havoc the same
+state-rights doctrine, now presented so earnestly for their acceptance,
+although it scarcely fitted their case, had then wrought in their
+concerns. Strangely enough none of the tribes seems to have charged the
+gross injustice of the thirties exclusively to the account of the South.
+On the contrary, they one and all charged it against the federal
+government, against the states as a whole, and so, rightly or wrongly, the
+nation had to pay for the inconsistency of Jackson's procedure, a
+procedure that could so illogically recognize the supremacy of federal law
+in one matter and the supremacy of state law in another matter that was
+precisely its parallel.
+
+The decision of the Choctaws had found expression in a series of
+resolutions under date of February 7. They are worthy of being quoted
+entire.
+
+    February 7, 1861.
+
+    RESOLUTIONS _expressing the feelings and sentiments of the General
+    Council of the Choctaw Nation in reference to the political
+    disagreement existing between the Northern and Southern States of the
+    American Union._
+
+    _Resolved by the General Council of the Choctaw Nation assembled_,
+    That we view with deep regret and great solicitude the present unhappy
+    political disagreement between the Northern and Southern States of the
+    American Union, tending to a permanent dissolution of the Union and
+    the disturbance of the various important relations existing with that
+    Government by treaty stipulations and international laws, and
+    portending much injury to the Choctaw government and people.
+
+    _Resolved further_, That we must express the earnest desire and ready
+    hope entertained by the entire Choctaw people, that any and all
+    political disturbances agitating and dividing the people of the
+    various States may be honorably and speedily adjusted; and the example
+    and blessing, and fostering care of their General Government, and the
+    many and friendly social ties existing with their people, continue for
+    the enlightenment in moral and good government and prosperity in the
+    material concerns of life to our whole population.
+
+    _Resolved further_, That in the event a permanent dissolution of the
+    American Union takes place, our many relations with the General
+    Government must cease, and we shall be left to follow the natural
+    affections, education, institutions, and interests of our people,
+    which indissolubly bind us in every way to the destiny of our
+    neighbors and brethren of the Southern States upon whom we are
+    confident we can rely for the preservation of our rights of life,
+    liberty, and property, and the continuance of many acts of friendship,
+    general counsel, and material support.
+
+    _Resolved further_, That we desire to assure our immediate neighbors,
+    the people of Arkansas and Texas, of our determination to observe the
+    amicable relations in every way so long existing between us, and the
+    firm reliance we have, amid any disturbance with other States, the
+    rights and feelings so sacred to us will remain respected by them and
+    be protected from the encroachments of others.
+
+    _Resolved further_, That his excellency the principal chief be
+    requested to inclose, with an appropriate communication from himself,
+    a copy of these resolutions to the governors of the Southern States,
+    with the request that they be laid before the State convention of each
+    State, as many as have assembled at the date of their reception, and
+    that in such as have not they be published in the newspapers of the
+    State.
+
+    _Resolved_, That these resolutions take effect and be in force from
+    and after their passage.
+
+    Approved February 7, 1861.[111]
+
+These resolutions of the Choctaw Council are in the highest degree
+interesting in the matter both of their substance and of their time of
+issue. The information is not forthcoming as to how the Choctaws received
+the invitation of the Chickasaw legislature to attend an inter-tribal
+council; but, later on, in April, 1861, the Choctaw delegation in
+Washington, made up of P. P. Pitchlynn, Samuel Garland, Israel Folsom, and
+Peter Folsom, assured the Commissioner of Indian Affairs that the Choctaw
+Nation intended to remain neutral,[112] which assurance was interpreted
+to mean simply that the Choctaws would be inactive spectators of events,
+expressing no opinion, in word or deed, one way or the other. The
+Chickasaw delegation gave the same assurance and at about the same time
+and place. Now what is to be concluded? Is it to be supposed that the Act
+of January 5, 1861 in no wise reflected the sentiments of a tribe as a
+whole and similarly the Resolutions of February 7, 1861, or that the
+tribal delegations were, in April, utterly ignorant of the real attitude
+of their respective constituents? The answer is to be found in the
+following most interesting and instructive letter, written by S. Orlando
+Lee to Commissioner Dole from Huntingdon, Long Island, March 15,
+1862:[113]
+
+    Thinking you and the government would like to hear something about the
+    state of affairs among the Choctaws last summer and the influences
+    which induced them to take their present position I will write you
+    what I know. I was a missionary teacher at Spencer Academy for two
+    years and refer you to Hon. Walter Lowrie Gen. Sec. of the Pres. Board
+    of Foreign Missions for information as to my character &c. I left
+    Spencer June 13th & the nation June 24th but have heard directly from
+    there twice since, the last time as late as Sept 6th. So that I can
+    speak of occurrences as late as that.
+
+    After South Carolina passed her secession ordinance in Dec. 1860 there
+    was a public attempt to excite the Choctaws and Chickasaws as a
+    beginning hoping to bring in the other tribes afterwards. Many of the
+    larger slaveholders (who are nearly all half breeds) had been gained
+    before and Capt. R. M. Jones was the leader of the secessionists. The
+    country was full of lies about the intentions of the new
+    administration. The border papers in Arkansas & Texas republished from
+    the New York & St. Louis papers a part of a sentence from Hon. W. H.
+    Seward's speech at Chicago during the election campaign of 1860 to
+    this effect "And Indian Territory south of Kansas must be vacated by
+    the Indian" (These words do occur in the report of Mr. Seward's
+    Chicago speech as published in New York Evening Post Weekly for I
+    read it myself). This produced intense excitement of course and to add
+    to the effect the Secessionist Journals charged that another prominent
+    republican had proposed to drive the indians out of Indian Ter. in a
+    speech in congress. "This" they were told "is the policy of the new
+    administration. The abolitionists want your lands--we will protect
+    you. Your only safety is to join the South." Again they were told
+    "that the South must succeed in gaining their independence and the
+    money of the indians being invested in the stocks of Southern states
+    the stocks would be cancelled & the indians would lose their money
+    unless they joined the south, if they did that the stocks would be
+    reissued to the Confederate States for them." Their special
+    commissioners Peter Folsom &c, who came to Washington to get the half
+    million of dollars for claims, reported that they got along very well
+    until they were asked if they had slaves after that they said they
+    could do nothing. Sampson Folsom said however that he thought they
+    would have succeeded had it not been for the attack on Sumpter--He
+    said President Lincoln then told them "He would not give them a dollar
+    until the close of the war." An interesting fact in relation to these
+    commissioners is that they came to Washington by way of _Montgomery_ &
+    were when they reached Washington probably all, except Judge Garland,
+    secessionists. Thus all influences were in favor of the rebels--Where
+    could the indians go for light--The former indian agent Cooper was a
+    Col. in the rebel service. The oldest missionary who has undoubtedly
+    more influence with the Choctaws than any other white man is an ardent
+    secessionist believing firmly both in the right & in the final success
+    of the rebel cause--He (Dr. Kingsbury) prays as earnestly & fervently
+    for the success of the rebels as any one among us does for the success
+    of the Union cause. The son of another, Mr. Hodgkin, is a captain in
+    the rebel service--another Mr. Stark actively assisted in organizing a
+    company acted as sec. of secessionist meetings &c. Even Mr. Reid
+    superintendant of Spencer was confident the rebels could never be
+    subdued and thought when the treaty should be made they ought in
+    justice to have Ind. Territory. Again when Fort Smith was evacuated
+    the rebel forces were on the way up the Ark. river to attack it & the
+    garrison evacuated it in the night which looked to the Indians (if
+    not to the white men) as if the northerners were afraid. The same was
+    true of Fort Washitaw where our forces left in the night and were
+    actually pursued for several days by the Texans. Thus matters stood
+    when Col. Pitchlynn the resident Com. of the Choctaws at Washington
+    returned home. He gave all his influence to have the Choctaws take a
+    neutral position. The chief had called the council to meet June 1st. &
+    Col. P. so far succeeded as to induce him to prepare a message
+    recommending neutrality. Col. P. was promptly reported as an
+    _abolitionist_ and _visited_ & _threatened_ by a Texas Vigilance
+    committee.
+
+    The Council met at Doaksville seven miles from Red River & of course
+    from Texas. It was largely attended by white men from Texas our
+    Choctaw neighbors who attended said the place was full of white men.
+
+    The Council did not organize until June 4th or 5th (I forget which).
+    In the meanwhile the white men & half bloods had a secession meeting
+    when it leaked out through Col. Cooper that the Chief Hudson had
+    prepared a message recommending neutrality at which Robert M. Jones
+    was so indignant that he made a furious speech in which he declared
+    that "any one who opposed secession ought to be hung" "and any
+    suspicious persons ought to be hung." Hudson was frightened and when
+    the Council was organized sent in a message recommending that
+    commissioners be appointed to negotiate a treaty with the Confederates
+    and that in the meantime a regiment be organized under Col. Cooper for
+    the Confed. army.
+
+    This was finally done but not for a week for the Choctaws were
+    reluctant. They feared that their action would result in the
+    destruction of the nation. Said Joseph P. Folsom, a member of the
+    council & a graduate of Dartmouth College New Hampshire, "We are
+    choosing in what way we shall die." Judge Wade said to me, "We expect
+    that the Choctaws will be buried. That is what we think will be the
+    end of this." Judge W. is a member of the Senate (for the Choctaw
+    Council is composed of a Senate & lower house chosen by the people in
+    districts & the constitution is modeled very much after those of the
+    states.) & he has been a chief. Others said to me "If the north was
+    here so we could be protected we would stand up for the north but now
+    if we do not go in for the south the Texans will come over here and
+    kill us." Mr. Reid told me a day or two before we left that he had
+    become convinced during a trip for two or three days through the
+    country that the _full bloods_ were strongly for the north. I am sure
+    it _was so then_ & it was the opinion of the missionaries that if we
+    had all taken the position, that we would not leave, some of us had
+    been warned to do so by Texan vigilance committees, we could have
+    raised a thousand men who would have armed in our defence--Our older
+    brethren told us that this would hasten the destruction of the indians
+    as they would be crushed before any help could come.--We thought this
+    would probably be the case and the missionaries who were most strongly
+    union in sentiment left.
+
+    One of the number Rev. John Edwards had been hiding for his life from
+    Texan & half blood ruffians for two weeks & we at Spencer had had the
+    _honor_ to be visited by a Texas committee searching for arms.
+
+    I continue my narrative from a letter from one of our teachers who was
+    detained when we left by the illness of his wife & who left Spencer
+    Sept. 5th & the Nation Sept. 9th. He says Col. Coopers regiment was
+    filled up with Texans "The half breeds after involving the full bloods
+    in the war have rather drawn back themselves and but few of them have
+    enlisted & gone to the war." This indicates that the full bloods have
+    at last yielded to the pressure and joined the rebels. The
+    missionaries who remained would generally advise them to do this.
+
+    The Choctaw commissioners met Albert Pike rebel commissioner & made a
+    treaty with him, with reference to this he says "The Choctaws rec'd
+    quite a bundle of promises from the rebel government. Their treaty
+    gives their representative a seat in the rebel congress, acknowledges
+    the right of the Choctaws to give testimony in all courts in the C.
+    S., exempts them from the expences of the war, their soldiers are to
+    be paid 20$ a month by the C. S. during the war, the C. S. assume the
+    debts due the Choctaws by the U. S., they have the privilege of coming
+    in as a state into the Confederacy with equal rights if they wish it,
+    or remain as they are, the C. S. to sustain their schools _after the
+    war_, they guarantee them against all intrusion on their lands by
+    white men, allow them to garrison the forts in their territory with
+    their own troops if they wish it said troops to be paid by the C.
+    S."--Here is a list of promises and when I think of these, of the
+    belief of their oldest missionaries in the final success of the
+    rebels, of the fact that all the old Officers of the U. S. government
+    were in the service of the rebels, of the occupation of the forts
+    there by rebels, of the activity of a knot of bitter disunionists led
+    by Capt. Jones, who has long been a very influential man, of the Texas
+    mob law which considered it a crime for a young man to refuse to
+    volunteer, of the fact that there was no way for them to hear the
+    truth as to the designs of the U. S. government concerning them,
+    except through Col. Pitchlyn who was soon silenced & of the falsehoods
+    told them as to the designs of the Government, I do not wonder that
+    they have joined the rebels.
+
+    I saw strong men completely unmanned even to floods of tears by the
+    leaving of Dr. Hobbs and the thoughts of what was before them. I heard
+    men say they did not want to fight but expected to be forced to do it.
+
+    I trust the government will consider the circumstances of the case &
+    deal gently, considerately with the indians. I do not like to write
+    such things of my brother missionaries but they are I believe facts &
+    though I love some of them very much I still must say that, except
+    Rev. Mr. Byington who was doubtful & Rev. Mr. Balantine a missionary
+    to the Chickasaws who was union, all the ordained missionaries
+    belonging to the Choctaw & Chickasaw Mission of the Presbyterian Board
+    who remain there were victims of the madness which swept over the
+    South, were secessionists--One or two of the three Laymen who remained
+    were union men--Cyrus Kingsbury son of Rev. Dr. K. being one....
+
+The failure of the United States government to give the Indians, in
+season, the necessary assurance that they would be protected, no matter
+what might happen, can not be too severely criticized. It indicated a very
+short-sighted policy and was due either to a tendency to ignore the
+Indians as people of no importance or to a lack of harmony and coöperation
+among the departments at Washington. Such an assurance of continued
+protection was not even framed until the second week in May and then the
+Indian country was already threatened by the secessionists. Moreover, it
+was framed and intended to be given by one department, the Interior, and
+its fulfilment left to another, the War. It went out from the Indian
+Office in the form of a circular letter,[114] addressed by Commissioner
+William P. Dole to the chief executive[115] in each of the five great
+tribes. It assured the Indians that President Lincoln had no intention of
+interfering with their domestic institutions or of allowing government
+agents or employees to interfere and that the War Department had been
+appealed to to furnish all needed defense according to treaty guaranties.
+The new southern superintendent, William G. Coffin of Indiana, was made
+the bearer of the missive; but, unfortunately, quite a little time
+elapsed[116] before the military situation[117] in the West would allow
+him to assume his full duties or to reach his official headquarters,[118]
+and, in the interval, he was detailed for other work. The Indians,
+meanwhile, were left to their own devices and were obliged to look out for
+their own defense as best they could.
+
+To all appearances neither the legislative action of the Chickasaws and of
+the Choctaws nor the work of the inter-tribal council was, at the time of
+occurrence, reported officially to the United States government or, if
+reported officially, then not pointedly so as to reveal its real bearings
+upon the case in hand. All the agents within Indian Territory were as
+usual southern men;[119] but may not have been directly responsible or
+even cognizant of this particular action of their charges. The records
+show that practically all of them, Cooper, Garrett, Cowart, Leeper, and
+Dorn, were absent[120] from their posts, with or without leave, the first
+part of the new year and that every one of them became or was already an
+active secessionist.[121]
+
+It has been authenticated and is well understood today that, as the
+Southern States, one by one, declared themselves out of the Union or were
+getting themselves into line for so doing, they prepared to further the
+cause of secession among their neighbors and, for the purpose, sent agents
+or commissioners to them, who organized the movement very much as the
+Committees of Correspondence did a similar movement prior to the American
+Revolution. In short, in the spring of 1861, the seceding states entered
+upon active proselytism and at least two of them extended their labors to
+and among the Indians. Those two were Texas and Arkansas. Missouri also
+worked with the same end in view, so did Colorado, but apparently not so
+much with the great tribes of Oklahoma as with the politically less
+important of Kansas. Colorado, it is true, did operate to some extent upon
+the Cherokees of the Outlet and upon the Wichitas, but mostly upon the
+Indians of the western plains. No one can deny that, in the interests of
+the Confederate cause, the project of sending emissaries even to the
+Indians was a wise measure or refuse to admit that the contrasting
+inactivity and positive indifference of the North was foolhardy in the
+extreme. It indicated a self-complacency for which there was no
+justification. More than that can with truth be said; for, from the
+standpoint of political wisdom and foresight, the inactivity where the
+Indians were concerned was conduct most reprehensible.
+
+While Chickasaws and Choctaws, unsolicited,[122] were expressing
+themselves, the secessionist sentiment was developing rapidly in Texas.
+By the middle of February, conditions were such that steps might be taken
+to order the evacuation of the state by Federal troops. This was finally
+done under authority of the Committee of Public Safety[123] and the
+general in command, D. E. Twiggs of Georgia, compliantly yielded. His
+small show of resistance seemed, under the circumstances, a mere pretense,
+although he had his reasons, and good ones too, perfectly satisfactory to
+himself, for doing what he did. Two main conditions were attached to the
+agreement of surrender;[124] one, exacted by General Twiggs, to the effect
+that his men be allowed to retain their arms, commissary stores, camp and
+garrison equipage, and the means of transportation; the other, exacted by
+the Texan commissioners, that the troops depart by way of the coast and
+not overland, as the United States War Department had designed when, a
+short time before, it had ordered a similar removal.[125] The precaution
+of forcing a coastwise journey[126] was taken by the Texan commissioners
+to consume time and to prevent the troops being retained in states or
+territories through which transit lay for possible future use against
+Texas. The easy compliance of General Twiggs[127] undoubtedly merits some
+censure and yet was perfectly well justified to his own conscience by the
+exigencies of the situation and by the fact that he had repeatedly asked
+for orders as to what he should do in the event of an emergency and had
+received none. The circumstance of his surrender and the resulting triumph
+of the secessionist element could not fail to have its effect upon the
+watchful Indians to whom the exhibition of present power was everything.
+
+That the Texan secessionists fully appreciated the strategic position of
+the Indian nations and the absolute necessity of making some sort of terms
+with them was brought out by the action of the convention at its first
+session. An ordinance was passed "to secure the friendship and
+co-operation of the Choctaw, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole
+Nations of Indians;" and three men, James E. Harrison, James Bourland, and
+Charles A. Hamilton, were appointed as commissioners[128] "to proceed to
+said nations and invite their prompt co-operation in the formation of a
+Southern Confederacy."[129]
+
+Now before following these men in the execution of their mission, it may
+be advisable, for breadth of view, to illustrate how Texas still further
+made Indian relations an issue most prominent in all the earlier stages of
+her secession movement; but at the very outset it must be admitted that,
+in so doing, she differentiated carefully between the civilized and the
+uncivilized tribes. With the one group she was ready to seek an alliance,
+offensive and defensive, but with the other to wage a relentless,
+exterminating war. The failure of the United States central government to
+protect her against the aggressions and the atrocities so-called of the
+wild tribes was cited by her as one principal justification for withdrawal
+from the Union,[130] her obvious purpose being to gain thereby the
+adherence of the northern counties, non-slaveholding but frontier. Almost
+conversely, on the other hand, Governor Houston gave as one good and
+sufficient reason for not withdrawing from the Union, the fear that should
+the Union be dissolved the wild tribes, who were now, in a measure,
+restrained from committing depredations and enormities by the very nature
+of their treaty guaranties, would be literally let loose upon Texas.[131]
+As far as the civilized tribes were concerned, however, all were of one
+mind and that took the form of the conviction that so great was the
+necessity of gaining and holding the confidence of the Indians, that Texas
+must not procrastinate in joining her fortunes with those of her sister
+states in the Confederacy.[132]
+
+James E. Harrison and his colleagues started out upon the performance of
+the duties assigned them, February 27, 1861. Their report[133] of
+operations and of observations being somewhat difficult of access and its
+contents not easily summarized, is herewith appended. Its fullness of
+detail is especially to be commended.
+
+    We ... crossed Red River and entered the Chickasaw Nation about thirty
+    miles southwest of Fort Washita; visited and held a private conference
+    with His Excellency Governor C. Harris and other distinguished men of
+    that nation, who fully appreciated our views and the object of our
+    mission. They informed us that a convention of the Chickasaws and
+    Choctaws was in a few days to convene at Boggy Depot, in the Choctaw
+    Nation, to attend to some municipal arrangements. We, in company with
+    Governor Harris and others, made our way to Boggy Depot, conferring
+    privately with the principal men on our route. We arrived at Boggy
+    Depot on the 10th day of March. Their convention or council convened
+    on the 11th. Elected a president of the convention (Ex-Governor
+    Walker, of the Choctaw Nation); adopted rules of decorum. On the 12th
+    we were waited on by a committee of the convention. Introduced as
+    commissioners from Texas, we presented our credentials and were
+    invited to seats. The convention then asked to hear us, when Mr. James
+    E. Harrison addressed them and a crowded auditory upon the subject of
+    our mission, setting forth the grounds of our complaint against the
+    Government of the United States, the wrongs we had suffered until our
+    patience had become exhausted, endurance had ceased to be a virtue,
+    our duty to ourselves and children demanded of us a disruption of the
+    Government that had ceased to protect us or to regard our rights;
+    announced the severance of the old and the organization of a new
+    Government of Confederate Sovereign States of the South, with a
+    common kindred, common hopes, common interest, and a common destiny;
+    discussed the power of the new Government, its influence, and wealth;
+    the interest the civilized red man had in this new organization;
+    tendering them our warmest sympathy and regard, all of which met the
+    cordial approbation of the convention.
+
+    The Choctaws and Chickasaws are entirely Southern and are determined
+    to adhere to the fortunes of the South. They were embarrassed in their
+    action by the absence of their agents and commissioners at Washington,
+    the seat of Government of the Northern Confederacy, seeking a final
+    settlement with that Government. They have passed resolutions
+    authorizing the raising of a minute company in each county in the two
+    nations, to be drilled for actual service when necessary. Their
+    convention was highly respectable in numbers and intelligence, and the
+    business of the convention was dispatched with such admirable decorum
+    and promptness as is rarely met with in similar deliberative bodies
+    within the States.
+
+    On the morning of the 13th, hearing that the Creeks (or Maskokys) and
+    Cherokees were in council at the Creek agency, on the Arkansas River,
+    140 miles distant, we immediately set out for that point, hoping to
+    reach them before their adjournment. In this we were disappointed.
+    They had adjourned two days before our arrival. We reached that point
+    on Saturday evening. On Sunday morning, hearing that there was a
+    religious meeting five miles north of the Arkansas River, in the Creek
+    Nation, Mr. James E. Harrison attended, which proved to be of the
+    utmost importance to our mission. The Reverend Mr. H. S. Buckner was
+    present, with Chilly McIntosh, D. N. McIntosh, Judge Marshall, and
+    others, examining a translation of a portion of the Scriptures, hymn
+    book, and Greek grammar by Mr. Buckner into the Creek language. Mr.
+    Buckner showed us great kindness, and did us eminent service, as did
+    also Elder Vandiven, at whose house we spent the night and portion of
+    the next day with these gentlemen of the Creek Nation, and through
+    them succeeded in having a convention of the five nations called by
+    Governor Motey Kinnaird, of the Creeks, to meet at North Fork (Creek
+    Nation) on the 8th of April.
+
+    In the intermediate time we visited the Cherokee Nation, calling on
+    their principal men and citizens, conversing with them freely until
+    we reached Tahlequah, the seat of government. Near this place Mr. John
+    Ross resides, the Governor of the nation. We called on him officially.
+    We were not unexpected, and were received with courtesy, but not with
+    cordiality. A long conference was had with him, conducted by Mr.
+    Harrison on the part of the commissioners, without, we fear, any good
+    result. He was very diplomatic and cautious. His position is the same
+    as that held by Mr. Lincoln in his inaugural; declares the Union not
+    dissolved; ignores the Southern Government. The intelligence of the
+    nation is not with him. Four-fifths, at least, are against his views,
+    as we learned from observation and good authorities. He, as we
+    learned, had been urged by his people to call a council of the nation
+    (he having the only constitutional authority to do so), to take into
+    consideration the embarrassed condition of political affairs in the
+    States, and to give some expression of their sentiments and
+    sympathies. This he has persistently refused to do. His position in
+    this is that of Sam. Houston in Texas, and in all probability will
+    share the same fate, if not a worse one. His people are already
+    oppressed by a Northern population letting a portion of territory
+    purchased by them from the United States, to the exclusion of natives,
+    and we are creditably informed that the Governors of some two or more
+    of the Western free-soil States have recommended their people
+    emigrating to settle the Cherokee country. It is due Mr. John Ross, in
+    this connection, to say that during our conference with him he
+    frequently avowed his sympathy for the South, and that, if Virginia
+    and the other Border States seceded from the Government of the United
+    States, his people would declare for the Southern Government that
+    might be formed. The fact is not to be denied or disguised that among
+    the common Indians of the Cherokees there exists a considerable
+    abolition influence, created and sustained by one Jones, a Northern
+    missionary of education and ability, who has been among them for many
+    years, and who is said to exert no small influence with John Ross
+    himself.
+
+    From Tahlequah we returned to the Creek Nation, and had great
+    satisfaction in visiting their principal men--the McIntoshes,
+    Stidhams, Smiths, Vanns, Rosses, Marshalls, and others too numerous to
+    mention. Heavy falls of rain occurred about the time the convention
+    was to meet at North Fork, which prevented the Chickasaws and Choctaws
+    from attending the council, the rivers and creeks being all full and
+    impassable. The Creeks, Cherokees, Seminoles, Quapa, and Socks (the
+    three latter dependencies of the Creeks) met on the 8th of April.
+    After they had organized by calling Motey Kinnaird, the Governor of
+    the Creeks, to the chair, a committee was appointed to wait on the
+    commissioners present, James E. Harrison and Capt. C. A. Hamilton, and
+    invite them to appear in the convention, when, by invitation, Mr.
+    Harrison addressed the convention in a speech of two hours. Our views
+    were cordially received by the convention. The Creeks are Southern and
+    sound to a man, and when desired will show their devotion to our cause
+    by acts. They meet in council on the 1st of May, when they will
+    probably send delegates to Montgomery to arrange with the Southern
+    Government.
+
+    These nations are in a rapid state of improvement. The chase is no
+    longer resorted to as means of subsistence, only as an occasional
+    recreation. They are pursuing with good success agriculture and stock
+    raising. Their houses are well built and comfortable, some of them
+    costly. Their farms are well planned and some of them extensive and
+    all well cultivated. They are well supplied with schools of learning,
+    extensively patronized. They have many churches and a large membership
+    of moral, pious deportment. They feel themselves to be in an exposed,
+    embarrassed condition. They are occupying a country well suited to
+    them, well watered, and fertile, with extensive fields of the very
+    best mineral coal, fine salt springs and wells, with plenty of good
+    timber, water powers which they are using to an advantage. Pure slate,
+    granite, sandstone, blue limestone, and marble are found in abundance.
+    All this they regard as inviting Northern aggression, and they are
+    without arms, to any extent, or munitions of war. They declare
+    themselves Southerners by geographical position, by a common interest,
+    by their social system, and by blood, for they are rapidly becoming a
+    nation of whites. They have written constitutions, laws, etc., modeled
+    after those of the Southern States. We recommend them to the fostering
+    care of the South, and that treaty arrangements be entered into with
+    them as soon as possible. They can raise 20,000 good fighting men,
+    leaving enough at home to attend to domestic affairs, and under the
+    direction of an officer from the Southern Government would deal
+    destruction to an approaching army from that direction, and in the
+    language of one of their principal men:
+
+    "Lincoln may haul his big guns about our prairies in the daytime, but
+    we will swoop down upon him at night from our mountains and forests,
+    dealing death and destruction to his army."
+
+    No delay should be permitted in this direction. They cannot declare
+    themselves until they are placed in a defensible position. The
+    Administration of the North is concentrating his forces at Fort
+    Washita, about twenty-four miles from the Texas line, and within the
+    limits of the Chickasaw Nation. This fort could easily be taken by a
+    force of 200 or 300 good men, and it is submitted as to whether in the
+    present state of affairs a foreign government should be permitted to
+    accumulate a large force on the borders of our country, especially a
+    portion containing a large number of disaffected citizens who
+    repudiate the action of the State.
+
+    In this connection it may not be improper to state that from North
+    Fork to Red River we met over 120 wagons, movers from Texas to Kansas
+    and other free States. These people are from Grayton, Collin, Johnson,
+    and Denton, a country beautiful in appearance, rich in soil, genial in
+    climate, and inferior to none in its capacity for the production of
+    the cereals and stock. In disguise, we conversed with them freely.
+    They had proposed by the ballot box to abolitionize at least that
+    portion of the State. Failing in this, we suppose at least 500 voters
+    have returned whence they came.
+
+    All of which is respectfully submitted this April 23, 1861....
+
+Presumably, the suggestions, contained in the closing paragraphs of the
+commissioners' report, in so far as they concerned Texas, were immediately
+acted upon by her. It was very true, as the commissioners had reported,
+that a change was taking place in the disposition of Federal troops within
+the Indian country. About the middle of February, a complaint[134] had
+been filed at the Indian Office by the Wichita agent, Matthew Leeper, to
+the effect that men, claiming to be Choctaws and Chickasaws, were
+trespassing upon the Leased District. The Reserve Indians asked for relief
+and protection at the hands of their guardian, the United States
+government. Shortly afterwards, perhaps in a measure in response to the
+appeal or more likely, to a hint that everything was not quite as it
+should be on the Texan border, Colonel William H. Emory, First United
+States Cavalry, was ordered, March 13,[135] to take post at Fort Cobb. He
+was then in Washington and, immediately upon his departure thence, was
+ordered, March 18,[136] to form his regiment at Fort Washita instead, word
+having come from the commander at that post,[137] in a report of the third
+instant, of a threatened attack by Texans. In explanation of a policy so
+vacillating, Emory was given to understand that the change of destination
+was really made at the solicitation of the agent and delegation of the
+Chickasaws. Those men were in Washington, out of reach of and apparently
+out of sympathy with, the events transpiring at home. Agent Cooper,
+secessionist though he was, probably did not altogether approve of the
+interference of the Texans. At any rate, he shared the representations of
+the Chickasaw delegation that Fort Washita stood in need of
+reënforcement,[138] and the War Department acceded to their request on the
+ground that, "The interests of the United States are paramount to those
+of the friendly Indians on the reservation near Fort Cobb."[139]
+
+Emory's orders further comprehended a concentration of all the troops at
+Fort Washita that were then at that place and at Forts Cobb and
+Arbuckle;[140] but the orders were discretionary in their nature and
+permitted his leaving a small force at the more northern posts should
+circumstances warrant or demand it. On the nineteenth, General Scott had
+had a conference with Senator Charles B. Mitchell of Arkansas and, in
+deference to Mitchell's opinion, still further modified his orders to
+Emory so that, while leaving him the bulk of his discretionary power, he
+recommended that, if advisable, Emory retain one company at Fort
+Cobb.[141] In any event, one company of infantry was to move in advance
+from Fort Arbuckle to Fort Washita.[142]
+
+Up to the twenty-fourth of March, at which time he left Memphis, Colonel
+Emory made pretty good time in his attempt to reach his destination; but
+from Memphis on his movements were unavoidably and considerably hampered.
+Low water in the Arkansas detained him for several days so that he deemed
+it prudent to send his orders on ahead to the commanding officer at Fort
+Arbuckle "to commence the movement upon Fort Washita, and, in the event of
+the latter place being threatened, to march to its support with his whole
+force."[143] On reaching Fort Smith, Emory found that matters had come to
+a crisis in Arkansas and, touching the disposition of his force and the
+objects of his mission, allowed himself to be unduly influenced in his
+judgment by men of local predilections.[144] It was upon their advice and
+upon the urgent pleadings of Matthew Leeper,[145] Indian agent on the
+Leased District, that he exercised his discretionary power as to the
+disposal of troops, without listening to his military subordinates[146] or
+having viewed the locality for himself. In the interests of these local
+petitioners,[147] he even enlarged upon Mitchell's recommendation and
+concluded to leave two companies at Fort Cobb as one was deemed altogether
+inadequate to the protection of so isolated a post. It never seems to
+have occurred to him that the attack would have to come from the south,
+from the direction of Fort Washita, and that a force large enough to be
+efficient at either Fort Washita or Fort Arbuckle would necessarily
+protect Fort Cobb and the Indians of the Leased District.
+
+The position of the Indians in the Leased District was serious in the
+extreme. They lived in mortal terror of the Texans and their agent, the
+man placed over them by the United States government, was now an avowed
+secessionist. He was a Texan and declared, as so many another southerner
+did from General Lee down, that honor and loyalty compelled him to go with
+his state. In February, he had been in Washington City, settling his
+accounts with the government and estimating for the next two quarters in
+accordance with the rulings and established usage of the Indian Office. On
+his way west and back to his agency, he was waylaid by a man of the name
+of "Burrow," very probably Colonel N. B. Burrow, acting under authority
+from the state of Arkansas, who despoiled him of part of his travelling
+equipment and then suffered him to go on his way.[148] Leeper reached his
+agency to find the Indians greatly excited. He endeavored to allay their
+fears, assuring them that the Texans would do them no harm. Soon, however,
+came his own defection and he thenceforward made use of every means,
+either to make the way easy for the Texans or to induce the Indians to
+side with them against the United States.
+
+While Emory was dilly-dallying at Fort Smith, the Texans made their
+preparations[149] for invading the Indian country and a regiment of
+volunteers under William C. Young, once a planter of Braganza County and
+now state regimental colonel, moved towards the Red River. There is
+something to show that they came at the veiled invitation[150] of the
+Indians. At any rate they seem to have felt pretty sure of a welcome[151]
+and were close at hand when Colonel Emory reached Fort Washita. He reached
+Fort Washita to find that the concentration of troops, even of such as his
+ill-advised orders would permit, had not yet fully taken place, that his
+supplies had been seized by the Texans, and that a general attack by them
+upon the poorly fortified posts was to be hourly expected. Emory,
+thereupon, resolved to withdraw from Fort Washita towards Arbuckle and
+Cobb. The day after he did so, April 16, Young's troops entered in force.
+Emory hurried forward to strengthen Fort Cobb and, indeed, to relieve it,
+taking, in his progress, the open prairie road that his cavalry might be
+more available. On the way,[152] he was joined by United States troops
+from Fort Arbuckle, the Texans in close pursuit. Fort Arbuckle was
+occupied by them in turn and then Fort Cobb, Emory never so much as
+attempting to enter the place; for he found its garrison in flight to the
+northeast. Fugitives all together, the Federal troops, piloted by a
+Delaware Indian, Black Beaver,[153] hurried onwards towards Fort
+Leavenworth. They seem to have made no lengthy stop until they were safe
+across the Arkansas River[154] and their flight may well be said to have
+been a precipitous one. Behind them, at Fort Arbuckle, Colonel Young took
+possession of abandoned property and placed it in the care of the
+Chickasaw Indians,[155] who had materially aided him in his attack. His
+next move was to negotiate,[156] unauthoritatively, a treaty with the
+Reserve Indians, gaining the promise of their alliance upon the
+understanding that the Confederacy, in return, would feed and protect
+them. Fort Cobb was rifled and the Indians made rich, in their own
+estimation, with booty.[157] Colonel Young seems then to have drawn back
+towards the Red River; but for several months he continued to occupy with
+his forces,[158] under the authority of Texas and with the consent of the
+Chickasaw Indians, the three frontier posts that Emory had been instructed
+to guard; viz., Forts Washita, Arbuckle, and Cobb.
+
+If Texas took time by the forelock in her anxiety to secure the Indian
+country and its inhabitants, Arkansas most certainly did the same; and, in
+the undertaking, various things told to her advantage, among which, not
+the least important was the close family relationship existing between her
+secessionist governor, Henry M. Rector, and the southern superintendent.
+They were cousins and, to all appearances, the best of friends. It is
+doubtful if in any state the executive authority thereof worked more
+energetically for secession or with greater consistency and promptitude
+than in Arkansas. Governor Rector had been elected, in the autumn of 1860,
+by the Democrats and old-line Whigs. He belonged to a numerous and most
+influential family, land-surveyors most of them, seemingly by inheritance,
+and, although from northern or border states originally, strongly
+committed to the doctrine of state sovereignty. The family connections
+were also powerful socially and politically. The gubernatorial
+inauguration came in November, 1860, and from that moment Henry M. Rector
+and his host of relations and friends worked for secession.
+
+At the outset, Governor Rector identified the Indian interests with those
+of Arkansas. Even in his message[159] of December 11, 1860 he gave it as
+his opinion that the two communities must together take measures to
+prevent anti-slavery migration. It was rather late in the day, however, to
+intimate that men of abolitionist sentiments must not be allowed to cross
+the line, and a man of the political acumen of Henry M. Rector must have
+known it. Immediately after the general election there were evidences of
+great excitement in Arkansas and, when news[160] came that the disused
+arsenal at Little Rock was to be occupied by artillery under Captain James
+Totten from Fort Leavenworth, it broke out into expressions of public
+dissent. Little Rock was scarcely less radical and secessionist in its
+views than was Fort Smith and Fort Smith was regarded as a regular hot-bed
+of sectionalism. The legislature, too, was filled with state-rights
+advocates and some of the actions taken there were almost revolutionary in
+their trend. With the new year came new alarms and false reports of what
+was to be. Harrell records[161] that the first message over the newly
+completed telegraph line between Memphis and Little Rock was a repetition
+of the rumor, quite without foundation, that Major Emory had been ordered
+from Fort Gibson to reinforce Totten at Little Rock, and that the effect
+upon Helena was electrical. It is no wonder that the newspapers and
+personal communications[162] of the time showed great intensity of
+feeling and a tendency to ring the changes on a single theme.
+
+The public indignation following the receipt of the unsubstantiated rumor
+that Totten was to be reënforced seems to have compelled the action of
+Governor Rector in taking possession,[163] on February eighth, in the name
+of the state of Arkansas, of the United States arsenal at Little Rock;
+but, as a matter of fact, Rector needed only an excuse, and a very slight
+one at that, for doing more than he had already done to prove his
+sectional bias. Nor had he forgotten or neglected the Indians. Indeed,
+never at any time did he leave a single stone unturned in his search for
+inside and outside support; and, notwithstanding the fact that the
+Arkansas Ordinance of Secession was not passed until the sixth of May,
+Governor Rector conducted himself, for months before that, as though the
+state were a bona fide member of the Confederacy. In all his audacious
+venturings, proposals, and acts, he had the full and unquestioning
+support, not only of his cousin, Elias Rector,[164] in whose honor Albert
+Pike had written the well-known parody[165] on "The Old Scottish
+Gentlemen;"[166] but of the leading citizens of Fort Smith and Little
+Rock, particularly of those whose previous occupations, residence,
+inclinations, or interests had made them conversant with Indian affairs
+and, therefore, unusually appreciative of the strategic value of the
+Indian country. Under such circumstances, it is not at all surprising that
+Governor Rector seized, as he did, the earliest[167] opportunity to
+approach the Cherokees. Fort Smith at the junction of the Arkansas and
+Poteau Rivers was only eighty miles from Fort Gibson.
+
+Before taking up for special comment Governor Rector's negotiations with
+the Cherokees through their principal chief, John Ross, it might be well
+to retrace our steps a little in order to show how, in yet other ways,
+Arkansas interested herself more than was natural in the concerns of the
+Indians and made some of her citizens, in the long run, more than
+ordinarily responsible for the development of secessionist sentiment among
+the southern tribes.
+
+When David Hubbard, journeying westward as special secessionist
+commissioner[168] from Alabama to Arkansas, reached Little Rock--and that
+was in the early winter of 1861--he soon discovered that many Arkansans
+were not willing for their state to go out of the Union unless she could
+take Indian Territory with her. Hubbard's letter,[169] descriptive of the
+situation, is very elucidating. It is addressed to Andrew B. Moore,[170]
+governor of Alabama, and bears date Kinloch, Alabama, January third.
+
+    MY DEAR SIR: On receipt of your letter and appointment as commissioner
+    from Alabama to Arkansas, I repaired to Little Rock and presented my
+    credentials to the two houses, and also your letter to Governor
+    Rector, by all of whom I was politely received. The Governor of
+    Arkansas was every way disposed to further our views, and so were many
+    leading and influential members of each house of the Legislature, but
+    neither are yet ready for action, because they fear the people have
+    not yet made up their minds to go out. The counties bordering on the
+    Indian nations--Creeks, Cherokees, Choctaws, and Chickasaws--would
+    hesitate greatly to vote for secession, and leave those tribes still
+    under the influence of the Government at Washington, from which they
+    receive such large stipends and annuities. These Indians are at a spot
+    very important, in my opinion, in this great sectional controversy,
+    and must be assured that the South will do as well as the North before
+    they could be induced to change their alliances and dependence. I have
+    much on this subject to say when I get to Montgomery, which cannot
+    well be written. The two houses passed resolutions inviting me to meet
+    them in representative hall and consult together as to what had best
+    be done in this matter. When I appeared men were anxious to know what
+    the seceding States intended to do in certain contingencies. My
+    appointment gave me no authority to speak as to what any State would
+    do, but I spoke freely of what, in my opinion, we ought to do. I took
+    the ground that no State which had seceded would ever go back without
+    full power being given to protect themselves by vote against
+    anti-slavery projects and schemes of every kind. I took the position
+    that the Northern people were honest and did fear the divine
+    displeasure, both in this world and the world to come, by reason of
+    what they considered the national sin of slavery, and that all who
+    agreed with me in a belief of their sincerity must see that we could
+    not remain quietly in the same Government with them. Secondly, if they
+    were dishonest hypocrites, and only lied to impose on others and make
+    them hate us, and used anti-slavery arguments as mere pretexts for the
+    purpose of uniting Northern sentiment against us, with a view to
+    obtain political power and sectional dominion, in that event we ought
+    not to live with them. I desired any Unionist present to controvert
+    either of these positions, which seemed to cover the whole ground. No
+    one attempted either, and I said but little more. I am satisfied, from
+    free conversations with members of all parties and with Governor
+    Rector, that Arkansas, when compelled to choose, will side with the
+    Southern States, but at present a majority would vote the Union
+    ticket. Public sentiment is but being formed, but must take that
+    direction....
+
+What, in addition to that just cited, Hubbard had to say about the Indians
+or about the profit accruing from close contact with them, we have no way
+of knowing; but we have a right to be suspicious of the things that have
+to be communicated by word of mouth only, especially in this instance,
+when we remember that white men have always made the Indians subjects of
+exploitation and that Hubbard was the man whom the southern Confederacy
+chose for its first commissioner of Indian affairs, also that Hubbard's
+first outline of work, as commissioner, in truth, his only outline,
+comprehended an extended visit to the Indians before whom he proposed to
+expatiate on the financial advantages of an adherence to the Confederacy
+and the inevitable financial ruin that must come from continued loyalty to
+the Union. All things considered, it would surely seem that in Hubbard's
+mind the money question was always uppermost.
+
+But there were others to whom the Indian income was a thing of interest.
+At the earlier meeting of the Arkansas convention, a resolution[171] had
+been passed, March 9, 1861, authorizing an inquiry to be made into the
+annual cost to the United States government of the Indian service west of
+Arkansas. The state administration had already seized[172] the Indian
+funds on hand, an opportunity to do so having offered itself upon the
+occasion of the death[173] of the United States disbursing officer, Major
+P. T. Crutchfield. But, later, for fear that this might work prejudice
+with the Indians a resolution[174] was passed providing that the money
+should not be diverted from its proper uses. Because of such actions and
+others of like direction, it is certainly safe to assume that pecuniary
+considerations made the frontiersmen of 1861 vitally interested in Indian
+affairs. The same influences that moved Hubbard to write his letter to
+Governor Moore with special mention of the Indians unquestionably moved
+the citizens of Boonsboro to try,[175] without much further ado, the
+temper of the Cherokees.
+
+Returning now to Governor Rector and to a recital of his endeavors with
+the same Indian people, it is seen that his approach to the Cherokees was
+made, as has been already intimated, through their principal chief, John
+Ross, and by means of the following most excellently worded letter:
+
+    THE STATE OF ARKANSAS, EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT,
+      Little Rock, January 29, 1861.
+
+    TO HIS EXCELLENCY JOHN ROSS,
+      Principal Chief Cherokee Nation:
+
+    SIR: It may now be regarded as almost certain that the States having
+    slave property within their borders will, in consequence of repeated
+    Northern aggressions, separate themselves and withdraw from the
+    Federal Government.
+
+    South Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Georgia, and Louisiana
+    have already, by action of the people, assumed this attitude.
+    Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, North Carolina, and
+    Maryland will probably pursue the same course by the 4th of March
+    next. Your people, in their institutions, productions, latitude, and
+    natural sympathies, are allied to the common brotherhood of the
+    slaveholding States. Our people and yours are natural allies in war
+    and friends in peace. Your country is salubrious and fertile, and
+    possesses the highest capacity for future progress and development by
+    the application of slave labor. Besides this, the contiguity of our
+    territory with yours induces relations of so intimate a character as
+    to preclude the idea of discordant or separate action.
+
+
+[Illustration: JOHN ROSS, PRINCIPAL CHIEF OF THE CHEROKEES [_From
+Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology_]]
+
+
+    It is well established that the Indian country west of Arkansas is
+    looked to by the incoming administration of Mr. Lincoln as fruitful
+    fields, ripe for the harvest of abolitionism, free-soilers, and
+    Northern mountebanks.
+
+    We hope to find in your people friends willing to co-operate with the
+    South in defense of her institutions, her honor, and her firesides,
+    and with whom the slaveholding States are willing to share a common
+    future, and to afford protection commensurate with your exposed
+    condition and your subsisting monetary interests with the General
+    Government.
+
+    As a direct means of expressing to you these sentiments, I have
+    dispatched my aide-de-camp, Lieut. Col. J. J. Gaines, to confer with
+    you confidentially upon these subjects, and to report to me any
+    expressions of kindness and confidence that you may see proper to
+    communicate to the governor of Arkansas, who is your friend and the
+    friend of your people. Respectfully, your obedient servant,
+
+        HENRY M. RECTOR, Governor of Arkansas.[176]
+
+Lieutenant Gaines duly started out upon his mission and upon reaching Fort
+Smith interviewed Superintendent Rector and received from him a letter of
+introduction[177] to John Ross, which was, in effect, a hearty endorsement
+of the governor's project. An inkling of what Gaines was about soon came
+to the ears of A. B. Greenwood, an Arkansan, a state-rights man, and
+United States commissioner of Indian affairs. At the moment he was the
+official, intent upon doing his duty, nothing more. It was then in his
+official capacity that he straightway demanded of Agent Cowart an
+explanation of Gaines's movements; but Cowart was privy to Governor
+Rector's plans undoubtedly, a Georgian, a secessionist, and one of those
+illiterate, disreputable, untrustworthy characters that frontier or
+garrison towns seem always to produce or to attract, the kind,
+unfortunately for its own reputation and for the Indian welfare, that the
+United States government has so often seen fit to select for its Indian
+agents. More than that, Cowart was a man of such base principles that he
+could commercialize with impunity a great cause and calmly continue to
+hold office under and to draw pay from one government while secretly
+plotting against it in the interests of another. On this occasion he
+attempted a denial[178] of the presence of Rector's commissioner at Fort
+Smith; but the Indian Office had soon good proof[179] that a commissioner
+had been there and that he had proceeded thence to the Cherokee country.
+It was no other than Gaines, of course, who, when once he had delivered
+the Rector letters to Ross, saw fit, in the further interests of his
+mission, to attend the inter-tribal council at the Creek Agency.
+
+John Ross did not reply to Governor Rector's communication until the
+anniversary of George Washington's birthday and he then expressed the same
+ideas of concern, of sympathy, but also those of positive neutrality that
+had characterized his advice to the Indian conferees. He scouted, though,
+the very idea of the incoming administration's planning to abolitionize
+the Indian country while at the same time he manifested his utter
+disapproval of it. This is what he said:
+
+    TAHLEQUAH, CHEROKEE NATION, February 22, 1861.
+
+    HIS EXCELLENCY HENRY M. RECTOR, Governor of Arkansas:
+
+    Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of Your Excellency's
+    communication of the 29th ultimo, per your aide-de-camp, Lieut. Col.
+    J. J. Gaines.
+
+    The Cherokees cannot but feel a deep regret and solicitude for the
+    unhappy differences which at present disturb the peace and quietude of
+    the several States, especially when it is understood that some of the
+    slave States have already separated themselves and withdrawn from the
+    Federal Government and that it is probable others will also pursue the
+    same course.
+
+    But may we not yet hope and trust in the dispensation of Divine power
+    to overrule the discordant elements for good, and that, by the counsel
+    of the wisdom, virtue, and patriotism of the land, measures may
+    happily be adopted for the restoration of peace and harmony among the
+    brotherhood of States within the Federal Union.
+
+    The relations which the Cherokee people sustain toward their white
+    brethren have been established by subsisting treaties with the United
+    States Government, and by them they have placed themselves under the
+    "protection of the United States and of no other sovereign whatever."
+    They are bound to hold no treaty with any foreign power, or with any
+    individual State, nor with the citizens of any State. On the other
+    hand, the faith of the United States is solemnly pledged to the
+    Cherokee Nation for the protection of the right and title in the
+    lands, conveyed to them by patent, within their territorial
+    boundaries, as also for the protection of all other of their national
+    and individual rights and interests of persons and property. Thus the
+    Cherokee people are inviolably allied with their white brethren of
+    the United States in war and friends in peace. Their institutions,
+    locality, and natural sympathies are unequivocally with the
+    slave-holding States. And the contiguity of our territory to your
+    State, in connection with the daily, social, and commercial
+    intercourse between our respective citizens, forbids the idea that
+    they should ever be otherwise than steadfast friends.
+
+    I am surprised to be informed by Your Excellency that "it is well
+    established that the Indian country west of Arkansas is looked to by
+    the incoming administration of Mr. Lincoln as fruitful fields ripe for
+    the harvest of abolitionism, free-soilers, and Northern mountebanks."
+    As I am sure that the laborers will be greatly disappointed if they
+    shall expect in the Cherokee country "fruitful fields ripe for the
+    harvest of abolitionism," &c., you may rest assured that the Cherokee
+    people will never tolerate the propagation of any obnoxious fruit upon
+    their soil.
+
+    And in conclusion I have the honor to reciprocate the salutation of
+    friendship.
+
+    I am, sir, very respectfully, Your Excellency's obedient servant,
+
+        JNO. ROSS, Principal Chief Cherokee Nation.[180]
+
+The Arkansas state convention, sanctioned by popular vote, met, by
+authority of the governor's proclamation, March fourth. Its members were
+inclined to temporize, however; for, as Harrell says, they were
+coöperationists[181] rather than secessionists and their policy of
+temporizing they carried out even in the provision made for reassembling
+after adjournment. David Walker, the president of the convention, was out
+of sympathy with this; and, at the first news of the attack upon Fort
+Sumter and while passion and excitement were still at fever heat,
+called[182] an extra session for the sixth of May. The regular session was
+not to come until the nineteenth of August. Coincidently Governor Rector
+again showed where his sympathies lay by refusing[183] President Lincoln's
+call for troops.
+
+The Arkansas Ordinance of Secession was passed on the sixth of May. S. R.
+Cockrell had proved himself a good prophet; for, writing jubilantly to L.
+P. Walker, on the twenty-first of April, on the progress of secession, he
+had said,[184] "Arkansas will go out 6th of May before breakfast. The
+Indians come next." His closing remark had some foundation for its
+utterance. Intelligent and prominent Indians were to be found in the very
+ranks of the Arkansas secessionists. E. C. Boudinot, a Cherokee, an enemy
+and rival of John Ross, and later Cherokee delegate in the Confederate
+Congress, was secretary[185] of the convention. M. Kennard, a leading and
+a principal Creek chief, seems also to have been influential. The alliance
+of the Indians was yet being sought.[186]
+
+The secession ordinance once safely launched, the Arkansas convention
+turned its attention without equivocation to Indian concerns. On the tenth
+of May, for instance, it followed the example set by Texas and passed a
+resolution,[187] authorizing the president of the convention to appoint
+three delegates to visit Indian Territory. The men appointed were, S. L.
+Griffith of Sebastian County (the same man, interestingly enough to whom
+the United States government had recently offered[188] the Southern
+Superintendency), J. Murphy of Madison County, and G. W. Laughinghouse of
+St. Francis County. Two of these counties were on or near the border.
+Sebastian was on the border and Madison not far inland, so Griffith and
+Murphy very probably realized the full significance of their mission. On
+the eleventh of May, the convention tried to pass another resolution,[189]
+indicative of a community of interests between Arkansas and the Indian
+country. This resolution failed, but, had it passed, it would have prayed
+the president of the Confederate States to erect a military department or
+division out of Arkansas and Indian Territory. As it was, the convention
+contented itself, on this occasion, with empowering[190] Brigadier-general
+Pearce[191] to coöperate with Brigadier-general McCulloch.[192] It took
+this action on the twenty-first of May and on the twenty-eighth it
+received a communication[193] from Elias Rector concerning the Choctaws
+and Chickasaws.
+
+Almost simultaneously with this legislative activity, solicitation of the
+Indians came from yet other directions. On the eighth of May,
+Brigadier-general B. Burroughs of the Arkansas militia took it upon
+himself to make an appeal to the Chickasaws, which he did in this wise:
+
+    HEADQUARTERS EIGHTH BRIGADE, FIRST DIVISION, ARKANSAS MILITIA,
+      Fort Smith, Ark., May 8, 1861.
+
+    GOV. C. HARRIS: To-day we have information that Arkansas, in
+    Convention, has seceded, by a vote 69 to 1. Tennessee has also
+    seceded, and made large appropriations and ordered an army of 50,000
+    men.
+
+    Arkansas has for several days past been in arms on this frontier for
+    the protection (of) citizens, and the neighboring Indian nations whose
+    interests are identical with her own.
+
+    I have news through my scouts that the U. S. troops have abandoned the
+    forts in the Chickasaw country.
+
+    Under my orders from the commander-in-chief and governor of Arkansas,
+    I feel authorized to extend to you such military aid as will be
+    required in the present juncture of affairs to occupy and hold the
+    forts.
+
+    I have appointed Col. A. H. Word, one of the State senators, and
+    Captain Sparks, attached to this command, commissioners to treat and
+    confer with you on this subject. These gentlemen are fully apprised of
+    the nature of the powers intrusted to myself by the governor of this
+    State, and are authorized to express to you my views of the subject
+    under consideration. I ask, therefore, that you express to them your
+    own wishes in the premises, and believe, my dear sir, that Arkansas
+    cherishes the kindest regards for your people.
+
+    I have the honor to subscribe myself, with sentiments of regard, your
+    excellency's friend and servant,
+
+        B. BURROUGHS, Brigadier-General, Commanding.[194]
+
+The impudence and calm effrontery of this has its humorous side and would
+seem even ridiculous were it not for the fact that we are bound to
+remember that the Indians took it all so very seriously. It was true
+enough, as Burroughs said, that the Federal troops had abandoned the
+Indian country; but against whom were the forts to be held? Surely not
+against the Federals. Furthermore, what need was there for Arkansas to
+interest herself in the Chickasaw forts, since the Texan troops were
+already in possession? Is it possible to suppose that Burroughs's scouts,
+who had found out so much about the withdrawal of the Federal forces, had
+not discovered the work of the Texans in contributing thereto? The
+Chickasaws were particularly friendly to the secessionists and, in this
+same month of May, passed, by means of their legislature, those eight
+resolutions[195] in which they gave such strong expression to their
+views, at the same time, however, giving the Southern States clearly to
+understand that they knew the extent of their own rights and were
+determined to hold fast to them. They also declared that they wished to
+hold their forts themselves.
+
+On the ninth of May, the Indians were still further addressed and this
+time by the citizens of Boonsboro, Arkansas, whose appeal has already been
+referred to and quoted.[196] The appeal was made through the medium of a
+letter to John Ross and of him the citizens of Boonsboro inquired where he
+intended to stand; inasmuch as they much preferred "an open enemy to a
+doubtful friend." They earnestly hoped, they said, to find in him and his
+people "true allies and active friends." On the fifteenth of May, J. R.
+Kannady, lieutenant-colonel, commanding at Fort Smith, also
+communicated[197] with Ross and on the same subject, his immediate
+provocation being the report that Senator James H. Lane was busy raising
+troops in Kansas to be used against Missouri and Arkansas. Of the Kannady
+letter, John B. Luce was the bearer and, to it, Ross replied[198] on the
+seventeenth, the very day that he published his great proclamation[199] of
+neutrality; for the otherwise most sensible John Ross labored under the
+delusion that the Indians would be allowed to figure as silent witnesses
+of events. In this respect, he was, however, on slightly firmer ground
+than were the citizens of such a state as Kentucky; but, none the less, he
+labored under a delusion as he soon found out to his sorrow. His
+proclamation of neutrality was intended as a final and conclusive
+answer[200] to all interrogatories like that from Boonsboro.
+
+
+
+
+III. THE CONFEDERACY IN NEGOTIATION WITH THE INDIAN TRIBES
+
+
+The provisional government of the Confederate States showed itself no less
+anxious and no less prompt than the individual states in its endeavor to
+secure the Indian country and the Indian alliance. On the twenty-first of
+February, 1861, the very same day that the law was passed for the
+establishment of a War Department of which Leroy P. Walker of Alabama took
+immediate charge, William P. Chilton, member[201] of the Provisional
+Congress from Alabama, offered in that body a resolution to the effect,
+that the Committee on Indian Affairs be instructed to inquire into the
+expediency of opening up negotiations with the Indian tribes of the West
+in relation to all matters concerning the mutual welfare of said tribes
+and the people of the Confederate States.[202] The resolution was adopted.
+Four days later, Edward Sparrow of Louisiana asked that the same committee
+be instructed to consider the advisability of appointing agents to those
+same Indian tribes.[203] The Indian committee, at the time, was composed
+of Jackson Morton of Florida, Lawrence M. Keitt of South Carolina, and
+Thomas N. Waul of Texas. Robert W. Johnson became a member after Arkansas
+had seceded and had been admitted to the Confederacy.
+
+Preliminary steps such as these led naturally to a comprehension of the
+need for a Bureau of Indian Affairs[204] and, on the twelfth of March,
+President Davis recommended[205] that one be organized and a commissioner
+of Indian affairs appointed. His recommendations were acted upon without
+delay and a law[206] in conformity with them passed. This happened on the
+fifteenth of March and on the day following, the last of the session,
+Davis nominated David Hubbard,[207] ex-commissioner[208] from Alabama to
+Arkansas, for the Indian portfolio. For some time, however, Hubbard had
+little to do.[209] It is wise therefore to leave him for a while and
+resume the examination of congressional work.
+
+The journal entries through February and March show that the Provisional
+Congress had, not infrequently, Indian matters placed before it and, at
+times presumably, communications direct from the tribes. On the fourth of
+March, Robert Toombs, himself on the Finance Committee and at the same
+time Secretary of State,[210] offered the following resolution:[211]
+
+    _Resolved_, That the President be, and he is hereby authorized to send
+    a suitable person as special agent of this Government to the Indian
+    tribes west of the State of Arkansas.
+
+Whether this was called forth by the investigations of the Committee on
+Indian Affairs under the Chilton resolution of the twenty-first of
+February or whether it grew out of a correspondence between Toombs and
+Albert Pike does not appear. Toombs and Pike were friends, brother
+Masons[212] in fact, and then or soon afterwards in intimate
+correspondence on the subject of Indian relations. The resolution passed,
+but there the matter seems to have rested for a time. On the tenth of May,
+William B. Ochiltree proposed[213] that the Committee on Indian Affairs
+consider the condition of Reserve Indians in Texas; and, on the fifteenth,
+a most important measure was introduced[214] in the shape of a bill,
+reported by Keitt from the Committee on Indian Affairs, "for the
+protection of certain Indian tribes." This opened up the whole subject of
+prospective relations with the great tribes of Indian Territory and,
+taken in connection with the provision for a special commissioner, was
+fruitful of great results.
+
+On the seventh of May, Thomas A. Harris of Missouri had made the
+Provisional Congress acquainted with some Choctaw and Chickasaw
+resolutions,[215] which, in themselves, seemed indicative of a friendly
+disposition towards the South. This fact lent to the bill for the
+assumption of a protectorate a large significance. Congress considered it,
+for the most part, in secret session. The text of the act as finally
+passed does not appear in any of the published[216] statutes of the
+Confederate States; but, under the act, Albert Pike, special commissioner
+for the purpose appointed by President Davis, negotiated all his
+remarkable treaties with the western tribes. Three sections of the law,
+those added to the original bill by way of amendment, appear in the
+Provisional Congress _Journal_.[217] They are strictly financial in their
+nature and are as follows:
+
+    _Sec. 6._ And be it further enacted, That the Confederate States do
+    hereby assume the duty and obligation of collecting and paying over as
+    trustees to the several Indian tribes now located in the Indian
+    Territory south of Kansas, all sums of money accruing, whether from
+    interest or capital of the bonds of the several States of this
+    Confederacy now held by the Government of the United States as
+    trustees for said Indians or any of them; and the said interest and
+    capital as collected shall be paid over to said Indians or invested
+    for their account, as the case may be, in accordance with the several
+    treaties and contracts now existing between said Indians and the
+    Government of the United States.
+
+    _Sec. 7._ That the several States of this Confederacy be requested to
+    provide by legislation or otherwise that the capital and interest of
+    the bonds issued by them respectively, and held by the Government of
+    the United States in trust for said Indians, or any of them, shall not
+    be paid to said Government of the United States, but shall be paid to
+    this Government in trust for said Indians.
+
+    _Sec. 8._ That it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Indian
+    Affairs to obtain and publish, at as early a period as practicable, a
+    list of all the bonds of the several States of this Confederacy now
+    held in trust by the Government of the United States as aforesaid, and
+    to give notice in said publication that the capital and interest of
+    said bonds are to be paid to this Government and to no other holder
+    thereof whatever.
+
+Before this bill for the protection of the Indians had come up for
+discussion or had even emerged from the rooms of the Committee on Indian
+Affairs, Albert Pike, in letters to Toombs and R. W. Johnson, had pointed
+out most emphatically the military necessity of securing[218] the Indian
+country. His conviction was strong that the United States had no idea of
+permanently abandoning the same but would soon replace the regular troops,
+it had withdrawn from thence, by volunteers. Pike discussed the matter
+with N. Bart Pearce and the two agreed[219] that there was no time to lose
+and that something must be done forthwith to prevent the possibility of
+Federal emissaries gaining a foothold among the great tribes; for, if they
+did gain such a foothold, their influence was likely to be very great,
+especially among the Cherokees who might be regarded as predisposed to
+favor them, they having many abolitionists on their tribal rolls. Whether,
+at so early a date, Pike thought formal negotiation, as had been
+customary, the preferable method of procedure, we are not prepared to say,
+positively. Formal negotiation was scarcely consistent with the southern
+argument of Jackson's time or consonant with present state-rights
+doctrine. When writing[220] to Johnson on the eleventh of May, Pike seems
+to have been thinking simply of Indian enlistment and of the use of white
+and red troops in the defense of the Indian country. At that date his own
+appointment[221] as diplomatic agent for the negotiation of treaties of
+amity and alliance was certainly not prominently before him. He expressed
+himself to Johnson in such a way, indeed, as would lead us to suppose that
+the position he half expected to get, and did not altogether want, was
+that of commander of an Indian Department which he hoped would be created.
+
+For such a position Pike was not entirely unfitted. He had served in the
+Mexican War and had attained the rank of captain; but his tastes were
+certainly not what one would call military. He was a poet[222] of
+acknowledged reputation and a lawyer of eminence. Arkansas had recognized
+him as one of her foremost citizens by sending him as her one and only
+delegate to the Commercial Convention[223] of Southern and Western
+States, held at Charleston, South Carolina, April, 1854. Just recently, at
+the time when the question of secession was before the people of Arkansas,
+he had issued a pamphlet, entitled, _State or Province, Bond or Free_,
+described by a contemporary as, "a most specious argument for secession,
+but a re-production of the political heresies, that thirty years ago
+called down on John C. Calhoun, the anathema maranatha of Andrew
+Jackson."[224] To the men of his time, it seemed all the more astonishing
+that Albert Pike should take such a pronounced stand on the subject of
+state rights, not because he was a New Englander by birth, for there were
+many such in Arkansas and in the ranks of the secessionists, but because
+he was the author of that stirring poem against the idea of national
+disintegration, published some time before under the title of,
+"Disunion."[225]
+
+On the twentieth of May, Pike wrote[226] again to Toombs and by that time
+he certainly knew[227] of his commission to treat with the Indian tribes,
+but had apparently not received any very definite instructions as to the
+scope of his authority. One little passage in the letter brings out very
+clearly the essential fair-mindedness of the man, a marked characteristic
+in all[228] his dealings with the Indians, but at once his strength and
+his weakness. He succeeded with the red man for the very same reason that
+he failed with the white, because he gave to the Indians the
+consideration and the justice which were their due. This is the
+significant passage from his letter to Toombs:[229]
+
+    I very much regret that I have not received distinct authority to give
+    the Indians guarantees of all their legal and just rights under
+    treaties. It cannot be expected they will join us without them, and it
+    would be very ungenerous, as well as unwise and useless, in me to ask
+    them to do it. Why should they, if we will not bind ourselves to give
+    them what they hazard in giving us their rights under treaties?
+
+    As you have told me to act at my discretion, and as I am not directed
+    not to give the guarantees, I shall give them, formal, full, and
+    ample, by treaty, if the Indians will accept them and make treaties.
+    General McCulloch will join me in this, and so, I hope and suppose,
+    will Mr. Hubbard, and when we shall have done so we shall, I am sure,
+    not look in vain to you, at least, to affirm these guarantees and
+    insist they shall be carried out in good faith.
+
+There was an implied doubt of Hubbard in Pike's reference to him and a
+single future declaration almost justified the doubt, notwithstanding the
+fact that Hubbard was supposed to have been chosen as commissioner of
+Indian affairs because of his "well known sympathy for the Indian tribes
+and the deep concern" he had ever "manifested in their welfare."
+Hubbard's official position was that of Commissioner of Indian Affairs;
+but the unorganized character of the Confederate administration in early
+1861 is well attested by the way Secretary Walker confounded the name and
+functions of that office with those of an ordinary superintendent. On the
+fourteenth of May, he addressed Hubbard as "Superintendent of Indian
+Affairs" and instructed him
+
+    To proceed to the Creek Nation, and to make known to them, as well as
+    to the rest of the tribes west of Arkansas and south of Kansas ... the
+    earnest desire of the Confederate States to defend and protect them
+    against the rapacious and avaricious designs of their and our enemies
+    at the North.... You will, in an especial manner, impress upon the
+    Creek Nation and surrounding Indian tribes the imperious fact that
+    they will doubtless recognize, that the real design of the North and
+    the Government at Washington in regard to them has been and still is
+    the same entertained and sought to be enforced against ourselves, and
+    if suffered to be consummated, will terminate in the emancipation of
+    their slaves and the robbery of their lands. To these nefarious ends
+    all the schemes of the North have tended for many years past, as the
+    Indian nations and tribes well know from the character and conduct of
+    those emissaries who have been in their midst, preaching up abolition
+    sentiments under the disguise of the holy religion of Christ, and
+    denouncing slaveholders as abandoned by God and unfit associates for
+    humanity on earth.
+
+    You will be diligent to explain to them, under these circumstances,
+    how their cause has become our cause, and themselves and ourselves
+    stand inseparably associated in respect to national existence and
+    property interests; and in view of this identification of cause and
+    interests between them and ourselves, entailing a common destiny, give
+    to them profound assurances that the Government of the Confederate
+    States of America, now powerfully constituted through an immense
+    league of sovereign political societies, great forces in the field,
+    and abundant resources, will assume all the expense and responsibility
+    of protecting them against all adversaries....
+
+    Give them to understand, in this connection, that a brigadier-general
+    of character and experience has been assigned to the military district
+    embracing the Indian Territories south of Kansas, with three regiments
+    under his command, while in Texas another military district has been
+    formed....
+
+    In addition to these things, regarded of primary importance, you will,
+    without committing the Government to any especial conduct, express our
+    serious anxiety to establish and enforce the debts and annuities due
+    to them from the Government at Washington, which otherwise they will
+    never obtain, as that Government would, undoubtedly, sooner rob them
+    of their lands, emancipate their slaves, and utterly exterminate them,
+    than render to them justice. Finally, communicate to them the abiding
+    solicitude of the Confederate States of America to advance their
+    condition in the direction of a proud political society, with a
+    distinctive civilization, and holding lands in severalty under
+    well-defined laws, by forming them into a Territorial government; but
+    you will give no assurance of State organization and independence, as
+    they still require the strong arm of protecting power, and may
+    probably always need our fostering care; and, so far as the agents of
+    the late Government of the United States may be concerned, you will
+    converse with them, and such of them as are willing to act with you in
+    the policy herein set forth you are authorized to substantiate in the
+    employment of this Government at their present compensation....[230]
+
+Hubbard's mission to the west was quite independent[231] of Pike's,
+although both missions were undoubtedly part of the one general plan of
+securing as quickly, as surely, and as easily as possible the friendly
+coöperation of the Indians. At about the same moment that they were
+devised, the Confederacy took yet another means of accomplishing the same
+object and one referred to in the letter of Secretary Walker just quoted.
+On the thirteenth of this same month of May, 1861, it assigned
+Brigadier-general Ben McCulloch "to the command of the district embracing
+the Indian Territory lying west of Arkansas and south of Kansas."
+McCulloch's orders[232] were "to guard that Territory against invasion
+from Kansas or elsewhere," and, for the purpose, in addition to three
+regiments of white troops, "to engage, if possible, the service of any of
+the Indian tribes occupying the Territory referred to in numbers equal to
+two regiments."
+
+Hubbard's part in the prosecution of this great endeavor may as well be
+disposed of first. It was of short duration and seemingly barren of direct
+results. Hubbard was long in reaching the western boundary of Arkansas. On
+the way out he was seized with pneumonia and otherwise delayed by wind and
+weather. On the second of June he was still in Little Rock, apparently
+much more interested[233] in the local situation in Arkansas than in the
+real object of his mission. His intention was to "go up the river to Fort
+Smith," June third. From that point, on the twelfth, he addressed the
+Cherokee chief, John Ross, and the Confederate general, Ben McCulloch. The
+letter was more particularly meant for the former.
+
+    As Commissioner of Indian Affairs of the Confederate States it was my
+    intention to have called upon you and consulted as to the mutual
+    interests of our people. Sickness has put it out of my power to
+    travel, and those interests require immediate consideration, and
+    therefore I have determined to write, and make what I think a plain
+    statement of the case for your consideration, which I think stands
+    thus: If we succeed in the South--succeed in this controversy, and I
+    have no doubt of the fact, for we are daily gaining friends among the
+    powers of Europe, and our people are arming with unanimity scarcely
+    ever seen in the world before--then your lands, your slaves, and your
+    separate nationality are secured and made perpetual, and in addition
+    nearly all your debts are in Southern bonds, and these we will also
+    secure. If the North succeeds you will most certainly lose all. First
+    your slaves they will take from you; that is one object of the war, to
+    enable them to abolish slavery in such manner and at such time as they
+    choose. Another, and perhaps the chief cause, is to get upon your rich
+    lands and settle their squatters, who do not like to settle in slave
+    States. They will settle upon your lands as fast as they choose, and
+    the Northern people will force their Government to allow it. It is
+    true they will allow your people small reserves--they give chiefs
+    pretty large ones--but they will settle among you, overshadow you, and
+    totally destroy the power of your chiefs and your nationality, and
+    then trade your people out of the residue of their lands. Go North
+    among the once powerful tribes of that country and see if you can find
+    Indians living and enjoying power and property and liberty as do your
+    people and the neighboring tribes from the South. If you can, then say
+    I am a liar, and the Northern States have been better to the Indian
+    than the Southern States. If you are obliged to admit the truth of
+    what I say, then join us and preserve your people, their slaves, their
+    vast possessions in land, and their nationality.
+
+    Another consideration is your debts, annuities, &c., school funds due
+    you. Nearly all are in bonds of Southern States and held by the
+    Government at Washington, and these debts are nearly all forfeited
+    already by the act of war made upon the States by that Government.
+    These we will secure you beyond question if you join us. If you join
+    the North they are forever forfeited, and you will have no right to
+    believe that the Northern people would vote to pay you this forfeited
+    debt. Admit that there may be some danger take which side you may, I
+    think the danger tenfold greater to the Cherokee people if they take
+    sides against us than for us. Neutrality will scarcely be possible. As
+    long as your people retain their national character your country
+    cannot be abolitionized, and it is our interest therefore that you
+    should hold your possessions in perpetuity.[234]
+
+The effect that such a communication as the foregoing might well have had
+upon the Indians can scarcely be overestimated. Time out of number they
+had been over-reached in dealings financial. Only the year before, bonds
+in which Indian trust funds were invested had been abstracted[235] from
+the vaults of the Interior Department; and, for this cause and other
+causes, Indian money had not been readily forthcoming for the much needed
+relief of Indian sufferers from the fearful drought that devastated Indian
+Territory, Kansas, and other parts of the great American desert in 1860.
+
+Comment upon Hubbard's letter from the standpoint of historical inaccuracy
+seems hardly necessary here. Suffice it to say that the distortion of
+facts and the shifting of responsibility for previous Indian wrongs from
+the shoulders of Southern States to those of a federal government made up
+entirely of northern states must have seemed preposterous in the extreme
+to the Indians. One can not help wondering how Hubbard dared to say such
+things to the Indian exiles from Southern States and particularly to John
+Ross who like all of his tribe and of associated tribes was the victim of
+southern aggression and not in any sense whatsoever of northern.
+
+To Hubbard's gross amplification and even defiance of his instructions,
+also to his extravagant utterances touching the repudiation of debts and
+southern versus northern justice and generosity, Chief Ross replied,[236]
+by way of strong contrast, in terms dignified and convincing:
+
+    It is not the province of the Cherokees to determine the character of
+    the conflict going on in the States. It is their duty to keep
+    themselves, if possible, disentangled, and afford no grounds to either
+    party to interfere with their rights. The obligations of every
+    character, pecuniary and otherwise, which existed prior to the present
+    state of affairs between the Cherokee Nation and the Government are
+    equally valid now as then. If the Government owe us, I do not believe
+    it will repudiate its debts. If States embraced in the Confederacy owe
+    us, I do not believe they will repudiate their debts. I consider our
+    annuity safe in any contingency.
+
+    A comparison of Northern and Southern philanthropy, as illustrated in
+    their dealings toward the Indians within their respective limits,
+    would not affect the merits of the question now under consideration,
+    which is simply one of duty under existing circumstances. I therefore
+    pass it over, merely remarking that the "settled policy" of former
+    years was a favorite policy with both sections when extended to the
+    acquisition of Indian lands, and that but few Indians now press their
+    feet upon the banks of either the Ohio or the Tennessee....
+
+Judging from all the instructions that Secretary Walker sent out on Indian
+matters in May of 1861, it would seem that he had very much at heart the
+enlistment of the Indians and their actual participation in the war.
+Mention has already been made of how General McCulloch was told by
+Adjutant-general Cooper to add, if possible, two Indian regiments to his
+brigade and of how Walker had written Hubbard urging him to persuade the
+Indians to join forces and raising the number of Indian regiments desired
+from two to three. In a similar strain Walker wrote[237] to Douglas H.
+Cooper on the occasion of definitely asking him to give his services to
+the South. In all these letters no special stress was laid upon an
+intention to use the Indians as home guards exclusively. On the contrary,
+one might easily draw, from the letters, a quite opposite inference and
+conclude that the Indian troops, if raised, were to be used very generally
+and exactly as any other volunteers might be used. This is important in
+view of the stand, and a very positive one it was, that Albert Pike took
+some time afterwards. In his own letter[238] to Johnson of May 11, 1861,
+he does not specifically say that the Indian soldiers, whose mustering he
+has in contemplation, are not to be used outside of the Indian country;
+but he does insist that that country be occupied by them and by a certain
+number of white regiments--another important point as subsequent events
+will divulge.
+
+General McCulloch took up his part of the task of securing the Indians in
+his own characteristic way. He had great energy and great enthusiasm and
+both qualities were displayed to the fullest extent on the present
+occasion. He first laid his plans for taking possession forthwith of the
+Indian country, it having come to his knowledge that Colonel Emory with
+the Federal forces had abandoned it.[239] Apparently, it had never
+occurred to McCulloch that the Indians themselves might be averse to such
+a proceeding on his part but he was soon made aware of it; for when he
+consulted[240] with John Ross, he found, to his discomfiture and deep
+chagrin, that the desire and the determination of this greatest of all the
+Indians was to remain strictly neutral. On the twelfth of June, McCulloch
+still further communicated[241] with Ross and informed him that he would
+respect his wishes in so far as expediency justified but that he would
+have to insist upon the inherent right of the individual Cherokees to
+organize themselves into a force of Home Guards should they feel so
+inclined. Then he closed his letter by this note of warning:
+
+    Should a body of men march into your Territory from the North, or if I
+    have an intimation that a body is in line of march for the Territory
+    from that quarter, I must assure you that I will at once advance into
+    your country, if I deem it advisable.
+
+Once again the forbearance of Chief Ross had been put to a severe test,
+but he none the less replied to McCulloch with his customary dignity. Ross
+was then at Park Hill, McCulloch at Fort Smith, where he had halted hoping
+that the permission would be forthcoming for him to cross the line. Ross's
+reply[242] came by return mail, so to speak, and was dated the
+seventeenth. It was largely a reiteration of the reasons he had already
+given for preserving neutrality, but it was also a positive refusal to
+allow the individual Cherokees to organize a Home Guard. The concluding
+paragraph gives the lie direct to those intriguing and self-interested
+politicians who, in later years, endeavored to impugn Ross's sincerity:
+
+    Your demand that those people of the nation who are in favor of
+    joining the Confederacy be allowed to organize into military companies
+    as Home Guards, for the purpose of defending themselves in case of
+    invasion from the North, is most respectfully declined. I cannot give
+    my consent to any such organization for very obvious reasons: First,
+    it would be a palpable violation of my position as a neutral; second,
+    it would place in our midst organized companies not authorized by our
+    laws but in violation of treaty, and who would soon become efficient
+    instruments in stirring up domestic strife and creating internal
+    difficulties among the Cherokee people. As in this connection you have
+    misapprehended a remark made in conversation at our interview some
+    eight or ten days ago, I hope you will allow me to repeat what I did
+    say. I informed you that I had taken a neutral position, and would
+    maintain it honestly, but that in case of a foreign invasion, old as I
+    am, I would assist in repelling it....
+
+It will develop later how Ross's wishes with respect to the enrollment of
+Home Guards were successfully and adroitly circumvented, with the
+connivance of General McCulloch, by men of the Ridge faction in Cherokee
+politics. From the beginning, McCulloch seemed determined not to take Ross
+seriously, yet he duly informed Secretary Walker of the turn events were
+taking. On the twelfth of June, for instance, he wrote[243] to him and
+gave an account of his recent interview with the Cherokee chief. It was
+rather a misleading account, however; for it conveyed to Walker the idea
+that Ross was only waiting for provocation from the North to throw in his
+lot with the Confederacy. On the twenty-second of June, McCulloch
+wrote[244] to Walker again and to the same effect as far as his belief
+that Ross was not sincere in his professions of neutrality was concerned,
+even though, in the interval between the two letters, he had been
+carefully corrected by Ross himself and even though he was, at the very
+time, sending on to Richmond, the correspondence that denied the truth of
+his own statement. He did, however, add that his belief now was that Ross
+was awaiting a favorable moment to join forces with the North.
+
+Albert Pike, special commissioner from the State Department of the
+Confederate States to the Indian tribes west of Arkansas, had accompanied
+General McCulloch on his visit to Ross, the latter part of May, and had
+been present at the resulting interview. He had told[245] Toombs that he
+would leave Little Rock for Fort Smith the twenty-second and go at
+once[246] to the Cherokee country. At Fort Smith, Pike met McCulloch and
+the two, seeking the same object, agreed to go forward together,[247]
+having already been approached by an anti-Ross element of the Cherokee
+Nation.[248] Ross, as has been shown, insisted upon maintaining an
+attitude of strict neutrality, which probably did not surprise his
+interviewers, since, according to Pike's own testimony, he and McCulloch
+had not gone to Park Hill expecting to be able to effect any arrangement
+with Chief Ross.[249] Ross, however, did go so far as to promise[250]
+that within a short while he would call a meeting of the Cherokee
+Executive Council and confer with it further on the policy to be pursued.
+Ross doubtless felt that it was a part of political wisdom to do this. His
+was an exceedingly difficult position; for, within the nation, there was a
+large element in favor of secession. It was a minority party, it is true;
+but, none the less, it represented for the most part, the intelligence and
+the property and the influence of the tribe. Opposed to it and in favor of
+neutrality, was the large majority, not nearly so influential because made
+up of the full-bloods and of those otherwise poverty-stricken and obscure.
+In the light of previous tribal discords, the minority party was the old
+Ridge, or Treaty, Party, now headed by Stand Watie and E. C. Boudinot,
+while the majority party was the Ross, or Non-treaty Party. Ross himself,
+his nephew, William P. Ross, and a few others were the great exceptions to
+the foregoing characterization of their following. Of sturdy Scotch
+extraction and honest to the core, they personally stood out in strong
+contrast to the rank and file of the non-secessionists and it was they who
+so guided public sentiment that John Ross had the nation back of him when,
+on May 17, 1861, he issued his memorable Proclamation of Neutrality:[251]
+
+    _Proclamation to the Cherokee people_
+
+    Owing to the momentous state of affairs pending among the people of
+    the several States, I, John Ross, Principal Chief, hereby issue this
+    my proclamation to the people of the Cherokee Nation, reminding them
+    of the obligations arising under their treaties with the United
+    States, and urging them to the faithful observance of said treaties
+    by the maintenance of peace and friendship toward the people of all
+    the States.
+
+    The better to obtain these important ends, I earnestly impress upon
+    all my fellow-citizens the propriety of attending to their ordinary
+    avocations and abstaining from unprofitable discussions of events
+    transpiring in the States and from partisan demonstrations in regard
+    to the same.
+
+    They should not be alarmed by false reports thrown into circulation by
+    designing men, but cultivate harmony among themselves and observe in
+    good faith strict neutrality between the States threatening civil war.
+    By these means alone can the Cherokee people hope to maintain their
+    rights unimpaired and to have their own soil and firesides spared from
+    the baleful effects of a devastating war. There has been no
+    declaration of war between the opposing parties, and the conflict may
+    yet be averted by compromise or a peaceful separation.
+
+    The peculiar circumstances of their condition admonish the Cherokees
+    to the exercise of prudence in regard to a state of affairs to the
+    existence of which they have in no way contributed; and they should
+    avoid the performance of any act or the adoption of any policy
+    calculated to destroy or endanger their territorial and civil rights.
+    By honest adherence to this course they can give no just cause for
+    aggression or invasion nor any pretext for making their country the
+    scene of military operations, and will be in a situation to claim and
+    retain all their rights in the final adjustment that will take place
+    between the several States. For these reasons I earnestly impress upon
+    the Cherokee people the importance of non-interference in the affairs
+    of the people of the States and the observance of unswerving
+    neutrality between them.
+
+    Trusting that God will not only keep from our own borders the
+    desolations of war, but that He will in infinite mercy and power stay
+    its ravages among the brotherhood of States.
+
+    Given under my hand at the executive office at Park Hill this 17th day
+    of May, 1861.
+
+        JNO. ROSS, Principal Chief Cherokee Nation.
+
+The discretion of the Cherokees, their wily diplomacy if, under the
+circumstances, you should please to call it such, was more than
+counterbalanced by the indiscretion and the impetuosity of some of their
+neighbors. It has already been noted how the Chickasaws expressed their
+southern sympathies in the legislative resolves[252] of the twenty-fifth
+of May, but not as yet how the Choctaws took an equally strong stand. Both
+tribes were so very pronounced in their show of affection for the
+Confederacy that they gave a secessionist color to the whole of the Indian
+Territory, so much so, in fact, that Lieutenant-colonel Hyams could
+report[253] to Governor Moore of Louisiana, on the twenty-eighth of May,
+and upon information given him by some Indian agent.
+
+    ... That the nations on the borders of this State (Arkansas) are
+    anxious and desirous to be armed; that they can and will muster into
+    the service 25,000 men; that they have immense supplies of beeves,
+    sufficient to supply the meat for the whole Confederate service. All
+    they ask is arms and enrollment. If within your power to forward their
+    views with the President, it would be a great step in the right
+    direction, and erect a more effectual barrier against the Kansas
+    marauders than any force that could be sent against them, and thereby
+    protect the northern boundary of both Arkansas and Louisiana. The
+    reasons why every effort should be made to arm these people (now heart
+    and soul with us) to defend themselves and us are so palpable, that I
+    do not attempt to urge them upon you, but do solicit your attention,
+    so far as is compatible with your high position, to this matter, to
+    impress its importance on the President, and use your well-known
+    influence to effect this much desirable result....
+
+General McCulloch, in a letter[254] also of the twenty-eighth of May, more
+particularly specified the tribes that were friendly to the South, but he
+too mentioned some of them, the Choctaw and the Chickasaw, as "anxious to
+join the Southern Confederacy." It should not be a matter of surprise then
+to find that on the fourteenth of June, George Hudson, principal chief of
+the Choctaw Nation, acting in accordance with the will of the General
+Council, which had met four days before, publicly declared[255] the
+Choctaw Nation, "free and _independent_." The chief's proclamation was, in
+effect, a conscription act and provided for the enrollment, for military
+service in the interests of the Confederacy, of all competent males
+between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years. The General Council had
+authorized this and had further arranged for the appointment of
+commissioners "to negotiate a treaty of alliance and amity" with the
+Confederate States.
+
+Under such conditions, the work of Albert Pike must have seemed all plain
+sailing when once he was safely beyond the Cherokee limits; but his
+efforts,[256] vain though they were, to persuade that tribe into an
+alliance did not end[257] with the first recorded interview with Ross. He
+kept up his intercourse with the Ridge faction; but finally decided that
+as far as Ross and the nation as a whole were concerned it would be best
+to await the issue of events. It was only too apparent to all the southern
+agents and commissioners that Ross would never yield his opinion unless
+compelled thereto by one of three things or a combination of any or all of
+them. The three things were, pressure from within the tribe; some
+extraordinary display of Confederate strength that would presage ultimate
+success for southern arms; and encroachment by the Federals. It was the
+combination that eventually won the day. Pike, meanwhile, had passed on
+to the Creek country.
+
+At the North Fork Village, in the Creek country, the work of negotiating
+Indian treaties in the interests of the Confederacy really began and it
+did not end until a rather long series of them had been concluded. The
+series consisted of nine main treaties[258] and the nine group themselves
+into three distinct classes. The basis of classification is the relative
+strength or power of the tribe, or better, the degree of concession which
+the Confederacy, on account of that strength or that power or under stress
+of its own dire needs, felt itself obliged to make. This is the list as
+classified:
+
+    FIRST CLASS
+
+    1. Creek, negotiated at North Fork, Creek Nation, July[259] 10, 1861
+
+    2. Choctaw and Chickasaw, negotiated at North Fork, July 12, 1861
+
+    3. Seminole, negotiated at the Seminole Council House, August 1, 1861
+
+    4. Cherokee, negotiated at Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation, October 7, 1861
+
+
+    SECOND CLASS
+
+    1. Osage, negotiated at Park Hill, Cherokee Nation, October 2, 1861
+
+    2. Seneca and Shawnee, negotiated at Park Hill, October 4, 1861
+
+    3. Quapaw, negotiated at Park Hill, October 4, 1861
+
+
+    THIRD CLASS
+
+    1. Wichita, etc., negotiated at the Wichita Agency near the False
+    Washita River, August 12, 1861
+
+    2. Comanche, negotiated at the Wichita Agency, August 12, 1861
+
+Although all the treaties, made in 1861 by Albert Pike, were negotiated
+under authority[260] of the Act of the Provisional Congress of the
+Confederate States, approved May 21, 1861, by which the Confederacy
+offered and agreed to accept the protectorate of the Indian tribes west of
+Arkansas and Missouri, only those made with the great tribes contained a
+statement,[261] definitely showing that the protectorate had been formally
+offered, formally accepted and formally assumed. Thus, in a very
+unequivocal way, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Seminoles, and Cherokees,
+all signified[262] their willingness to transfer their allegiance from the
+United to the Confederate States. The smaller tribes seem not to have been
+asked to make the same concession and their nationality was, in no sense,
+recognized. They acted more or less under duress or compulsion, and the
+very negotiation of treaties with them was taken as a full compliance with
+the confederate scheme.
+
+The nationality of the great tribes, or more properly speaking, their
+political importance, was still further recognized by clauses
+guaranteeing territorial and political integrity,[263] representation by
+delegates[264] in the Confederate Congress, and the prospect[265] of
+ultimate statehood. The guarantee of territorial integrity was, of a
+certainty, not new. It had been inserted into various removal treaties as
+a safeguard against a repetition of the injustice that had been meted out
+to the Indians by the Southern States in Jackson's day. It comprised, in
+effect, a solemn promise that no state or territorial lines should ever
+again circumscribe the particular domain of the Indian nation securing the
+guarantee; and that state or territorial laws, as the case might be,
+should have no operation within the Indian country. The idea of
+congressional representation[266] was also not new, but where it had
+previously been but a promise or a mere contingency, it was now an assured
+fact, a thing definitely provided for. Ultimate statehood had, however,
+attached to it the old time elements of uncertainty, which is not at all
+surprising, considering that Walker, in his instructions[267] to Hubbard,
+had positively spoken against it.
+
+All the treaties, without distinction of class, recognized the land rights
+of the Indians and their existing territorial limits, but with the usual
+restriction upon alienation to foreign powers. A sale or cession to a
+foreign state, without the consent of the Confederate States, was to
+result in forfeiture and reversion to the Confederate States. By the
+Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty, the arrangement,[268] already satisfactorily
+reached, for a Chickasaw country distinct from a Choctaw was continued,
+the Indians of both tribes being given the privilege of having their
+particular land surveyed and sectionized whenever they might so please,
+provided it be done by regular legislative process.[269] The same treaty
+transferred[270] the lease of the Wichita Reserve from the United to the
+Confederate States and limited it to ninety-nine years. Practically the
+same bands of Indians were to be accommodated in this Leased District as
+before; namely, those whose permanent ranges were south of the Canadian or
+between it and the Arkansas. The New Mexican Indians were still to be
+absolutely excluded. The Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians reserved the right
+to pass upon the accommodation of any other Indians than those
+specifically mentioned in the treaty. The individual bands, so
+accommodated in the Leased District, were to be settled upon reserves and
+to hold the same in fee. Finally, the treaty placed,[271] for the time
+being, the Wichitas and their fellow reservees exclusively under the
+control of the Confederate States with a limited jurisdiction resting in
+the Choctaw Nation and a full right of settlement in Choctaws and
+Chickasaws.
+
+In regard to special features of the land rights of tribes other than
+those already mentioned, it is well to observe, perhaps, that the title to
+the reservation then occupied by the Seminoles was admitted to be
+dependent upon Creek sufferance;[272] that the United States patent of
+December 31, 1838, was recognized[273] as protecting the Cherokee; and
+that the Osage lands in Kansas were inferentially covered by the
+Confederate guarantee, given that tribe, of title in perpetuity.[274] The
+Confederate States, moreover, agreed to indemnify[275] the Cherokees
+should their Neutral Lands be lost to them through the misfortune of the
+war. It is rather interesting to see that this new government, in
+promising the insignificant tribes a permanent occupancy of their present
+holdings, made use of the same high-flown, meaningless language that the
+United States had so long used; but Albert Pike knew better than to assure
+the truly powerful tribes that they should hold their lands themselves and
+in common "as long as the grass should grow and the waters run." That
+language could yet be made appealing and effective, though, in official
+dealings with weak Wichitas,[276] Senecas, and Shawnees,[277] and, strange
+as it may seem, even with Creeks.[278] In reciprocal fashion, the wild
+Comanches could most naïvely promise[279] to hold the Confederate States
+"by the hand, and have but one heart with them always."
+
+Speaking of indemnification, we are reminded of other very important
+financial obligations assumed by the Confederacy when it made its famous
+treaties with the Indians west of Arkansas. Those financial obligations
+comprised the payment of annuities due the tribes from the United States
+in return for land cessions of enormous extent. They also comprised the
+interest on various funds, such as the Orphan Creek fund, education funds,
+and the like. Albert Pike had been given no specific authority to do this
+but he knew well that no treaties could possibly be made without it. It
+was not very likely that the slaveholding tribes would surrender so much
+wealth for nothing, and so Pike argued, when justifying himself and his
+actions later on. In his capacity as commissioner with plenary powers, he
+also promised the Indians that the Confederacy would see to it that their
+trust funds, secured by southern bonds, should be rendered safe and
+negotiable. Over and above all this, the government of the Confederate
+States made itself responsible for claims for damages of various sorts
+that the different tribes had brought or were to bring against the United
+States. Three good instances of the same are the following: the claim of
+the Cherokees for losses, personal and national, incident to the removal
+from Georgia; the claim[280] of the Seminoles for losses sustained by
+reason of General Thomas S. Jesup's emancipation[281] order during the
+progress of the Second Seminole War; and the claim of the Wichitas against
+the United States government for having granted to the Choctaws the land
+that belonged by hereditary preëmption to them and had so belonged from
+time out of mind. It is exceedingly interesting to know that these
+Wichitas had been colonized on the very land they claimed as indisputably
+their own.
+
+In all the treaties, negotiated by Pike, except the two of the Third
+Class,[282] the Wichita and the Comanche, the institution of slavery was
+positively and particularly recognized, recognized as legal and as having
+existed from time immemorial. Property rights in slaves were guaranteed.
+Fugitive Slave Laws were declared operative within the Indian country, and
+the mutual rendition of fugitives was promised throughout the length and
+breadth of the Confederacy. The First Class of treaties differs from the
+Second in this matter but only in a very slight degree. The latter
+condenses in one clause[283] all that bears upon slavery in its various
+aspects, the former separates the discussion of the legality of the
+institution from that of the rendition of slaves. Of the First Class, the
+Creek Treaty[284] constituted the model; of the Second, the Osage.[285]
+
+Aside from the things to which reference has already been made, the
+Confederate Indian treaties were, in a variety of ways and to the same
+extent that the Confederate constitution itself was, a reflection upon
+past history. To avoid the friction that had always been present between
+the red men and their neighbors, an attempt was now made to redefine and
+to readjust the relations of Indians with each other both within and
+without the tribe; their relations with white men considered apart from
+any political organization; their relations, either as individuals or as
+tribes, with the several states of the Confederacy; and their relations
+with the central government. In general, their rights, civil, political,
+and judicial, as men and as semi-independent communities were now
+specified under such conditions as made for what in times past would have
+been regarded as full recognition, and even for enlargement. Indian rights
+were at a premium because Indian alliances were in demand.
+
+The relations of Indians with Indians need not be considered at length.
+Suffice it to say that many clauses were devoted to the regulation of the
+affairs of those tribes that were, either politically or ethnologically,
+closely connected with each other; as, for example, the Choctaws and
+Chickasaws on the one hand and the Creeks and Seminoles on the other.
+Still other clauses assured the tribes of protection against hostile
+invasion from red men and from white, and assured all the great tribes,
+except the Cherokees,[286] of similar protection against domestic
+violence.[287] The Cherokees, very possibly, were made an exception
+because of the known intensity of their factional strife and hatred,
+which, purely for its own selfish ends, the Confederacy had done so much
+to augment. There may also have been some lingering doubt of John Ross's
+sincerity in the matter of devotion to the Confederacy. The time had been
+and might come again when the Confederacy would find it very expedient to
+play off one faction against another. Injuries coming to the Indians from
+a failure to protect were to be indemnified out of the Confederate
+treasury. Could the United States, throughout the more than a hundred
+years of its history have had just such a law, its national treasury would
+have been saved millions and millions of dollars paid out in claims, just
+and unjust, of white men against the Indians.
+
+As affecting their relations with white men, the Indians were conceded the
+right to determine absolutely, by their own legislation, the conditions of
+their own tribal citizenship. This would mean, of course, the free
+continuance of the custom of adoption, a custom more pernicious in Indian
+history than even the principle of equal apportionment in Frankish;
+because it was the entering wedge to territorial encroachment. The white
+man, once adopted into the tribe as a citizen, was to be protected against
+unjust discrimination or against the forfeiture of his acquired status.
+The provisions against intruders were legitimately severe, those of the
+United States had never been severe enough. The executive power had always
+been very weak and very lax but now it was to reside in the tribal Council
+and would bid fair to be firm because interested, or, perhaps, we should
+say disinterested. The Confederacy, on its part, promised that the aid of
+the military should be forthcoming for the expulsion of intruders on
+application by the agent, should the tribal authority prove inadequate.
+The Indians might compel the removal of obnoxious men from agency and
+military reserves. Unauthorized settlement within the Indian country by
+citizens of the Confederate States was absolutely forbidden under pain of
+punishment by the tribe encroached upon.
+
+With respect to Indian trade, there was considerable innovation and
+considerable modification of existing laws. For years past, the Indians of
+the great tribes had chafed under the restrictions which the United States
+government had placed upon their trade and, unquestionably, no other
+single thing had irritated them more than the very evident monopoly right
+which the United States had given to a few white men over it. Indian
+trade, under federal regulations, was nothing more nor less than an
+extension of the protective policy, a policy that was destructive of all
+competition and that put the Indian, often to the contempt of his
+intelligence, at the mercy of the white sharper. Indian commissioner after
+Indian commissioner had protested against it, but all in vain. George W.
+Manypenny, particularly, had tried[288] to effect a change; for he was
+himself convinced that, if the Indians were capable of self-government,
+they were certainly capable of conducting their own trade. Needless to
+say, Manypenny's efforts were entirely unavailing. The Indian trade in the
+hands of the licensed white trader, although a pernicious thing for the
+Indian, was an exceedingly lucrative business for enterprising American
+citizens, white men who were, unfortunately, in possession of the elective
+franchise but of little else that was honorable and the government,
+controlled by constituents with local interests, dared not surrender it to
+the unenfranchised Indians no matter how highly competent they might be.
+Thus the Indian country, throughout its entire extent, was exploited for
+the sake of the frontiersman. Moreover, the annuity money, a just tax upon
+a government that had received so much real estate from the aborigines,
+instead of being spent judiciously to meet the ends of civilization and in
+such a way as to reflect credit upon the donor, who after all was a
+self-constituted guardian, went right back into the pockets of United
+States citizens but, of necessity, into those of only a very limited
+number of them.
+
+Because it was a matter of expediency and not because it was a principle
+that it believed in, otherwise it would have given it to the weak tribes
+as well as to the strong, the Confederacy gave to the Indians of the great
+tribes, but not to all in exactly the same measure,[289] the control of
+their own trade. It did not do away with the post trader, as it ought to
+have done in order to make its reform complete, but it did deprive him of
+his monopoly privileges. It hedged his license about with
+restrictions,[290] made it subject, on complaint of the Indian and in the
+event of arrearages, to revocation; and, to all of the great tribes except
+the Seminoles, it gave the power of taxing his goods, his stock in trade,
+usually a rather paltry outfit. No better precaution could have possibly
+been devised against exorbitant charging. An ad valorem tax would most
+certainly have quite eliminated the fifty, the one hundred, and the two
+hundred per cents of profit. As a matter of fact, the extravagantly high
+prices of the ordinary Indian trader would be, for most persons,
+positively prohibitive. The Confederacy further bound itself to pay to the
+Indians an annual compensation for the land and timber used by the trader.
+
+The questions settled as between the several states and the Indian tribes
+were chiefly[291] of property rights and of civil and criminal rights and
+procedure. In addition to their property right in slaves, the Indians were
+at last admitted to have a possible right in other things, in land, for
+instance, that might lie within the limits of a state. This they were
+henceforth to hold, dispose of as they pleased, and bequeath by will.[292]
+Restrictions, likewise, upon their power freely to dispose of their
+chattels,[293] were removed, a coördinate concession, but one that did not
+so much affect their relations with a given individual state as their
+relations with the central government. To such[294] of the Indians as were
+not to be brought within the jurisdiction of the Confederate States
+District Courts[295] that were to be created within the Indian country,
+the right was given to sue and to implead in any of the courts of the
+several states. To Indians generally of the great tribes was given the
+right to be held competent as witnesses[296] in state courts, and, if
+indicted there themselves, to subpoena witnesses and to employ
+counsel.[297] The Cherokees, the Choctaws, and the Chickasaws were also
+granted the right of recovery[298] as against citizens of the Confederate
+States. Should recovery not be possible, the Confederacy was to stand the
+loss. But more than anything else reciprocal right of extradition was
+henceforth to be accorded. This was to exist as between tribe and
+tribe[299] and, with some slight exceptions, as between tribe and state.
+An examination of the various treaties reveals a steady development in the
+matter of this concession. The Creek Treaty,[300] which was the first to
+be negotiated, made extradition a rather one-sided[301] affair. The tribe
+was to yield the criminal to the state, but, not reciprocally, the state
+to the tribe. This verbal inequality would not have so much mattered had
+there been a possibility that in the sequel it would have been
+interpreted, as in the states, in terms of executive courtesy and
+discretion; but the chances were that a state would have made it a matter
+of absolute obligation with the tribe. Reciprocity[302] found its way into
+the second treaty, however, and also into all the later ones of the First
+Class. Finally, be it remarked, that as a climax to this series of
+judicial concessions, full faith and credit[303] were to be given by the
+one Indian nation or Confederate state, as the case might be, to all legal
+processes, decisions, and acts of the other.
+
+There yet remain two provisions[304] of importance that were intended to
+put the Indian nations on a basis of equality with the states. They are
+provisions rather particular in their nature, however, and, in their full
+operation, would have affected Texas and Arkansas much more nearly than
+any other members of the Southern Confederacy. The first of these
+provisions is to be found, as a grant of mutual rights, only in treaties
+of the First Class and in two only of those, the Choctaw and Chickasaw and
+the Cherokee. The omission from the Creek and Seminole treaties was due,
+most likely, to geographical conditions; but the lack of reciprocity in
+the Osage, the one treaty of the Second Class in which a suggestion of the
+provision occurs, was just as surely due to the weakness of the tribe from
+which the privilege was exacted. The provision comprehended the use of
+navigable streams within the limits of the Confederacy and the Indians
+specified were to have the same rights in the premises as the citizens of
+the Confederate States. Osage[305] streams and water courses were,
+however, to be open to white people but not conversely Confederate waters
+to the Osages. The clauses in treaties of the First Class, embodying this
+provision, comprehended all navigable streams whatsoever but had
+particular application to the Red and Arkansas Rivers, the Choctaw[306]
+and Chickasaw to the former and the Cherokee[307] to the latter. The
+rights of ferrying on these streams were to be open alike to white and red
+men living upon their banks.
+
+The second provision was couched in terms of general amnesty. The Indians
+were to forgive wholesale the citizens of the individual Confederate
+states for their past offences and, reciprocally, the states were to
+forgive and pardon the Indians for theirs, or, rather, the government of
+the Confederate States was to use its good offices to persuade and induce
+them to do so.[308] The Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty contained, in
+addition to this general clause, a particular one bringing out again the
+close connection with Texas and Arkansas. It reads thus:
+
+    ... And the Confederate States will especially request the States of
+    Arkansas and Texas to grant the like amnesty as to all offences
+    committed by Choctaw or Chickasaw against the laws of those States
+    respectively, and the Governor of each to reprieve or pardon the same,
+    if necessary.[309]
+
+Some evidence of the special interest Texas might have in the matter came
+out rather prominently in the treaties of the Third Class, the amnesty in
+them was particular while the amnesty in the treaties of the other two
+classes was general. This is what the Wichita and Comanche say:
+
+    It is distinctly understood by the said several tribes and bands, that
+    the State of Texas is one of the Confederate States, and joins this
+    Convention, and signs it when the Commissioner signs it, and is bound
+    by it; and all hostilities and enmities between it and them are now
+    ended and are to be forgotten and forgiven on both sides.[310]
+
+It soon developed that Texas was not pleased to find her consent so
+thoroughly taken for granted and that the Reserve Indians were no better
+satisfied. The enmity between the two continued as before.
+
+As regarded the relations between the Indian tribes and the Confederate
+States proper, the Pike treaties were old law in so far as they duplicated
+the earlier United States treaty arrangements and new law only in so far
+as they met conditions incident to the war. United States laws and
+treaties were specifically continued in force wherever possible, and, in
+most cases, the name of the one government was simply substituted for that
+of the other. Considerable emphasis was laid upon the right of eminent
+domain. The Indians conceded to the Confederacy the power to establish
+agency reserves,[311] military posts[312] and fortifications, to maintain
+post and military roads,[313] and to grant the right of way,[314] upon
+payment of an indemnity,[315] to certain corporations for purposes of
+internal improvement, mainly railway and telegraph lines. Most of this
+would have contributed very materially to the good of the southern cause
+in guarding one of the approaches to Texas and in increasing the
+convenience of communication. The Confederate States assumed the wardship
+of the tribes, exacted a pledge of loyalty from the weaker and one of
+alliance,[316] offensive and defensive, but without the entail of
+pecuniary responsibility, from the stronger. In its turn, the Confederacy
+promised to the Indians many things, deserving of serious mention and far
+too important for mere enumeration. As a matter of fact, the South paid
+pretty dearly, from the view-point of historical consistency, for its
+Indian alliance. In the light of Indian political history, it yielded far
+more than at first glance appears and, as a consequence, the great tribes
+gained nearly everything that they had been contending for for half a
+century.
+
+As has just been intimated, the concessions made by the Confederacy to the
+Indians were somewhat significant. In addition to the things noted a few
+paragraphs back, congressional delegates, control of trade, and others of
+like import, Pike, the lawyer commissioner and the man of justice,
+promised the establishment of Confederate States courts within the Indian
+country. There were to be two of them, one in the Choctaw country[317]
+and one in the Cherokee.[318] They were to be District Courts with a
+limited Circuit Court jurisdiction. The importance of the concession
+cannot well be over-estimated; for it struck at the root of one of the
+chief Indian grievances. The territorial extent of the districts was left
+a little vague and the jurisdiction was not fairly distributed. Here again
+we have an illustration of might conditioning right. The Osages,[319] the
+Senecas and Shawnees,[320] and the Quapaws[321] were all brought within
+the limits of the Cha-lah-ki, or Cherokee district, but it is not clear
+that, as far as they were concerned, any other offences than those against
+the Fugitive Slave[322] laws, were to come within the purview of the
+court. The Wichitas and Comanches were left entirely unassigned, although
+naturally, they would have come within the Tush-ca-hom-ma, or Choctaw
+district.
+
+The Confederacy reinstituted the agency system and continued it with
+modifications. These modifications were in line with reiterated complaints
+of the Indians. They restricted the government patronage to some extent
+and, in certain instances, allowed a good deal of tribal control. As a
+general thing, to each tribe was allowed one agent and to each language,
+one interpreter. An exception to the first provision was to be found
+wherever it had been found under the earlier régime. Thus there was a
+single agent for the Choctaws and Chickasaws, another for the fragmentary
+tribes of the Leased District, and another for those of the Neosho River
+country. In the minor treaties, it was stipulated, for very evident and
+very sound reasons, most of them based upon experiences of past neglect,
+that the agent should be faithful in the performance of his duties, that
+he should reside at his agency continually, and never be absent for long
+at a time or without good and sufficient cause.
+
+There were also certain things the Indians were forbidden to do, many of
+them familiar to us in any ordinary Bill of Rights and having reference to
+ex-post facto laws, laws impairing the obligation of contracts, due
+process of law, and the like. The Confederacy, in turn, bound itself not
+to allow farming on government reserves or settlement there except under
+certain conditions and not to treat[323] with Cherokee factions. It
+inserted into the treaties with the minor tribes the usual number of
+civilization clauses, promising agricultural and industrial support; and
+into the Cherokee some things that were entirely new, notably a provision
+that the congressional delegation from each of the great tribes should
+have the right to nominate a youth to membership in any military academy
+that might be established.[324] It also promised to maintain a postal
+system throughout the Indian country, one that should be, in every
+particular, a part of the postal system of the Confederate States with the
+same rates, stamps, and so on. To the Cherokees, it promised the
+additional privilege[325] of having the postmasters selected and appointed
+from among their own people. From the foregoing analysis of the treaties,
+it is clearly seen that the characteristic feature of them all was
+conciliation and conciliation written very, very large. Of the great
+tribes, the Confederacy asked an alliance full and complete; of the middle
+tribes, such as the Osage, it asked a limited alliance and peace; and of
+the most insignificant tribes it asked simply peace but that it was
+prepared, not only to ask, but, if need be, to demand. Between the
+Cherokees and the Wichitas, there was a wide, wide gulf and one that could
+be measured only in terms of political and military importance.
+
+So much for the contents of the treaties but what about the detailed
+history of their negotiation? When Albert Pike first came within reach of
+the Indian country, he communicated[326] officially or semi-officially
+with the men belonging or recently belonging to the Indian field service,
+agents and agency employees, or, at least, with those of them that were
+known as Confederate sympathizers. A few very necessary changes had been
+made in the service with the inauguration of President Lincoln but the
+changes were not always such as could, in any wise, have strengthened the
+Federal position. First, as regards the southern superintendency, an
+attempt had been made to find a successor to Elias Rector[327] at about
+the same time that Harrison B. Branch[328] of Missouri had been appointed
+central superintendent in the stead of A. M. Robinson. The man chosen was
+Samuel L. Griffith[329] of Fort Smith to whom the new Secretary of the
+Interior, Caleb B. Smith, telegraphed on the fifth of April, tendering the
+position. Similarly by wire, on the ninth, Griffith accepted; and, on the
+tenth, explained[330] the delay in the following letter:
+
+    Being a member of our State Convention on the Union side, I hesitated
+    a day or two, as to the propriety of accepting, fearing it might
+    affect the union cause, but on mature deliberation and counsel with
+    union friends, and on the receipt of a memorial signed by a large
+    number of names of men of all parties, I concluded to accept....
+
+    Col. W. H. Garret Agt. for the Creeks, passed through this place on
+    the 8th....
+
+    Col. S. Rutherford left here this morning for his agency (the
+    Seminole). I desired him to ascertain on his way through the Creek and
+    Choctaw Nations, the facts, as to the rumor that two men from Texas
+    were in the Creek Nation for the purpose of meeting the several
+    nations in Council &c. and to report to me immediately....
+
+Dr. Griffith's solicitude for the Union interests apparently soon
+vanished. On the twentieth of April, he wrote[331] that, "under the
+circumstances," he could not hold office. Coffin of Indiana was then
+selected[332] for the place of southern superintendent and, in a very
+little while, Griffith was among the applicants[333] for the corresponding
+position in the Confederate States. Between the dates of the two
+activities, moreover, he had been appointed by the Arkansas Convention one
+of the three special agents to interview the Indian tribes in the
+interests of secession. That was on the tenth of May.
+
+The changes in the agency incumbents proved equally temporary and
+unfortunate. Particularly was this the case with two determined[334] upon
+on the sixth of April. Four days later, William Quesenbury[335] of
+Fayetteville, Arkansas was notified that he had been appointed to succeed
+William H. Garrett as agent for the Creeks, and John Crawford[336] of the
+same place that he had been appointed to succeed Robert J. Cowart as agent
+for the Cherokees. Both went over to the Confederacy. Nothing else could
+well have been expected of Crawford, or of Quesenbury either for that
+matter, and it is rather surprising that their past records were not more
+thoroughly examined. Quesenbury, like Richard P. Pulliam, was a sort of
+protégé of Elias Rector. Pulliam had been Rector's clerk in the office
+and Quesenbury his clerk in the field.[337] Crawford had been very
+prominent[338] in the Arkansas legislature the preceding winter in the
+expression of ideas and sentiments hostile to Abraham Lincoln. He accepted
+the office of Cherokee agent under Lincoln, notwithstanding, and he
+subsequently said[339] that he did so because the Indians would not have
+liked a northern man to come among them. Before Crawford's commission
+arrived, Cowart had departed[340] and Cherokee affairs were in dire
+confusion.[341] John J. Humphreys[342] of Tennessee had meanwhile been
+offered the Wichita Agency[343] and Peter P. Elder[344] of Kansas, the
+Neosho River. The Choctaw and Chickasaw Agency seems to have been left
+vacant. Truth to tell, there was no longer any such agency under United
+States control. Cooper had thrown in his lot with the secessionists and
+was already working actively in their cause.
+
+The defection of Douglas H. Cooper, United States agent for the Choctaws
+and the Chickasaws, can not be passed by so very lightly; for it had such
+far reaching effects. The time came during and after the war, when the
+United States Indian Office came to have in its possession various
+documents[345] that proved conclusively that Douglas H. Cooper had been
+most instrumental in organizing the secession movement among the Indians
+of at least his own agency. It was even reported[346] that material was
+forthcoming to show how he "was engaged in raising troops for the Rebel
+Army, during the months of April, May, and June, 1861, while holding the
+office of U. S. Indian Agent." His successor had been appointed
+considerably before the end of that time, however, and, when the war was
+over, the Indians themselves exonerated him from all responsibility in the
+matter of their own defection.[347] Notwithstanding, he most certainly did
+manifest unusual activity in behalf of the slaveholding power. Even his
+motives for manifesting activity are, in a sense, impugned as instanced by
+the following most extraordinary letter, which, written by Cooper to
+Rector privately and in confidence and later transmitted to Washington out
+of the ordinary course of official business, has already been quoted once
+for the purpose of forming a correct estimate of the recipient's
+character. It is gratifying to know that such letters are very rare in
+connection with the history of the American Civil War.
+
+    _Private & Confidential_
+
+    [_Copy_]
+
+    FORT SMITH May 1st 1861.
+
+    MAJOR ELIAS RECTOR
+
+    Dr. Sir: I have concluded to act upon the suggestion yours of the 28th
+    Ultimo contains.
+
+    If we work this thing shrewdly we can make a fortune each, satisfy the
+    Indians, stand fair before the North, and revel in the unwavering
+    confidence of our Southern Confederacy.
+
+    My share of the eighty thousand in gold[348] you can leave on deposite
+    with Meyer Bro. subject to my order. Write me soon.
+
+        COOPER.
+
+When Captain Pike[349] reached the North Fork Village, very probably
+still attended by the escort that the Military Board of Arkansas had
+graciously--or perhaps officially since Pike, according to his own
+confession, was acting as commissioner from Arkansas[350] as well as from
+the Confederacy--furnished[351] him,[352] he found the Creeks awaiting his
+approach with some anxiety. Among them were Motey Kennard,[353] principal
+chief of the Lower Creeks, and Echo Harjo, principal chief of the Upper
+Creeks, both of whom had been absent[354] in Washington at the time the
+inter-tribal council of the spring had been planned. They had gone to
+Washington, in company with John G. Smith, as a delegation, greatly
+concerned about the prospect of Creek finances and the continuance of
+Creek integrity should the quarrel between the North and the South
+continue. Greenwood had tried to reassure them; but, when shortly
+afterwards, all Indian allowances were suspended[355] by the United States
+Indian Office for fear that remittances might fall, en route, into the
+hands of the disaffected, the distrust and the dissatisfaction of the
+Indians revived and increased, thus rendering them peculiarly susceptible
+to the plausible secessionist arguments of men like Agent Garrett.
+Sometime in May, therefore, a delegation was sent to Montgomery[356] to
+confer with authorities of the Confederate States, who by the time of the
+arrival of the Creeks had moved on to Richmond.
+
+At the North Fork Village, everything seemed to be working in Pike's
+favor. There was scarcely a white man[357] around who was willing to say a
+word for the North; and leading Indians, who were known to be
+anti-secessionists, were away[358] treating with the Indians of the
+Plains. Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la, who was to become the stanch leader of the
+opposition, was not with the absentees, it would seem; but then that, at
+the time, did not so much signify because he was not a ranking chief and
+so had little influence.[359] On the tenth of July, the treaty that Pike
+and the Creek commissioners had been working on for days was finally
+submitted for signature and the names of Motey Kennard, Echo Harjo, Chilly
+McIntosh, Samuel Checote and many other less prominent Creeks were
+attached to it. On the twentieth, the general council approved it and more
+names were attached, that of Jacob Derrysaw being among them. On one or
+the other occasion, several white men signed. William Quesenbury, who was
+acting as Pike's secretary, Agent Garrett, Interpreter G. W. Stidham,[360]
+and W. L. Pike. Soon came the return of the travellers and much subsequent
+commotion. They expressed themselves as opposed to the whole proceeding,
+yet three of them found that, in their absence, their names had been
+forged[361] to the document that was passing as a treaty between the
+Creeks and the Confederate States. The three whose names were forged were,
+Ok-ta-ha-hassee Harjo (better known subsequently as "Sands" and who became
+in reconstruction days the great rival of Samuel Checote for the office of
+principal chief), Tallise Fixico, and Mikko Hutke. It is a matter of
+dispute what course Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la had taken[362] in the treaty
+conference but not what he did afterwards; for he became the intrepid
+leader of the so-called "Loyal Creeks" and the foremost of the "Refugees."
+
+If the Creeks were disturbed about their national finances, the
+Choctaws[363] were even more so. There were many suspicious circumstances
+connected with a certain corn contract and with the expenditure generally
+of the huge sum of money that the United States Congress had appropriated
+in satisfaction of claims arising under the treaty of removal, payment on
+which it had recently suspended to the displeasure of the Indians and the
+discomfiture of the speculators. Wherever suspicion rested, Pike attempted
+elaborate explanations and, wherever affairs could be turned to the
+account of the Confederacy, he labored with redoubled zeal. His task was
+an easy one comparatively-speaking, though, for the Choctaws were already
+committed[364] to the southern cause. The two Folsoms, Peter and Sampson,
+who were among the special commissioners sent to Washington to inquire
+about the money and who had lingered at Montgomery, were his eager
+coadjutors. Just how far George Hudson, principal chief, was readily
+compliant, it is difficult to say. It is supposed that he issued his
+proclamation[365] of June 14, announcing independence and calling for
+troops, under compulsion and, in July, he may still have been secretly in
+favor of neutrality. The joint treaty for the Choctaws and Chickasaws was
+completed on the twelfth of July and again prominent men, the most
+prominent in the tribes, no doubt, endorsed the action by affixing their
+signatures. R. M. Jones, the chief[366] of the secessionists, W. B.
+Pitchlynn, Winchester Colbert, and James Gamble,[367] who was soon
+afterwards selected as the first delegate[368] to the Confederate
+Congress, were among the signers; but Agent Cooper was not. Perchance, he
+and Pike had already begun to dispute over the propriety of an Indian
+agent's holding a colonelcy in the Confederate army. Cooper[369] wanted to
+be both agent and colonel.
+
+Having disposed satisfactorily of the Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws,
+Pike passed on, with his group of white and red friends, to the Seminoles
+and met them in council[370] at their own agency. Rector was now[371] one
+of his assistants. The poor Seminoles, according to their own story of
+what happened, were taken completely unawares;[372] and, after some
+skilful maneuvering, Pike succeeded in inducing about half[373] of them,
+headed by one of their principal chiefs, John Jumper,[374] and a town
+chief, Pas-co-fa, to agree to "perpetual peace and friendship" with the
+Confederate States. There was nothing specifically said about an alliance,
+offensive and defensive, but it was understood and was immediately
+provided for.[375] The head chief, Billy Bowlegs,[376] and other chiefs of
+present and future importance, like John Chup-co,[377] refused[378] to
+sign the treaty and, before many days had elapsed, joined the party of the
+"Loyal Creeks." Various ones of the "Southern" Creeks, notably Motey
+Kennard, were present at the treaty-making and used their influence to
+strengthen that of Pike, Rector, Agent Rutherford,[379] Contractor Charles
+B. Johnson, and a host of minor enthusiasts, like J. J. Sturm and H. P.
+Jones, all of whom had formerly been in the United States employ and were
+now, or soon to be, in the Confederate.[380]
+
+Pike's military escort had surely left him by this time and had returned
+to Arkansas and yet never had it been more needed; for the Confederate
+commissioner and his party were about to go into the western country to
+confer with the tribes of the Leased District whose friendship as yet
+could scarcely be counted upon, notwithstanding the fact that their agent
+had openly thrown in his fortunes with the South[381] and was using every
+form of persuasive art to induce them to do the same. Fearing, perhaps,
+some show of hostility from the Wichitas, Comanches, and Tonkawas, and
+hoping that a show of force on his part would intimidate them, Pike
+gathered together, before proceeding to the Leased District, a company of
+fifty-six[382] mounted men, friendly Creeks and Seminoles, and with them
+left the Seminole Council House. The Leased District once reached, some of
+the hardest work of the whole negotiation began and two treaties[383] were
+ultimately concluded, one with some of the legitimate residents of the
+locality and one with wandering bands who came in for the purpose. It is
+well to note at the outset, however, that the Wichitas proper refused to
+be either cajoled or intimidated and that, in consequence, they who had
+always, under United States control, been the most important of the
+reservees, the ones to give the name to the entire group, were now reduced
+to a subordinate position and some of the Comanches[384] elevated to the
+first rank. The first treaty then, the one made with reservees, was thus
+designated, "Treaty with Comanches and Other Tribes and Bands." The second
+treaty, made with Indians belonging outside the Leased District was
+designated, "Treaty with the Comanches of the Prairies and Staked Plain."
+
+The negotiation of the remaining treaties of the Pike series came as an
+immediate effect of Confederate military successes and belongs, in its
+description, to the next chapter. It is proper now to return to a
+consideration of the work of the Confederate Congress, in so far, at
+least, as that work had a bearing upon the alliance with the tribes. On
+the twenty-eighth of August, Hugh F. Thomason of Arkansas, offered the
+following resolution:
+
+    _Resolved_, That the Committee on Indian Affairs be instructed to
+    inquire whether any, and if so what, treaties have been made with any
+    of the Indian tribes, and if so, with which of them; and whether any,
+    and if so, what legislation is necessary in consequence thereof; and
+    that they have leave to report at such time and in such manner as to
+    them shall seem proper.[385]
+
+There the matter rested until after the whole series of treaties had been
+completed which was in ample time for President Davis to submit[386]
+Pike's report[387] and the tangible evidence of his successful work to the
+Provisional Congress at its winter session.
+
+President Davis's message of December 12, 1861, transmitting the Pike
+treaties to the Provisional Congress, summarized their merits and their
+defects and gave direction to the consideration and discussion that ended
+in their ratification. It called particular attention to the pecuniary
+obligations[388] assumed and to the contemplated change of status.
+Regarding the latter, Davis said,
+
+    Important modifications are proposed in favor of the respective local
+    governments of these Indians, to which your special attention is
+    invited. That their advancement in civilization justified an
+    enlargement of their power in that regard will scarcely admit of a
+    doubt; but whether the proposed concessions in favor of their local
+    governments are within the bounds of a wise policy may well claim your
+    serious consideration. In this connection your attention is specially
+    invited to the clauses giving to certain tribes the unqualified right
+    of admission as a State into the compact of the Confederacy, and in
+    the meantime allowing each of these tribes to have a delegate in
+    Congress. These provisions are regarded not only as impolitic but
+    unconstitutional, it not being within the limits of the treaty-making
+    power to admit a State or to control the House of Representatives in
+    the matter of admission to its privileges. I recommend that the former
+    provision be rejected, and that the latter be so modified as to leave
+    the question to the future action of Congress; and also do recommend
+    the rejection of those articles in the treaties which confer upon
+    Indians the right to testify in the State courts, believing that the
+    States have the power to decide that question, each for itself,
+    independently of any action of the Confederate Government.[389]
+
+Again Arkansas was in the lead in the exhibition of interest and, on the
+motion[390] of one of her delegation, Robert W. Johnson, the president's
+message and the documents accompanying it were referred to the Committee
+on Indian Affairs. This was on the thirteenth of December and Johnson was
+the chairman of the committee. On the nineteenth, the treaties began to be
+considered[391] in executive session. The first to be so considered was
+the Choctaw and Chickasaw, and interest concentrated on its twenty-seventh
+article,[392] the one giving to the two tribes jointly a delegate in the
+Confederate Congress. This provision was finally amended[393] so as to
+leave the delegate's status, his rights and his privileges, just as Davis
+had recommended, to the House of Representatives. Then came the
+consideration of the twenty-eighth article,[394] which promised ultimate
+statehood, and that also was amended in such a way as to leave the final
+determination to Congress,
+
+    By whose act alone, under the Constitution, new States can be
+    admitted and whose consent it is not in the power of the President or
+    the present Congress to guarantee in advance....[395]
+
+In the afternoon of December twenty-first, the Provisional Congress
+resumed[396] its consideration of the Indian treaties. The day previous,
+it had decided upon this order of procedure and had agreed[397] that the
+Comanche treaties, being of the least importance, should be left to the
+last. The work of the twenty-first was on the judicial clauses and, on the
+question of the qualification of the Indians to be competent witnesses in
+civil and criminal suits. Article XXXVI[398] of the Osage Treaty, dealing
+with the right to subpoena witnesses and to have counsel, seemed likely to
+create prejudice.[399] At length Waul of Texas suggested[400] that
+Commissioner Pike be invited to be present at future sessions in order
+that some very necessary explanations of scope, of motives, and of reasons
+might be forthcoming. In the end, the only changes made in the grant of
+judicial privileges were along the line of safe-guarding the existing
+rights of the individual states. In illustration of this, take the Choctaw
+and Chickasaw Treaty as typical of all of the treaties of the First Class.
+Articles XLIII and XLIV were amended. To the former was added,
+
+    And the Confederate States will request the several States of the
+    Confederacy to adopt and enact the provisions of this article, in
+    respect to suits and proceedings in their several courts.[401]
+
+From the latter, the phrase, "or of a State," was stricken out and this
+substitution made; "or of a State, subject to the laws of the State."[402]
+
+On the whole, the Indian treaties took up a very large share of the
+attention of the Confederate Congress throughout the month of December;
+and, after debate, President Davis's advice in every particular was
+followed, even to the assumption of the pecuniary obligations. On the
+twenty-third of December, Johnson reported[403] back the treaty with the
+Cherokees and some of its clauses were then considered. On the same day,
+Johnson offered[404] a resolution of ratification for the Seminole Treaty
+and it was unanimously adopted, the same changes identically having been
+made in the treaty as had been made in the Choctaw and Chickasaw in so far
+as the two treaties corresponded originally with each other. Congress also
+ratified a supplementary article to the Seminole Treaty. The last of the
+month, the Comanche treaties were reached[405] and soon pushed through
+with only very slight modifications. Then came the final consideration of
+the treaty with the Creek Indians. It was ratified[406] with the customary
+amendments the same day. The Quapaw Treaty came[407] next and with its
+congressional ratification, the work of diplomatically securing the
+Indians was practically done. The later Indian ratification was more or
+less perfunctory.
+
+
+
+
+IV. THE INDIAN NATIONS IN ALLIANCE WITH THE CONFEDERACY
+
+
+The work of soliciting the military support of the Indians and, to a large
+extent, that of securing it, antedated very considerably the formal
+negotiation of treaties with their constituted authorities. Whether it be
+true or not, that Douglas H. Cooper, United States agent for the Choctaws
+and the Chickasaws, did, as early as April, 1861, begin to enroll his
+Indians for the service of the Confederate States, it is indisputable
+that, immediately upon receiving Secretary Walker's communication[408] of
+May thirteenth, he began to do it in real earnest and, from that time
+forward, gained his recruits with astonishing ease. There were many[409]
+to recommend the employment of the Indians and some to oppose it. A
+certain F. J. Marshall, writing[410] to Jefferson Davis from Marysville,
+Kansas, on the twentieth of May, mapped out a tremendous programme of
+activities in which Indians were to play their part and to help secure
+everything of value between the Missouri line and the Pacific coast. Henry
+McCulloch thought[411] they might be used advantageously in Texas and on
+her borders. Pike believed[412] not more than thirty-five hundred could be
+counted upon, maybe five thousand, but whatever the number, he would
+engage them quickly and provide them with the necessary equipment. He
+wanted also to employ[413] a battalion of those Indians that more strictly
+belonged to Kansas. Presumably, then, he would not have confined
+Confederate interest to the slaveholding tribes. Others besides Pike were
+doubtless of the same mind. Marshall was, for instance, and southern
+emissaries were frequently heard of, north of the Neosho River. Henry C.
+Whitney, one of two United States special agents (Thomas C. Slaughter was
+the other), sent[414] out to Kansas to investigate and with a view to
+relieve under congressional appropriation[415] the distress among the
+Indians, caused by the fearful and widespread drouth of 1860, met[416]
+with many traces of secessionist influence.[417]
+
+The efforts of Cooper, coupled with those of Pike and McCulloch, in this
+matter of the enlistment of Indian troops, were soon rewarded. Chief
+Hudson's proclamation of June fourteenth, besides being a declaration of
+independence, was a call for troops and a call that was responded to by
+the Choctaws with alacrity. A little more than a month later, the
+enlistment of Indians had so far advanced that McCulloch was able to
+speak[418] positively as to his intended disposition of them. It was to
+keep them, both the Choctaw-Chickasaw regiment, which was then well under
+way towards organization, and the Creek, which was then forming, at
+Scullyville, situated fifteen miles, or thereabouts, from Fort Smith, as a
+check upon the Cherokees. Evidently the peace-loving element among the
+Cherokees was yet the dominant one. On the twenty-fifth of July, Cooper
+furnished further information,
+
+    The organization of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Regiment of Mounted
+    Rifles will be completed this week, but as yet no arms[419] have been
+    furnished at Fort Smith for them. I hope speedy and effectual measures
+    will be taken to arm the people of this (Indian) Territory--the
+    Creeks, Seminoles, Cherokees.... The Choctaws and Chickasaws can
+    furnish 10,000 warriors[420] if needed. The Choctaws and Chickasaws
+    are extremely anxious to form another regiment.
+
+    There seems to be a disposition to keep the Indians at home. This
+    seems to me bad policy. They are unfit for garrison duty, and would be
+    a terror to the Yankees.[421]
+
+All this time, of course, Pike had been making progress with his treaties
+and undoubtedly simplifying Cooper's task by embodying in those treaties
+the principles of an active alliance. These clauses from the Creek Treaty
+will illustrate the point:
+
+    ARTICLE I. There shall be perpetual peace and friendship, and an
+    alliance offensive and defensive, between the Confederate States of
+    America, and all of their States and people, and the Creek Nation of
+    Indians, and all its towns and individuals.[422]
+
+    ARTICLE XXXVI. In consideration of the common interests of the Creek
+    Nation and the Confederate States, and of the protection and rights
+    guaranteed to the said nation by this treaty, the Creek Nation, hereby
+    agrees that it will, either by itself or in conjunction with the
+    Seminole Nation, raise and furnish a regiment of ten companies of
+    mounted men to serve in the armies of the Confederate States for
+    twelve months, the company officers whereof shall be elected by the
+    members of the company, and the field officers by a majority of the
+    votes of the members of the regiment. The men shall be armed by the
+    Confederate States, receive the same pay and allowances as other
+    mounted troops in the service, and not be moved beyond the limits of
+    the Indian country west of Arkansas without their consent.[423]
+
+    ARTICLE XXXVII. The Creek Nation hereby agrees and binds itself at any
+    future time to raise and furnish, upon the requisition of the
+    President, such number of troops for the defence of the Indian
+    country, and of the frontier of the Confederate States as he may fix,
+    not out of fair proportion to the number of its population, to be
+    employed for such terms of service as the President may fix; and such
+    troops shall always receive the same pay and allowances as other
+    troops of the same class in the service of the Confederate
+    States.[424]
+
+    ARTICLE XXXVIII. It is further agreed by the said Confederate States
+    that the said Creek Nation shall never be required or called upon to
+    pay, in land or otherwise, any part of the expenses of the present
+    war, or of any war waged by or against the Confederate States.[425]
+
+    ARTICLE XXXIX. It is further agreed that, after the restoration of
+    peace, the Government of the Confederate States will defend the
+    frontiers of the Indian country, of which the Creek country is a part,
+    and hold the forts and posts therein, with native troops, recruited
+    among the several Indian Nations included therein, under the command
+    of officers of the army of the Confederate States, in preference to
+    other troops.[426]
+
+Although John Ross had positively forbidden the recruiting of any force
+within the limits of the Cherokee country, that while nominally for home
+defense, should be in reality a reserve force for the Confederacy, he was
+unable to prevent individuals from going over, on their own responsibility
+entirely, to McCulloch; and many did go and are believed to have
+fought[427] with his brigade at the Battle of Oak Hills, or Wilson's
+Creek. That battle proved the determining point in this period of Cherokee
+history. It was a Confederate victory, and a victory gained under such
+circumstances[428] that the watchful Indians had every reason to think
+that the southern cause would be triumphant in the end.
+
+The dissensions[429] among the Cherokee and the constant endeavors of the
+Ridge Party to develop public sentiment in favor of the Confederacy, to
+undermine the popularity of John Ross, and to destroy his influence over
+the full-bloods were, and there is no gainsaying it, the real causes of
+the ultimate Cherokee defection. The Battle of Wilson's Creek was only the
+occasion, only the immediate cause, the excuse, if you please, and of
+itself could never have brought about a decision. Yet its effect[430] upon
+Cherokee opinion was unquestionably great and immediate, and that effect
+was noticeably strengthened and intensified by the memory of other
+Federal reverses along the Atlantic seaboard, especially the more recent
+and more serious one of Manassas Junction, on the twenty-first of July.
+
+Up to about that time, the neutral policy of John Ross seems to have
+received the endorsement of a majority of the Cherokee people. In the last
+days of June, the Executive Council had been called together and had,
+after a session of several days, publicly and officially approved[431] of
+the stand the principal chief had taken to date. But events were already
+under way that were to make this executive action in no sense a true index
+to popular feeling. The secessionists were secretly organizing themselves,
+ready to seize the first opportunity that might appear. The full-bloods,
+or non-secessionists, were also organized and, under the name of "Pins,"
+were holding meetings of mutual encouragement among the hills. Encounters
+between the two factions were not infrequent and the half-breeds resorted
+to all sorts of expedients for persuading, or that failing, of frightening
+the full-bloods into a compliance with their wishes. They told them that
+the Kansas people had designs upon their lands (which was not altogether
+untrue), and that the Federal government would free their slaves and
+otherwise dispossess, degrade, and humiliate them. Such arguments had
+their effect and there was little at hand to counteract it, none in the
+memory of the past, none in the neglect and embarrassment of the present,
+none in the prospect of the future. There were no Federal troops, no new
+Federal assurances of protection. Agent Crawford, who was the only agent
+within reach, added his threats and his Confederate promises to those of
+the half-breeds. Then came the Battle of Wilson's Creek with its
+disastrous Federal showing, and the exhausted resisting power of the Pins
+went down before the renewed secessionist ardor.
+
+A meeting of the Cherokee Executive Council had been called for August
+first, and John Ross, Joseph Vann, James Brown, John Drew, and William P.
+Ross, all prominent non-secessionists, had attended it. On this occasion,
+a general, or mass, meeting of the Cherokee people was arranged for, in
+response to a public appeal, and the date for it was fixed for the
+twentieth of August.[432] In the interval came the news from Springfield
+and another communication from Albert Pike.[433]
+
+The convention which met at Tahlequah in August of 1861 ended in the
+secession of the Cherokee Nation. While it was in progress, the events of
+the last few months were gone over in thorough review and emphasis placed
+upon those of recent occurrence. The attendance at the convention was
+large.[434] Both political factions were well represented and there seems
+to have been only a slight show of force, if any, from the secessionists.
+The Reverend Evan Jones is our authority for thinking that some "seventy
+or eighty of them appeared there in arms with the intention to break up
+the meeting;" but that only two of them succeeded in making any
+disturbance.[435] In the course of the meeting, Agent Crawford put in an
+appearance and again asserted himself in behalf of the Confederacy. He
+"appeared on the platform," says an eyewitness,
+
+    And stated that although for some time past he had been among the
+    Cherokees acting as U. S. Agent, it had been by the advice and consent
+    of the Confederate authorities, and with the understanding that when
+    the proper time arrived he should declare himself the Agent of the C.
+    S. A. That time had now come making this the proudest day of his
+    life.[436].
+
+Such a confession of baseness seems hardly credible. The secessionist was
+entitled to his opinions touching the doctrine of state rights, for which
+a difference of view found its justification both in fact and in theory.
+He might even conscientiously believe in the righteousness of negro
+enslavement, inasmuch as it really did offer an easy solution of a labor
+problem; and moreover, would work under a benign paternalism, for the
+thorough, because so gradual, development of an inferior race; but by no
+standard of personal honor, or of moral rectitude could conduct such as
+Crawford's be condoned.
+
+John Ross had opened the meeting with an address in which he had defined
+its purposes and his own good intentions, both past and present.
+Personally, he seemed still inclined to maintain a neutral attitude but
+designing persons had made his position most difficult.[437]
+
+    ... Our soil has not been invaded, our peace has not been molested,
+    nor our rights interfered with by either Government. On the contrary,
+    the people have remained at home, cultivated their farms in security,
+    and are reaping fruitful returns for their labors. But for false
+    fabrications, we should have pursued our ordinary vocations without
+    any excitement at home, or misrepresentations and consequent
+    misapprehensions abroad, as to the real sentiments and purposes of the
+    Cherokee people. Alarming reports, however, have been pertinaciously
+    circulated at home and unjust imputations among the people of the
+    States. The object seems to have been to create strife and conflict,
+    instead of harmony and good-will, among the people themselves, and to
+    engender prejudice and distrust, instead of kindness and confidence,
+    towards them by the officers and citizens of the Confederate
+    States....
+
+    ... The great object with me has been to have the Cherokee people
+    harmonious and united in the full and free exercise and enjoyment of
+    all their rights of person and property. Union is strength; dissension
+    is weakness, misery, ruin. In time of peace, enjoy peace together; in
+    time of war, if war must come, fight together. As brothers live, as
+    brothers die. While ready and willing to defend our firesides from the
+    robber and murderer, let us not make war wantonly against the
+    authority of the United or Confederate States, but avoid conflict with
+    either, and remain strictly on our own soil. We have homes endeared to
+    us by every consideration, laws adapted to our condition of our own
+    choice, and rights and privileges of the highest character. Here they
+    must be enjoyed or nowhere else. When your nationality ceases here, it
+    will live nowhere else. When these homes are lost, you will find no
+    others like them. Then, my countrymen, as you regard your own rights,
+    as you regard the welfare of your posterity, be prudent how you act.
+    The permanent disruption of the United States is now probable. The
+    State on our border and the Indian nations about us have severed their
+    connection from the United States and joined the Confederate States.
+    Our general interests are inseparable from theirs, and it is not
+    desirable that we should stand alone. The preservation of our rights
+    and of our existence are above every other consideration. And in view
+    of all the circumstances of our situation I do say to you frankly that
+    in my opinion the time has now come when you should signify your
+    consent for the authorities of the nation to adopt preliminary steps
+    for an alliance with the Confederate States upon terms honorable and
+    advantageous to the Cherokee Nation.[438]
+
+
+[Illustration: COLONEL ADAIR, CHEROKEE [_From Smithsonian Institution,
+Bureau of American Ethnology_]]
+
+
+After having received this most solemn of warnings, "and a few pertinent
+and forcible remarks from Colonel Crawford," the meeting organized with
+Joseph Vann as president and William P. Ross as secretary. To effect a
+reconciliation between the contending factions and to decide upon some
+national policy that should be acceptable to the majority of the people,
+were, undoubtedly, the objects sought and so, after much discussion, a
+series of resolutions was adopted in which these ideas were given
+prominence as well as some of kindred importance. The resolutions asserted
+the legal and constitutional right of property in slaves and, in no
+doubtful terms, a friendship for the Confederacy. Yet the convention
+itself took no definite action towards consummating an alliance but left
+everything to the discretion of the constituted authorities of the nation,
+in whom it announced an unwavering confidence.
+
+    Whereas we, the Cherokee people, have been invited by the executive of
+    the Cherokee Nation, in compliance with the request of many citizens,
+    to meet in general meeting, for the purpose of drawing more closely
+    the bonds of friendship and sympathy which should characterize our
+    conduct and mark our feelings towards each other in view of the
+    difficulties and dangers which have arisen from the fearful condition
+    of affairs among the people of the several States, and for the purpose
+    of giving a free and frank expression of the real sentiments we
+    cherish towards each other, and of our true position in regard to
+    questions which affect the general welfare, and particularly on that
+    of the subject of slavery: Therefore be it hereby
+
+    _Resolved_, That we fully approve the neutrality recommended by the
+    principal chief in the war pending between the United and the
+    Confederate States, and tender to General McCulloch our thanks for the
+    respect he has shown to our position.
+
+    _Resolved_, That we renew the pledges given by the executive of this
+    nation of the friendship of the Cherokees towards the people of all
+    the States, and particularly towards those on our immediate border,
+    with whom our relations have been harmonious and cordial, and from
+    whom they should not be separated.
+
+    _Resolved_, That we also take occasion to renew to the Creeks,
+    Choctaws, Seminoles, Chickasaws, and Osages, and others, assurances of
+    continued friendship and brotherly feeling.
+
+    _Resolved_, That we hereby disavow any wish or purpose to create or
+    perpetuate any distinctions between the citizens of our country as to
+    the full and mixed blood, but regard each and all as our brothers, and
+    entitled to equal rights and privileges according to the constitution
+    and laws of the nation.
+
+    _Resolved_, That we proclaim unwavering attachment to the constitution
+    and laws of the Cherokee Nation, and solemnly pledge ourselves to
+    defend and support the same, and as far as in us lies to secure to
+    the citizens of the nation all the rights and privileges which they
+    guarantee to them.
+
+    _Resolved_, That among the rights guaranteed by the constitution and
+    laws we distinctly recognize that of property in negro slaves, and
+    hereby publicly denounce as calumniators those who represent us to be
+    abolitionists, and as a consequence hostile to the South, which is
+    both the land of our birth and the land of our homes.
+
+    _Resolved_, That the great consideration with the Cherokee people
+    should be a united and harmonious support and defense of their common
+    rights, and we hereby pledge ourselves to mutually sustain our
+    nationality, and to defend our lives and the integrity of our homes
+    and soil whenever the same shall be wantonly assailed by lawless
+    marauders.
+
+    _Resolved_, That, reposing full confidence in the constituted
+    authorities of the Cherokee Nation, we submit to their wisdom the
+    management of all questions which affect our interests growing out of
+    the exigencies of the relations between the United and Confederate
+    States of America, and which may render an alliance on our part with
+    the latter States expedient and desirable.
+
+    And which resolutions, upon the question of their passage being put,
+    were carried by acclamation. JOSEPH VANN, President.
+
+        Wm. P. Ross, Secretary.
+          Tahlequah, C. N., August 21, 1861.[439]
+
+In making his plans, prior to the Battle of Wilson's Creek, for effecting
+a junction with Price and coöperating with him and others in southwest
+Missouri, McCulloch acted, not under direct orders from Richmond, but from
+his own desire to take such a position opposite the Cherokee Neutral
+Lands, once so outrageously intruded upon by Kansas settlers and now being
+made the highway of marauders entering Missouri, as would make it appear
+to the Cherokees that he was there as their friend and as the protector of
+their interests. After the battle, he refused, and rightly in view of his
+own special commission, to accompany Price in his forward march towards
+the Missouri River. Instead he drew back into the neighborhood of the
+Cherokee boundary and there developed his plans for attacking Kansas,
+should such a course be deemed necessary in order to protect Indian
+Territory.
+
+It was at this juncture that the Cherokees as a nation expressed their
+preference for the South and for the southern cause, moved thereto,
+however, by the peculiarities and the difficulties of their situation. The
+Executive Council lost no time in communicating[440] to McCulloch the
+decision of the Tahlequah mass-meeting and their own determination to
+carry out its wishes by effecting an alliance with the Confederacy "as
+early as practicable." They realized very clearly that this might "give
+rise to movements against the Cherokee people upon their northern border"
+and were resolved to be prepared for such an emergency. They, therefore,
+authorized the raising of a regiment of mounted men, home guards they were
+to be and to be so designated, officered by appointment of the principal
+chief, Colonel John Drew being made the colonel. It would appear that the
+nucleus of this regiment, and with a strong southern bias, had made[441]
+its appearance prior to the Tahlequah meeting and the circumstance gave
+rise to the suspicion that the Cherokees had not been acting in good
+faith. After the war, the suspicion concentrated, very unjustly, upon John
+Ross and was made the most of by Commissioner Cooley at the Fort Smith
+conference; in order to accomplish, for reasons dishonorable to the United
+States government, the aged chief's deposition.
+
+Drew's regiment of home guards was tendered to McCulloch and he agreed to
+accept it[442] but not until after a treaty of alliance should have been
+actually consummated between the Cherokees and the Confederate States.
+Pending the accomplishment of that highly desirable object, McCulloch
+promised to protect the Cherokee borders with his own troops and
+confessed[443] that he had already authorized the enlistment of another
+force of Cherokees under the command of Stand Watie, which had been
+designed to protect that same northern border but "not to interfere with
+the neutrality of the Nation by occupying a position within its limits."
+
+It is not easy to decide just when or by whom the use of Indians by the
+Federals in the border warfare[444] was first suggested. As late as May
+twenty-second, Governor Charles Robinson of Kansas, in a letter[445] to
+Superintendent Branch, protested against even so much as arming them,
+which would certainly indicate that a general use of their services had
+not yet been thought of or resorted to; but, in August, when Senator James
+H. Lane was busy organizing his brigade of volunteers for the defense of
+Kansas, he resolved,[446] rather officiously, one might think, upon using
+some of the Kansas River tribes in establishing "a strong Indian camp near
+the neutral lands to prevent forage into Kansas" and arranged for a
+conference with the Indians at Fort Lincoln, his headquarters. Soon,
+however, a stay of execution was ordered[447] until the matter could be
+discussed, in its larger aspects, with Commissioner Dole, to whom
+courtesy,[448] at least, would have demanded that the whole affair should
+have been first submitted.
+
+Dole was then in Kansas[449] and before long became aware[450] that
+General Frémont was also favoring the enlistment of Indians, or, at all
+events, their employment by the army in some capacity. He had approached
+Agent Johnson on the subject, his immediate purpose being to request Fall
+Leaf, a Delaware, "to organize a party of 50 men for the service of" his
+department. Agent Johnson called the tribe together and discovered that
+the chiefs were much averse to having their young men enlist. Dole
+inquired into the matter and assured[451] the chiefs that a few braves
+only were needed and those simply for special service and that there was
+no intention of asking the tribe, as a tribe, to give its services. The
+chiefs refused consent, notwithstanding; but Fall Leaf and a few others
+like him did enlist.[452] They were probably among the fifty-three
+Delawares, subsequently reported[453] as having been employed by Frémont
+to act as scouts and guides. Fall Leaf attained the rank of captain.[454]
+Superintendent Branch,[455] be it said, and also Commissioner Dole,[456]
+at this stage of the war, were strongly opposed to a general use of the
+Indians for purposes of active warfare. They knew only too well what it
+was likely to lead to. Indeed, the most that Dole had, up to date,
+agreed[457] to, was the supplying the Indians with the means of their own
+defense when United States troops had shown themselves quite unavailable.
+
+Dole's opinion being such, it is scarcely to be supposed that he could
+have considered favorably Senator Lane's idea of an Indian camp in the
+Cherokee Neutral Lands or the one, developed later, of an Indian patrol
+along the southern boundary of Kansas. Lane's troubles, quite apart from
+his Indian projects, were daily increasing; and, considering the method of
+warfare indulged in by him and encouraged in his white troops, the same
+one that pro-slavery and free-state men had equally experimented with in
+squatter-sovereignty days, it would have been simply deplorable to have
+permitted him the free use of Indian warriors. Complaints[458] of Lane and
+of his brigade, of their jayhawking and of their marauding were being made
+on every hand. Governor Robinson[459] reported these complaints and
+endorsed them. Secretary Cameron, while making his western tour of
+investigation, heard[460] them and reported them also. Lane
+attributed[461] them to personal dislike of him, to envy, to everything,
+in fact, except their true cause; but we know now that they were all
+well-grounded. Yet, remarkable to relate, Lane's influence with Lincoln
+and with the War Department suffered no appreciable decline. His
+suggestions[462] were acted upon; and, as we shall presently see, he was
+even permitted to organize a huge jayhawking expedition at the beginning
+of the next year.
+
+The mention of Lane's jayhawking expedition calls to mind the conditions
+that made it seem, at the time, an acceptable thing and takes us back in
+retrospect to Indian Territory and to the events occurring there after the
+Tahlequah mass-meeting of the twenty-first of August. As soon as the
+meeting had broken up, John Ross despatched[463] a messenger to Albert
+Pike to inform him of all that had happened and of the Cherokee
+willingness, at last, to negotiate with the Confederacy. It was arranged
+that Pike should come to the Cherokee country, taking up his quarters
+temporarily at Park Hill, the home of Ross near Tahlequah, and that a
+general Indian council should be called. A special effort was made to have
+the fragmentary bands of the northeast represented and Pike sent out
+various agents[464] to urge an attendance. John Ross was also active in
+the same interest. He, personally, communicated with the Osages[465] and
+with the Creeks[466] by letter; but the Creeks,[467] like Evan
+Jones,[468] seem to have been incredulous as to Cherokee defection. They
+seem to have doubted the genuineness of the letter sent to them and made
+inquiries about it, only to be assured[469] again and again by Ross that
+all was well and that he wished the Indians en masse to join the Southern
+States.
+
+The council at Tahlequah, viewed in the light of its immediate object, was
+unusually successful. Four treaties were negotiated, one[470] at Tahlequah
+itself, October seventh, with the Cherokees and three at Park Hill. Of
+these three, one[471] was with four bands of the Great Osages, Clermont's,
+White Hair's, Black Dog's, and the Big Hill, October second; another[472]
+with the Quapaws, October fourth; and the third,[473] on the same day,
+with the Senecas[474] (once of Sandusky) and the Shawnees (once of
+Lewistown and now of the mixed band of Senecas and Shawnees).
+Hereditary[475] chiefs alone signed for the Great Osages, the merit chief,
+Big Chief, being, apparently, not present. The notorious ex-United States
+agent, J. W. Washbourne,[476] was very much in evidence as would most
+likely also have been the equally notorious and disreputable Indian
+trader, John Mathews,[477] had he not recently received his deserts at
+the hands of Senator Lane's brigade.
+
+An accurate and connected account of the occurrences at the Tahlequah
+council, it is well nigh impossible to obtain. Some intimidation[478]
+seems to have been used, and there was a report of a collision[479]
+between the Ross and Ridge factions some days previous to the meeting.
+Drew's regiment, which, when organized, had been placed as a guard[480] on
+the northern border, escorted[481] Commissioner Pike to Park Hill and
+later took up its station on the treaty ground. Some of Stand Watie's
+Confederate forces were also in the neighborhood.[482] In 1865, at the
+Fort Smith Council, held for the readjustment of political relations with
+the United States government, the Indians of the Neosho Agency gave[483] a
+rather picturesque description of the way they had been prevailed upon to
+sign the treaty with the Confederate States. The real object of the
+Tahlequah meeting was evidently not revealed to them until they had
+actually reached the treaty ground. Agent Dorn had told them that they had
+to go to the meeting. They went and were there taken in hand by Pike who
+said,
+
+    If you don't do what we lay before you, we can't say you shall live
+    happy.
+
+The Indians
+
+    feeling badly, just looked on, and the white man went to work, got up
+    a paper and said I want you to sign that. The Indian did not want to,
+    but he compelled him. You know yourself that, under such
+    circumstances, he would do anything to save his life....
+
+Now that the history of the diplomatic relations between the Indian tribes
+and the Confederacy has been brought thus far, nothing seems more fitting
+than to return to the consideration of the Federal government and its
+representatives, its purposes, and its plans, beginning the account with
+the Indian Office and Commissioner Dole. Dole's early attempt to prevail
+upon the War Department to resume its occupation of Indian Territory was
+followed up by the convincing letter of the thirtieth of May in which he
+likened the Indians to the Union element in some of the border states and
+ended by throwing the full responsibility for any disloyalty that might
+appear among them upon the Federal authorities; inasmuch as they had
+neglected and were still neglecting to give the support and protection
+that any ordinary guardian is bound in honor to give to his wards. Dole
+said in writing to Secretary Smith,
+
+    ... Experience has shown that the presence of even a small force of
+    federal troops located in the disaffected States has had the effect to
+    preserve the peace, encourage the friends of the Union, and induce the
+    people to return to their allegiance.
+
+    That this same result would be produced in the Indian country I cannot
+    doubt, as they can have no inducement to unite with the enemies of the
+    United States unless we fail as a nation to give them that protection
+    guaranteed by our treaty stipulations, and which is necessary to
+    prevent designing and evil-disposed persons from having free
+    intercourse with them, to work out their evil purposes....[484]
+
+Nothing came of Dole's application and thus was exemplified, as often
+before and often since, a very serious defect in the American
+administrative system by which the duty of doing a certain thing rests
+upon one department and the means for doing it with quite another. It is
+surely no exaggeration to say that hundreds and hundreds of times the
+Indians have been the innocent victims of friction between the War and
+Interior Departments.
+
+But if the authorities at Washington were indifferent to the Indian's
+welfare, Senator Lane was neither indifferent to nor ignorant of the
+strategical importance of Indian Territory. With him the defence of Kansas
+and the means of procuring that defence were everything. Indian Territory
+and the Indian tribes came within the scope of the means. And so it
+happened that, while he was organizing his Kansas brigade, he
+commissioned[485] a man, E. H. Carruth, who had formerly posed as an
+educator[486] among the Seminoles, to communicate with the various tribes
+for the purpose of determining their real feelings towards the United
+States government and of obtaining, if possible, an interview between Lane
+and some of their accredited representatives. The interview was to take
+place "at Fort Lincoln on the Osage or some point convenient
+thereto."[487]
+
+Now a considerable portion of the Creek tribe was in just the right mood
+and in just the right situation to receive such overtures in the right
+spirit. That portion consisted of those who, after the treaty of July
+tenth had been negotiated in the manner already described, had rallied
+around Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la; and who, in a Creek convention that had been
+called for August fifth had declared that the chiefs, who had signed a
+treaty outside the National Council, had violated a fundamental law of the
+tribe and had thereby forfeited their administrative rank. The criticism
+applied to Motey Kennard and to Echo Harjo, the principal and the second
+chief respectively. Kennard, as we have seen, was the leader of the Lower
+Creeks and Harjo of the Upper. A further division in Creek ranks was now
+inevitable and it came forthwith, the Non-treaty Party, made up mostly of
+Upper Creeks, proceeding to recognize[488] Ok-ta-ha-hassee Harjo (better
+known as "Sands") as the acting principal chief of the tribe. It also
+betook itself westward so as to be as much as possible out of the reach of
+the secessionists. When once in a position of at least temporary security,
+it despatched Mik-ko Hut-kee (White Chief), Bob Deer, Jo Ellis, and
+perhaps others to Washington to confer with the "Great Father."[489]
+
+The Creek delegates, Mik-ko Hut-kee and his companions, went, on their way
+to Washington, northward through Kansas, saw Superintendent Coffin[490]
+and, later, Lane's agent, E. H. Carruth. This was about the second week of
+September and Carruth was at Barnesville, Lane's headquarters. Carruth
+received the Creeks kindly, read sympathetically the letter[491] that
+they brought from their distressed chiefs, Sands and Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la,
+assured the equally distressed delegates of the continued fatherly
+interest of the United States government, and sent them on their way,
+greatly comforted. It was while these Creek delegates were lingering at
+Barnesville that Carruth made a special effort to induce the southern
+Indians generally to send representatives for an interview with Lane. He
+wrote personally to Ross,[492] to the two Creek chiefs,[493] and to the
+Wichita chief, Tusaquach,[494] and, in addition, wrote to the Seminole
+chiefs and headmen[495] and to the "loyal" Choctaws and Chickasaws.[496]
+
+Presumably, Superintendent Coffin did not altogether approve of Senator
+Lane's taking it upon himself to confer with the Indians who, after all,
+were officially Coffin's charges; for, in October, we find him, likewise,
+planning for an intertribal conference to be held at Humboldt.[497] It is
+rather interesting to look back upon all this and to realize, as perforce
+we must, that every plan for conferring with the southern tribes in the
+interests of the United States government, at this critical time,
+contemplated a meeting at some place outside of Indian Territory. Here
+were agents of the Indian's "Great Father" offering protection to the red
+men and yet giving incontestable proof in the very details of the offer
+that they did not themselves dare to venture[498] beyond the Kansas
+boundary. As a matter of fact, all such plans for a general conference
+came to nothing, although, as late as November, Lane had still the idea of
+one in mind. He was, at the time, hoping to meet the Indians at Leroy[499]
+in Coffey County, Kansas, on the twenty-fourth. Lane also continued to
+advocate the use of the friendly Indians as soldiers. A little earlier,
+Agent Johnson had endorsed[500] Lane's plan in a letter to Commissioner
+Dole; but the coming of General Hunter upon the scene considerably
+affected the sphere of influence.
+
+Dissatisfaction with Frémont on account of his extravagance, his haphazard
+way of issuing commissions, his tardiness, and, above all, his general
+military incompetence had crystallized in September; and, by orders[501]
+of General Scott on the twenty-fourth of October, Hunter was directed to
+relieve him. Hunter reached his post in early November and almost
+immediately thereafter, either upon his own initiative or after
+consultation with someone like Coffin (it could hardly have been with
+Lane; for Lane had gone[502] to Washington, or with Branch; for Branch was
+strongly opposed to the project intended), he telegraphed[503] to the War
+Department "for permission to muster a Brigade of Kansas Indians into the
+service of the United States, to assist the friendly Creek Indians in
+maintaining their loyalty." Evidently, the request was not granted,[504]
+but duties akin to it were, by arrangement of President Lincoln, conferred
+upon Hunter which involved his assuming the responsibility of holding, if
+such a plan were feasible, an intertribal council so as to renew the
+confidence of the southern Indians in the United States government. A
+letter[505] from Dole, outlining the plan, reveals an astonishing
+ignorance of just how far those selfsame Indians had gone in their
+defection, because of the loss of the confidence.
+
+In the giving of these new duties to General Hunter, there was not the
+slightest intention of ignoring Senator Lane. In fact, Dole expressly
+mentioned that Lane had called for just such an Indian conference[506] and
+suggested that, if Hunter's military duties prevented his meeting the
+Indians in person, Lane might take his place, "provided he can be spared
+from his post." The whole affair was incident to the reorganization that
+had recently, under general orders[507] of the ninth of November, taken
+place in the Western Department, from which had resulted a Department of
+Kansas, separate and distinct from the Department of Missouri. The
+Department of Kansas included "the State of Kansas, the Indian Territory
+west of Arkansas, and the Territories of Nebraska, Colorado, and Dakota"
+and was to be under the command of Major-general David Hunter[508] with
+headquarters at Fort Leavenworth. The idea governing this division of the
+old western department was, ostensibly, as Nicolay and Hay express[509]
+it, that Kansas might be protected, Indian Territory repossessed, and
+Texas reached. As we shall presently see, a similar reorganization took
+place, about the same time, in the Confederate western service and for
+very much the same reason, the condition of the Indian country being a
+very large proportion of that reason. It is barely possible that, as far
+as the United States was concerned, Senator Lane's recommendation[510] of
+the ninth of October was almost wholly accountable for the change.
+
+It was, undoubtedly, high time that something vigorous was being done to
+stay Confederate progress in Indian Territory. Indeed, events were
+happening there at this very moment that made all plans for an
+inter-tribal conference exceedingly out of date. The Confederate
+government had now a large Indian force[511] in the field and expectations
+of an increase, provided the necessary arms[512] were obtainable. On the
+twenty-second[513] of November, by special orders[514] from Richmond,
+Indian Territory had been erected into a separate military department and
+Albert Pike, now a brigadier-general, assigned to the command of it. For
+the present, however, things seem to have remained much as they were with
+McCulloch nominally in command and Cooper in actual charge. Moreover, long
+before Pike reappeared upon the scene, matters had come to an issue
+between the secessionist and unionist Creeks.
+
+Determined not to allow themselves to be over-persuaded or intimidated by
+the secessionist element in their nation, the unionist Creeks, under
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la, had withdrawn from active intercourse with the rival
+faction and, resisting all attempts of Cooper and others to inveigle them
+into an interview that might result in compromise, they had encamped at or
+near the junction of the Deep and North Forks of the Canadian River.
+Cooper resolved to attack them there and, for the purpose, gathered[515]
+together an effective fighting force of about fourteen hundred men, all
+Indians except for a detachment of Texas cavalry. On the fifth of
+November, Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la broke camp and took up the line of march for
+Kansas, hoping that, in Kansas, he and his followers would receive either
+succor or refuge. It has been estimated that Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la's force,
+at this time, was less than two thousand men and that it comprised,
+besides Creeks and Seminoles, some two or three hundred negroes. His
+traveling cortège was, however, very much larger; for it included women
+and children, the sick and the aged. Approximately half of the Creeks were
+on the move for pastures new. For many of them it was a second exodus.
+
+Colonel D. H. Cooper reached the deserted camp of Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la on
+the fifteenth of November and, finding his enemy gone and locating his
+trail, moved himself in a slightly northeasterly direction towards the Red
+Fork of the Arkansas. He came up with the unionist Creeks at Round
+Mountain on the night of the nineteenth and an indecisive engagement[516]
+followed, both sides claiming the victory. Under cover of darkness,
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la managed to slip away and crossed into the Cherokee
+country where there were plenty of disaffected full-bloods to give him
+sympathy. It is more than likely that they had invited him there and had
+prepared for his coming. Cooper did not attempt to pursue the Creek
+refugees, having been called back to the Arkansas line, there to wait in
+readiness to reënforce McCulloch should the Federals make a forward march
+southward from Springfield, as then seemed probable. But that danger soon
+passed, passed even before Cooper had had time to take the post indicated
+or to leave his own camp at Concharta, after a brief recuperation. He was
+now free to follow up the meagre advantage of the nineteenth.
+
+The next opportunity to crush Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la came in the Battle of
+Bird Creek [Chusto-Talasah, Little High Shoals, or the Caving Banks],[517]
+fought December 9, 1861. On the twenty-ninth of the preceding month, a
+part of Cooper's force had set out for Tulsey Town and an advance guard
+had been sent up the Verdigris in the direction of a place, called
+"Coody's Settlement," where Colonel John Drew with a detachment of his
+regiment of Cherokee full-bloods was posted. The orders were that Drew
+should effect a junction with Cooper's main force and, on December eighth
+they were all encamped on Bird Creek in the southwestern corner of the
+Cherokee Nation. At this juncture, word came that Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la
+wished to treat for peace and Major Pegg, a Cherokee, with three
+companions was sent forward to confer with him. They found the Creek
+chief, surrounded by his warriors and ready for battle. It was evening and
+Colonel Cooper had scarcely heard the news of the Creek determination to
+fight when a message came that four companies of Drew's regiment,
+horrified at the thought of fighting with their neighbors, had dispersed
+and gone over to Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la. The incident did not promise well for
+success on the morrow and the Battle of Bird Creek was another indecisive
+engagement, although the Creeks, eager and resplendent with their yellow
+corn-shuck badges, seem to have had all the advantage of position. Again
+they made their escape and again Colonel Cooper was prevented from
+following them, this time because he was exceedingly fearful lest the
+Cherokee desertion might have a lasting and disastrous effect upon the
+remaining Indian forces, particularly upon the small group that was all
+that was left of the original First Cherokee Mounted Rifles. Cooper's
+personal opinion was, that the defection was widespread among the
+Cherokees and that it would be sheer folly to start out after
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la until more white troops had been added to the pursuing
+force, by way both of reënforcement and of encouragement.
+
+Instead, therefore, of continuing northward, Colonel Cooper drew off in
+the direction of Fort Gibson and, from that point, sent for aid to Colonel
+James McIntosh at Van Buren. He then occupied himself with his own troops
+and prevailed upon John Ross to rally[518] the Cherokees. It was now the
+nineteenth of December and the aged chief did his best to keep his people
+true to the faith that the nation had pledged in the treaty of the seventh
+of October. He recalled to their minds the fact that it was, by all odds,
+the best treaty that the Cherokees had ever secured, the one that gave
+them the fullest recognition of their rights as a semi-independent people,
+and he might have added with sad, sad truth that it was the best that they
+could ever hope to get. He made no such pessimistic reflection, however,
+but concluded,
+
+    It is, therefore, our duty and interest to respect it, and we must, as
+    the interest of our common country demands it. According to the
+    stipulations of the treaty we must meet enemies of our allies whenever
+    the south requires it, as they are our enemies as well as the enemies
+    of the south; and I feel sure that no such occurrence as the one we
+    deplore would have taken place if all things were understood as I have
+    endeavored to explain them. Indeed the true meaning of our treaty is,
+    that we must know no line in the presence of our invader, be he who he
+    may....[519]
+
+Colonel Cooper then addressed[520] the Indians and, after him, Major
+Pegg;[521] but they were not convinced and many of them went home,
+positively refusing to march farther with the army.
+
+Meanwhile Cooper's call for reënforcements had reached McIntosh[522] and,
+as the need seemed so urgent, McIntosh resolved to supply it and notified
+Cooper to that effect. Subsequently, he decided[523] to take the field in
+person and to head a column, separate from Cooper's. What induced him to
+do this, nobody can well say. Cooper always felt that the incompleteness
+of the victory over Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la, which was soon to come, was mainly
+attributable to the divided effort of the attacking force. In the two
+former engagements, Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la's force, such as it was, untrained
+and miscellaneous, had greatly outnumbered the Confederate; but now the
+two were more equally matched in point of numbers and the chances of
+success were all on the southern side because of superior training and
+equipment, so Cooper was probably correct in his conjecture. McIntosh's
+excuse[524] for advancing precipitately and alone was, notwithstanding,
+very reasonable. The scarcity of forage made it expedient to march
+compactly; and the two generals had agreed, so McIntosh declared, when in
+conference at Fort Gibson, "that either force should attack the enemy on
+sight."
+
+The privilege of attacking Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la fell, under this
+arrangement, supposing it was made, to McIntosh, who had been able to push
+on in advance of Cooper. The Battle of Chustenahlah was fought in the
+early afternoon of December 26, 1861, and ended in what seemed the
+complete defeat of the Creeks. McIntosh reported that, although their
+position was strong, they were forced to retreat
+
+    To the rocky gorges amid the deep recesses of the mountains, where
+    they were pursued by our victorious troops and routed in every
+    instance with great loss. They endeavored to make a stand at their
+    encampment, but their efforts were ineffectual, and we were soon in
+    the midst of it. The battle lasted until 4 o'clock, when the firing
+    gradually ceased....[525]
+
+And then the Creeks fled, leaving practically everything in the shape of
+property behind them. Cooper came up and detachments of his troops pursued
+them almost to the Kansas line. The weather was bitterly cold, provisions
+scarce, the country rough and bleak. The pursuit took the form of a seven
+day scout; but the Creeks, no matter how great their dispersion, were
+headed straight for Walnut Creek, Kansas.
+
+Their coming was anticipated. Hearing of their approach, Superintendent
+Coffin had directed[526] all the agents[527] under his charge to report to
+him for duty at a place on the Verdigris River called Fort Roe[528] "about
+thirty-five or forty miles from Leroy and Burlington." It was Coffin's
+intention to meet the refugees upon their first arrival; but, as
+Commissioner Dole was expected soon to be at Fort Leavenworth, he thought
+it best to wait[529] and consult with him. It does not seem to have been
+recorded on just what date the first of the Indian refugees crossed the
+Kansas line, but they were very soon crossing in great numbers and, by the
+time Coffin finally reached them, their condition was truly pitiable. They
+took up their station on the bare prairies between the Verdigris and the
+Arkansas Rivers and stretched themselves in almost hopeless confusion
+over about two hundred miles of country. Fortunately the land upon which
+they camped was Indian land, New York Indian land, and the few white men
+thereon were legally intruders and could not consistently object to the
+presence of the refugees. The numbers of the refugees were variously
+estimated. Starting with about forty-five hundred,[530] they increased
+daily and at an astonishing rate; for the exodus of the Creeks was but the
+signal for the flight of other tribesmen from Indian Territory, of all
+those, in fact, who were either tired of their alliance with the
+Confederacy or had never been in sympathy with it and were only too eager
+to take the first chance to escape from it.
+
+The suffering of the refugees, due to destitution and exposure, was
+something horrible to think upon. Superintendent Coffin had little to give
+them. He appealed to General Hunter for an allowance from the army
+supplies and Hunter sent down his chief commissary of subsistence, Captain
+J. W. Turner, to do what he could to relieve the distress. Hunter also
+sent Brigade-surgeon A. B. Campbell; for it was not simply food and
+clothing, that were needed and roof shelter, but medical attendance. As
+soon as possible, cheap blankets[531] were furnished and some condemned
+army tents. The journey northward had been undertaken in the bitterest of
+cold weather. With a raw northwest wind beating in their faces,
+
+    And over the snow-covered roads, they travelled all night and the next
+    day, without halting to rest. Many of them were on foot, without
+    shoes, and very thinly clad.... In this condition they had
+    accomplished a journey of about three hundred miles; but quite a
+    number froze to death on the route, and their bodies with a shroud of
+    snow, were left where they fell to feed the hungry wolves....
+
+    Families who in their country had been wealthy, and who could count
+    their cattle by the thousands and horses by hundreds, and owned large
+    numbers of slaves, and who at home had lived at ease and comfort, were
+    without the necessaries of life.[532]
+
+When, sometime in early December, Commissioner Dole heard of the
+resistance that the unionist Creeks were making to Colonel Cooper, he
+immediately applied once more, through the Secretary of the Interior,
+to the War Department for troops sufficient to assert Federal supremacy
+south of the Kansas line, his immediate object being, the strengthening of
+the force then opposed to Cooper. At the moment, Lane's expedition was
+under consideration, Lane having managed to convince the Washington
+authorities, both congressional and administrative, that an expedition
+southward was absolutely necessary[533] for the protection of the
+frontier.
+
+
+[Illustration: Retreat of the Loyal Indians from the Indian Country under
+A-poth-yo-ho-lo in the winter of 1861 [_From Office of Indian Affairs_]]
+
+
+Somewhat earlier, in fact in the late autumn, the non-secession Indians of
+various tribes had made their own appeal for help. They had made it to the
+United States government and also, a little later on, to the Indian tribes
+of Kansas. Along about the first of November, a mixed delegation[534] of
+Creeks, Seminoles, and Chickasaws had made its appearance[535] at Leroy
+and, finding there the United States Creek agent, George A. Cutler, had
+consulted with him "in reference to the intentions of the Federal
+government regarding the protection due them under treaty stipulations."
+Cutler advised the Indians to talk the matter over with Senator Lane and
+accompanied them to Fort Scott, Lane's headquarters, for the purpose.
+Arriving there, they learned that Lane had gone to Washington and had left
+his command in charge of Colonel James Montgomery. Colonel Montgomery
+counselled with the Indians as Cutler had done and helped them to reach
+the decision that it would be best to proceed to Washington and lay their
+complaints before the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. At the same time,
+Montgomery notified[536] President Lincoln of their intention.
+
+Still accompanied by Agent Cutler, the delegation resumed its journey,
+going by way of Fort Leavenworth. There they conferred[537] with General
+Hunter and left greatly strengthened in their resolution of proceeding to
+Washington; for Hunter, too, thought that such a trip might compel the
+government to realize the Indian's very real distress and its own
+obligation to relieve it. We are fain to believe that General Hunter
+personally believed in the military necessity of securing Indian Territory
+even though he did do all he could to oppose the project of Senator Lane
+in the early months of 1862 and even though he did disapprove of the
+formation of the department of Kansas and his own assignment to it
+instead of to that of Missouri, which would have been his preference. If
+he at any time to date had wavered[538] in his opinion as to the needs of
+the Indians and their legitimate claim upon the United States government
+for protection, Carruth's letter of November twenty-sixth ought to have
+settled the matter, unless, indeed, its rather savage tone had created
+prejudice instead of working conviction as was intended.
+
+    ... I have from the first believed it would be good policy to let
+    loose the northern Indians, under the employ of government; it
+    certainly would be better for the border States to have the Indian
+    country for a battle ground than to have it remain a shelter for rebel
+    hordes the coming winter....[539]
+
+The visit of the Indians to Washington proved very opportune. By the
+twenty-seventh of December, they were back at Fort Leavenworth and
+considerably reassured. Superintendent Coffin had a council with them on
+the twenty-eighth "at the Fort to good satisfaction." He says of his
+interview,
+
+    I gave them Presents of Pipes, tobacco, and Sugar, and they went on
+    their way to Fort Scott rejoicing they seem to be in fine
+    Spirits,[540] but are at a Loss what to do for a living til Lanes Army
+    goes down there into the Indian Territory they want very much to get
+    Some of the Funds now due the Creeks....[541]
+
+A more pathetic appeal, and one more immediately telling in its effects,
+was that made to the brother Indians of Kansas. It came direct from
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la and when it reached the Delawares found in them a ready
+response. It invited their coöperation[542] in the war and asked for men
+and ammunition.[543] This is the Delaware reply:[544]
+
+    We are much rejoiced to receive your letter by James McDaniel[545] and
+    David Balon. Our Agent has sent it to our great Father, the
+    President, "at Washington," and to Gen. Hunter at "Fort Leavenworth."
+    It gives us great pleasure to hear that you are good and true friends
+    to the President, and to the Government of the United States. We hope
+    you will continue to be their friend. If bad men of the South ask you
+    to go to war against the President, stop your ears, don't listen to
+    them, they are your worst enemies, they are trying to destroy you and
+    the Country.
+
+    Grand Children it does our hearts good, we rejoice to hear of the
+    victories you have gained over your enemies of the Government under
+    your brave leader Oputh-la-yar-ho-la.
+
+    Grand Children we are ready and willing to help you. Our brave
+    Warriors are ready to spill their Blood for you, and are only waiting
+    to hear from our great Father at Washington, we have asked of him the
+    privaledge of going to your assistance, and hope that our request will
+    be granted, we don't wish to go to War against the wishes of our great
+    Father the President. We have heard that the President will soon have
+    a large Army in the Indian Country to protect you, that he has
+    ordered Gen. Lane to march to your relief. We are confident that our
+    great Father is able and will protect his red children--Grand Children
+    we pray to the "great spirit" to protect you and keep you out of the
+    hands of the bad men of the South, who are trying to destroy you and
+    the Government--We have no fears as to the result of this war--the
+    President has large Armies in the field that will conquer and punish
+    the Rebels--We are proud of our Muscogee Children.
+
+The United States government had already determined upon an expedition to
+the Indian country and, yielding to the importunities of Senator Lane, who
+represented General Hunter as in full accord with himself in the matter,
+had decided to use the Kansas Indians in the making up of the attacking
+force. It was well that the Indians had manifested a readiness to fight
+and that the Delawares, particularly, had overcome their previous
+aversion. The first official record of the fact that the decision to use
+the Kansas Indians had been reached appears to be a communication[546]
+from Assistant Adjutant-general E. D. Townsend to Surgeon-general C. A.
+Finley, under date of December 31, 1861, notifying him that medical
+supplies would soon be needed for a force of about twenty-seven thousand
+men, about four thousand of whom were to be Indians, which was to be
+concentrated at an early day near Fort Leavenworth. On the third of
+January, Lane wrote[547] to Hunter, informing him, as if at first hand
+and semi-officially, of the new plan. It is not to be wondered at that
+General Hunter took offence at the officiousness and presumption Lane
+displayed. In point of fact, it was a clear case of executive
+interference.
+
+Now that it had, to all appearances, gained a long-desired object, the
+Indian Office lost no time in lending the War Department its hearty
+coöperation. Commissioner Dole was especially enthusiastic and, under
+instructions from Secretary Smith, prepared to go out to Kansas himself to
+help organize the Indians for army service. He also sent particulars[548]
+of the new movement to Superintendent Branch and a circular letter[549] to
+the agents of the central superintendency, detailing the advantages that
+would accrue to individual Indians should they enlist. Dole wrote these
+letters on the sixth of January and was then expecting to be in
+Leavenworth City for the making of final arrangements eight or ten days
+"hence." He did not manage to get away, however, quite so soon; but the
+agents went to work immediately and, even before Dole arrived in Kansas,
+Agent Farnsworth, who had always been rather too eager for Indian
+enlistment, was able to report[550] the initial steps taken. By the
+twenty-first of January,[551] Dole was well on his way west. He reached
+Kansas in due season and there learned[552] for the first time, that
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la had been completely overwhelmed, that the refugees were
+on the Verdigris, and that General Hunter was subsisting them. This was
+doleful news, indeed, and made the project of a southern expedition seem
+more and more expedient.
+
+General Hunter had done the best he could to relieve the awful sufferings
+of the refugees; but, on the sixth of February, he was obliged to
+inform[553] Dole that he could do no more, that he had practically reached
+the end of his resources, and that, after the fifteenth of February, the
+whole responsibility of subsisting the destitute Indians would have to
+fall upon the Interior Department. Dole was almost at his wits' end. He
+had no funds that he could use legitimately for the need that had arisen.
+It was a case of emergency, however, and something certainly had to be
+done. Before the fifteenth of December arrived, additional reports[554]
+came in from Superintendent Coffin, detailing distress. Under the
+circumstances it was necessary to act quickly and without congressional
+authorization. Dole telegraphed[555] to Secretary Smith,
+
+    Six thousand Indians driven out of Indian territory, naked and
+    starving. General Hunter will only feed them until 15th. Shall I take
+    care of them on the faith of an appropriation?
+
+He received a reply[556] that should have been dictated, not so much in
+the spirit of generosity, as of simple justice:
+
+    Go on and supply the destitute Indians, Congress will supply the
+    means. War Department will not organize them.
+
+With this approbation in hand, Dole went to work, purchased sufficient
+supplies on credit, and appointed[557] a special agent, Dr. William Kile
+of Illinois, who had been commissioned[558] by President Lincoln to act on
+Lane's staff and was then in Kansas as Lane's brigade quartermaster, to
+attend to their distribution. Meanwhile, the attention of Congress had
+been called to the matter and a particularly strong letter of Dole's,
+describing the utter misery of the exiles, was read in the Senate February
+14, in support of a joint resolution for their relief.[559] It was
+intended originally to apply only to the loyal Creeks, Seminoles, and
+Chickasaws but had its title changed later so as to make it include the
+Choctaws. On the third of March, Congress passed[560] an act providing
+that the annuities of the "hostiles," Creeks, Chickasaws, Seminoles,
+Wichitas, and Cherokees, should be applied, as might be necessary, to the
+relief of refugees from Indian Territory. It was expressly stipulated in
+this enactment[561] that the money should not be used for other than
+Indian Territory tribes.
+
+Secretary Smith's telegram, as the reader has probably already observed,
+had given to Dole a small piece of information that was not of slight
+significance, signifying as it did a change of front by the War
+Department. The War Department had rescinded its former action and had now
+refused to organize the Indians for service. The objections to Lane's
+enterprise must have been cumulative. Before the idea of it had embraced
+the Indians and before it had become so closely identified with Lane's
+name and personality, in fact, while it was more or less a scheme of
+McClellan's, Hunter had interposed[562] objections, but purely on military
+grounds. His force was scarcely equal to a movement southward.
+Subsequently, Halleck interposed objections likewise and his reasons,[563]
+whatever his motives may have been, were perfectly sound, indeed, rather
+alarmingly so, since they broadly hinted at the miserably local interests
+involved in the war in the west and the gross subordination of military
+policies to political. Then came Lane with energy like the whirlwind, a
+local politician through and through. He had absolutely no respect for
+official proprieties and the military men, opposed to him, were men of
+small calibre. He reached Kansas, joyfully intent upon putting into
+immediate effect the power that Lincoln had conferred upon him, only to
+find that there stood Hunter, fully prepared to contest authority with
+him. The Adjutant-general had written[564] Hunter that Lane had not been
+given a command independent of his own and that, if he so desired, he
+might conduct the expedition southward in person. In the evening of the
+twenty-sixth, Lane reached Leavenworth, and the very next day, Hunter
+issued general orders[565] that he would command in person. Taken aback
+and excusably indignant, Lane communicated[566] at once with John Covode
+and requested him to impart the news to the President, to Stanton[567] and
+the new Secretary of War, and to General McClellan.
+
+Official sensitiveness was unquestionably at the bottom of the whole
+trouble, yet Lincoln was very largely to blame for having yielded to
+Lane's importunities. He frankly said that he had wished to keep the
+affair out of McClellan's hands as far as possible.[568] He hoped to
+profit by the services of both Hunter and Lane; but, if they could not
+agree, then Lane must yield the precedence to Hunter. He must report for
+orders or decline the service.[569] Military men, stationed in the west,
+and civil officers of Kansas were all prejudiced against the "Lane
+Expedition."[570] They expected it to be nothing but jayhawking and
+marauding of the worst description. The Indians, however, were deeply
+disappointed[571] when a halt came in the preparations.
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la personally addressed a communication[572] to Lincoln.
+He wanted nobody but Lane to command the expedition. Pending a settlement,
+Dole ordered[573] Coffin[574] to desist from further enrollment.
+Secretary Stanton was declared opposed to the use of Indians in civilized
+warfare.[575] Soon the orders for the expedition were countermanded with
+the understanding, explicit or implied, that it should later proceed under
+the personal direction of General Hunter.
+
+The military situation in the middle west and the great desire on the part
+of the Confederacy to gain Missouri and to complete her secession from the
+old Union necessitated, at the opening of 1862, a thorough-going
+reörganization of forces concentrated in that part of the country.
+Experience had shown that separate and independent commands had a tendency
+to become too much localized, individual commanders too much inclined to
+keep within the narrow margin, each of his instructions, for the good of
+the service as a whole to be promoted. It was thought best, therefore, to
+establish the Trans-Mississippi District of Department No. 2[576] and to
+place in command of it, Major-general Earl Van Dorn. The district was to
+comprise all of Louisiana north of the Red River, all of Indian Territory
+proper, all of Arkansas, and all of Missouri west of the St. Francis. Wise
+in the main, as the scheme for consolidation unquestionably was, it had
+its weak points. The unrestricted inclusion of Indian Territory was
+decidedly a violation of the spirit of the Pike treaties, if not of the
+actual letter. Under the conditions of their alliance with the
+Confederacy, the Indian nations were not obliged to render service outside
+of the limits of their own country; but the Confederacy was obliged,
+independent of any departmental reörganization or regulations, to furnish
+them protection.
+
+Almost the first thing that Van Dorn did, after assuming command of the
+new military district, was to write,[577] from his headquarters at
+Jacksonport in eastern Arkansas, to Price, advising him that Pike would
+shortly be ordered to take position in southwestern Missouri, say in
+Lawrence County near Mt. Vernon, "with instructions to coöperate with you
+in any emergency." Van Dorn was then laboring under the impression that
+Pike's force consisted of a majority of white troops, three regiments, he
+thought, out of a brigade of eight or nine thousand men, whereas there was
+only one white regiment in the whole Indian department. Colonel Cooper
+complained[578] that this latter condition was the fact and insisted that
+it was contrary to the express promises made, by authority,[579] to the
+Choctaws and Chickasaws when he had begun his recruiting work among them
+the previous summer. Had Van Dorn only taken a little trouble to inquire
+into the real state of affairs among the Indians, he would, instead of
+ordering Pike to bring the Indian regiments out of Indian Territory, have
+seen to it that they stayed at home and that danger of civil strife among
+the Cherokees was prevented by the presence of three white regiments, as
+originally promised. At this particular time as it happened, Pike was not
+called upon to move his force; for the order so to move did not reach him
+until after the Federals, "pursuing General Price, had invaded
+Arkansas."[580]
+
+
+[Illustration: FORT McCULLOGH [_From Office of Indian Affairs_]]
+
+
+It proved, however, to be but a brief stay of execution; for, as soon as
+Van Dorn learned that Price had fallen back from Springfield, he
+resolved[581] to form a junction with McCulloch's division in the Boston
+Mountains and himself take command of all the forces in the field. He
+estimated[582] that, should Pike be able to join him, with Price's and
+McCulloch's troops already combined, he would have an army of fully
+twenty-six thousand men to oppose a Federal force of between thirty-five
+and forty thousand. Pike was duly informed[583] of the new arrangement and
+ordered[584] to "hasten up with all possible dispatch and in person direct
+the march of" his "command, including Stand Watie's, McIntosh's, and
+Drew's regiments." His men were to "march light, ready for immediate
+action."[585] The outcome of all these preparations was the Battle of Pea
+Ridge[586] and that battle was the consummation, the culminating point, in
+fact, of the Indian alliance with the Southern Confederacy. It was the
+beginning of the end. It happened just at the time when the Richmond
+legislators were organizing[587] the great Arkansas and Red River
+superintendency,[588] which was intended to embrace all the tribes with
+whom Albert Pike had made his treaties. Albert Pike retired from Pea Ridge
+to his defences at Fort McCulloch, angry and indignant that the Indians
+had been taken out of their own country to fight the white man's battles.
+His displeasure was serious; for the Indian confidence in the Confederacy
+depended almost wholly upon the promises and the assurances of the
+Arkansas poet.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX A--FORT SMITH PAPERS
+
+
+_Copy_
+
+TAHLEQUAH, January 9th 1857.
+
+SIR:--Some time since I received a letter from you calling for information
+in reference to the white intruders who were settling upon the Cherokee
+Neutral Land. I have been creditably (credibly) informed that there are
+several white families living upon the Neutral Land, some of them are
+making improvements, others are in the employment of Cherokee Citizens,
+living on the Neutral Land, from the best information that I can get, most
+of the intruders are good citizens of the U-States. I have notified them
+to leave, with the understanding that if they do not leave by spring, they
+will be removed by the Military. My reason for not removing them at an
+earlier date is, the weather is so cold and disagreeable that it would be
+improper to turn women and children out of doors, therefore I will not
+remove them til the winter breaks it maybe that the Military will have to
+be employed in their removal: yet I shall make the effort to remove them
+peacefully and without the military if possible. Very Respectfully, Your
+ob't, Svt.
+
+    (Signed). GEO. BUTLER, Cherokee Agent.
+
+Doct. C. W. Dean, Sup't. of Ind. Affs.
+
+
+_Copy_
+
+FORT SMITH, ARKANSAS, February 19th, 1859.
+
+SIR: I deem it my duty as an independant citizen to apprize you, as the
+head of the Indian Bureau, of a recent transaction of the Superintendent
+of Indian Affairs at this place, and demand of you the proper action the
+facts may impose.
+
+A contract has been given to an intimate friend and relation of the
+Superintendent, to feed the Witchita and other Indians inhabiting the
+country between the 98th and 100th degrees, West Longitude, at a sum pr
+ration, of one third, perhaps one half, more than other persons would have
+fed these Indians for; which persons were denied the privilege of
+contending for the contract, as no puplic notice inviting proposals was
+made, and the contract was given privately.
+
+I assert this postively, as to the notice for proposals, and enclose you a
+letter of Capt. J. H. Strain, confirmatory of the fact, that he was
+willing to feed the Witchitas, for a sum far less than the records of your
+Office must show the government has been pledged to pay another. The
+character of this gentleman, who has been for years Sutler at Fort
+Arbuckle, if unknown to you, can be avouched by the U. S. Senators from
+this State.
+
+The Seminoles are now fed under a contract given in the usual regular mode
+of publishing invitations for proposals and awarding the contract to the
+lowest bidder, at the sum of about seven cents pr ration. The Witchitas
+are encamped only forty or fifty miles from the Seminoles and near the
+Texas and Chickasaw lines, where corn and beef are much cheaper and more
+abundant. In proof of this I refer you to late contracts for these
+articles given at Fort Washita and Fort Arbuckle--the first being near the
+Witchitas, and the other near the Seminoles. Captain Strain says he would
+have fed the Witchitas for ten cents per ration, and if proposals had been
+invited, the Contract would have been taken for a less sum.
+
+There are some seven hundred Indians now fed, and thirteen cents pr ration
+is the sum stated as allowed--I believe it is more, but the Indian Office
+contains the proof of the exact sum. If the Contract had been given at
+nine cents pr ration, it would have been a saving of twenty eight dollars
+pr day, over the price said to be now paid, which would amount to eight
+hundred and forty dollars pr month, and ten thousand and eighty dollars a
+year. This is surprisingly large, for a small Indian contract, and at a
+time too when the duty of government Officers to retrench expenses is so
+imperiously demanded.
+
+I am opposed to such favoriteism under any circumstances, and particularly
+so, when the recipient can lay no claim to Democratic support.
+
+I am credibly informed that the number of the Indians fed under this
+contract, is rapidly increasing, and that efforts are all the time made to
+induce the Texas Reserve Indians to claim relationship with the Wichitas,
+and come into their camp and draw rations. One of the employees under this
+Contract makes this statement, and says quite a number have already been
+induced so to come. If the number is swelled to two thousand, as
+conjectured here, the large price now paid will roll up the sum thus
+disbursed to the Superintendents favorite so much that other notice will
+be taken of it, unless you find it in your power to interfere.
+
+I am tired of such conduct and such unfairness towards the government,
+and now make the charge distinctly and demand of you that it be stopped.
+
+Of course I have no desire to withhold my name, and can refer you to
+Senators Sebastian and Johnson for an endorsement of my character.
+
+Please acknowledge receipt of this. I am most respectfully, Your Obt.
+Servant,
+
+    A. G. MAYERS.
+
+
+  Hon. J. W. Denver, Comr. Ind. Affairs,
+    Washington City, D. C.
+
+P.S. I may add that I am not, nor have I ever been interested in these
+sort of Contracts, and have no desire to be interested in this one.
+
+    A.G.M.
+
+
+FORT SMITH 16th Feby. /59.
+
+DEAR SIR: I am in receipt of yours of the 15th inst. You were correct in
+understanding me to say, that I was willing to feed the Witchita Indians,
+near Fort Arbuckle, at ten cents per ration.
+
+Was the contract to be let to the lowest bidder, it would go below what I
+said I was willing to take it at. Very Respectfully, Your Obt. Servant
+
+    J. H. STRAIN.
+
+Gen. A. G. Mayers, Ft. Smith, Ark.
+
+
+  DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. OFFICE INDIAN AFFAIRS,
+    May 12th 1859.
+
+SIR, For your information and such action as you may deem necessary, I
+transmit a copy of a letter, and its enclosures, addressed to this Office
+by A. G. Mayers on the 21st ultimo, and of my reply of the 11th instant.
+Very respectfully, Your Obt. Servant,
+
+    CHARLES E. MIX, Commissioner, ad interim.
+
+  E. Rector Esq, Superintendent &c,
+    Fort Smith, Arkansas.
+
+
+_Copy_
+
+FORT SMITH, ARKANSAS April 21st 1859
+
+  CHAS. E. MIX, Esq, Acting Comr. of Indian Affairs
+    Washington City D. C.
+
+SIR:--Allow me to ask of you the favor to inform, officially whether the
+funds provided by the Government for the subsistence of the Wichita
+Indians has been turned over to the Superintendent of Indian Affairs at
+this place or any other disbursing offices of the department, to carry out
+the Contract made by the Supt. with C. B. Johnson for subsisting those
+Indians after the facts reported by me in regard to the matter, in a
+letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs of date the 19th Feby 59--.
+
+It has been stated to me that such monies have been so turned over to the
+Superintendent, and statement has been contracted, I therefore wish to
+know of you the truth of the matter, and am assured such information will
+be readily afforded me.
+
+I may add, to strengthen the report of facts formerly made by me in regard
+to the Wichita Contracts, that the Seminoles, who are subsisted at a sum
+less than seven cents per ration, under contract given after publication
+for proposals, are near Fort Arbuckle, and the Wichitas, who are subsisted
+under private contract at over thirteen cents per ration, are near Fort
+Washita and within the Chickasaw Nation (much of course to the annoyance
+of the Chickasaws). Now I ask a reference to the Comparative Contracts to
+feed the two tribes on file in your office, with the Contract for corn and
+beef given at the two posts mentioned to supply the Soldiers, on file in
+the War Office, to convince you that the Witchitas are fed at an
+exhorbitant cost to the Government.
+
+I also herewith enclose a letter from Mr. Dennis Trammel, who was the
+Contractor to feed the Seminoles; stating that he was willing, and had so
+stated it to the Supt, to feed the Wichitas for seven cents pr ration. For
+Mr Trammel's veracity I can avouch and full endorsement can be given of it
+from others, if required; as can be done for my own character and standing
+in this community.--
+
+I intend to follow up this matter to a conclusion, and in so declairing
+must state that I do it without motive of personal malice and simply as an
+impartial Citizen and a supporter of the administration--impelled to the
+duty in view of the universal acclaim throughout the Country for economy
+in Govt. expenses on account of the depleted state of the Treasury,
+Otherwise I might have left the unpleasant affair to the proper officers
+of the Government to find out and determine as they might see proper,
+
+Let me ask;--Is it true that the Supt. has received the Two hundred
+thousand dollars due the Creeks under the treaty of 1851, without an order
+from that tribe to the government to send out the money and upon the
+Supt's own responsibility?--An early reply will greatly oblige me, Very
+Respectfully Your obt. Svt.
+
+    A. G. MAYERS.
+
+
+_Copy_
+
+GREENWOOD ARKANSAS April 18th 1859.
+
+DEAR SIR: I have understood that you was willing to feed the Wichataw
+Indians at the same price that you received from the Government for
+feeding the Seminole Indians.
+
+Please state if I am correct in so understanding your propositions Very
+respectfully Your Obt. Servt.
+
+    A. G. MAYERS
+
+Mr Dennis Trammell, at Greenwood Arks.
+
+
+_Copy_
+
+BACKBARN Aprial 19. 1859.
+
+DEAR SIR: I recd your note of the 18 instant and state that you are
+correct, I have stated that I was willing to feed them at the same price 7
+cents. I am Yours, &c.
+
+    DENNIS TRAMMELL
+
+Genl, A. G. Myers Esq.
+
+
+_Copy_
+
+  DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, OFFICE INDIAN AFFAIRS
+    11th May 1859.
+
+SIR: In reply to your letter of the 21st Ultimo I have the honor to state
+that a portion of the funds appropriated by Congress towards defraying the
+expenses of Colonizing the Wichita and other Indians in the western part
+of the Choctaw and Chickasaw country, including their temporary
+subsistence, has all along been in the hands of Superintendent Rector, to
+meet any necessary current expenses connected with said measure.
+
+In regard to the contract made with Mr. C. B. Johnson by Superintendent
+Rector, for feeding the Witchitas, it was but a temporary measure to meet
+an emergency, and was fully approved by the late Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs, under subsequent instructions Supt. Rector, will it is expected,
+at an early day, make a different arrangement, for furnishing said Indians
+with such subsistence as must necessarily be supplied to them by
+advertising for proposals therefor, or by causing it to be purchased and
+issued to them direct by an agent of the Government, as may be best and
+most economical.
+
+The money due the Creeks under the Treaty of 1856, to which you refer, was
+placed in Superintendent Rectors hands to be paid to them, in compliance
+with the formal and urgent demand of the Council of the tribe. Very
+respectfully Your Obt Servant
+
+    Signed. CHAS. E. MIX, Commissioner ad interim.
+
+A. G. Mayers Esq., Fort Smith Arks.
+
+
+  DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS,
+    March 14, 1860.
+
+SIR: Robert J. Cowart, Esq. of Georgia, has been appointed by the
+President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, Agent of the
+Cherokee Indians in place of George Butler, Esq. whose commission has
+expired.
+
+He has been directed to report himself to you at Fort Smith for
+instructions, when you will assign him to duty. His compensation will be
+at the rate of $1500 per annum, and the time of its commencement will be
+fixed upon when he arrives in this City, which he has been directed to
+take in his route to Fort Smith. The sufficiency of his bond will also be
+made the subject of examination at this Office upon his arrival.
+
+A letter has been written to M{r} Butler notifying him of the appointment,
+and directing him to make up and forward his accounts immediately, and to
+turn over to Mr. Cowart all moneys, papers, and other property in his
+hands upon application. Very respectfully, Your obedient servant,
+
+    A. B. GREENWOOD, Commissioner.
+
+Elias Rector, Esq., Superintendent, &c., Present.
+
+
+  DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, OFFICE INDIAN AFFAIRS,
+    April 21, 1860.
+
+SIR: From information that has been received at this Office in regard to
+certain persons, who are residing within the limits of the Cherokee
+nation, it is found necessary to call your attention to the propriety of
+seeing that the provisions of the Intercourse law are observed with
+respect to them. By reference to the law, you will find that no person can
+reside within the limits of the country of any Indian nation or tribe
+without permission, and such must be obtained under certain prescribed
+rules; and even after permission is given, if the party is found abusing
+the privilege by acting in violation of any of the provisions of law, or
+is found unfit to reside in the country whether from example, from the
+want of moral character, from his interference with the institutions of
+the tribe, from seditious language and teachings, or from any cause
+tending to disturb the peace and quiet of the tribe, or tending to
+alienate their attachment to the Government of the United States, the
+Superintendent of Indian Affairs, and Indian Agents have authority to
+remove him; and the President is authorized to direct the Military force
+to be employed in such removal.
+
+The necessity for such power, and for greater facility in carrying the
+same into execution, was so apparent, that at the first session of the
+35th Congress it was found advisable to legislate further in the matter;
+and the 3rd Section of the Indian appropriation bill was accordingly
+passed, which is, "That the Commissioner of Indian Affairs be, and he is
+hereby, authorized and required, with the approval of the Secretary of the
+Interior, to remove from any tribal reservation any person found therein
+without authority of law, or whose presence within the limits of the
+reservation may, in his judgment, be detrimental to the peace and welfare
+of the Indians, and to employ for the purpose such force as may be
+necessary to enable the agent to effect the removal of such person or
+persons."
+
+As I remarked before, I am induced to believe that the Cherokees have just
+cause of complaint from the presence of some such persons within their
+limits,--and it is my desire that you call the attention of the newly
+appointed Agent particularly to the subject. He should look not only to
+those cases which are there originally without authority of law, but also
+to those who, with ostensibly worthy purposes, have received permission,
+and falsified their pretensions. This is a delicate trust, and should be
+executed with great caution and discretion, and you cannot enjoin upon the
+agent too much care and circumspection for although I shall examine
+carefully the grounds of his charges, yet I must be guided in a great
+measure by his opinion, and am determined that the law shall be enforced.
+
+You will therefore, so soon as Mr. Cowart shall report to you for duty,
+communicate to him the contents of this letter, and require him to
+investigate, as quietly as possible, the cases of all white persons found
+within the limits of his agency, and report to me, through you, such as
+are there without the authority of law, and such as may be unworthy longer
+to remain although they may have originally had permission to enter the
+country. Very respectfully, Your Obt, Sevt.
+
+    A. B. GREENWOOD, Commissioner.
+
+Elias Rector, Esq.; Fort Smith, Arkansas.
+
+
+  DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, OFFICE INDIAN AFFAIRS,
+    June 4th 1860.
+
+SIR: The attention of this office has been called to an article which
+appeared in the Fort Smith Times (which is herewith enclosed) in which it
+will be seen that a secret organization has been formed in the Cherokee
+Nation, which is rapidly increasing. The existence of such an
+organization, the objects of which cannot be misunderstood, has caused in
+my mind the greatest apprehension as to the future peace and quiet of that
+country; and, if permitted to mature its plans, will be productive of the
+worst results. The article alluded to points to the Jones' as being the
+leaders in this movement, and who have been permitted for a long time to
+enjoy the privileges of that Nation. It is believed that the ultimate
+object of this organization is to interfere with the institutions of that
+people, and that its influences will extend to other tribes upon the
+Western border of Arkansas.
+
+This scheme must be broken up: for if it is permitted to ripen, that
+country will, sooner or later, be drenched in blood. You are aware that
+there is a large slave property in the Cherokee country, and if any steps
+are taken by which such property will be rendered unsafe, internal war
+will be the inevitable result, in which the people of the bordering state
+will be involved. The relations which the Editor of the Times bears to the
+Cherokees enables him to procure reliable information from that section
+which is not accessible to all and hence the greater credit is due to his
+published statements in relation to the affairs of that people. This
+office is also in possession of private advices from that country, which
+fully corroborates the statements in the article referred to. This
+organization and its purposes are no longer left to mere conjecture. In
+view of these facts I have to direct that in addition to the instructions
+contained in a letter from this office, of the 21st of April last, the
+contents of which you were instructed to communicate to Agent Cowart, you
+will direct him immediately on his arrival at his Agency to cautiously,
+institute inquiry as to the existence of this secret organization, its
+objects and purposes; who are the counsellors and advisers of this
+movement, and proceed at once to break it up; and, if in his investigation
+he should be satisfied that any white persons residing in the Nation are
+in any way connected with this organization he will notify such person or
+persons forthwith to leave the Nation. You will inform Agent Cowart that
+the Secretary of War will be requested to place such force at his disposal
+as may be necessary to enforce any order he may deem it his duty to make.
+You will direct him also to spare neither time or trouble in carrying out
+these instructions, and that he report direct to this office, advising you
+in the meantime of his action.
+
+A copy of this letter has been sent direct to Agent Cowart. Yours
+Respectfully,
+
+    A. B. GREENWOOD, Commissioner.
+
+  Elias Rector, Esq., Supt: Ind. Affairs:
+    Fort Smith, Arkansas
+
+
+TROUBLE BREWING AMONG THE CHEROKEES WHAT DOES IT MEAN?
+
+The Fort Smith (Ark.) _Times_ says: We noticed a week or two ago that
+there was a secret organization going on in the Cherokee Nation, and that
+it was among the full-blood Indians alone. We are informed by good
+authority that the organization is growing and extending daily, and that
+no half or mixed blood Indian is taken into this secret organization. The
+strictest secrecy is observed, and it is death, by the order, to divulge
+the object of the Society. They hold meetings in the thickets, and in
+every secret place, to initiate members. We are told that the mixed-bloods
+are becoming alarmed, and every attempt to find out the object of this
+secret cabal has thus far proved abortive. The Joneses are said to be the
+leaders in the work, and what these things are tending to, no one can
+predict. We fear that something horrible is to be enacted on the frontier,
+and that this secret work will not stop among the Cherokees, but will
+extend to other tribes on this frontier. The Government should examine
+into this matter, before it becomes too formidable.
+
+
+CHEROKEE AGENCY. Near Tahleguah C. N.
+
+  HON. ELIAS RECTOR, Supt. Ind. Affairs
+    Fort Smith, Ark.
+
+Sir: Yours of the 15th Inst, is before me, contents closely noted.
+
+In reply I have to state, that I am in receipt of the Instructions of
+which you write, from the Indian Ag{t}
+
+And I now hasten to Lay before you the result of my investigations, thus
+far in this nation,
+
+Soon after I entered the nation before I had proceeded say half days
+travel, I was met with complaints against certain persons (white men) who
+it was said had been enterfearing with the Institution of Slavery--to
+which I invariably replied to the complainants, bring me the charges--or
+the witnesses--by whome I can substantiate them, and my duty, will be as
+pleasent, as promptly fulfilled--_none came_,
+
+In Tahlequah in time of Circuit Court, I made a short speach to the
+Citizens, in which I told them, that if they, or any of them, knew any
+thing on the subject--to report forthwith to me,--_and none have reported_
+and while I have heard much said on the subject--I have not as yet been
+able to get any thing that would do for proof--that would be reliable. And
+while I make the above statement I do not entertain a doubt, of the truth
+of the charges--And being satisfied of the truth of those charges--I shall
+use evry effort to establish them,
+
+As regards those Secret Societies, I firmly believe, that they are gotten
+up with a view to aid in coveying those abolition plans of operation, to a
+successful termination Allow me to say--that I shall continue to travel in
+and through the Nation (unless differently instructed) until I establish
+those charges if it can possible be done,
+
+Mean while, I shall be pleased to recive Instructions and advice from you
+on the subject, and will keep you advised of my movements, I am Sir with
+much respect, your obt Servt,
+
+    ROBT. J. COWART, U. S. Cherokee Agent
+
+
+_Private_
+
+The Second Chief is about to call the Council together to take into
+consideration the conduct of those white men who are interfearing with the
+institutions of Slavery--and to devise means by which those Secret
+Societies may be put down, and when the Council meets, I think we can
+remidy all those evials--
+
+I find there are many white men in the nation without permits--and one or
+two English men, these I shall order to leave the nation Instanter,
+
+    R. J. COWART
+
+
+TAHLEQUAH C. N. July 9th 1860
+
+DEAR MAJ RECTOR, When I reached home I found that Hon. A. B. Greenwood had
+been here, stayed two days, and a half & left. I am told that he expressed
+a verry strong desire to see me but had not time to remain here or go to
+Fort Smith.
+
+He has brought his family home to Ark. to remain as he writes me--
+
+I wish now verry much to see you and Col. Pulliam, of which I have written
+him, I would go forthwith to see Greenwood but suppose from what he wroat
+me that he had left, or will have done so before I could get there. I am
+with much respect, your friend
+
+    R. J. COWART
+      Tahlequah C. N.
+
+Hon. Elias Rector Fort Smith, Ark
+
+
+CHEROKEE AGENCY. TAHLEQUAH C. N. August 15th 1860
+
+HON. ELIAS RECTOR, Sup{t} Ind Affairs Fort Smith, Arks.
+
+Dear Sir: Tomorrow morning I set out, to the Neutral Lands--and am
+advised to take a few men with me which I propos doing,
+
+It may be truely said, that, this Nation is in the midest of a crises.
+
+I shall be compelled to call for Military aid--which I expect to do
+forthwith--
+
+Immediatly upon my return from the Neutral Lands--I expect to go to Fort
+Smith--
+
+Please Remember me kindly to my friend Col Pulliam--
+
+I am very kindly your obt Servt.
+
+    R. J. COWART
+      Tahlequah C. N.
+
+
+  OFFICE U. S. NEOSHO AGENCY, QUAPAW NATION
+    Augt 24th 1860
+
+SIR: By refference to my letter of July 11th you will find that I
+according to your instructions, gave all the intruders upon the Osage
+reservation notice to leave forthwith, or that they would be removed by
+Military force. That notice was dated May 22nd 1860, & the intruders are
+still there, and I have most respectfully now to suggest, that in view of
+the situation of the Neutral land of the Cherokees and the reserve of the
+Osages, they, laying adjoining each other, and the great number of
+squatters therein, I would advise that at least two companies of U. S.
+Dragoons or Cavalry be called for, both to act together in the removal of
+the intruders from the Osage and Neutral lands--
+
+I learn that Major Cowart expects to be at your office in a few days, in
+order to make a Requisition upon the Commanding Officer of Fort Caleb for
+Troops to remove the intruders from the Neutral land, and enclosed you
+will find one from me, which if approved by you, please forward by the
+same express, in order that the Troops may march together, as their
+destination is about the same--
+
+I would also say that in my opinion, that in order that the removal should
+avail anything that all their improvements should be destroyed by the
+Troops as they progress--
+
+Your instructions are requested in all this matter. Very Respectfully Your
+Obt Svt
+
+    ANDREW J. DORN, U. S. Neosho Agnt
+
+  Major Elias Rector, Supt Indian Affairs
+    Fort Smith Arkansas.
+
+N.B. Please forward the enclosed letter directed to Capt W. L. Cabell U.
+S. A. and much oblige yours truly
+
+    A.J.D.
+
+
+EVANSVILLE, ARKS Sept 6th/60
+
+FRIEND, THAD ... I wish you woold come up in this part of the country. I
+am going to start to Campmeeting next Saturday at Cane Hill there was a
+big Camp meeting a going on when I came here in the nation it was about
+five miles west of this place. I did not go as I was busy fixing up to
+work tho if I dont have any bad luck I think I will have a good time at
+Cane Hill
+
+I think business will be pretty good here from the prospects I think I
+will spend a couple months at Tahlequah this fall. I want to attend the
+next council there which will begin in Oct. ... etc.
+
+Remain your Friend
+
+    JNO. C. DICKENSON
+
+Mark,, T,, Tatum, Greenwood, Arks
+
+
+TAHLEQUAH CHEROKEE NATION, September 8th, 1860.
+
+HON. ELIAS RECTOR, Supt. Indian Affairs, Fort Smith, Arks.
+
+Dear Sir, Enclosed please find Copy of letter from the Secretary of War,
+to Hon. A. B. Greenwood--
+
+Unofficial
+
+WAR DEPARTMENT June 14th 1860,
+
+DEAR SIR--In answer to your note of the 11th Inst in regard to trouble
+among the Cherokees, I have to inform you that orders have been given to
+the Commander of Fort-Cobb, as suggested, Yours &c,
+
+    Signed JOHN B. FLOYD.
+
+
+HON. A. B. GREENWOOD, Commr.--It seems from the above that orders have
+been given the Commander at Fort Cobb to furnish me Troops to remove
+intruders from this Nation. I have not heard any thing from Washington
+since I left Fort Smith.
+
+I would be glad to have the Troops as early as convenient, as I feel that
+I can do but little more without them.
+
+I this day sent a Notice to John, B. Jones to leave the Nation by the 25th
+Inst.--which I trust he will do. I am writing to the Department today and
+giving the facts in refference to this Nation--I have asked for contingent
+funds, as the requirements of the Department, are, that money appropriated
+for one purpose, should not be used for another.
+
+Please give me the benefit of any information, you have or may get on the
+subject of Troops. I am as ever your friend And obedient Servt.
+
+    R. J. COWART
+      Tahlequah C, N,
+
+
+TAHLEQUAH CHEROKEE NATION, Oct 29th 1860
+
+COL. PULLIAM,
+
+My Dear friend, Will you be so kind as to forward the enclosed Dispatch to
+Hon A. B. Greenwood Washington D. C. Please Consult Capt. Sturgeons, you
+may, find it necessary, to change it, if so, please make any alteration,
+you and the Capt may, think best.
+
+I expect to visit Fort Smith in a few days--when I hope to settle up my
+accounts, and spend some time with you--I [illegible] say pleasantly.
+
+I Learned from Capt ----, your Recent affliction. Please allow me to
+tender to you and Especially to Mrs. Pulliam my heart felt Simpathy.
+
+Write me by the barer all the News, I send written to Maj. Rector for two
+hundred Dollars, please see that the matter is arranged. I am very kindly
+yours,
+
+    R. J. COWART
+      Tahlequah C. N.
+
+Col R. P. Pulliam, Fort Smith Ark.
+
+
+FORT SMITH A.R.K. Oct 31st 1860.
+
+HON. A. B. GREENWOOD Com. Ind. Affairs, Washington D. C.
+
+Intruders Removed from Neutral land--much desire to confer with you and
+[illegible] in person with Capt Sturgeons who commanded Troops.
+
+    R. J. COWART, U. S. Cherokee Agent
+
+
+SIR: I have received reliable information that Forts Washita, Arbuckle,
+and Cobb, all in the Choctaw & Chickasaw Nations, and recently abandoned
+by Federal troops, are now in possession of Texas State troops, and that
+Texas is now urging at Montgomery, that the Wichita Indians and bands
+affiliated with them, occupying the district of Country between the 98 and
+100 degrees west longitude & between Red River & Canadian leased by the
+United States from the Choctaws & Chickasaws, for the purpose of Locating
+said Indians are within the Jurisdiction of this, the Southern
+Superintendency, and by an examination of the treaty of 1855 made between
+the U. S. and the Choctaws & Chickasaws, you cannot fail to see the
+impropriety of the Indians occupying said district being attached to the
+Jurisdiction of Texas. unless she also extends her Jurisdiction over the
+Choctaws and Chickasaws.--Texas has tried on several occasions heretofore
+to have those Indians in the Leased district placed under her
+jurisdiction, but the Indians regard her as their ancient, and present
+enemy, and will never consent to such arrangement,
+
+I have thought it my duty to call your attention to the subject that you
+may, if you think it expedient, lay it before your Honorable body for such
+action as it may think proper in the premises. Very Respectfully Your obt
+Servt
+
+    ELIAS RECTOR, Supt. Ind. Affairs.
+
+Hon. David Walker, President Arks. State Convention.
+
+
+CHEROKEE AGENCY, May the 15th 1861
+
+  To the Superintendent of Indian Affairs
+    Fort Smith Arks.
+
+SIR: I have the honor of making the following report have this day taken
+into my possession as Agent for the Cherokee Indians, the following
+property as left by late Agent R. J. Corvort (gone) Dwelling house Kitchen
+and other out houses one office, houses all in bad repair one farm
+belonging to the Agency, in bad repair one table three desks and papers
+all in very bad condition one box containing old papers almost destroyed
+by rats one letter press and Books one Rule one Inkstand and letter Stamp
+one chair one Iron Safe. I also have in my possession 14 Bounty Land
+Warrants received by me from you at office of Superintendency left by R.
+J. Corvort late Agent and receipted for by me to Superintendant the Book
+on Treaties as reported to of been, left by R. J. Corvort in office not
+found by me. Yours Respectfully
+
+    JOHN CRAWFORD, U. S. Agent for Cherokees
+
+Elias Rector, Superintendant Indian Affairs.
+
+
+WICHITA AGENCY L. D., June 30-1861
+
+SIR, Enclosed herewith I have the honor to transmit my quarterly return,
+for the second quarter of the current year, and with it my operations as a
+Federal Officer will cease.
+
+The seizure of the mules, wagon etc. by Gen{l} Burrow, rendered it
+necessary in my judgment, to issue at once to the Indians all the public
+property, moneys and effects in my hands, intended for their use and
+benefit by the original U. S. Government; believing as I do, that the
+moneys and other means which I have held in trust for them, would be as
+liable to seizure as the mules and wagon were, and result in a loss: the
+losses sustained by them on the Arkansas River and at Fort Smith by fire
+of very many of their goods, cause them to be in much need of the goods
+which I have issued, more particularly as there appears to be no
+arrangements by which they may expect supplies during the present year.
+The sudden withdrawal of the troops spread alarm and disquiet through the
+different settlements or encampments, many of them fled from the L. D.
+with a hope elsewhere to find security and protection, the remainder would
+have followed, but for the issue of goods which I made them, and
+assurances that they would not be molested.
+
+With these remarks submitted, I have the honor to be, sir, Very
+Respectfully Your Ob't Srv't,
+
+    M. LEEPER, Ind. Agt.
+
+  Major Elias Rector, Supt. Ind. Affairs
+    Fort Smith, Arks.
+
+
+ESTIMATE OF FUNDS REQUIRED IN THE OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT INDIAN AFFAIRS
+ARKANSAS SUPURENTENDENCY.
+
+  For Salary of Superintendent. for 1/2 year of 1861. which
+    includes 3 & 4th qrs. at $2.000--per Anum                   $1000.00
+
+  Pay of Clerk 1/2 year 3 & 4th qrs. at $1.500--                  750.00
+
+   "   " Interpreter "       "   " 400--                          200.00
+
+   "   " Traveling expences. Contingences of office &c            500.00
+                                                              ----------
+                                                               $2.450.00
+
+   "  Office rent for 1/2 year                                    200.00
+                                                              ----------
+                                                               $2.650 00
+
+
+ESTIMATE OF FUNDS NECESSARY FOR DISBURSMENT TO SEMINOLE INDIANS UP TO 30TH
+DECEMBER 1861 AS PROVIDED FOR BY TREATY OF 7TH AUGUST 1856
+
+  To provide for the Support of Schools for ten years the
+  sum of $3000--per Annun. from 7th August, 1856
+  to 30th December 1861                                       $16.000.00
+
+  For agricultural assistance. from 30th December 1859
+  to 30th December 1861. at $2000--per Annm                     4.000 00
+
+  For the Support of Smiths & Smith Shops from 30th
+  December 1859. to 30th Decr. 1861. at $2.200 per
+  Annum                                                         4.400.00
+
+  Interest on $500.000--invested at 5 per Centum from
+  30th Decr 1860 to 30th Decr 1861                             25.000.00
+                                                              ----------
+                                                              $49.400 00
+
+
+  Pay of Agent for year 1861                                    1.500.00
+
+   "   " Interpreter for year 1861                                400.00
+
+  Contingent expenses of Office                                   300.00
+
+  Provisions for Indians attending payments of
+    annuities & visiting Agency on business                       300 00
+                                                                --------
+                                                               $2.500 00
+
+Amount invested by Old U S government for Seminoles as per treaty 7th
+August 1856 at 5 per centum. $500.000--This amount has never been invested
+in State bonds but held by the Government.
+
+
+ESTIMATE OF FUNDS NECESSARY FOR DISBURSMENT TO CREEK INDIANS FROM 30TH
+JUNE TO 31ST DECEMBER 1861. AND BALANCES DUE THEM BY THE OLD U. S.
+GOVERNMENT. UP TO 30TH JUNE 1861.
+
+  Permanent provisions for Blacksmiths   for 1/2 year 1861        1.680.00
+
+      "         "       "  Iron & Steel   "   "   "                 540.00
+
+      "         "       "  Wheelwrights   "   "   "                 300.00
+
+      "         "       "  Wagon Makers   "   "   "                 300.00
+
+      "         "       "  Agricultural assistance for 1/2 year   1.000.00
+
+  Interest on $200.000--at 5 per Centum. for purposes of
+    Education. from 30th June 1860 to 30th June 1861.            10.000.00
+
+  Interest on same from 30th June to 30th December "              5 000.00
+
+  Unexpended balances Interest due on same. up to 30th
+    June 1860 which has never been paid                          15.000 00
+                                                               -----------
+                                                                $33.820 00
+
+  Pay of Agent for 3 & 4 qrs 1861                                   750.00
+
+   "  "  Interpreter   3 & 4 qrs 1861                               200.00
+
+  Contingent Expences  "   "  "   "                                 150.00
+
+  Provisions for Indians at payment of Annuities                    150.00
+                                                                ----------
+                                                                $35.070.00
+
+
+AMOUNT OF MONEY DUE CREEK INDIANS ANNUALLY UNDER TREATY 7TH AUGUST 1856
+
+  Permanent Annuity                                             $24 500.00
+
+  Permanent provisions for Blacksmiths                            3.360 00
+
+     "          "       "  Iron & Steel                             540.00
+
+     "          "       "  Wheelwrights                             600 00
+
+     "          "       "  Wagonmakers                              600 00
+
+  Assistance in Agriculture                                       2.000.00
+
+  Interest on $200.00. at 5 per centum for purposes
+    of Education                                                 10.000.00
+                                                                ----------
+                                                                $41.600.00
+
+  Amounts due Creek Indians for amounts invested by
+    Treaty 7th August 1856.
+
+      For purposes of Education    $200 000
+      Creek Orphan fund             200 741
+                                  ---------
+                                   $400.741
+
+
+CREEK ORPHAN FUND INVESTED AS FOLLOWS
+
+    In Bonds of State of Kentucky at 5pr Cent,    $1.000 00
+
+     "   "   "    "   "  Missouri  " 5-1/2 "      28.000 00
+
+     "   "   "    "   "     "      " 6     "      28.000.00
+
+     "   "   "    "   "  Tennessee " 5     "      20.000.00
+
+     "   "   "    "   "  Virginia  " 6     "      73 800 00
+
+                     United States " 6     "      49 941 00
+                                                -----------
+                                                $200.741.00
+
+
+NORTH FORK OF CANADIAN RIVER, 5th July 1861
+
+SIR: On receipt of this you will please effect a continuance, on behalf of
+the Confederate States of America, with Mr. Charles B. Johnson of Fort
+Smith, of the contract existing up to 30th June last between the United
+States of America and himself, for feeding the Wichitas, Caddoes, and
+other kindred and other bands of Indians now settled in the country leased
+from the Choctaws and Chickasaws.
+
+If no more favorable terms can be effected, you are authorized to adopt
+those of the former contract, with its conditions and stipulations in all
+respects.
+
+You will provide that the contract shall end, at the pleasure of the
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs, on the 31st day of December 1861, and not
+sooner; and that it shall be at his option to continue it for such further
+term as he may please, upon the same terms in all respects.
+
+You will provide that the contract shall relate to, and take effect as of
+the first day of July 1861: and you will receive bond, in form used by the
+United States, but to the Confederate States, with sufficient sureties,
+and in such sum as you may consider sufficient to ensure faithful
+performance. I have the honor to be, Sir
+
+    ALBERT PIKE, Commissioner of the Conf.
+      States to Indian Tribes West of Arkansas.
+
+  Elias Rector Esq, Superintendent Ind. Affairs,
+    Arkansas Superintendency.
+
+
+Agreement made and entered into, this 14th day of August 1861, at the
+Wichita Agency, between Albert Pike, Commissioner of the Confederate
+States of America to the Indians west of Arkansas, of the one part, and
+Charles B. Johnson of the County of Sebastian and State of Arkansas, of
+the other part.
+
+This agreement witnesseth, that the said Albert Pike, Commissioner as
+aforesaid, for and on behalf of the Confederate States of America and the
+said Charles B. Johnson, his heirs executors and administrators, have
+covenanted and agreed, and by these presents do covenant mutually and
+agree to and with each other as follows to wit:
+
+That the said Charles B. Johnson, his heirs, executors and administrators,
+shall and will supply and issue or cause to be issued and supplied at such
+times and places in the Leased District west of the 98th degree of west
+longitude as the Wichita Agent may direct, daily rations to the several
+Tribes and Bands of Comanches, Wichitas and other Indians that now are or
+may hereafter during the continuance of the present contract be settled in
+the said Leased District, for and during the term of one full year,
+commencing with the sixteenth day of August instant, at the price of
+sixteen cents for each complete ration issued as aforesaid: which rations
+shall be issued, one for each individual in all of said Tribes and Bands
+and shall consist of one pound of fresh beef or fresh pork, and three
+quarters of a quart of corn or corn meal or one pound of flour to every
+ration, with four quarts of salt, three pounds of coffee, six pounds of
+sugar, two quarts of vinegar, one and a half pounds of tallow and three
+pounds of soap to every hundred rations.
+
+Payment shall be made quarterly for the rations furnished under this
+contract, but in the event of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs being
+without funds for such purposes, the payment to be made as soon thereafter
+as funds are provided for such purposes.
+
+This contract may be terminated in whole or in any part at any time by the
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs, upon equitable terms and conditions
+whenever it shall be deemed expedient to do so upon giving thirty days'
+notice of such intention.
+
+Witness our hands and seals the day and year first above written. Signed
+and Sealed in triplicate
+
+    ALBERT PIKE, Commissioner of the Confederate States
+
+  Signed and Sealed in our presence.
+    WM QUESENBURY         CHARLES. B. JOHNSON.
+    W WARREN JOHNSON
+
+
+NORTH FORK OF THE CANADIAN RIVER, 5th July 1861
+
+SIR: I have sent a Special Messenger to the Wichita and other Indians on
+the Reserve in the Country leased from the Choctaws and Chickasaws,
+requesting Black Beaver, and other Captains and Chiefs to meet me at the
+Seminole Agency on the 22nd instant, in order to hear a talk from me and
+enter into a Treaty. If they should not do so, I shall go from the
+Seminole Agency to the Reserve for that purpose.
+
+As it was through your instrumentality these Bands were settled on the
+Reserve, and the promises made them were made through you, and as you are
+favorably known to them for these reasons, and as the Head of the
+Superintendency of Indian Affairs in which they are included, your
+presence and coöperation with me, in negotiating with them, will, I am
+very sure, be of great service.
+
+I therefore request, that, if your health and other duties permit, you
+will be present with me at the Seminole Agency on the 22nd, and accompany
+me, if necessary, to the Reserve.
+
+I shall leave this place about the 9th, and at furtherst by the 10th, and
+go round by Forts Washita and Arbuckle. I shall be gratified if you can so
+time your movements as to overtake me on the way.
+
+I wish also to suggest that the presence of the Agent, Mr. Leeper, will be
+indispensable, and to desire you to direct him to accompany you, that he
+may as soon as possible repair to his Agency. I have the honor to be With
+deep regards your obt Svt
+
+    ALBERT PIKE, Commissioner of the Confederate
+      States to Indian Tribes west of Arkansas.
+
+Elias Rector, Esq, Superintendent Ind. Aff. Arkansas Superintendency.
+
+         Confederate
+    THE =U=N=I=T=E=D= STATES,
+
+                TO Elias Rector                          DR.
+  ================================================================
+  Date.     |                                       |Dolls. | Cts.
+  ----------+---------------------------------------+-------+---
+  1861      |                                       |       |
+  August 24 |For Services rendered assisting Comr.  |       |
+            |Pike in making treaties with Seminole, |       |
+            |Wichita And Commanche Indians under    |       |
+            |orders so to do, by Comr. Pike,        |       |
+            |from 10th July to 24th August 1861     |       |
+            |inclusive 45 days at $5.00 pr day      |    225|00
+            |                                       |       |
+            |For hire of Bugg. horses & driver for  |       |
+            |same length of time at $5-- per day    |    225|00
+            |                                       |       |
+            |For hire of wagon team & driver for    |       |
+            |same service & same time, to Transport |       |
+            |tent Baggage provisions &c. at         |       |
+            |$5 per day                             |    225|00
+            |                                       |       |
+            |Forrage for 4 horses for same length of|       |
+            |time and for same service 50 cents per |       |
+            |day each horse                         |     90|00
+            |                                       +-------+--
+            |                                       |   $765|00
+            |Paid ferrage Crossing streams          |      8|00
+            |                                       +-------+--
+            |                                       |   $773|00
+  ----------+---------------------------------------+-------+--
+  Received at _________________________ 185__, of ELIAS RECTOR,
+
+  Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Southern Superintendency,
+  __________________________________ Dollars in full of this account
+
+  $
+
+  (Triplicate.)
+
+  I CERTIFY, on honor, that the above account is correct and just,
+  and that I have actually, this ______ day of ____________ 185__,
+  paid the amount thereof.                   Sup't Indian Affairs.
+
+WICHITA AGENCY L. D. Sept. 15th 1861
+
+SIR; A considerable amount of intermittent fever has made its appearance
+at this place, supposed to be occasioned by an unusual degree of dampness
+produced by the most luxuriant growth of vegetation I ever knew, and the
+recent heavy rains which have been almost incessant for many days past,
+it gives us just cause of alarm as we are entirely out of medicines of
+almost every kind and placed at so remote a distance from the settlements,
+that none can be procured short of a visit to Fort Smith; I had a slight
+attack of fever myself and luckily for me, Dr. Shirley discovered a small
+portion of Quinine which I partly consumed, and which had escaped the
+vigilant search of the so called Texas Troops at the time they took from
+him his medicines and medical books, and transferred them to parts
+unknown. These causes in addition to some information in reference to
+Indians which I will impart, I hope will be considered an ample apology
+for incuring the expenses of an Express, I have employed a man at $3.00
+per day, he bears his own expense, and runs the risk of meeting with wild
+Indians and land Sharks by the way.
+
+The renowned Indian warrior and Chief Buffalo Hump has made his appearance
+with fifteen or sixteen followers, the remainder of the Indians and the
+principal part of his own party, he says are encamped on the Canadian and
+head waters of the Washita, he called on me the second day after his
+arrival, and told me that he was now old and desirous of abandoning the
+war path, and spending his latter days in quietness and peace with all
+men, but said the winter would soon be at hand, and that he would require
+a much better house than any he saw at the Comanche Camp, that he thought
+if he had a house, such as the Agency building, that he would be warm in
+cold weather, and that he would be content to live in it, and pursue the
+walks of white men, I replied to him that I knew he was a great man and
+had an immense amount of influence with the wild tribes, and that the
+Confederate States had also heard of him, and that if he thought proper to
+bring in his people and settle down in good faith on the Reserve, quit
+stealing and depredating upon the country, that they would give him all
+that had been promised, and that he might calculate, that if houses were
+built for him, that they would not be as good as those at the Comanche
+Camp, that several of those houses were more extensive and expensive, than
+would be deemed necessary in future, that he might only look for small
+cabins, and perhaps only receive assistance in their erection, that it was
+the object of the Confederate States to learn the Indians to work and
+support themselves, not to work for them and support them; that upon those
+terms if he were disposed to settle I would be glad to receive him, if
+not, it mattered but little, that he was at liberty to pursue just such
+course as suited him best. The next day he called again his tone and
+bearing was altogether changed, professed to be satisfied and said at the
+falling of the leaves, the time appointed for settlement and consumating
+the Treaty with Capt. Pike, he would be here with his people. He gave it
+as his opinion that the others who had a conference with Capt. Pike would
+not come in or settle; but I learn from Py-oh who went out with those
+Chiefs and returned with Buffalo Hump that their respective bands are
+divided in sentiment, that about half of each band will come in and
+settle, and that the others will probably remain on the prairies, they
+have large bands of stolen horses and mules, and he thinks they are afraid
+to bring them in, lest they should be taken away from them.
+
+Jim Ned and the other Delawares with the exception of one family left the
+Reserve without any cause, he returned from his first encampment and
+attempted to persuade Jim Pock Marked to leave with his people, by telling
+him that he would be assailed by the Texans before long, and if not by
+them, most certainly by the northern Troops, and that he had better leave
+at once, and save the lives of his women and children. Jim Ned is a most
+unmitigated scoundrel, and I have no doubt that most if not all the
+disquiet heretofore produced among the Reserve Indians might be traced to
+him, and I think it very fortunate that he has abandoned the Reserve, by
+doing so, he has forfeited his right of citizenship upon it, and the
+protection which the Confederate States had guaranteed to him.
+
+I learn from an Indian Mexican and a half breed Delaware Indian who have
+recently returned from Santa Fe, that all the northern Indians who visit
+that part of the country are amply armed and equiped by the Federalists,
+and sent in every direction over the plains as spy Companies, that
+propositions of the like character, had been made to the Southern Indians,
+but not accepted, they are now regarded as enemies, and have retracted
+farther South, not being permitted to inhabit the country or travel as far
+north as heretofore; Py-oh remarked that they were herded in by Texas and
+Mr. Lincoln's government like a band of horses or cattle.
+
+Please forward by my Expressman, blank forms of every description, and ask
+Mr. Johnson to forward blank forms for provision checks; you will also
+oblige me by making an application for the Indian mules taken by Burrow,
+and by aiding the bearer to procure the public wagon and my harness which
+were loaned to Algernon Cabell.
+
+You are aware that I cannot close my returns without funds for the
+purpose, when shall I look for them? Very Respectfully Your obt. Srvt.
+
+    M. LEEPER, Ind. Agent
+
+  Elias Rector Esqr., Supt. Ind. Affairs
+    Fort Smith Arks.
+
+
+CREEK AGENCY, Sept 30th 1861
+
+SIR: I have the honor to hand you herewith the Bond License, and Invoices
+of John Barnwell of the Creek Nation
+
+Very Respectfully Your Obt Servant
+
+    W. H. GARRETT, C. S. Agent for Creeks
+
+  Maj Elias Rector, Superintendent C. A.
+    Fort Smith, Ar
+
+
+TAHLEQUAH C. N. October the 10th 1861
+
+  MAJ ELIAS RECTOR, Superintendant of Indian Affairs,
+    Fort Smith, Ark.
+
+Dear Sir: I have the honor of transmitting through your office to the
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs at Richmond a requisition for the Annuities
+School and Orphan funds due the Cherokee Indian on Stock invested up to
+July 1861. I send two copies. If it is not necessary to send but on[e] you
+can arrange that in regard to the leave of Asence that I wished you to
+grant me I will not ask for owing to the Governor declaring my seat vacant
+in the Legislator and ordering an election though I am under many
+obligations to you for your willingness to grant me leave the Treaty will
+be ratified today. Every thing going on well the Texas Troops passed
+through on Wednesday the Creek excitement turned out to be nothing I shall
+be anxious to hear from you at any time on all subjects I have the honor
+Sir to be your most obedient Servnt
+
+    JOHN CRAWFORD Agent Cherokees, C. S. A.
+
+  Hon. E. Rector, Superintendant Indian Affairs
+
+
+TAHLEQUAH, C. N. October 10th, 1861
+
+DAVID HUBBARD Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Richmond, Va.
+
+Dear Sir: I have the honor to make out and transmit to you a requisition
+for the Annuities due the Cherokee Indians for the year 1860 and 1861
+
+For the installments of interest on the permanent General fund as
+estimated for July 1860 and January and July 1861 forty three Thousand and
+three hundred and Seventy two dollars and thirty six Cents $43 372 36
+
+For the installments of interest on the permanent Orphan fund as estimated
+and uninvested for July 1860 and January and July 1861 four thousand and
+five hundred dollars $4.500
+
+For the installment of interest on the permanent School fund as estimated
+for July 1860 and January and July 1861 Seventeen thousand Seven hundred
+and Seventy two dollars $17.772.
+
+Total Amount due the Cherokees on Stock invested Sixty five Thousand Six
+hundred and forty four dollars and thirty Six Cents $65.644.36
+
+    One half years pay of Agent          750 00
+    Contingent expenses,  1/2 year        75 00
+    pay of interpreter  1/2 year         200.00
+                                     ----------
+                                     $66.669.36
+
+Sir the Statement as made out is correct to the best of my judgment I have
+been acting as Agent for the Cherokee Indians Since the 22nd day of April
+1861 Came by request of Hon R. W. Johnson of Arkansas. received a letter
+from the Hon David Hubbard Commissioner of Indian Affairs dated 12 June
+1861 requesting me to try and get along as Agent of the Cherokees the best
+that I Could which I have done to the best advantage and evry thing here
+is working well for the South I have not received any moneys from the
+Lincoln government Since I have been acting as Agent for the Cherokee
+Indians Your most obedient Servt
+
+    JOHN CRAWFORD,
+      Agent for the Cherokee Indians West of Arkansas, C. S. A.
+
+  David Hubbard, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
+    Richmond, Va
+
+
+WICHITA AGENCY L. D. Oct. 21st 1861
+
+SIR: Five weeks ago I despatched a messenger to Fort Smith with a report
+to you, and for medicines for the Agency and Indians; since which time I
+have heard nothing either from the report or messenger, sufficient time
+has elapsed for the man to have made two trips. In the report of that date
+I apprised you of the sickness which had and still prevails here to a
+considerable extent, and that we are destitute of medicines: Dr. Shirley's
+supplies having been forcibly taken from him by persons from Texas,
+claiming to act as a military posse from that State. You are aware that we
+are entirely cut off from mail facilities, and from an opportunity of
+procuring medicines of any description short of Fort Smith, the want of
+which has been excessively annoying, and perhaps the occasion of several
+deaths; this report will be handed you by a second messenger, whom I hope
+you will furnish with a supply of Quinine, Calomel and blue mass if
+nothing more.
+
+On friday last a man was shot at by an Indian in company with six others
+within a mile of the late Fort Cobb; on the next day two Indians arrived
+as messengers on the part of the Kiowas and all the Southern bands of
+Comanches, who are said to be encamped on the North Canadian within four
+days ride of this place; they say that their intention is to be here at
+the falling of the leaves, to conclude a treaty with Capt. Pike. The
+Kiowas inform us that they received the white beads and tobacco from Capt.
+Pike, and that they desire to be on terms of friendship with us, that it
+is the wish of the whole band, with the exception of one bad man and
+fifteen or twenty followers, whom they cannot control, and that they
+desire us to kill them, that if it is not done, they will surely commit
+serious depredations, and that they believe they are now in this vicinity.
+
+The Indians at present on the Canadian are supposed to number Seven or
+eight thousand, and if they should come here as is anticipated, they will
+require a large amount of provision, I would therefore respectfully
+suggest the propriety of your notifying the Contractor of the fact, that
+he may not be taken on Surprise: you will also perceive the necessity of
+Capt. Pike or some other duly authorized person, to be here at the
+appointed time to consummate treaties with them; they say that no further
+depredations will be committed on Texas, provided the twenty men above
+described are killed.
+
+It is impossible for me to keep you advised of the affairs of this reserve
+without some kind of mail facilities, therefore, I hope you will
+unhesitatingly employ some one to carry the mail once in two weeks at
+least, until such time as the Government shall have made permanent
+arrangements, it is not more strange than true, that I have not since my
+arrival here on the Sixth of August, received a solitary news paper or any
+other item of news, except such as can be gathered from an occasional
+stragling teamster, and that is the most reliable information that I have
+in reference to the battle at Springfield, the particulars of which I know
+very little.
+
+When Capt. Pike left here it was his intention to have the place
+garrisoned in the shortest time practicable, he left authority with Jno.
+Jones to enlist thirty Indians to act as a protection to the Agency, and
+as a spy company in its vicinity, Jno. Jones could only enlist Seventeen,
+all Comanches, those and the few employees on the reserve are the only
+protection we have, and I would not give a fig for the security the
+Indians would afford me in a case of actual danger, they might be useful
+however in giving information of the approach of an enemy: I shall feel
+obliged if you will inform me of the time the troops may be expected, if
+the day is far distant, I shall deem it my indispensable duty to select
+some place of security and safety for my family, if it is the intention or
+wish of the Confederate Government to leave this place ungarrisoned, I am
+willing to risk the consequences myself, but I am unwilling to detain my
+family, where they are in danger of being destroyed by savages: it is also
+apparent that no Agent can exercise the control necessary to fill the
+expectations of the Government, without the means placed within his reach
+of doing so; without troops the most flagrant violations of the
+Intercourse Laws might be practiced every day with impugnity; and without
+funds to meet the expenses incident to the Agency, the employees cannot be
+retained a great while. Those Indians who expect to treat with Capt. Pike
+expect also supplies of blankets and clothing, and white men to instruct
+them in the erection of houses for the winter.
+
+Please advise me by the return of my messenger, when troops may be
+expected, at what time the Commissioner will be here, and funds to enable
+me to forward my accounts. The Estimates submitted in August, in addition
+to the more liberal allowances of Capt. Pike in his recent treaty with the
+Indians, I hope will be all that is required on my part at present.
+
+One of the Articles in Capt. Pike's late treaty, appears to be an offense
+to the people of Texas, and I think it very doubtful whether any
+assistance could be derived from that quarter, if we were threatened with
+the most iminent danger: with these remarks submitted, I have the honor to
+be, Very Respectfully Your Obt. Servt.
+
+    M. LEEPER, Indian Agent
+
+  Elias Rector Esq, Supt. Ind. Affairs
+    Fort Smith Arks
+
+
+FORT SMITH ARKANSAS, Nov. 7th 1861
+
+MAJOR ELIAS RECTOR, Superintendent of Indian affairs
+
+Sir: As you intemated to me a few days since you ware going to Richmond,
+and would do me a favor if it Laid in your Power
+
+I ask you for the appointment of Forage Master at Fort Smith and The
+Authority of Selling off all condemd Goverment Property belonging to the
+confederate Stats at Fort Smith vanburen and Fayetteville, you can Sir do
+me this favour, I am also a good judge of Stock capable of receiving and
+receipting for any property belonging to the quarter masters department,
+Such as horses mules oxen and Waggens
+
+I want this appointment for The Sole purpose of keeping yenkee Edwards,
+from dying with a very common Disease in the Garrison cald the Big head I
+am Sir with much Respect your Obt, Servent
+
+    THOS. MCCARRON
+
+P.S. if you do me this favour I will discharge the duties with Honour to
+you, and credit to Myself
+
+    T.M.C.
+
+
+RICHMOND 21" November 1861.
+
+SIR: The Commissioner of Indian Affairs has caused to be transmitted to
+New Orleans the sum of twenty five thousand dollars, to be used in
+purchasing the articles that are to be supplied to the Comanches and other
+Reserve Indians. As soon as you arrive here the money will be placed at
+your disposal.
+
+As soon as possible after receipt of this letter, you will please send a
+proper person to the Wichita Agency, and let the Comanches who it is said
+are encamped, waiting for the leaves to fall, that they may come in and
+settle, that I have been delayed, by circumstances that I could not
+control, so as not to be able to meet them as soon as I intended; but that
+you will bring or send up their goods, and I will meet them during the
+winter. It is important that this should be told them at once. It would be
+better, if Col. Pulliam _can_ go there himself, that he should do so. I do
+not know who else would answer.
+
+Orders go by the messenger who takes this, from the Acting Commissioner to
+Agent Leeper, directing him to use all the government laborers in putting
+up houses for the Comanches who are coming in, and not to use them for any
+other purpose. If it is possible to send up additional laborers, it had
+better be done. I am very respectfully yours
+
+    ALBERT PIKE,
+      Commissioner of the Confederate States to the Indian tribes West
+      of Arkansas
+
+  Major Elias Rector, Superintendent of Ind. Affairs.
+
+
+FORT SMITH, Nov. 22d 1861.
+
+DR MAJOR. I send you the enclosed document from the Acting Comr. Ind
+Affairs. recd here today. As I cannot respond to it for you as you are
+there on the ground--I send it to you for you to make such reply as you
+think proper, in the premises.
+
+We have just recd authentic information from the armies above, the
+federals have left Springfield and are making their way towards St. Louis.
+for what cause is not certainly known but it is thought that their army
+have become demoralized by the displacing of Fremont and the appointment
+of Hunter to the Command. Genl Price broke up his encampment at Pineville
+at day light on Saturday last. and at last accounts was at Sarcoxie.
+making his way towards the Mo. River it is thought he is pursuing Hunter.
+you will see by an examination of the map that he will cut of a
+considerable distance by that route. Coming into the road Hunter will have
+to travel at Bolivar. or Warsaw. On the same day, (Saturday last) Genl
+McColloch took four hundred picked men from each of his Mounted Regiments
+making 2000 men with ten days provisions and started in the direction of
+Prices army. his destination however is not known. it is supposed however
+that he & Price are going to throw their Cavalry forward to attack & cut
+off, or hold until their Infantry can be brought up., Hunters army.
+Whether these conjectures are true or not time will tell. Cooper is on the
+march after Opothleyohola. who it is said has taken Maj Emorys trail
+through Kansas towards Leavenworth,
+
+Small Pox still raging Mrs Nowland lost a negro to day. I saw your boy
+Henry to day he says your family are all well.
+
+My kind regards to Pike. Also to Mr Scott. Your friend &c
+
+    R. P. PULLIAM
+
+The above war news is reliable. and you can give the information to the
+papers if you wish.
+
+    P
+
+I write this in Suttons Store, he says the above contains all the news we
+have. all of which is confirmed by Messengers and private letters.
+Consequently he will not write as he promised until something further
+turns up
+
+    P
+
+
+TISHOMINGO C. N., Nov. 26, 1861
+
+GEN. A. G. MAYERS
+
+Sir: Having appointed as a Delegate from this Nation to the Southern
+Congress, am at a loss when the Congress does meet. I have all along
+understood from newspaper accounts that it was to be on the 22d of
+February but some seems to think it is sooner. Will you please inform me
+at your earliest convenience at what time the S. Congress does meet. Your
+attention to the above is respectfully requested I am yours very
+Respectfully
+
+    JAMES GAMBLE
+
+P.S. Please continue to send me the Parallel. I will make it all right
+with you when on my way to Va.
+
+    J.G.
+
+
+OFFICE SUPT. IND. AFFAIRS FORT SMITH, Decr. 1861
+
+MR. JESSE CHISHOLM
+
+Dear Sir: I have just returned from Richmond where I have been to see the
+President on Indian business. I wish you to go out immediately and see the
+bands of Comanches that are encamped above Fort Cobb and tell them that it
+is the wish of their great father at Richmond that they come in at once
+and settle on the reserve, that so soon as they do so they will be
+furnished with Beef--Flour, Salt, Sugar & Coffee. And that the great
+father says that all the goods & things that Commissioner Pike promised
+them will be furnished and given to them. That the Arkansas River has now
+too little water in it for Steam Boats to come up from the big Cities to
+bring goods, but as soon as the big water comes in the River and Boats
+come up their great father will send up to them many large wagons filled
+with nice goods that I want them to send four or five of their Chiefs and
+head men to Genl. Pikes head quarters, near Fort Gibson where he and
+myself will meet them and talk with them and give them a great many
+presents and satisfy them that the government will do all that
+Commissioner Pike promised them. I wish Buffalo Hump and his band now on
+the reserve to be told this, and for him and four or five of his principal
+men to come also. I will direct the Contractor at the Wichita Agency to
+furnish them with Rations to bring them over and I will furnish them with
+Rations to return home, tell them to bring, in all about twenty pack
+horses to carry back their presents. I want them to meet us at Genl Pikes
+Camp or head quarters near Fort Gibson, on the first of February if
+possible I have written a letter to T Caraway inviting him to come with
+some three or four of his men and I wish you to urge him to come,
+Commissioner Pike is now in Richmond with their great father making
+arrangements to get their goods and to do much for them he would have been
+up to see them at the falling of the leaves but he has been very sick and
+could not travel he is now well and will be here soon and will go from
+here to his head quarters.
+
+    [ELIAS RECTOR]
+
+
+  CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA, WAR DEPARTMENT,
+    Office of Indian Affairs, Richmond, Dec 2d, 1861.
+
+MAJOR ELIAS RECTOR, Superintendent of Indian Affairs.
+
+Sir: I am instructed by the Secretary of War to say that three
+requisitions have been drawn by him on the Secretary of the Treasury in
+your favor, as Superintendent of Indian Affairs &c.,--One for nine
+thousand, six hundred and fifty dollars, dated Dec. 4th 1861, one for two
+thousand, one hundred and four dollars and fifty cents, dated December 5th
+1861, and the other for thirty thousand dollars, dated December 6th 1861.
+
+With the money received by you upon the first named requisition, you will
+pay Charles B. Johnson, the amount of his account against the Confederate
+States for Beef furnished certain Bands of Reserve Indians, from July 1st
+to August 16th under a verbal contract made by him with Albert Pike,
+Commissioner, &c., and also pay the mounted escort of Creeks and
+Seminoles, engaged by General Pike to accompany him to the Comanche
+Country, &c. In regard to this escort General Pike, in a letter to the War
+Department, of the 14th October, says that he had muster rolls regularly
+made out, and gave pay accounts to the officers, and slips showing the
+amount due each of the men.
+
+With the money received by you upon the second named requisition you will
+pay Charles B. Johnson the balance due him by the old United States
+Government prior to the 30th June, 1861, and which General Pike, at the
+time of making the verbal contract hereinbefore mentioned, agreed to pay
+or have paid him.
+
+And with the money received by you upon the third named requisition, you
+will pay such expenses of the Superintendency and different Agencies, as
+may be necessary, proper and legitimate. The balance of this money can be
+applied to the purchase of suitable clothing, if it can be bought at fair
+prices, for the Reserve Indians, which Commissioner Pike, in the Treaty of
+the 12th August, 1861, agreed should be speedily furnished them.
+
+You will forward a statement as to the disbursement of these several sums
+of money with the proper voucher, &c. Very respectfully,
+
+    S. S. SCOTT, Act'g Commr. of Indian Affairs.
+
+
+  TREASURY DEPARTMENT, C. S. A., SECOND AUDITOR'S OFFICE
+    Richmond, Va, Dec 7th--1861.
+
+SIR: The Treasurer of the Confederate States will remit to you the sum of
+Thirty two thousand one hundred & four 50/100 dollars ---- ----, being the
+amount of Requisition No. 1889 & 1890 issued in your favor on the 6th
+Inst--, with which you are charged on the Books of this Office, on
+account of the following Appropriation, to wit:
+
+    "To meet the Incidental Expenses of the Public service within the
+    Indian Tribes," as per Act May 21, 1861, No. 232.
+
+    Requisition No. 1889. ------ ------                    $2,104.50
+    Req. ----    "  1890, Same as above ----               30.000. "
+                                                          ----------
+                                                          $32.104.50
+
+The Treasurer will advise you when the same will be remitted for which you
+will please forward a Receipt to this Office, specifying therein the date,
+number and amount of said Requisition. I am, very respectfully, Your Ob't
+Serv't
+
+    AUDITOR.
+
+To Elias Rector, Esq, Supt. Ind. Affairs, Present
+
+
+WICHITA AGENCY L. D., Decr. 12th 1861.
+
+SIR: In all my official relations I have endeavored to be governed
+strictly by the instructions of my superior officers, and in reference to
+the alledged real or imaginary impropriety of my course towards Buffalo
+Hump in your letter of the 12th Oct. last, I must plead my instructions in
+mitigation which I followed strictly, not being in possession of any,
+except the verbal instructions of Commissioner Hubbard, which was in
+effect to exercise my best judgment in the management of the affairs of
+the Reserve, but in all things to be governed by strict rules of economy.
+In my report to you of the 12th Augst. I solicited written instructions, a
+copy of the Intercourse Laws and of the Contract for furnishing supplies
+for the Indians, but as yet, have not received even a reply to my
+communication. There is no Indian with whose character and habits I am
+more familiar than with Buffalo Humps; he is a fugitive from the Texas
+Agency of which I was placed in charge; the late Superintendent of that
+State worried with him for three years before he could induce him to
+settle, he would come in and make promises to do so, and the
+Superintendent would load him with presents, he would return to the
+prairies depredate upon the country until his blankets were worn out, then
+return with a plausible excuse for not coming in with his people, receive
+other presents return again to the prairies and repeat the same thing over
+again until the Superintendents patience became exhausted, and informed
+Buffalo Hump that he would not submit to any further trifling on the
+subject, that he had nothing more for him, but as he had come in peace, he
+might return in peace, but that afterwards he would pursue and hunt him
+down with the troops; Buffalo Hump then changed his tone, begged to be
+permitted to have a certain length of time allowed him to bring in his
+people without renumeration or presents, at that time it was granted, and
+at the appointed time he brought in his people and settled on the Reserve,
+where he remained until a feud took place between him and the Chief of the
+band located previously, which caused him to abandon the Reserve and
+pursue his former predatory habits. I induced him to come in this time, in
+addition to the other wild chiefs, who met Commissioner Pike in Augst.
+last, and entered into an informal treaty with them, it was the result of
+a years negotiation, which was carried on by means of messengers from this
+Reserve; it was attempted years ago by Judge Rollins, one of the ablest
+Indian Agents perhaps the U. S. ever had, who spent eighteen months in
+attempting to accomplish the object; Agent Stemm lost his life in efforts
+of the kind; Major Neighbors a very ingenious and competent Agent exerted
+his influence for six or seven years to no purpose:--Dr. Hill, a most
+popular Indian Agent and influential man, labored four years without
+effect, and Capt. Ross' influence was equally ineffectual, yet I am
+informed in your letter of the 12th Oct. that both yourself and
+Commissioner Pike regret much that I did not hold out all the inducements
+which were in my power, and use all the forces and means at my command to
+provide him with such houses as were contemplated and provided by
+Commissioner Pike for the comfort of those Indians. In this matter I
+appear to be peculiarly unfortunate. You are fully aware that I have not
+received any means for the erection of houses or for any other purpose,
+and that the few employees who were induced to engage in the work with a
+hope of renumeration hereafter were all sick, which fact I made known in
+my report of the 15th Septr. last, therefore it will be perceived that I
+had no means in my power to build houses or any thing else, nor would I
+have employed them in building houses for Buffalo Hump in advance of his
+settlement, if I had possessed ever so much in the absence of positive
+instructions to that effect. The course I pursued with him induced him to
+come in with his people a week in advance of the time promised and settle,
+he has given me no further trouble, tells me he intends to remain here for
+life, that he does not wish houses built until such times as he can select
+a suitable place on the Reserve for his future home, and has employed as
+spies for me two of his sons who are with the wild tribes watching their
+movements and those of the northern troops, to give immediate notice in
+case of an advanced demonstration upon this part of the country.
+
+During a period of more than twenty years public service, I have received
+two rebukes only from my superior officers on account of my official
+conduct, yours in reference to Buffalo Hump and from the late
+Superintendent in Texas for failing to insert at the close of one of my
+official letters "your obt. Srvt."
+
+I infer from your letter of the 30th of Octr. that you conclude, I am
+disposed to interfere with your appointment of Commissary, I can assure
+you that such was not nor never has been my intention to disturb or meddle
+in the slightest degree with the appointment of Commissary or any other
+which it may be your pleasure to make; sending Sturm as messenger was a
+matter of necessity not of choice, I apprised you by him that I was not
+only sick myself, but that my family and almost every one on the Reserve
+were sick and without medicine, Sturm although sick, was the only person I
+could obtain as messenger who was willing to make the trip alone, and with
+the confident hope that by sending him I would obtain medicines which
+would afford my family relief; I was induced to do so with an
+understanding that he was to receive pay not only as Commissary during the
+time of his absence, but three dollars per day also for his services as
+messenger and I procured the assistance gratuitously of M{r} Bickel one of
+the interpreters to act as Commissary during his absence, whose name
+appears on the prevision checks for that quarter merely to prevent
+confusion of the accounts, but my most sanguine hopes were disappointed
+for the messenger returned without medicines, and my son has not recovered
+yet. Whilst upon this subject allow me most respectfully to direct your
+attention to the fact, and through you the Department, that the office of
+Commissary is a sinecure, and expense which is utterly useless to the
+Government and an injury to the public Service, the duty of Commissary
+simply being an impartial weigher and witness to the delivery of supplies
+agreably to the terms of the Contract; I, hold it to be the duty of the
+Agent where issues are made at the Agency to be present, and represent the
+interest of the Indians, and the Interpreters who are required to be
+present to witness the issues, such has been the case heretofore, no
+Commissary has ever been employed at other Agencies, except where issues
+were made at remote places or where it was impracticable for the Agent to
+be present; the Commissary is employed perhaps half a day once a week, the
+remainder of the time is spent in utter idleness, and in gossiping with
+the employees and Indians on the Reserve.
+
+I received a recent visit from the Chiefs who met Comr. Pike in Augst.
+last, after preparing to hold a Council or talk with them, their first
+demand was whiskey, they said they could not talk without having whiskey
+first, after a length of time however, I convinced them that I had no
+whiskey, and that whiskey was not allowed on the Reserve, they then
+informed me that they had approached this place at the appointed time "the
+falling of the leaves" and ascertained that the Commissioner was not here
+nor the presents agreably to promise, that now they were here long after
+the time and still there are no presents or Commissioner, I explained to
+them that the Comr. had delegated to me his authority for the time being,
+and that he was now purchasing goods to issue in accordance with his
+promise as soon as they would comply with their part of the agreement and
+settle with their people on the Reserve, that they would have the
+privilege of settling on any part of the Leased District that suited them
+best, and that I would issue provisions to them until such time as the
+goods would arrive, they informed me that they had been lied to a good
+deal, and that they wanted some greater and further evidence now of the
+sincerity of the Government, that as the goods were not here, which were
+intended for them, that they would take a few that the trader had, and be
+satisfied with those, until such time as the others would be forthcoming,
+and probably settle at the time the grass rises in the Spring, I told them
+that the traders goods did not belong to me or to the Government, and that
+I was consequently unauthorized to issue them, they then instantly rose up
+and told me they were going, I called back a Kioway Chief and told him as
+it was his first visit, that I would make him a present of some blankets,
+paint and tobacco, that I was glad to see him, that the Government desired
+to be on friendly terms with him and his people, and that if he thought
+proper to come here with his people and settle, that he could do so on the
+same terms as the others, he informed me that that was the object of his
+visit, that he would return and consult on the subject and at no distant
+day would make me another visit, and apprise me of the result of their
+deliberations; in the mean time the others returned in a better humor, and
+I told them that upon my own responsibility, I would make them a few
+little presents, of blankets, paints, &c. which appeared to satisfy them,
+and when they finally left, declared their friendly intentions, and said
+they would ultimately settle here in compliance with the treaty.
+
+In compliance with your letter of instructions of the 25th of Octr last, I
+have rendered H. L. Rodgers all the assistance in my power in the way of
+his building operations. Very Respectfully. Your obt. Servt.
+
+    M. LEEPER, Ind. Agt. C. S. A.
+
+  Elias Rector Esq., Supt. Indian Affairs.
+    Fort Smith, Arks.
+
+
+FORT SMITH, ARK., Dec. 27th, 1861.
+
+SIR: Owing to the continued excitement in the Creek and Seminole Nations,
+and the dangers necessarily to be encountered by persons either residing
+in or travelling through the Indian Country, my return to the Agency has
+been delayed longer than I expected. Taking into consideration all the
+circumstances of the case I deemed it best and most prudent to await your
+return from Richmond and submit a report of the case to you. When I left
+the Agency early in November there seemed a unity of opinion and general
+profession of Loyalty to the Southern Confederacy; but since then there
+has been much disaffection and increase of excitement. The consequence has
+been that some of the Traders residing among the upper Creeks have
+left--narrowly escaping with their lives. Others are, as I learn,
+preparing to leave. Since my departure from the Agency there has been two
+engagements between the Confederate forces under command of Col. Cooper
+and the followers of Hopothleyoholo, in both engagements Col. Cooper was
+victorious. This, however, has only increased the vindictiveness of
+Hopothleyoholos Party and, consequently, magnified the dangers attendent
+on travelling through or residing in the Nation. My Agency is, as you are
+aware, situated two hundred miles west of this place, and wholy
+unprotected and exposed to depredation, it is very insecure. Parscofer and
+others as stated in my report to the Department as heading the disaffected
+party, were leaders, in the recent battles, on side of the enemy. But I am
+pleased to be able to state that Jumper, Short Bird, Cloud and Holatut
+Fixico were found with Col. Cooper doing their duty as faithful and Loyal
+allies. It will, probably, not be a great while before the excitement may
+subside, rendering travel and residence there more secure. When you deem
+it necessary and safe for me to return I will be ready. I await your
+orders on the subject. I am very Respectfully Your obt. Servt.
+
+    SAM'L M. RUTHERFORD, C. S. Agent for Seminoles.
+
+  Maj. E. Rector, Sup. Ind. Affairs, C. S. A.,
+    Fort Smith, Ark.
+
+
+RICHMOND, VA., 29th December, 1861.
+
+SIR: I send herewith, to your care, by a Special Messenger, packages for
+the Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Nations, which please forward to each immediately by express.
+
+Also a talk for the Comanches and Caiawas, which, if they are still near
+Fort Cobb, I wish sent to them by express. There is a letter to Chisholm,
+and it would perhaps be well to send the talk to him and get him to go up
+and see them.
+
+Also a letter for Major Dorn and one to his Indians. I want them to come
+down to Head Quarters and receive what is to be given them. I do not know
+how you will get his letter to him.
+
+The Treaties are all ratified, with two or three amendments that will cut
+no great figure. As to the _money_ part, nothing has changed. Congress
+appropriated $681,000 and over, under the Treaties, including Charley
+Johnson's money up to middle of February, of the whole sum, $265,000 and
+odd is to be paid in specie. I shall get the Treasury notes to-morrow, and
+the Specie in New Orleans, and shall bring it all to you. The Secretary
+agreed, indeed proposed, to send it out by me.
+
+Among them, they fixed my compensation at $3,750.
+
+I mean to be at Head Quarters by the 25th of January. I hope the different
+Tribes will ratify the amendments, so that you can pay them pretty soon
+after that time.
+
+I think you had better buy all the goods, of Cochran and others, for the
+Comanches, that you can. I want them to meet me at Head Quarters, and it
+will be necessary to have _some_ goods for them. Congress would not agree
+to give them any arms.
+
+I hope when we pay the Indians their money, and I get some white troops in
+the Country, we shall settle the difficulties there. God knows.
+
+Give my kind regards to Mrs. Rector and the children. Always yours.
+
+    ALBERT PIKE.
+
+I send Dr. Duval's appointment, and Mr. Sandals', by the Messenger.
+
+
+  CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA, WAR DEPARTMENT
+    Office of Indian Affairs, Richmond, December 30th, 1861.
+
+  MAJOR ELIAS RECTOR, Superintendent of Indian Affairs,
+    Fort Smith, Arkansas.
+
+Sir: The first session of the Congress of the Confederate States will be
+held on the 18th February next; and it is important that the Report, from
+this Bureau, in regard to Indian Affairs, for the benefit of that Body,
+should be as full as possible. That this may be so, it is essential that
+information should be sent here, at least by the 15th of that month, of
+the true condition of affairs, in each of the several Agencies under your
+supervision.
+
+You will, therefore, write to all of the Agents, and state to them these
+facts. Advise them also to give you _full reports_ of all matters
+connected with their respective charges, and forward them, when received
+to this office. Very respectfully,
+
+    S. S. SCOTT, Act'g Commr. of Ind. Affairs.
+
+
+  CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA, WAR DEPARTMENT
+    Office of Indian Affairs, Richmond, Jany. 1st, 1862.
+
+  MAJOR ELIAS RECTOR, Superintendent of Indian Affairs,
+    Fort Smith, Arkansas.
+
+Sir: An Act was recently passed by the Congress of the Confederate States,
+and approved December 26th, 1861, "making appropriations to comply, in
+part, with Treaty stipulations made with certain Indian Tribes." The whole
+amount appropriated by this Act was six hundred and eighty one thousand,
+eight hundred and sixty nine dollars, and fifteen cents.
+
+By sundry requisitions of the Secretary of War upon the Secretary of the
+Treasury, this sum has been placed in the hands of General Albert Pike,
+for delivery to you, as Superintendent of Indian Affairs.
+
+Herewith you will receive Tabular Statements, marked Numbers (1) and (2)
+for your information and guidance, as to the times manner, &c., that this
+money is to be disbursed.
+
+You will perceive from these statements, that one hundred and nineteen
+thousand, three hundred and forty dollars can be used, for the purposes
+indicated immediately, or, whenever, it may be deemed essential by you;
+while the residue, amounting to five hundred and sixty two thousand, five
+hundred and twenty nine dollars and fifteen cents, is dependent, for its
+dusbursement, upon the ratification of the Treaties, as amended by the
+several Indian Tribes. Very respectfully,
+
+    S. S. SCOTT, Act'g Commr. of Indian Affairs.
+
+
+  TREASURY DEPARTMENT, C. S. A., SECOND AUDITOR'S OFFICE,
+    Richmond, Va. Dec 31st 1861.
+
+SIR--The Treasurer of the Confederate States will remit to you the sum of
+six hundred and eighty one thousand, eight hundred & sixty nine 15/100
+dollars--, being the amount of Requisitions Nos.
+2175-76-77-78-79-80-81-82-83 & 84 issued in your favor on the 20th
+Instant--, with which you are charged on the Books of this Office, on
+account of the following Appropriation, to wit:
+
+"An Act making Appropriations to comply in part with Treaty Stipulations
+made with certain Indian Tribes," as per Act
+
+  Requisition No. 2175 For Contingencies of superintending & Agencies    $   3,500.00
+      Do       "  2176  "  Sundry Appropriations for Cherokee Indians      237,944.36
+      "        "  2177  "    Do       Do          "  Seminole Indians       61,050.00
+      "        "  2178  "    "        "           "  Choctaw &Chickasaws   115,126.89
+      "        "  2179  "    "        "           "  Creek Indians          72,950.00
+      "        "  2180  "    "        "           "  Comanches              64,862.00
+      "        "  2181  "    "        "           "  Reserve Indians        82,905.00
+      "        "  2182  "    "        "           "  Seneca Indians         11,962.46
+      "        "  2183  "    "        "           "  Quapaw Indians          9,000.00
+      "        "  2184  "    "        "           "  Osage Indians          22,568.44
+                                                                           ----------
+                                                                 Total    $681,869.15
+
+The Treasurer will advise you when the same has been placed to your credit
+on his Books, or hand you a Draft--for which you will please forward a
+Receipt to this Office, specifying therein the date, number and amount of
+said Requisition. I am, very respectfully, your ob't serv't,
+
+    W. H. S. TAYLOR, Auditor.
+
+To Genl Albert Pike, Agent for the War Department for delivery of the
+above funds to Elias Rector, Supt. Ind. Affairs, now in Richmond, Va.
+
+
+  CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA, TREASURER'S OFFICE,
+    Richmond, Va., Jan{y} 23
+
+ELIAS RECTOR, Fort Smith, Ark.
+
+Sir, I have this day placed to your credit 3,000 Dollars, amount of
+Warrant No. 23 Issued in your favor by War Department. Your checks on the
+Treasurer of the Confederate States will be honoured for that amount.
+Please acknowledge the receipt of this Notification, and enclose your
+official signature. Very Respectfully,
+
+    E. C. ELMORE, Treasurer C. S.
+
+
+  CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA, WAR DEPARTMENT,
+    Office of Indian Affairs, Richmond Jany 23d 1862.
+
+MAJ. E. RECTOR, Superintendent &c, Fort Smith, Arkansas.
+
+SIR: General Pike of date Dec. 30th 1861, writes to this Bureau, as
+follows:
+
+    In order to obtain the ratification, by the several Indian Tribes, of
+    the amendments made by Congress to the Indian Treaties negotiated by
+    me, and to effect a Treaty with the Caiowas, I have sent messages to
+    the Creeks, Seminoles, Cherokees, Choctaws and Chickasaws, requesting
+    that their national Councils may be convened; and to the Chiefs of the
+    Osages, Quapaws, Senecas, Senecas and Shawnes, Comanches, Reserve
+    Indians and Caiowas, requesting them to meet me at my head Quarters.
+
+    It will be necessary to furnish provisions to the Creek and Seminole
+    Councils, and to feed the more uncivilized Chiefs, while in Council,
+    and on their return, and also perhaps to make some presents; for which
+    purposes no funds are in the hands of the Superintendent or myself.
+
+In accordance with these suggestions and at the request of this Bureau a
+requisition was drawn by the Secretary of War, a few days ago, for the sum
+of three thousand dollars, which is to be placed to your credit in the
+Treasury.
+
+You will please use this money, or so much of it, as may be necessary, for
+the purposes, and in the manner, above indicated. Very respectfully,
+
+    S. S. SCOTT, Act'g Commr. of Ind. Affairs.
+
+
+LITTLE ROCK, ARK., 28th January, 1862.
+
+DEAR RECTOR: I will leave here on Friday morning. It will take me, I
+suppose, six days to reach Fort Smith with the money. This will bring me
+to the 5th, 6th or 7th of February.
+
+I have $265.927.50 in specie, all in gold except $65.000 in silver. Of
+course I must stay with it. I think I can make the journey, though in six
+days.
+
+I think you had better go up to my head Quarters immediately, and arrange
+to feed the Comanches and others if they come there; and keep them there
+until I reach the place. I can take the money there, and send by the same
+messenger who takes this, to Colonel Cooper for an escort.
+
+The Treasurer of the Choctaws means to sell the coin his people get, buy
+Confederate paper, and put the difference in his pocket. We must stop
+that. I think the best way will be for you to notify the Chief, Hudson,
+the amount to be paid in coin, and that you will pay it to the Treasurer
+only in the presence of three Commissioners appointed by himself.
+
+If you _can_ pay the Choctaws and Chickasaws at my Head Quarters, it will
+of course be much better.
+
+I have had to ask the _immediate_ removal of Leeper, and the appointment
+of Col. Pulliam in his place. This I have done to-day, sending extracts
+from your letter, Charley Johnson's and Quesenbury's.
+
+The Secretary is also advised, now, of Garrett's continual [illegible].
+
+Why do you not demand his removal, and name a person for his place?
+
+I don't believe Col. Cooper will be removed. The President said in my
+presence, "Now that the Choctaws have a Delegate in Congress, what need of
+an Agent?"
+
+About 150 gamblers are here, following up the Indian moneys. I enclose an
+order requiring passports, that will keep them out of the Nation.
+
+I have the $150.000 advance for the Cherokees, the $12.000 due the Nation,
+and the $10.300 due the Treaty party or Stand Wade's,--all in paper. Also
+the $50.000 advance for the Choctaws. In paper and specie, I have for you
+$631.000 and over.
+
+Have you received the money, (some $3.000) that I asked should be sent you
+to pay expenses of the new Indian Councils?
+
+If you cannot go to Head Quarters immediately, you will have to send some
+one, and let him and Colonel Cooper keep the Indians contented. Always
+yours,
+
+    ALBERT PIKE.
+
+Maj. E. Rector.
+
+
+OFFICE SUPT. IND. AFFAIRS, Fort Smith, Feby 1st, 1862.
+
+SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith the Reports of Agents Leeper,
+Cooper, Rutherford and Crawford. No report has been received from Agent
+Dorn.
+
+Business of importance requires me to leave here to-day for Fort Gibson
+and the Creek Agency, it is important for me to take charge of the public
+property at the Creek Agency which I shall do on my arrival there and I
+will turn the same over to R P Pulliam who I have appointed Agent to act
+until the Department may make a permanent appointment and I hope Mr
+Pulliam may be the person appointed. I have also appointed to meet a
+delegation of Comanches and Kiawas at Fort Gibson where I expect Genl Pike
+and myself will effect treaties with them. I have sent a lot of goods to
+make some presents to them and to the wild bands with whom Genl Pike made
+treaties last fall and to whom he promised some goods; after meeting these
+delegation and ascertaining what can be effected with them I will make out
+and forward to you a report of Indian matters generally in this
+superintendency which I hope will reach you in time to be of some service
+to the Department. I could not, until after I meet those Indians and
+ascertain the condition of the Creek Agency, make a full and satisfactory
+report.
+
+In regard to Agent Crawfords report I must here state, that from the best
+information I can obtain of the condition of affairs among the Cherokees,
+I cannot concur with him, but I will inform myself fully in this regard
+during my present visit among them and will furnish my views fully in my
+report, Very Respectfully Your Obt. Servt.
+
+    E. RECTOR, Supt. Ind. Affairs
+
+  S. S. SCOTT Esq Acting Comr. Ind. Affairs
+    Richmond, Va
+
+
+OFFICE SUPT IND AFFAIR, Fort Smith Feby 1st 1862
+
+SIR: Genl. Pike is here with $50.000 Dollars in Gold and Silver for the
+Choctaws, and as I am compelled to accompany him on important business to
+Fort Gibson, I have determined to take the above money with me to that
+place and pay it out there, which will be as convenent for you as to pay
+it here, and as Col Cooper will have to be present at the payment, it is
+necessary to make the payment when he can attend. I will be ready to pay
+over to your Treasurer the above money at Fort Gibson in ____ days from
+this date, and I wish you to send with your Treasurer a delegation of
+three responsible persons to be selected by you to witness the payment.
+This I require, as it is a special case with our government to pay out
+Coins to the Indian tribes at this time, and to insure the payment by the
+Treasurer of the same funds to your people, that he receives from me. Our
+government is determined to use all precautions to prevent speculations
+out of the funds sent out to pay to Indian tribes. Very Respectfully Your
+Obt Servt.
+
+    E. RECTOR, Supt Ind Affrs
+
+Hon Hudson, Chief Choctaw Nation.
+
+
+  CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA, WAR DEPARTMENT
+    Office of Indian Affairs, Richmond, Feby 7th 1862.
+
+  MAJOR E. RECTOR, Superintendent of Ind. Affairs.
+    Fort Smith, Arkansas.
+
+Sir: Your two letters, dated January 9th & 10th, have been received. The
+former gave a brief statement of the facts, in relation to the arrest, by
+Agent Leeper, of one Meyer, supposed to be a spy, with $6.455.70, in
+Drafts and Specie upon his person, and enclosed copies of letters from
+Messrs Leeper and Shirley, bearing upon same subject. The latter simply
+covered the Affidavit of a Mr. Barnes, claiming the Drafts referred to,
+followed by affidavits of Meyer and one Jacob Mariner intended to
+substantiate it.
+
+The questions presented in this case should properly be investigated by
+Brig. Genl. Pike, who has command of the Department of the Indian
+Territory, where this person was arrested; and a letter has therefore been
+written to him from this Bureau, for the purpose of calling his attention
+to the fact.
+
+You will take the necessary steps to have the man Meyer turned over to
+him. Very respectfully,
+
+    S. S. SCOTT, Act'g Comr. of Ind. Affairs.
+
+
+FORT SMITH, 16th Feby 1862
+
+ELIAS RECTOR Esq, Superintendent of Ind. Affairs
+
+Sir: As to the case of Fredrick Meyer, arrested as a spy, there is nothing
+beyond suspicion against him, except his possession of certain drafts
+drawn by a U. S. Quartermaster on the Assistant Treasurer at New York, and
+the Statements of Comanche Indians, who are not competent witnesses.
+
+I decline to place him in custody as a spy or to order a Miltary Court to
+try him. I cannot order his discharge or the return of the drafts and
+money taken from him, because the Military power is silent, within the
+limits of Arkansas, in the presence of the Court power, as to reports that
+may be asserted and remedies that may be pursued, in the Courts. If I had
+the power, I should make the order.
+
+If you continue to hold the property in question, or to detain the party,
+you will please consider that you do it on your own authority. I am very
+respectfully yours,
+
+    ALBERT PIKE, Brig. Genl. Commr. Ind. Dept.
+
+
+MOUTH OF CANADIAN, 23d Febr. 1862.
+
+MAJOR: I reached this place last night, and leave this morning. The teams
+furnished me at Fort Smith are hardly able to go further, and our progress
+must be slow. I shall hardly reach Spaniard's Creek before tomorrow night,
+and wish you to meet me there. I did think of sending the money, at least
+the specie, direct from this point to North Fork, but have determined to
+keep it with me until I meet you. If you will meet me at Spaniard's Creek,
+we can then determine what disposition to make of it.
+
+Gen. Price is at Walnut Grove, eight miles south of Fayetteville; will
+take position near Cane Hill, and means to attack as soon as he gets
+5,000. men in addition to his present force. McCulloch is on the telegraph
+road, to his right. _They are not acting in harmony_, Col. Gatewood says.
+
+Our forces in Kentucky and Tennesse have had to fall back before 70,000 of
+the enemy. The new position, it is expected, will be at Stevenson and
+Charleston road. When the enemy took Fort Donelson, both Bowling Green and
+Columbus became of value to us. Each position was carried. But we have
+only taken a new position, losing no battle. The fort surrendered.
+Columbus is or will be evacuated and Nashville surrendered.
+
+There are no means of crossing the Arkansas here, except one boat, that
+must have a bottom put in it. I must bring at least part of the Choctaws
+to Gibson, to cross the river and move towards Cane Hill, and in order to
+be able to do it as soon as possible I wish to turn over the money to you.
+Truly yours
+
+    ALBERT PIKE
+
+Major Elias Rector.
+
+
+OFFICE SUPT IND. AFF'RS, Fort Smith, Feb'y 28th, 1862.
+
+SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of 23d
+ultimo notifying me that the sum of $3,000--had been placed to my credit
+in the Treasury on Requisition No. 23 from the War Department subject to
+my Draft and request my official signature which is hereto affixed. Very
+Respectfully your Ob't Serv't.
+
+    E. RECTOR, Sup't Ind. Aff'rs.
+
+  E. C. Elmore Esq., Treasurer of the Confederate States
+    Richmond, Va.
+
+
+OFFICE SUP'T IND. AFFAIRS, Fort Smith, Feb'y 28th, 1862.
+
+SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of Jany
+1st accompanying Tabular Statements sent out by Gen'l Pike. On his arrival
+here I was absent in the Indian Country where I had been ordered by him to
+meet a Delegation of wild Comanches and Kiawas. Genl P-- did not leave the
+money here to be paid over to me but tuck it in the Indian Country to his
+head quarters, where he will I presume pay it out to the Indians himself.
+Very Respectfully, your ob't Serv't.
+
+    E. RECTOR, Sup't Ind Affairs.
+
+S. S. SCOTT Esq. Acting Com'r Ind. Affairs, Richmond, Va.
+
+
+[_Rector to Scott_]
+
+OFFICE SUPT IND. AFFAIRS, March 4th, 1862.
+
+SIR: I deem it my duty, in justice to myself, as well as my duty to the
+government to notify you that Gen'l Pike has been paying over certain of
+the funds sent out by him to the Indians, one payment which he has made, I
+wish here to enter my protest against as not meeting with my approbation,
+it was in paying over to Agent A. J. Dorn the specie sent out for the
+Indians in his Agency. My objections to said payment are these: Agent Dorn
+has never executed a Bond to the Confederate government for the faithful
+accounting for of funds placed in his hands, and I should certainly not
+turn over large amounts of government funds to any Agent in my Department
+until he first gave a good and sufficient Bond and next; the Agency which
+Mr. Dorn fills is in the limits of the State of Kansas and has been in the
+possession of the Federals for six or seven months, Dorn cannot even get
+to it, he has no fixed locality for his Agency sometimes he is with the
+army, at others in the State and is now here at this place and has with
+him the money.
+
+I am clearly of the opinion that this money should have been kept in some
+safe place in this State until after our present troubles are over. The
+Federal army is now invading within fifty miles of this place and between
+him and the Indians for whom Dorn is Agent, which makes it impossible for
+him to pay it to them if he so intends.
+
+None of the Agents in this Superintendency have entered into Bond. Nor do
+I know whether they intend to do so except Agent Rutherford he came here
+from his Agency a few days since for the purpose of giving his Bond but is
+now on a bead of sickness from which it is doubtful if he ever
+recovers....
+
+    ELIAS RECTOR.[589]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B--THE LEEPER[590] OR WICHITA AGENCY PAPERS
+
+
+OFFICE SUPT. INDIAN AFFAIRS, Fort Smith, Oct. 12th, 1861.
+
+SIR: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of 15th inst. by
+Expressman Sturm[591] at Tahlequah C. N. while on public business at that
+place on the 2nd inst and in answer must say.
+
+Your requisition for Medicine I cannot comply with. I have no Medicines on
+hand for the Indian Service. Neither have I been instructed to furnish
+either Medicines or Medical assistance to the Indians, and if I were
+disposed to take the responsibility and advance the funds to purchase
+Medicines they could not be procured at this place.
+
+I am pleased to learn that Buffalo Hump came in to see you, but both
+myself & Com{r}. Pike regret that you did not hold out to him all the
+inducements which were in your power, and use all the forces and means at
+your command to provide him with such houses as were contemplated and
+promised by Com{r}. Pike for the comfort of those Indians and to make them
+satisfied and anxious to come in.
+
+The Com{r}. has issued an order prohibiting Jim Ned from returning to or
+ever occupying any portion of the Leased District again, this order you
+will see carried out. He has also ordered the Military to kill Ned should
+they find him.
+
+No blanks have been furnished to the office as yet. Nor have even forms
+been purchased for the vouchers, abstracts etc. You must rule and arrange
+your papers as best you can for the present as I have to do myself.
+
+I have turned over to Mr. Sturm four mules turned over to me as mules
+taken from you by Gen{l} Burrow. I obtained them with great difficulty in
+bad condition, nearly on the lift. I have had them three or four weeks,
+these were all I could find and do not know whether they are all that were
+taken from you or not.
+
+As stated above I have received no funds for the Indian Service from the
+Confederacy, in fact there has been no Indian Department organized
+consequently no appropriation has been made nor will any Indian business
+be done in the War Department until after the late Treaties are submitted
+and approved.
+
+I shall leave here in a short time for Richmond for the purpose of
+organizing the business of the Superintendency, procuring funds, goods
+etc. for the Indians in compliance with the Stipulations of the late
+Treaties.
+
+C. B. Johnson is absent at New Orleans and is expected back in a few days.
+
+Enclosed you will find Sutton & Springs receipt for $200.
+
+Owing to Creek difficulties I send Mr. Sturm back by direct route for his
+safety and the safety of your property. Very Respectfully Your Ob't.
+Servant
+
+    E. RECTOR, Supt. Ind. Affairs.
+
+Col. M. Leeper, Ind. Agent, Wichita Agency, L. D.
+
+
+  OFFICE SUPT. IND. AFFAIRS, FORT SMITH, ARKS.
+    Oct. 30th, 1861.
+
+SIR: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 21st inst. by
+Expressman.
+
+On the 12th Inst, I wrote you by your expressman Mr. Sturm and as then,
+state I have no funds in my hands for the purchase of Medicines or for any
+other purpose for the Indian Service. Nor have I been authorized to
+provide the Indians with Medicines or Medical assistance; there has been
+no Indian Department regularly organized as yet, by our Government, nor
+will there be until after the Treaties lately made by Com{r} Pike are laid
+before the President and approved.
+
+I have purchased for you on your own account, all the medicines I can
+purchase in this place that would be useful to the Indians. I send them by
+your Expressman with the bills, you can charge the Government with them in
+your account.
+
+I am pleased to learn that the Kiowa Indians are likely to come in and
+make a treaty. Com{r} Pike cannot possibly be there to treat with them for
+some months to come, the treaties made by him with the Comanches places
+all of those Indians who may hereafter come in on the same footing with
+those who entered into treaty stipulations, and I hereby authorize you, as
+I have authority to do from Com{r} Pike, to make the same treaties and
+hold out the same inducements to the Kiowas as were made by him with the
+Comanches, do not, however, promise them blankets this winter as it would
+be impossible to procure them, the Government cannot procure a sufficiency
+of them for the Soldiers, not even at the most exorbitant prices. Agents
+are traveling over the States purchasing second hand blankets from
+families who take them off their beds to accomodate the Soldiers in the
+field.
+
+H. L. Rogers is now on his way to your agency with hands to build houses
+for the Indians, he is sent out by Com{r}. Pike on his responsibility. I
+wrote you by him.
+
+Gen'l Pike will have command of the Military Department of the Indian
+Country. He is now on his way to Richmond Va., when he will [return] I am
+not advised, it will be with him to direct what military force will be
+placed at Fort Cobb for the protection of your agency, when that
+protection will be furnished I am unable to advise you, of the importance
+of an efficient force being stationed there at an early day there can be
+no doubt.
+
+In regard to the Mail or Express arrangements you speak of, I must say I
+have neither power, authority, or means to establish mail or express
+routes to your agency or elsewhere. Our State and other States are
+suffering greatly for want of mail facilities, and I cannot involve myself
+pecuniarily in the matter, this matter must be brought regularly before
+the Department and its action had.
+
+In regard to the time when you may expect funds to close your accounts I
+can only say that you need not expect funds until after the treaties
+recently made are ratified and appropriations made in accordance with your
+estimates furnished Com{r} Pike, the Government will not, of course, send
+out funds for Indians until it is advised that it has some treaty
+relations with them, I will leave here on the 7th day of next month for
+Richmond for the purpose of assisting in the organization of our Indian
+business, and for the procurement of funds, goods, etc, to carry out the
+provisions of the late treaties, on my return you will be advised of the
+result of my mission.
+
+I learn from Mr. C. B. Johnson that you had advised him that Mr. Beckle is
+acting as Commissary, this is wrong and is calculated to produce confusion
+in the accounts. Mr. Sturm is the recognized commissary regularly
+appointed by me, he should not be sent away from his regular duties on any
+other business and I so informed him while here and notified him that his
+absence from his regular duties on another occasion would be sufficient
+cause for me to remove him and appoint his successor, the appointment of
+commissary belongs exclusively to me, and you are well aware of the
+importance of his being constantly at his post, as he is the check on the
+contractor in filling the requisitions of the agent. In future I hope he
+will not be detailed for any other duties. Mr. Sturm is and will continue
+to be Commissary until removed by me either upon charges or such cause as
+I may think requires his removal. Very respectfully, Your Ob't. Serv't,
+
+    E. RECTOR, Supt. Ind. Affairs.
+
+Col. M. Leeper, Indian Agent, Wichita Agency, L. D.
+
+The bearer of this letter, Capt. H. L. Rogers, has been employed and
+empowered by Gen{l} Pike Commissioner with plenary powers, to proceed to
+the Wichita Agency, with hands, to erect buildings necessary for the
+Commissary and cabins for the Indians, Commissioner Pike becomes
+responsible for the work....--RECTOR to Leeper, dated Fort Smith, October
+25, 1861.
+
+
+SUBPOENA[592]
+
+Confederate States vs. Matthew Leeper, Indian Agt, Comanche, et al. State
+of Arkansas, The Confederate States of America.
+
+To J. J. Sturm--Greeting. You are hereby commanded, that laying all manner
+of excuses aside, you be and appear before the undersigned, special
+commissioner of C. S. A. at the Law Office of James P. Spring, in the City
+of Fort Smith, in the County of Sebastian, and State of Arkansas, on the
+10th day of January, 1862. Then and there to testify and the truth to
+speak in a certain matter before said Commissioner pending, wherein The
+Confederate States of America prefers certain charges against Matthew
+Leeper, Indian Agent of Comanche and other reserved Indians west of the
+State of Arkansas, and on behalf of the C. S. A.
+
+Herein fail not at your peril.
+
+In testimony whereof I, James P. Spring, Commissioner of Examination,
+have hereunto set my hand and affixed my private seal [there being no
+public seal for such purposes provided] in the City of Fort Smith, this
+12th. day of November, 1861.
+
+    JAMES P. SPRING, [Seal], Commissioner of Examination, C. S. A.
+
+
+QUESENBURY[593] TO LEEPER
+
+Gen. Pike is now in Richmond. I am engaged in building winter-quarters for
+his Brigade. The General will probably return about the 10th of December.
+
+I hope you will honour my requisitions for forage for the animals of the
+expedition for the blankets at Mr. Shirley's. The trip will be a hard one,
+and I fear a long one.
+
+There is no news of import from my quarter. There was something of an
+occurrance in the Ho-poieth-le Yohola imbroglio the other day. Mr.
+Scrimpsher can give you the current particulars....
+
+
+FORT SMITH, Dec 4, 1861.
+
+DR. SIR:--We have no late news of importance. The Federal troops 30000
+strong came as far as Springfield and fearing to advance further returned
+to St. Louis & Kansas; the Kansas party took from the vicinity of
+Springfield 600 negroes from Union men as well as Secessionists.
+
+A heavy battle was fought in Mo. opposite Columbus a few days since.
+Pillow commanded the Confederate forces 2500 strong, the Federals came
+down in their gun-boats 7000 strong & landed. The fight lasted 4 hours
+with heavy losses on both sides. Pillow was then reinforced and drove the
+Federals back to their boats making a perfect slaughter of the Yankees.
+Our victory was complete and a very important one it was. Price has gone
+back to the Mo. River, McCulloch is bringing his army down here to go into
+winter quarters on the Arks. River.
+
+Hardin is marching on Louisville, Ky., with from 80 to 100,000 Confederate
+troops. We are expecting to hear of his having possession of that city
+soon.
+
+McClellan is said to be advancing slowly and continuously on Johnson and
+Boregard. They are anxious for him to pay them a visit.
+
+Our legislature has elected Bob Johnson & Chas. Mitchell Senators, the
+Washington County District elected Batson over Thomason to Congress. G.
+D. Royston is elected in this District and Judge Hanley in the Helena
+District.
+
+Can't think of anything else that would interest you. Your friend in
+haste,
+
+    R. P. PULLIAM.
+
+Col. M. Leeper.
+
+
+OFFICE SUPT. IND. AFFAIRS, FORT SMITH, Dec. 4th, '61.
+
+SIR: I enclose herewith a Copy of a letter from Albert Pike Comr. etc. to
+Elias Rector, Supt. Ind. Aff., of date 21st. ultimo also two official
+letters.
+
+That portion of Comr. Pike's letter relating to inviting the Indians to
+settle on the Reserve was anticipated by Supt. Rector's letter of
+instructions to you of the 30th October last.
+
+The messages which Comr. Pike wishes given to the Indians you will, of
+course, deliver to them.
+
+Maj. Rector left here for Richmond about ten days ago. When he will return
+I am unable to say, as it seems from Pike's letter he has to purchase and
+bring on the Indian goods. Very respectfully,
+
+    R. P. PULLIAM, Clk.
+
+Col. M. Leeper, Wichita Agent.
+
+
+WICHITAW FED [FEED] HOUSE, December 10th 1861
+
+DEAR CONL. From what I can asertain the Dutchman supposed to be a spy is
+one of the party who of ten, (five Mexicans & five whites) who prevented
+the wild Comanchees from coming in by telling them that we were fixing a
+_trap_ to destroy the last one of them. when we got them here, and as an
+indusement to dispose of their Buffalo Robes this party told the Indians
+that we would take the last Robe from them with our troops.
+
+The [above] I was informed of by the Comanche Cheves several days ago Very
+truly
+
+    J. SHIRLEY
+
+Col M. Leeper, Wichitaw Agency.
+
+
+WICHITA AGENCY L. D., Decr 10th 1861
+
+A memorandum of moneys and effects found on the person of a german who
+says his name is Frederick Myer, arrested and detained here, he being
+suspected of being a spy on the part of the United States in opposition to
+the Confederate States of America. The individual together with the moneys
+and property found upon his person is intended to be forwarded to the
+Superintendent of Indian Affairs Fort Smith at as early a day as
+practicable
+
+Four drafts on the U. S. Asst. Treasurer New York, dated at Santa Fe N. M.
+Sept. 17th 1861 and drawn by Jno P. Hatch Capt. Rm R. Actg C. S. in favor
+John Dold transferred to Frederick Myer, viz.--
+
+    No. 103. Twelve Hundred & fifty dollars
+     " 104. Twelve Hundred & fifty dollars
+     " 105. Four Hundred & Eighty four dollars
+     " 106. Two Hundred & nineteen 50/100 dollars.
+
+Also five other drafts as above described dated on the 19th Sept. 1861.
+viz;--
+
+    No. 112. Six Hundred dollars
+     "  113. Five Hundred dollars
+     "  114. Four Hundred dollars
+     "  115. Three Hundred dollars
+     "  116. Two Hundred dollars.
+
+One draft dated Sept. 18th 1861 drawn by J L Donnevhen P. M. favor Stephen
+Bryce or order transferred to Frederick Myer
+
+    No 1669. Nine Hundred & eighty three 25/100 dollars.
+    Also in Gold One Hundred & fifty five dollars
+         Silver Seventy cents
+    One Colts Revolver, belt & Scabbard
+    One large Pocket Knife
+    Also found in his possission two ponies one gray and one sorrel
+
+Four letters addressed as follows,
+
+    Mr. J. W. Gregory  Santa Fe N. M.
+    Mr B Seligman        "       "
+    Mr. Geo. T. Madison  "       "
+    Mr W. W. Griffin     "       "
+
+Received Wichita Agency L. D. Decr. 15 1861, all the above articles moneys
+&c. excepting the two ponies bridle and saddle and saddle bags, large
+knife and ten dollars in gold which were forwarded by H. L. Rodgers
+accompanying the prisioner, all of which balance in my possession to be
+delivered to the Superintendent of Indian Affairs Fort Smith Arks.
+
+    M. GRIMES
+
+Received Fort Smith Dec. 9th 1861 from M Grimes the above monies & Pistol
+as per his Recpt to Col Leeper
+
+    E. RECTOR, Supt. Indian Affrs
+
+
+WICHITA AGENCY S. D., Decr. 12th 1861
+
+SIR: I forward to your charge by H. L. Rodgers, a german by the name of
+Frederick Myer, whom I arrested as a spy or smugler in behalf of the
+United States, and upon whose person was found Six Thousand three hundred
+dollars in drafts upon the Assistant Treasurer New York, one hundred and
+fifty five dollars in gold and seventy cents in silver, four private
+letters of unimportant import, two ponies and revolver pistol No 72,942
+belt and hoster, one riding saddle, one pack saddle and one pair saddle
+bags, all of which will be forwarded to you by Mr Marshall Grimes, with
+the exception of the two ponies bridle and saddle and saddle bags and ten
+dollars in gold, which I have placed in charge of Mr H. L. Rodgers and
+will accompany the prisoner.
+
+The principal evidence against Frederick Myer, was derived from the Trader
+Mr. John Shirley, whose written statement is herewith enclosed. Very
+Respectfully Your obt. sert.
+
+    M. LEEPER, Ind. Agt. C. S. A.
+
+  Elias Rector Esq, Supt. Ind. Affrs,
+    Fort Smith Arks.
+
+
+WICHITA AGENCY, L. D. December 15th 1861
+
+TO JOHN JUMPER, and our brothers in the Seminole Nation,
+
+We have nothing particular to write you, we are all well and doing well
+here
+
+Since we had the talk we have _understood_ that you had some difficulty
+among your people, but that does not have any bad effect upon us as we are
+friends the same as at the time we made the treaties--Our brothers the
+Comanches, and all the other tribes, are still friends with you, and are
+all very sorry that you are fighting one against another, brothers against
+brothers, and friends against friends. When Mode Cunard and you were here
+and had the talk with Genl Pike--we still hold to the talk we made with
+Genl Pike, and are keeping the treaty in good faith, and are looking for
+him back again soon.
+
+We look to you and Mode Cunard and Genl Pike as brothers--General Pike
+told us at the council that, there were but few of us here, and if
+anything turned up to make it necessary he would protect them. We are just
+as we were when Genl Pike was up here and keeping the treaty made with
+him--Our brothers the wild Comanches have been in and are friendly with
+us.
+
+All the Indians here have but one heart--our brothers, the Texans, and
+the indians are away fighting the cold weather people we do not intend to
+go North to fight them but if they come down here, we will all unite to
+drive them away--Some of my people are one eyed and a little Crippled, but
+if the enemy comes here they will all jump out to fight him--Also that
+Pea-o-popicult has recently the principal Kiowa Chief has recently visited
+the reserve, and has expressed friendly intentions, and has gone back to
+consult the rest of his people and designs returning
+
+    HOSEEA MARIA      BUFFALO HUMP
+    KI-KAD-A-WAH
+
+    Chiefs of the Comanches
+
+    TE-NAH      JIM POCKMARK.
+    GEO WASHINGTON
+
+
+The Confederate States of America
+
+                         To M. GRIMES               Dr.
+    1861:  Nov 30    For Services rendered of negro man
+                     Guss as Laborer from 1st Oct. to
+                     30th Nov 1861, inclusive, 2 mos.
+                     at $300.00 pr. an.                   $ 50.00
+
+Received at Wichita Agency L. D. Decr 31st 1861, of M. Leeper Ind. Agt. C.
+S. A. Fifty dollars in full of the above account.
+
+    $50.00      M. GRIMES.
+
+I certify on honor that the above account is correct and just, and that I
+have actually this 31st day of Decr. 1861, paid the amount thereof.
+
+    [Triplicates]       IND. AGT. C. S. A.
+
+
+The Confederate States of America
+
+                         To A. OUTZEN                  Dr.
+    1861:  Decr 31    For Services rendered as Wheelwright
+                      etc. at Wichita Agency,
+                      L. D. from 1st Oct. to 31st Decr.
+                      1861 inclusive, 3 months at
+                      $600.00 pr an                        $ 150.00
+
+Received at Wichita Agency L. D. Decr 31st 1861 of M. Leeper, Indian
+Agent, C. S. A. One Hundred & fifty 00/100
+
+    $150.00                     A. OUTZEN Wheelwright.
+
+I certify on honor that the above account is correct and just, and that I
+have actually this 31st day of Decr 1861, paid the amount thereof,
+
+    [Triplicates]       IND. AGT. C. S. A.
+
+
+The Confederate States of America
+
+                           To J. B. BEVELL            Dr.
+    1861:  Decr 31    For Services rendered as Laborer at
+                      Wichita Agency L. D. June 1
+                      Oct. to 15th Nov 1861--inclusive
+                      1 mo & 15 days at $300.00 pr an            $ 37.50
+
+                      And as Farmer from 16 Nov to 31
+                      Decr 1861 inclusive 1 mo & 15
+                      days at $600.00 pr an                        75.00
+                                                               ---------
+                                                                $ 112.50
+
+Received at Wichita Agency L. D. Decr 31st 1861 of M. Leeper Ind. Agt. C.
+S. A. One Hundred & twelve 50/100 Dollars in full of the above account.
+
+    $112.50.            JOHN BEVELL Farmer
+
+I certify on honor that the above account is correct and just, and that I
+have actually this 31st day of Decr 1861, paid the amount thereof,
+
+    [Triplicates]       IND. AGT., C. S. A.
+
+
+The Confederate States of America
+
+                            To D. SEALS                Dr.
+    1861:  Decr. 31    For Services rendered as Farmer at
+                       Wichita Agency L. D. from 1st
+                       Oct. to 31st Decr. 1861 inclusive,
+                       3 months at $600.00 per an             $ 150.00
+
+Received at Wichita Agency L. D. Decr. 31st 1861 of M Leeper Indian Agent
+C. S. A. One Hundred & fifty 00/100 Dollars in full of the above account.
+
+    $150.00             DAVID SEALS, Farmer
+
+I certify that the above account is correct and just, and that I have
+actually this 31 day of Decr 1861, paid the amount thereof,
+
+    [Triplicates]       IND. AGT. C. S. A.
+
+
+FORT SMITH, January 13th, 1862.
+
+SIR: In compliance with your letter of instruction of the 10th inst. I
+have the honor to present in detail the condition of affairs connected
+with the Wichita Agency. In thus presenting my report I shall attempt to
+be governed by as much brevity as possible.
+
+In detailing the affairs of the people in my charge and of my action in
+reference to them it will become necessary to refer not only to the
+present but to their past history in Texas. There was a time in Texas when
+these people were in a prosperous and happy condition, and they advanced
+as rapidly in the arts of civilization during that time, perhaps, as any
+people ever did. But evil disposed persons in their vicinity and those not
+far distant on the frontiers of Texas became dissatisfied with their
+locality and determined to disperse and break them up. They continued
+their work of desolation until the indians were compelled to abandon their
+homes and seek a refuge west of the Chickasaw and Choctaw Nations on the
+Leased District. In doing so they suffered many and very severe losses and
+privations. Numbers of their horses and cattle were driven off by their
+enemies and many things useful to them, were necessarily abandoned.
+Estimates were prepared of the amount of damage and submitted to the
+original United States Government but before any action was taken, the
+government dissolved and their just claims consequently failed. Therefore
+permit me most respectfully to suggest the propriety of immediately
+calling the attention of our Government and of the proper Department to
+the fact, in order that these people may obtain adequate remuneration. In
+reference to their habitations, they have nothing to claim. They have more
+and better houses than they had in Texas. The Commanches have eight or ten
+neatly hewn log cabins with good chimneys. Three double log hewn houses
+with good chimneys, to each room for the chief's in addition to a number
+of warm comfortable picket houses which they partly built themselves and
+covered with grass.
+
+In Texas they had but one house which belonged to the Chief, in the
+scramble for the spoils at the time of the abandonment of Fort Cobb by the
+federal troops they were not altogether behind for I have observed among
+them several new Sibley tents and a number of new common tents. The
+Tonkahwas have warm comfortable houses made of poles and grass such as
+they had in Texas. And for the chief I built a good double log house with
+chimneys to each room and a hall or passage in the centre, in which he now
+lives.
+
+The Anahdahkoes have quite a number of comfortable houses consisting of
+four double houses with chimneys to each room, passages in the centre and
+to some of them shed rooms attached. The remainder consist of hewn log
+cabins and Picket houses such as they had in Texas covered with grass. The
+Caddoes also have quite a number of houses consisting of various double
+houses, single houses and picket houses.
+
+The Witchitas have no houses except such as they have built for themselves
+consisting of a net work of sticks and grass but they are warm and
+comfortable. They are not decided upon a permanent location and
+consequently refuse to have houses built. The Tahwaccarroes, Wacoes,
+Ionies and Kechies inhabit the same kind of houses as the Witchitas and
+like them have not decided upon a permanent location. The Shawnees and
+Delawares all have good comfortable cabins.
+
+In February last whilst at Washington I closed all my former accounts with
+the department of the Interior of the United States Government and
+estimated for the first and second quarter of 1861 which estimates
+amounted to 13899 dollars and eighty-five cents. On my way to the Agency
+in the Indian Country prepared to carry out the designs and expectations
+of the government I was arrested by one Burrow who represented himself to
+be a general on the part of the State of Arkansas, who examined my papers
+and took from me one wagon four set of harness, one horse and seven mules,
+property which had been purchased by the United States government for the
+use and benefit of the Indians in my charge, all of which has been
+subsequently returned with the exception of two of the mules. After the
+wagon and mules were taken I hired transportation and proceeded to the
+Agency where I found the Indians in a high state of excitement and alarm;
+their fears having been excited by a Delaware Indian by the name of Jim
+Ned and other evil disposed persons, tattlers and tale bearers who are apt
+to be found loitering about Indian Reserves.
+
+In reference to the people of Texas, I succeeded in satisfying them that
+their apprehensions were groundless, let several contracts for breaking
+prairie and commenced to work generally in accordance with my estimates
+and the wishes of the Department. But soon afterwards my state (Texas)
+seceded from the Union and I determined no longer to act as a federal
+officer, and having no authority to act for the Confederate States, I
+delivered to the indians all the property in my possession which was held
+in trust for their benefit with the exception of two wagons which were
+used in my transportation, which together with one which had previously
+been loaned to the Commissary are now reported on my property rolls. With
+a hope to satisfy the indians until an agent should be appointed by the
+Confederate States (which I assured them would soon take place) I expended
+the remainder of the money's in my hands for blankets tobacco and clothing
+for them, they being in a destitute condition, occasioned principally on
+account of losses sustained by their goods being sunk in the Arkansas
+River and by the fire at Fort Smith. The goods were intended to be
+duplicated and money's had been promised for that purpose in advance of
+their regular supply of goods of which the indians were apprised.
+
+Upon the withdrawal of Texas from the Union, they again became
+apprehensive of danger from the people of that State. I reminded them that
+I was a Texan, and in order that they might have a positive guaranty of
+safety, that they should have Texas troops to defend them. I made the
+application and Capt. Diamond's company arrived on the day of my
+departure.
+
+During the whole course of my operations as Commanche Agent, and more
+particularly the past year, my best efforts have been employed with a hope
+to induce all the southern bands of Comanches to abandon their wandering
+habits become colonized and settle, that being the most effectual means,
+and by far the least expensive mode of checking their depredations on
+Texas, and finally by means of messengers and messages I induced them to
+come in on the first of August last and enter into treaty stipulations
+with Commissioner Pike. A train of untoward circumstances prevented the
+commissioner from complying strictly with his agreements with them which
+have cast a shade of discontent upon their minds, and they say that it is
+the cause of the non-compliance on their part, which was to settle on the
+reserve last fall and abandon their roving habits. This however I do not
+believe: if the commissioner had met them at the time appointed (the
+falling of the leaves) with all the goods promised I am of opinion they
+would have received the goods--made some excuse, and returned again to the
+prairies. Such has been the case of the other Comanches who have settled
+for several years and I think they would have done so too. Perhaps their
+stealing operations would not have been so extensive; but they say that
+that practice shall cease at any rate as long as they are friends with us.
+
+In November last I received a visit from a Kiowa chief by the name of
+"Big-head" who made many fine promises and agreed to settle on the reserve
+with his people, but in this I place but little reliance. The Kiowa's are
+a very numerous band. They are northern indians and their principal range
+is from the sources of the Arkansas River to Bents Fort. Their principal
+chief originally contemptiously spoke of the United States government and
+troops, notwithstanding he annually received a large amount of presents
+from that government, consisting of blankets, clothing, tobacco, rifles,
+powder and lead, etc. They now have a federal agent at Bent's Fort.
+
+During the past six months, but little has been done on the reserve--I
+have had no means to accomplish much. The employees who have been engaged
+have suffered considerably with sickness during the months of September
+and October last. They have built a very comfortable double log house with
+a gallery in front and a stable which is partly finished to which a room
+is attached for the benefit of employees. Without such protection and
+security there is no safety for the public animals necessary to carry on
+the farming operations of the reserve.
+
+No troops being stationed on the Leased District I have been unable to
+exercise the necessary control. The indians have been kept in a constant
+state of turmoil by false representations both in reference to myself and
+things affecting their individual interest. No indian reserve can be
+conducted in a satisfactory manner either to the government or indians
+without the coöperation of troops to enable the Agent to enforce the
+intercourse laws and eject disorderly persons from amongst them.
+
+No funds as yet have been received to meet the current expenses of the
+Agency, nor has any forage been furnished except twenty four bushels of
+corn and twelve of oats, which were received from Commissioner Pike. The
+remainder of the forage which was used in sustaining two government
+animals and four private animals employed in the public service from the
+first of August until the last of October and from that time till the 31st
+of December four additional public animals, was gathered up at the
+different corn houses which had been abandoned and were going to
+destruction at Fort Cobb, and a small amount purchased on my own
+responsibility from the contractor for supplying the indians.
+
+It is deemed useless to suggest additional plans of retrenchment and
+economy to the government as I am not advised as to the extent and nature
+of the design of its future operations in reference to the affairs of the
+reserve. With these facts submitted I have the honor to be Sir very
+respectfully Your obedient Servant
+
+    [M. LEEPER.]
+
+E. Rector, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Southern Superintendency
+
+
+WITCHITA AGENCY, Jan. 31st., 1862.
+
+BRIG. GEN'L A. PIKE, Com'd'y Indian Territory.
+
+Sir:--Enclosed please find muster roll of Reserve Indians enlisted in the
+services of the Confederate Government under your authority of the 30th
+Aug't, 1861 to M. Leeper, Indian Agent, to act as spies and for the
+protection of the Agency until relieved by Confederate forces.
+
+You will perceive that I enlisted them on the 9th Sept. last and have made
+up the roll to the 9th Feb'y, 1862, at which time I would respectfully
+suggest the disbandment of them as they have already served three months
+longer than they anticipated at the time of their enlistment and they are
+anxious to be disbanded at the expiration of this month.
+
+As much doubt has been expressed by the other Indians not enlisted, of
+these ever receiving pay for their services, I believe if they were paid
+off [it] would at once convince them of the integrity and honor of the
+Confederate Government and should any emergency hereafter arise they will
+more readily flock to the standard of our country.
+
+Having received special instructions from M. Leeper, Indian Agent, to
+remain at my post during his absence, I therefore forward these papers by
+Mr. John Shirley and authorize him to act for me in this matter.
+
+
+MUSTER ROLL OF RESERVE INDIANS MUSTERED INTO THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF
+AMERICA UNDER COMMAND OF LIEUT. GEN'L H. P. JONES, SEPT. 9, 1861.
+
+                              HORSE  BRIDLE&SADDLE     RIFLE BOW, ETC.
+   1. Pinahontsama, Sergt.   $60.      $5.00             $25.     $5.00
+   2. Pive-ahope Corpl.      $60.00    $5.00              do.      5.00
+   3. Chick-a-poo             30.00     5.00              25.00    5.00
+   4. Charley Chickapoo       30.00     5.00              25.00    5.00
+   5. Somo                    40.00     5.00              10.00    5.00
+   6. Boo-y-wy-sis-ka         50.00     5.00              25.00    5.00
+   7. Cu-be-ra-wipo           50.00     5.00              25.00    5.00
+   8. Ca-na-with              40.00     5.00              25.00    5.00
+   9. A-ri-ka-pap             55.00     5.00              25.00    5.00
+  10. Pith-pa-wah             50.00     5.00                       5.00
+  11. Pe-ah-ko-roh            35.00     5.00              35.00    5.00
+  12. Jim Chickapoo           65.00     5.00  six shooter 25.00    5.00
+  13. Na-na-quathteh          40.00     5.00                       5.00
+  14. To-no-kah               80.00     5.00              25.00    5.00
+  15. Ath-pah                 25.00     5.00       Pistol #5.00    5.00
+  16. Pe-ba-rah               30.00     5.00              25.00    5.00
+  17. Cur-su-ah               45.00     5.00              10.00    5.00
+  18. Cow-ah-dan Sept. 23d.  $60.       5.00              15.00    5.00
+
+Signed Sealed & delivered in the presence of David Seals & Dr. Bucket,
+Sept. 9, 1861.
+
+
+WICHITA AGENCY L. D. Feby the 9th 1862
+
+I certify on honor that I have received from Messrs Johnson & Grimes
+Seventeen hundred and fifty-four rations of Beef, Flour, Coffee, Sugar,
+Soap, and Salt for the use of my Spy Company raised for the protection of
+the Wichita Agency by authority of Commissioner A. Pike as per letter
+dated Augt. 30th 1861 to M. Leeper Indian Agent
+
+    H. P. JONES, Lt. Com'd'y. and Act'g C. of S.
+
+
+  HEAD QUARTERS DEP'T OF IND'N TERRITORY,
+    FORT MCCULLOCH, 23rd April 1862.
+
+SPECIAL ORDERS, NO.--
+
+Lieut. Col. Harris, Commanding Chickasaw Battalion, will station four
+companies instead of two, of his Battalion, at Camp McIntosh, and two only
+at Fort Arbuckle. He will consult with the Agent for the Reserve Indians,
+Col. Matthew Leeper, and do everything in his power to protect the Agency
+and the _peaceful_ Indians on the Reserve, placing, if necessary his
+troops at or near the Agency, and controlling the unruly Indians, by force
+of arms, if it becomes necessary. By order of Brig. Gen'l Com'd'g
+
+    FAYETTE HEWITT A. A. General
+
+
+[Copy]
+
+May 7, 1862.
+
+Hon. Comr. Indian Affairs, enclosing copies from Gen'l Pike.
+
+WASHITA AGENCY, L. D. May 7, 1862.
+
+SIR: Enclosed herewith I have the honor to transmit for the information of
+the Department the copy of a letter addressed to Gen'l Pike on the 13th
+April last, and his reply thereto; the troops promised by the General have
+not arrived nor have I any tidings from them.
+
+There can be no question, if the Confederate States desire to keep up this
+Agency and to continue their friendly relations with the Indians adjacent
+to the Reserve, that a strong garrison is necessary. The appearance of
+friendship could be maintained perhaps without it, but to put an entire
+stop to the depredations upon Texas, cannot be accomplished without the
+restraining influence of a military force; a small force at all times here
+is necessary to enable the Agent to enforce the Intercourse Laws, and to
+expell from the Reserve, disorderly persons and idlers, hovering around
+the Indian Camps without any legitimate business or employment. I would
+further respectfully suggest with all due deference to the military skill
+of Gen. Pike, that white troops would be infinitely better and far more
+available in every particular than Indians. It is well known that the
+people of Texas adjacent to the Reserve have no very kind feelings for
+Indians generally, and if it should become necessary to exercise military
+authority over a Texan no matter who he is or however worthless he might
+be, if it was done by Indian soldiers, it would engender deep-rooted
+malice in the minds of very many of the Texan people against the troops,
+which, in all probability would militate largely against the interest of
+the Government. White troops have a greater influence upon the Indians
+than Indian troops would have, and understand more perfectly the
+obligations of enlisted men.
+
+In my letter to Gen. Pike, I gave it as an opinion that it would be better
+to either drive the Indians off, who are not located, or to require them
+to settle on the Reserve. Various conversations had with them since that
+time has been the means of changing my opinion; I think by continuing the
+practice of giving them provisions and more supplies of presents when they
+visit the Agency will perhaps induce them to remain quiet and not disturb
+Texas, particularly if we present an array of troops sufficiently strong
+to chastise them in the event of their forfeiting their promises and
+acting a faithless part. To-day I held a Council with some of the wild
+chiefs, they made fair promises, and promised to bring to the Agency on
+the 20th of June next, the other wild chiefs who have never visited this
+place, for the purpose of entering into a general treaty of peace, and
+they say they will use all their influence with the Kioways to restore the
+horses lately stolen from the Reserve Indians and cause those to treat
+likewise. If it should be the desire of the Government for me to have them
+sign the Treaty with such amendments or alterations as may be suggested,
+there would not be the slightest difficulty in the way, it can be
+accomplished without any further parade or expense, except the ordinary
+supply of provision and a few small presents in the way of goods.
+
+Allow me to direct the attention of the Department to the fact that the
+present Contract for furnishing rations to the Indians will expire, I am
+told, on the 16th August next, (I have never been furnished with a copy)
+and that it will be necessary in order to give satisfaction to the public
+to give at least a month's notice of the time and place, a new one will be
+let and having been informed that the next Contract would be let at this
+agency, and that the local agent would be charged with the duty, I deem it
+necessary immediately to repair to Fort Smith to await instructions and
+other necessary papers in reference to my official station and to receive
+funds for the present and to forward an estimate for the ensuing fiscal
+year.
+
+May 8th.
+
+To-day I was visited by quite a number of chiefs belonging to the wild
+Comanches who have never been here before. They say they are desirous of
+making a perpetual and ever-lasting peace with the Southern people, the
+fourth of July is appointed for a general gathering in Council of all the
+Chiefs and principal men belonging to the Comanches for the purpose of
+entering into a general and lasting peace upon the same terms and
+conditions which are offered those already settled. I appointed the 4th of
+July that I might have an opportunity in the mean time of consulting with
+and ascertaining the pleasure of the Government in reference to them. I am
+of the opinion that three or four thousand dollars worth of goods
+furnished upon that occasion and distributed to them as presents would
+have a beneficial effect.
+
+I learn from them that four white men and four Indians were recently
+killed on the Llano, Texas that the Indians were returning from Mexico &
+without knowing anything of the friendly relations which now exist between
+our people and theirs, they stopped as usual, stole a parcel of horses,
+were pursued and the killing aforementioned was the consequence, they
+assert that they will control their people hereafter from depredating upon
+Texas, and that if any of their bad men should cross Red River that they
+will give immediate notice of the fact that they may be overtaken and
+killed, and if they should escape notice steal horses and return they will
+immediately take them from them, deliver them to the Agent with
+information in reference to the place from which they were taken, so the
+owners can recover them again.
+
+With these facts submitted, I have the honor to be very respectfully, Your
+Obedient Servant
+
+    (Sgd.) M. LEEPER, Indian Agent, C. S. A.
+
+
+COPY TO BRIG. GEN'L A. PIKE, APR. 13, 1862. IN REFERENCE TO THE CONDUCTING
+OF THE RESERVE COMANCHES AND WILD BANDS OF COMANCHES, ALSO REQUESTING A
+MILITARY FORCE TO BE STATIONED ON THE RESERVE
+
+WASHITA AGENCY, L. D. April 13, 1862.
+
+BRIG. GEN'L A. PIKE, Com'd'g of Indian Terr'y
+
+Sir: It becomes my duty under official instructions to keep you advised of
+the feelings and bearings of the Indians on the Reserve and more
+particularly of the wild bands adjacent to it who profess friendship for
+us. The recent friendly relations which have been professed on the part of
+the Indians and attempted to be cultivated on our part have produced an
+opposite result upon the Comanche Reserve Indians from that which was
+anticipated, boys who have been partly reared upon the Reserve and who
+hitherto have conducted themselves with the greatest propriety are now
+unruly and are subject to the most unbridled passions and unheard of
+improprieties, they have destroyed pretty much all the poultry belonging
+to Dr. Shirley, have shot arrows into his milk cows, killed several of the
+beeves belonging to the contractor. They are in the habit of shooting
+beeves full of arrows in the beef pen before they are issued, killing some
+of them and rendering others unable to be driven to the different Indian
+encampments, this practice was repeated on yesterday in the presence of
+the chiefs, when one of the interpreters, Mr. H. P. Jones, admonished
+Buffalo Hump to check such outrages and reprove the boys for such
+improprieties, but was fiercely turned upon by the old Indian and abused
+in the most unmeasured terms, the boys then rode to the Agency, approached
+the horse lot and one of them was just in the act of shooting a horse, I
+succeeded in preventing him from doing so myself.
+
+Those wild fellows come in, hold war dances and scalp dances, speak of
+their agility in stealing horses and of their prowress in taking scalps of
+white men and Mexicans, and of the rapture with which they are received
+and amorous embraces of the young damsels on their return until the young
+men heretofore inclined to lead an idle but civil life on the Reserve are
+driven mad with excitement, some of them have left, others are going today
+with the wild Indians for the ostensible purpose I am told of depredating
+upon Mexico, but really, in my opinion upon Texas, many depredations have
+recently been committed upon that frontier, and lately an Anahdahko
+Indian and a negro belonging to that band crossed Red River, stole five
+horses, killed three of them and returned home on the other two, they
+alledge that it would not have taken place, but for the want of the
+restraining influence of the Chief who was absent at Fort Davis for
+presents (this is a mere subterfuge of course).
+
+The wild Indians are principally located within two days ride of this
+place and I suppose could muster two thousand warriors, when they come
+here they are rather impudent and insolent in their demands and upon one
+occasion threatened to force the doors of the Commissary and help
+themselves. A few days since three of their young men forcibly opened one
+of the doors of Dr. Shirley's house and attempted to enter his wife's bed
+chamber. They were met by the doctor at the door who, after a scuffle and
+slight altercation with one of them caused them to desist.
+
+Many horses have recently been stolen from the Reserve Indians, some of
+which are known to have been taken by the bands professing friendship, who
+promised to restore them.
+
+I am clearly of the opinion that this Reserve cannot be sustained without
+a strong military force, and that it would be much better to require those
+wild fellows either to settle on the Reserve or quit the country, at
+present they appear to make it a place of convenience, to rest, feed and
+recruit themselves, on their return from a stealing expedition, and to
+procure provisions and a suitable outfit, the better to enable them to
+prosecute their fiendish designs. Therefore permit me respectfully to
+solicit you to furnish at the shortest practicable period a strong mounted
+force, say one Regiment at least to be situated here to act in concert
+with the Civil Authorities in holding those Indians in check, preventing
+the forays in Texas and in regulating the affairs of the Reserve. I would
+also with due deference suggest the name of Col. Alexander of Sherman, as
+a gentleman eminently qualified for the service. Texas troops would be
+more available here at present than any others, for the Indians have an
+instinctive dread of them.
+
+In the event that it should become absolutely necessary in the absence of
+suitable protection to abandon the Reserve, a suggestion from you in
+reference to the proper course to be taken would be acceptable, my notion
+is to fall back upon Red River or into Texas with all the Indians who are
+true to the South and if overtaken by the way, defend to the last
+extremity.
+
+All my official correspondence I report to the Department but before I
+could get an expression of opinion from that source, it would probably be
+too late to avail anything. I shall feel obliged for a reply by the
+messenger. Very respectfully, Your obedient servant.
+
+    [M. LEEPER]
+
+
+JONES[594] TO PIKE
+
+I have the honor to inform you that the reserve Comanche indians enlisted
+in the service of the Confederate States by your authority of the 30th
+August 1861 were on the 9th April last disbanded with the consent and
+knowledge of Col. M. Leeper indian agent The reason for so doing was that
+latterly they would not remain at their encampment and their horses were
+never at hand when wanted.
+
+
+JONES[595] TO PIKE
+
+The indians placed in my charge by your order for the protection of this
+agency finally proved uncontrollable and utterly useless, and were
+therefore with the knowledge and consent of the Agent discharged on the
+13th of April last....
+
+[On the 11th of August, 1862, Agent S. G. Colley transmitted to Dole from
+Fort Larned two documents,[596] one of which he thought reflected upon the
+loyalty or honesty of Capt. Whittenhall, formerly commanding at Fort
+Larned.]
+
+(A) I have this day received of Lone Wolf a chief Kiowas a paper from
+Albert Pike of the so-called S. C. which I will give to him again and
+another to the said Albert Pike after the Indian agent shall distribute
+the goods to the Indians.
+
+    D. S. WHITTENHALL, Capt. Com'd'g Post.
+
+  July 22, 1862
+    [Endorsement] A true copy.
+      J. H. LEAVENWORTH, Col. 2nd Reg't C.V.
+
+(B)
+
+WICHITA AGENCY L. D., May 31st, 1862.
+
+The bearer E-sa-sem-mus Kiowa Chief has visited and promised on the part
+of their tribe to be friendly with the people of Texas and ourselves it
+is hoped that so long as they carry out that promise they will be treated
+kindly.
+
+    M. LEEPER, Ind. Agt. C. S. A.
+      per C. A. ZICHEL
+
+  [Endorsement] A true copy.
+    J. H. LEAVENWORTH Col. 2nd Reg't C.V.
+
+
+LEEPER TO PIKE
+
+WASHITA AGENCY, L. D., June 26, 1862.
+
+BRIG. GEN'L. A. PIKE, Com'd'y Ind. Terr'y and Act'g Superintendent.
+
+Sir: Being desirous of keeping you advised of all my official operations,
+enclosed herewith you will please find a copy of requests made by Capts.
+Hart & James. I found those officers courteous and prompt, and manifesting
+an unreserved degree of willingness to aid me in carrying out the designs
+of the Confederate States of America in sustaining the Reserve and giving
+satisfaction to the Indians located thereon.
+
+I learn that an annual festival or dance of the Kioways and the wild
+Comanche bands is expected to be held about this time, which may detain
+them beyond the 4th of July, and with a view to have reliable information
+in reference to the matter and ascertain the precise time they may be
+expected here, three or four days since I dispatched To-sha-hua and
+Pinahontsama to visit their encampments for the purpose; they will return
+in about six days. Upon the arrival of the Kioway Chiefs here, I shall
+have your excellent address carefully interpreted to them and get them to
+sign the Treaty. If it should be your pleasure they should do so, I
+apprehend that I can take all the Comanche Chiefs and the Kioway Chiefs to
+your Head Quarters, which I will cheerfully do, in that event however they
+would naturally expect in addition to their daily supply of food a few
+presents in the way of clothing and tobacco.
+
+The present fiscal year is now within a few days of being closed, the
+employees on the Reserve and the trader from whom small presents have been
+purchased for the Indians are unpaid, no funds have been furnished for the
+purpose except fifteen hundred dollars which was handed me by the late
+Superintendent and was in part used in liquidation of my own Salary and
+the remainder, say six or seven hundred dollars, in the payment of
+employees, for the want of funds I have been unable to close my account,
+they will all be ready, however, on the first of July, and if you should
+be in possession of funds for the purpose, after the anticipated meeting
+of the Indians here, if it should meet your approbation, I will take the
+accounts to your Head Quarters and submit them to your inspection in order
+that they may be closed, provided it is inconvenient for you to transmit
+the money to me.
+
+I desire to call your attention particularly to the fact that the present
+Contract for supplying the Indians with rations on the Reserve will
+terminate I am told (I have never been favored with a copy) on the 16th of
+August next, and it therefore would seem proper that a new contract should
+be let in time for the Contractor to have his supplies in readiness for
+delivery at that time, and it is but justice to Mr. Chas. B. Johnson, the
+present Contractor to say that he has complied with his Contract to the
+entire satisfaction of all concerned, kept ample supplies at all times on
+hand, and disposed to be pleasant and obliging not only to the Indians,
+but to all other persons with whom he has had business to transact.
+
+When the Kioways arrive I apprehend they will have many horses and mules
+in their possession which will be identified by the Texas people here as
+the property of people living in Texas; the friendly relations and recent
+social intercourse of these Indians with those of the wild bands has been
+the cause of introducing here several horses and mules of that description
+already. My original instructions under the United States Government was
+to take possession of all such property and have them delivered to their
+proper owners, but if a course of that kind was now pursued it would at
+once defeat the Treaty with the wild bands and cause them to recommence
+their depredations with increased violence and renewed vigor. The 10th
+Article of the recent Treaty reads thus:
+
+    It is distinctly understood by the said four bands of the Ne-um, the
+    State of Texas is one of the Confederate States, and joins in this
+    Convention, and signs it when the Commissioner signs it, and is bound
+    by it; and that all hostilities and enmities between it and them are
+    now ended, and are to be forgotten and forgiven forever on both sides.
+
+Also the 19th Article commencing at the 15th line reads thus:
+
+    And the same things in all respects are also hereby offered to the
+    Kioways and agreed to be given them, if they will settle in said
+    Country, atone for the murders and robberies they have lately
+    committed and show a resolution to lead an honest life; to which end
+    the Confederate States send the Kioways with this talk, the wampum of
+    peace and the bullet of war, for them to take their choice, now and
+    for all time to come.
+
+But the Treaty is silent in reference to the manner in which the owners of
+property lost in that manner are to be remunerated.
+
+In a consultation which I held with Capts Hart and James we determined to
+take proof in reference to the ownership of the property, place a fair
+valuation upon it and submit it to the Confederate Government for their
+approbation, approval, and allowance, provided, however, that it should
+meet your approbation in the first place.
+
+A short time since a delegation from all the tribes here except the
+Tonkahwas and Comanches visited the Kioways to obtain from them their
+horses which were stolen by the Kioways, one of the Waco Chiefs has
+returned and says they delivered to him ten of the stolen horses, were
+disposed to be friendly and said all of them should be given up, but after
+he left a Wichita stole from the Kioways twenty-one horses and a Caddo
+four and have brought them to the Reserve. I held a consultation with the
+Chiefs in reference to the matter in which it was determined that the
+horses should be taken from those who stole them and returned to the
+Kioways immediately after the return of the Wichita Chief La-sa-di-wah,
+who will report the facts as they are.
+
+In all my official relations I have avoided, as far as possible, incurring
+useless or unnecessary expenses, and now the troubled condition of the
+country would seem to render it doubly necessary, allow me therefore to
+suggest that the office of Commissiary is a sinecure, a useless
+expenditure of public money to the Government and an injury to the public
+service, it has never been allowed before at an Agency where an agent
+could be present and witness the issues himself, the Interpreters
+necessarily have to be present, and heretofore have witnessed the issues,
+the Commissary merely being an impartial weigher between the Contractor
+and the Indians which can be done just as well by one of the Interpreters
+without incurring any additional expense to the Government.
+
+One of the greatest injuries which I have met with during a term of more
+than five years service, has been experienced from officious meddlers,
+idlers and tale-bearers who are apt to hover round Indian encampments, and
+I have never found one more so than the present Commissary. J. J. Sturm
+who spends the principal part of his time at the Indian encampments
+pretends to know more than anyone else, palpably neglects the instructions
+given him and has produced more disquiet on the Reserve than has been
+produced from all other causes, he would have been suspended and reported
+long since, but I was apprehensive that it might be supposed that I was
+actuated from vindictive feelings towards him on account of an injury
+which he attempted to inflict upon me. At the close of the present
+Contract if you should deem it necessary to continue such an office, I
+hope a more suitable man will be appointed.
+
+At the close of the present fiscal year I shall report in detail
+everything connected with the Reserve and the Indians thereon, the
+expenses thereof and the reasons and necessities for so doing. I am sir,
+Very respectfully, Your obt. servant.
+
+    [M. LEEPER]
+
+
+LEEPER TO PIKE
+
+Copy to Brig. Gen'l Albert Pike, Acting Supt., Comr., Etc., in reference
+to making a treaty with the Kioway Indians and the signing of the
+amendments of Congress.
+
+WASHITA AGENCY, L. D., July 11, 1862.
+
+BRIG. GEN'L ALBERT PIKE, & Act'g Superintendent, Commissioner, etc.,
+
+Sir: In compliance with your instructions and authority, I have this day
+entered into Treaty stipulations with the Kioway Indians and all the wild
+Comanche bands with the exception of the Kua-ha-ra-tet-sa-co-no who
+inhabit the western portion of the "Staked Plains," and with those I am
+negotiating and shall probably conclude a treaty of peace in September or
+October next. Those who treated in August last have also signed and
+adopted amendments of Congress.
+
+They retired well satisfied with themselves, and with the action of the
+Confederate Government, consequently peace and quietness may be expected
+to prevail in future upon the frontier of Texas, provided, however, that a
+band of fugitives from the various clans who have congregated on the
+Pecos, numbering it is said one hundred and fifty or two hundred, governed
+by no law and disposed to spread desolation wherever they go, are
+destroyed or our troops can receive aid from the bands who have treated in
+hunting down and destroying those "fellows". I am sir, Very respectfully,
+Your obt. ser't
+
+    [M. LEEPER] Ind. Agency, C. S. A.
+
+
+NOTICE
+
+As Agent and Acting Commissioner on the part of the Confederate States of
+America, I have entered into Solemn Treaty stipulations of perpetual
+friendship and peace with the Kioway Indians and wild bands of Comanches
+except the Kna-ha-ra-tet-sa-co-no whose habitations are on the Western
+extremity of the "Staked Plains" and with those I am negotiating and will
+probably conclude a treaty some time in September next.
+
+Therefore perfect peace and quietness may soon be expected to prevail on
+the Texas frontier.
+
+In order to convince the Indians of our sincerity and punctuality, it is
+necessary to comply strictly with the Treaty, and to do that, the
+Government expects me to employ four or five farmers and twenty laborers
+which I desire to do; farmers with families would be preferred, to whom
+fifty dollars per month and rations will be given, and to laborers
+twenty-five dollars per month and rations, negro men would be preferred.
+
+At present there is not the slightest danger there, the agency is one of
+the most quiet and peaceful places within the limits of the Confederate
+Government.
+
+Apply to the undersigned who will remain a few days in Sherman and
+afterward at the Washita Agency.
+
+July 21st 1862.
+
+
+LEEPER [?] TO PARKS
+
+SHERMAN, TEXAS, July 28th, 1862.
+
+MR. ROBERT W. PARKS,
+
+Sir,--Enclosed you will please find the copy of a letter of instructions
+to me from Gen'l Pike the Acting Superintendent of Indian Affairs
+(addressed to you) in reference to fifteen thousand dollars appropriated
+by the Government to purchase farming utensils, oxen, wagons and stock
+animals for Indians located on the Washita Reserve, which fund was handed
+to you. The direction of the expenditures of the fund legitimately belongs
+to the local Agent who is alone supposed to know the amount and
+description of articles necessary to be purchased for the Indians, hence
+Gen'l Pike's letter. Before making any of the purchases indicated it would
+be well to see me in order to ascertain the amount and description
+required, the Indians already have been furnished with a few wagons, oxen
+and farming utensils, in fact in reference to farming implements they are
+well enough supplied with the exception of weeding hoes and axes; and in
+reference to the stock animals to be purchased I would like to have a
+distinct understanding with regard to the quality and the price; a
+responsible gentleman whom I met here is willing to furnish cows and
+calves, the cows not to exceed six years old delivered at the agency at
+sixteen dollars; therefore I should be unwilling to receive on the part of
+the Government animals of that description at a higher price in the
+absence of positive instructions to that effect; the quantity also to be
+purchased is an important item.
+
+If you will take the trouble to visit the Agency, I will give you an exact
+description of the articles necessary to be purchased and will give you
+the preference as a contractor for furnishing the same.
+
+A copy of this letter will be furnished the Acting Superintendent Gen'l
+Pike, and the Department. Very respectfully, Your obt sevt.
+
+    [M. LEEPER]
+
+
+WASH., ARK., Aug. 19, 1862.
+
+COLONEL: I have forwarded you letters to the Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs. Having resigned and been deprived of command in the Indian
+Country, I am also relieved of duty as Acting Superintendent, for which
+crowning mercy, God be thanked.
+
+Mr. Parks returned on receiving your letter and refunded me $15,000 placed
+in his hands, except $200, paid for a mowing machine. I have deposited the
+residue, with all other Indian moneys, (Coin and paper), in a safe place,
+and so advised the Commissioner. As soon as a new Superintendent is
+appointed, I hope to get rid of it all.
+
+If you had written me, _before_, what you write now, in regard to
+McKusken[?], you would not have had to complain that I frustrated your
+efforts. You sent him to me it is true, but with no such charges, and
+consequently left me bound to pay him off. I had employed him, and no
+showing was made to me that he did not deserve his pay. I hear the charges
+_now_ for the first time.
+
+As to the corn at Cobb, I think you are misinformed. When I returned there
+last fall I found it difficult to get a small quantity, because the
+officer in Command said they needed it all; although the troops were on
+the point of leaving. I know it had been so wasted that there was not much
+left and what _was_ left, you needed, as you had none. I wonder you did
+not send your wagons and get it, as soon as the troops left, if there was
+any remaining, and account for it.
+
+I _was_ sorry to hear that you had made unkind remarks in regard to
+myself, and though apparently my friend, were secretly my enemy--and I am
+truly glad to receive your flat contradiction. I have _never_ had any
+unkind feelings towards you, and was glad to believe after meeting you
+this Summer, that you had none towards me. For any imputations against
+yourself in your official capacity, you are indebted in chief measure to
+Major Rector who made them openly, anywhere, and in the presence of many.
+What Mr. Sturm said was not said willingly, but drawn from him. He showed
+a great disinclination to say anything against you.
+
+Believe me, I would now, as always for years past, rather serve than
+injure you. And I sincerely hope our friendly relations may continue. I
+expect to settle not far from you and will always gladly aid in
+cultivating friendship with the Indians and enabling you to succeed with
+them. I am very truly yours
+
+    ALBERT PIKE
+
+Col. M. Leeper C. S. Agent Etc.
+
+
+DESHLER[597] TO LEEPER
+
+Gen. Holmes in reply to your letter of 17th inst. just received, instructs
+me to say, that Gen. Hindman is going to take command of all the troops in
+the Indian country, he starts in a day or two. Col. W. P. Lane's Reg't has
+been ordered to Fort Arbuckle. The gen. com'd'g thinks these measures will
+be sufficient to insure quiet in your region, but instructs me to say that
+if he knew of any available force in Texas he would have no objection to
+sending 5 or 6 Companies to you, but there are no troops available other
+than Col. Lane's Reg't already ordered to Arbuckle.
+
+
+
+
+SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+I. GENERAL ACCOUNT OF DOCUMENTARY SOURCES.
+
+The material for this book has been drawn almost entirely from documentary
+sources and, in a very large measure, from unpublished documentary
+sources; namely, the manuscript records of the United States Indian
+Office. Those records to-day are in a very disorganized state, largely due
+to change of system and to the many removals to which they have been
+subjected within the last few years. At the time when they were examined
+for the purposes of the present work, such of them as were not included in
+_Registers_, _Letter Books_, and _Report Books_ were classified as _Land
+Files_, _General Files_, _Special Files_, _Emigration Files_,
+_Miscellaneous Files_, _Star Files_, and the like, the basis of
+classification being, convenience in the current and routine work of the
+office. The individual files were arranged according to tribe, agency, or
+superintendency and every incoming letter had its own file mark. It had a
+letter to designate the transmitter, that letter being the initial of the
+transmitter's surname or of the office he represented, and it had a number
+to indicate its rank in a series, all the papers of which bore the same
+initial letter and had been received in the same given year. Finally, it
+was rated as belonging to a particular tribe, agency, or superintendency
+and to a particular file.
+
+In the autumn of 1911, an attempt was made to consolidate the old _Land_
+and _General Files_ with the result that now they are no longer distinct
+from each other; but it has seemed best not to change the reference in the
+citations. The year, the letter, and the number are permanent indices and,
+with them at hand, there ought to be no difficulty in the locating of a
+paper, except for the fact that nearly everything in the United States
+Indian Office seems, just now, rather transitory and chaotic. Had the
+inaugural ball for 1913 not been dispensed with, the plan was, to use the
+records as the base for the band-stand, a decidedly interesting
+reflection, one must admit, upon the popular notion of the value of the
+national archives.
+
+Among the manuscripts used in the preparation of the present work, were
+two collections of papers that came into the United States Indian Office
+out of the regular course of its official business. In the citations, one
+is noted as _Leeper Papers_, and the other as _Fort Smith Papers_. Their
+history, since they came into the Indian Office, proves how urgent is the
+need for a Hall of Records. Inasmuch as these papers were not required for
+the every-day business of the office, they were packed away, years and
+years ago, along with a lot of other commercially useless papers, in huge
+boxes and stored in the attic of the old Post-office Building. There they
+were left to be forgotten. In the course of time, the Office of Indian
+Affairs was moved from the old Post-office Building to the Pension
+Building; but the packing-boxes in the attic were inadvertently left
+behind. One day, however, the writer discovered that papers, found at the
+Wichita Agency at the time Agent Leeper was killed, October, 1862, had
+really come into the Indian Office; but the question was, where were they?
+A search high and low was totally without success until it developed that
+the packing-boxes in the attic were supposed to contain "useless" papers
+and were still in the old Post-office Building. Permission was obtained to
+have them examined and, for this purpose, they were transferred to the
+Pension Building. Among their contents was found a number of interesting
+and valuable documents which very likely would soon have been lost
+forever, destroyed by the General Land Office because abandoned by the
+Indian. The contents included, besides the _Leeper Papers_ for which the
+search had been especially conducted, letter-books of Michigan territorial
+governors, file-boxes of all sorts, and a mass of Confederate stuff,
+brought from Fort Smith. The last-named proved a veritable mine of wealth.
+It comprised the occasional correspondence of Cooper, Cowart, Crawford,
+Drew, Dean, Rector, Pike, and many others whose official life had brought
+them into contact with the Indians. It was all very suggestive and
+remunerative.
+
+To supplement the manuscripts an exhaustive search of the _Official
+Records of the War of the Rebellion_ has been made and with good results.
+It is a pity that the material in the _Official Records_ is so badly
+arranged and so much of it duplicated and often triplicated. Had it been
+better edited and better indexed, the danger of over-looking important
+documents would have been minimized a hundredfold. The volumes found
+particularly useful for Indian participation in the Civil War were the
+following:
+
+    First Series, vols. i; iii; iv; viii; ix; xiii; xxii, parts 1 and 2;
+    xxvi, parts 1 and 2; xxxiv, parts 1, 2, and 3; xli, parts 1, 2, 3, and
+    4; xlviii, parts 1 and 2; liii, supplement.
+
+    Third Series, vols. i; ii; iii.
+
+    Fourth Series, vols. i; ii; iii.
+
+
+II. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF SOURCES
+
+AMERICAN ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA, 1861-1865, inclusive (New York).
+
+ARKANSAS. Journal of the House of Representatives for the Thirteenth
+Session of the General Assembly, November 5, 1860-January 21, 1861 (Little
+Rock, 1861).
+
+---- Journal of the Convention, 1861.
+
+---- Messages of the Governors.
+
+BUCHANAN, JAMES. Works, collected and edited by John Basset Moore
+(Philadelphia, 1908-1911), 12 vols.
+
+CAIRNES, J. E. Slave Power: its character, career, and probable designs
+(New York, 1863), pamphlet.
+
+CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA. Journal of the Congress, 1861-1865. (United
+States Senate _Executive Documents_, 58th congress, second session, no.
+234).
+
+---- Provisional and permanent constitutions; and acts and resolutions of
+the first session of the Provisional Congress (Richmond, 1861).
+
+---- Special orders of the adjutant and inspector general's office, 1862
+(Richmond, 1862).
+
+CONNELLEY, WILLIAM E., editor. Provisional government of Nebraska
+Territory and the Journals of William Walker [Lincoln, Nebraska, 1899].
+
+DEAN, CHARLES W. Letter Book, May 26, 1855 to December 31, 1856
+(Manuscript in United States Indian Office).
+
+DREW, THOMAS S. Letter Book, June 1, 1853 to June 1, 1854 (Manuscript in
+United States Indian Office).
+
+FORT SMITH PAPERS. A miscellaneous collection of manuscript materials,
+transmitted from Fort Smith, Arkansas, at the close of the Civil War.
+Among them is the fragment of one of Elias Rector's _Letter Books_.
+
+---- Minutes of the private meetings of the commissioners, 1865 (Land
+Files, Indian Talks, Councils, etc., Box 4).
+
+HAGOOD, JOHNSON. Memoirs of the War of Secession from the original
+manuscripts of Johnson Hagood (Columbia, S. C., 1912).
+
+KAPPLER, CHARLES J., compiler and editor. Indian affairs: Laws and
+Treaties (United States Senate Documents, 58th congress, Second session,
+no. 319), 2 vols.
+
+LEEPER PAPERS. Manuscripts, chiefly letters written or received by Matthew
+Leeper, successively United States and Confederate States Indian Agent,
+brought from the Wichita Agency after the massacre of October, 1862.
+
+LINCOLN, ABRAHAM. Writings, edited by A. B. Lapsley (New York, 1905-1906),
+8 vols.
+
+---- Complete Works, edited by John G. Nicolay and John Hay (New York,
+1894), 2 vols.
+
+MCPHERSON, EDWARD. Political history of the United States of America
+during the Great Rebellion (Washington, 1864).
+
+MASON, EMILY V. Southern poems of the war (Baltimore, 1867).
+
+MATTHEWS, JAMES M., editor. Statutes at Large of the Confederate States of
+America from February 8, 1861 to February 18, 1862, together with the
+constitution of the provisional government and the permanent constitution
+of the Confederate States, and the treaties concluded by the Confederate
+States with the Indian tribes (Richmond, 1864).
+
+---- Statutes at Large of the first congress of the Confederate States of
+America (Richmond, 1862), pamphlet.
+
+---- Statutes at Large of the Confederate States of America, commencing
+the first session of the first congress and including the first session of
+the second congress (Richmond, 1864).
+
+MISSOURI. Adjutant-general's report of the Missouri State Militia for 1861
+(St. Louis, 1862).
+
+MOORE, FRANK, editor. Diary, or Rebellion record (New York, 1868), 11
+vols. and a supplementary volume for 1861-1864.
+
+NEWSPAPERS. Arkansas Baptist (Little Rock).
+
+    Arkansas Gazette (Little Rock).
+    Arkansas Intelligencer (Van Buren).
+    Arkansas True Democrat (Little Rock).
+    Chronicle, The (Little Rock).
+    Daily National Democrat (Little Rock).
+    Daily State Journal (Little Rock).
+    National Democrat (Little Rock).
+    State Rights Democrat, The (Little Rock).
+    Unconditional Union (Little Rock).
+    Weekly Arkansas Gazette (Little Rock).
+
+PHISTERER, FREDERICK. Statistical record of the armies of the United
+States (New York, 1890).
+
+    Supplementary volume to the Campaigns of the Civil War Series.
+
+PIKE, ALBERT. Poems, edited by his daughter, Mrs. Lillian Pike Roome
+(Little Rock, 1900).
+
+RAINES, C. W., editor. Six decades in Texas, or the memoirs of F. R.
+Lubbock (Austin, 1890).
+
+RECTOR, ELIAS. Letter Book.
+
+    A Fragment. Ms. in United States Indian Office among the Fort Smith
+    Papers. Many of the letters have been almost obliterated by exposure.
+
+RICHARDSON, JAMES D., editor. Compilation of the messages and papers of
+the Confederacy, including the diplomatic correspondence (Nashville,
+1905), 2 vols.
+
+---- Compilation of the messages and papers of the presidents, 1789-1897
+(Washington, 1896-1899), 10 vols.
+
+SEWARD, WILLIAM H. Works, edited by G. E. Baker (New York, 1853-1884), 5
+vols.
+
+SMITH, WILLIAM R. History and debates of the convention of the people of
+Alabama, January 7, 1861 (Montgomery, 1861).
+
+TEXAS. Ordinances and resolutions of the convention held in the city of
+Austin, January 28, 1861, to February 24, 1861 (Austin, 1861).
+
+UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Attorney-general, opinions, 1791-1908
+(Washington, 1852-).
+
+---- Report of Covode committee, 1860 (House _Reports_, 36th congress,
+first session, no. 648).
+
+---- Report of select committee to investigate abstraction of bonds held
+in trust by the United States government for the Indian tribes (House
+_Reports_, 36th congress, second session, no. 78).
+
+---- Department of the Interior, Reports of the Secretary, 1861-1865,
+inclusive.
+
+---- Office of Indian Affairs, Land Files, General Files, Miscellaneous
+Files, and Special Files.
+
+---- Office of Indian Affairs, Letter Books [letters sent]:
+
+    No. 50, August 28, 1854 to February 20, 1855.
+     "  51, February 21, 1855 to June 12, 1855.
+     "  52, June 13, 1855 to October 27, 1855.
+     "  53, October 29, 1855 to March 19, 1856.
+     "  54, March 20, 1856 to July 30, 1856.
+     "  55, July 31, 1856 to December 31, 1856.
+     "  56, January 2, 1857 to May 25, 1857.
+     "  57, May 26, 1857 to October 31, 1857.
+     "  58, November 2, 1857 to April 30, 1858.
+     "  59, May 1, 1858 to October 23, 1858.
+     "  60, October 25, 1858 to April 29, 1859.
+     "  61, April 30, 1859 to August 23, 1859.
+     "  62, August 24, 1859 to February 9, 1860.
+     "  63, February 10, 1860 to June 26, 1860.
+     "  64, June 27, 1860 to December 7, 1860.
+     "  65, December 8, 1860 to June 1, 1861.
+     "  66, June 3, 1861 to October 23, 1861.
+     "  67, October 24, 1861 to March 25, 1862.
+     "  68, March 26, 1862 to August 7, 1862.
+     "  69, August 8, 1862 to January 20, 1863.
+     "  70, January 20, 1863 to June 5, 1863.
+     "  71, June 5, 1863 to October 14, 1863.
+     "  72, October 15, 1863 to January 8, 1864.
+     "  73, January 9, 1864 to April 23, 1864.
+     "  74, April 25, 1864 to July 28, 1864.
+     "  75, July 28, 1864 to December 7, 1864.
+     "  76, December 8, 1864 to April 4, 1865.
+     "  77, April 4, 1865 to August 3, 1865.
+     "  78, August 3, 1865 to December 8, 1865.
+
+UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Office of Indian Affairs, Registers (letters
+received):
+
+    No. 44, January 4, 1855 to July 31, 1855.
+     "  45, August 1, 1855 to December 31, 1855.
+     "  46, January 1, 1856 to June 30, 1856.
+     "  47, July 1, 1856 to December 31, 1856.
+     "  48, January 1, 1857 to June 30, 1857.
+     "  49, July 1, 1857 to December 31, 1857.
+     "  50, January 1, 1858 to June 25, 1858.
+     "  51, June 25, 1858 to December 29, 1858.
+     "  52, December 30, 1858 to June 27, 1859.
+     "  53, June 28, 1859 to December 31, 1859.
+     "  54, January 1, 1860 to June 1, 1860.
+     "  55, June 1, 1860 to December 31, 1860.
+     "  56, January 1, 1861 to June 30, 1861.
+     "  57, July 1, 1861 to December 31, 1861.
+     "  58, January 1, 1862 to July 1, 1862.
+     "  59, July 1, 1862 to December 31, 1862.
+     "  60, January 1, 1863 to June 30, 1863.
+     "  61, July 1, 1863 to January 2, 1864.
+     "  62, January 2, 1864 to May 30, 1864.
+     "  63, June 1, 1864 to December 31, 1864.
+     "  64, January 1, 1865 to June 30, 1865.
+     "  65, July 1, 1865 to December 29, 1865.
+
+UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Office of Indian Affairs, Report Books:
+
+    No.  8, May 1, 1854 to August 9, 1855.
+     "   9, August 10, 1855 to December 31, 1856.
+     "  10, January 1, 1857 to March 31, 1858.
+     "  11, April 1, 1858 to September 2, 1860.
+     "  12, September 3, 1860 to December 9, 1862.
+     "  13, December 12, 1862 to August 19, 1864.
+     "  14, August 20, 1864 to December 12, 1865.
+
+---- Department of War, Reports of the Secretary, 1861-1865, inclusive.
+
+---- Statutes at Large (Boston, 1850-).
+
+WAR OF THE REBELLION. Compilation of the official records of the Union and
+Confederate armies (Washington), 129 serial volumes and an index volume.
+
+WELLES, GIDEON. Diary (Boston, 1911), 3 vols.
+
+
+III. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF AUTHORITIES
+
+ABBOTT, LUTHER J. History and Civics of Oklahoma (Boston, 1910).
+
+ABEL, ANNIE HELOISE. Indians in the Civil War (_American Historical
+Review_, vol. xv, 281-296).
+
+---- Indian reservations in Kansas and the extinguishment of their titles
+(Kansas Historical Society, _Collections_, vol. viii, 72-109).
+
+---- History of events resulting in Indian consolidation west of the
+Mississippi River (American Historical Association, _Report_, 1906).
+
+---- Proposals for an Indian State in the Union, 1778-1878 (American
+Historical Association, _Report_, 1907, vol. i, 89-102).
+
+ADAMS, RICHARD C. Brief history of the Delaware Indians (Senate
+_Documents_, 59th congress, first session, no. 501).
+
+ALEXANDER, GROSS. History of the Methodist Church South (New York, 1894).
+
+BANCROFT, FREDERIC. Life of William H. Seward (New York, 1900), 2 vols.
+
+BAPTIST HOME MISSIONS in North America, 1832-1882.
+
+    Published by the American Baptist Home Missionary Society, New York,
+    1883.
+
+BISHOP, ALBERT WEBB. Loyalty on the frontier, or sketches of union men of
+the southwest (St. Louis, 1863).
+
+BOUDINOT, ELIAS C. Speech delivered before the House Committee on
+Territories, February 7, 1872 (Washington, 1872), pamphlet.
+
+---- Oklahoma, an argument before the House Committee on Territories,
+January 29, 1878 (Alexandria, 1878), pamphlet.
+
+BREWERTON, G. DOUGLAS. War in Kansas (New York, 1856).
+
+BRIGHAM, JOHNSON. James Harlan (Iowa City, Ia., 1913).
+
+BRITTON, WILEY. Memoirs of the rebellion on the border, 1863 (Chicago,
+1882).
+
+---- Civil War on the border, 1861-1862 (New York, 1891).
+
+BROUGH, CHARLES HILLMAN. Historic battlefields (Arkansas Historical
+Society, _Publications_, vol. i, 278-285).
+
+BROWN, GEORGE W. Reminiscences of Governor R. J. Walker, with the true
+story of the rescue of Kansas from slavery (Rockford, Ill., 1902).
+
+BRUCE, HENRY. Life of General Houston (New York, 1891).
+
+CALLAHAN, JAMES MORTON. Diplomatic history of the southern confederacy
+(Baltimore, 1901).
+
+CHEROKEE INDIANS. Memorial of the delegates of the Cherokee Nation to the
+president and congress of the United States (Washington _Chronicle Print_,
+1886).
+
+CHESHIRE, JOSEPH BLUNT. Church in the Confederate States (New York, 1912).
+
+CONNELLEY, WILLIAM ELSEY. James Henry Lane (Topeka, 1899).
+
+---- Quantrill and the border wars (Cedar Rapids, 1910).
+
+CORDLEY, RICHARD. History of Lawrence (Lawrence, 1895).
+
+DAVIS, JEFFERSON. Rise and fall of the Confederate government (New York,
+1881), 2 vols.
+
+DELAWARE INDIANS. Report on the military service (United States Senate
+_Documents_, 61st congress, first session, no. 134).
+
+DRAPER, J. W. History of the American Civil War (New York, 1867-1870), 3
+vols.
+
+EVANS, GENERAL CLEMENT A., editor. Confederate military history (Atlanta,
+1899), 10 vols.
+
+FITE, EMERSON DAVID. Presidential campaign of 1860 (New York, 1911).
+
+FLEMING, WALTER L. Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama (New York,
+1905).
+
+FOULKE, WILLIAM DUDLEY. Life of Oliver P. Morton (Indianapolis, 1899), 8
+vols.
+
+GARRISON, W. P. and F. J. GARRISON. William Lloyd Garrison, 1805-1879
+(Boston, 1894), 4 vols.
+
+GIHON, JOHN H. Geary and Kansas (Philadelphia, 1866).
+
+GOODLANDER, C. W. Memoirs and recollections of the early days of Fort
+Scott (Fort Scott, Kans., 1899).
+
+GREELEY, HORACE. American Conflict (Hartford, 1864-1867), 2 vols.
+
+HALLUM, JOHN. Biographical and pictorial history of Arkansas (Albany,
+1887).
+
+HILL, LUTHER B. History of the state of Oklahoma (Chicago, 1908), 8 vols.
+
+HODDER, FRANK HEYWOOD. The Genesis of the Kansas-Nebraska Act (Wisconsin
+State Historical Society, _Proceedings for 1912_, pp. 69-86), (Madison,
+1913), pamphlet.
+
+HOLLOWAY, JOHN N. History of Kansas to 1861 (Lafayette, Ind., 1868).
+
+HOLST, HERMANN VON. Constitutional and political history of the United
+States (Chicago, 1876-1892), 7 vols.
+
+JOHNSON, ALLEN. Stephen A. Douglas (New York, 1908).
+
+JOHNSON, THOMAS CARY. History of the Southern Presbyterian Church (New
+York, 1894). American Church History Series, vol. xi.
+
+KAUFMAN, WILHELM. Sigel und Halleck (_Deutsch-Am. Geschichtsblätter_, Band
+x, 210-216).
+
+MARTIN, GEORGE W. First two years of Kansas (Topeka, 1907), pamphlet.
+
+MEIGS, W. M. Life of Thomas Hart Benton (Philadelphia, 1904).
+
+NORTH, THOMAS. Five years in Texas, 1861-1865 (Cincinnati, 1871).
+
+PARKER, THOMAS VALENTINE. Cherokee Indians (New York, 1907).
+
+PAXTON, WILLIAM M. Annals of Platte County, Missouri (Kansas City, Mo.,
+1897).
+
+PHILLIPS, ULRICH. Georgia and state rights (Washington, 1902).
+
+---- The life of Robert Toombs (New York, 1913).
+
+RAMSDELL, CHARLES WM. Reconstruction in Texas (Columbia University
+_Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law_, vol. xxxvi, no. 1).
+
+RAY, P. ORMAN. Repeal of the Missouri Compromise, its origin and
+authorship (Cleveland, 1909).
+
+REYNOLDS, JOHN H. Makers of Arkansas (Story of the States series), (New
+York, 1905).
+
+RHODES, JAMES FORD. History of the United States from the Compromise of
+1850 (New York, 1893-1906), 7 vols.
+
+ROBINSON, CHARLES. Kansas Conflict (Lawrence, 1898).
+
+ROBLEY, T. F. History of Bourbon County, Kansas, to the close of 1865
+(Fort Scott, 1894).
+
+ROSS, D. H. and others. Reply of the delegates of the Cherokee Nation to
+the demands of the commissioner of Indian affairs, May, 1866 (Washington,
+1866), pamphlet.
+
+    Land Files, Treaties, Box 3, M392.
+
+ROSS, MRS. WM. P. Life and times of William P. Ross (Fort Smith, 1893).
+
+SCHOULER, JAMES. History of the United States under the Constitution (New
+York, 1899), 6 vols.
+
+SCHWAB, JOHN CHRISTOPHER. Confederate States of America, 1861-1865 (New
+York, 1901).
+
+SHINN, JOSIAH. Pioneers and makers of Arkansas (Little Rock, 1908).
+
+SPECK, FRANK G. Creeks of Taskigi Town. American Anthropological
+Association _Publications_, vol. ii, part 2.
+
+SPEER, JOHN. Life of James H. Lane (Garden City, Kans., 1897).
+
+SPRING, LEVERETT W. Kansas: the prelude to the War for the Union (American
+Commonwealth series), (Boston, 1885).
+
+STEPHENS, ALEXANDER H. Constitutional view of the late War between the
+States (Philadelphia, 1870), 2 vols.
+
+STOVALL, PLEASANT A. Robert Toombs (New York, 1892).
+
+TENNEY, W. J. Military and naval history of the rebellion in the United
+States (New York, 1866).
+
+THOMPSON, ROBERT ELLIS. History of the Presbyterian Churches in the United
+States (American Church History series, vol. vi), (New York, 1893).
+
+VAN DEVENTER, HORACE. Albert Pike, 1809-1891 (Knoxville, 1910).
+
+VILLARD, OSWALD GARRISON. John Brown, 1800-1859; biography fifty years
+after (Boston, 1910).
+
+WALKER, WILLISTON. History of the Congregational Churches in the United
+States (American Church History series, vol. iii), (New York, 1894).
+
+WILDER, D. W. Annals of Kansas (Topeka, 1875, 1885).
+
+WILSON, HENRY. Rise and fall of the slave power in America (Boston,
+1872-1877), 3 vols.
+
+WOOTEN, DUDLEY G. Comprehensive history of Texas (Dallas, 1898), 2 vols.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Abbott, J. B: 245, _footnote_
+
+  Abel, Annie Heloise: work cited, 71, _footnote_, 191, _footnote_
+
+  Abolitionists: Indians' slaves enticed away, 23;
+    charges against Calhoun, 30;
+    Quantrill in league with, 49;
+    desire Indian lands, 76, 118;
+    among Cherokees, 132;
+    Cherokees repudiate idea that they are, 225;
+    charges against, 291-294
+
+  Adair, W. P: 219, _footnote_
+
+  Address: of John Ross at Cherokee mass-meeting, 220
+
+  Agency system: under Confederacy, 179
+
+  Alabama: Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws from, 20, 193, _footnote;_
+    Choctaws in, 20, _footnote;_
+    David Hubbard, commissioner from, 108
+
+  Alliance: Indians given political position in return for, 17;
+    reasons for southern Indians entering into, with Confederacy, 18;
+    Confederate State Department to effect, 140, _footnote_;
+    failure of Pike to effect, with Cherokees, 156;
+    Choctaw General Council authorizes negotiation of treaty of, 156;
+    Confederacy paid dearly for its Indian, 177;
+    nature of Seminole, with Confederacy, 197;
+    principles of active, inserted by Pike into treaties, 212;
+    McCulloch to accept Drew's regiment of Home Guards as soon as treaty
+        of, be consummated, 227;
+    conditions of, between the Indians and Confederacy, 280;
+    result of Battle of Pea Ridge on Indian, 284
+
+  Allies: Indian, 17;
+    hope of finding in Cherokees, 125
+
+  Allotment in severalty: suggested to Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws, 58
+
+  American Baptist Missionary Union: 38
+
+  American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions: work among
+        Cherokees and Choctaws, 39;
+    records of, 40, _footnote_;
+    missionaries among Choctaws remove themselves from patronage, 41, 42,
+        43, _footnote_
+
+  American Civil War: [See Civil War]
+
+  American Historical Association: _Report_, 20, _footnote_
+
+  American Revolution: effect upon Cherokee emigration to Texas, 20,
+        _footnote_;
+    work of Committees of Correspondence in connection with, 83
+
+  Amnesty: provided for, 176
+
+  Annuities: negro and Indian half-breeds share Indian, 23, _footnote_;
+    Choctaw, distinct from Chickasaw, 34, _footnote_;
+    Indian, declared forfeited by Lincoln government, 145;
+    John Ross considers Indian, safe, 147;
+    payment of Indian, assumed by Confederacy, 163;
+    Indian, diverted from regular channels, 170;
+    to use, of hostile Indians, 274;
+    Crawford makes requisition for Cherokee, 307
+
+  Antelope Hills: 55, 136, _footnote_
+
+  Apucks-hu-nubbe: district of, 34, _footnote_
+
+  Arbuckle, General: 193, _footnote_
+
+  Arkansas: Choctaws and Cherokees tarry in, 19, _footnote_;
+    Indian Territory annexed to, for judicial purposes, 23, _footnote_;
+    and Indian patronage, 59;
+    and Indian participation in Civil War, 63;
+    interest in Indian Territory, 67;
+    Knights of Golden Circle active in, 68;
+    interest in Indian alliance, 83;
+    affairs reach crisis, 97;
+    Hubbard, commissioner to, 108;
+    sends commission to Indian country, 119;
+    sends Albert Pike as delegate, 132-133
+
+  _Arkansas Baptist_: 47, _footnote_
+
+  Arkansas Convention: _Journal_, 119, _footnotes_, 120, _footnotes_
+
+  Arkansas Historical Association: _Publications_, 106, _footnote_
+
+  Arkansas Legislature: _House Journal_, 103, _footnote_, 110, _footnote_,
+        111, _footnote_
+
+  Arkansas River: 67, 76, 97, 135, _footnote_, 162, 175
+
+  Arms: description of, needed for Indians, 190, _footnote_;
+    Choctaw-Chickasaw regiment not furnished with, 211;
+    scarcity of, 211, _footnote_;
+    Cherokees in, at Tahlequah mass-meeting, 217;
+    Ross able to bear, 137, _footnote_;
+    Creeks under, threaten hostilities, 138, _footnote_;
+    fear, for Indians will be taken by secessionists, 228, _footnote_;
+    Confederate difficulty in securing, 253 and _footnote_
+
+  Armstrong Academy: 40, _footnote_
+
+  Armstrong, William: 193, _footnote_
+
+  Asbury Mission: Indian amity compact concluded at, 69, _footnote_
+
+  Assinneboin: suggested Territory of, 32, _footnote_
+
+  Atchison, David R: letter to, mentioned, 33, _footnote_
+
+  _Austin State Gazette_: 80, _footnote_
+
+  Averell, William W: 101, _footnote_
+
+
+  Baker, George E: work cited, 58, _footnote_
+
+  Balentine, H: 79
+
+  Ball-playing: connected with secret organization of "Pins," 86,
+        _footnote_
+
+  Bancroft, Frederic: work cited, 58, _footnote_
+
+  Barnes, James K: 260, _footnote_
+
+  Barnesville: 245, 246
+
+  Beams's Negroes: 23, _footnote_
+
+  Beaver Creek: 55
+
+  Beening, S. T: 102, _footnote_
+
+  Benjamin, Judah P: 140, _footnote_, 200, _footnote_, 215, _footnote_,
+        252, _footnote_
+
+  Benton, Thomas H: plan for a national highway, 28;
+    request, 33, _footnote_
+
+  Big Chief: merit chief of Great Osages, 238
+
+  Billy Bowlegs: leaves Florida, 20 _footnote_;
+    communications from, 198, _footnote_;
+    refuses to sign treaty with Confederate States, 198-199;
+    death of, 198, _footnote_;
+    regarded as good commander, 277, _footnote_
+
+  Bird Creek: battle of, 138, _footnote_, 255-256
+
+  Bishop, A. W: work cited, 67, _footnote_, 68, _footnote_, 133,
+        _footnote_
+
+  Black Beaver: 101 and _footnote_, 303
+
+  Black Dog: see _Shon-tah-sob-ba_
+
+  Blackhoof, Eli: 209, _footnote_
+
+  Blain, S. A: 56, _footnote_, 57, _footnote_
+
+  Blankets: furnished Indian refugees, 261;
+    to be furnished Indian soldiers in U. S. A., 271, _footnote_;
+    Indians need, 310;
+    Leeper offers to give Kiowas, 318;
+    Rector urges Leeper not to promise, Kiowas, 332;
+    Kiowas receive from U. S. government, 343
+
+  Bloomfield Academy: 40, _footnote_
+
+  Bob Deer: 244
+
+  Boggy Depot: 91, 230, _footnote_
+
+  Bonds: 61, 145-146
+
+  Boone, A. G: 210, _footnote_
+
+  Boonsboro [Boonsborough]: 111 and _footnote_, 125
+
+  Boudinot, E. C: 119, 153, 156, _footnote_, 219, _footnote_
+
+  Bourland, James: appointed commissioner, 88;
+    report, 91
+
+  Branch, Harrison B: 182-183, 210, _footnote_, 228, 232-233, 249, 271,
+        279, _footnote_
+
+  Brazos Agency: 55
+
+  Bribery: William McIntosh guilty of, 236;
+    of chiefs to induce secession, 262, _footnote_
+
+  Brigade: jayhawking character of Lane's, 233;
+    Lane's gives John Mathews his deserts, 239;
+    Hunter asks permission to muster, of friendly Indians, 250;
+    Kile, quartermaster in 274;
+    proportion of white troops in Pike's, 280
+
+  Brooks, Preston: 45, _footnote_
+
+  Brown, James: 217
+
+  Buchanan, James: administration charged by free-state Kansans with bad
+        faith, 37;
+    endorses pro-slavery policy, 45, _footnote_;
+    distrusted, 47;
+    "no coercion" policy, 87, _footnote_;
+    patronage, given to southern men, 262, _footnote_;
+    work cited, 22, _footnote_, 29, _footnote_
+
+  Buckner, H. S: 92
+
+  Buffalo Hump: 305, 315, 330, 338, 348
+
+  Bureau of Indian Affairs (Confederate): 128, 141, _footnote_, 190,
+        _footnote_
+
+  Burgevin, Edmund: 105, _footnote_
+
+  Burleigh, Walter A: 227, _footnote_
+
+  Burlington: 259, 260, _footnote_
+
+  Burroughs, B: 120
+
+  Burrow, N. B: 99, 298, 305, 330, 341
+
+  Bushwhackers: drive Caddoes out of Texas, 19, _footnote_
+
+  Butler, George: agent for Cherokees, 45, 47, _footnote_, 285, 290
+
+  Byington, Cyrus: 79
+
+
+  Cache Creek: 55
+
+  Caddoes: from Louisiana, 19, _footnote_;
+    Pike to meet, 189, _footnote_;
+    horses stolen by, 353
+
+  Calhoun, J. M: 90, _footnote_
+
+  Calhoun, John C: report, 27;
+    motive, 29;
+    political heresy, 133
+
+  Cameron, Simon: 234, 249, _footnote_
+
+  Campbell, A. B: 260, _footnote_
+
+  Canadian River: 55, 63, 67, 162
+
+  Cane Hill: 296, 327
+
+  Carolinas: Catawbas in, 20, _footnote_
+
+  Carroll, H. K: work cited, 37, _footnote_
+
+  Carruth, E. H: report, 84, _footnote_, 197, _footnote_, 198, _footnote_;
+    appointed by Lane, 242;
+    interviews Creek delegates, 245;
+    tries to arrange for inter-tribal council, 246;
+    letter, 267
+
+  Cass, Lewis: 193, _footnote_
+
+  Catawbas: admitted to Choctaw citizenship, 20, _footnote_;
+    in possession of northeastern part of Choctaw country, 20, _footnote_;
+    in South Carolina fight with South, 20, _footnote_
+
+  "Catron letter": 29, _footnote_
+
+  Chah-la-kee: suggested territory of, 31, _footnote_
+
+  Chah-lah-ki: district of, 178
+
+  Chah-ta: suggested territory of, 31, _footnote_
+
+  Chahta Tamaha: 189, _footnote_
+
+  Chatterton, Charles W: 259, _footnote_
+
+  Checote, Samuel: 193, 194
+
+  Cherokee Declaration of Independence written by Pike, 137, _footnote_
+
+  Cherokee Executive Council, 136, _footnote_;
+    John Ross promises to call meeting of, 153;
+    meeting of, 216, 217;
+    communicates with McCulloch, 226
+
+  Cherokee Neutral Lands: location, 21, _footnote_, 64;
+    size, 21, _footnote_;
+    intruded upon, 35, 46, 285, 290;
+    project for selling, 50, 163;
+    McCulloch takes position opposite, 225;
+    Lane's proposed camp in, 233;
+    Stand Watie ordered to take up a position in, 252, _footnote_;
+    Cowart sets out for, 294
+
+  Cherokee Outlet: 54, _footnote_, 63, _footnote_, 64
+
+  Cherokee Proclamation of Neutrality: 153-154
+
+  Cherokee Strip: location, 21, 64;
+    coveted by Kansans, 21
+
+  Cherokee Treaty: 157 and _footnote_;
+    declares allegiance to C. S. A., 159, _footnote_;
+    contains guarantee of autonomy, 159, _footnote_;
+    contains promise of representation in Congress 159, _footnote_;
+    navigable waters, 174;
+    admission to military academy, 180;
+    appointment of postmasters, 180;
+    considered by Provisional Congress, 206;
+    negotiated, 237;
+    Ross's characterization of, 257
+
+  Cherokees: from Tennessee and Georgia, 20;
+    tarried in Arkansas, 19, _footnote_;
+    go to Texas, 20, _footnote_;
+    removal to Arkansas suggested by Jefferson, 20, _footnote_;
+    in North Carolina fight with South, 20, _footnote_;
+    "Eastern" in controversy with "Western," 20, _footnote_;
+    character of constitution, 31, _footnote_;
+    visited by Sacs and Foxes, 36, _footnote_;
+    work of A.B.C.F.M. among, 39;
+    schools among, 39, _footnote_;
+    religious denominations among, 39-40;
+    desirable to have slaveholders settle among them, 42;
+    material progress due to slavery, 46;
+    search organization among, 48;
+    with Cooper as volunteers, 54;
+    antebellum relations with people of Arkansas, 64;
+    representatives at inter-tribal conference, 71;
+    visited by commissioners from Texas, 92;
+    in council with Creeks, Seminoles, Quapaws, and Sacs, 94;
+    Pike's negotiations with, 134, _footnote_;
+    to be indemnified, 163;
+    made an exception, 168;
+    at Battle of Wilson's Creek, 214-215, 214, _footnote_;
+    secession of, 217;
+     resolutions of, 223-225;
+    secret organization among, 291-293
+
+  Chickasaw: district, 34, _footnote_, 52
+
+  _Chickasaw and Choctaw Herald_: 56, _footnote_
+
+  Chickasaw Legislature: act, 68;
+    resolutions, 122, _footnote_, 155
+
+  Chickasaw Manual Labor School: 40, _footnote_
+
+  Chickasaws: from Alabama and Mississippi, 20;
+    character of constitution, 31, _footnote_;
+    domestic troubles, 34;
+    political connection with Choctaws, 34, _footnote_;
+    religious denominations among, 40, _footnote_;
+    construct government, 51;
+    as volunteers, 54;
+    country, 63;
+    not represented at inter-tribal conference, 71;
+    convention of Choctaws and, 91;
+    prevented from attending council at North Fork, 94;
+    take charge of property abandoned by Federals at Fort Arbuckle, 102;
+    appeal of Burroughs to, 120-121;
+    resolutions of Choctaws and, 130;
+    negotiations of Albert Pike with, 136, _footnote_, 196-197;
+    reported as anxious to join Southern Confederacy, 155;
+    treaty with, considered by Provisional Congress, 204-207;
+    E. H. Carruth communicates with loyal portion of, 246-247
+
+  Chilton, William P: 127
+
+  Chippewas: from Michigan, 19;
+    warriors, 227, _footnote_
+
+  Chi-sho-hung-ka: 238, _footnote_
+
+  Chisholm, Jesse: 313, 320
+
+  Choctaw-Chickasaw Regiment: 77, 207, 210, 211, 230, _footnote_, 252,
+        _footnote_
+
+  Choctaw-Chickasaw Treaty: 157, and _footnote_;
+    declares allegiance to C. S. A., 159, _footnote_;
+    contains promise of representation in Congress, 159, _footnote_;
+    suggests ultimate statehood, 160, _footnote_;
+    recognizes Choctaw country as distinct from Chickasaw, 161;
+    transfers lease of Wichita Reserve to Confederate States, 162;
+    navigable waters, 174;
+    amnesty, 175
+
+  Choctaw Corn Contract: scandal involves Pike, 57, _footnote_
+
+  Choctaw General Council: act, 20, _footnote_;
+    resolution, 72-74;
+    under authority of Chief Hudson declares Choctaw Nation "free and
+        independent," 156, 196;
+    plan treaty of alliance and amity with Confederacy, 156;
+    communication from Pike, 187, _footnote_, 196, _footnote_
+
+  Choctaw Light Horse: 24, _footnote_
+
+  Choctaws: tarried in Arkansas, 19, _footnote_;
+    Catawbas wish to unite with, 20, _footnote_;
+    intimacy with negroes, 20, _footnote_;
+    in Mississippi fight with South, 20, _footnote_;
+    prepared to assent to territorial bill, 31, _footnote_;
+    domestic troubles, 34;
+    political connection with Chickasaws ended, 34, _footnote_;
+    religious denominations among, 39-40;
+    schools among, 40, _footnote_;
+    desirable to have slaveholders settle among them, 42;
+    ask relief, 57, _footnote_;
+    country, 63;
+    antebellum relations with people of Arkansas and Texas, 64;
+    not represented at inter-tribal conference, 71;
+    delegation, 74;
+    affairs, 75-79;
+    treaty with Confederate States, 78, 204;
+    convention of Chickasaws and, 91;
+    prevented from attending council at North Fork, 94;
+    resolutions of Chickasaws and, 130;
+    negotiations of Pike with, 136, _footnote_, 196-197;
+    reported as anxious to join Confederacy, 155;
+    enlist in army, 210;
+    Carruth in communication with loyal portion, 246-247
+
+  Chuahla: 39, _footnote_
+
+  Chustenahlah: battle of, 258
+
+  Citizenship: U. S. recommended for Indians, 31 and _footnote_;
+    Ottawas express preference for U. S., 36, _footnote_;
+    Indians to determine own tribal, 169;
+    Jim Ned's right of, forfeited within Leased District, 306
+
+  Civil War (American): no adequate history of American, 17;
+    Indian allies of South in, 20, _footnote_;
+    in Choctaw-Chickasaw country threatened, 34 and _footnote_;
+    delays Indian removal from Kansas, 37;
+    corrupt practices of Democratic Party just prior to American, 45,
+        _footnote_;
+    Stand Watie on Southern side in, 49, _footnote_;
+    responsibility of Texas and Arkansas for participation of Indians in,
+        63;
+    early interest of Texas and Arkansas in Indian country, 67;
+    see also _Enlistment of Indians_
+
+  Civilization Fund: 37
+
+  Clark, George W: 211, _footnote_, 240, _footnote_
+
+  Clover, Seth: 209, _footnote_
+
+  Cobb, Howell: 45, _footnote_
+
+  Cockrell, S. R: 119
+
+  Coe, Chas. H: work cited, 20, _footnote_
+
+  Coffin, William G: 80 and _footnotes_, 184, 245, 247, 259, 274
+
+  Colbert, D: 41, _footnote_
+
+  Colbert, Holmes: 261, _footnote_
+
+  Colbert, Winchester: 197, 201, _footnote_
+
+  Colbert Institute: 40, _footnote_
+
+  Coleman, Isaac: 186, _footnote_, 259, _footnote_
+
+  Collamore, George W: 261, _footnote_
+
+  Colley, S. G: 350
+
+  Collin (Texas): exodus of non-secessionists from, 95
+
+  Colorado: indigenous tribe, in, 19, _footnote_;
+    attempts to secure Indian coöperation, 83
+
+  Comanche Treaty: 157, _footnote_, 158;
+    amnesty, 176
+
+  Comanches: 51, 52, 55, 189, _footnote_, 200 and _footnote_, 201, 206,
+        313, 320, 323, 324, 331, 337, 347, 351
+
+  Commission: from Texas to Indian nations, 88 _et seq._;
+    from Arkansas, 108, _footnote_
+
+  Concharta: 255
+
+  Confederate Contract: for supplying Indians of Leased District, 301-303,
+        347, 352
+
+  _Confederate Military History_: work cited, 103, _footnote_
+
+  _Congressional Globe_: work cited, 58, _footnote_
+
+  Connelley, W. E: work cited, 34, _footnote_, 49, _footnote_
+
+  Connor, John: 544
+
+  Cooley, D. N: 56, _footnote_, 134, _footnote_, 226
+
+  Cooper, Douglas H: citizen of Mississippi, 41;
+    fears abolitionization of Indian country, 41;
+    sends note to Superintendent Dean, 42;
+    sanguine as to slavery conditions among Indians, 45;
+    survey of Leased District, 53;
+    Choctaw Corn Contract, 57, _footnote_;
+    becomes colonel in Confederate army, 76;
+    regiment of Choctaws to be under command of, 77, 207;
+    absent from post, 82 and _footnote_;
+    apparently disapproves of Texan interference, 96;
+    receives suggestions from Rector, 106-107, _footnote_, 187;
+    instructions to, 147, _footnote_;
+    defection of, 186-187;
+    asked to continue as agent, 190, _footnote_;
+    wishes to be agent and colonel, 197, _footnote_, 212, _footnote_;
+    report concerning Indian enlistment, 211;
+    in battle with Opoethleyohola, 254 _et seq._, 312;
+    complains of not having more white troops, 280
+
+  Cooper, Samuel: 53, _footnote_, 147
+
+  Corn Contract: see _Choctaw Corn Contract_
+
+  Council: Cherokee, in session at Tahlequah, 50, _footnote_;
+    Choctaw at Doaksville, 77;
+    composition of Doaksville, 77;
+    at Fort Smith, 226-227, 241;
+    at Tahlequah, 237 _et seq._, 240;
+    Coffin holds, with representatives of non-secession element of various
+        tribes, 267;
+    Agent Johnson holds, with Delaware chiefs, 272, _footnote_;
+    Indian refugees hold, at Fort Roe, 278, _footnote_;
+    Creek, demands payment of money, 289;
+    Cowart reports rumor of Cherokee, 294;
+    Cherokee, to meet, 296;
+    of each tribe to consider amendments to treaties, 323;
+    Leeper holds with Indians of Leased District, 346;
+    Comanches propose, to effect everlasting peace with Southern people,
+        347;
+    see also _Inter-tribal Conference_
+
+  Covode, John: 276
+
+  Covode Committee: 45, _footnote_
+
+  Cowart, Robert J: 46, 82 and _footnote_, 89, _footnote_, 114 and
+        _footnote_, 184, 290, 295, 298
+
+  Cowetah: 69, _footnote_
+
+  Cox, John T: 261, _footnote_
+
+  Crawford, John: 183, _footnote_, 184-185, and _footnotes_, 190,
+        _footnote_, 215, _footnote_, 216, 218, 219, _footnote_, 220, 223,
+        325
+
+  Creek Country: Seminoles accommodated within, 50;
+    proposal for giving southern Comanches home within, 51 and _footnote_;
+    proposal to allot lands in severalty, 58
+
+  Creek Light Horse: 218, _footnote_
+
+  Creek National Council: rejects proposal for allotment of lands in
+        severalty, 58, _footnote_;
+    approves draft of treaty with C. S. A., 194
+
+  Creek Treaty: 157 and _footnote_;
+    Dole ignorant of existence, 157, _footnote_;
+    declares allegiance to C. S. A., 159, _footnote_;
+    contains guarantee of autonomy, 159, _footnote_;
+    contains promise of representation in Congress, 159, _footnote_;
+    model on subject of recognizing slavery, 166-167;
+    extradition, 173;
+    negotiation of, 192-195;
+    considered by Provincial Congress, 206;
+    clauses providing for active alliance, 212
+
+  Creeks: from Georgia and Alabama, 19-20;
+    assist in Seminole removal, 20, _footnote_;
+    mixture with negroes, 20, _footnote_, 23, _footnote_;
+    status of free negro among, 23, _footnote_;
+    Presbyterians among, 40;
+    desirable to have slaveholders settle among, 42;
+    repent giving home to Seminoles, 51;
+    location, 67;
+    representatives at inter-tribal council, 71;
+    visited by commissioners from Texas, 92;
+    in council with Cherokees, Seminoles, Quapaws, and Sacs, 94
+
+  Crime: unjustly charged against missionaries, 47;
+    charged against Reserve Indians, 52
+
+  Crutchfield, Major P. T: 111
+
+  Culbertson, Alexander: 210, _footnote_
+
+  Cumberland Presbyterians: 40, _footnote_
+
+  Curtis, Gen. S. R: 138, _footnote_
+
+  Cushing, Caleb: opinion as attorney-general, 22
+
+  Cutler, Abram: 229, _footnote_
+
+  Cutler, George A: 184, _footnote_, 249, _footnote_, 259, _footnote_, 266
+
+
+  Davis, Jefferson: influences Cushing, 22;
+    writes to Worcester, 23, _footnote_;
+    nominates Hubbard Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 128;
+    appoints Pike special commissioner to Indians, 130;
+    message, 202;
+    Marshall writes to, 207
+
+  Davis, John B: 23, _footnote_
+
+  Davis, John D: 199, _footnote_
+
+  Davis, William P: 199, _footnote_
+
+  Dawson, J. L: 193, _footnote_
+
+  Dean, Charles W: 42;
+    work cited, 35, _footnote_, 60, _footnote_
+
+  Debray, X. B: 102, _footnote_
+
+  Decotah: suggested territory of, 31, _footnote_
+
+  Deep Fork of Canadian: 254
+
+  Delawares: from Indiana, 19;
+    tarry in Missouri, 19, _footnote_;
+    free state men among, 35;
+    anxious to avoid white man's interference, 36, _footnote_;
+    Baptist school on reservation, 38;
+    as refugees, 56, _footnote_;
+    Leeper to communicate with, 181, _footnote_;
+    Pike hopes to meet, 189, _footnote_;
+    wealth, 208, _footnote_;
+    treaty with, 231, _footnote_;
+    employed as scouts, 232;
+    appeal to, 268;
+    response of, 268;
+    and Shawnees attack Wichita Agency and kill Leeper, 329, _footnote_
+
+  Delegates: five great tribes should have, in Congress, 31, _footnote_;
+    Pike sent as, 132-133;
+    to be allowed in Confederate Congress, 159, 161, 177, 203, 204, 324;
+    Creek on way to Washington, 245;
+    Gamble to Confederate Congress, 312
+
+  Delegation: Choctaw and Chickasaw, gives assurance to Indian Office of
+        neutrality, 74 and _footnote_, 75;
+    from non-secession element in various tribes, 265-266 and _footnote_,
+        267 and _footnote_;
+    from Leased District visits Kiowas, 353
+
+  Denton: exodus from, 95
+
+  Denver, J. W: 270
+
+  Derrysaw, Jacob: 69, _footnote_, 194, 218, _footnote_
+
+  Dickey, M. C: 209, _footnote_
+
+  Dickinson, J. C: 50, _footnote_, 296
+
+  Diplomacy: used to effect Indian alliance, 17;
+    and intrigue to effect Seminole removal from Florida, 20, _footnote_
+
+  District of Columbia: status of slavery in, 22
+
+  Disunion: Pike's poem on, 133 and _footnote_
+
+  Doaksville: 39, _footnote_;
+    Choctaw constitution, 51;
+    Council at, 77
+
+  Dole, William P: 56, _footnote_, 74, _footnote_, 75, 80, 231 and
+        _footnote_, 233, 241-242, 250, 266, 271, 273, 274
+
+  Dorn, Andrew J: 30, _footnote_;
+    takes charge of Neosho Agency, 35, _footnote_, 51;
+    absent from post, 82;
+    citizen of Arkansas, 82, _footnote_;
+    tells Neosho River Agency Indians to attend Tahlequah meeting, 241;
+    letter of, 295;
+    Rector complains of conduct of, 328
+
+  Dred Scott Decision: effect upon Indian interests, 29
+
+  Drew, John: 137, _footnote_, 214, _footnote_, 217, 226, 253, _footnote_,
+        255
+
+  Drew, Thomas: work cited, 30, _footnote_;
+    issues permits to peddle in Indian country, 60
+
+  Drouth: 57, 146, 208
+
+  Du Val, Ben T: 104, _footnote_
+
+  Dwight: Cherokee school at, 39, _footnote_
+
+
+  Echo Harjo: 58, _footnote_, 80, _footnote_, 192, 193, 243
+
+  Edwards, John: 78
+
+  Elder, Peter P: 81, _footnote_
+
+  Elk Horn Tavern: battle of, 138, _footnote_
+
+  Ellis, Jo: 244
+
+  Emigration: of Indians voluntary, 19, _footnote_
+
+  Emissaries: 83, 88, 89, _footnote_, 113 _et seq._, 114, _footnote_, 115,
+        _footnote_, 132, 142, 148, _footnote_, 183, 208, 210, _footnote_,
+        218, _footnote_, 219, _footnote_, 242
+
+  Emory, William H: 96-102, 98, _footnotes_
+
+  Enlistment of Indians: Pike favors, 132;
+    McCulloch instructed to secure, 144, 147;
+    no intention of Confederacy to use as Home Guards exclusively, 148;
+    Pike objects to use outside of Indian country, 149;
+    Hyams urges, 155;
+    Chief Hudson authorizes, among Choctaws, 156;
+    Federal attitude towards, 227 _et seq._,
+    compulsory, illegal, 228, _footnote_;
+    Lane resolves upon, 229-230 and _footnotes_;
+    Frémont favors, 231-232;
+    Delaware chiefs oppose, 232;
+    Lane persists in urging, 248;
+    urged by Hunter, 250;
+    to be resorted to by Federals in invading Indian Territory, 270-271
+        and _footnotes_, 272, _footnote_;
+    U. S. War Department reverses action respecting, 275, 279 and
+       _footnotes_;
+    Coffin's views on, 277, _footnote_;
+    muster roll showing, 344;
+    among Comanches abandoned, 350
+
+  Euchees: 52
+
+
+  Factions: among Cherokees, 49-50, 151 _et seq._, 215, 223, 240;
+    among Creeks, 192-194, 254;
+    among Seminoles, 198-199;
+    among Comanches, 306
+
+  Fairfield: Cherokee school at, 39, _footnote_
+
+  Fall Leaf: 231, _footnote_, 232 and _footnotes_, 233, _footnote_
+
+  Farnsworth, H. W: 229, _footnote_, 272
+
+  Fayetteville: 67, _footnote_, 184, 310, 326
+
+  Female seminaries: Indian girls attend, 67, _footnote_
+
+  Finch, John: 30, _footnote_
+
+  Finley, C. A: 270
+
+  Fishback, William Meade: 104, _footnote_
+
+  Fleming, Walter L: work cited, 108, _footnote_
+
+  Floyd, John B: 53, 296
+
+  Folsom, George: 23, _footnote_
+
+  Folsom, Israel: 74
+
+  Folsom, Joseph P: 77
+
+  Folsom, Peter: 74, 76, 196
+
+  Folsom, Sampson: 41, _footnote_, 76, 196
+
+  Food: Indian refugees need, 260;
+    to destitute Delawares from Cherokee country, 268, _footnote_;
+    Creek refugees destitute of, 273, _footnote_, 278, _footnote_;
+    supposed fraudulent character of contract for supplying, 285-289;
+    Confederate contract with Charles B. Johnson for supplying, 301-303;
+    for Comanches, 313;
+    to be furnished Indians in council considering amendments to
+        treaties, 323;
+    receipt for, furnished, 345
+
+  Fort Arbuckle: 54, 87, _footnote_, 97, 135, _footnote_, 201, _footnote_,
+        297, 303, 345, 357
+
+  Fort Belknap: 88, _footnote_
+
+  Fort Caleb: 295
+
+  Fort Cobb: 82, footnote, 84, _footnote_, 96, 97, 98 and _footnote_, 189,
+        _footnote_, 296, 332, 356
+
+  Fort Coffee Academy: 40, _footnote_
+
+  Fort Davis: 349
+
+  Fort Gibson: abandoned as military post, 53;
+    Major Emory and, 104;
+    distance from Fort Smith, 108;
+    Pike returns to, 137, _footnote_;
+    Armstrong to meet emigrating Creeks at, 193, _footnote_;
+    Cooper draws off in direction of, 256;
+    money at, 325
+
+  Fort Leavenworth: 88, _footnote_, 103, 208, _footnote_, 251, 259, 266,
+        267, 270
+
+  Fort Lincoln: 229, _footnote_, 230, 243
+
+  Fort McCulloch: 139, _footnote_, 284
+
+  Fort Randall: 227, _footnote_
+
+  Fort Roe: 259 and _footnote_, 275, _footnote_, 277, _footnote_
+
+  Fort Scott: 249, _footnote_, 266
+
+  Fort Smith: headquarters of southern superintendency, 64;
+    evacuated, 76;
+    W. G. Coffin fails to reach, 81, _footnote_;
+    Emory reaches, 97;
+    Emory tarries at, 99;
+    hot-bed of sectionalism, 103;
+    distance from Fort Gibson, 108;
+    J. J. Gaines reaches, 113;
+    Pike proceeds to, 138, _footnote_;
+    McCulloch at, 150;
+    talk of confiscating Rector's property at, 182, _footnote_;
+    distance from Scullyville, 211;
+    fire at, 298
+
+  Fort Smith Council: 192, _footnote_, 226-227, 241
+
+  _Fort Smith Papers_: cited, 41, _footnote_, 43, _footnote_, 50,
+        _footnote_, 104, _footnote_, 197, _footnote_, 198, _footnote_,
+        285-328
+
+  _Fort Smith Times_: cited, 47, _footnote_
+
+  Fort Sumter: 118
+
+  Fort Towson: 40, _footnote_
+
+  Fort Washita: 77, 91, 96, 189, _footnote_, 297, 303
+
+  Fort Wise: 210, _footnote_
+
+  Forty-niners: covet land in Indian country, 28
+
+  Frauds: William Walker, head chief of Wyandots, takes part in Kansas
+        election, 22, _footnote_
+
+  Frazier, Jackson: 41, footnote
+
+  Free negroes: status among Creeks and Seminoles, 23, _footnote_;
+   among Choctaws, 24, _footnote_;
+   Leased District rendezvous for, 56-57
+
+  Free-soilers: 45, 46, 113
+
+  Free-state expansion: charge that Calhoun intended to prevent, 30
+
+  Free-state men: intrenched among Delawares north of Kansas River, 35
+
+  Frémont, John C: 214, _footnote_, 215, _footnote_, 231, 232, 233,
+        _footnote_, 248, 312
+
+  Frontier: action along Missouri-Arkansas in Civil War, 17;
+    character of men of, 114;
+    Indians exploited for sake of men of, 170;
+    trouble on, to be expected, 183, _footnote_
+
+  Frozen Rock: 53
+
+  Fugitive Slave Law: operative within Indian country, 22, 166, 178
+
+
+  Gaines, J. J: 113, 115, _footnote_, 116
+
+  Gamble, James: 41, _footnote_, 54, _footnote_, 197, 312
+
+  Garland, Samuel: 74, 76
+
+  Garrett, William H: 58, _footnote_, 82, and _footnote_, 183, 184 192,
+        194, 212, _footnote_, 324
+
+  Georgia: Creeks and Cherokees from, 20, 193, _footnote_;
+    D. E. Twiggs from, 87
+
+  Grayton: exodus from, 95
+
+  Green, J. J: 105, _footnote_
+
+  Greenwood, A. B: 36, _footnote_, 45, _footnote_, 46, 48, 113, 192, 209,
+        _footnote_, 291, 292, 294
+
+  "Grier letter": 29, _footnote_
+
+  Griffith, Samuel: 119, 182, _footnote_, 183-184
+
+  Grimes, Marshal: 56, _footnote_, 57, _footnote_, 98, _footnote_, 336, 337
+
+
+  Hagerstown (Md.): Quantrill, native of, 48
+
+  Half-breeds: status of, 23, _footnote_;
+    generally slaveholders, 46;
+    influence sought in holding Indian country for South, 67;
+    planter class in Indian Territory, 67, 75;
+    white men and Choctaw, hold secession meeting, 77;
+    missionaries fear, 78;
+    hated by "loyal" Cherokees, 139, _footnote_;
+    attempt to force full-bloods into alliance with Confederacy, 216
+
+  Halleck, Henry W: 215, _footnote_, 275
+
+  Hamilton, Charles A: appointed commissioner, 88;
+    report, 91
+
+  Harris, C. A: 193, _footnote_
+
+  Harris, Cyrus: 41, _footnote_, 69, _footnote_, 80, _footnote_;
+    visited by commissioners from Texas, 91
+
+  Harris, Thomas A: 130
+
+  Harrison, James E: appointed commissioner, 88;
+    report, 91;
+    referred to by Governor Clark, 131, _footnote_
+
+  Helena (Ark.): 104
+
+  Hemphill, John: 100, _footnote_
+
+  Hester, G. B: 230, _footnote_
+
+  Hicks, Charles: 237, _footnote_
+
+  Hindman, Thomas C: 48, _footnote_, 105, _footnote_, 357
+
+  Hobbs, Reverend Doctor S. L: 79
+
+  Hotchkin, Ebenezer: 42, 76
+
+  Houston, Sam: 31, _footnote_, 90, 93
+
+  Howard, O. O: work cited, 220, _footnote_
+
+  Hubbard, David: 108;
+    letter to Governor Moore, 109-110;
+    nominated as Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 128;
+    Pike hopes for coöperation, 141;
+    receives instructions from Walker, 142-143;
+    ill-health, 143, _footnote_;
+    writes to John Ross, 144-145;
+    reply of John Ross to, 146-147;
+    instructed not to offer statehood, 161;
+    advice to Crawford, 308;
+    advises economy, 315
+
+  Hudson, George: 77, 80, _footnote_;
+    declares Choctaw Nation "free and independent," 156;
+    dealings with Pike, 196;
+    proclamation, 196, 210
+
+  Humboldt: 243, _footnote_, 247
+
+  Humphreys, John J: 185, 218, _footnote_
+
+  Hunter, David: 248, 249, and _footnote_, 250, 251, 260, 266, 270, 275,
+        276, 312
+
+  Hyams, S. M: 155
+
+
+  Illinois: tribes from, 19
+
+  Indian adoption: 169
+
+  Indian camp: Lane plans establishment to prevent foraging into Kansas,
+        230;
+    to be located in Cherokee Neutral Lands, 233;
+    Cooper reaches, 254
+
+  Indian country: west of Arkansas and Missouri, 19;
+    tribes within, indigenous and emigrant, 19 and _footnote_;
+    population, 20-21;
+    cut in two by Missouri Compromise line, 20;
+    reservation system established, 21;
+    listed with District of Columbia as strictly federal soil, 22;
+    Fugitive Slave Law declared operative within, 22;
+    presence of free negroes sometimes source of grave danger, 23,
+        _footnote_;
+    constantly beset by difficulties, 24, 27;
+    likely to be greatly reduced in area by Manypenny treaties, 35;
+    intruders attracted by supposed mines of precious metals, 35,
+        _footnote_;
+    rivalry among churches, 37;
+    intruders to be removed by Agent Cowart, 46;
+    practically no U. S. troops within, 52-53;
+    northern tribes of less importance politically than southern, 62,
+        _footnote_;
+    slaveholding politicians work through halfbreeds to hold for South, 67;
+    strategic importance of, appreciated by Arkansas, 108;
+    military necessity of securing, 131;
+    Pike describes sojourn in, 134 _et seq._, _footnote_;
+    McCulloch to give military protection to, 148;
+    McCulloch lays plans for taking possession of, 149;
+    establishment of Confederate States courts promised by treaty with
+        great tribes, 177;
+    postal system to be maintained throughout, 180;
+    U. S. War Department resolves upon expedition to, 270
+
+  Indian Home Guards: Pike in favor of Indians as, 132;
+    no evidence that Indians wanted exclusively as, 148;
+    individual Cherokees as, 149-151;
+    disposition to keep Indians as, 212;
+    Ross's plan defeated by McCulloch, 226-227;
+    authorized by Cherokee Executive National Council, 226;
+    Drew's regiment tendered to McCulloch, 227;
+    Drew's regiment escorts Pike to Park Hill, 240
+
+  Indian Intercourse Law: difficulty in enforcing, 24, _footnote_;
+    Greenwood's exposition of, 290;
+    Leeper asks for copy, 315;
+    Leeper reports troops necessary to enforce law within Leased District,
+        346
+
+  Indian Property Rights: put in jeopardy by pioneer advance, 28;
+    in trans-Missouri region, 29;
+    rendered secure by treaty promises, chap. iii
+
+  Indian Removal: policy, 19, _footnote_;
+    law for, 19, _footnote_;
+    indemnification for, 164-166
+
+  Indian States in Union: suggested by southern politicians, 31;
+    suggested by Texas newspapers, 31, _footnote_;
+    Confederacy promises to Choctaws, 78;
+    no assurance of, to be given by Hubbard, 143;
+    promised in treaties made by Confederacy, 160 and _footnote_, 161;
+    Davis calls attention to clauses in Indian treaties providing for, 203;
+    Provisional Congress modifies treaty guarantee for, 204
+
+  Indian Territory: small tribes find their way to, 19, _footnote_;
+    annexed for judicial purposes to Western District of Arkansas, 23,
+        _footnote_;
+    in danger of being abolitionized,41-42;
+    only home for Indians from Kansas, 36;
+    drouth in, 58;
+    political status of tribes in, 62, _footnote_;
+    position with respect to Texas and Arkansas, 63;
+    topographical description of, 63;
+    early interest of Texas and Arkansas in, 67;
+    halfbreeds of, a planter class, 67, 75;
+    Knights of Golden Circle active in, 68;
+    Indians to be driven out of, 76;
+    cut off from communication with U. S. Indian Office, 81, _footnote_;
+    agents within, all southern men, 82;
+    Commissioner Dole urges reoccupation of, 241;
+    strategical importance of, 242;
+    included within Trans-Mississippi District of Department No. 2, 280
+
+  Indian trade: licenses for, 59-60;
+    regulations respecting, 169-171
+
+  Indiana: tribes from, 19;
+    W. G. Coffin from, 80
+
+  Indians: lands granted in perpetuity, 18;
+    participation in American Civil War inevitable, 18;
+    as emigrants, 19;
+    number of colonized, 20-21;
+    proportion of southern to northern, 21;
+    slaves enticed away by abolitionists, 23;
+    seized as fugitives by southern men, 23;
+    interests militated indirectly against by Dred Scott decision, 29;
+    territorial form of government for, 30, _footnote_, 31, _footnote_;
+    treaty rights likely to be seriously affected by repeal of Missouri
+        Compromise, 34;
+    plan for colonizing Texas, 52, 55;
+    Knights of Golden Circle active among, 68;
+    condition of, reported by Texas commissioners, 94;
+    Choctaw and Chickasaw friendly to Confederate States, 100, _footnote_;
+    enlistment, 132, 147-149, 155, 181, _footnote_, 207, 210, 211-212,
+        227, _footnote_, 248, 250, 252, _footnote_, 270, 275, 279;
+    treaties with Confederate States, 157-158, 202-206;
+    judicial rights under treaties with Confederate States, 172-174;
+    military support secured early by Confederacy, 207;
+    use of, by U. S. as soldiers uncertain, 227 _et seq._;
+    not subject to conscription, 228, _footnote_;
+    reported arming themselves on southern border of Kansas, 228,
+        _footnote_;
+    conference with Lane at Fort Lincoln, 230;
+    totally abandoned by U. S. government, 262, _footnote_;
+    see also under names of individual nations and tribes
+
+  Interior Department: 53, 80, 218, _footnote_, 242, 265, 273
+
+  Interlopers: encourage slavery within Indian country, 22;
+    see also _Intruders_
+
+  Inter-tribal Conference: documents relating to, called by the
+        Chickasaws, 68, _footnote_;
+    assembling of, at Creek Agency, 70;
+    attendance, 71;
+    action, 71-72;
+    action not officially reported to U. S. government, 82;
+    Motey Kennard and Echo Harjo in Washington at time, was planned, 192;
+    Indians solicit, 209, _footnote_;
+    Lane arranges for, to meet at Fort Lincoln, 243, 246;
+    Coffin desires, at Humboldt, 247;
+    plans for, at Leroy, 248;
+    Hunter instructed to hold, 250;
+    difference between, as planned by Lane and by Hunter, 250, _footnote_;
+    John T. Cox gives account of, 262, _footnote_
+
+  Interview: of Pike and McCulloch with Cherokee Confederate sympathizers,
+        135, _footnote_, 152;
+    of Lane with representatives of various tribes at Fort Lincoln
+        proposed, 243, 246;
+    of Coffin with Carruth, 243, _footnote_;
+    of Carruth with Creek delegation, 245
+
+  Intrigue: and diplomacy to effect Seminole removal from Florida, 20,
+        _footnote_;
+    Pike expected to succeed in, with Southern Indians, 86, _footnote_
+
+  Intruders: to be removed by Agent Cowart, 46;
+    interfere with slavery, 47;
+    Confederate military authority to supplement tribal in expulsion of,
+        169;
+    Agent Butler's reports, 285;
+    Greenwood discusses matter with Rector, 290-291;
+    Cowart reports progress in removal of, 295, 296, 297;
+    Cowart gives notice to John B. Jones to leave Cherokee Nation, 296;
+    see also _Interlopers_
+
+  Iowas: 189, _footnote_
+
+  Irish, O. H: 227, _footnote_
+
+  Iyanubbi: Choctaw school at, 39, _footnote_
+
+
+  Jackson, Andrew: 19;
+    inducements offered to Indians, 58;
+    procedure of, 72;
+    opposed to political tenets of John C. Calhoun, 133
+
+  Jayhawking: of Lane's brigade, 233, 234, 277
+
+  Jennison, C. R: 275, _footnote_
+
+  Jesup, Thomas S: 164, _footnote_, 165
+
+  Jim Ned: 306, 330, 341
+
+  Jim Pockmark: 306, 338
+
+  John Chupco: 198, _footnote_, 199
+
+  John Jumper: and Seminole removal, 20, _footnote_;
+    favors boarding schools for youth of tribe, 40, _footnote_;
+    approached by Albert Pike, 85, _footnote_, 197, _footnote_, 198,
+        _footnote_;
+    signs complaint against General Jesup, 164, _footnote_;
+    signs treaty with Confederate States, 198;
+    signature attached to Comanche treaties, 200, _footnote_;
+    doing duty faithfully, 319;
+    letter to, 337
+
+  Johnson, Charles, B: 56, _footnote_, 98, _footnote_, 105, footnote, 190,
+        _footnote_, 199, 287, 289, 301, 314, 323, 332, 352
+
+  Johnson, F: 231, footnote, 232, 248, and _footnote_, 329, _footnote_
+
+  Johnson, James B: 105, _footnote_
+
+  Johnson, Richard H: 47, _footnote_, 105, _footnote_
+
+  Johnson, Robert W: 31, _footnote_, 47, _footnote_, 105, _footnote_, 127;
+    correspondence with Albert Pike, 131, 132;
+    motion, 204;
+    Crawford serves by request, 308;
+    elected senator, 334
+
+  Johnson, Thomas: slavery-propagation work among Indians, 22, _footnote_,
+        39
+
+  Johnson, W. Warren: 303
+
+  Johnson: exodus from, 95
+
+  Jones, Evan: 47, 93, 135, _footnote_, 217, 218, _footnote_, 236, 240,
+        _footnote_, 292, 293
+
+  Jones, H. P: 199, 348, 350
+
+  Jones, John: 309
+
+  Jones, John B: 47, 269, _footnote_, 296
+
+  Jones, R. M: 75, 77, 79, 197, 344-345
+
+  Journeycake, Charles: 231, _footnote_, 268, _footnote_
+
+  Jumper, John: see _John Jumper_
+
+
+  Ka-hi-ke-tung-ka: 238, _footnote_
+
+  Kannady, J. R: 125
+
+  Kansa: indigenous to Kansas, 19;
+    suffering of, 209, _footnote_
+
+  Kansas: Indian tribes in, 19;
+   agitation for the opening up of, 28;
+    compared with Choctaw country, 31, _footnote_;
+    suggested organization causes excitement among Indians, 33-34;
+    citizens encroach upon Cherokee Neutral Lands, 46;
+    drouth in, 58;
+    political status of tribes in, 62, _footnote_;
+    and Cherokee Outlet, 64;
+    Elder, citizen of, 186;
+    Pike desires to raise Indian battalion, 207;
+    Indians wish to fight, 227, _footnote_
+
+  Kansas Historical Society: _Collections_, 19, _footnote_, 34, _footnote_
+
+  Kansas-Nebraska Bill: effect upon Indian interests, 29, 35;
+    settlers demand Indians to vacate territory covered by, 36;
+    Seward's speech on, 58-59
+
+  Kansas Territory: first districting illegally included Indian lands, 35;
+    free-state settlers charge Buchanan government with bad faith, 37
+
+  Kappler, C. J: work cited, 20, _footnote_, 34, _footnote_, 49,
+        _footnote_, 50, _footnote_, 52, _footnote_
+
+  Kaskaskias: from Illinois, 19
+
+  Keitt, Lawrence M: 127, 129
+
+  Kennedy, John C: 211, _footnote_
+
+  Kickapoos: from Indiana, 19;
+    tarry in Missouri, 19, _footnote_;
+    denominationalism among, 37, _footnote_;
+    refugees, 56, _footnote_;
+    Leeper to communicate with, in name of Albert Pike, 181, _footnote_;
+    Pike hopes to meet, 189, _footnote_
+
+  Kile, William: 261, _footnote_, 274
+
+  Kingsbury, Rev. Cyrus: 40, and _footnote_, 43, _footnote_, 76
+
+  Kingsbury Jr., Cyrus: 79
+
+  Kiowas: 52;
+    Texans reported tampering with, 210, _footnote_;
+    messengers from, 309;
+    talk for, 320;
+    treaty with, to be effected, 323, 331;
+    delegation of, 324;
+    Big-head, chief of, 342;
+    Lone Wolf, chief of, 350;
+    E-sa-sem-mus, chief of, 350;
+    annual festival of, 351;
+    treaty with, 354
+
+  Knights of Golden Circle: probable influence with Arkansas Legislature,
+        68, _footnote_;
+    evidence of activity among Indians, 68;
+    halfbreeds belong to, 86, _footnote_
+
+  Koonsha Female Seminary: 40, _footnote_
+
+
+  Lands: plot to dispossess Indian of, 18;
+    pledged by U. S. government as Indian possession in perpetuity, 18, 28;
+    of Cherokees extended north of thirty-seventh parallel, 21;
+    of Indians coveted by Forty-niners, 28;
+    of Indians in Kansas excluded from local governmental control, 35;
+    allotment in severalty proposed to Creeks, Choctaws and Chickasaws, 58;
+    violation of treaties to cost Indians their, 86, _footnote_;
+    property rights of Indians guaranteed by Confederacy, 161 _et seq._;
+    Indians to have right to dispose of by will, 172;
+    Cherokee halfbreeds fear designs upon Indian, 216
+
+  Lane, James H: 125, 229, 231, _footnote_, 233, 242, 251 and _footnote_,
+        265, 270, 276, 278
+
+  Lane, W. P: 357
+
+  Laughinghouse, G. W: 120
+
+  Leased District: 52 and _footnote_, 54, 56, 57, _footnote_, 63, 67, 96,
+        179, 199, 297, 340, 349
+
+  Lee, Robert E: 88, _footnote_, 98, _footnote_, 99
+
+  Lee, S. Orlando: letter, 75-79, 197, _footnote_
+
+  Leeper, Matthew: 57 and _footnote_, 82 and _footnote_, 96, 98 and
+        _footnote_, 99, 180, _footnote_, 199, _footnote_, 303, 304-307,
+        311, 315-319;
+    removal of, asked for by Rector, 323;
+    death of, 329, _footnote_;
+    charges against, 333
+
+  _Leeper Papers_: cited, 57, _footnote_, 99, _footnote_, 102, _footnote_,
+        181, _footnote_, 186, _footnote_, 199, _footnote_, 200,
+        _footnote_, 201, _footnote_, 329-357
+
+  Lee's Creek: Cherokee school at, 39, _footnote_
+
+  Lefontaine, Louis: 208, _footnote_
+
+  Leroy: 248, 266
+
+  Lincoln, Abraham: 68, 76, 80, 86, _footnote_, 93, 95, 118, 122,
+        _footnote_, 182, 185, 234 and _footnote_, 250, 265, _footnote_,
+        266, 274, 276, 278
+
+  Little Captain: 277, _footnote_
+
+  Little Rock: 103, 108, 190, _footnote_
+
+  London, John T: 104, _footnote_
+
+  Long John: 198, _footnote_
+
+  Love, Overton: 23, _footnote_
+
+  Lower Creeks: 50, 80, _footnote_, 192, 244
+
+  Lowrie, Walter: 75
+
+  "Loyal Creeks": 192, _footnote_, 193, 194, _footnote_, 195, 199,
+        243-246, 250, 254, 259;
+    sufferings, 260;
+    measures for relief of, 260 _et seq._, 272;
+    annuities of "hostiles" to be applied to relief of, 274
+
+  Luce, John B: 125, 282, _footnote_
+
+
+  McCarron, Thomas: 311
+
+  McClellan, George B: 265, _footnote_, 275, 276
+
+  McCulloch, Ben: 85, _footnote_, 120, 135, _footnote_, 141, 143-144;
+    letter of Hubbard to, 144-145;
+    attempt to secure Cherokee help, 149-153;
+    communication with John Ross, 149;
+    reply of John Ross to, 150;
+    correspondence with Secretary Walker, 151, and _footnote_;
+    reports Choctaws and Chickasaws as anxious to join Confederacy, 155;
+    accompanies Albert Pike, 189, _footnote_;
+    gives authority for calling out six hundred rangers from Fort Cobb,
+        198, _footnote_;
+    objects to appointment of Garrett as colonel of Creek regiment, 212,
+        _footnote_;
+    acts under direct orders from Richmond, 225;
+    promises to protect Cherokee borders, 227;
+    orders Stand Watie to take up position in Cherokee Neutral Lands, 252,
+        _footnote_;
+    goes to Richmond, 257, _footnote_
+
+  McCulloch, Henry E: 99, _footnote_, 207
+
+  McCulloch, Thomas C: 210, _footnote_
+
+  McDaniel, James: 262, _footnote_, 268, and _footnote_
+
+  Machinations: secessionist sympathy of Indians not due to, of agents and
+        others, 219, _footnote_
+
+  McIntosh, Chilly: 92, 140, _footnote_, 193, and _footnote_, 200,
+        _footnote_
+
+  McIntosh, D. N: 92
+
+  McIntosh, James: 256 _et seq._
+
+  McIntosh, Rolly: 193, _footnote_
+
+  McIntosh, William: 191, _footnote_, 193, _footnote_;
+    attempts to bribe John Ross, 236, _footnote_
+
+  McRae, John J: presents petition for removal of Choctaws, 20, _footnote_
+
+  McWillie, M. H: 207, _footnote_
+
+  Mails: insecurity, 116;
+    none in Indian country, 190, _footnote_;
+    irregularity, 230, 252, _footnote_;
+    must be provided for in Leased District, 309;
+    Rector has no authority to establish, 332
+
+  Malfeasance: Rev. Thomas Johnson suspected of, 39, 41;
+    few Indian Office officials free from, 56, _footnote_;
+    Washburn implicated in, 85, _footnote_;
+    Indian agents guilty of, 262, _footnote_
+
+  Manassas Junction: battle of, 216
+
+  Mandan: suggested territory of, 32, _footnote_
+
+  Manypenny, George W: 30, _footnote_;
+    Indian treaties made by, 33, _footnote_, 35;
+    promises to look into expediency of Comanche removal, 51, _footnote_;
+    suggests giving Indians control of trade, 170
+
+  Marcy, William L: 165, _footnote_
+
+  Marshall, F. J: 207
+
+  Marysville: 207
+
+  Mass-meeting: of Cherokees at Tahlequah, 217 _et seq._, 226, 234
+
+  Mathews, John: 235, _footnote_, 239
+
+  Mayers, Abram G: 56, _footnote_, 197, _footnote_, 230, _footnote_, 287,
+        288, 289, 312
+
+  Mayes, Joel: 214, _footnote_
+
+  Medicines: Texans seize, 305, 308;
+    Leeper's requisition can not be honored, 330-331
+
+  Memphis (Tenn.): 97, 104, 134, _footnote_
+
+  Methodist Episcopal Church South: 37, _footnote_, 38, 40, _footnote_
+
+  Methodists: 38
+
+  Mexican War: effect upon Indian interests, 28;
+    service of Pike in, 132
+
+  Miamies: from Indiana, 19;
+    charges against Agent Clover, 209, _footnote_
+
+  Michigan: tribes from, 19
+
+  Mikko Hutke: 194, 244
+
+  Military Board of Arkansas: 190
+
+  Minnesota: territory of Decotah to be carved out of, 31, _footnote_
+
+  Mission: of Pike, 134 _et seq._;
+    of Hubbard, 143 _et seq._;
+    of Carruth, 242, 246-247
+
+  Missionaries: encourage slavery within Indian country, 22;
+    among Indians, 39 _et seq._;
+    suspected of attempting to abolitionize Indian country, 41;
+    charged with inciting to murder, 47;
+    search organization among Cherokees due to, 48
+
+  _Missionary Herald_: cited, 40, _footnote_, 41, footnote
+
+  Missions: 39 _et seq._, 143
+
+  Mississippi: Choctaws and Chickasaws from, 20;
+    Choctaws in, fight on side of South, 20, _footnote_;
+    Cooper, citizen of, 41
+
+  Mississippi River: 17, 63
+
+  Missouri: Kickapoos, Shawnees, and Delawares tarry in, 19, _footnote_;
+    interests herself in Indian alliance, 83
+
+  Missouri Compromise: line approximately boundary between northern and
+        southern Indian immigrants, 21;
+    encroachment upon northern rights under, 22;
+    as affected by Kansas-Nebraska bill, 30
+
+  Mitchell, Charles B: 97, 98, 334
+
+  Montgomery: 76, 87, _footnote_, 94, 109, 192, 196, 297
+
+  Moore, Andrew B: 108
+
+  Moore, Frank: work cited, 45, _footnote_, 125, _footnote_, 227,
+        _footnote_
+
+  Moore, Thomas O: 155, 192, _footnote_
+
+  Moo-sho-le-tubbee: district of, 34, _footnote_
+
+  Moravians: 38
+
+  Morton, Jackson: 127
+
+  Motey Kennard: 58, _footnote_, 80, _footnote_, 92, 94, 119, 191, and
+        _footnote_, 193, 199, 200, _footnote_, 218, _footnote_, 243, 337
+
+  Mound City: 230, _footnote_
+
+  Munsees: from Ohio, 19;
+    Moravians among, 38
+
+  Murphy, J: 119
+
+  Mus-co-kee: territory of suggested, 31, _footnote_
+
+
+  Navajoe: suggested territory of, 32, _footnote_
+
+  Ne-a-math-la: 193, _footnote_
+
+  Nebraska: indigenous tribes in, 19, _footnote_;
+    agitation for opening up of, 28;
+    drouth in, 57
+
+  Ne-con-he-con: 268, _footnote_
+
+  Negroes: Choctaws charged with mixing with, 20, _footnote_;
+    Creeks almost completely mixed with, 22, _footnote_;
+    Creeks possess no aversion to race mixture, 23, _footnote_;
+    no rights that white men are bound to respect, 29;
+    Quantrill plans to rescue, 48;
+    Indians agree to return fugitive, 166, _footnote_;
+    six hundred, seized by Kansans, 334
+
+  Neighbors, Robert S: 56, _footnote_
+
+  Neosho: suggested territory of, 31, _footnote_
+
+  Neosho River: 208, 277, _footnote_
+
+  Neosho River Agency: 30, _footnote_;
+    invaded, 35, _footnote_;
+    Elder put in charge of, 186;
+    Indians of, at Fort Smith Council, 241
+
+  Neutrality: McCulloch agrees to respect Cherokee, 136, _footnote_;
+    of Indians scarcely possible, 145;
+    Chief Ross gives reasons for preserving, 147, 150;
+    Chief Ross objects to violation of, 150;
+    majority of Cherokees favor, 153;
+    Chief Ross's Proclamation of, 153-154;
+    discussion in Cherokee meeting at Tahlequah, 220 _et seq._;
+    McCulloch orders Stand Watie's men not to interfere with Cherokee, 227
+
+  New Hope Academy: 40, _footnote_
+
+  _New Orleans Picayune_: 32, _footnote_
+
+  Newspapers: 47, 75, 80, _footnote_
+
+  New York Indians: from Wisconsin, 19;
+    reservation invaded, 35;
+    members of Neosha River Agency, 51;
+    Refugees camp upon lands of, 260
+
+  North Carolina: Cherokees fight on side of South, 20, _footnote_
+
+  North Fork Village: 92, 94, 95, 157, 188, 192
+
+  North Fork of Canadian: 67, 136, _footnote_, 189, _footnote_, 254
+
+  Northern Baptists: 38, 39
+
+  Northern Indians: colonized within limits of great American desert, 18;
+    relative position of, 21;
+    Pike hoped to exert influence over, 208;
+    reported organized into spy companies by Federals, 306
+
+
+  Oak Hills, or Wilson's Creek: battle of, 215, 216, 225, 257, _footnote_
+
+  Ochiltree, William B: 129
+
+  Office of Indian Affairs: plans for removal of Catawbas from Carolinas,
+        20, _footnote_;
+    takes measures for removal of Seminoles from Florida, 20, _footnote_;
+    refuses to remove Choctaws from Mississippi, 20, _footnote_;
+    unable to execute plan for removal of Texas Indians before 1859, 52;
+    reply of Creeks to proposals, 58;
+    patronage of, 59;
+    out of communication with Indian Territory, 81, _footnote_;
+    complaint filed at, 96;
+    in possession of documents incriminating D. H. Cooper, 186;
+    discontinues Indian allowances, 192;
+    supports War Department, 271
+
+  Ogden, John B: 89, _footnote_, 108, _footnote_, 115, _footnote_
+
+  Ohio: people of, desire information about Manypenny treaties, 33,
+        _footnote_
+
+  Okanagan: suggested territory of, 32, _footnote_
+
+  Ok-ta-ha-hassee Harjo [Sands]: 194, 244, and _footnote_
+
+  Old Choctaw Agency: 211, _footnote_
+
+  Oldham, W. S: 100, _footnote_
+
+  _Old Scottish Gentleman_: 107 and _footnote_
+
+  Old Settlers Party: 49
+
+  Omaha Mission School: youths from, enlist in army, 227, _footnote_
+
+  Omahas: 227, _footnote_
+
+  Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la: 138, _footnote_, 193 and _footnote_, 194, 195,
+        _footnote_, 198, _footnote_, 236, _footnote_, 243, 253,
+        _footnote_, 254 _et seq._, 268, 278
+
+  Oregon: occupied, 28
+
+  Osage Manual Labor School: 38, _footnote_
+
+  Osage Mission: 182, _footnote_
+
+  Osage River Agency: 208, _footnote_
+
+  Osage Treaty: 157 and _footnote_;
+    lands, in Kansas guaranteed by, 162;
+    model on subject of rendition of slaves, 167;
+    navigable waters, 175;
+    negotiated, 237
+
+  Osages: indigenous to Kansas, 19;
+    Great and Little, 20, _footnote_;
+    reservation invaded, 35, 295;
+    determined to resist removal, 36;
+    Roman Catholicism among, 38 members of Neosho River Agency, 51;
+    negotiations with Pike, 137, _footnote_;
+    described as "lazy," 208, _footnote_;
+    letter to, from John Ross, 235, 236, _footnote_;
+    bands of, 237
+
+  Otis, Elmer: 210, _footnote_
+
+  Otoes: 209, _footnote_
+
+  Ottawas: from Michigan, 19;
+    regard removal as useless, 36, _footnote_;
+    Baptists among, 38
+
+  Ozark Mountains: 19, _footnote_
+
+
+  Pacific Railroad Surveys: cited, 54, _footnote_
+
+  Pa-hiu-ska: 238, _footnote_
+
+  Panola: county of, 68, _footnote_
+
+  Pape, Henry: 182, _footnote_
+
+  Park Hill: Cherokee school at, 39, _footnote_;
+    residence of John Ross, 135, _footnote_, 188, footnote;
+    John Ross at, 150;
+    W. S. Robertson retires to, 218, _footnote_;
+    Pike invited to, 234;
+    treaties negotiated at, 237
+
+  Parker, Eli S: 228, _footnote_
+
+  Parker, Thomas Valentine: work cited, 49, _footnote_
+
+  Parks, Robert W: 355
+
+  Pas-co-fa: 198 and _footnote_, 319
+
+  Pawnees: purchase from, 33, _footnote_;
+    offer to enlist in U. S. army declined, 227, _footnote_
+
+  Pea Ridge: battle of, 138, _footnote_, 284
+
+  Pearce, N. Bart: 120, 131
+
+  Pegg, Major: 256, 257
+
+  Peoria, Baptiste: 235, _footnote_
+
+  Peorias: from Illinois, 19
+
+  Petition: of Representative John J. McRae, 20, _footnote_
+
+  Phelps, J. S: 81, _footnote_; 211, _footnote_, 240, _footnote_
+
+  Phillips, U. B: work cited, 134, _footnote_, 191, _footnote_
+
+  Piankeshaws: from Illinois, 19
+
+  Pickens: county of, 68, _footnote_
+
+  Pierce, Franklin: 41, _footnote_, 56, _footnote_
+
+  Pike, Albert: dislike of Van Dorn, 55, _footnote_;
+    concerned with Choctaw Corn Contract, 57, _footnote_;
+    and Choctaw commissioners, 78;
+    writes to Seminole chief, 84, _footnote_;
+    telegram, 105, _footnote_;
+    poem in honor of Elias Rector, 106;
+    correspondence with Robert Toombs, 129, 131, 134 and _footnote_, 152
+        and _footnote_;
+    appointed by President Davis special commissioner to Indians west of
+        Arkansas, 130;
+    correspondence with R. W. Johnson, 131, 132;
+    writings, 132, _footnote_, 133 and _footnote_;
+    unjust to John Ross, 134, _footnote_;
+    commissioner from Arkansas, 190-191;
+    views on use of Indians as soldiers, 149;
+    continues intercourse with Ridge Party, 156 and _footnote_;
+    moderate in promises to strong tribes, 163;
+    assumes financial obligations in name of Confederacy, 163-164;
+    opens communication with Indian field service, 180-181;
+    offers post to Leeper, 180, _footnote_;
+    negotiates with Creeks, 192-195;
+    negotiates with Choctaws and Chickasaws, 196-197;
+    negotiates with Seminoles, 197-199;
+    negotiates with western Indians, 200-202, 200, _footnote_;
+    report submitted by President Davis to Provisional Congress, 202;
+    invited to be present at consideration of Indian treaties, 205;
+    desires to raise an Indian battalion from Kansas, 208;
+    informed of Cherokee willingness to treat, 234;
+    assigned to command of Indian Territory, 253-254, 322;
+    Van Dorn's plans for, 280, 283;
+    retires to Fort McCulloch, 284;
+    continues Charles B. Johnson as contractor, 301-303;
+    receives Leeper's apology, 356
+
+  Pike, W. L: 194
+
+  Pine Ridge: 43, _footnote_
+
+  Pins: 86, _footnote_, 135, _footnote_, 137, _footnote_, 138, _footnote_,
+        216
+
+  Pioneers: 18, _footnote_
+
+  Pitchlynn, P. P: 74, 77
+
+  Pitchlynn, W. B: 197
+
+  Policy: of U. S. government with respect to Indians, 18;
+    of Confederate States government, 147
+
+  Politicians: as influencing Indian policy of government, 18, _footnote_;
+    motives of, 21;
+    demands of, for Indians, 31;
+    reason for urging secession among Indians, 98, _footnote_;
+    unjust charges against Ross, 150
+
+  Polk, James K: work cited, 49, _footnote_, 166, _footnote_
+
+  Pomeroy, Samuel C: 231, _footnote_
+
+  Pontotoc: county of, 68, _footnote_
+
+  Pope, John: 105, _footnote_
+
+  Population: of Indian country, 20-21;
+    of southern superintendency, 211, _footnote_;
+    of Creek Nation as estimated by Agent Garrett in report to Hubbard,
+        252-253, _footnote_
+
+  Postal system: to be maintained by Confederate States throughout Indian
+        country, 180
+
+  Potawatomies: from Indiana, 19;
+    Roman Catholicism among, 38;
+    Southern Baptists among, 38
+
+  Poteau River: 108
+
+  Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions: 37, _footnote_, 40, _footnote_,
+        41, 79
+
+  Presbyterians (Old School): 38, _footnote_, 39, 40, _footnote_, 41
+
+  Price, Sterling: 138, _footnote_, 225, 257, _footnote_, 280, 283, 312,
+        326, 334
+
+  Prince, J. E: 98, _footnote_, 231, _footnote_
+
+  Proclamation: of Ross pledging Cherokee neutrality, 153-154;
+    of Hudson announcing Choctaw independence, 196, 210
+
+  Pro-slavery men: intrenched among Shawnees south of Kansas River, 35;
+    settled upon Cherokee Neutral Lands, 35, _footnote_
+
+  Protectorate: over Indian tribes suggested, 130, 142, 158, 190
+
+  Provisional Congress of Confederate States: act of, May 21, 1861, 130,
+        158 and _footnote_;
+    considers treaties with Indian tribes, 202-206
+
+  Pulliam, Richard P: 183, _footnote_, 184, 294, 295, 297, 311, 324
+
+  Pushmataha: George Folsom, chief of district of, 23, _footnote_;
+    District of, 34, _footnote_
+
+
+  Quakers: 39
+
+  Quantrill, Wm. Clarke: 48, 214, _footnote_
+
+  Quapaw Treaty: 157 and _footnote_
+
+  Quapaws: 51, 64, 67;
+    in council with Creeks, Cherokees, Seminoles, and Sacs, 94;
+    negotiations with Pike, 136, _footnote_, 235, _footnote_, 237
+
+  Quesenbury, William: 183, _footnote_, 184, 190, _footnote_, 194, 303, 323
+
+
+  Ray, P. Orman: work cited, 22, _footnote_, 34, _footnote_, 38, _footnote_
+
+  Reagan, J. H: 230, _footnote_
+
+  Rector, Elias: superintends removal of Seminoles, 20, _footnote_, 182,
+        _footnote_;
+    demands for Indians, 31, _footnote_;
+    Cooper writes to, 42;
+    urges that Frozen Rock be converted into military post, 53;
+    enters into sort of private contract with Johnson and Grimes, 56 and
+        _footnote_;
+    Grimes and, 57, _footnote_, 285-289;
+    relieved, 80, _footnote_;
+    seconds efforts of cousin, 106;
+    suggestion to Cooper, 106-107, _footnote_, 187;
+    gives letter of introduction to Gaines, 113;
+    gives information concerning Choctaws and Chickasaws, 120;
+    attempt of U. S. government to find successor to, 182;
+    uncertainty as to when entering Confederate service, 182, _footnote_;
+    interview with Pike, 190, _footnote_;
+    in company of Pike, 197, 198, _footnote_;
+    writes to Leeper, 199, _footnote_;
+    expense account of, 304;
+    complaint against Pike, 328
+
+  Rector, Henry M: 102, 112
+
+  Red Fork of Canadian: 67, 255
+
+  Red River: 55, 63, 77, 91, 95, 100 and _footnote_, 108, 139, _footnote_,
+        175, 347, 349
+
+  Refugees: Opoethleyohola, leader of, 195;
+     Coffin prepares to meet, 259;
+    take up station between Verdigris and Arkansas Rivers, 259;
+    approximate number of, 260 and _footnote_;
+    sufferings of, 260-261 and _footnotes_, 265, _footnote_, 272;
+    absolute destitution of, 273, _footnote_;
+    Dole furnishes supplies to, 274;
+    joint resolution for relief of, 274;
+    annuities of hostile Indians to be diverted to relief of, 274 and
+        _footnote_
+
+  Regiment: Colonel Cooper's filled with Texans, 78;
+    Choctaw-Chickasaw and Creek, 210-211;
+    Creek, to elect its own officers, 213;
+    Drew's, organized, 226-227;
+    work and character of Drew's, 240 and _footnote_;
+    of Choctaw-Chickasaw Mounted Rifles, of Creeks, and of Cherokee
+        Mounted Rifles, 252, _footnote_, 262, _footnote_;
+    Drew's deserts Cooper, 256;
+    only one white, in whole Indian Department, 280;
+    Leeper asks for at least one, to keep order on Reserve, 349
+
+  Reid, Alexander: 76, 78
+
+  Removal: of Indiana more or less compulsory, 19 and _footnote_;
+    slavery advanced as objection to Indian, 21-22;
+    makes no difference in matter of slavery among Indians, 22;
+    difficulties within Indian country incident to, 27;
+    Calhoun's plan for, 27;
+    U. S. government slow to adopt policy of, 27-28;
+    settlers demand, of Indians from Kansas, 36;
+    certain tribes contemplating, 36, _footnote_;
+    of Indians from Kansas delayed on account of Civil War, 37;
+    _Missionary Herald_ useful for history of, 40, _footnote_;
+    reasons for, 48;
+    project for, of Cherokees causes dissensions within tribes, 49;
+    of Texas Indians, 52;
+    Wichitas ask for immediate, 56;
+    guarantee of territorial integrity in treaties arranging for, 160-161;
+    indemnification for, 164-166;
+    Choctaw claims under treaty of, 196
+
+  Reservation: system, introduced into trans-Missouri region, 21;
+    Creeks disgusted with idea of individual, 58
+
+  Reserve Indians: see _Indians of Leased District_, _Wichitas_,
+        _Tonkawas_, _Euchees_, etc.
+
+  Resolutions: of Choctaws, February 7, 1861, 72-74, 75;
+    of Chickasaw Legislature, May 25, 1861, 122-124 and _footnote_;
+    offered by Chilton of Alabama, 127;
+    offered by Toombs for appointment of special agent to Indian tribes,
+        129;
+    of Choctaws and Chickasaws showing friendly disposition towards South,
+        130 and _footnote_;
+    passed at Cherokee mass-meeting at Tahlequah, August, 1861, 218,
+        _footnote_, 223-225;
+    joint, for relief of Indian refugees in Kansas, 274
+
+  Rhodes, J. F: work cited, 45, _footnote_, 129, _footnote_, 146,
+        _footnote_
+
+  Richardson, James D: work cited, 129, _footnote_, 158, _footnote_, 202,
+        _footnote_
+
+  Ridge, John: 47, _footnote_
+
+  Ridge, or Treaty Party: in favor of Cherokee removal, 49;
+    connives with Ben McCulloch to circumvent wishes of Chief Ross, 151;
+    minority party, 153;
+    Pike's intercourse with, continues, 156;
+    attempts to develop public sentiment in favor of Confederacy, 215;
+    collision with Ross faction, 240
+
+  Robertson, W. S: 101, _footnote_, 192, _footnote_, 218, _footnote_
+
+  Robinson, Charles: 228, 234
+
+  Rock-a-to-wa: 231, _footnote_
+
+  Rogers, H. L: 332, 333, 336, 337
+
+  Rolla: W. S. Robertson fleeing from Indian country, reaches, 218,
+        _footnote_
+
+  Roman Catholics: 38, _footnote_
+
+  Ross, John: correspondence, 69, _footnote_, uncle of Wm. P. Ross, 71;
+    instructions of, 71, _footnote_;
+    influence, 72;
+    character, 72, _footnote_;
+    letter of Dole to, 80, _footnote_;
+    no one firmer friend to Union than, 86, _footnote_;
+    correspondence with John B. Ogden, 89, _footnote_, 115, _footnote_;
+    called upon by commissioners from Texas, 93;
+    letter from Governor Rector, 112;
+    letter to Rector, 117;
+    letter from citizens of Boonsboro, 111, _footnote_, 124;
+    J. R. Kannady communicates with, 125;
+    issues proclamation of neutrality, 125, 153-154;
+    Albert Pike unjust to, 134, _footnote_;
+    letter of Hubbard to, 144-145;
+    reply to Hubbard, 146-147;
+    correspondence with Ben McCulloch, 149-151;
+    sincerity possibly doubted, 168;
+    declared shrewd, 189, _footnote_;
+    Ridge Party attempts to undermine popularity, 215;
+    attends meeting of Cherokee Executive Council, 217;
+    address, 220, 223;
+    suspected of not acting in good faith, 226;
+    notifies Pike of Cherokee willingness to treat, 234;
+    communicates with Creeks and Osages, 235;
+    called upon to rally Cherokees, 256
+
+  Ross, Lewis: 138, _footnote_
+
+  Ross, Mrs. John: 220, _footnote_
+
+  Ross, Mrs. William P: work cited, 71, _footnote_
+
+  Ross, William P: 71, 89, _footnote_, 116, _footnote_, 137, _footnote_,
+        139, _footnote_, 217, 223
+
+  Ross, W. W: 210, _footnote_
+
+  Ross Party: opposed to removal, 49;
+    majority party, 153
+
+  Round Mountain: 255
+
+  Route: of Opoethleyohola's retreat, 261-262 and _footnote_
+
+  Rust, Albert: 105, _footnote_
+
+  Rutherford, A. H: 30, _footnote_, 190, _footnote_
+
+  Rutherford, Samuel M: 86, _footnote_, 183, 199 and _footnote_, 319
+
+
+  Sackett, Major: 98, _footnote_
+
+  Sacs and Foxes: of Missouri, 36, _footnote_
+
+  San Antonio: 52, _footnote_
+
+  Sands: see _Ok-ta-ha-hassee Harjo_
+
+  Schoenmaker, John: 182, _footnote_
+
+  Scott, S. S: 198, _footnote_, 201, _footnote_, 314, 321
+
+  Scott, Winfield: 88, _footnote_, 97, 249
+
+  _Scottish Songs_: work cited, 108, _footnote_
+
+  _Screw Fly_: work cited, 56, _footnote_
+
+  Scullyville: Choctaw constitution of, 51;
+    Creek regiment forming at, 211
+
+  Sebastian, William K: 106, _footnote_, 287
+
+  Secession: meeting held by white men and Choctaw half-bloods, 77;
+    Presbyterian ordained missionaries favor, 79;
+    Indian country threatened by advocates for, 80;
+    Indian agents active for, 82-83 and _footnote_;
+    mercenary motives in urging, 98, _footnote_;
+    sentiment in Arkansas, 103 _et seq._;
+    Pike offers arguments for, 133;
+    secret organization of "Pins," 135, _footnote_;
+    Stand Watie's party afraid to raise flag of, 140, _footnote_;
+    large element within Cherokee Nation favors, 153;
+    Griffith appointed commissioner to interview Indians in interests of,
+        184;
+    Indian opponents absent from Pike's meeting at North Fork Village, 192;
+    Jones most prominent of Choctaw advocates, 197;
+    traces of influence of, 208;
+    August mass-meeting of Cherokees ending in, 217
+
+  Second Seminole War: 20, _footnote_, 23, _footnote_, 164, _footnote_,
+        164-166
+
+  Secret Society: purpose of organization, 32, _footnote_;
+    in Missouri, 35, _footnote_;
+    among full-blooded Cherokees, 48;
+    "the Pins," 86, _footnote_, 135, _footnote_, 216;
+    among Cherokees for abolition purposes, 291, 293;
+    Greenwood orders its dissolution, 292;
+    Cowart's views upon schemes of, 294
+
+  Sells, Elijah: 186, _footnote_
+
+  Seminole Treaty: 157 and _footnote_;
+    declares allegiance to C. S. A., 159, _footnote_;
+    contains guarantee of autonomy, 159, _footnote_;
+    contains promise of representation in Congress, 159, _footnote_;
+    negotiated, 197-199, 197, _footnote_;
+    considered by Provisional Congress, 206
+
+  Seminoles: from Florida, 20;
+    removal in late fifties, 20, _footnote_;
+    status of free negro among, 40;
+    Presbyterians among, 40;
+    manifest only slight interest in education, 40, _footnote_;
+    given home in Creek country, 50;
+    destitute, 57, _footnote_;
+    representatives at inter-tribal conference, 71;
+    letter to chief of, 80, _footnote_;
+    condition reported by Carruth, 84, _footnote_;
+    in council with Creeks, Cherokees, Quapaws, and Sacs, 94;
+    negotiations of Pike with, 136, _footnote_;
+    complaint against General Jesup, 164, _footnote_;
+    Rector's transactions with, 182, _footnote_
+
+  Seneca and Shawnee Treaty: 157 and _footnote_
+
+  Senecas: 51, 64, 67;
+    negotiations of Pike with, 136, _footnote_;
+    from Cattaraugus Reservation, 227, _footnote_
+
+  Senecas and Shawnees: 51, 64, 67;
+    negotiations of Pike with, 136, _footnote_, 237
+
+  Settlers: in Kansas demand that Indians vacate territory, 36
+
+  Seward, William H: reference to "higher law" speech, 42, _footnote_;
+    Chicago speech, 58, 75;
+    Senate speech, 58
+
+  Shawnee Manual Labor School, 38
+
+  Shawnee Mission: work of Rev. Thomas Johnson at, 22, _footnote_
+
+  Shawnees: from Ohio, 19;
+    tarry in Missouri, 19, _footnote_;
+    pro-slavery men among, 35;
+    reported by Agent Dorn as anxious to leave Kansas, 36, _footnote_;
+    Baptist school on reservation of, 38;
+    Southern Methodists among, 38;
+    as refugees, 57, _footnote_;
+    trouble over tribal elections, 209, _footnote_;
+    attack Wichita Agency, 329, _footnote_
+
+  Shon-tah-sob-ba [Black Dog]: 235, _footnote_, 238, _footnote_
+
+  Short Bird: 319
+
+  Shoshone: suggested territory of, 32, _footnote_
+
+  Siebert, W. H: work cited, 23, _footnote_, 49, _footnote_
+
+  Sigel, Franz: 215, _footnote_
+
+  Simon, Ben: 329, _footnote_
+
+  Sioux: uprising, 21, _footnote_;
+    warriors, 227, _footnote_
+
+  Slaughter, Thomas C: 208
+
+  Slavery: in Kansas, 22;
+    encouraged, 22;
+    among Southern Indians, 22, 292;
+    influence of churches upon, 37;
+    white men to prevent abolition among Indians, 42;
+    opposition among Choctaws and Chickasaws, 45;
+    is being interfered with by intruders, 47;
+    cause in jeopardy among Cherokees, 48;
+    North to exterminate among Indians, 145;
+    recognized as legal institution by treaties, 166 and _footnote_;
+    offers easy solution of labor problem, 219;
+    Cowart reports complaints of interference with, 293
+
+  Slaves: 22, 142, 143, 144-145, 165, 166, _footnote_, 167, _footnote_,
+        172, 216, 261
+
+  Smith, Andrew J: charges against, 41, _footnote_
+
+  Smith, Caleb B: 74, _footnote_, 183, 242, 271, 274, 275
+
+  Smith, E. Kirby: 100, _footnote_
+
+  Smith, John G: 192
+
+  Smith, William R: work cited, 108, _footnote_, 109, _footnote_
+
+  Snow, George C: 198, _footnote_, 199, _footnote_
+
+  Southern Baptist Convention: 39, _footnote_
+
+  Southern Baptists: 38, 39
+
+  South Carolina: 20, _footnote_
+
+  Southern Indians: 18, 21, 32, 34, 36
+
+  Southern Methodists: 38, 39, 40
+
+  Southern Superintendency: 30, _footnote_
+
+  Sparrow, Edward: 127
+
+  Spencer Academy: 40, _footnote_, 75, 76, 78
+
+  Springfield: 214, _footnote_, 217, 255, 283, 312, 334
+
+  Spy companies: reported equipped by Federals, 306
+
+  Stand Watie: 49, _footnote_, 137, _footnote_, 153, 156, _footnote_, 227,
+        240, 283, 324
+
+  Stanton, Edwin M: 276, 279
+
+  Stanwood, Edward: work cited, 106, _footnote_
+
+  Stark, O. P: 76
+
+  State Department (C. S. A.): Albert Pike, commissioner from, 134,
+        _footnote_, 152;
+    Bureau of Indian Affairs, part of, 188, _footnote_
+
+  Stephens, Alexander H: work cited, 118, _footnote_, 119, _footnote_
+
+  Stevens, R. S: 209, _footnote_
+
+  Stevens, Thaddeus: 210, _footnote_
+
+  Stidham, G. W: 194
+
+  Stocks: 61, 76, 203, _footnote_
+
+  Stockton, G. B: 107, _footnote_, 186, _footnote_
+
+  Strain, J. H: 285, 287
+
+  Sturm, J. J: 199, 201, _footnote_, 330, 331, 353, 357
+
+  Sumner, Charles: 45, _footnote_
+
+  Sur-cox-ie: 268, _footnote_
+
+  Surveyors: 53
+
+
+  Tahlequah: 39, _footnote_, 93, 188, _footnote_, 217, and _footnote_,
+        218, _footnote_, 226, 234, 237, 293
+
+  Tallise Fixico: 194
+
+  Tatum, Mark T: 50, _footnote_, 104, _footnote_, 296
+
+  Taylor, J. W: 193, _footnote_
+
+  Taylor, N. G: 30, _footnote_
+
+  Tennessee: Cherokees from, 20;
+    John J. Humphreys from, 185
+
+  Tenney, W. J: work cited, 90, _footnote_
+
+  Tents: furnished to refugees, 261
+
+  Territorial expansion: 28, 58
+
+  Territorial form of government: 30, 31, _footnote_, 33
+
+  Texas: indigenous tribes in, 19, _footnote_;
+    Indians expelled from, 19, _footnote_, 52, 340;
+    Cherokees in, 20, _footnote_;
+    annexed, 28;
+    troops from, 53;
+    Indian patronage, 59;
+    Indian participation in Civil War, 63;
+    interest in Indian Territory, 67;
+    interest in securing alliance of Indians, 83, 88, 90;
+    interest in amnesty provisions of Indian treaties, 175-176;
+    commissioners from, 183;
+    attitude of northern countries of, 200, _footnote_;
+    desires Reserve Indians placed under her jurisdiction, 297
+
+  Texas Historical Association _Quarterly_: work cited, 20, _footnote_
+
+  Texas Superintendency: 56, _footnote_
+
+  Thomason, Hugh F: 202, 335
+
+  Thompson, Jacob: 45, _footnote_, 46, 54, 56, _footnote_
+
+  Tishomingo: county of, 68, _footnote_
+
+  Tonkawas: 52 and _footnote_, 189, _footnote_, 200, 201, _footnote_, 340,
+        353
+
+  Toombs, Robert: 129, 131, 134 and _footnote_, 135, _footnote_, 152
+
+  Totten, James: 103, 104
+
+  Traders: 22, 27, 59-60, 169 _et seq._, 193, _footnote_, 238-239, 319
+
+  Trammel, Dennis: 288, 289
+
+  Treat, S. B: 43, _footnote_
+
+  Treaties: 34, _footnote_, 37, _footnote_, 53, 78, 84, _footnote_, 102,
+        117, 122, _footnote_;
+    made with Indians as with foreign powers, 17;
+    Ohio desires information as to Manypenny, 33, _footnote_;
+    relations to U. S. in, 70, _footnote_;
+    obligation to abide by, 71, _footnote_;
+    reduction of forts violation of guaranties in, 97, _footnote_;
+    resulting from council at Tahlequah, 237 _et seq._;
+    with the Cherokees in part the result of intimidation, 240, _footnote_;
+    with the Neosho Agency Indians, 241;
+    money due the Creeks under, 289;
+    Pike reports all ratified, 320;
+    amendments to, 323;
+    manuscript copies of, 329-330, _footnote_;
+    no Indian Department to be organized until ratification of, 331;
+    terms of the, with the wild Indians, 352;
+    Leeper makes a, with the Comanches, 354-355
+
+  TROOPS:
+    _Confederate_--in Cherokee country, 136, _footnote_;
+      no Arkansas, available, 253, _footnote_;
+      Van Dorn's erroneous surmise as to proportion of white, in Pike's
+        brigade, 280;
+      Van Dorn's plans as to disposition of, 283;
+      Leeper inquires when, may be expected, 310;
+      Pike's confidence in white, 320;
+      lack of, in Leased District, 343, 349;
+      non-arrival of, 345.
+    _Indian_--Confederacy secure before negotiation of treaties of
+        alliance, 207;
+      plans for distribution of, 207;
+      Cherokee, under McCulloch, 226-227;
+      Northern, offer to furnish U. S. with, 227, _footnotes_;
+      large and increasing number in Indian Territory, 252;
+      not possible to keep order, 346.
+    _United States_--few within Indian country, 52-53;
+      Secretary Floyd disposed to withdraw from Indian frontier, 53;
+      from Texas ordered to protect U. S. surveyors, 53;
+      number to be retained in Indian country queried, 72, _footnote_;
+      Carruth reports all gone from Indian Territory, 86, _footnote_;
+      ordered to leave, 87 and _footnote_;
+      disposition, reported upon by Texas commissioners, 95;
+      under Emory ordered to Indian Territory, 96 _et seq._;
+      flee from Indian Territory, 101;
+      dissatisfaction at reported change in disposition in Arkansas, 103,
+        105;
+      to counteract influence of secessionists, 216;
+      method of warfare under Lane, 233;
+      Dole urges to re-occupy Indian Territory, 241;
+      sudden withdrawal spreads alarm in Leased District, 299
+
+  _True Democrat_: work cited, 47, _footnote_, 48, _footnote_, 106,
+        _footnote_
+
+  Tuckabatche Micco: 51, _footnote_
+
+  Tuckabatchee Town: 193, _footnote_
+
+  Tulsey Town: 255
+
+  Turnbull, John P: 189, _footnote_
+
+  Turner, J. W: 260, 272, _footnote_
+
+  Tusaquach: 247
+
+  Tush-ca-horn-ma: district of, 179
+
+  Twiggs, D. E: 55, _footnote_, 87
+
+
+  Umatilla: suggested territory of, 32, _footnote_
+
+  Underground railroad: 40
+
+  Upper Arkansas Agency: 210, _footnote_
+
+  Upper Creeks: 50, 208, _footnote_, 191, _footnote_, 192, 193,
+        _footnote_, 236, _footnote_, 244, 319
+
+  Usher, John P: 56, _footnote_, 228, _footnote_
+
+
+  Van Buren (Ark.): 64, _footnote_
+
+  Van Dorn, Earl: 55, 138, _footnote_, 280, 283
+
+  Vann, Joseph: 217, 223
+
+  Verdigris River: 259, 272
+
+
+  Wah-pa-nuc-ka Institute: 40, _footnote_
+
+  Walker, David: 116, 298
+
+  Walker, Leroy P: 119, 127, 142, 147, 151, 161, 200, _footnote_, 207,
+        215, _footnote_
+
+  Walker, William: head chief of the Wyandots, 22, _footnote_
+
+  Walker, William: 105, _footnote_
+
+  Wall, David: 23, _footnote_
+
+  Walnut Creek: 259
+
+  War Department: C. S. A., 128, _footnote_, 139, _footnote_, 140,
+        _footnote_, 193, _footnote_, 257, _footnote_;
+    U. S. A., 52, 80, 87, 96, 228, _footnote_, 234, 241, 250, 264-265, 275
+
+  Washburn, J. W: 84, _footnote_, 164, _footnote_, 238, and _footnote_
+
+  Washita: Indians driven from country of, 19, _footnote_
+
+  Wattles, Augustus: 229, _footnote_
+
+  Waul, Thomas N: 127, 205
+
+  Weas: from Illinois, 19
+
+  Weber's Falls: 86, _footnote_
+
+  Welch, George W: 84, _footnote_
+
+  West Florida: seizure of, 28
+
+  West Point: 215, _footnote_
+
+  Wheelock: Choctaw school, 39, _footnote_
+
+  White, Joseph: 209, _footnote_
+
+  White, S. W: letter of, 33, _footnote_
+
+  White Cloud: 227, _footnote_
+
+  Whitney, Henry C: 208 and _footnote_
+
+  Whittenhall, Daniel S: 350
+
+  Wichita Agency: site for, 54, 56, _footnote_, 136, _footnote_;
+    attack upon, 329, _footnote_
+
+  Wichita Mountains: 51, 55
+
+  Wichita Treaty: 157, _footnote_, 158, 163, 176
+
+  Wichitas: 52;
+    colonization of, 55;
+    subsistence given to, 57, _footnote_;
+    Leased District of, 63;
+    colonized on land claimed as their own, 166;
+    Pike hopes to meet, 189, _footnote_;
+    Pike fears hostility of, 200;
+    refuse to be cajoled or intimidated, 201
+
+  Wilson, Henry: work cited, 32, _footnote_
+
+  Wilson, William: 23, _footnote_
+
+  Wilson's Creek: battle of, 225
+
+  Winneconne: 219, _footnote_
+
+  Wisconsin: tribes from, 19
+
+  Wolcott, Edward: 273, _footnote_
+
+  Worcester, Reverend S. A: 23, _footnote_;
+    opposed to slavery, 41
+
+  Wyandots: from Ohio and Michigan, 19;
+    William Walker, head chief of, 22, _footnote_;
+    initiate movement for organization of Nebraska Territory, 34;
+    interested in Kansas election troubles, 34, _footnote_;
+    Methodism, 38
+
+
+  Yancton Sioux: Agent Burleigh suggests that garrison Fort Randall, 227,
+        _footnote_
+
+  Young, William C: 100
+
+  Yulee, David L: 238, _footnote_
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Confessedly much to its discredit, the United States government has
+never had, for any appreciable length of time, a well-developed and
+well-defined Indian policy, one that has made the welfare of the
+aborigines its sole concern. Legislation for the subject race has almost
+invariably been dictated by the needs of the hour, by the selfish and
+exorbitant demands of pioneers, and by the greed and caprice of
+politicians.
+
+[2] There were, of course, other indigenous tribes to the westward, in the
+direction of Colorado and Texas, and to the northward, in southern
+Nebraska; but only the latter were more than remotely affected, as far as
+local habitation was concerned, by the coming of the eastern emigrants and
+the consequent introduction of the reservation system.
+
+[3] Kansas Historical Society _Collections_, vol. viii, 72-109.
+
+[4] In scarcely a single case here cited was the old home of the tribe
+limited by the boundaries of a single state nor is it to be understood
+that the state here mentioned was necessarily the original habitat of the
+tribe. It was only the territorial headquarters of the tribe at the time
+of removal or at the time when the policy of removal was first insisted
+upon as a _sine qua non_. Some of the Indians emigrated independently of
+treaty arrangements with the United States government and some did not
+immediately direct their steps towards Kansas or Oklahoma; but made,
+through choice or through necessity, an intervening point a
+stopping-place. The Kickapoos, the Shawnees, and the Delawares tarried in
+Missouri, the Choctaws and the Cherokees, many of them, in Arkansas but
+that was before 1830, the date of the removal law. After 1830, there was
+no possible resting-place for weary Indians this side of the Ozark
+Mountains.
+
+[5] Some of the more insignificant southern Indians eventually found their
+way also to Oklahoma. In 1860 there were a few Louisiana Caddoes in the
+northwestern part of the Chickasaw country, most likely the same that, in
+1866, were reported to have been driven out of Texas in 1839 by
+bushwhackers and then out of the Washita country at the opening of the
+Civil War. They continued throughout the war loyal to the United States.
+In 1853 the Choctaw General Council passed an act admitting to the rights
+of citizenship several Catawba Indians; and from that circumstance, the
+Office of Indian Affairs surmised that the Choctaws would be willing to
+incorporate Catawbas yet in the Carolinas. In 1857 there were about
+seventy Catawbas in South Carolina on a tiny reservation. They expressed
+an ardent wish to go among the Choctaws. In 1860 the Catawbas were in
+possession of the northeastern part of the Choctaw country.
+
+[6] For the detailed history of events leading up to Indian removals,
+particularly the southern, see American Historical Association, _Report_,
+1906, 241-450.
+
+[7] Not all of the southern Indians had emigrated in the thirties and
+forties. A considerable number of Cherokees removed themselves from the
+country east of the Mississippi to Texas. This was immediately subsequent
+to and induced by the American Revolution [Texas Historical Association,
+_Quarterly_, July, 1897, 38-46 and October, 1903, 95-165]. Many Cherokees,
+likewise, took the suggestion of President Jefferson and moved to the
+Arkansas country prior to 1820. Moreover, there were "Eastern Cherokees"
+in controversy with the "Western Cherokees" for many years after the Civil
+War. Their endless quarrels over property proved the occasion of much
+litigation. In the late fifties active measures were taken by the Office
+of Indian Affairs to complete the removal of the Seminoles and to
+accomplish by intrigue and diplomacy what the long and expensive Second
+Seminole War had utterly failed to do. Elias Rector of Arkansas
+superintended the matter and the Seminole chief, John Jumper, gave
+valuable assistance, as did also the Creeks, who generously granted to the
+Seminoles a home within the Creek country west [Creek Treaty, 1856,
+Kappler's _Indian Laws and Treaties_, vol. ii, 757]. Billy Bowlegs was the
+last Seminole chief of prominence to leave Florida [Coe's _Red Patriots_,
+198]. In 1853 there were still some four hundred Choctaws reported as
+living in Alabama and there must have been even more than that in
+Mississippi. In 1854 steps were taken, but unsuccessfully, for their
+removal. In 1859 Representative John J. McRae presented a petition from
+citizens of various Mississippi counties asking that the Choctaws be
+removed altogether from the state because of their intimacy and
+intercourse with the negroes. The Office of Indian Affairs refused to act.
+Perchance, it considered the moment inopportune or the means at hand
+insufficient. It may even have considered the charge against the Choctaws
+a mere pretext and quite unfounded since it was commonly reported that the
+Choctaws had a decided aversion to that particular kind of race mixture.
+In that respect they differed very considerably from the Creeks who to-day
+are said to present a very curious spectacle of an almost complete
+mixture. Choctaws from Mississippi and Cherokees from North Carolina and
+Catawbas from South Carolina fought with the South in the Civil War.
+
+[8] Other Indians made trouble during the progress of the Civil War, as,
+for instance, the Sioux in the summer of 1862. The Sioux, however, were
+not fighting for or against the issues of the white man's war. They were
+simply taking advantage of a favorable occasion, when the United States
+government was preoccupied, to avenge their own wrongs.
+
+[9] The existence of the "Cherokee Neutral Land" out of which the
+southeastern counties of Kansas were illegitimately formed was not exactly
+an exception to this. The Neutral Land, eight hundred thousand acres in
+extent, was an independent purchase, made by the Cherokees, and was not
+included in the exchange or in the original scheme that forced their
+removal from Georgia. It was a subsequent concession to outraged justice.
+
+[10] By far the best instance of missionary activity in behalf of slavery
+among the northern Indian immigrants is to be found in the case of the
+Reverend Thomas Johnson's work at the Shawnee Mission [Ray's _Repeal of
+the Missouri Compromise_, footnote 207]. Johnson, like William Walker,
+head chief of the Wyandots, was an ardent pro-slavery advocate [_ibid._,
+footnote 205] and took a rather disgracefully prominent part in the
+notorious election frauds of early Kansas territorial days [House
+_Report_, 34th congress, first session, no. 200, pp. 14, 18, 94, 425].
+
+[11] Buchanan's _Works_, vol. iii, 348, 350, 353.
+
+[12] Siebert's _Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom_, 284.
+
+[13] The most interesting case that came up in this connection was that of
+the so-called Beams' Negroes, resident in the Choctaw country and
+illegally claimed as refugees by John B. Davis of Mississippi [Indian
+Office, _Special Files_, no. 277]. The Reverend S. A. Worcester interested
+himself in their behalf [Jefferson Davis to Worcester, October 7, 1854]
+and a decision was finally rendered in their favor. Another interesting
+case of similar nature was, "In re negroes taken from Overton Love and
+David Wall of the Chickasaw Nation by Citizens of Texas, 1848-'57"
+[_ibid._, no. 278].
+
+[14] Under the Intercourse Law of 1834, the Indian Territory had been
+annexed for judicial purposes to the western district of Arkansas. The
+Indians were much dissatisfied. They felt themselves entitled to a federal
+court of their own, a privilege the United States government persistently
+denied to them but one that the Confederate government readily granted. As
+matters stood, prior to the Civil War, the red men seemed always at the
+mercy of the white man's distorted conception of justice and were,
+perforce, quite beyond the reach of the boasted guaranties of theoretical
+Anglo-Saxon justice since the very location of the court precluded a trial
+by their peers of the vicinage. The journey to Arkansas, in those early
+days, was long and tiresome and expensive. Complications frequently arose
+and matters, difficult of adjustment, even under the best of circumstance.
+Among the Creeks and Seminoles, the status of the free negro was
+exceptionally high, partly due, with respect to the latter, to conditions
+growing out of the Second Seminole War. As already intimated, the Creeks
+had no aversion whatsoever to race mixtures and intermarriage between
+negroes and Indians was rather common. The half-breeds resulting from such
+unions were accepted as bona fide members of the tribe by the Indians in
+the distribution of annuities, but not by the United States
+courts--another source of difficulty and a very instructive one as well,
+particularly from the standpoint of reconstructionist exactions.
+
+Occasionally the presence of the free negro within the Indian country was
+a source of grave danger. The accompanying letters outline a case in
+point:
+
+    HEAD QUARTERS 7TH. MIL: DEPT. FORT SMITH, March 5th. 1852.
+
+    SIR: By direction of the Colonel commanding the Department I transmit
+    herewith copies of a communication from George Folsom, Chief of the
+    Pushmataha District, to Colonel Wilson Choctaw Agent and one from
+    Colonel William Wilson Choctaw Agent to Brevet Major Holmes commanding
+    Fort Washita asking aid from the Military force.
+
+    As the letter from the Choctaw Agent is not sufficiently explicit as
+    to what he wishes done by the Military authority the subject is
+    referred to you, and if on investigation it be found that Military
+    interference is necessary to enforce the intercourse law, prompt
+    assistance will be rendered for the purposes therein specified, under
+    the direction and in presence of the Choctaw Agent. Respectfully Yr
+    Obt. Servt.,
+
+        FRANCIS N PAGE, Asst. Adjt. Genl.
+
+    Colonel John Drennen, Superintendent W. T.
+
+
+    _Inclosure_
+
+    CHOCTAW AGENCY, February 9th 1852
+
+    SIR: The enclosed copy of a letter from Colonel George Folsom Chief of
+    Pushmataha District of the Choctaw Nation will put you in possession
+    of the facts and reasons why I address you at this time.
+
+    As the position of the free Negros and Indians alluded to in the
+    Chief's letter seems to be of rather a hostile character, having built
+    themselves a Fort doubtless for the purpose of defending themselves if
+    interupted in their present location, it seems to me necessary that
+    they should be driven away if necessary by Military authority; and, as
+    your post is the most convenient to the place where the Negroes and
+    Indians are Forted I have thought that a command could be sent with
+    less trouble and at less expense to the government by you than any one
+    else. I would therefore most respectfully call upon you to take such
+    steps as you may think most advisable to remove from the Choctaw
+    country the persons complained of by the Chief, and if necessary call
+    upon Chief Folsom to aid you with his light horse, who may be of much
+    service to you in the way of Guides. Very Respectfully Yr. Obt Servt.
+
+        (Signed) WILLIAM WILSON, Choctaw Agent
+
+    [Endorsement] A true Copy, Francis N Page, Asst. Adjt. Genl.
+
+
+    _Inclosure_
+
+    PUSHMATAHA DISTRICT, January 23. 1852.
+
+    DEAR SIR: I spoke to you about those free negroes upon the head waters
+    of Boggy, when I last saw you, requesting to have something done with
+    them. I have just learned that the negroes and some Indians are banded
+    together and have built themselves a little Fort. There is no doubt
+    but that they will be a great trouble to us. One of our country judges
+    sent for the light-horse-men to go and seize the negroes, but I have
+    forbid them going, and many of our people wish to go and see them. I
+    have forbid any body to go there with intentions to take them. It will
+    no doubt be hard to break them up. You have probably just returned
+    home, and it may seem tresspassing upon you to write you about those
+    negroes and Indians, but you are our agent and we have the right to
+    look to you for help. It seems to me this affair wants an immediate
+    action on it.
+
+    I have simply stated to you how these negroes and Indians are Forted
+    up that you may better know how to deal with them. In purforming your
+    duties if I can in any way render you any assistance I shall always be
+    happy to do so. Very respectfully Your friend
+
+        (Signed) GEORGE FOLSOM, Chief Push: Dist:
+
+    Col: William Wilson, Choctaw Agent [Endorsement] a true Copy, Francis
+    N Page, Asst. Adjt. Genl.
+
+[15] Buchanan's _Works_, vol. x, "the Catron letter," 106; "the Grier
+letter," 106-107.
+
+[16] This was as it appeared to N. G. Taylor, Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs, as he looked back, in 1867, upon events of the past few years. He
+was then of the opinion that the very existence of slavery among the
+southern tribes had most probably saved their country from being coveted
+by emigrants going westward.
+
+[17] One agency under the Southern Superintendency, the Neosho River
+Agency, was, however, included in the scheme preliminary to the
+organization of Kansas and Nebraska. See the following letters found in
+Thomas S. Drew's _Letter Press Book_:
+
+    (a) OFFICE SUPT. IND. AFFAIRS FORT SMITH, ARKS., Dec. 21, 1853.
+
+    SIR: Inclosed herewith you will receive letters from Agent Dorn, dated
+    the 1st and 2nd instant; the former in relation to the disposition of
+    the Indians within his agency to meet Commissioners on the subject of
+    selling their lands, or having a Territorial form of Government extend
+    over them by the United States: and the latter nominating John Finch
+    as Blacksmith to the Great and Little Osages. Very respectfully Your
+    obt. servt.
+
+        A. H. RUTHERFORD, Clerk for Supt.
+
+    Hon. Geo. W. Manypenny, Com{r} Ind. Affairs
+      Washington City.
+
+
+    (b) OFFICE SUPT. INDIAN AFFAIRS FORT SMITH, ARKS. Dec. 29, 1853.
+
+    SIR: ... I have also to acknowledge the receipt of letters from you of
+    the 2nd instant to the Commissioner of Ind. Affrs. upon the subject of
+    the Indians within your Agency being willing to meet Commissioners on
+    the part of the U. S. preparatory to selling their lands, or to take
+    into consideration the propriety of admitting a Territorial form of
+    Government extended over them &. ...
+
+        A. H. RUTHERFORD, Clerk for Supt.
+
+    A. J. Dorn, U. S. Indian Agt., Crawford Seminary.
+
+[18] In this connection, the following are of interest:
+
+    (a) The Choctaws, it is understood, are prepared to receive and assent
+    to the provisions of a bill introduced three years since into the
+    Senate by Senator Johnson of Arkansas, for the creation of the
+    Territories of Chah-la-kee, Chah-ta, and Muscokee, and it is greatly
+    to be hoped that that or some similar bill may be speedily enacted....
+    Their country, a far finer one than Kansas.... The Choctaws have
+    adopted a new constitution, vesting the supreme executive power in a
+    governor.... It is understood that this change has been made
+    preparatory to the acceptance of the bill already mentioned.
+
+The foregoing is taken from the _Annual Report_ of the southern
+superintendent for 1857 and in that report, Elias Rector who was then the
+superintendent, having taken office that very year, argued that all the
+five great tribes ought to be allowed to have delegates on the floor of
+Congress and to be made citizens of the United States; for the
+constitutions of the Cherokees, Choctaws, and Chickasaws would compare
+favorably, said he, with those of any of the southwestern states [Senate
+_Documents_, 35th congress, first session, vol. ii, 485].
+
+    (b) The Fort Smith _Times_ of February 3, 1859 printed the following:
+
+    SAM HOUSTON AND THE PRESIDENCY
+
+    The following we take from a printed slip sent to us by our Doaksville
+    correspondent, who informs us that it was sent to that office just as
+    he sends it. We presume that it is the programme laid down by some of
+    the Texas papers, friendly to the election of Sam Houston to the
+    Presidency....
+
+    _Re-organization of the Territories_
+
+    1. The organization of the Aboriginal Territory of Decotah, from that
+    part of the late Territory of Minnesota, lying west of the State of
+    Minnesota.
+
+    2. To fix the western boundaries of Kansas and Nebraska, at the
+    Meridian 99 or 100; and to establish in those Territories, Aboriginal
+    counties, for the exclusive and permanent occupation of the Aboriginal
+    tribes now located east of that line and within those Territories;
+    also to provide, that said Territories shall not be admitted into the
+    Union as States unless their several Constitutions provide for the
+    continuation of the Federal regulations adopted for better government
+    and welfare of the Aboriginal tribes inhabiting the same.
+
+    3. To organize the Indian territory lying west of Arkansas, as "the
+    Aboriginal Territory of Neosho," under regulation similar to those
+    proposed by Hon. Robert W. Johnson of Arkansas in 1854 for the
+    organization of the Indian territory of Neosho.
+
+    4. To purchase from the State of Texas all that portion of the State
+    lying north of the Red river and include the same in the Aboriginal
+    territory of Comanche or Ouachita.
+
+    5. The territory of New Mexico.
+
+    6. From the western portion of New Mexico to take the Aboriginal
+    territory of Navajoe.
+
+    7. From the western portion of Utah, to take the Aboriginal territory
+    of Shoshone.
+
+    Re-organize the eastern part of Utah, (the Mormon country), as an
+    Aboriginal territory.
+
+    Organize the western territory of Osage.
+
+    From Nebraska, west of the M.100, and south of the 45th parallel take
+    the Aboriginal territory of Mandan.
+
+    Organize the eastern half of Oregon, as the Aboriginal territory of
+    Umatilla.
+
+    Washington east of the M.118 to be the Aboriginal territory of
+    Okanagan.
+
+    Nebraska, north of the 45th parallel to be the Aboriginal territory of
+    Assinneboin. Emigration into these territories to be prohibited by law
+    of Congress, until the same shall have been admitted into the Union as
+    States.
+
+    In each territory, a resident Military Police to preserve order....
+
+    (c) Henry Wilson, in the _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, vol. ii,
+    634-635 says,
+
+    In the Indian Territory there were four tribes of Indians--Cherokees,
+    Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Creeks. Under the fostering care of their
+    governments slavery had become so firmly established that slaveholders
+    thought them worthy of political fellowship, and articles in favor of
+    their admission began to appear in the southern press. "The progress
+    of civilization," said the New Orleans "Picayune," "in several of the
+    Indian tribes west of the States will soon bring up a new question for
+    the decision of Congress.... It cannot fail to give interest to this
+    question that each of the Indian tribes has adopted the social
+    institutions of the South." To concentrate and give direction to such
+    efforts, a secret organization was formed to encourage Southern
+    emigration, and to discourage and prevent the entrance into the
+    Territory of all who were hostile to slaveholding institutions. It was
+    hoped thus to guard against adverse fortune which had defeated their
+    purposes and plans for Kansas....
+
+[19] With reference to the proposed organization the subjoined documents
+are of interest:
+
+    C. STREET, July 2.
+
+    MR. MIX,
+
+    Dear Sir, Please have the western boundary of Mis. laid down on this
+    map, and the _outline_ of the Pawnee, Kanzas & Osage purchases, and
+    the reservations, as they now stand within that _outline_. You need
+    not show each purchase, but the _outline_ of the whole. Yours truly
+
+        THOMAS H. BENTON.
+
+Letter of July 2, 1853, Indian Office _Miscellaneous Files, 1851-1854_.
+
+    WASHINGTON CITY, August 5th, 1854.
+
+    Hon. G. W. MANYPENNY Esq., Com Indian Department, Washington City.
+
+    Dear Sir, Many people of Ohio, as well as of the states west of it,
+    have for a long time been most anxious to learn through your
+    Department, the nature of the several treaties made by yourself in
+    behalf of the Government, with the several tribes of Indians occupying
+    the Territories of Nebraska & Kansas: particularly as to the
+    _reservation_ of _land_ made by such Tribes, _its extent_, _where_,
+    _when_, & how to be _located_, & _within what time_,--and also what
+    lands in both of said Territories by virtue of said treaties _are now
+    subject to location_?
+
+    I regret to inform you that much censure has attached to your
+    Department, in consequence of the delay which has attended the
+    promulgation of the above information, but which from my long
+    knowledge of you personally, and of the very prompt manner in which
+    you have invariably discharged your public duties, I believe to be
+    most unjust.
+
+    I seek the above information, not only for myself (contemplating a
+    removal to Kansas) but also in behalf of many persons in the western
+    states, who have solicited my intervention in that matter on my visit
+    to this City. Very respectfully your friend
+
+        S. W. WHITE
+
+Indian Office _Miscellaneous Files, 1851-1854_.
+
+    C. STREET, Aug. 19, '53.
+
+    To GEO. W. MANYPENNY ESQ., Com. of Indian Affairs,
+
+    Sir, I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your note of
+    yesterday with the accompanying copy of a letter to the Hon. Mr.
+    Atchison, and make my thanks to you for this mark of your attention.
+    The reply will be immediately forwarded to Meas Ami, to be published
+    in the same paper in which your note to me covering the map on which
+    the Indian's cessions & reserves west of Missouri, was published. Very
+    respectfully, Sir, Yr. obt. servant,
+
+        THOMAS H. BENTON.
+
+Indian Office _Miscellaneous Files, 1851-1854._
+
+[20] Ray, _op. cit._, 86; Connelley, in Kansas Historical Society,
+_Collections_, vol. vi, 102; Connelley, _Provincial Government of Nebraska
+Territory_, pp. 24, 30 _et seq._
+
+The Wyandots took an active part in the Kansas election troubles. For some
+evidence of that, see, House _Reports_, 34th congress, first session, no.
+200, pp. 22, 266.
+
+[21] By the treaty of 1837 [Kappler, _op. cit._, vol. ii, 486], the
+Choctaws, for a money consideration as was natural, agreed to let the
+Chickasaws occupy their country jointly with themselves and form a
+Chickasaw District within it that should be on a par with the other
+districts (Moo-sho-le-tubbee, Apucks-hu-nubbe, and Push-ma-ta-ha), or
+political units, of the Choctaw Nation. The arrangement meant political
+consolidation, one General Council serving for the two tribes, but each
+tribe retaining control of its own annuities. The boundaries of the
+Chickasaw District proved the subject of a contention, constant and
+bitter. Civil war was almost precipitated more than once. Finally, in
+1855, the political connection was brought to an end by the terms of the
+Treaty of Washington [Kappler, _op. cit._, vol. ii, 706], negotiated in
+that year.
+
+[22] See Report of C. C. Copeland to Cooper, August 27, 1855.
+
+[23] A secret society is said to have been formed in Missouri for the
+express purpose of gaining the Shawnee land for slavery.
+
+[24] Dean wrote to Butler, November 29, 1855 [_Letter Press Book_] saying
+that the disturbed state of things in Kansas was having a very serious
+effect upon the Cherokee Neutral Land. Early in 1857, Butler reported that
+he had given notice that if intruders had not removed themselves by spring
+he would have them removed by the military [Butler to Dean, January 9,
+1857]. Manypenny approved Butler's course of action which is quite
+significant, considering that the federal administration was supposed to
+be unreservedly committed to the pro-slavery cause and the intruders were
+pro-slavery men from across the border.
+
+[25] Andrew Dorn took charge of the Neosho Agency, to which these
+reservations as well as the Quapaw, Seneca, and Seneca and Shawnee
+belonged, in 1855 and regularly had occasion to complain of intruders.
+White people seem to have felt that they could with impunity encroach upon
+the New York Indian lands because they were only sparsely settled and
+because the Indian title was in dispute.
+
+[26] Apart from any sectional desire to obtain the Indian country,
+would-be settlers seem to have been attracted thither from a mistaken
+notion that there were mines of precious metals west of Missouri
+[Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1858].
+
+[27] As early as 1857, the Sacs and Foxes of Missouri were reported as
+looking for a new home to the southward, in a less rigorous climate, and,
+with that purpose in mind, they visited the Cherokees. When the Delaware
+treaty of 1860 was being negotiated, the Delawares expressed themselves as
+very anxious to get away from white interference, to leave Kansas. The
+Ottawas thought and thought rightly, forsooth, judging from the experience
+of the past, that removal would do no good. They declared a preference for
+United States citizenship and tribal allotment [Jotham Meeker, Baptist
+missionary, to Agent James, September 4, 1854, also Agent James's
+_Report_, 1857]. At this same period, Agent Dorn reported that the Kansas
+River Shawnees were desirous of joining those of the Neosho Agency.
+Greenwood replied, January 18, 1860, that the subject of allowing the
+northern Indians to go south was then under consideration by the
+department [Letter to Superintendent Rector].
+
+[28] The evidence of this is to be found in a letter from W. G. Coffin to
+Dole, June 17, 1861 [_Neosho Files, 1838-1865_, C1223].
+
+[29] For information on this subject, see Carroll's _American Church
+History_, 19, 93, 253-254, 302.
+
+[30] Feeling that, under the treaty of 1854, they were free to choose
+whatever denomination they pleased to reside among them, the Kickapoos
+expressed a preference for the Methodist Episcopal Church South, but the
+Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions was already established among their
+neighbors of the Otoe and Missouria and Great Nemaha Agencies, their own
+agent, Mr. Baldwin, was a Presbyterian, and so, before long, in some
+almost unaccountable way, they found that the Presbyterians (Old School)
+had obtained an entry upon their reserve and had established a mission
+school there. The Kickapoos were indignant, as well they had a right to
+be, and made as much trouble as they possibly could for the Presbyterians.
+In 1860, the Presbyterian Board vacated the premises and the Methodist
+Episcopal Church South took possession, Agent Badger favoring the change.
+The change was of but short duration, however; for, in 1861, the Southern
+Methodists, finding the sympathy of the Kickapoos was mainly with the
+federal element, took their departure.
+
+[31] Ray, _op. cit._, 86, footnote 107.
+
+[32] The most flourishing schools seem to have been the Roman Catholic.
+The Roman Catholics did not greatly concern themselves, as a church
+organization, with the slavery agitation, and St. Mary's Mission and the
+Osage Manual Labor School were scarcely affected by the war and not at all
+by the troubles that presaged its approach.
+
+[33] The Baptist school among the Potawatomies closed in 1861. See
+Appendix.
+
+[34] House _Report_, 34th congress, first session, no. 200, pp. 14, 18,
+94, 425.
+
+[35] See Indian Office, _Special File, no. 220_.
+
+[36] The work of the American Board among the Cherokees was discontinued
+just before the war [_Missionary Herald_, 1861, p. 11; American Board
+_Report_, 1860, p. 137].
+
+[37] The four were: "Park hill, five miles south from Tahlequah; Dwight,
+forty-two miles south-southwest from Tahlequah; Fairfield, twenty-five
+miles southeast from Tahlequah; Lee's creek, forty-three miles southeast
+from Tahlequah"--Commissioner of Indian Affairs [_Report_, 1859, p. 173].
+There had been a fifth, an out station.
+
+[38] The Congregational schools among the Choctaws were: Iyanubbi, near
+the Arkansas line; Wheelock, eighteen miles east of Doaksville; and
+Chuahla, one mile from Doaksville.
+
+[39] The Southern Baptist Convention had not been long in the county prior
+to the Civil War. The Methodist Episcopal Church South had no schools but
+several missionaries. The American Baptist Missionary Union had a number
+of meeting-houses.
+
+[40] The Presbyterians (Old School) established Wah-pa-nuc-ka Institute
+for young women, forty miles north of Red River and one and one-eighth
+miles west of the Choctaw and Chickasaw line; but differences arose
+between the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions and the Chickasaw
+authorities, neither institutional nor sectional, but purely financial,
+which caused the Presbyterians to abandon the school in 1860 [C. H.
+Wilson, attorney for the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, to
+Cooper, April 16, 1860]. The Presbyterian schools among the Choctaws were:
+Spencer Academy, "located on the old military road leading from Fort
+Towson to Fort Smith, about ten miles north of Fort Towson," and Koonsha
+Female Seminary. Both of them were under the Presbyterian Board. A third
+institution, Armstrong Academy, belonged to the Cumberland Presbyterians.
+The Southern Methodists had Bloomfield Academy, Colbert Institute, and the
+Chickasaw Manual Labor School among the Chickasaws; and the Fort Coffee
+and New Hope academies, for boys and girls respectively, among the
+Choctaws.
+
+[41] The Seminoles were late in manifesting an interest in education, and,
+when interest did arise among them, John Jumper, the chief, declared for
+boarding-schools and asked that such be established under the Presbyterian
+Board, the same that had influence among their near neighbors, the Creeks.
+
+[42] The American Board itself was inclined to be non-committal and
+temporizing [Garrison, op. cit., vol. iii, 30]. The _Missionary Herald_,
+so valuable an historical source as it proved itself to be for Indian
+removals, is strangely silent on the great subject of negro slavery among
+the Indians. Its references to it are only very occasional and never more
+than incidental.
+
+[43] Kingsbury was superintendent of the Chuahla Female Seminary.
+
+[44] Worcester died, April, 1859 [_Missionary Herald_, 1859, p. 187; 1860,
+p. 12].
+
+[45] _Missionary Herald_, 1859, pp. 335-336; 1860, p. 12; The American
+Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, _Report_, 1856, p. 195.
+
+[46] Report of C. C. Copeland, 1860.
+
+[47] Cooper was also Chickasaw agent. On the fifth of October, 1854, some
+of the principal men of the Chickasaw Nation, Cyrus Harris, James Gamble,
+Sampson Folsom, Jackson Frazier, and D. Colbert, petitioned President
+Pierce for the removal of Agent Andrew J. Smith on charges of official
+irregularity and gross immorality. A year later, Superintendent Dean
+reiterated the charges. Smith's commission was revoked, November 9, 1855;
+and, in March, 1856, Cooper was assigned the Chickasaws as an additional
+charge. Henceforth, the two tribes had an agent in common.
+
+[48] This note itself bore no date but there is documentary proof that it
+was received at Fort Smith, November 27, 1854. It is to be found in the
+Indian Office among the _Fort Smith Papers_.
+
+[49] The allusion is, of course, to the "higher law" doctrine expressed in
+Seward's Senate Speech of March 11, 1850.
+
+[50] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1859, pp. 190-191.
+
+The letter of Dr. Treat referred to by Agent Cooper is herewith given. It
+is accompanied by the letter that covered it and that letter, as it is
+found among the _Fort Smith Papers_ in the United States Indian Office,
+bears a record to the effect that the copy of it was transmitted by the
+southern superintendent to Washington, November 28, 1855.
+
+    FORT TOWSON Nov. 16, 1855
+
+    SIR: I have the pleasure to forward a copy of letter, addressed to the
+    Rev{d} S. B. Treat, Corresponding Secretary of the American Board of
+    Commissioners for Foreign Missions, by C. Kingsbury and
+    others--Missionaries among the Choctaws--and request the same may be
+    transmitted to the Hon Comr of Indian Affairs for the information of
+    the Government of the United States.
+
+    The letter as you will perceive refers to an exciting and highly
+    important subject--in which the States adjoining the Indian Territory
+    are deeply & directly interested, as well as the Choctaw People.
+
+    I cannot refrain from the expression of my gratification at the
+    position assured in this letter by the old and valued Missionaries
+    among the Choctaws. The copy was handed to me by Rev{d} Cyrus
+    Kingsbury, one of the signers to the original letter. Respectfully
+
+    DOUGLAS H. COOPER, U. S. Agent for Choctaws
+
+    Hon. C. M. Dean, Supt. Indian Affairs,
+      Ft Smith.
+
+
+    [_Inclosure_]--_Copy_
+
+    PINE RIDGE, CHOC. NA. Nov. 15, 1855.
+
+    REV. S. B. TREAT, Cor. Secretary of the A.B.C.F.M.
+
+    Rev. & Dear Brother, When the Rev. G. W. Wood visited us as a
+    deputation from the Prudential Committee, he treated us, our views,
+    and _our practice_ so kindly, and spoke to us so many encouraging
+    words, that we were constrained to meet him in a similar spirit of
+    concilliation. We were willing to re-examine the difference in views
+    on the subject of slavery, which for a long time had existed between
+    the Committee and ourselves, and to see if there was not common ground
+    on which we could stand together.
+
+    At the opening of the meeting at Good Water, Mr. Wood laid aside the
+    letter of June 22nd '/48. This was a subject we were not to discuss.
+    He then introduced, by way of compromise, as we understood it, certain
+    articles to show that there were principles, or modes of expression,
+    in relation to slavery, in which there was substantial agreement. To
+    these articles, though not expressed in every particular as we could
+    have wished, (and after some of them had been modified by oral
+    explanations,) we gave our assent, for the sake of peace. We hoped it
+    would put an end to agitation on a subject which had so long troubled
+    us, and hindered us in our work. We took it for granted that the
+    Committee had yielded certain important points, insisted on in the
+    letter of June 22nd '/48. This gladdened our hearts, and disposed us
+    to meet Mr. Wood's proposal in a spirit of concilliation and
+    confidence. We are not skilled in diplomacy, and had no thought that
+    we were assenting to articles which would be considered as covering
+    the whole ground of the letter of June 22nd. The first intimation that
+    we had been mistaken, was from a statement made by Mr. Wood, in New
+    York, that the result of the meeting at Good Water "_involved no
+    change of views or action_ on the part of the Prudential Committee and
+    Secretaries."
+
+    In Mr. Wood's report to the Pru. Com. which was read at Utica, the
+    Good Water document was placed in such a relation on to other
+    statements, as to make the impression that we had given our full and
+    willing assent to the entire letter of June 22d. The Com. on that
+    Report, of which Dr. Beman was chairman, say, "The great end aimed at
+    by the Pru. Com. in their correspondence with these missions for
+    several years; and by the Board at their last annual meeting; has been
+    substantially accomplished."
+
+    This is a result we had not anticipated. We can not consent to be thus
+    made to sanction principles and sentiments which are contrary to our
+    known, deliberate, and settled convictions of right, and to what we
+    understand to be the teachings of the word of God. We are fully
+    convinced that we can not go with the Committee and the Board, as to
+    the manner in which as Ministers of the Gospel and Missionaries we are
+    to deal with slavery. We believe the instructions of the Apostles, in
+    relation to this subject, are a sufficient guide, and that if followed
+    the best interests of society, as well as of the Church, will be
+    secured.
+
+    We have no wish to give the Com. or the Board farther trouble on this
+    subject. As there is no prospect that our views can be brought to
+    harmonize, we must request that our relations to the A.B.C.F.M. may be
+    dissolved in a way that will do the least harm to the Board, and to
+    our Mission.
+
+    We have endeavored to seek Divine guidance in this difficult matter,
+    and we desire to do that which shall be most for the glory of our
+    Divine Master, and the best interests of his cause among this people.
+    We regret the course we feel compelled to take, but we can see no
+    other relief from our present embarassment. Fraternally and truly
+    yours,
+
+    (Signed) C. KINGSBURY     C. C. COPELAND
+             C. BYINGTON      O. P. STARK
+             E. HOTCHKIN
+
+[51] That the Buchanan administration did endorse pro-slavery policy and
+actions requires no proof today. The findings of the Covode committee of
+investigation, 1860, are in themselves sufficient evidence, were other
+evidence lacking, of the intensely partisan and corrupt character of the
+Democratic régime just prior to the Civil War. Of the officials, having
+Indian concerns in charge, the Secretary of the Interior and the
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs are, for present purposes, alone important.
+Buchanan's Secretary of the Interior was Jacob Thompson, who had formerly
+been a representative in Congress from Mississippi and had thrown all the
+weight of his influence in favor of the Lecompton constitution for Kansas
+[Rhodes, J. F. _History of the United States_, vol. ii, 277]. After his
+retirement from Buchanan's cabinet, Thompson served as commissioner from
+Mississippi, working in North Carolina for the accomplishment of secession
+[Moore's _Rebellion Record_, vol. i, 5]. A. B. Greenwood of Arkansas was
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs in Buchanan's time. He also had been in
+Congress and, while there, had served on the House Committee of
+Investigation into Brooks's attack upon Sumner. He formed with Howell Cobb
+of Georgia the minority element [Von Holst, vol. v, 324].
+
+[52] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1860, p. 129.
+
+[53] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1859, p. 172.
+
+[54] Greenwood to Rector, March 14, 1860 [Indian Office, _Letter Book_,
+no. 63, p. 128]; Greenwood to Cowart, March 14, 1860 [_ibid._, 125].
+
+[55] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1860. See also additional
+documents in Appendix B.
+
+[56] The following extract from the _Fort Smith Times_ of February 3, 1859
+makes particular mention of the Reverend Evan Jones:
+
+    In the _True Democrat_ of the 19th inst., we find an article credited
+    to the _Fort Smith Times_, in which the Rev. Evan Jones, a Baptist
+    Missionary, residing near the State line, Washington county, is
+    handled rather roughly so far as words are concerned. He is said to be
+    an abolitionist, and a very dangerous man, meddling with the affairs
+    of the Cherokees, and teaching them abolition principles.
+
+    "As such reports will be circulated to the prejudice of the Southern
+    Baptists, we hereby request some of our Brethren in the northwest part
+    of the State to write us the grounds for such reports.
+
+    "Is the 'Rev. Evan Jones' connected with any Missionary Society and if
+    so, what one?
+
+    "We hope shortly to hear more concerning this matter."
+
+    The above notice is from the first number of the _Arkansas Baptist_, a
+    new paper just published in Little Rock, P. S. G. Watson, Editor. It
+    was not our intention to cast any reflections on the Baptist Church by
+    noticing the Rev. gentleman named above, as we have great respect for
+    the Church. We deny, however, that Mr. Jones "is handled roughly so
+    far as words are concerned," for there are no harsh words or epithets
+    in the article referred to; but he is _handled roughly_ so far as
+    _facts_ are concerned. He is a Missionary Baptist, and the society by
+    which he is supported, has, we believe, its headquarters in Boston,
+    Mass. Mr. Jones' conduct has been fully reported to the Indian office,
+    at Washington, by a number of the Cherokees, and by their Agent, Mr.
+    George Butler, to whom we refer the editor of the _Baptist_, for the
+    truth of the charges we have made against him; and, if they are not
+    satisfactory we can give a full history of Evan Jones' conduct for a
+    number of years, well known among the Cherokees.
+
+In connection with the foregoing newspaper extract, it is well to note
+that Richard Johnson was the editor of the _True Democrat_. Richard was a
+brother of Robert W. Johnson who represented one faction of the Democratic
+party in Arkansas while Thomas C. Hindman represented another. This was
+before their devotion to the Confederate cause had made them friends.
+Robert W. Johnson served in the United States Congress, first as
+representative, then as senator. He was later a senator in the Confederate
+States Congress. The Johnson family, although not so numerous as the
+Rector family, was, like it, strongly secessionistic.
+
+[57] Greenwood to Thompson, June 4, 1860 [Indian Office, _Report Book_,
+no. 12, pp. 323-324].
+
+[58] Connelley, _Quantrill and the Border Wars_, 147-149, 152.
+
+[59] Siebert, _Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom_, 284.
+
+[60] This party came to be known, almost exclusively, as the Treaty Party.
+After the murder of John Ridge, from whom the party took its name, his
+nephew, Stand Watie, became its leader. Stand Watie figured conspicuously
+on the southern side in the Civil War.
+
+[61] A good general account of these Cherokee factional disputes may be
+found in Thomas Valentine Parker's _Cherokee Indians_.
+
+[62] Kappler, _op. cit._, vol. ii, 561; Polk's _Diary_ (Quaife's edition),
+vol. ii, 80.
+
+[63] George Butler to Dean, January 9, 1857.
+
+[64] "... The Cherokee Council is in session, tho they do not seem to be
+doing much. It will hold about four weeks yet. I will stay till it breaks.
+I think the Councilmen seem to be split on some questions. It seems as if
+there are two parties. One is called the land selling party & those
+opposed to selling the land (that is Neutral lands). They passed a bill
+last council to sell it. Congress would not have anything to do with it &
+in fact they got up a protest against selling it & sent it to Washington
+City & they did not sell the land."--Extract from J. C. Dickinson to
+Captain Mark T. Tatum, dated Tahlequah, October 16, 1860 [_Fort Smith
+Papers_].
+
+[65] Kappler, _op. cit._, vol. ii, 388.
+
+[66] Rector to Greenwood, June 14, 1860.
+
+[67] Tuckabatche Micco and other Creek chiefs wished the southern
+Comanches to be located somewhere between the Red and Arkansas Rivers.
+That might or might not have meant a settlement upon the actual Creek
+reservation. Manypenny promised to look into the matter and find out
+whether there were any vacant lands in the region designated [Manypenny to
+Dean, May 25, 1855, Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no. 51, pp. 444-445].
+
+[68] Dean to Manypenny, November 24, 1856, and related documents [General
+Files, _Chickasaw_, 1854-1858, D304, I400].
+
+[69] For Choctaw political disturbances in 1858, see General Files,
+_Choctaw_, 1859-1866, I933 and R1004.
+
+[70] Some of the Tonkawas most probably went back to their old Texan
+hunting-grounds upon the breaking out of the war and were found encamped,
+in 1866, around San Antonio [Cooley to Sells, February 15, 1866, Indian
+Office, _Letter Book_, no. 79, p. 293].
+
+[71] The Leased District was designed to accommodate any Indians that the
+United States government might see fit to place there, exclusive of New
+Mexican Indians, who had caused the Wichitas a great deal of trouble, and
+those tribes "whose usual ranges at present are north of the Arkansas
+River, and whose permanent locations are north of the Canadian...."
+[Kappler, _op. cit._, vol. ii, 708].
+
+[72] The treatment of the Indians by Texas will be made the subject of a
+later publication. The story is too long a one to be told here.
+
+[73] Mix to Rector, March 30, 1859 [Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no. 60,
+pp. 386-388].
+
+[74] _Annual Report_, 1857.
+
+[75] Samuel Cooper, the New York man, who was now in United States employ
+but later became adjutant-general of the Confederacy [Crawford, _Genesis
+of the Civil War_, 310], made, about this time, a very significant inquiry
+as to how many Indian warriors there were in the vicinity of the various
+settlements [Cooper to Mix, January 29, 1856, Indian Office,
+_Miscellaneous Files, 1858-1863_].
+
+[76] J. Thompson to J. B. Floyd, March 12, 1858 [Indian Office,
+_Miscellaneous Files_].
+
+[77] By this treaty, the Choctaws had surrendered to the United States all
+their claims to land beyond the one hundredth degree of west longitude.
+
+[78] Cooper to Rector, June 23, 1858.
+
+[79] Cooper to Rector, June 30, 1858.
+
+[80] Some of the Chickasaws came to Cooper under the lead of the United
+States interpreter, James Gamble, later Chickasaw delegate in the
+Confederate Congress.
+
+[81] The Cherokees soon deserted Cooper, no cause assigned. Why they were
+with him at all can not very easily be explained unless they were looking
+out for the interests of the "Cherokee Outlet". They may, indeed, have
+been some refugee Cherokees who, in 1854, were reported as living in the
+Chickasaw country and consorting with horse thieves and other desperadoes.
+Under ordinary circumstances, Cooper had no authority to command the
+actions of Cherokees and his call was to Choctaws and Chickasaws whose
+agent he was and whose interests were directly involved in the survey then
+being made.
+
+[82] On the question of the proposed site, see Rector's _Report_, 1859,
+pp. 307, 309. For Emory's familiarity with the region, note his report of
+a military reconnaissance undertaken by him in 1846 and 1847 [Pacific
+Railroad _Surveys_, vol. ii].
+
+[83] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1859, and accompanying
+documents.
+
+[84] It would seem that Van Dorn had been ordered by General Twiggs,
+commanding in Texas, to explore the country between the one hundredth and
+the one hundred and fourth meridians as far north as the Canadian River.
+He was to do it quite irrespective of department jurisdictional lines. Van
+Dorn had the Texan's unrelenting hatred for all Indians and, as was to
+have been expected, considering the latitude of his orders, soon got
+himself into trouble. It is interesting to note in connection with this
+affair and in view of all that followed when Van Dorn and Albert Pike were
+both serving under the Confederacy, that their dislike of each other dated
+from Pike's condemnation of Van Dorn's cruel treatment of the Comanches.
+
+[85] The contractor was Charles B. Johnson of Fort Smith. Under the firm
+name of Johnson & Grimes, this man and Marshal Grimes, also of Arkansas,
+were able again and again to secure subsistence contracts from Rector and
+always with the suspicion of fraud attaching. Whenever possible, Rector
+and his friends eliminated entirely the element of competition. Abram G.
+Mayers of Fort Smith seems to have been the chief informer against Rector.
+As a matter of fact, and this must be admitted in extenuation of Rector's
+conduct, the Indian field service was so grossly mismanaged, officials
+from the highest to the lowest were so corrupt, that it is not at all
+surprising that each one [unless by the merest chance he were strong
+enough morally to resist temptation] took every opportunity he could get
+to enrich himself at the Indian's expense; for, of course, all such
+ill-gotten gains came sooner or later out of the Indian fund. Very few
+Indian officials seem to have been able to pass muster in matters of
+probity during these troublous times. Secretary Thompson and even
+Ex-president Pierce were not above suspicion in the Indian's estimation
+[Article, signed by "Screw Fly" in the _Chickasaw and Choctaw Herald_,
+February 11, 1859]. Mix was accused of dishonesty, so were Commissioner
+Dole, Commissioner Cooley, and Secretary Usher, to say nothing of a host
+of lesser officials.
+
+[86] Supervising agent, Robert S. Neighbors, who had always befriended the
+Indians when he conveniently could against unfounded charges, was killed
+soon after the removal by vindictive Texans. S. A. Blain was then given
+charge of the Texas superintendency in addition to his own Wichita Agency.
+The consolidation of duties gave the Texans, apparently, a fresh
+opportunity to lodge complaints against the Wichitas.
+
+[87] These refugees were mostly Delawares and Kickapoos. There were other
+"strays," or "absentees," scattered here and there over the Indian
+country. There were Shawnees near the Canadian, Delawares among the
+Cherokees, and Shawnees and Kickapoos on the southwestern border of the
+Creek lands.
+
+[88] Matthew Leeper was appointed to succeed S. A. Blain as agent, July,
+1860. He had previously been special Indian agent in Texas.
+
+[89] Among the _Leeper Papers_ is found the following:
+
+    Notice: All free negroes are notified to leave the Wichita Reserve or
+    Leased District forthwith, except an old negro who is in charge of
+    Messrs. Grimes & Rector, who will be permitted to remain a few days.
+
+        [M. LEEPER], U. S. Ind. Agt.
+
+    Wichita Agency, L. D. Sept. 26, 1860.
+
+[90] The suffering among the Indians must have been very great. There was
+a complete failure of crops everywhere. Subsistence had to be continued to
+the Wichitas, the Seminoles were reported absolutely destitute, and even
+the provident Choctaws were obliged to memorialize Congress for relief on
+the basis of the Senate award under their treaty of 1855 [General Files,
+_Choctaw, 1859-1866_]. Out of this application of Choctaw funds to the
+circumstances of their own pressing needs, came the great scandal of the
+Choctaw Corn Contract, in which Agent Cooper and many prominent men of the
+tribe were implicated. In some way Albert Pike was concerned in it also;
+but it must have been practically the only time a specific charge of
+anything like peculation could possibly have been brought against any of
+his transactions. His character for honesty seems to have been impeccable.
+
+[91] In January, 1860, Agent Garrett asked the Creeks in their National
+Council to consent to the apportionment of the tribal lands. Motty Cunard
+[Motey Kennard] and Echo Mayo [Echo Harjo] sent the reply of the Council
+to Garrett, January 19, 1860. It was an unqualified and absolute refusal.
+
+[92] Cooper to Greenwood, March 31, 1860 [General Files, _Choctaw,
+1859-1866_, C445].
+
+[93] George E. Baker, _Works of W. H. Seward_ (edition of 1884), vol. iv,
+363; Bancroft's _Seward_, vol. ii, 460-470.
+
+[94] _Congressional Globe_, 33rd congress, first session, Appendix, p.
+155.
+
+[95] Dean to Manypenny, October 24, 1855 [Dean's _Letter Book_].
+
+[96] INDIAN TRUST FUND
+
+_List of stocks held by the Secretary of the Interior in trust for Indian
+tribes_
+
+    STATE           PER CENT              AMOUNT
+
+    Arkansas           5             $    3,000.00
+    Florida            7                132,000.00
+    Georgia            6                  3,500.00
+    Indiana            5                 70,000.00
+    Kentucky           5                183,000.00
+    Louisiana          6                 37,000.00
+    Maryland*          6                131,611.82
+    Missouri           5-1/2             63,000.00
+    Missouri           6                484,000.00
+    North Carolina     6                562,000.00
+    Ohio               6                150,000.00
+    Pennsylvania*      5                 96,000.00
+    South Carolina     6                125,000.00
+    Tennessee          5                218,000.00
+    Tennessee          6                143,000.00
+    United States      6                251,330.00
+    Virginia           6                796,800.00
+                                      ------------
+                                      3,449,241.82
+
+    *Taxed by the State.
+
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1859, p. 452.
+
+[97] David Hubbard to Ross and McCulloch, June 12, 1861 [_Official
+Records_, first ser., vol. xiii, 497].
+
+[98] The position of the tribes in the northern part of the Indian
+country, in Kansas, was considerably different from that of the tribes in
+the southern part, in Oklahoma. Each of the great tribes to the southward
+had a government of its own that was modelled very largely upon that of
+the various states. The tribes to the northward had retained, unchanged in
+essentials, their old tribal community government. Moreover, they had
+already been obliged to allow themselves to be circumscribed by
+territorial lines, soon to be state lines; their integrity had been broken
+in upon; and now they were not of sufficient importance to have, either
+individually or collectively, anything to say about the sectional
+affiliation of Kansas. As a matter of fact, they never so much as
+attempted to take general tribal action in the premises. Neither their
+situation nor their political organization permitted it.
+
+[99] An interruption to this came in the shape of the indefinitely defined
+"Cherokee Outlet," which lay north of Texas and in addition occupied the
+northern part of Indian Territory.
+
+[100] The subjoined map will illustrate the relative position of the
+individual Indian reservations. Although published in 1867, it is not
+correct for that date but is fairly correct for 1861. The "reconstruction
+treaties" of 1866 made various changes in the Indian boundaries but the
+map takes no account of them.
+
+[101] Van Buren had a short time previously been the headquarters of the
+Southern Superintendency.
+
+[102] We find that this intimate intercourse extended even to things
+scholastic; for, though there were plenty of female seminaries, so-called,
+within Indian Territory, Indian girls regularly attended similar
+institutions in Fayetteville [Bishop, A. W., _Loyalty on the Frontier_,
+143].
+
+[103] Bishop [_Loyalty on the Frontier_, 20] says that to the zeal of the
+Knights of the Golden Circle, or "Knaves of the Godless Communion," was
+mainly attributable "the treasonable complexion" of the Arkansas
+legislature that organized in November of 1860.
+
+[104] The following documents include the act of the Chickasaw Legislature
+and related correspondence:
+
+    Be it enacted by Legislature of the Chickasaw Nation, That the
+    Governor of the Chickasaw Nation, be and he is hereby authorized to
+    appoint four Commissioners, one from each county, namely:--Panola,
+    Pickens, Tishomingo, and Pontotoc County, on the part of the Chickasaw
+    Nation, to meet a like set of Commissioners appointed respectively by
+    the Choctaw, Creek, Cherokee, and Seminole Nations, to meet in General
+    Convention at such time and place That the Chief of the Creek Nation,
+    may set, for the purpose of entering into some compact, not
+    inconsistent with the Laws and Treaties of the United States, for the
+    future security and protection of the rights and Citizens of said
+    nations, in the event of a change in the United States, and to renew
+    the harmony and good feeling already established between said Nations
+    by a compact concluded & entered into on the 14th of Nov. 1859, at
+    Asbury Mission Creek Nation.
+
+    Be it further enacted That said Commissioners shall receive for their
+    services the sum of One hundred dollars each, and shall report the
+    proceedings of said Convention to the next session of the Chickasaw
+    Legislature for its approval or disapproval....
+
+    Passed the House Repts as amended Jany 5th 1861.
+
+    Passed Senate Jan. 5, 1861. Approved Jan. 5, 1861.
+
+Indian Office General Files--_Cherokee 1859-1865_, C515.
+
+    Enclosed please find an Act of the called Session of the Chickasaw
+    Legislature, the object of which you will readily understand. Your
+    coöperation, and union of action of the Cherokee people in effecting
+    the object therein expressed is hereby respectfully solicited.
+
+    It will be left to the Principal Chiefs of the Creek Nation to appoint
+    the time and place of meeting, of which you will have timely notice.--
+    CYRUS HARRIS, governor of the Chickasaw Nation, to John Ross,
+    principal chief of the Cherokees, dated Tishomingo, C. N. January 5th,
+    1861 [_ibid._].
+
+    You will please find enclosed a communication from the Gov{r} of the
+    Chickasaw Nation & an Act of the Chickasaw Legislature calling upon
+    their Brethren the Creeks to appoint a time & place for a General
+    Convention of the Chickasaws, Choctaws, Cherokees, and Creeks. We
+    therefore appoint the 17th inst. to meet at the General Council Ground
+    of the Creek Nation--At which time & place we will (be) happy to meet
+    our Brethren the Cherokees.-- JACOB DERRYSAW, acting chief of the
+    Creek Nation, to John Ross, dated Cowetah, Creek Nation, February 4,
+    1861 [ibid.].
+
+    I was much surprised to receive a proposition for taking action so
+    formal on a matter so important, without having any previous notice or
+    understanding about the business, which might have afforded
+    opportunity to confer with our respective Councils and People.
+
+    Although I regret most deeply, the excitement which has arisen among
+    our White brethren: yet _by us_ it can only be regarded as a family
+    misunderstanding among themselves. And it behooves us to be careful,
+    in any movement of ours, to refrain from adopting any measures liable
+    to be misconstrued or misrepresented:--and in which (at present at
+    least) we have no direct and proper concern.
+
+    I cannot but confidently believe, however, that there is wisdom and
+    virtue and moderation enough among the people of the United States, to
+    bring about a peaceable and satisfactory adjustment of their
+    differences. And I do not think we have the right to anticipate any
+    contingency adverse to the stability and permanence of the Federal
+    Union.
+
+    Our relations to the United States, as defined by our treaties, are
+    clear and definite. And the obligations growing out of them easily
+    ascertained. And it will ever be our wisdom and our interest to adhere
+    strictly to those obligations, and carefully to guard against being
+    drawn into any complications which may prove prejudicial to the
+    interests of our people, or imperil the security we now enjoy under
+    the protection of the Government of the United States as guaranteed by
+    our Treaties. In the very worst contingency that can be thought of,
+    the great National Responsibilities of the United States must and will
+    be provided for. And should a catastrophe as that referred to in
+    (your) communication, unhappily occur, then will be the time for us to
+    take proper steps for securing the rights and interests of our people.
+
+    Out of respect to the Chiefs of neighboring Nations, and from the deep
+    interest I feel for the peace and welfare of our red brethren, I have
+    deemed it proper to appoint a Delegation to attend the Council
+    appointed by the Creek Chiefs at your request, on the 17th inst. at
+    the Gen{l} Council Ground of the Creek Nation, for the purpose of a
+    friendly interchange of the views & sentiments on the general
+    interests of our respective Nations.
+
+    In the language of our Fathers, I am your
+
+        "Elder Friend and Brother"
+            JOHN ROSS, Principal Chief, Cherokee Nation.
+
+Extract from letter to Cyrus Harris, February 9, 1861 [_ibid._].
+
+    Previous to the receipt of your Communication enclosing the
+    proceedings of the Chickasaw Authorities, I had received similar
+    papers from the "Governor of the Chickasaw Nation."
+
+    And I herewith enclose for the information of yourself & people a copy
+    of my reply. I will appoint a Delegation to attend your Council for
+    the purpose therein stated.--Ross to Derrysaw, February 9, 1861
+    [_ibid._].
+
+    I have received a communication from the Gov. of the Chickasaw Nation,
+    with a copy of an Act of their Legislature. And I presume a similar
+    communication has been received by you. Deeming it important that much
+    prudence and caution should be exercised by us in regard to the object
+    of the Governor's communication, I have thought it proper to address
+    him a letter, giving a brief expression of my views on the subject, a
+    copy of which I enclose for your information.--Ross to the principal
+    chief of the Choctaw Nation, February 11, 1861 [_ibid._].
+
+[105] See preceding note.
+
+[106] The Creek Agency was probably chosen because of its convenient
+situation. It was at the junction of the North Fork and the Canadian and,
+consequently, in close proximity to three of the reservations and not far
+distant from the other two.
+
+[107] See Mrs. W. P. Ross, _Life and Times of William P. Ross_.
+
+[108] _American Historical Review_, vol. xv, 282.
+
+[109]
+
+    ... On your deliberations it will [be] proper for you to advise
+    discretion, and to guard against any premature movement on our part,
+    which might produce excitement or be liable to misrepresentation. Our
+    duty is very plain. We have only to adhere firmly to our respective
+    Treaties. By them we have placed ourselves under the protection of the
+    United States, and of no other sovereign whatever. We are bound to
+    hold no treaty with any foreign Power, or with any individual State or
+    combination of States nor with Citizens of any State. Nor even with
+    one another without the interposition and participation of the United
+    States....
+
+    Should any action of the Council be thought desirable, a resolution
+    might be adopted, to the effect, that we will in all contingencies
+    rest our interests on the pledged faith of the United States, for the
+    fulfilment of their obligations. We ought to entertain no apprehension
+    of any change, that will endanger our interests. The parties holding
+    the responsibilities of the Federal Government will always be bound to
+    us. And no measures we have it in our power to adopt can add anything
+    to the security we now possess. Relying on your intelligence &
+    discretion I will add no more.--CHIEF ROSS'S instructions to the
+    Cherokee Delegation, February 12, 1861 [Indian Office General File;
+    _Cherokee 1859-1865_, C515].
+
+[110] The Indian Office files are full of testimony proving John Ross's
+wisdom, foresight, sterling worth generally, and absolute devotion to his
+people. Indeed, his whole biography is written large in the records. His
+character was impeccable. Judged by any standard whatsoever, he would
+easily rank as one of the greatest of Indian half-breeds.
+
+[111] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. i, 682.
+
+[112] The evidence of this is to be found in an official letter from
+Commissioner W. P. Dole to Secretary Caleb B. Smith, under date of April
+30, 1861, which reads as follows:
+
+    I have the honor to enclose herewith a copy of a letter, dated 17th.
+    Inst. from Elias Rector, Esq., Supt. Indian Affairs ... together with
+    copy of its enclosure, being one addressed to _Col. W. H. Emory_ by
+    _M. Leeper_, Agent for the Indians within the "Leased District,"
+    having reference to the removal of the troops from Fort Cobb.
+
+    The Government being bound by treaty obligations to protect the
+    Indians from the incursions of all enemies, I would respectfully ask
+    to be informed, if it is not its intention to keep in the country a
+    sufficient force for the purpose.
+
+    The Choctaw and Chickasaw delegation--composed of the principal men of
+    those Nations--while recently in this City expressed great
+    apprehensions of attack upon their people, by Citizens of Texas and
+    Arkansas; and these delegations having assured me of their
+    determination to maintain a neutral position in the anticipated
+    difficulties throughout our Country, I would recommend that a depot
+    for arms be established within the Southern Superintendency in order
+    that the Indians there may be placed in the possession of the means to
+    defend themselves against any attack....--Indian Office _Report Book_,
+    no. 12, p. 152.
+
+[113] General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_, L632.
+
+[114] The letter can be found in manuscript form in Indian Office, _Letter
+Book_, no. 65, pp. 447-449, and in printed form in Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs, _Report_, 1861, p. 34.
+
+[115] _John Ross_, principal chief of the Cherokee Nation; _Cyrus Harris_,
+governor of the Chickasaw Nation; _M. Kennard_, principal chief of the
+Lower Creeks; _Echo Hadjo_ [Echo Harjo], principal chief of the Upper
+Creeks; _George Hudson_, principal chief of the Choctaw Nation; and the
+unnamed principal chief of the Seminoles west of Arkansas.
+
+[116] It would seem that the letter was not given to Coffin immediately
+but was held back on account of the insecurity of the mails [Dole to Creek
+and Seminole chiefs, November 16, 1861, Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no.
+67, pp. 78-79].
+
+[117] The delay was not entirely due to the military situation. Coffin
+went from Washington to his home in Indiana. He was there on the
+twentieth, at Annapolis, Parke County, when Dole wrote urging him to
+hasten on his way,
+
+    I herewith enclose a slip taken from the National Intelligencer of
+    this date, being an extract from the Austin [Texas] State Gazette of
+    the 4th Instant, by which you will perceive that efforts are being
+    made to tamper with the Indians within your Superintendency.
+
+    By this you will perceive the urgent necessity, that you should
+    proceed at the earliest moment practicable to the vicinity of the
+    duties in your charge, that from your personal knowledge of the views
+    of the Government in relation to these Indians as well as by the
+    instructions and communications in your possession, you may be able to
+    thwart the endeavors of any and all who have or shall attempt to
+    tamper with these tribes and array them in hostility to the
+    Government.
+
+    I deem it of the utmost importance that no time be lost in this
+    matter, as delay may be disastrous to the public service.--Indian
+    Office, _Letter Book_, no. 65, p. 473.
+
+By the nineteenth of June, Coffin had managed to reach Crawford Seminary,
+from which place he reported to Dole,
+
+    We have at length reached the Indian Territory propper.... I find Mr.
+    Elder the Agent absent. I learned on my way down here that he had gone
+    to Fort Scott with the view of locating the Agency there for the
+    present which I supposed when I wrote you from the Catholic Mission
+    might be propper from its close proximity to Missouri but as Mr.
+    Phelps district is opposit here and he a good Union man and has been
+    Stumping the district and I learn that the Union cause is growing fast
+    in that part of the State I think there is now at least no Sort of
+    excuse for removing, the buildings here are ample for a large family,
+    watter good....--General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_,
+    C1229.
+
+The sequel showed that Agent Elder was right and Superintendent Coffin
+wrong about the security of the region. Coffin never reached Fort Smith at
+all and was soon compelled to vacate the Indian Territory. Indian Office,
+_Letter Book_, no. 66, which covers the period from June, 1861 to October,
+1861, contains scarcely a letter to prove that the Indian Office was in
+communication with Indian Territory. Official connection with the country
+had been completely cut off. Military abandonment and dilatory officials
+had done their work.
+
+[118] Official instructions were issued to Coffin, then in Washington, on
+the ninth, and gave him permission to change his headquarters at
+discretion. The following is an excerpt of the instructions:
+
+    You having been appointed by the President to be Superintendent of
+    Indian Affairs for the Southern Superintendency in place of _Elias
+    Rector_, Esq. ... You will repair to Fort Smith, Arkansas, as early as
+    practicable, for the purpose of relieving _Elias Rector_, Esq.
+
+    In your progress from Indiana to Fort Smith, should you deem it
+    expedient and advisable to pass down the Kansas line and among the
+    Indians in that section, you will make it your business to inquire as
+    to their sentiments and disposition with reference to the present
+    disturbances in the neighboring countries, so far as time and
+    opportunity will enable you to do so. On reaching Fort Smith you will
+    also inform yourself as to the condition of Affairs there and
+    surrounding country, and as to the prospect of the business of the
+    Superintendency being carried on without molestation or other
+    inconvenience, and should you find it necessary from the circumstances
+    that may surround you to remove the office of Superintendent from Fort
+    Smith you are authorized to do so, selecting some eligible point in
+    the proximate Indian Territory, or if required some point northwardly
+    among the Indians in Kansas as your best discretion may dictate. I
+    trust however that this discretionary authority may prove unnecessary
+    and that in the legitimate discharge of your duties, you may suffer no
+    interruption from any cause or source whatever. In a report from this
+    Office of the 30th Ultimo, with reference to anticipated Indian
+    troubles in your Superintendency consequent upon the removal of the
+    troops from Fort Cobb, the attention of the _Hon. Secretary of the
+    Interior_ was called to the subject, and the enquiry as to the policy
+    of the Government to keep in the country a sufficient force for the
+    purpose of proper protection; and further calling his attention to the
+    expression of friendship and loyalty made by the Choctaw and Chickasaw
+    delegates lately in this City, recommended that a depot for arms be
+    established within the Southern Superintendency, in order that the
+    Indians there may be placed in possession of the means to defend
+    themselves against any attack. As yet no response to this report has
+    been received....--Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no. 65, pp. 442-443.
+
+[119] Douglas H. Cooper, agent for the Choctaws and Chickasaws, was from
+Mississippi; William H. Garrett, agent for the Creeks, was from Alabama;
+Robert J. Cowart, agent for the Cherokees, was from Georgia; Matthew
+Leeper, agent for the Indians of the Leased District, was from Texas; and
+Andrew J. Dorn, agent at the Neosho River Agency, was from Arkansas.
+
+[120] Telegram, Greenwood to Rector, January 19, 1861 [Indian Office,
+_Letter Book_, no. 65, p. 104].
+
+[121] For information showing what Indian agents became adherents of the
+Confederate cause, see, among other things, an extract from a report of
+Albert Pike to be found in Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no. 130, pp.
+237-238; and a letter from R. W. Johnson to L. P. Walker, published in
+_Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 598.
+
+[122] The evidence on this point is not very convincing, either one way or
+the other. A number of documents might be cited bearing some brief, vague,
+or indefinite reference to the steps the Indians took from the beginning.
+The closing paragraph of the following report from E. H. Carruth, under
+date of July 11, 1861, is a typical case:
+
+    SIR: I know not that any person has given information to any of the
+    United States officers in regard to the position of the Indian Tribes
+    connected with the Southern Superintendency.
+
+    I am just arrived from the Seminole Country where for a year I have
+    been employed as [illegible] to induce the Seminoles to establish
+    schools. In Sept. last the chiefs applied to the Department to set
+    aside $5000 for this purpose, but never heard from their application,
+    and their Ag't soon became too deeply interested in the politics of
+    the Country to pay much attention to the affairs of the tribe.
+
+    From the time the secession movement began to ripen into treason, the
+    Chief of the Seminoles has constantly sought information on the
+    subject, and whenever I rec'd a mail he would bring an Interpreter &
+    remain with me until all had been read and explained.
+
+    After the Forts west were taken possession of by the Texans, the
+    tribes living under the protection of Government around Fort Cobb came
+    into the Seminole Country, seeking the counsel of the Seminoles as to
+    what they should do, hostility to the Texans, being with them
+    strengthened by the recollection of recent wrongs. The Seminoles gave
+    them permission to reside on their lands, and advised them to
+    interfere with neither party, should both be represented in the
+    country.
+
+    The Texan officers sent several letters among them & left
+    Commissioners at Cobb to treat with them offering to them the same
+    protection before enjoyed while the Government of the U. S. was
+    represented among them. A letter was also sent to the Seminoles signed
+    by Geo. W. Welch, "Capt-Commanding the Texan troops in the service of
+    the Southern Confederacy" which asserted that the _Northern people
+    were determined to take away their lands & negroes_, that the old
+    Gov't would never be able to fulfill her treaty stipulations and wound
+    up by asking them to place their interests under the protection of the
+    Southern Confederacy.
+
+    Very soon afterwards Capt. Albert G. Pike "Commissioner for the
+    Confederate States of America" wrote to the Seminole Chief from the
+    Creek Agency, asking that he should meet him at that place with six of
+    his best men fully authorized to treat with him. He also asked for a
+    body of Seminole warriors, & promised as "good perhaps better treaty"
+    than their old one. His letter was backed up by one from Washburn
+    (formerly Seminole Ag't) who gave a glowing description of treason,
+    representing to the Indians that the U. S. could never pay one dollar
+    of the moneys due them, that European Nations were committed to the
+    cause of the Rebels, and entreated, prayed, almost commanded them to
+    take the step so essential to their political salvation. This Washburn
+    had once been engaged in a money transaction with two of the Chiefs
+    which swindled the nation out of many thousands of dollars, and while
+    they came near losing their heads in the operation, he escaped, &
+    still enjoys great personal popularity with the tribe. No man knows
+    better how to approach Indians. He was born among them of missionary
+    parents, & like all southern men, who regret their northern parentage,
+    he is the most rabid of violent traitors. The day after these letters
+    were rec'd the Chief (John Jumper) spent at my house. He felt true to
+    the treaties, & said that all his people were with the Government,
+    but, the Forts west were in possession of its enemies, their Agent
+    would give them no information on the subject, & he feared that his
+    country would be overrun, if he did not yield.
+
+    I told him plainly that Government was shamefully misrepresented, that
+    the treaties bound him to all the states alike, that the U. S. could
+    not fall with all the Army & Navy at her disposal, & that should the
+    South ever succeed in gaining her own independence the free States
+    would fight till not a man, woman or child was left, before yielding
+    one inch of Territory to the rebels. The war being entered into not so
+    much either for or against slavery in the states, as to protect the
+    Constitutional rights of Government in the Territories. The Chief told
+    me that all the full Indians everywhere were with the Gov't, that he
+    did not wish to fight, nor did his people, they had hoped to be left
+    to themselves untill the whites settled their quarrels, his people had
+    enough of war in Florida, & were now anxious for peace. He would
+    however go to the Creek Agency & tell Capt. Pike & Ben McCulloch their
+    determination. I believe the object of Pike in drawing the Seminoles
+    to the Creek country was that he could thus bring Creek influence to
+    bear upon them. When Pike's letter came, the Bearer sent word to the
+    Chief to meet him ten miles below, where they were read, but this
+    caution did not keep them out of sight, as the Chief immediately
+    brought them to me, to whom as clerk they should have come at first,
+    but a "white man" was declared to be the adviser of the Seminoles, for
+    whom a black jack limb would soon suffice. I knew it dangerous to
+    await the arrival of my ranger friends, & with my wife I left on
+    horseback, traveling in a Kickapoo trail, coming in above the Creek
+    country, as they had seceded--I was questioned a good deal in the
+    Cherokee Nation, but not interfered with as I was personally
+    acquainted with their leading half breeds, and my wife being fortunate
+    enough to have a Virginia birth and a brother in Missouri.
+
+    When within a half hour's travel of the Neosho River, my shot gun was
+    taken by a company of men, organized that day--the 2d after Seymour
+    was killed--they said "to clean out Kansas Jay hawkers."
+
+    The influence of Capt. Pike the Rebel Commissioner is second to no
+    man's among the Southern Indians & I fear that he may succeed in his
+    intrigues with the other tribes, the Creeks, Chickasaws, & Choctaws
+    having already gone. The Cherokees refuse to go as a Nation, & no one
+    is a firmer friend to the Union than John Ross, their Chief, but
+    traitors are scheming, and the half breeds in favor of the South, want
+    an army to come in, in which event they promise to be "forced in" to
+    the Arms of Jeff. Davis, & the select crowd of traitors at Montgomery.
+
+    There are many true & loyal men even among the half breeds, some of
+    the Judges of their courts I know to be so, while all the full blood
+    element is with the Gov't.
+
+    The half breeds belong to the K. G. C. a society whose sole object is
+    to increase & defend slavery and the full bloods have--not to be
+    outdone--got up a secret organization called the "pins" which meets
+    among mountains, connecting business with Ball-playing, and this is
+    understood to be in favor of Gov't, at least when a half breed at
+    Webers falls raised a secession flag, the "pins" turned out to haul it
+    down & were only stopped by a superior force, they retired swearing
+    that "it should yet be done & its raiser killed" and now Sir, let me
+    say a word in behalf of the full Indians who make up in devotion to
+    our Gov't what they lack in knowledge.
+
+    I sometimes hear rejoicing on the part of Northern people, that these
+    tribes are seceding, because they say such violation of their treaties
+    will lose them their lands, whose beauty & fertility have long been
+    admired by western farmers. I have been twelve years among these
+    tribes & I know the full bloods to be loyal to the Gov't. That Gov't
+    is bound by treaties to protect these nations, to keep up Forts for
+    that purpose. The forts are deserted, the soldiers are gone. The
+    Agents are either resigned or, working under "confederate"
+    commissions. The Indians are told that the old Gov't is bankrupt, that
+    it must die, that England & France will help the South, That they are
+    southern Indians & own slaves, & have interests only with & in the
+    south, That the war is waged by the North for the sole purpose of
+    killing slavery, & stealing the Indian lands etc. etc. What have the
+    Indians with which to disprove this? The "Confederate" Gov't is
+    represented there by an army & Commissioners, but the United States
+    have not been heard from for six months. Every battle is believed to
+    be against the old Gov't & those who control the news know in what
+    shape it should go to have influence. The Seminole Agent, Col.
+    Rutherford, has never lifted his finger to give information or advice
+    to the Indians under his charge--He said before Mr. Lincoln took his
+    seat as President that he would not receive a reappointment from him,
+    but would serve until it should come, which means that his love of
+    money would enable him to make an occasional visit to the Agency
+    buildings, but his fear for & sympathy with Ark. rebels, would keep
+    him from doing anything to endanger their interests. A proper officer
+    could have kept the Seminoles from sending a delegation to Capt. Pike,
+    as well as in the Creek country one could have kept the Creeks loyal.
+    That there has been the most culpable neglect on the part of its
+    officers to the interests of the Genl Gov't needs no
+    demonstration--The cry has been: "More favorable treaties can now be
+    made with the South than after the war, as it will show that the
+    Indians are at heart with the South"--No doubt is allowed to be felt
+    as to the issue of the war. The agents who hold Commissions from Mr.
+    Lincoln & go to Montgomery to have Jeff. Davis endorse them, show a
+    faith in the issue, that is not lost upon the Indians.
+
+    A Capt. Brown of the Chickasaw tribe was commanding at Arbuckle, in
+    the absence of Col. McKing who was at Tishimingo where the legislature
+    was in session. He informed me that the Texans would not come over
+    until the Choctaws & Chickasaws had given them to understand that "it
+    would be all right"--At the time these nations did not wish to invite
+    them, it would have been too palpable a violation of treaties, tho'
+    they took command of the Fort, whether under their national
+    authorities, or the "Confederate" I do not know which.
+
+    Letters now in possession of the Seminole Chief will prove much herein
+    stated. I told the chief to preserve those letters & all others which
+    he might receive of a like nature....--General Files, _Southern
+    Superintendency, 1859-1862_, C1348.
+
+[123] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. i, 513.
+
+[124] --_Ibid._, 515-516.
+
+[125] The order was one of the many, dictated by the policy of "no
+coercion," that issued in the last days of Buchanan's administration and
+the first of Lincoln's. A few of them, affecting or designed to affect the
+frontier, may as well be listed in chronological order. On the thirteenth
+of February, an abandonment of Fort Smith was ordered [_Official Records_,
+first ser., vol. i, 654]. The citizens protested and the order was
+countermanded [_ibid._, 655]. On the fifteenth of the same month, General
+Scott ordered, in the event of secession, all United States troops from
+Texas, via Fort Belknap and the Indian country, to Fort Leavenworth
+[_ibid._, 589]. On the eighteenth of March, a similar abandonment of
+Arkansas and the Indian country was arranged for [_ibid._, 667].
+
+[126] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. liii, supplement, pp. 626, 628,
+629.
+
+[127] General Twiggs was then waiting to be relieved of his command,
+having personally requested to be relieved, his sense of embarrassment
+being strong and his unwillingness to take responsibility, extreme. Robert
+E. Lee, brevet colonel, Second United States Cavalry, was relieved from
+duty in Texas and ordered to repair to Washington, by orders of February
+4, 1861 [_Official Records_, first ser., vol. i, 586].
+
+[128] Commissioners of some sort had been sent to the Indians even before
+this. They do not seem to have been, in any sense, agents of Texas,
+indeed, the ones particularly in mind were from Arkansas; but Texas may
+have taken her cue from their appointment. Their presence in the Indian
+country is sufficiently attested by the following correspondence:
+
+    I have been informed today that persons purporting to act in the
+    capacity of Commissioners are now visiting the Indian nations on our
+    frontier--preparatory to forming an alliance with them to furnish them
+    with arms and munitions of war, in violation of subsisting treaties
+    and the laws of the United States. Occupying the position I do as a
+    Civil officer of the Government in discharge of my duty as well as
+    instructions, It is my duty to make inquiry and report such a state of
+    facts as may exist in relation to the same. And having no authentic
+    information in relation to this matter other than public rumor, I have
+    believed it my duty to address you knowing that if such projects are
+    in embryo or consummation that they cannot escape your vigilance; and
+    that from you I shall be informed of the same, that, they may be
+    communicated from a reliable official source to the authorities at
+    Washington for their action.--JOHN B. OGDEN, United States
+    commissioner, to John Ross, dated Van Buren, February 15, 1861 [Indian
+    Office, General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, O32].
+
+    I have received your communication of the 15th inst.--stating that you
+    have been informed that persons purporting to act in the capacity of
+    commissioners are now visiting the Indian Nations on the frontier
+    preparatory to forming an alliance....
+
+    It is currently rumored in the Country that Mr. R. J. Cowart--the U.
+    S. Agent--is officially advocating the secession policy of the
+    Southern States and that he is endeavoring to influence the Cherokees
+    to take sides and act in concert with the seceded States--At the same
+    time uttering words of denunciation against all the distinguished
+    Patriots who are exerting their efforts, to devise measures of
+    reconciliation in Congress as well as those in the Peace Convention at
+    Washington for the Preservation of the Union.
+
+    Mr. Cowart brought out with him from the State of Georgia a man
+    named--Solomon--who is a notorious drunken brawling disunionist. He is
+    strolling about Tahlequah under the permission of the socalled "U. S.
+    Agent"--and is creating strife & getting into difficulties with
+    citizens of the Nation--a perfect nuisance to the peace and good order
+    of society.
+
+    The conduct and general deportment of this man, also of the Agent
+    being in direct violation of the laws and Treaties of the United
+    States--they should be removed out of the Cherokee Country.
+
+    For further information as to such facts relating to the subjects of
+    your enquiry, I have to refer you at present to Mr. W. P. Ross for
+    what he may be in possession of....--JOHN ROSS to John B. Ogden,
+    February 28, 1861 [Indian Office, General Files, _Cherokee,
+    1859-1865_, O32].
+
+[129] _Official Records_, fourth ser., vol. i, 322.
+
+[130] Tenney, W. J. _Military and Naval History of the Rebellion in the
+United States_, 134.
+
+[131] Letter to the Alabama commissioner, J. M. Calhoun, January 7, 1861
+[_Official Records_, fourth ser., vol. i, 74].
+
+[132] "Report of a Committee of the Convention, being an address to the
+people of Texas, March 30, 1861."--_Ibid._, 199.
+
+[133] _Official Records_, fourth ser., vol. i, 322-325.
+
+[134] Leeper to Greenwood, February 12, 1861 [General Files, _Wichita,
+1860-1861_, L373].
+
+[135] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. i, 656.
+
+[136] --_Ibid._
+
+[137] --_Ibid._, 660.
+
+[138] --_Ibid._, 648.
+
+[139] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. i, 656.
+
+[140] The Indian Office protested against a reduction of the forts because
+of treaty guaranties to the Indians [Dole to Smith, April 30, 1861, Indian
+Office, _Report Book_, no. 12, p. 152].
+
+[141] Townsend to Emory, March 21, 1861 [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. i, 659].
+
+[142] Same to same, _ibid._, 660.
+
+[143] Emory to Townsend, April 2, 1861 [_ibid._, 660].
+
+[144] At the time, when it was intended to remove all the troops from Fort
+Cobb for purposes of concentration farther south and nearer to the source
+of danger, instructions were issued that the Reserve Indians, whose
+peculiar protection Fort Cobb was, might remove within the limits of Fort
+Washita; but the Choctaws and the Chickasaws objected and, in deference to
+their wishes, Emory suspended the permission [_Official Records_, first
+ser., vol. i, 663], his excuse being that Fort Cobb was not to be
+abandoned anyway. The contractors, Johnson and Grimes, whom Superintendent
+Rector had so much favored, had a good deal to do with the forming of this
+decision. They told Emory that the Reserve Indians were not free to move;
+for they had no means and that they were "hutted and planting at Fort
+Cobb." Quite naturally the food contractors did not wish the Indians to be
+taken out of their reach within the limits of a military reservation.
+
+[145] Matthew Leeper was very insistent. He not only wrote letters to
+Emory arguing his case but travelled from his agency to Fort Smith to
+interview him.
+
+[146] Emory refused to grant the appeal of Major Sackett and Captain
+Prince not to abandon Fort Arbuckle [_Official Records_, first ser., vol.
+i, 666].
+
+[147] This circumstance ought not, however, to be cited to the prejudice
+of Colonel Emory; for it was while he was yet at Fort Smith that he
+manifested some of the spirit that inspired Robert E. Lee, who, by the
+way, was in command of the 2nd regiment of United States cavalry and had
+been stationed, like Emory, in Texas, and who, whether he believed in the
+doctrine of secession or not, put, as many another high-minded Southerner
+did, the state before the nation in matters of pride, of allegiance, and
+of personal honor. Such men as Lee belonged to quite another class from
+what the self-seeking politicians did who, in isolated cases at least,
+engineered the secession movement from hope of gain. Many of the Indian
+agents and employees belonged to this latter class. Emory was unlike Lee
+in the final result; for he did not ultimately conclude to go with his
+state. It was he who later on commanded, as a Union brigadier-general, the
+defences of New Orleans.
+
+[148] See Appendix B, _Leeper Papers_.
+
+[149] Very early, as has already been commented upon, the Texans bethought
+them of securing the Indian alliance. Additional evidence is to be found
+in such a request as Henry E. McCulloch made of Secretary Walker, on the
+occasion of his brother Ben's having passed over to him the charge
+originally conferred upon himself of raising a regiment of mounted troops
+for the defence of the frontier. Henry E. McCulloch requested Secretary
+Walker to permit him
+
+    To use some of the friendly Indians in the Indian Territory, if I can
+    procure their services, in my scouting parties and expeditions against
+    the hostile Indians. These people can be made of great service to us,
+    and can be used without any great expense to the
+    Government.--_Official Records_, first ser., vol. i, 618.
+
+[150] Letter of Carruth, July 11, 1861.
+
+[151] As proof that the Texans regarded the Choctaws and the Chickasaws as
+friends, the two following letters may be cited:
+
+A letter from John Hemphill and W. S. Oldham, two of the representatives
+from Texas in the Provisional Congress, to Secretary Walker, March 30,
+1861, outlining a scheme of defence for Texas in which the admission was
+made that, from the southwest corner of Arkansas to Preston on the Red
+River, Texas needed no defense as her neighbors on that side were, "the
+highly-civilized and agricultural tribes of Choctaws and Chickasaws, who
+are in friendship with Texas and the Confederate States."--_Official
+Records_, first ser., vol. i, 619.
+
+A letter from E. Kirby Smith, major, Artillery, Confederate States of
+America, to Walker, April 20, 1861, to the effect that,
+
+    In considering the defense of the line of the western frontier of
+    Texas our relations with the civilized Indians north of Red River are
+    of the utmost importance. Numbering some eight thousand rifles, they
+    form a strong barrier on the north, forcing the line of operations of
+    an invading army westward into a region impracticable to the passage
+    of large bodies of troops. Regarding them as our allies, which their
+    natural affinities make them, the line of the western frontier reduces
+    itself to the country between the Rio Grande and Red River.--_Official
+    Records_, first ser., vol. i, 628.
+
+[152] Between Fort Washita and Fort Arbuckle, Colonel Emory was overtaken
+by William W. Averell, second lieutenant, Regiment Mounted Rifles, with
+additional despatches from Townsend, ordering him, upon their receipt,
+immediately to repair to Fort Leavenworth, "with all the troops in the
+Indian country west of Arkansas" [_ibid._, 667]. Lieutenant Averell's own
+account of his experiences on the journey between Washington City and Fort
+Washita, the hardships, difficulties, and delays, also the frenzied
+excitement of the Arkansas people over the prospect of secession, forms an
+interesting narrative [_ibid._, vol. liii, supplement, 488, 493-496].
+
+[153] Black Beaver had served creditably as United States interpreter for
+the Wichitas and recently Leeper had turned to him for help in allaying
+their fears [Leeper to Rector, dated Wichita Agency, March 28, 1861,
+_Leeper Papers_]. For services rendered on this expedition northward to
+Fort Leavenworth [Letter of W. S. Robertson, September 30, 1861, General
+Files, _Southern Superintendency_, _1859-1862_, R1615], Black Beaver
+brought a claim against the United States [E. S. Parker to J. D. Cox, July
+1, 1869, Indian Office, _Report Book_, no. 18, pp. 417-418; and same to
+same, April 25, 1870, _ibid._, no. 19, p. 321]. Evidently Black Beaver
+served also in the Mexican War. He was then head of a company of mounted
+volunteers, Shawnees and Delawares [George W. Manypenny to Drew, August 8,
+1854], which had been called and mustered into the service by Harney [P.
+Clayton, 2nd auditor, to A. K. Parris, 2nd comptroller, October 26, 1850].
+
+[154] Emory to Townsend, May 19, 1861 [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. i, 648].
+
+[155] Captain S. T. Benning to Walker, May 14, 1861 [_Official Records_,
+first ser., vol. i, 653.]
+
+[156] --_Ibid._
+
+[157] Leeper to Rector, January 13, 1862 [_Leeper Papers_].
+
+[158] A note, communicated by X. B. Debray, aide-de-camp to the Governor
+of Texas, to Walker and dated, Richmond, August 28, 1861, says,
+
+    The governor of Texas being convinced that the integrity of the soil
+    of Texas greatly depends upon the success of the Southern cause in
+    Missouri, and moved by an appeal to the people of Arkansas and Texas
+    (published at the beginning of July by General Ben. McCulloch) ordered
+    on the 25th ultimo the raising and concentration on Red River of 3,000
+    mounted men, besides the regiment commanded by Col. W. C. Young, which
+    has been occupying for several months Forts Arbuckle, Cobb, and
+    Washita, under authority of Texas, and at the request of the Chickasaw
+    Indians.--_Official Records_, first ser., vol. iv, 98.
+
+[159] House _Journal_, Arkansas, 1861, p. 304.
+
+[160] _Confederate Military History_, vol. x, 4.
+
+[161] _Confederate Military Hillary_, vol. x, 7.
+
+[162] Two letters found among the _Fort Smith Papers_ may serve, in a
+measure, to illustrate the point:
+
+    LITTLE ROCK, ARKS, Jan{y} 6, 1861.
+
+    DR THAD: I received your letter a few days ago.... I am thankful that
+    there are a few righteous men left and particularly gratified that you
+    and Henry Lewis are true and faithful to the South.
+
+    I will endeavor to keep you posted so that you may hold your own with
+    the Union savers--in sober truth the question is not whether the Union
+    ought or can be saved but whether Arkansas shall go with the North or
+    adhere to the South. Neither Fishback or anybody can preserve the
+    Union--it now becomes us as wise men to put our house in order for the
+    impending crisis. I wrote to Porter last night--the Senate have not
+    passed the Convention bill and will not in anything like a right
+    shape....
+
+        BEN T. DU VAL.
+
+    [Addressed to Capt. M. T. Tatum, Greenwood, Arks.].
+
+
+    LITTLE ROCK ARK, January 7th 1861.
+
+    DEAR THAD. I enclose you a copy of the printed bill now before our
+    House to arm and equip the Militia of this State and to appropriate
+    100,000$ for that purpose.... We have passed a bill through the House
+    appropriating five hundred dollars to Porter to cover his losses to
+    some extent in money which he has paid out in recovering fugitives, it
+    ought to have been a good deal more, but I never worked harder for
+    anything in my life to get what we did. I think it will pass the
+    Senate. The news from South Carolina indicate a Tea party at
+    Charleston before many days. From the general signs of the times I
+    think a Compromise will be effect between the North and the South and
+    the _Union saved_. The Convention bill has not passed the Senate yet
+    but will in a few days I think. Give my respects to the boys generally
+    Your obt Servt
+
+        JOHN T. LONDON
+
+    [Addressed to Capt. M. T. Tatum, Greenwood, Sebastian County,
+    Arkansas.]
+
+[163] An interesting series of telegrams has a bearing upon that event.
+
+    February 1, 1861
+
+    J. J. GREEN, WILLIAM WALKER, Van Buren, Ark.:
+
+    Not possible to leave here. Southern confederacy certain. Arkansas
+    must save her children by joining it. Write by mail to-day.
+
+        JOHNSON and HINDMAN,
+
+_Official Records_, first ser., vol. liii, supplement, 617.
+
+
+    WASHINGTON, February 7, 1861.
+
+    JOHN POPE, ESQ., Little Rock, Ark.:
+
+    For God's sake do not complicate matters by an attack. It will be
+    premature and do incalculable injury. We cannot justify it. The
+    reasons that existed elsewhere for seizure do not exist with us.
+
+        ALBERT PIKE, R. W. JOHNSON.
+
+--_Ibid._, vol. i, 682.
+
+
+    U. S. SENATE, WASHINGTON, February 7, 1861.
+
+    HIS EXCELLENCY H. M. RECTOR, Little Rock, Ark.:
+
+    The motives which impelled capture of forts in other States do not
+    exist in ours. It is all premature. We implore you prevent attack on
+    arsenal if Totten resists.
+
+        R. W. JOHNSON, W. K. SEBASTIAN.
+
+--_Ibid._, 681.
+
+
+    WASHINGTON, February 7, 1861.
+
+    R. H. JOHNSON, JAMES B. JOHNSON, Little Rock:
+
+    Southern States which captured forts were in the act of seceding, were
+    threatened with troops, and their ports and commerce endangered. Not
+    so with us. If Totten resists, for God's sake deliberate and go stop
+    the assault.
+
+        R. W. JOHNSON.
+
+--_Ibid._, 681-682.
+
+
+    WASHINGTON, February 7, 1861.
+
+    GOVERNOR RECTOR, Little Rock, Ark.:
+
+    For God's sake allow no attack to be made on Fort Totten.
+
+        A. RUST.
+
+--_Ibid._, vol. liii, supplement, 617.
+
+
+    February 7, 1861.
+
+    E. BURGEVIN, Little Rock:
+
+    For God's sake do not attack the arsenal. It can do no good and will
+    be productive of great harm.
+
+        C. B. JOHNSON.
+
+--_Ibid._
+
+
+    LITTLE ROCK, February 8, 1861.
+
+    C. B. JOHNSON, Washington:
+
+    Spoke too late, like Irishman who swallowed egg. Arsenal in hands of
+    Governor.
+
+        EDMUND BURGEVIN.
+
+_Official Records_, first ser., vol. liii, supplement, 617.
+
+The senders and recipients of the telegraphic dispatches were, with one or
+two exceptions, all relatives of each other, and all in public life.
+Robert Ward Johnson and William K. Sebastian were, at the time, United
+States senators from Arkansas; Thomas C. Hindman and Albert Rust were
+Arkansas representatives in Congress; Albert Pike was in Washington,
+prosecuting the Choctaw Indian claim; Edmund Burgevin was the
+attorney-general of Arkansas and a brother-in-law of Governor Rector;
+Richard H. Johnson and James Johnson were brothers of Robert W. Johnson,
+the former being proprietor and editor of the Little Rock _Democrat_ and
+the latter, in future years, a colonel in the Confederate army. In 1868,
+R. W. Johnson moved to Washington City and became the law partner of
+Albert Pike. [Arkansas Historical Association, _Publications_, vol. ii,
+268.] Hindman was the man who sneered at the precautions taken to insure
+President-elect Lincoln's safety [Stanwood, _History of Presidential
+Elections_, 235]. Sebastian was expelled from the Senate because of his
+southern sympathies; but, as he really took no active part in the
+Confederate movements, the resolution of expulsion was rescinded in 1878.
+
+[164] It would be interesting to know whether Elias Rector had as yet
+formulated any such plan for personal aggrandizement such as must have
+been in his mind when he wrote the letter to Douglas H. Cooper that called
+forth from Cooper the following response:
+
+    _Private & Confidential_
+
+    _Copy_
+
+    FORT SMITH May 1st 1861.
+
+    MAJOR ELIAS RECTOR
+
+    Dr. Sir: I have concluded to act upon the suggestion yours of the 28th
+    Ultimo contains.
+
+    If we work this thing shrewdly we can make a fortune each, satisfy the
+    Indians, stand fair before the North, and revel in the unwavering
+    confidence of our Southern Confederacy.
+
+    My share of the eighty thousand in gold you can leave on deposite with
+    Meyer Bro, subject to my order. Write me soon. COOPER. Indian Office,
+    General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1863-1864_, I435.
+
+The foregoing letter of Cooper's was one of those referred to in the
+following telegraphic communication from Special Agent G. B. Stockton to
+Secretary Usher, dated Fort Smith, Arkansas, February 20, 1864:
+
+    I have just found & have now in this office a large desk containing
+    indian papers treaties correspondence of Cooper Rector & others,
+    correspondence of W. P. Dole as late as May fifteenth 1861 vouchers
+    abstracts & correspondence convicting Rector & Cooper of enticing the
+    various tribes to become enemies of the U. S. The papers extend back
+    as far as 1834 will you please direct me what disposition to make of
+    them.
+
+Secretary Usher referred the matter to the Office of Indian Affairs and
+Mix instructed Stockton to send the papers on to Washington [Letter of
+February 20, 1864]. This Stockton did and notified the Commissioner of
+Indian Affairs in this wise, by telegraph:
+
+    I have boxed the Indian Papers which I found at this place, and this
+    day send them by wagons to Leavenworth City, Kansas, to be thence
+    forwarded by the American Express Company.
+
+There seems to have been considerable delay in their transmittal after
+they had passed into the custodianship of the express company but they
+eventually reached the Indian Office and to-day form part of the Fort
+Smith collection.
+
+[165] The melodious refrain of this,
+
+    That fine Arkansas gentleman,
+    Close to the Choctaw line.
+
+unconsciously brings our one of the very ideas sought to be conveyed by
+the present chapter; namely, the extremely close connection between
+Arkansas and Indian Territory.
+
+[166] This old, old song, "written on the model and to the air of 'The Old
+Country Gentleman'," runs thus:
+
+    The song I'll sing, though lately made, it tells of olden days,
+    Of a good old Scottish gentleman, of good old Scottish ways;
+    When our barons bold kept house and hold, and sung their olden lays
+    And drove with speed across the Tweed, auld Scotland's bluidy faes,
+    Like brave old Scottish gentlemen, all of the olden time.
+
+_Scottish Songs_, printed by W. G. Blackie and Company (Glasgow).
+
+[167] The commissioners to whom Ogden referred in his letter of February
+15, 1861, may have been the tangible evidence of Governor Rector's first
+attempt to influence the Indians.
+
+[168] Fleming, _Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama_, 46, footnote 1.
+
+[169] Smith, _Debates of the Alabama Convention_, 443-444; _Official
+Records_, fourth ser., vol i, 3.
+
+[170] Governor Moore had appointed the commissioners, including Hubbard,
+on his own initiative before the convention met. See his address, Smith's
+_Debates_, 35.
+
+[171] House _Journal_, Arkansas, 38.
+
+[172] House _Journal_, Arkansas, 314, 445.
+
+[173] January 12, 1861.
+
+[174] The resolution is found in House _Journal_, Arkansas, 167 and in
+_Official Records_, fourth ser., vol. i, 307. Its text is as follows:
+
+    _Resolved_, That no money or property of any kind whatever, now in the
+    hands of the Superintendent of Indian Affairs, or of any Indian agent,
+    being placed there, or designed for the Indians on the western
+    frontier of Arkansas, shall be seized, but that the same shall so
+    remain to be applied to and for the use of the several Indian Nations,
+    faithfully, as was designed when so placed in their hands for
+    disbursement.
+
+    And the people of the State of Arkansas, here in sovereign convention
+    assembled, do hereby pledge the sovereignty of the State of Arkansas,
+    that everything in their power shall be done to compel a faithful
+    application of all money and property now in the hands of persons or
+    agents designed and intended for the several Indian tribes west of
+    Arkansas.
+
+    Adopted in and by the convention May 9, 1861.
+
+        DAVID WALKER, President of the Arkansas State Convention.
+
+    Attest. ELIAS C. BOUDINOT, Secretary of the Convention.
+
+[175]
+
+    BOONSBOROUGH, ARK., May 9, 1861.
+
+    HON. JOHN ROSS:
+
+    Dear Sir: The momentous issues that now engross the attention of the
+    American people cannot but have elicited your interest and attention
+    as well as ours. The unfortunate resort of an arbitrament of arms
+    seems now to be the only alternative. Our State has of necessity to
+    co-operate with her natural allies, the Southern States. It is now
+    only a question of North and South, and the "hardest must fend off."
+    We expect manfully to bear our part of the privations and sacrifices
+    which the times require of Southern people.
+
+    This being our attitude in this great contest, it is natural for us to
+    desire, and we think we may say we have a right, to know what position
+    will be taken by those who may greatly conduce to our interests as
+    friends or to our injury as enemies. Not knowing your political status
+    in this present contest as the head of the Cherokee Nation, we request
+    you to inform as by letter, at your earliest convenience, whether you
+    will co-operate with the Northern or Southern section, now so
+    unhappily and hopelessly divided. We earnestly hope to find in you and
+    your people true allies and active friends; but if, unfortunately, you
+    prefer to retain your connection with the Northern Government and give
+    them aid and comfort, we want to know that, as we prefer an open enemy
+    to a doubtful friend.
+
+    With considerations of high regard, we are, your obedient servants,
+
+        MARK BEAN,
+        W. B. WELCH,
+        E. W. MACCLURE,
+        JOHN SPENCER,
+        J. A. MCCOLLOCH,
+        J. M. LACY,
+        J. P. CARNAHAN,
+        _And many others_.
+
+_Official Records_, first ser., vol. xiii, 493-494; Indian Office, General
+Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, C515.
+
+[176] Indian Office, General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, C515; _Official
+Records_, first ser., vol. i, 683-684; vol. xiii, 490-491.
+
+[177] Indian Office, General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, C515; _Official
+Records_, first ser., vol. i, 683.
+
+[178] In a letter to A. B. Greenwood, dated Fort Smith, February 13, 1861,
+he says:
+
+    On the 11th Inst. I sent a dispatch to you asking for Troops and
+    yesterday rec'd an answer making enquiries as to the Object for which
+    they are wanted, and asking if the Governor's Commissioner was here &
+    what was his Object.
+
+    I have just replyed in a Dispatch, that the Gov. has no Com. here and
+    has had none. I suppose you have been Tehlegraphed that there was a
+    Com. and that for mischief. Now the following are the facts in the
+    case as far as I have been able to learn them. On Saturday or Sunday
+    last there came a young man by the name of Gains called Dr. Gains from
+    Little Rock. He stated his object was to visit the Indian Tribes west
+    of this to cultivate with them friendly Relations and stated moreover
+    that he was authorized to do so by the Gov. of Arkansas. When I
+    returned your Dispatch I went to Dr. Gains and asked him in the
+    presents of witnesses if he was acting as Com. for the Gov. of
+    Arkansas he replyed that he was not, and now Sir I am sorry to learn
+    to day that a rumor is afloat that I am here to aid in taking this
+    post & that by having Troops sent from here to weaken the forces.
+    Nothing can be more false. In the first place, the Citizens have no
+    Disposition to interfere with this post in any way and the truth is I
+    see no persons but the Officers and I will not judge of their motives.
+
+    Them and myself are all friendly as far as I know except it may be
+    they object to a Speach I made here on Monday night last. I can say
+    and prove by all the best citizens of the Place that my remarks were
+    mild and conciliatory and could not be objectionable to any true
+    Southern man this the citizens of the City will bare me out, the truth
+    is the only objection they could make to my speech was that it was
+    unanswerable. I told you the same when in Washington. I appeal to the
+    Citizens for the truth of what I say. I desire troops to protect the
+    Cherokees from Abolition forays from Kansas & the Neutral land. I am
+    told that there are three times the No. of Intruders now that there
+    was there last fall and that violent threats have been made by Kansas.
+
+    In the next place I can do nothing without Troops there and a No. of
+    lawless murderers in the Nation that cannot without Troops, and I told
+    you those things when with you last and in addition to the above facts
+    the Troops can live and support quite as comfortable and for less
+    money out there than they can here.--Indian Office, General Files,
+    _Cherokee, 1859-1865_.
+
+[179] The proof appeared in the correspondence of John B. Ogden,
+commissioner of the district court of the United States for the western
+district of Arkansas. On March 4, 1861, Ogden wrote from Van Buren to the
+Secretary of the Interior the following letter:
+
+    Having learned on the 15th of Feb{y} last from rumor the person
+    appointed as Com{r} had been sent by Gov. Rector of the State of
+    Arkansas to the Indian tribes upon our frontier for co-operation in
+    secession movements, and the same being in violation of treaty
+    stipulations and the laws enacted by Congress regulating trade and
+    Intercourse, I addressed a letter of inquiry to John Ross principal
+    chief of the Cherokee Nation in relation to the same, which letter
+    accompanies this with his reply--The letter to me I think was intended
+    to be confidential from its language and from my conversation with the
+    messenger who was the bearer of it to me, of this however I cannot
+    positively judge and have thought best to forward the same. John Ross
+    was unable to give me an imediate answer as he was not personally
+    advised of the subject matter. But upon the return of Mr W. P. Ross
+    who was a delegate from the Cherokees to a General Council being held
+    of the tribes West of Arkansas in relation to their own international
+    policy, he became advised of the matter of inquiry and for the purpose
+    of furnishing the required information sent Mr W. P. Ross the bearer
+    of this letter to Van Buren that he might fully communicate with me in
+    the matter. I learn from him that one Dr J. J. Gains late editor of a
+    secession sheet at Little Rock, did attend the said Council held by
+    the Indian tribes west of Ark{s} in the Choctaw Nation, and that said
+    Gains announced to the Council his mission to be that of a Com{r} from
+    Arkansas accredited by the Gov{r} to consult with them in relation to
+    co-operation with the seceding States--That he submitted a written
+    Statement to them in reference to their interests and future relations
+    in the event of a dissolution of the Union--but that he was guarded in
+    his propositions--You will learn from M{r} John Ross' letter that he
+    informs me officially that the present (agent) of the Cherokees "is
+    officiously advocating the secession policy of the southern States and
+    that his endeavoring to influence the Cherokees to take sides and act
+    in Concert with the Seceding States."--I can state from my own
+    information that when said Agent is in Ark{s} he is invariably to be
+    found upon the stump "open-mouthed and--" for disunion, to the great
+    anoyance of the good people of the Country. These people should be
+    heard and their grievances redressed and the causes removed, and some
+    man of correct constitutional morals appointed in his stead. We have
+    hosts of such men in this State, and as the Incoming Administration
+    are not advised of persons in this country, allow me to suggest that
+    on application to the Hon. A. B. Greenwood now of Washington the
+    selection of a suitable person could be named. I have no doubt, that
+    would be satisfactory--pardon this apparent officiousness--At this
+    time my great anxiety for the preservation of the Union must be my
+    apology for what I have said.
+
+    I also enclose you a copy of a permit furnished me by M{r} Ross issued
+    by said agent.--Indian Office, General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_,
+    O32.
+
+    _Inclosures_
+
+    1. John Ogden to John Ross, February 15, 1861.
+
+    2. John Ross to John B. Ogden, February 28, 1861.
+
+    3. CHEROKEE AGENCY, near Tahlequah, C. N.
+
+    Isaac G. Freeman, a citizen of what was formerly the United States and
+    a farmer by occupation has permission to remain with J. C. Cunningham
+    near Park Hill in said Nation and labor for the said Cunningham for
+    twelve months from this date subject to be removed by the Agent at any
+    time for cause.
+
+        R. J. COWART, U. S. Cherokee Agent.
+
+    [Endorsement] A true copy from the original as taken by me March 1st
+    1861
+
+        WILL P. ROSS
+
+    4. Newspaper clippings, one containing the Choctaw resolutions of
+    February 7, 1861, and the other this:
+
+    Dr. J. J. Gains, (an old editor) dropped in upon us, last week, on his
+    way to Little Rock, from the Indian country. His mission was one of
+    peace, and not to "_incite rebellion_" as was telegraphed to
+    Washington City, by some officious person. We were glad to learn from
+    him, that our border friends are all right.
+
+[180] General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, C515; _Official Records_,
+first ser., vol. xiii, 491-492.
+
+[181] Stephens says they were almost equally divided on the question of
+secession [_Constitutional View of the Late War between the States_, vol.
+ii, 363].
+
+[182] On April 20, 1861.
+
+[183] Stephens, _op. cit._, vol. ii, 375; _Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. i, 674, 687.
+
+[184] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. i, 686.
+
+[185] _Journal_, Arkansas Convention, 369.
+
+[186] The importance of such an alliance seems never to have been lost
+sight of. In his message of May 6, 1861, Governor Rector called attention
+to the fact that Arkansas was the most exposed state in the Union, because
+of the Indians on the west [_Journal_, 153]. In various ways, he
+emphasized the strategical value of Indian Territory [_ibid._, 156].
+
+[187] _Journal_, Arkansas Convention, 183.
+
+[188] See page 183.
+
+[189] _Journal_, Arkansas Convention, 189.
+
+[190] --_Ibid._, 295.
+
+[191] N. Bart Pearce had just been created by the convention
+"brigadier-general of Arkansas, to command the Western frontier."
+
+[192] On the thirteenth of May, the Confederate War Department had
+assigned Ben McCulloch to the command of the district embracing Indian
+Territory.
+
+[193] _Journal_, Arkansas Convention, 369.
+
+[194] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. i, 691.
+
+[195] These resolutions are found in the _Official Record_, first ser.,
+vol. iii, 585-587 and are as follows:
+
+    _Resolutions of the Senate and House of Representatives of the
+    Chickasaw Legislature assembled_, May 25, 1861: Whereas the Government
+    of the United States has been broken up by the secession of a large
+    number of States composing the Federal Union--that the dissolution has
+    been followed by war between the parties; and whereas the destruction
+    of the Union as it existed by the Federal Constitution is irreparable,
+    and consequently the Government of the United States as it was when
+    the Chickasaw and other Indian nations formed alliances and treaties
+    with it no longer exists; and whereas the Lincoln Government,
+    pretending to represent said Union, has shown by its course towards
+    us, in withdrawing from our country the protection of the Federal
+    troops, and withholding, unjustly and unlawfully, our money placed in
+    the hands of the Government of the United States as trustee, to be
+    applied for our benefit, a total disregard of treaty obligations
+    toward us; and whereas our geographical position, our social and
+    domestic institutions, our feelings and sympathies, all attach us to
+    our Southern friends, against whom is about to be waged a war of
+    subjugation or extermination, of conquest and confiscation--a war
+    which, if we can judge from the declarations of the political
+    partisans of the Lincoln Government, will surpass the French
+    Revolution in scenes of blood and that of San Domingo in atrocious
+    horrors; and whereas it is impossible that the Chickasaws, deprived of
+    their money and destitute of all means of separate self-protection,
+    can maintain neutrality or escape the storm which is about to burst
+    upon the South, but, on the contrary, would be suspected, oppressed,
+    and plundered alternately by armed bands from the North, South, East,
+    and West; and whereas we have an abiding confidence that all our
+    rights--tribal and individual--secured to as under treaties with the
+    United States, will be fully recognized, guaranteed, and protected by
+    our friends of the Confederate States; and whereas as a Southern
+    people we consider their cause our own: Therefore,
+
+    _Be it resolved by the Chickasaw Legislature assembled_, 1st. That the
+    dissolution of the Federal Union, under which the Government of the
+    United States existed, has absolved the Chickasaws from allegiance to
+    any foreign government whatever; that the current of the events of the
+    last few months has left the Chickasaw Nation _independent_, the
+    people thereof free to form such alliances, and take such steps to
+    secure their own safety, happiness, and future welfare as may to them
+    seem best.
+
+    2d. _Resolved_, That our neighboring Indian nations--Choctaws,
+    Cherokees, Creeks, Seminoles, Osages, Senecas, Quapaws, Comanches,
+    Kiowas, together with the fragmentary bands of Delawares, Kickapoos,
+    Caddoes, Wichitas, and others within the Choctaw and Chickasaw country
+    who are similarly situated with ourselves, be invited to co-operate,
+    in order to secure the independence of the Indian nations and the
+    defense of the territory they inhabit from Northern invasion by the
+    Lincoln hordes and Kansas robbers, who have plundered and oppressed
+    our red brethren among them, and who doubtless would extend towards us
+    the protection which the wolf gives to the lamb should they succeed in
+    overrunning our country; that the Chickasaws pledge themselves to
+    resist by all means and to the death any such invasion of the lands
+    occupied by themselves or by any of the Indian nations; and that their
+    country shall not be occupied or passed through by the Lincoln forces
+    for the purpose of invading our neighbors, the States of Arkansas and
+    Texas, but, on the contrary, any attempt to do so will be regarded as
+    an act of war against ourselves, and should be resisted by all the
+    Indian nations as insulting to themselves and tending to endanger
+    their Territorial rights.
+
+    3d. _Resolved_, That it is expedient, at the very earliest day
+    possible, that commissioners from other Indian nations for the purpose
+    of forming a league or confederation among them for mutual safety and
+    protection, and also to the Confederate States in order to enter into
+    such alliance and to conclude such treaties as may be necessary to
+    secure the rights, interest, and welfare of the Indian tribes, and
+    that the co-operation of all the Indian nations west of the State of
+    Arkansas and south of Kansas be invited for the attainment of these
+    objects.
+
+    4th. _Resolved_, That the Chickasaws look with confidence especially
+    to the Choctaws (whose interests are an closely interwoven with their
+    own, and who were the first through their national council to declare
+    their sympathy for, and their determination, in case of a permanent
+    dissolution of the Federal Union, to adhere to the Southern States),
+    and hope they will speedily unite with us in such measures as may be
+    necessary for the defense of our common country and a union with our
+    natural allies, the Confederate States of America.
+
+    5th. _Resolved_, That while the Chickasaw people entertain the most
+    sincere friendship for the people of the neighboring States of Texas
+    and Arkansas, and are deeply grateful for the prompt offer from them
+    of assistance in all measures of defense necessary for the protection
+    of our country against hostile invasion, we are desirous to hold
+    undisputed possession of our lands and all forts and other places
+    lately occupied by the Federal troops and other officers and persons
+    acting under the authority of the United States, and that the governor
+    of the Chickasaw Nation be, and he is hereby, instructed to take
+    immediate steps to obtain possession of all such forts and places
+    within the Choctaw and Chickasaw country, and have the same
+    garrisoned, if possible, by Chickasaw troops, or else by troops acting
+    expressly under and by virtue of the authority of the Chickasaw or
+    Choctaw nations, until such time as said forts, Indian agencies, etc.,
+    may be transferred by treaty to the Confederate States.
+
+    6th. _Resolved_, That the governor of the Chickasaw Nation be, and he
+    is hereby, instructed to issue his proclamation to the Chickasaw
+    Nation, declaring their _independence_, and calling upon the Chickasaw
+    warriors to form themselves into volunteer companies of such strength
+    and with such officers (to be chosen by themselves) as the governor
+    may prescribe, to report themselves by filing their company rolls at
+    the Chickasaw Agency, and to hold themselves, with the best arms and
+    ammunition, together with a reasonable supply of provisions, in
+    readiness at a minute's warning to turn out, under the orders of the
+    commanding general of the Chickasaws, for the defense of their country
+    or to aid the civil authorities in the enforcement of the laws.
+
+    7th. _Resolved_, That we have full faith and confidence in the justice
+    of the cause in which we are embarked, and that we appeal to the
+    Chickasaw people to be prepared to meet the conflict which will
+    surely, and perhaps speedily, take place, and hereby call upon every
+    man capable of bearing arms to be ready to defend his home and family,
+    his country and his property, and to render prompt obedience to all
+    orders from the officers set over them.
+
+    9th [8th]. _Resolved_, That the governor cause these resolutions to be
+    published in the National Register, at the Boggy Depot, and copies
+    thereof sent to the several Indian nations, to the governors of the
+    adjacent States, to the President of the Confederate States, and to
+    Abraham Lincoln, President of the Black Republican Party.
+
+    Passed the House of Representatives May 25, 1865.
+
+       A. ALEXANAN, Speaker House Representatives.
+
+    Attest: C. CARTER, Clerk House Representatives
+
+    Passed the Senate.
+
+        JOHN E. ANDERSON, President of Senate.
+
+    Attest: JAMES N. MCLISH, Clerk of Senate.
+
+    Approved, Tishomingo, May 25, 1861.
+
+        C. HARRIS, Governor.
+
+[196] See _footnote_ 175.
+
+[197] General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, C515; _Official Records_,
+first ser., vol. xiii, 492.
+
+[198] General Files, _ibid._; _Official Records_, first ser., vol. xiii,
+492-493.
+
+[199] The text of this is to be found in various places. The most
+convenient of such places are, _Official Records_, first ser., vol. xiii,
+489-490 and Moore's _Rebellion Record_, vol. ii, 145-146. A manuscript
+copy of the proclamation may be found in General Files, _Cherokee,
+1859-1865_, C515; and a synopsis of its contents in Moore's _Rebellion
+Record_, vol. ii, 1-2.
+
+[200] Ross gave the citizens of Boonsboro their direct answer, May 18,
+1861 [General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, C515; _Official Records_,
+first ser., vol. xiii, 494-495].
+
+[201] The official list of members of the Confederate congresses can be
+found in _Official Records_, fourth ser., vol. iii, 1185-1191.
+
+[202] Provisional Congress of the Confederate States, _Journal_, vol. i,
+70.
+
+[203] --_Ibid._, 81.
+
+[204] Under the second section of the law of February 21, 1861, Indian
+affairs had been left for general supervision to the War Department
+[_Provisional and Permanent Constitutions of the Confederate States and
+Acts and Resolutions of the First Session of the Provisional Congress_,
+48]. The Bureau of Indian Affairs, created by the law of March 15, 1861,
+was made a bureau of the War Department.
+
+[205] Provisional Congress _Journal_, vol. i, 142; Richardson, _Messages
+and Papers of the Confederacy_.
+
+[206] _Provisional and Permanent Constitutions_, 133-134.
+
+[207] Provisional Congress _Journal_, vol. i, 154.
+
+[208] Hubbard had occupied other and earlier positions of importance; but
+it must certainly have been upon the basis of the experience gained in
+filling this one that his nomination for commissioner of Indian affairs
+was made. Hubbard had been a state senator, a representative in the
+twenty-sixth and in the thirty-first United States congresses, and
+presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1844 and on the
+Breckinridge and Lane ticket in 1860 [_Biographical Congressional
+Directory_, _1774-1903_, 608].
+
+[209]
+
+    The Bureau of Indian Affairs ... has been organized.... So far this
+    Bureau has found but little to do. The necessity for the extension of
+    the military arm of the Government toward the frontier, and the
+    attitude of Arkansas, without the Confederacy, have contributed to
+    circumscribe its action. But this branch of the public service
+    doubtless will now grow in importance in consequence of the early
+    probable accession of Arkansas to the Confederacy; of the friendly
+    sentiments of the Creeks, Cherokees, Choctaws, and Chickasaws, and
+    other tribes west of Arkansas toward this Government; of our
+    difficulties with the tribes on the Texas frontier; of our hostilities
+    with the United States, and of our probable future relations with the
+    Territories of Arizona and New Mexico.--Extract from the Report of
+    Secretary Walker to President Davis, April 27, 1861 [_Official
+    Records_, fourth ser., vol. i, 248].
+
+[210] Davis would have preferred to have had Toombs for secretary of the
+treasury [Rhodes, _History of the United States_, vol. iii, 295, _note_
+7].
+
+[211] _Journal_, vol. i, 105.
+
+[212] Both Pike and Toombs reached in time the thirty-second degree, or
+Scottish Rite. Note Pike's glowing tribute to Toombs, quoted in
+Richardson, _Messages and Papers of the Confederacy_, vol. ii, 142.
+
+[213] _Journal_, vol. i, 205.
+
+[214] --_Ibid._, 225.
+
+[215] Just what particular sets of resolutions those were I have no means
+of knowing. The most important set of Chickasaw resolutions, those issued
+under date of May 25, 1861 [_Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii,
+585-587] had not yet been passed. The Choctaw resolutions presented may
+have been and very probably were those of February 7, 1861 [_ibid._].
+
+[216] On the twenty-first of May, President Davis approved "An Act for the
+protection of the Indian Tribes" [_Journal_, 263], it having gone through
+its various stages of amendment and having passed Congress, May
+seventeenth [_ibid._, 244]. Adjutant-general G. W. Andrews reports,
+November 4, 1912, that nothing additional concerning the text of this law
+is to be found in the Confederate archives.
+
+[217] _Journal_, vol. i, 244.
+
+[218] Governor Clark of Texas, also, at this time displayed great interest
+in the matter. On the fifteenth of May, he wrote to President Davis that
+he was constituting James E. Harrison, a man thoroughly conversant with
+the whole subject, "the duly accredited agent of Texas to convey" the
+Report of April 23, 1861 to Richmond [_Official Records_, fourth ser.,
+vol. i, 322].
+
+[219] See letter from Pearce to President Davis, May 13, 1861 [_ibid._,
+first ser., vol. iii, 576].
+
+[220] _Official Records_, fourth ser., vol. i, 572-574.
+
+[221] Pike was appointed under authority of a resolution passed by
+Congress, March 5, 1861. See Message of President Davis, December 12, 1861
+[_ibid._, fourth ser., vol. i, 785].
+
+[222] To-day he is, perhaps, best known by his parody on "Dixie" and by
+his singularly beautiful and pathetic "Every Year" [_Poems_, Roome's
+edition, 31-34].
+
+[223] See _Journal of Proceedings_, no. 273 of Johns Hopkins University
+Civil War Pamphlets.
+
+[224] Bishop, _Loyalty on the Frontier_, 148-151.
+
+[225] The poem is printed entire in Bishop's _Loyalty on the Frontier_,
+149-150. The first two stanzas are here given:
+
+    DISUNION
+
+    Ay, shout! 'Tis the day of your pride,
+      Ye despots and tyrants of earth;
+    Tell your serfs the American name to deride,
+      And to rattle their fetters in mirth.
+    Ay, shout! for the league of the free
+      Is about to be shivered to dust,
+    And the rent limbs to fall from the vigorous tree,
+    Shout! shout! for more firmly established, will be
+    Your thrones and dominions beyond the blue sea.
+
+    Laugh on! for such folly supreme,
+      The world has yet never beheld;
+    And ages to come will the history deem,
+      A tale by antiquity swelled;
+    For nothing that time has upbuilt
+      And set in the annals of crime,
+    So stupid and senseless, so wretched in guilt,
+      Darkens sober tradition or rhyme.
+    _It will be like the fable of Eblis' fall,
+    A by-word of mockery and horror to all._
+
+[226] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 580-581.
+
+[227] In a letter to Commissioner D. N. Cooley, under date of February 17,
+1866, Pike said that Toombs requested him in May of 1861 to visit the
+Indian country as commissioner. I have not been able to find out whether
+Toombs made his request in writing or verbally. The correspondence of
+Toombs recently edited by U. B. Phillips does not furnish any additional
+information on this point.
+
+[228] On one very important occasion, Albert Pike was not strictly fair to
+the Indians. That occasion was after the war when the United States Indian
+Office was endeavoring to make a settlement with the Cherokees on the
+basis of their adherence to the Confederate cause. Pike was appealed to
+and threw the weight of his influence against John Ross, but most unjustly
+as it would seem. The letter embodying his views is a narrative of the
+events of 1861 as they happened in the Indian country under his scrutiny,
+and may as well be inserted here in full. It is to be found in the Indian
+Office in a bundle labeled, "Loyalty of John Ross, Principal Chief of the
+Cherokees: Letter of Albert Pike (original), Feb. 17, 1866--and _Copies_
+of several of Ross' letter--relative to his _loyalty_ in 1861 & 1862,
+etc."
+
+    5. _Albert Pike to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs_
+
+    MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE, 17th February 1866.
+
+    SIR: I have received, to-day, a copy of the "Memorial" of the
+    "Southern Cherokees," to the President, Senate and House of
+    Representatives, in reply to the Memorial of other Cherokees claiming
+    to be "loyal."
+
+    It is not for me to take any part in the controversy between the two
+    portions of the Cherokee People, nor have I any interest that could
+    lead me to side with one in preference to the other. Nor am I much
+    inclined, having none of the rights of a Citizen, to offer to testify
+    in any matter, when my testimony may not be deemed worthy of credit,
+    as that of one not yet restored to respectability and creditability by
+    a pardon.
+
+    But, as I know it to be contemptible as well as false, for Mr. John
+    Ross and the "loyal" Memorialists to pretend that they did not
+    voluntarily engage themselves by Treaty Stipulations to the
+    Confederate States, and as you have desired my testimony, I have this
+    to say, and I think no man will be bold enough to deny any part of it.
+
+    In May, 1861, I was requested by Mr. Toombs, Secretary of State of the
+    Confederate States, to visit the Indian Country as Commissioner, and
+    assure the Indians of the friendship of those States. The Convention
+    of the State of Arkansas, anxious to avoid hostilities with the
+    Cherokees, also applied to me to act as such Commissioner. I
+    accordingly proceeded to Fort Smith, where some five or six Cherokees
+    called upon General McCulloch and myself, representing those of the
+    Cherokees who sympathized with the South, in order to ascertain
+    whether the Confederate States would protect them against Mr. Ross and
+    the Pin Indians, if they should organize and take up arms for the
+    South. We learned that some attempts to raise a Secession flag in the
+    Cherokee Country on the Arkansas had been frustrated by the menace of
+    violence; and those who came to meet us represented the Pin
+    Organization to be a Secret Society, established by Evan Jones, a
+    Missionary, and at the service of Mr. John Ross, for the purpose of
+    abolitionizing the Cherokees and putting out of the way all who
+    sympathized with the Southern States.
+
+    The truth was, as I afterwards learned with certainty, the Secret
+    Organization in question, whose members for a time used as a mark of
+    their membership a _pin_ in the front of the hunting shirt, was really
+    established for the purpose of depriving the half-breeds of all
+    political power, though Mr. Ross, himself a Scotchman and a McDonald
+    by the father and the mother, was shrewd enough to use it for his own
+    ends. At any rate, it was organized and in _full_ operation, long
+    before Secession was thought of.
+
+    General McCulloch and myself assured those who met us at Fort Smith,
+    that they should be protected; and agreed to meet, at an early day
+    then fixed, at Park Hill, where Mr. Ross resided. Upon that I sent a
+    messenger with letters to five or six prominent members of the
+    Anti-Ross party, inviting them to meet me at the Creek Agency, two
+    days after the day on which General McCulloch and I were to meet at
+    Park Hill.
+
+    I did not expect to effect any arrangement with Mr. Ross, and my
+    intention was to treat with the heads of the Southern party, Stand
+    Watie and others.
+
+    When we met Mr. Ross at Park Hill, he refused to enter into any
+    arrangement with the Confederate States. He said that his intention
+    was to maintain the neutrality of his people; that they were a small
+    and weak people, and would be ruined and destroyed if they engaged in
+    the war; and that it would be a cruel thing if we were to engage them
+    in our quarrel. But, he said, all his interests and all his feelings
+    were with us, and he knew that his people must share the fate and
+    fortunes of Arkansas. We told him that the Cherokees _could_ not be
+    neutral. We used every argument in our power to change his
+    determination, but in vain; and finally General McCulloch informed him
+    that he would respect the neutrality of the Cherokees, and would not
+    enter their Country with troops, or place troops in it, unless it
+    should become necessary in order to expel a Federal force, or to
+    protect the Southern Cherokees.
+
+    So we separated. General McCulloch kept his word, and no Confederate
+    troops ever were stationed in or marched into the Cherokee Country,
+    until after the Federal troops invaded it.
+
+    Before leaving the Nation I addressed Mr. Ross a letter, which I
+    afterwards printed, and circulated among the Cherokee people. In it I
+    informed him that the Confederate States would remain content with his
+    pledge of neutrality, although he would find it impossible to maintain
+    that neutrality; that I should not again offer to treat with the
+    Cherokees, and that the Confederate States would not consider
+    themselves bound by my proposition to pay the Cherokees for the
+    neutral land, if they should lose it in consequence of the war. I had
+    no further communication with Mr. Ross until September.
+
+    Meanwhile, he had persuaded Opoth le Yahola, the Creek leader, not to
+    join the Southern States, and had sent delegates to meet the Northern
+    and other Indians in Council near the Antelope Hills, where they all
+    agreed to be neutral. The purpose was, to take advantage of the war
+    between the States, and form a great independent Indian
+    Confederation--I defeated all that, by treating with the Creeks at the
+    very time that their delegates were at the Antelope Hills in Council.
+
+    When I had treated with them and with the Choctaws and Chickasaws, at
+    the North Fork of the Canadian, I went to the Seminole Agency and
+    treated with the Seminoles. Then I went to the Wichita Agency, having
+    previously invited the Reserve Indians to return there, and invited
+    the prairie Comanches to meet me. After treating with these, I
+    returned by Fort Arbuckle, and before reaching there, met a nephew of
+    Mr. Ross, and a Captain [Keld? _sic_] in the prairie, bearing a letter
+    to me from Mr. Ross and his Council, with a copy of the resolutions of
+    Council, and an invitation in pressing terms to repair to the Cherokee
+    Country and enter into a Treaty.
+
+    I consented, fixed a day for meeting the Cherokees, and wrote Mr. Ross
+    to that effect, requesting him also to send messengers to the Osages,
+    Quapaws, Shawnees, Senecas, &c. and invite them to meet me at the same
+    time. He did so, and at the time fixed I went to Park Hill, and there
+    effected Treaties.
+
+    When I first entered the Indian Country, in May, I had as an escort
+    one company of mounted men. I went in advance of them to Park Hill;
+    General McCulloch went there without an escort. At the Creek Agency I
+    sent the Company back: I then remained without escort or guard, until
+    I had made the Seminole Treaty, camping with my little party and
+    displaying the Confederate flag. When I went to the Wichita Country, I
+    took an escort of Creeks and Seminoles. These I discharged at Fort
+    Arbuckle on my return, and went, accompanied only by four young men,
+    through the Creek Country to Fort Gibson, refusing an escort of Creeks
+    offered me on the way.
+
+    From Fort Gibson eight or nine companies of Colonel Drew's Regiment of
+    Cherokees, chiefly full-bloods and Pins, escorted me to Park Hill.
+    This regiment was raised by order of the National Council, and its
+    officers appointed by Mr Ross, his nephew William P. Ross, Secretary
+    of the Nation, being Lieut. Colonel, and Thomas Pegg, President of the
+    National Committee, being its Major.
+
+    I encamped, with my little party near the residence of the Chief,
+    unprotected even by a guard, and with the Confederate flag flying. The
+    terms of the Treaty were fully discussed and the Cherokee authorities
+    dealt with me on equal terms. Mr. John Ross had met me as I was on my
+    way to Park Hill, escorted by the National Regiment, and had welcomed
+    me to the Cherokee Nation, in an earnest and enthusiastic speech; and
+    seemed to me throughout to be acting in perfect good faith. I acted in
+    the same way with him.
+
+    After the treaties were signed, I presented Colonel Drew's Regiment a
+    flag, and the chief in a speech exhorted them to be true to it: and
+    afterwards, _at his request, I wrote the Cherokee Declaration of
+    Independence_ which is printed with the Memorial of the Southern
+    Cherokees. I no more doubted, then, that Mr. Ross' whole heart was
+    with the South, than that mine was. _Even in May he said to General
+    McCulloch and myself, that if Northern troops invaded the Cherokee
+    Country, he would head the Cherokees and drive them back._ "_I have
+    borne arms_" he said, "_and though I am old I can do it again_."
+
+    At the time of the treaty there were about nine hundred Cherokees of
+    Colonel Drew's Regiment encamped near, and fed by me, and Colonel
+    Watie, who had almost abandoned the idea of raising a regiment, had a
+    small body of men, not more, I think, than eighty or ninety, at
+    Tahlequah. When the flag was presented, Col. Watie was present, and
+    after the ceremony the chief shook hands with him and expressed his
+    warm desire for union and harmony in the Nation.
+
+    The gentlemen whom I had invited to meet me in June at the Creek
+    Agency did not do so. They were afraid of being murdered, they said,
+    if they openly sided with the South. In October they censured me for
+    treating with Mr. Ross, and were in an ill humour, saying that the
+    regiment was raised in order to be used to oppress _them_.
+
+    The same day that the Cherokee Treaty was signed, the Osages, Quapaws,
+    Shawnees and Senecas signed treaties, and the next day they had a talk
+    with Mr. Ross at his residence, smoked the great pipe and renewed
+    their alliance, being urged by him to be true to the Confederate
+    States.
+
+    I protest that I believed Mr. John Ross, at this time and for long
+    after, to be as sincerely devoted to the Confederacy as I myself was.
+    He was frank, cheerful, earnest, and evidently believed that the
+    independence of the Confederate States was an accomplished fact. I
+    should dishonour him if I believed that he then dreamed of abandoning
+    the Confederacy or turning the arms of the Cherokees against us in
+    case of a reverse.
+
+    Before I left the Cherokee Country, part of the Creeks, under
+    Opoth-le-Yaholo left their homes, under arms and threatened
+    hostilities. Mr. Ross, at my request, invited the old Chief to meet
+    him, and urged him to unite with the Confederate States. Colonel
+    Drew's regiment was ordered into the Creek Country, and afterwards, on
+    the eve of the action at Bird Creek, abandoned Colonel Cooper, rather
+    than fight against their neighbours. But after the action, the
+    regiment was again reorganized. The men were eager to fight, they
+    said, against the Yankees; but did not wish to fight their own
+    brethren, the Creeks.
+
+    When General Curtis entered North Western Arkansas, in February 1862,
+    I sent orders from Fort Smith to Colonel Drew to move towards
+    Evansville and receive orders from General McCulloch. Colonel Watie's
+    Regiment was already under General McCulloch's command. Colonel Drew's
+    men moved in advance of Colonel Watie, with great alacrity, and showed
+    no want of zeal at Pea Ridge.
+
+    I do not _know_ that any one was scalped at that place or in that
+    action, except from information. None of my officers knew it at the
+    time. I heard of it afterwards. I cannot say to which regiment those
+    belonged who did it. But it has been publicly charged on some of the
+    same men who afterwards abandoned the Confederate cause and enlisting
+    in the Federal Service were sent into Arkansas to ravage it.
+
+    After the actions at Pea Ridge and Elk Horn, the Regiment of Colonel
+    Drew was moved to the mouth of the Illinois, where I was able, after a
+    time, to pay them $25 cash, the commutation for six months' clothing,
+    in Confederate money. Nothing more, owing to the wretched management
+    of the Confederate government, was ever paid them; and the clothing
+    procured for them was plundered by the commands of Generals Price and
+    Van Dorn. The consequence was that when Colonel Weer entered the
+    Cherokee Country, the Pin Indians joined him _en masse_.
+
+    I had procured at Richmond, and paid Mr. Lewis Ross, Treasurer of the
+    Cherokee Nation, about the first of March 1862, in the Chief's house
+    and in the Chief's presence, the moneys agreed to be paid them by
+    Treaty, being about $70,000 (I think) in coin, and among other sums
+    $150,000 in Confederate Treasury notes, loaned the Nation by way of
+    advance on the price expected to be paid for the Neutral land. This
+    sum had been promised in the Treaty at the earnest solicitation of Mr.
+    John Ross; and it was generally understood that it was desired for the
+    special purpose of redeeming scrip of the Nation issued long before,
+    and much of which was held by Mr. Ross and his relatives. That such
+    _was_ the case, I do not know. I only know that the moneys were paid,
+    and that I have the receipts for them, which, with others, I shall
+    file in the Indian Office.
+
+    In May, 1862, Lieut. Colonel William P. Ross visited my camp at Fort
+    McCulloch, near Red River, and said to me that "the Chief" would be
+    gratified if he were to receive the appointment of Brigadier General
+    in the Confederate Service. I did not ask him if he was authorized by
+    the Chief to say so; but I did ask him if he were _sure_ that the
+    appointment would gratify him; and being so assured, I promised to
+    urge the appointment. I did so, more than once, but never received a
+    reply. It was not customary with the Confederate War Department to
+    exhibit any great wisdom; and in respect to the Indian Country its
+    conduct was disgraceful. Unpaid, unclothed, uncared for, unthanked
+    even, and their services unrecognized, it was natural the Cherokees
+    should abandon the Confederate flag.
+
+    When Colonel Weer invaded the Cherokee Country, Mr. Ross refused to
+    have an interview with him, declaring that the Cherokees would remain
+    faithful to their engagements with the Confederate States. There was
+    not then a Confederate soldier in the Cherokee Nation, to overawe Mr.
+    Ross or Major Pegg or any other "loyal" Cherokee. Mr. Ross sent me a
+    copy of his letter to Colonel Weer, and I had it printed and sent over
+    Texas, to show the people there that the Cherokee Chief was "loyal" to
+    the Confederate States.
+
+    Afterwards, when Stand Watie's Regiment and the Choctaws were sent
+    over the Arkansas into the Cherokee Country, and Mr. Ross considered
+    his life in danger from his own people, in consequence of their
+    ancient feud, he allowed himself to be taken prisoner by the Federal
+    troops. At the time, I believed that if white troops had been sent to
+    Park Hill, who would have protected him against Watie's men, he would
+    have remained at home and adhered to the Confederacy: for either he
+    was true to his obligations to the Confederate States, voluntarily
+    entered into,--true at heart and in his inmost soul,--or else he is
+    falser and more treacherous than I can believe him to be.
+
+    The simple truth is, Mr. Commissioner, that the "loyal" Cherokees
+    hated Stand Watie and the half-breeds and were hated by them. They
+    were perfectly willing to kill and scalp Yankees, and when they were
+    hired to change sides, and twenty two hundred of them were organized
+    into regiments in the _Federal_ Service, they were just as ready to
+    kill and scalp when employed against us in Arkansas. _We_ did _not_
+    pay and clothe them, and the United States _did_. They scalped for
+    those who paid for and clothed them. As to "loyalty" they had none at
+    all.
+
+    I entered the Indian Country in May, and left it in October. For five
+    months I travelled and encamped in it, unprotected by white troops,
+    alone with the four young men, treating with the different tribes. If
+    there had been any "loyalty" among the Indians, I could not have gone
+    a mile in safety. Opoth-le-Yaholo was not "loyal." He feared the
+    McIntoshes, who had raised troops, and who, he thought, meant to kill
+    him for killing their father long years before. He told me that he did
+    not wish to fight against the Southern States, but only that the
+    Indians should all act together. If Mr. Ross had treated with us at
+    first, _all_ the Creeks would have done the same. If Stand Watie and
+    his party took _one_ side, John Ross and his party were sure, in the
+    end, to take the other, _especially when that other proved itself the
+    stronger_.
+
+    So far from the Watie party overawing the party which upheld Mr. Ross,
+    I _know_ it to be true that they were _afraid_ to actively coöperate
+    with the Confederate States, to organize, to raise Secession flags, or
+    even to meet me and consult with me. They feared that Colonel Drew's
+    Regiment would be used to harrass them, and they never dreamed of
+    _forcing_ the authorities into a Treaty.
+
+    After the action at Elkhorn, murders were continually complained of by
+    Colonels Watie and Drew, and the Chief solicited me to place part of
+    Colonel Drew's Regiment at or near Park Hill, to protect the
+    government and its records. I did so. There never a time when the
+    "loyal" Cherokees had not the power to destroy the Southern ones.
+
+    As to myself, I dealt fairly and openly with all the Indians. I used
+    no threats of force or compulsion, with any of them. The "loyal"
+    Cherokees joined us because they believed we should succeed, and left
+    us when they thought we should not. At their request I wrote their
+    declaration of Independence and acceptance of the issues of war; and
+    if any men voluntarily, and with their eyes open, and of their own
+    motion acceded to the Secession movement, it was John Ross and the
+    people whom he controlled. I am, Sir, Very res{py}, Your obt Svt
+
+        ALBERT PIKE
+
+    D. N. Cooley Esq, Commissioner of Ind. Aff.
+
+[229] In writing this letter, Pike most certainly addressed himself to
+Toombs officially and with the idea in mind that he was holding his
+commission under the Confederate State Department. That he was serving
+under that department and that he did not get his appointment until May
+seem scarcely to admit of a doubt, notwithstanding the fact that Judah P.
+Benjamin, Secretary of War later in the year, December [14?], 1861, in
+reporting to President Davis, could make the following statement:
+
+    At the first session of the Congress an act was passed providing for
+    the sending of a commissioner to the Indian tribes north of Texas and
+    west of Arkansas, with the view of making such arrangements for an
+    alliance with and the protection of the Indians as were rendered
+    necessary by the disruption of the Union and our natural succession to
+    the rights and duties of the United States, so far as these Indians
+    were concerned. The supervision of this important branch of
+    administrative duty was confided to the State Department, by which
+    Brig.-Gen. Albert Pike was selected as commissioner. At a later period
+    of the same session a Bureau of Indian Affairs was created by law and
+    attached to this Department, charged with the management of our
+    relations with the Indian tribes....--_Official Records_, fourth ser.,
+    vol. i, 792.
+
+Now, if Benjamin was correct in his chronology, the appointment of Pike
+must have antedated that of Hubbard, a very unlikely state of affairs
+unless, indeed, the Confederate government from the start, taking
+cognizance of the very advanced condition of the Indians under discussion
+and of the very extreme delicacy of the situation, concluded it would be
+wisest to act upon the assumption that the great tribes were independent
+enough to be dealt with almost as foreign powers and so left everything to
+the discretion of the State Department.
+
+In November, 1861, the Provisional Congress considered the advisability of
+transferring the whole Indian Bureau to the Department of State
+[_Journal_, November 28, 1861, vol. i, 489]. The transfer was probably
+suggested by the fact that the relations to date of the Confederate States
+with the Indians had been conducted altogether upon a basis of diplomacy.
+An added reason might have been, that the ordinary business of the War
+Department was sufficiently onerous without the details of Indian
+complications being made a part of it. Yet the transfer was never made.
+
+[230] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 576-578.
+
+[231] Hubbard's ill-health, however, seems to have made it incumbent upon
+Pike to assume much the larger share of official responsibility and
+practically to do Hubbard's work as well as his own; that is, so much of
+it as was not transacted in Richmond.
+
+[232] Adjutant and Inspector-General S. Cooper to McCulloch, May 13, 1861
+[_Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 575-576].
+
+[233] Hubbard to Walker, June 2, 1861 [_ibid._, 589-590].
+
+[234] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. xiii, 497-498; General Files,
+_Cherokee, 1859-1865_, C515.
+
+[235] Rhodes, _op. cit._, vol. iii, 237-238; also _Report_ of the Select
+Committee to Investigate the Abstraction of Bonds Held by the United
+States Government in Trust for Indian Tribes, being House _Report_, 36th
+congress, second session, no. 78. Dole, in his _Annual Report_ for 1861,
+p. 27, urged that the government make the loss good to the Indians and
+also appropriate money "to meet the unpaid interest on those trust bonds
+of the revolted States yet in custody of the Secretary of the Interior."
+There ought never, either from the standpoint of national faith or of that
+of political expediency, to have been any hesitation in the matter.
+
+[236] The entire letter is to be found in _Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. xiii, 498-499; also in General Files, _Cherokee, 1850-1865_, C515.
+
+[237]
+
+    WAR DEPARTMENT, C. S. ARMY, MONTGOMERY, May 13, 1861.
+
+    MAJOR DOUGLAS H. COOPER, Choctaw Nation:
+
+    Sir: The desire of this Government is to cultivate the most friendly
+    relations and the closest alliance with the Choctaw Nation and all the
+    Indian tribes west of Arkansas and south of Kansas. Appreciating your
+    sympathies with these tribes, and their reciprocal regard for you, we
+    have thought it advisable to enlist your services in the line of this
+    desire. From information in possession of the Government it is deemed
+    expedient to take measures to secure the protection of these tribes in
+    their present country from the agrarian rapacity of the North, that,
+    unless opposed, must soon drive them from their homes and supplant
+    them in their possessions, as, indeed, would have been the case with
+    the entire South but for our present efforts at resistance. It is well
+    known that with these unjust designs against the Indian country the
+    Northern movement for several years has had its emissaries scheming
+    among the tribes for their ultimate destruction. Their destiny has
+    thus become our own, and common with that of all the Southern States
+    entering this Confederation.
+
+    Entertaining these views and feelings, and with these objects before
+    us, we have commissioned General Ben. McCulloch, with three regiments
+    under his command, from the States of Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana,
+    to take charge of the military district embracing the Indian country,
+    and I now empower you to raise among the Choctaws and Chickasaws a
+    mounted regiment, to be commanded by yourself, in co-operation with
+    General McCulloch. It is designed also to raise two other similar
+    regiments among the Creeks, Cherokees, Seminoles, and other friendly
+    tribes for the same purpose. This combined force of six regiments will
+    be ample to secure the frontiers upon Kansas and the interests of the
+    Indians, while to the south of the Red River three regiments from
+    Texas, under a different command, have been already assigned to the
+    Rio Grande and western border.
+
+    It will thus appear, I trust, that the resources of this Government
+    are adequate to its ends, and assured to the friendly Indians. We have
+    our agents actively engaged in the manufacture of ammunition and in
+    the purchase of arms, and when your regiment has been reported
+    organized in ten companies, ranging from 64 to 100 men each, and
+    enrolled for twelve months, if possible, it will be received into the
+    Confederate service, and supplied with arms and ammunition. Such will
+    be the course pursued also in relation to the two other regiments I
+    have indicated.
+
+    The arms we are purchasing for the Indians are rifles, and they will
+    be forwarded to Fort Smith. Respectfully,
+
+        L. P. WALKER, Secretary of War.
+
+_Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 574-575.
+
+[238] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 572-574.
+
+[239] --_Ibid._, 583.
+
+[240] See McCulloch to Walker, May 28, 1861, _ibid._, 587; also same to
+same, June 12, 1861, _ibid._, 590-591.
+
+[241] --_Ibid._, 591-592; also vol. xiii, 495.
+
+[242] General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, C515; _Official Records_,
+first ser., vol. iii, 596-597 and vol. xiii, 495-497.
+
+[243] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 590-591.
+
+[244]
+
+    HEADQUARTERS MCCULLOCH'S BRIGADE,
+      Fort Smith, Ark., June 22, 1861.
+
+    HON. L. P. WALKER, Secretary of War:
+
+    Sir: I have the honor to transmit the inclosed copy of a communication
+    from John Ross, the principal chief of the Cherokee Nation.
+
+    Under all the circumstances of the case I do not think it advisable to
+    march into the Cherokee country at this time unless there is some
+    urgent necessity for it. If the views expressed in my communication to
+    you of the 14th instant are carried out, it will, I am satisfied,
+    force the conviction on the Cherokees that they have but one course to
+    pursue--that is, to join the Confederacy. The Choctaw and Chickasaw
+    regiment will be kept on the south of them; Arkansas will be to the
+    east; and with my force on the western border of Missouri no force
+    will be able to march into the Cherokee Nation, and surrounded as they
+    will be by Southern troops, they will have but one alternative at all
+    events. From my position to the north of them, in any event, I will
+    have a controlling power over them. I am satisfied from my interview
+    with John Ross and from his communication that he is only waiting for
+    some favorable opportunity to put himself with the North. His
+    neutrality is only a pretext to await the issue of events.
+
+    I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,
+
+        BEN. MCCULLOCH, Brigadier-General Commanding.
+
+_Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 595-596.
+
+[245] See Pike to Toombs, May 20, 1861 [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. iii, 580-581].
+
+[246] On the twenty-ninth of May, Pike wrote to Toombs again and informed
+him that he was leaving for Tahlequah that very morning [_Ibid._, fourth
+ser., vol. i, 359].
+
+[247] See McCulloch to Walker, May 28, 1861 [_Ibid._, first ser., vol.
+iii, 587-588].
+
+[248] See Pike to Cooley, February 17, 1866 [Indian Office, _Miscellaneous
+Files_].
+
+[249] --_Ibid._
+
+[250] McCulloch to Walker, June 12, 1861 [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. iii, 591].
+
+[251] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. xiii, 489-490.
+
+[252] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 585-587.
+
+[253] --_Ibid._, 589.
+
+[254] --_Ibid._, 587.
+
+[255] --_Ibid._, 593-594.
+
+[256] See Albert Pike to John Ross, June 6, 1861 and John Ross to Albert
+Pike, July 1, 1861 in General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, C515.
+
+[257] It would appear that, failing with John Ross, Pike tried to
+negotiate with the disaffected Cherokees under the control of Stand Watie,
+Boudinot, and others. See _Office Letter_ to President Johnson, February
+25, 1866. Pike himself says that he invited some of these men to meet him
+at the Creek Agency. See Pike to Cooley, February 17, 1866.
+
+[258] The text of the treaties is to be found in the _Confederate
+Statutes_ and also in _Official Records_, fourth ser., vol. i, as follows:
+
+  Creek Treaty, 426-443                    Osage Treaty, 636-646
+  Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty, 445-466    Seneca and Shawnee Treaty,
+  Seminole Treaty, 513-527                   647-658
+  Wichita Treaty, 542-548                  Quapaw Treaty, 659-666
+  Comanche Treaty, 548-554                 Cherokee Treaty, 669-687
+
+[259] Although the Creek Treaty was negotiated July tenth and was the
+first to be negotiated, Dole was ignorant of its existence as late as
+October second [_Report_, 1861, 39], which only goes to prove how very
+slight was the Federal communication with Indian Territory through all
+that critical time.
+
+[260] President Davis, in his message of December 12, 1861, said,
+
+    Considering this act as a declaration by Congress of our future policy
+    in relation to those Indians, a copy of that act was transmitted to
+    the commissioner and he was directed to consider it as his
+    instructions in the contemplated negotiation. [Richardson, _Messages
+    and Papers of the Confederacy_, vol. i, 149; _Official Records_,
+    fourth ser., vol. i, 785.]
+
+[261] All the treaties of the First Class contain a _Preamble_, lacking in
+the others, which specifically outlines the assumption of the
+protectorate. In addition, those same treaties have a special clause
+accepting the full force of the Act of May twenty-first.
+
+All references to these treaties, unless otherwise noted, will be page
+references to the treaties as found in the _Statutes at Large_ of the
+Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America.
+
+[262] See Creek Treaty, Articles II and IV, pp. 289, 290; Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty, Articles II and VII, pp. 312, 313; Seminole Treaty,
+Articles II and IV, Pp. 332, 333; Cherokee Treaty, Articles II and V, pp.
+395, 396.
+
+[263]
+
+    ARTICLE VIII (Creek Treaty). The Confederate States of America do
+    hereby solemnly agree and bind themselves that no State or Territory
+    shall ever pass laws for the government of the Creek Nation; and that
+    no portion of the country hereby guaranteed to it shall ever be
+    embraced or included within or annexed to any Territory or Province;
+    nor shall any attempt ever be made, except upon the free, voluntary
+    and unsolicited application of the said nation, to erect the said
+    country, by itself or with any other, into a State or any other
+    territorial or political organization, or to incorporate it into any
+    State previously created [p. 291].
+
+Compare with similar articles in the other treaties; viz., Article X of
+the Choctaw and Chickasaw, p. 314; Article VIII of the Seminole, p. 334;
+Article VIII of the Cherokee, p. 397; Articles VIII and XXVI of the Osage,
+pp. 364, 367; Articles VIII and XIX of the Seneca and Shawnee, pp. 376,
+377; Article VII of the Quapaw, p. 367.
+
+[264]
+
+    ARTICLE XL (Creek Treaty). In order to enable the Creek and Seminole
+    Nations to claim their rights and secure their interests without the
+    intervention of counsel or agents, and as they were originally one and
+    the same people and are now entitled to reside in the country of each
+    other, they shall be jointly entitled to a delegate to the House of
+    Representatives of the Confederate States of America, who shall serve
+    for the term of two years, and be a member of one of the said nations,
+    over twenty-one years of age, and labouring under no legal disability
+    by the law of either nation; and each delegate shall be entitled to
+    the same rights and privileges as may be enjoyed by delegates from any
+    territories of the Confederate States to the said House of
+    Representatives. Each shall receive such pay and mileage as shall be
+    fixed by the Congress of the Confederate States. The first election
+    for delegate shall be held at such time and places, and be conducted
+    in such manner as shall be prescribed by the agent of the Confederate
+    States, to whom returns of such election shall be made, and he shall
+    declare the person having the greatest number of votes to be duly
+    elected, and give him a certificate of election accordingly, which
+    shall entitle him to his seat. For all subsequent elections, the
+    times, places, and manner of holding them and ascertaining and
+    certifying the result shall be prescribed by law of the Confederate
+    States [p. 297].
+
+Compare with Article XXVII of Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty [p. 318], the
+chief point of difference between the two being that, in the latter treaty
+the delegate to which the two tribes, parties to the treaty, were entitled
+jointly, was to be elected from them alternately. The Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty also stipulated that the delegate was to be a member by
+birth or blood on either the father's or the mother's side. The
+corresponding provision in the Cherokee Treaty, Article XLIV [pp.
+403-404], said that the delegate should be a native born citizen. The
+Seminole arrangement, Article XXXVII [p. 339], was, as might be expected,
+exactly the same as the Creek.
+
+[265] The Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty was the only one that developed
+this idea. We might presume that the Creeks were even opposed to it. This
+is how it appears in Articles XXVIII, XXIX, and XXX, of the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty [pp. 318-319]:
+
+    ARTICLE XXVIII. In consideration of the uniform loyalty and good
+    faith, and the tried friendship for the people of the Confederate
+    States, of the Choctaw and Chickasaw people, and of their fitness and
+    capacity for self-government, proven by the establishment and
+    successful maintenance, by each, of a regularly organized republican
+    government, with all the forms and safe-guards to which the people of
+    the Confederate States are accustomed, it is hereby agreed by the
+    Confederate States, that whenever and so soon as the people of each
+    nation shall, by ordinance of a convention of delegates, duly elected
+    by majorities of the legal voters, at an election regularly held after
+    due and ample notice, in pursuance of an act of the Legislature of
+    each, respectively, declare its desire to become a State of the
+    Confederacy, the whole Choctaw and Chickasaw country, as above
+    defined, shall be received and admitted into the Confederacy as one of
+    the Confederate States, on equal terms, in all respects, with the
+    original States, without regard to population; and all the members of
+    the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations shall thereby become citizens of the
+    Confederate States, not including, however, among such members, the
+    individuals of the bands settled in the leased district aforesaid.
+
+    _Provided_, That, as a condition precedent to such admission, the said
+    nations shall provide for the survey of their lands, the holding in
+    severalty of parts thereof by their people, the dedication of at least
+    one section in every thirty-six to purposes of education, and the sale
+    of such portions as are not reserved for these, or other special
+    purposes, to citizens of the Confederate States alone, on such terms
+    as the said nation shall see fit to fix, not intended or calculated to
+    prevent the sale thereof.
+
+    ARTICLE XXIX. The proceeds of such sales shall belong entirely to
+    members of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations, and be distributed among
+    them or invested for them in proportion to the whole population of
+    each, in such manner as the Legislatures of said nations shall
+    provide; nor shall any other persons ever have any interest in the
+    annuities or funds of either the Choctaw or Chickasaw people, nor any
+    power to legislate in regard thereto.
+
+    ARTICLE XXX. Whenever the desire of the Creek and Seminole people and
+    the Cherokees to become a part of the said State shall be expressed,
+    in the same manner and with the same formalities, as is above provided
+    for in the case of the Choctaw and Chickasaw people, the country of
+    the Creeks and Seminoles, and that of the Cherokees, respectively, or
+    either by itself, may be annexed to and become an integral part of
+    said State, upon the same conditions and terms, and with the same
+    rights to the people of each, in regard to citizenship and the
+    proceeds of their lands.
+
+[266] Abel, "Proposals for an Indian State in the Union, 1778-1878," in
+the American Historical Association, _Report_, 1907, pp. 89-102.
+
+[267] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 577.
+
+[268] Articles V and VI.
+
+[269] Article VIII.
+
+[270] Article XI.
+
+[271] Article XII.
+
+[272] Article VII of the Seminole Treaty [p. 334], and Article VII
+likewise of the Creek Treaty [p. 291].
+
+[273] Article IV of the Cherokee Treaty [pp. 395-396].
+
+[274] In the matter of the guarantee of territorial integrity, the
+treaties of the Second Class were strictly on a par with those of the
+First Class. See Article VIII of the Osage Treaty [p. 364], Article XIX of
+the Seneca and Shawnee Treaty [p. 378], Article VII of the Quapaw [p.
+387].
+
+[275] Article XLVII [pp. 407-408].
+
+[276] Article V [p. 348].
+
+[277] Article III [pp. 374-375].
+
+[278] Article V [p. 291].
+
+[279] Article I [p. 354].
+
+[280] For an illustration of how the Seminoles had been preferring the
+claim, see the following affidavit:
+
+    Be it known that on this 22d day of January, A.D. 1856, personally
+    appeared before me, J. W. Washbourne, United States' Agent for
+    Seminoles, in open Council, the following named Chiefs and Head men of
+    the Seminole tribe of Indians, and deposed to the subsequent
+    statement.
+
+    That sometime during the war between the United States and the
+    Seminoles, Gen. Thomas S. Jessup, then commanding the U. S. troops in
+    Florida, issued a proclamation to the effect that all negroes
+    belonging to the hostile Seminoles who should come in and take service
+    under the Government against their masters, or in any way render
+    service to the United States against the Seminoles, or induce them to
+    sue for peace and emigrate west, they, the negroes, should be declared
+    free: That many negroes took advantage of said illegal proclamation
+    and did take service in Florida under Government, but that, by far the
+    larger number of negro slaves who took refuge under said proclamation
+    and thereby claimed their freedom, did so after the immigration west
+    was determined or consummated: That said negro slaves, in great
+    numbers and to the great injury of their owners, and against their
+    orders, took refuge within the United States' post, Fort Gibson,
+    Cherokee Nation, where they were for upwards of three years protected
+    by the United States officers at that Post, although the Seminoles
+    claimed them, the negroes, as their lawful slaves, and protested
+    against this procedure of the U. S. officers: That while these negro
+    slaves were thus protected by military officers, it was impossible to
+    keep their slaves at home who were continually flying to Fort Gibson,
+    where they were beyond the reach of their masters: That this occurred
+    during the years 1845-'6-'7: That through the instrumentality of their
+    former Sub Agent and attornies employed by them, they after long delay
+    and at great expense and loss of slaves, presented the matter to the
+    attention of the Secretary of War, Hon. Wm. L. Marcy, and that finally
+    from him, as such Secretary of War, there issued an order bearing date
+    the 5th of August 1848, directed to the commanding officer at Fort
+    Gibson, enjoining him to protect no longer said negro slaves at that
+    Post and commanding him to deliver all of said slaves to the Seminoles
+    their rightful owners: That even after this order the nuisance did not
+    abate, for another order dated July 31st 1850 required the commanding
+    officer of Fort Gibson to give no further protection to these
+    "Seminole negroes": That by this order of the Secretary of War, as was
+    just and right, the United States recognised the ownership of these
+    said slaves as being in the Seminoles, and that they were entitled by
+    law and right to said slaves and their service: That in consequence of
+    the withdrawal of the protection afforded them at Fort Gibson and from
+    their having so long considered themselves free, said slaves in great
+    numbers escaped, some of whom reached Mexico, some were killed by the
+    wild Indians, and the remainder were only captured at great and
+    ruinous expense: That the owners of these said negro slaves are justly
+    and equitably entitled to the service of said slaves, while unlawfully
+    and against the power and protests of the Seminoles, detained at Fort
+    Gibson for the space of more than three years, by U. S. officers: That
+    the number of said negro slaves so unlawfully detained and kept from
+    the service due their masters, as near as now can be estimated was Two
+    Hundred and Thirty-four or thereabouts: That the services of these
+    said slaves for these three years and upwards were amply worth at the
+    time Seventy five dollars each per annum, making the sum of Fifty two
+    Thousand Six hundred and fifty dollars ($52.650.00,) to which the
+    Seminole owners of said slaves are fully and fairly, in law and
+    equity, entitled, and which ought to be paid to them by the Government
+    of the United States.
+
+        JOHN JUMPER, P. Chief Seminoles X his mark
+        PAH SUC AH YO HO LAH, Speaker Council X his mark
+        CHITTO-TUSTO-MUGGEE X his mark
+        ARHAH-LOCK-TUSTO-MUGGEE X his mark
+        NOKE-SU-KEE X his mark
+        PARS-CO-FER X his mark
+        TESI-KI-AH X his mark
+        ALLIGATOR X his mark
+        TALLA-HASSA X his mark
+        GEORGE CLOUD X his mark
+        HO-TUL-GEE-HARJO X his mark
+        TAR-HAH FIXICO X his mark
+
+    Sworn to and subscribed before me, in open Council Jany 22d 1856.
+
+        J. W. WASHBOURNE U. S. Agent for Seminoles.
+
+    Witnesses: GEORGE M. AUD
+
+[281] President Polk seems to have been of the opinion that negro slaves
+could not be freed by military proclamation [_Diary_ (Quaife's edition),
+vol. iii, 504].
+
+[282] Slavery was not completely ignored even in the treaties of the Third
+Class. In Article IX of their treaty [p. 348], the Wichitas promised to do
+all in their power to take and return any negroes, horses, or other
+property stolen from white men or from Indians of the great tribes. The
+corresponding article in the Comanche Treaty [p. 355], was to like
+purpose.
+
+[283] Article XXXVII of the Osage Treaty, Article XXVIII of the Seneca and
+Shawnee Treaty, and Article XXVII of the Quapaw Treaty.
+
+[284] The following are the Creek clauses and the Choctaw and Chickasaw,
+Articles XLV and XLVII, the Seminole, Articles XXIX and XXXIII, and the
+Cherokee, Articles XXXIV and XXXVII, are similar:
+
+    ARTICLE XXIX. The provisions of all such acts of Congress of the
+    Confederate States as may now be in force, or may hereafter be
+    enacted, for the purpose of carrying into effect the provision of the
+    constitution in regard to the re-delivery or return of fugitive
+    slaves, or fugitives from labour and service, shall extend to, and be
+    in full force within the said Creek Nation; and shall also apply to
+    all cases of escape of fugitive slaves from the said Creek Nation into
+    any other Indian nation or into one of the Confederate States, the
+    obligation upon each such nation or State to re-deliver such slaves
+    being in every case as complete as if they had escaped from another
+    State, and the mode of procedure the same [p. 296].
+
+    ARTICLE XXXII. It is hereby declared and agreed that the institution
+    of slavery in the said nation is legal and has existed from time
+    immemorial; that slaves are taken and deemed to be personal property;
+    that the title to slaves and other property having its origin in the
+    said nation, shall be determined by the laws and customs thereof; and
+    that the slaves and other personal property of every person domiciled
+    in said nation shall pass and be distributed at his or her death, in
+    accordance with the laws, usages and customs of the said nation, which
+    may be proved like foreign laws, usages & customs, and shall
+    everywhere be held valid and binding within the scope of their
+    operation [p. 296].
+
+[285] P. 369.
+
+[286] Article XVII of the Cherokee Treaty [p. 399].
+
+[287]
+
+    ARTICLE XV (Creek Treaty). The Confederate States shall protect the
+    Creeks from domestic strife, from hostile invasion, and from
+    aggression by other Indians and white persons not subject to the
+    jurisdiction and laws of the Creek Nation, and for all injuries
+    resulting from such invasion or aggression, full indemnity is hereby
+    guaranteed to the party or parties injured, out of the Treasury of the
+    Confederate States, upon the same principle and according to the same
+    rules upon which white persons are entitled to indemnity for injuries
+    or aggressions upon them committed by Indians [p. 293].
+
+See also Article XXI of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty and Article XV of
+the Seminole Treaty.
+
+[288] Manypenny to Dean, November 30, 1855 [Indian Office, _Letter Book_,
+no. 53, pp. 94-95]. Dean to Manypenny, December 25, 1855 [_Letter Press
+Book_].
+
+[289] Compare Article XX of the Cherokee Treaty and Article XXIV of the
+Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty with Article XVI of the Creek Treaty and all
+of these with Article XVI of the Seminole Treaty.
+
+[290] See, for example, Article XVIII of the Seminole Treaty [p. 336].
+
+[291] One other important right was conceded and that was the right of
+free transit. The concession is well stated in the Creek Treaty and occurs
+in connection with a prohibition against the pasturing of stock by
+outsiders within the Creek country.
+
+    ARTICLE XXII. No citizen or inhabitant of the Confederate States shall
+    pasture stock on the lands of the Creek Nation, under the penalty of
+    one dollar per head for all so pastured, to be collected by the
+    authorities of the nation; but their citizens shall be at liberty at
+    all times, and whether for business or pleasure, peaceably to travel
+    the Creek country; and to drive their stock to market or otherwise
+    through the same, and to halt such reasonable time on the way as may
+    be necessary to recruit their stock, such delay being in good faith
+    for that purpose.
+
+    ARTICLE XXIII. It is also further agreed that the members of the Creek
+    Nation shall have the same right of travelling, driving stock and
+    halting to recruit the same in any of the Confederate States as is
+    given citizens of the Confederate States by the preceding article [p.
+    295].
+
+[292] Article LXV of the Creek Treaty, Article XXVI of the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty, Article XXXI of the Seminole Treaty, and Article XXII of
+the Cherokee Treaty.
+
+[293] Article XVIII of the Creek Treaty, Article XXV of the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty, Article XIX of the Seminole Treaty, and Article XXI of
+the Cherokee Treaty.
+
+[294] Article LXV of the Creek Treaty and Article XXXI of the Seminole
+Treaty.
+
+[295] Tush-ca-hom-ma at Boggy Depot and Cha-lah-ki at Tahlequah.
+
+[296] Article XXX of the Creek Treaty, Article XLIII of the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty, Article XXX of the Seminole Treaty, and Article XXXV of
+the Cherokee Treaty.
+
+[297] Article XXVIII of the Creek Treaty, Article XLIV of the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty, Article XXVIII of the Seminole Treaty, Article XXXIII of
+the Cherokee Treaty, Article XXXVI of the Osage Treaty, Article XXVII of
+the Seneca and Shawnee Treaty, and Article XXVII of the Quapaw Treaty.
+
+[298] Article XXIX of the Cherokee Treaty and Article XXIII of the Choctaw
+and Chickasaw Treaty.
+
+[299]
+
+    ARTICLE XXXI (Cherokee Treaty). Any person duly charged with a
+    criminal offence against the laws of either the Creek, Seminole,
+    Choctaw or Chickasaw Nations, and escaping into the jurisdiction of
+    the Cherokee Nation, shall be promptly surrendered upon the demand of
+    the proper authority of the nation within whose jurisdiction the
+    offence shall be alleged to have been committed; and in like manner,
+    any person duly charged with a criminal offence against the laws of
+    the Cherokee Nation, and escaping into the jurisdiction of either of
+    the said nations, shall be promptly surrendered upon the demand of the
+    proper authority of the Cherokee Nation [pp. 401-402].
+
+Note the development from the corresponding extradition clause in the
+earlier treaties of the series. In the Creek and Seminole treaties,
+extradition was as between Creeks and Seminoles exclusively. In the
+Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty, it was as between Choctaws and Chickasaws
+exclusively. In this treaty of the Cherokees, all the tribes were to be
+sharers in the extradition privilege; but it is difficult to understand
+how a clause in the Cherokee Treaty could be made legally binding upon
+other Indians than Cherokee.
+
+[300] Article XXVI.
+
+[301] It was also a one-sided affair in the treaties of the Second Class.
+See Article XXXIV of the Osage Treaty, Article XXV of the Seneca and
+Shawnee Treaty, and Article XXV of the Quapaw Treaty.
+
+[302] Article XXXVII of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty [p. 320], and
+Article XXXII of the Cherokee Treaty [p. 402].
+
+[303] Article XXXI of the Creek Treaty, Article XLVI of the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty, Article XXXII of the Seminole Treaty, and Article XXXVI
+of the Cherokee Treaty. Note that the enjoyment of the privilege by the
+Seminole Nation was to be conditioned upon its own establishment of
+regular courts.
+
+[304] There were also secret articles to some of the treaties. The
+indications are that such secret articles entailed the customary bribery
+of chiefs and influential men upon whose support depended successful
+negotiation.
+
+[305] Article VII of the Osage Treaty [p. 364].
+
+[306] Article XIII of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty [p. 315].
+
+[307] Article IX of the Cherokee Treaty [p. 397].
+
+[308] Article LXVI of the Creek Treaty, Article XLIV of the Seminole,
+Article LIII of the Cherokee.
+
+[309] Article LXIV [p. 330].
+
+[310] Article XL of the Wichita Treaty and Article X of the Comanche.
+
+[311] Article XI of the Creek Treaty, Article XVI of the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty, Article XI of the Seminole Treaty, Article XIII of the
+Cherokee Treaty, Article IV of the Osage Treaty, Article V of the Seneca
+and Shawnee Treaty, and Article IV of the Quapaw Treaty.
+
+[312] Article XII of the Creek Treaty, Article XVII of the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty, Article XII of the Seminole Treaty, Article XIV of the
+Cherokee Treaty, Article V of the Osage Treaty, Article VI of the Seneca
+and Shawnee Treaty, and Article V of the Quapaw Treaty. After the war the
+posts in certain specified cases were to be garrisoned by native troops.
+
+[313] The reference is the same as the foregoing with two exceptions;
+viz., Article XXVIII of the Osage Treaty and Article XX the Quapaw Treaty.
+
+[314] Article XIII of the Creek Treaty, Article XVIII of the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty, and Article XIII of the Seminole Treaty.
+
+[315] The provision in the Osage Treaty was one exception to this. It was
+definitely said there that there should be no compensation.
+
+[316] The details of this will come out in the chapter following.
+
+[317]
+
+    ARTICLE XXXVIII (Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty). In order to secure the
+    due enforcement of so much of the laws of the Confederate States in
+    regard to criminal offences and misdemeanors as is or may be in force
+    in the said Choctaw and Chickasaw country, and to prevent the Choctaws
+    and Chickasaws from being further harassed by judicial proceedings had
+    in foreign courts and before juries not of the vicinage, the said
+    country is hereby erected into and constituted a judicial district of
+    the Confederate States to be called the Tush-ca-hom-ma District, for
+    the special purposes and jurisdiction hereinafter provided; and there
+    shall be created and semi-annually held, within such district, at
+    Boggy Depot, a district court of the Confederate States, with the
+    powers of a circuit court, so far as the same shall be necessary to
+    carry out the provisions of this treaty, and with jurisdiction
+    co-extensive with the limits of such district, in such matters, civil
+    and criminal, to such extent and between such parties as may be
+    prescribed by law, and in conformity to the terms of this treaty [p.
+    320].
+
+Articles XXXIX, XL, XLI, and XLII more specifically define the
+jurisdiction.
+
+[318] See Article XXIII of the Cherokee Treaty, and, for the jurisdiction
+of the court, see Articles XXIV, XXV, and XXVI.
+
+[319] Article XXXV.
+
+[320] Article XXVI.
+
+[321] Article XXVI.
+
+[322] In other ways than this, the treaties with the minor tribes stressed
+the "peculiar institution." Consider, for instance, in the matter of
+extradition, how it was not the criminal generally, but only the fugitive
+slave that was to be reciprocally extradited. Moreover, as a rule, the
+weak tribes all pledged themselves to try to return negroes and other
+property and were assured that negroes should come under the jurisdiction
+of tribal laws.
+
+[323] Article II [p. 395].
+
+[324] Article LII [p. 410].
+
+[325] Article XXXIX [p. 403].
+
+[326] Without doubt some preliminary sounding of Leeper must have preceded
+the accompanying document. Pike would hardly have written with such
+assurance or given such instructions unless he had been very sure of his
+ground.
+
+    FORT SMITH, ARKANSAS, 26th May 1861.
+
+    SIR: I have been appointed by the President of the Confederate States
+    of America Commissioner to the Indian Tribes West of Arkansas, with
+    discretionary powers, for the purpose of making treaties of alliance
+    with them, and of enlisting troops to act with the forces of the
+    Confederate States.
+
+    In the exercise of the powers entrusted to me, I hereby authorize and
+    request you to exercise the powers of Agent for the Wichitas and other
+    Indians in the Country leased from the Choctaws and Chickasaws, until
+    you shall receive a regular commission therefor. Your compensation
+    will be the same as that received from the United States, to commence
+    from the day when you resigned as agent of the United States.
+
+    And you are hereby instructed forthwith to repair to your agency, and
+    to inform the Indians under your charge that the Confederate States of
+    America will take you themselves and fully comply with all the
+    obligations entered into by the United States in their behalf;
+    securing and paying all that may be due them from injury; and
+    especially that they will continue to supply them with rations, as it
+    has heretofore been done, until they shall no longer need to be
+    supplied.
+
+    You will also please inform them that I shall in a short time be among
+    them, to enter into a treaty with them, on the part of the Confederate
+    States.
+
+    You will impress upon them that the people of Texas are now a part of
+    the Confederate States, and must no longer be looked upon as enemies:
+    and if any troops from Texas should come within your jurisdiction, you
+    will particularly warn them against doing any harm to the Indians
+    under your charge.
+
+    You will make known to the Delawares, and if practicable to the
+    Kickapoos, that it is my desire, and I have authority, to enlist a
+    battalion of 350 men, of the Delawares, Kickapoos, and Shawnees, and
+    will especially assure the Kickapoos, that if they have any cause of
+    complaint against any of the people of Texas, it will be inquired
+    into, and reparation made, and that they must in no case commit any
+    act of hostility against Texas.
+
+    I shall be greatly obliged to you for all assistance you can render in
+    securing the services in arms of the Kickapoos and Delawares. They
+    will be paid like other mounted men, receiving 40 cents a day for use
+    and risk of their horse, in addition to their pay, rations, and
+    clothing.
+
+    I need not say that I place much reliance on your zeal and
+    intelligence and assure you that your services will not fail to be
+    appreciated by the Government of the Confederate States. Most
+    respectfully yours
+
+        ALBERT PIKE, Comm{r}, C. S. A. to the
+          Indian Tribes, West of Arkansas.
+
+    Matthew Leeper Esq.
+
+_Leeper Papers._
+
+[327] It is not clear as to just when Elias Rector left the United States
+service or when he entered the Confederate. The Indian Office in
+Washington was communicating with him officially for some little time
+after Griffith had been notified of his appointment. There seems no reason
+to doubt that Rector was working in the interests of the Southern
+Confederacy all through the spring of 1861; and, when he went over openly
+to the South, he did not close his accounts with the United States Indian
+Office. He was accordingly regarded as a defaulter and there was talk of
+confiscating his property at Fort Smith [W. G. Coffin to Dole, January 29,
+1864, General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1863-1864_, I640; Dole to
+Usher, February 2, 1864, Indian Office, _Report Book_, no. 13, p. 297].
+
+In the course of his official connection with the United States government
+Elias Rector had frequently been accused of irregularities and even of
+crookedness [General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_, C1222].
+As touching the Seminole removal from Florida, he had much that was
+peculiar to explain away. Apparently he quite frequently made queer
+contracts, was given to making over-charges for mileage and to favoring
+his friends at the expense of the Indians and of the government. In 1861,
+he rendered a voucher showing he had paid a certain Henry Pape $6000.00
+for building the Wichita Agency house. On various matters connected with
+his official record, see Rector's _Letter Press Book_ and Indian Office,
+_Letter Books_, no. 64, p. 342; no. 65, P. 49; no. 66, p. 26. In 1865,
+Rector made application to be allowed to straighten out his accounts [J.
+B. Luce to Cooley, November 2, 1865].
+
+Returning, however, to the subject of Rector's incumbency: on the twelfth
+of June, 1861, he wrote quite frankly to John Schoenmaker, principal of
+the Osage Mission,
+
+    ... I have no connection at this time with the Indian Department under
+    the old U. S. Government. I am now acting as Superintendent under the
+    Government of the Confederate States, and as no treaties have as yet
+    been concluded between the Southern confederacy and the tribes of
+    Indians with whom you are engaged I of course can say nothing to you
+    on the subject matter of your letter....--General Files, _Southern
+    Superintendency, 1859-1862_.
+
+The Confederate southern superintendency had not at the time been filled,
+but Rector seems to have been considered the most competent candidate.
+Johnson, in recommending various men to Walker for various positions,
+recommended Rector in strong terms of implied commendation,
+
+    Dr. Griffith wants to be appointed superintendent in place of E.
+    Rector. Do not allow this to be done. Hold everything as it is until
+    peace and unity are attained, and then make all the changes you think
+    proper; but not now--not now, by all manner of means.
+
+    I do earnestly beg you to keep your agencies as they were. They are
+    good and true men, and popular and qualified with the tribes and their
+    business. Restore and commission Elias Rector, superintendent; John
+    Crawford, Cherokee agent; William Quesenbury, Creek agent; Samuel M.
+    Rutherford, Seminole agent; and Matthew Leeper, Wichita agent; and if
+    Cooper has resigned (which I fear is the case), appoint Richard P.
+    Pulliam (who is the next best living man on earth for the place, I
+    believe) as agent of the Choctaws. With this programme you will have
+    peace and success; without it, no one can tell your troubles or our
+    misfortunes on this frontier....--_Official Records_, first ser., vol.
+    iii, 598.
+
+[328] Dole to Robinson, April 9, 1861 [Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no.
+65, 323].
+
+[329] Dole to Rector, April 6, 1861 [--_ibid._, p. 317].
+
+[330] General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_, G463.
+
+[331] General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_, G463.
+
+[332] Smith to Dole, May 4, 1861; Dole to Rector, May 9, 1861 [Indian
+Office, _Letter Book_, no. 65, p. 440].
+
+[333] Johnson to Walker, June 25, 1861 [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. iii, 598].
+
+[334] Caleb B. Smith to Dole, April 6, 1861 [General Files, _Southern
+Superintendency, 1859-1862_].
+
+[335] Dole to Quesenbury [Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no. 65, p. 330].
+In the middle of the summer, George A. Cutler became United States agent
+for the Creeks [_ibid._, no. 66, p. 200].
+
+[336] Dole to Crawford [_ibid._, no. 65, p. 331].
+
+[337] Rector to Greenwood, August 31, 1860 [_Letter Press Book_].
+
+[338] November 27, 1860, he voted in the affirmative on a resolution
+against Lincoln's election and against the advisability of Arkansas
+members of Congress taking their seats during his administration [Arkansas
+House _Journal_, thirteenth session, 1860-1861, p. 234].
+
+[339] On the thirteenth of June, when Crawford wrote, resigning his
+commission, he said in extenuation of his conduct,
+
+    I only accepted through the influence of friends knowing then the
+    Cherokee Indians was Southern in their feelings and did not wish a
+    Northern man sent among them to act as Agent & as the Government of
+    the Southern Confederacy has in their wisdom thought best to take
+    charge of all the Indian Tribes south of Kansas and the Indians all
+    being anxious to join in with the South and oppose to the bitter end
+    the course now pursued by the Northern Government--I most respectfully
+    decline acting as agent for the Cherokee Indians under the
+    Administration of A. Lincoln.--CRAWFORD to Dole, June 13, 1861
+    [General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, C1376].
+
+[340] Crawford to Dole, May 20, 1861 [_ibid._].
+
+[341]
+
+    The excitement here is at an alarming pitch for the last few days I
+    trust to God that those in power will do something to settle this
+    interruption in the government and something must be done soon or War
+    will ensue troops were drilling here last night at ten oclock, State
+    troops, strong talk of attacking Fort Smith the President of the
+    Convention has called the Convention to meet on the 6th day of May and
+    the State will seceed if there is not something done immediately
+    perhaps war will be commenced before you receive my letter though I
+    trust not. I should very much to know that the North and South were
+    engaged in a war, if you can do anything to have those troubles
+    settled use your influence with the President in calling a national
+    convention or something else to have peace....--CRAWFORD to Dole,
+    dated Van Buren, April 21, 1861 [General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_,
+    C1044].
+
+[342] Smith to Dole, April 20, 1861 [General Files, _Wichita, 1860-1861_,
+I320].
+
+[343] Some slight account of the Wichita Agency and of Agent Leeper's
+defection has already been narrated. A number of documents elucidating the
+subject are to be found in the "Appendix."
+
+[344] Dole to Elder, April 29, 1861 [Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no. 65,
+pp. 390-391]; Mix to Elder, August 22, 1861 [_ibid._, no. 66, pp.
+283-284].
+
+[345] See, for instance, Stockton to Usher, February 20, 1864 [General
+Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1863-1864_].
+
+[346] See Isaac Coleman, United States Indian agent, to Superintendent
+Elijah Sells, a copy of which letter is retained in the Office of Indian
+Affairs, the original having been sent to the office of the United States
+attorney-general, October 10, 1865.
+
+[347] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1865, pp. 310, 345.
+
+[348] The reference is, presumably, to a portion of the money that the
+United States government had allowed the Choctaws in satisfaction of
+claims arising under the treaties of 1830 and 1855 [Act of March 2, 1861,
+U. S. _Statutes at Large_, vol. xii, 238]. The episode of the Corn
+Contract was directly connected with the expenditure of the money. For
+documents bearing upon it, see Land Files, _Choctaw, 1874-1876_, Box 39,
+C1078, particularly documents labelled "N," "O," and "P." Document "N" is
+a communication from Albert Pike to the General Council of the Choctaw
+Nation, received at the June session, 1861, and is most interesting as
+showing how Pike mixed up private and public business and, indeed, gave to
+private the preference.
+
+    FRIENDS AND BROTHERS: You are aware that since the year 1854 M{r} John
+    T. Cochrane and myself, aided by Col. Cooper your agent and by your
+    delegates, have been engaged at Washington in prosecuting the just
+    claims of your people under the treaty of 1830 before the Government
+    of the United States.
+
+    We have succeeded in procuring a final award of the Senate, giving you
+    the net proceeds of all the lands which you ceded by that treaty, and
+    a Report from the Committee of Indian Affairs, estimating the sum due
+    you at over two millions three hundred thousand dollars.
+
+    At the last session of Congress, we succeeded in procuring an
+    appropriation on account of this debt of $250,000 in money and
+    $250,000 in bonds of the United States.
+
+    Owing to the unfortunate difficulties between the Northern and
+    Southern States, one hundred and thirty-eight thousand dollars, only,
+    of the sums, has been paid, $135,000 of which was placed in your
+    Agent's hands, ostensibly to purchase corn; and most of it remains
+    unexpended.
+
+    Towards my expenses while prosecuting your claims and towards my fee,
+    I have received the sum of sixteen hundred dollars. My expenses alone,
+    in four years have been five thousand dollars.
+
+    I have had to abandon my other business, to attend to yours: and
+    unless some part of my compensation is paid, or my expenses repaid me,
+    my property will have to be sold to pay my debts. I am entirely
+    without money, and have you only to look to.
+
+    I have labored for you very faithfully; and am sure your Delegates
+    will tell you that, but for me your claims would never have been
+    allowed; and but for me, after they were allowed, the appropriation
+    would not have been obtained.
+
+    The whole of the claims will be paid whenever peace is restored,
+    either by the United States, or by the Confederate Southern States. I
+    shall take it in charge and never desert you until all is paid.
+
+    I respectfully and earnestly request you to cause to be paid to me,
+    out of the moneys now in the Agent's hands, for my expenses, and on
+    account of my fee, such sum of money as you may think just and right;
+    and which I hope will not be less than seven thousand five hundred
+    dollars.
+
+    I also desire to inform you that I have been appointed by the
+    President of the Confederate States, a Commissioner to your Nation,
+    and all the other Nations and Tribes west of Arkansas; that I shall at
+    the proper time come among you to counsel with you, and that I shall
+    take your interests in charge, and see that your title to your lands,
+    and all annuities, and other moneys due you by the United States are
+    assumed and guaranteed by the Confederate States. On this you may
+    implicitly rely; as it is the promise of one who never breaks his
+    word.
+
+    Let your people therefore, and the Chickasaws remain perfectly quiet
+    until the proper time arrives, and look to me for advice. If any
+    emissaries from Arkansas come among you, hear them and say nothing. So
+    it is that wise men do. The State of Arkansas has nothing whatever to
+    do with you, and cannot protect you. The Confederate States are both
+    able and willing to do so; and when they have guaranteed your rights,
+    it will be time enough for you to act. Your friend
+
+        (signed) ALBERT PIKE.
+
+    Office of the National Secretary of the Choctaw Nation.
+
+    [Endorsement] I hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy from
+    the original letter from Albert Pike on file in the National
+    Secretary's Office.
+
+    Given under my hand and official seal. Done at Chahta Tamaha, November
+    1{st} A.D. 1873.
+
+        (signed) JNO. P. TURNBULL, National Secretary Choctaw Nation.
+
+[349] Pike's programme of operations is outlined in his letter to Toombs
+of May 29, 1861:
+
+    SIR: I leave this morning for Tahlequah, the seat of government of the
+    Cherokee Nation, and Park Hill, the residence of Governor Ross, the
+    principal chief. Since 1835 there have always been two parties in the
+    Cherokee Nation, bitterly hostile to each other. The treaty of that
+    year was made by unauthorized persons, against the will of the large
+    majority of the nation and against that of the chief, Mr. Ross.
+    Several years ago Ridge, Boudinot, and others, principal men of the
+    treaty party, were killed, with, it was alleged, the sanction of Mr.
+    Ross, and the feud is today as bitter as it was twenty years ago. The
+    full-blooded Indians are mostly adherents of Ross, and many of
+    them--1,000 to 1,500 it is alleged--are on the side of the North. I
+    think that number is exaggerated. The half-breeds or white Indians (as
+    they call themselves) are to a man with us. It has all along been
+    supposed, or at least suspected, that Mr. Ross would side with the
+    North. His declarations are in favor of neutrality. But I am inclined
+    to believe that he is acting upon the policy (surely a wise one) of
+    not permitting his people to commit themselves until he has formal
+    guarantees from an authorized agent of the Confederate States. These I
+    shall give him if he will accept them. General McCulloch will be with
+    me, and I strongly hope that we shall satisfy him, and effect a formal
+    and firm treaty. If so, we shall have nearly the whole nation with us,
+    and those who are not will be unimportant. If he refuses he will learn
+    that his country will be occupied; and I shall then negotiate with the
+    leaders of the half-breeds who are now raising troops, and who will
+    meet me at the Creek Agency on Friday of next week. Several of those
+    living near here I have already seen.
+
+    On Wednesday of next week I will meet the chiefs of the Creeks at the
+    North Fork of the Canadian. I will then fix a day for a council of the
+    Creeks, and go on to meet the Choctaws at Fort Washita. When I shall
+    have concluded an arrangement with them I will go to the Chickasaw
+    Country, and thence to the Seminoles.
+
+    I hope to meet the heads of the Wichitas, Caddos, Iowas, Toncawes,
+    Delawares, Kickapoos, and Reserve Comanches at Fort Washita. I have
+    requested their agent to induce them to meet me there. The Creek
+    chiefs have a council with the wild Indians, Comanches and others,
+    high up on the North Fork of the Canadian, on the 10th proximo. I
+    shall endeavor, through the Creek chiefs, to have an interview with
+    the heads of the wild tribes at Fort Washita and induce them to come
+    in and settle on the reserve upon the False Washita River near Fort
+    Cobb.
+
+    As I shall be absent from this post some six weeks or more, it is not
+    likely that I shall be able to give you frequent advice of my
+    movements. There are no mails in the Indian country and I shall have
+    to employ expresses when I desire to send on letters.
+
+    We shall have no difficulty with the Creeks, Seminoles, Choctaws, and
+    Chickasaws, either in effecting treaties or raising troops. The
+    greatest trouble will be in regard to arms. Not one in ten of either
+    of the tribes has a gun at all, and most of the guns are indifferent
+    double-barreled. I do not know whether the Bureau of Indian Affairs is
+    a part of the Department of State, and of course whether this is
+    properly addressed to you. I do not address the Commissioner because I
+    understand he is on his way hither. The suggestions I wish to make are
+    important and I venture to hope that you will give them their proper
+    direction. I have already spoken of arms for the Indians. Those arms,
+    if possible, should be the plain muzzle-loading rifle, large bore,
+    with molds for conical bullets hollowed at the truncated end, which I
+    suppose to be the minie-ball. Revolvers, I am aware, cannot be had,
+    and an Indian would not pick up a musket if it lay in the road.
+
+    Our river is falling and will soon be low, when steam-boats will not
+    be able to get above Little Rock, if even there. To embody the Indians
+    and, collecting them together, keep them long without arms would
+    disgust them, and they would scatter over the country like partridges
+    and never be got together again. The arms should, therefore, be sent
+    here with all speed.
+
+    No funds have been remitted to me, nor have I any power to procure or
+    draw for any, for my expenses or for those of the councils I must
+    hold. It has always been customary for the Indians to be fed at such
+    councils, and they will expect it. I have borrowed $300 of Mr. Charles
+    B. Johnson, giving him a draft on the Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+    for incidental expenses, and if I have a council at Fort Washita shall
+    contract with him to feed the Indians. I have seen Elias Rector, late
+    superintendent of Indian affairs at Fort Smith, and William
+    Quesenbury, appointed agent for the Creeks by the Government at
+    Washington, but who did not accept, and Samuel M. Rutherford, agent
+    for the Seminoles, who forwards his resignation immediately; and have
+    written to Matthew Leeper, agent for the Wichitas and other Reserve
+    Indians; and have formally requested each to continue to exercise the
+    powers of his office under the Confederate States. They are all
+    citizens of Arkansas and Texas and have readily consented to do so.
+
+    If we have declared a protectorate over these tribes and extended our
+    laws over them we have, I suppose, continued in force there the whole
+    system. Even if we have not we cannot dispense with the superintendent
+    and agents. I shall also see Mr. Crawford, agent for the Cherokees,
+    and request him to continue to act, as I have requested Colonel Cooper
+    to do as agent for the Choctaws and Chickasaws. Unless all this were
+    done there would be both discontent and confusion, and I therefore
+    earnestly request that my action may be immediately confirmed and
+    these officers assured that they shall be continued, and that their
+    compensation shall be the same as under the United States and date
+    from the day of the resignation of each or of his acceptance of office
+    under the Confederate States. And I also strenuously urge that no
+    changes be made in these offices. The incumbents are all good men and
+    true, competent, and honest, and are, or will be, very acceptable to
+    the Indians. To make changes will be to make mischief.
+
+    Mr. Charles B. Johnson is feeding the Wichitas and other Reserve
+    Indians under a contract which ends on the 30th of June. I have
+    instructed him to continue feeding them during the present season
+    under the same contract, _i.e._, on the same terms, which I know to be
+    reasonable.
+
+    It is very important that some funds should be at my disposition. The
+    State of Arkansas has furnished me an escort of a company and General
+    McCulloch has procured me transportation. To meet contingent expenses
+    it is necessary that at least $1000 should be placed here subject to
+    my draft; and, as I have several times urged, money should be placed
+    in the proper hands to pay a bounty to each Indian that enlists.
+
+    I wish I had more definite instructions and power more distinctly
+    expressed, especially power in so many words to make treaties and give
+    all necessary guarantees. For without giving them nothing can be done,
+    and I am [not] sure that John Ross will be satisfied with my statement
+    or assurance that I have the power, or with anything less than a
+    formal authority from the Congress. He is very shrewd. If I fail with
+    him it will not be my fault.
+
+    I have the honor to be, sir, very truly and respectfully, yours,
+
+        ALBERT PIKE, Commissioner, &c.
+
+_Official Records_, fourth ser., vol. i, 359-361.
+
+[350] Pike to Cooley, February 17, 1866.
+
+[351] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. liii, supplement, 688.
+
+[352] A military escort had also been furnished by the Arkansas Military
+Board to General McCulloch [_ibid._, 687].
+
+[353] Motey, or Moty, Kennard is occasionally spoken of, in the records,
+as the principal chief of the entire Creek Nation. The tribe was, however,
+very sharply divided into the Lower and the Upper Creeks. Their
+differences had been accentuated by the unpleasant and even dishonorable
+and tragic circumstances of their removal from Georgia and Alabama. The
+Lower Creeks represented the faction that had stood back of William
+McIntosh and that had consented to the fraudulent treaty of Indian
+Springs, the Upper Creeks were the dissenters [Abel, _History of Indian
+Consolidation_, chapters vi and vii; Phillips, _Georgia and State Rights_,
+56-57].
+
+[354] Letter from Greenwood to the Delegation, February 4, 1861 [Indian
+Office, _Letter Book_, no. 65, pp. 140-141].
+
+[355] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1861. Note that as early
+as March 18, 1861, Secretary Smith had ordered the suspension of the
+issuance of all requisitions to ordinary disbursing officers in the
+seceding states. This order probably affected indirectly even the Indian
+Territory [Smith to commissioner of Indian affairs, March 18, 1861,
+_Miscellaneous Files, 1858-1863_].
+
+[356] Governor Thomas O. Moore of Louisiana to President Davis, May 31,
+1861 [_Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 588].
+
+[357] See letter of W. S. Robertson to the Secretary of the Interior
+[General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_, R1664].
+
+[358] See statement of the "Loyal" Creek Delegation at the Fort Smith
+Council, September, 1865 [Land Files, _Indian Talks, Councils, etc.,
+1865-1866_, Box 4; Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1865, pp.
+328-329].
+
+[359] Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la was nevertheless a very prominent man among the
+Upper Creeks and had been prominent even before the exodus from Georgia
+and Alabama. At all events he was sufficiently prominent to protest with
+others against the transportation contracts that had been made by the War
+Department [Lewis Cass to Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la and other Creek chiefs, dated
+Tuckabatchytown, Alabama, January 27, 1836]. Again in 1838,
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la headed a party of protest, that time against the
+selling of certain Creek lands left unsold at the time of emigration
+[_Creek Reservation Papers_, 25].
+
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la seems to have been one of the assassins of William
+McIntosh; that is, if the subjoined statement of Acting-superintendent
+William Armstrong is to be trusted:
+
+    CHOCTAW AGENCY August 31, 1836
+
+    C. A. HARRIS Esqr, Com{r} of Ind Affairs,
+
+    Sir: The first party of emigrating Creeks are now on the opposite side
+    of the river Arkansas, on their way up. I shall leave tomorrow so as
+    to meet them at Gibson; while there, I will see the McIntosh party and
+    endeavor to learn the state of feelings amongst the several parties.
+    Many threats have been made; and much dissatisfaction manifested by
+    both Chilly & Rolly McIntosh, the latter has sworn to kill
+    A-po-the-ho-lo who was concerned in taking the life of his Father.
+    Rolly McIntosh and the other Chiefs now over, are opposed to
+    Ne-a-math-la the Chief who is with the party emigrating, upon the
+    ground mainly that they may probably be superseded, or their authority
+    abridged. I will however report to you, fully, after I shall have
+    informed myself, of the state of feeling &c, and will endeavor with
+    Gen{l} Arbuckle, to bring about a reconciliation. Respectfully Your
+    Obt Servt
+
+        WM ARMSTRONG Act Supt West{n} Ter{y}
+
+_War Department Files_, A37.
+
+Early in the forties, Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la posed as a trader in the Creek
+country. He was the partner of J. W. Taylor, a white man. The company so
+composed failed, in 1843, "to give bond and license" and so Agent J. L.
+Dawson closed its store [Communication of J. L. Dawson, September 5, 1843,
+_War Department Files_, I1537].
+
+[360] G. W. Stidham was probably a half-breed. Naturally, being the
+official interpreter, he signed as the interpreter and not as a member of
+the tribe.
+
+[361]
+
+    We the loyal Creek Indians represented by the Delegation now present,
+    solemnly declare that the Treaty of July 10, 1861 was alone made by
+    the rebel portion of the Creek Indians, and never was executed or
+    assented to by the Union portion of the Nation, and is, not now, and
+    never has been, obligatory upon them and the names to said treaty, of
+    the loyal party, was a forgery--Land Files, _Indian Talks, Councils,
+    etc._, Box 4, 1865-1866; Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_,
+    1865, p. 330.
+
+[362] The document herewith given presents one view of the case:
+
+    The undersigned Delegates from the Creek Nation would respectfully ask
+    to make the following statement concerning the alliance between the
+    said Creek Nation and the so-called Confederate States of America. To
+    the end that the Creek Nation may be put upon a proper footing in the
+    estimation of your honorable body and that there may be no
+    misapprehension on the part of the Government you here represent we
+    beg leave to state:
+
+    1st. The Alliance entered into by the Creek Nation with the
+    Confederate Government was entered into voluntarily, and without the
+    interference of any person or persons other than members of our tribe.
+    In taking that step the assembled wisdom of the Nation in council,
+    thought they were acting for the best interests of the Nation and of
+    their posterity.
+
+    2d. Hopoethle Yoholo the far-famed leader of those members of our
+    tribe who battled against us, was not at the time of the making of the
+    treaty with Albert Pike Commissioner on the part of the Confederate
+    States, a Chief, counsellor or head man in said tribe and had no voice
+    in the council, he was however present at the making of said Treaty
+    and give said Pike to understand that he fully concurred in the result
+    of our deliberations. After the making of the Treaty Hopoethle Yoholo
+    collected together his adherents, and for reasons entirely of a
+    domestic character and in no wise connected with the National question
+    at issue, withdrew from the country and assumed a hostile attitude.
+    With this exception the Creeks were united as one man in action and
+    were ever united as one man in principle on the National question then
+    agitated.
+
+    3d. Although the Nation we represent would not attempt at this time to
+    urge anything in palliation of the course of conduct they adopted in
+    this matter, other than to ask your honorable body to esteem the error
+    as one of the "head and not of the heart"--but we beg leave to state
+    that at the time of the forming of the Alliance above refered to
+    circumstances over which we could not possibly exercise control seemed
+    to _demand_ an adoption of the course taken. The protection always
+    borne with the idea of allegiance, was taken from our Nation by the
+    withdrawal of the United States forces from the Indian Territory. This
+    movement left the Nations entirely without the support of the United
+    States government, and had they desired to remain neutral or to take
+    active measures on the side of the United States they could not
+    possibly have done so without having their Country desolated, or by
+    abandoning their homes. Surrounded by States, in a tumult of angry
+    excitement attendant upon a dissolution of their connection with the
+    United States, they were completely in the power of those States,
+    without having United States forces to call to their aid or
+    assistance. An alliance under such circumstances were [was]
+    indispensible to the safety of the country. Viewing the matter in this
+    light the Treaty was made, and once having linked our destiny with
+    those of the Confederacy, we could not in honor betray our trust. In
+    conclusion we beg leave to say that as long as events cannot be
+    controlled by human wisdom and foresight and until an honorable
+    adherence to promises made voluntarily, is dishonorable so long must
+    we deem ourselves in one sense at least--guiltless of any criminality
+    in this matter.--Land Files, _Indian Talks, Councils, etc., Box 4,
+    1865-1866._
+
+[363] They were also worried over rumors of sequestration:
+
+    Statements having found their way into some of the public prints, to
+    the effect that supplies purchased for the use of the Choctaws, have
+    been detained by citizens of the Northern States, which statements if
+    uncontradicted may engender hostile feelings between those Indians and
+    the Government, I have thought proper to forward to you the enclosed
+    copies of official correspondence in relation to this subject, that
+    you may be able authoritatively to contradict such statements and
+    satisfy the Choctaws that the Government intends faithfully to
+    preserve and perpetuate the amicable relations subsisting between
+    itself and those people.--Dole to Rector and same to Coffin, May 16,
+    1861 [Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no. 65, p. 458].
+
+[364] Particularly by means of the resolutions of the National Council,
+June 10, 1861.
+
+[365] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 593.
+
+[366] For evidence of this and for the fullest extant account of the
+progress of secession among the Choctaws, see letter of S. Orlando Lee to
+Dole, March 15, 1862.
+
+[367] The following is found in the _Fort Smith Papers_:
+
+    Tishomingo, C. N. Nov. 26, 1861.
+
+    GEN. A. G. MAYERS
+
+    Sir: Having been appointed as a Delegate from this Nation (the
+    Chickasaw) to the Southern Congress, am at a loss (to know) when the
+    Congress does meet. I have all along understood from newspaper
+    accounts that it was to be on the 22d of February, but some seems to
+    think it is sooner. Will you please inform me at your earliest
+    convenience at what time the S. Congress does meet. Your attention to
+    the above is respectfully requested. I am yours very Respectfully
+
+        JAMES GAMBLE.
+
+    P.S. Please continue to send me the Parallel, I will make it all right
+    with you when on my way to Va.
+
+        J. G.
+
+[368] In the list of members of the Confederate congresses, given in
+_Official Records_, fourth ser., vol. iii, 1184-1191, no Indian delegate
+is specified until 1863.
+
+[369] Cooper to President Davis, July 25, 1861 [_ibid_., first ser., vol.
+iii, 614].
+
+[370] E. H. Carruth, in a letter to General Hunter of November 26, 1861
+[Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1861, p. 47], would have us
+understand that the Seminoles as a tribe did not negotiate with Pike, but
+that the whole affair was as between Pike and Jumper, Jumper being
+assisted by four chosen friends. The five were probably bribed. That Pike
+was not averse to the use of money for such ends, his letter to Walker of
+June twelfth would lead us to suspect [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. iii, 590]. We have, however, no definite proof of the same. John
+Jumper was early rewarded by the Confederate government. By act of the
+Provisional Congress, January 16, 1861 [_Statutes at Large_, p. 284], he
+was made an honorary lieutenant-colonel of the army of the Confederate
+States. Carruth further says that the family influence of Jumper "enabled
+him to raise forty-six men, not all Seminoles, and Ben McCulloch
+authorized him to call to his aid six hundred rangers from Fort Cobb, that
+he might crush out the Union feeling in his tribe."
+
+[371] It is just possible that Rector had been with him all the time. At
+all events Rector subsequently entered an expense account against the C.
+S. A. for services from July tenth to August twenty-fourth inclusive. See
+Appendix A, _Fort Smith Papers_.
+
+[372] See letter of Agent Snow, dated March 10, 1864, and its enclosures,
+one of which is a speech of Long John, who became principal chief when the
+aged Billy Bowlegs died, and another, a speech of Pas-co-fa, who, provided
+his signature to the treaty be genuine, eventually must have repented of
+his Confederate alliance. He was soon, with Bowlegs and Chup-co, in the
+ranks of Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la [General Files, _Seminole, 1858-1867_, S291].
+
+[373] The report of the United States commissioner of Indian affairs for
+1863 estimates the loyal Seminoles at about two-thirds of the tribe [House
+_Executive Documents_, 38th congress, first session, vol. iii, 143], that
+of the Confederate States commissioner of Indian affairs as fully one-half
+[S. S. Scott to Secretary Seddon, January 12, 1863, _Official Records_,
+fourth ser., vol. ii, 353].
+
+[374] While at the Creek Agency, Pike had communicated, so it seems, with
+John Jumper and had asked him to meet him there with six others competent
+and authorized to make a treaty. Up to the time of hearing from Pike, John
+Jumper seems to have been inclined to adhere faithfully to the United
+States government. The excellent report of E. H. Carruth, July 11, 1861
+gives full particulars of this whole affair.
+
+[375] See supplementary Article [_Official Records_, fourth ser., vol. i,
+525].
+
+[376] See communications from Bowlegs [So-nuk-mek-ko] to Commissioner of
+Indian Affairs, March 2, 1863 and May 13, 1863 [General Files, _Seminole,
+1858-1869_, B131, B317]. See also Dole to Coffin, March 24, 1863 [Indian
+Office, _Letter Book_, no. 70, pp. 208-209].
+
+[377] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Report, 1869 [House _Executive
+Documents_, 41st congress, second session, vol. iii, part 3, p. 521].
+
+[378] See letter of E. H. Carruth.
+
+[379] William P. Davis of Indiana had been given the United States
+Seminole Agency but he never reached his post [Dole to John D. Davis,
+April 5, 1862, Indian Office _Letter Book_, no. 68, p. 39]. Consequently,
+the Confederate States agent, Rutherford, had sole influence there. Not
+until George C. Snow of Indiana became United States Seminole agent, did
+the non-secessionist Indians get the encouragement and support they ought
+to have had all along.
+
+[380] See Appendix B--_Leeper Papers_.
+
+[381] The _Leeper Papers_, printed in the Appendix, furnish convincing
+proof of this. Note also that July 4, 1861, Rector wrote to Leeper from
+Fort Smith as follows:
+
+    In the 3rd section of the law of the Confederate Congress, regulating
+    the Indian service connected with said government, and making
+    provision for the continuance in office of the Superintendent and
+    Agents heretofore connected with the original U. S. government, you
+    will be continued upon the same terms and at the same salary, as
+    heretofore received from the federal government, and before entering
+    upon your duties as such it will be your duty to take an oath before a
+    proper officer of a State of the Confederate States, to support the
+    Constitution of and accept a Commission from the Confederate States of
+    America....--_Leeper Papers._
+
+[382] Pike to Walker, dated Seminole Agency, July 31, 1861 [_Official
+Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 624]. Writing to Benjamin, December 25,
+1861 [_ibid._, vol. viii, 720], Pike said he had "64 men."
+
+[383] These two treaties are interesting in various particulars. They
+contained fewer concessions, fewer departures from established practice
+than any others of the nine. They were made primarily for the maintenance
+of peace on the Texan frontier. That fact is only too evident from their
+contents and from the circumstances of their negotiation. One of the chief
+reasons, cited by Texas, for her withdrawal from the Union was the failure
+of the United States to protect her from Indian ravages. It seems never to
+have occurred to her to mention the fact that her citizens, by their
+aggressions, had constantly provoked the ravages, if such we can call
+them. The northern counties of Texas were not "Southern" in climate or
+industries, so it was especially necessary to enlist their sympathy in the
+Confederate cause by keeping the Indians of the plains quiet and peaceful.
+
+The Comanche treaties were also interesting in the matter of their
+signatures and of their schedules. The signatures included that of Rector,
+of the Creek chiefs, Motey Kennard and Chilly McIntosh, and of the
+Seminole chief, John Jumper. The schedules promised such things as the
+following to the Indians but in amounts that were beautifully indefinite:
+
+    Blue drilling, warm coats, calico, plaid check, regatta cotton shirts,
+    socks, hats, woolen shirts, red, white and blue blankets, red and blue
+    list cloth, shawls and handkerchiefs, brown domestic, thread, yarn and
+    twine, shoes, for men and women, white drilling, ribbons, assorted
+    colors, beads, combs, camp kettles, tin cups and buckets, pans, coffee
+    pots and dippers, needles, scissors and shears, butcher knives, large
+    iron spoons, knives and forks, nails, hatchets and hammers, augers,
+    drawing knives, gimlets, chopping axes, fish-hooks, ammunition,
+    including powder, lead, flints and percussion caps, tobacco.
+
+Two of a kind would have satisfied most of the requirements of these
+schedules. The list of things is interesting from the standpoint of
+domesticity and general utility and also from the standpoint of the things
+that the same Indians had previously seemed to need in such immense
+quantities. For illustration it would be well to note that when Agent
+Leeper handed in his last accounts to the United States government, he
+claimed to have issued during the second quarter of 1861 to the Indians at
+the Wichita Agency, 550 pounds of coffee, 550 pounds of sugar, 650 pounds
+of soap, 600 pounds of tobacco, etc.
+
+In conclusion, with respect to these Comanche treaties, we may say that,
+since the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty had put the Leased District under
+the jurisdiction of the C. S. A., there was very little for the reservees
+themselves to do, except take the protection and other things offered by
+the Confederacy (the Comanches of the Prairie and Staked Plain had
+promised to become reservees on the Leased District) and be content. Pike
+did not bother about promising to make them citizens eventually or about
+making them admit the legality of the institution of slavery. Their
+political status had never been high and it was no higher under the
+Confederacy than it had been under the Union.
+
+[384] The Tonkawas seem to have been the ones who were the most completely
+persuaded of all to adhere to the South and they continued unwaveringly
+loyal thereafter to its failing fortunes [S. S. Scott to Governor
+Winchester Colbert, dated Fort Arbuckle, November 10, 1862; Colbert to
+Scott, same date; Moore's _Rebellion Record_, vol. vi, 6; Commissioner of
+Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1863, House _Executive Documents_, 38th
+congress, first session, vol. iii, 143; Indian Office, _Report Book_, no.
+19, pp. 186-188]. Apparently the Confederacy was rather careful in
+carrying out its obligations to the Tonkawas. Among the _Leeper Papers_
+are various documents proving this, such as an unsigned receipt for money
+received from Pike, July 19, 1862, to carry out the terms of Articles XVI
+and XVII of the treaty of August 12, 1861; and a copy of a letter, from
+Leeper probably, to J. J. Sturm, commissary, dated November 30, 1861,
+complaining that Sturm had not followed "instructions in making issues to
+Tonkahua Indians."
+
+[385] _Journal_, vol. i, 565.
+
+[386] Message of Dec. 12, 1861 [Richardson, _op. cit._, vol. i, 149-151;
+_Official Register_, fourth ser., vol. i, 785-786].
+
+[387] This report I have been unable to find.
+
+[388]
+
+    The pecuniary obligations of these treaties are of great importance.
+    Apart from the annuities secured to them by former treaties, and which
+    we are to assume by those now submitted, these tribes have large
+    permanent funds in the hands of the Government of the United States as
+    their trustee. These funds may be divided into three classes: First.
+    Money which the Government of the United States stipulated to invest
+    in its own stocks or stocks of the States, and which has been partly
+    invested in its own stocks and partly uninvested, remains in its
+    Treasury, but upon which it is bound to pay interest. Second. Funds
+    invested in the stocks of States not members of this Confederacy.
+    Third. Money invested in stocks of States now members of this
+    Confederacy.... By the treaties now submitted to you the first and
+    second class are absolutely assumed by this Government; but this
+    Government only undertakes as trustee to collect the third class from
+    the States which owe the money and pay over the amounts to the Indians
+    when collected. It is fortunate for the Indians and ourselves that the
+    amounts embraced in classes one and two are relatively small, and the
+    obligations incurred by their assumption cannot be onerous, as the
+    amount due by States of the Confederacy on account of investments in
+    the funds of Northern Indians considerably exceeds the amount to be
+    assumed under this provision of the treaties. We thereby have the
+    means to compel the Government of the United States to do justice to
+    the Indians within the jurisdiction of the Confederate States, or to
+    indemnify ourselves for its breach of faith.
+
+    ... I also submit to you the report of Albert Pike, the commissioner,
+    which contains a history of his negotiations and submits his reasons
+    for a departure from his instructions in relation to the pecuniary
+    obligations to be incurred. [The reference here is to a letter from
+    Pike to Toombs, May 20, 1861, _Official Records_, first ser., vol.
+    iii, 581.] In view of the circumstances by which we are surrounded,
+    the great importance of preserving peace with the Indians on the
+    frontier of Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri, and not least, because of
+    the spirit these tribes have manifested in making common cause with us
+    in the war now existing, I recommend the assumption of the stipulated
+    pecuniary obligations, and, with the modifications herein suggested,
+    that the treaties submitted be ratified.--_Official Records_, fourth
+    ser., vol. i, 786.
+
+[389] _Official Record_, fourth ser., vol. i, 785-786.
+
+[390] _Journal_, vol. i, 564, 565.
+
+[391] --_Ibid._, 590-596.
+
+[392] --_Ibid._, 590-591.
+
+[393] _Statutes at Large_, 330.
+
+[394] _Journal_, vol. i, 591-592.
+
+[395] _Statutes at Large_, 331.
+
+[396] _Journal_, vol. i, 597.
+
+[397] --_Ibid._, 593.
+
+[398] _Statutes at Large_, 367.
+
+[399] _Journal_, 601.
+
+[400] --_Ibid._, 598.
+
+[401] _Statutes at Large_, 331.
+
+[402] _Statutes at Large_, 331.
+
+[403] _Journal_, vol. i, 610.
+
+[404] --_Ibid._
+
+[405] --_Ibid._, 632-633.
+
+[406] --_Ibid._, 634.
+
+[407] --_Ibid._, 635.
+
+[408] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 574.
+
+[409] Chief Justice M. H. McWillie of La Mesilla, Arizona, was among the
+number. See his letter to President Davis, June 30, 1861, quoted in
+_Official Records_, vol. iv, 96.
+
+[410] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 578-579.
+
+[411] --_Ibid._, vol. i, 618.
+
+[412] Letter to Johnson, May 11, 1861, _ibid._, vol. iii, 572.
+
+[413] Letter to Toombs, May 20, 1861, _ibid._, 581.
+
+[414] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1861, p. 14.
+
+[415] Act of March 2, 1861, U. S. _Statutes at Large_, vol. xii, 239.
+
+[416] On the twenty-second of May, Whitney reported, generally, on the
+condition of several tribes:
+
+    Owing to the extremely dangerous state of political affairs in
+    Missouri especially along the line of the H. & St. Jo. RR., I have
+    refrained from writing to you.... Although the _Delawares_ were not
+    especially refered to in my instructions yet I visited the Mission &
+    Agent as it was quite convenient ... and ascertained to my complete
+    satisfaction ... that they were a wealthy tribe and that although many
+    of their individual members were _necessitous_ yet they were not of
+    the _destitute_ kind contemplated by your department: 2d. that the new
+    agent who had heard of this movement towards relief was very anxious
+    to make it appear that his tribe was very needy & to have large
+    amounts of relief furnished at his residence on the Missouri River
+    away from the agency & also from a central point....
+
+    I next visited the Osage River Agency and ascertained that all of the
+    tribes belonging to that Agency were in rather a destitute condition,
+    they having used and still (are) using their school fund in buying
+    provisions: the Miamis of that agency I found to be the most needy &
+    it might be said that they were _suffering_ to some extent....
+
+    ... In reference to the Neosho Agency, as that was such a long
+    distance I engaged three trains of wagons before leaving
+    Leavenworth....
+
+    Whitney speaks harshly of the Osages as lazy vagabonds and continues,
+
+    ... The general famine throughout Kansas had but little to do with
+    their sufferings as they cultivate nothing of consequence ... and
+    therefore ... they are not morally & strictly proper objects of
+    government charity....
+
+    ... Systematic and well planned solicitations had been and are being
+    made by Missourians to them to take up arms against the borderers to
+    which the people throughout this entire section feared they might be
+    induced on account of the neglect of Government [and because the
+    whites steal their ponies]--Land Files, _Central Superintendency,
+    1852-1869_, W223.
+
+Note that Whitney thought the reports of border ruffian inducements,
+though true in a measure, had been exaggerated. On the eighth of June, he
+reported again,
+
+    When I got within reach of the H. & St. J. R. R. it became apparent
+    that my produce would be at best somewhat exposed to seizure by the
+    secessionists and that such hazard would be very greatly enhanced if
+    it was known to be government property and especially if it should be
+    known to be going to the Indians whom the Missourians were even then
+    as was reported upon authority endeavoring to excite against the
+    borderers....--Land Files, _Central Superintendency, 1852-1869_, W223.
+
+Slaughter had less to report; but even he, on the twenty-first of June,
+said, while insisting that the reports had been exaggerated,
+
+    I have no doubt overtures have been held out to them [the more
+    northern tribes], but whether from authorized parties from [the] South
+    no one can tell. It is all matter of conjecture. A general council of
+    the tribes it is understood has been solicited by some of the Southern
+    Indians, but I doubt whether it will be held.--General Files, _Central
+    Superintendency, 1860-1862_, S404.
+
+Slaughter further surmised, from personal observations, that the northern
+tribes would remain loyal to the United States. See his letter to Dole,
+June 15, 1861. Other people were of the same opinion, although, in early
+1861, the various tribes had much to complain of, much to make them
+discontented and therefore very susceptible to bad influences. Some of the
+Miamis were preferring charges against Agent Clover for misapplication of
+funds and other things [Louis Lefontaine, etc. to Greenwood, January 13,
+1861, Land Files, _Osage River, 1860-1866_]; the Kaws were suffering and
+R. S. Stevens slowly working out the details of his preposterous graft in
+the construction of houses for them [M. C. Dickey to Greenwood, February
+26, 1861, General Files, _Kansas, 1855-1862_, D250, and same to same,
+March 1, 1861, _ibid._, D251]; the Shawnees were having the usual troubles
+over their tribal elections, Joseph White having recently been elected
+second chief in place of Eli Blackhoof [Robinson to Greenwood, February
+19, 1861, Land Files, _Shawnee, 1860-1865_]; and then, even farther north,
+from among the Otoes, came additional complaints; for Agent Dennison, who
+by the way, became a secessionist and a defaulter [Dole to Thaddeus
+Stevens, May 26, 1862, Indian Office, _Report Book_, no. 12, pp. 388-386],
+was withholding annuities and an uprising was threatening in consequence
+[General Files, _Otoe, 1856-1862_].
+
+[417] The alien influence extended itself even to the wild Indians of the
+Plains. On the sixth of August, 1861 [General Files, _Pottawatomie,
+1855-1861_, B704], Branch reported bad news that he had received from
+Agent Ross regarding the hostile approach of these Indians and remarked,
+
+    I think there can be little doubt but what emissaries of the Rebels
+    have been and are actively engaged in creating dissatisfaction against
+    the government with every tribe of Indians that they dare approach on
+    that subject.
+
+    As soon as I can get the business of this office in a shape so I can
+    conveniently leave my office duties I propose visiting the most of the
+    tribes under this superintendency with a view to reconciling them and
+    enjoining peace....
+
+Similarly Captain Elmer Otis from Fort Wise, August 27, 1861, and A. G.
+Boone from the Upper Arkansas Agency, September 7, 1861, reported the
+Texans' tampering with the Kiowas [Land Files, _Upper Arkansas,
+1855-1865_, O40, B772], who seem successfully to have resisted their
+threats and their blandishments. The Comanches of Texas were also
+approached but they fled rather than yield [Boone to Mix, October 19,
+1861, _ibid._, B361]. They, however, importunately demanded a treaty from
+the United States government in return for their loyalty. They were poor,
+they said, and had lost their hunting-grounds. Boone made good use of them
+as scouts and spies against the Texans [Letter of December 14, 1861,
+_ibid._, B1006]. They were of the Comanches who had treated with Pike and
+who had solemnly pledged themselves, under duress and temporary
+excitement, to amity and allegiance. Secret agents from the South went
+also among the Blackfeet and Agent Thomas G. McCulloch sent an ex-employee
+of the American Fur Company, named Alexander Culbertson and married to the
+daughter of the Blackfeet chief, as a secret agent to counteract their
+influence [General Files, _Central Superintendency, 1860-1862_].
+
+[418] Letter to Walker, July 18, 1861 [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. iii, 611].
+
+[419] The scarcity of arms proved to be a serious matter. On the thirtieth
+of July, the assistant-quartermaster general, George W. Clark, telegraphed
+to Walker that arms had not yet arrived and that the Indians, encamped at
+the Old Choctaw Agency, were, in consequence, showing signs of discontent
+[_Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 620].
+
+[420] Cooper probably spoke the truth, for the Choctaws and Chickasaws
+together had a population of twenty-three thousand.
+
+In 1861, the Indian population of the Southern Superintendency was, as
+reported by Dole upon inquiry from Hon. J. S. Phelps of Missouri [John C.
+G. Kennedy, of the Census Office, to Dole, August 9, 1861]:
+
+    Chickasaws                              5,000
+    Choctaws                               18,000
+    Cherokees                              21,000
+    Creeks                                 13,550
+    Seminoles (of which 1,247 were males)   2,267
+
+[Dole's answer, August 10, 1861].
+
+In April, the report from the Indian Office had been:
+
+    Choctaws           18,000
+    Chickasaws          5,000
+                      -------
+                Total  23,000
+
+    Creeks             13,550
+    Cherokees          17,530
+    Seminoles           2,267
+    Neosho Agency       4,863
+    Leased District     2,500
+                      -------
+                Total  63,710
+
+[Indian Office, _Report Book_, no. 12].
+
+[421] Letter to President Davis [_Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii,
+614].
+
+[422] Identical with Article I of both the Cherokee and the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw, but different from the Seminole in that the Seminole provided
+simply for "perpetual peace and friendship."
+
+[423] The corresponding Choctaw and Chickasaw Article [XLIX] stipulated
+that the colonel of the regiment should be appointed by the president. Of
+course, Douglas H. Cooper, was at this time, the one and only candidate
+for the place and there is no doubt that the exception was made for his
+especial benefit. However, Pike objected to his holding, in addition to
+the colonelcy, the office of Indian agent [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. iii, 614].
+
+Agent Garrett wanted the position of colonel in the Creek regiment and
+Pike recommended him, but McCulloch objected saying,
+
+    I hope the appointment will not be made, for Colonel Garrett is in no
+    way qualified for the position, and from what I know of his habits, I
+    am satisfied that a worse appointment could not be made.--_Official
+    Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 597.
+
+This was before the treaty had been negotiated and, after it had been
+negotiated, Pike wrote to Walker as follows:
+
+    When I recommended the appointment of William H. Garrett, the present
+    agent for the Creeks, to be colonel of the Creek regiment, I had not
+    sufficiently estimated the ambition and desire for distinction of the
+    leading men of that nation, and I also supposed that Mr. Garrett,
+    popular with them as an agent, would be acceptable as colonel of their
+    regiment; but when I concluded with them the very important treaty of
+    July 10, instant, they strenuously insisted that the colonel of the
+    regiment to be raised should be elected by the men. As the public
+    interest did not require I should insist upon a contrary provision, by
+    which I might have jeoparded the treaty, I yielded, and the
+    consequence is that by the treaty, as signed and ratified by the Creek
+    council, the field officers are all to be elected by the men of the
+    regiment.
+
+    This being the case, I have this day written Colonel Garrett,
+    requesting him to inform the Creeks immediately, as I have already
+    done, that notwithstanding his appointment they will elect their
+    colonel. If he should not do so he will cause much mischief, and would
+    deserve severe censure; but I do not doubt he will promptly do
+    it....--_Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 623-624.
+
+On the twenty-fourth of August, the matter was settled at Richmond by
+Walker's writing to Pike,
+
+    In order that there shall be no misunderstanding with the friendly
+    Indians west of Arkansas, this Department is anxious that the article
+    in the treaty made by you, guaranteeing to them the right of selecting
+    their own field officers, shall be carried out in good faith. The name
+    of Mr. Garrett will therefore be dropped as colonel of the Creek
+    regiment, and that regiment will proceed to elect its own officers.
+    The regiment being formed among the Seminoles will exercise the same
+    right. Reassure the tribes of the perfect sincerity of this Government
+    toward them.--_Ibid._, 671.
+
+The corresponding Cherokee Article [XL] differed slightly from the Creek.
+It seems to have taken certain things, like the choice of officers, both
+company and field, for granted. It reads thus:
+
+    In consideration of the common interest of the Cherokee Nation and the
+    Confederate States, and of the protection and rights guaranteed to the
+    said nation by this treaty, the Cherokee Nation hereby agrees that it
+    will raise and furnish a regiment of ten companies of mounted men,
+    with two reserve companies, if allowed, to serve in the armies of the
+    Confederate States for twelve months; the men shall be armed by the
+    Confederate States, receive the same pay and allowances as other
+    mounted troops in the service, and not be moved beyond the limits of
+    the Indian country west of Arkansas without their consent.
+
+[424] Identical with Article LI of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty and
+with Article LXI of the Cherokee.
+
+[425] Identical with Article L of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty, with
+Article XLII of the Cherokee, and with Article XXXVI of the Seminole.
+
+[426] Identical with Article LII of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty and
+with Article XLIII of the Cherokee.
+
+[427] Frémont reported to Townsend, August 13, 1861, that Cherokee
+half-breeds, judging from the muster roll and from the corroborating
+testimony of prisoners, were with McCulloch in this battle, fought about
+ten miles south of Springfield, August 10, 1861 [_Official Records_, first
+ser., vol. iii, 54]. Connelley says, in 1861, Quantrill, returning from
+Texas, lingered in the Cherokee Nation with a half-breed Cherokee, Joel
+Mayes,
+
+    Who, many years after the war, was elected Head Chief of the Nation.
+    Mayes espoused the cause of the Confederacy and was captain of a
+    company or band of Cherokees who followed General Ben McCulloch to
+    Missouri.--_Quantrill and the Border Wars_, 198.
+
+A letter, written by McCulloch to Colonel John Drew, September 1, 1861,
+seems to indicate that individual Cherokees had joined him [_Official
+Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 691].
+
+[428] The Federal defeat was believed by contemporaries to have been due
+to mismanagement, to army friction, to the incompetency and sloth of
+Sigel, and to Frémont's failure to reinforce the redoubtable Lyon, who
+fell in the engagement. An investigation into Sigel's conduct was
+subsequently made by Halleck, Sigel's bitter enemy. Halleck hated Sigel,
+because Sigel so greatly admired Frémont, whom Halleck supplanted; and
+because Sigel was the hero of the Germans, and one of them. For the
+Germans, Halleck had a great antipathy. Many of them were
+"pfälzisch-badischen Revolutionäre" and Halleck regarded them as
+adventurers or as refugees from justice. They in turn referred to Halleck
+as one of the West Point "bunglers" who were so numerous in the northern
+army, the really efficient and capable West Pointers, so they said, having
+all gone with the South [Kaufmann's "Sigel und Halleck" in
+_Deutsch-Amerikanische Geschichtsblätter_, Band, 210-216, October 1910].
+
+[429] Even in the latter part of May, these were so serious as to threaten
+a Cherokee civil war [Letter of John Crawford, May 21, 1861, General
+Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_; Mix to Crawford, June 4, 1861, Indian
+Office, _Letter Book_, no. 66, pp. 15-16].
+
+[430] Ben McCulloch to Walker, September 2, 1861 [_Official Records_,
+first ser., vol. iii, 692]; Pike to Benjamin, December 25, 1861 [_ibid._,
+vol. viii, 720].
+
+[431] "Meetings and Proceedings of the Executive Council of the Cherokee
+Nation, July 2, 1861" [General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, C515].
+
+[432] See "Meetings and Proceedings of the Cherokee Executive Council,
+August 1, 1861" [General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, C515].
+
+[433] Pike to Ross, August 1, 1861 [_ibid._].
+
+[434]
+
+    A general meeting of the Cherokee people was held at Tahlequah on
+    Wednesday, the 21st day of August, 1861. It was called by the
+    executive of the Cherokee Nation for the purpose of giving the
+    Cherokee people an opportunity to express their opinions in relation
+    to subjects of deep interest to themselves as individuals and as a
+    nation. The number of persons in attendance, almost exclusively adult
+    males, was about 4,000, whose deportment was characterized by good
+    order and propriety, and the expression of whose opinions and feelings
+    was frank, cordial, and of marked unanimity.--_Report of the
+    Proceedings at Tahlequah, August 21, 1861_, transmitted to General
+    McCulloch by the Executive Council, August 24, 1861 [_Official
+    Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 673].
+
+[435] Evan Jones of the Baptist Mission, Cherokee Nation, to Dole, dated
+Lawrence, Kansas, November 2, 1861 [General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_,
+J503].
+
+[436] W. S. Robertson, who for twelve years had been "teaching in the
+Tullahassee Manual Labor School in the Creek Nation under the care of the
+Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions" [Robertson's Letter of September
+30, 1861, General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_, R1615].
+
+Robertson says, that
+
+    Having witnessed the whole struggle between the Loyal & War parties,
+    when the latter prevailed, I was on the 25{th} of August ordered by a
+    party of the "Creek Light Horse" acting under the written orders of
+    Moty Kenard and Jacob Derrysaw, Chief of the Creeks, to leave within
+    twenty-four hours from the Creek country. I retired to my friends at
+    Park Hill in the Cherokee where the same struggle was going on.
+
+    At Park Hill I enjoyed every facility for knowing the feelings of the
+    people, the designs of the Executive.
+
+    When at last the Rebel flag flaunted over the council ground at
+    Tahlequah, I left the Cherokee country with my family, and after
+    encountering many dangers, succeeded in reaching Rolla, on the 23{rd}
+    Sept. without giving any pledge to the enemy.
+
+    Having written to the Sec. of the Interior (from St. Louis, Oct.
+    1{st}) stating my long residence among the Creeks and Cherokees, my
+    means of information, and my desire to give any information that would
+    benefit our Gov't or my loyal friends among the Indians--and having
+    forwarded all the printed correspondence between the Rebels and Chief
+    Ross (except the last letter of the Rebel commissioner, Albert Pike)
+    together with Chief Ross' speech at the Cherokee Convention at
+    Tahlequah, on the 21{st} of Aug. and the resolutions passed at said
+    Convention, without receiving any answer, I concluded that Col.
+    Humphrey's (of Tenn.) mysterious movements were all right, that he was
+    loyal, and kept our Gov't well informed as to the Rebel doings among
+    the Indians. That I had redeemed my pledge to loyal Creeks &
+    Cherokees.
+
+    Recent letters from St. Louis, & New York stating that "Gov't agents
+    are seeking information everywhere," and urging me to write to "Gen.
+    Hunter" & Washington, induce me to send you my address, to urge you in
+    the name of humanity and justice not to take decisive measures against
+    the betrayed and oppressed people, until you have heard all that can
+    be said in their behalf.--Letter to Department of the Interior and
+    referred to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, dated January 7, 1862
+    [General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_, R1664].
+
+Mix answered it February 14, 1862 [Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no. 67,
+P. 357].
+
+In a somewhat earlier letter, the one from which the extract, in the body
+of the text was taken, Robertson had said,
+
+    I am ... deeply interested in their welfare, acquainted with the
+    feelings of the people, well informed as to the men and measures which
+    have detached these nations from their allegiance to the U. S.
+
+    Chief among the traitors were not only the Superintendent of that
+    District, and the Agents under him appointed by the late
+    Administration but others claiming to have received commissions as
+    Indian Agents "since the 4{th} of March last" from the U. S. Gov't.
+
+    On the 21{st} of Aug. last I was in Tahlequah, the capital of the
+    Cherokee Nation, at a convention of the Cherokee people called by
+    their Chief Jno. Ross....--ROBERTSON to President Lincoln, dated
+    Winneconne, Wisconsin, December 12, 1861 [General Files, _Southern
+    Superintendency, 1859-1862_, R1658].
+
+Concerning the responsibility attaching to government agents for Indian
+defection, E. C. Boudinot and W. P. Adair wrote, January 19, 1866, to
+Cooley,
+
+    The Southern Indians have repeatedly repudiated the idea that they
+    were induced by the machinations of any persons to ally themselves
+    with the rebellion, but accept the full responsibility of their acts
+    without such excuse.
+
+    The passage above quoted [meaning one from Coffin's report of
+    September 24, 1863--"They resisted the insidious influences which were
+    brought to bear upon them by Rector, Pike, Cooper, Crawford and other
+    rebel emissaries for a long time."] however does great injustice to
+    all the parties named, particularly to Genl Cooper, who had no earthly
+    connection with the Cherokees until several months after. Mr. John
+    Ross made the treaty with the so-called Confederate States.--General
+    Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, B60.
+
+[437] "Ross was overborne. It is said that his wife was more staunch than
+her husband and held out till the last. When an attempt was made to raise
+a Confederate flag over the Indian council house, her opposition was so
+spirited that it prevented the completion of the design."--Howard, _My
+life and experiences among our hostile Indians_, 100.
+
+[438] For the entire address of John Ross, see _Official Record_, first
+ser., vol. iii, 673-675.
+
+[439] _Official Record_, first ser., vol. iii, 675-676. A slightly
+incorrect copy of these same resolutions is to be found in vol. xiii,
+499-500.
+
+[440] John Ross and others to McCulloch, August 24, 1861 [_Official
+Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 673].
+
+[441] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1865. The Report of the
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs to President Johnson, February 25, 1866, in
+answer to the Cherokee protest against Chief Ross's deposition contains
+this statement:
+
+    As early as June or July, the exact date is not known, John Ross
+    authorized the raising of Drew's Regiment, for the Southern army....
+
+[442] McCulloch to Ross, September 1, 1861 [_Official Records_, first
+ser., vol. iii, 690].
+
+[443] --_Ibid._; McCulloch to John Drew, September 1, 1861 [_ibid._, 691].
+
+[444] In the course of the war, both inside and outside of Kansas, many
+instances occurred of Indians' expressing a wish to fight or of their
+services being earnestly solicited. In late April of 1861, a deputation,
+headed by White Cloud, came east and tendered to the United States
+government the services of some three hundred warriors, Sioux and
+Chippewas [Moore's _Rebellion Record_, vol. i, 43].
+
+Agent Burleigh, in charge of the Yancton Sioux, asked permission to
+garrison Fort Randall with Indians [Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+_Report_, 1861, p. 118]. The Omahas manifested great interest in the war,
+so their agent, O. H. Irish, reported [_ibid._, p. 65]. Towards the end of
+the struggle a young recruiting officer, who went among them, persuaded
+about thirty youths, mostly students at the Mission School, to enlist.
+Their terms had not expired when the war closed, so they were sent out as
+scouts to protect the Union Pacific Railroad, in course of construction
+from Denver to Salt Lake City, against the Sioux who were attacking
+workmen and emigrants. Even Senecas from the far away Cattaraugus
+Reservation, New York, offered to enlist [Dole to Strong, December 7,
+1861, Indian Office _Letter Book_, no. 67, p. 129]; and so did the Pawnees
+from the great plains. The United States government, however, refused to
+accept the Pawnees for anything but scouts and, in that capacity, they
+proved exceedingly useful [Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1869,
+p. 472]. Winnebagoes were in the United States employ [Indian Office,
+_Report Book_, no. 13, pp. 276-277], as were also many individuals from
+other tribes. Some Indians became commissioned officers and a number were
+at the head of companies. Captain Dorion of Company B, Regiment Fourteenth
+Kansas Volunteers was an Iowa [_ibid._, 261] and Eli S. Parker on General
+Grant's staff was a Seneca.
+
+After the Enrollment Act of March 3, 1863 [United States _Statutes at
+Large_, vol. xii, 731-737] was passed, several attempts were made to force
+the Indians to serve in the army but Mix, the Acting Commissioner of
+Indian Affairs, declared they were exempt from the draft [Letter to Agent
+D. C. Leach, September 4, 1863, Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no. 71, p.
+354]. On the sixteenth of July, 1863, the United States War Department
+inquired very particularly as to the Indian eligibility for enrollment and
+Secretary Usher took occasion to instruct Mix that the respective agents
+should be
+
+    Directed to offer no resistance to the enrolling officers, after
+    notifying said officers of the fact, that the tribe or tribes under
+    their charge are composed of Indians who have not acquired the rights
+    of Citizenship, but immediately upon being informed of the drafting of
+    any member of his tribe, he will report the case to the Com{r} of
+    Indian Affairs, for such action as may be necessary to procure the
+    exemption of the Indians from military service.--Letter of Secretary
+    Usher, September 12, 1863, _Miscellaneous Files_, 1858-1863.
+
+[445]
+
+    The bearer has a train of goods at this point en route for the Indians
+    on the western border of the State, containing quite a quantity of
+    arms & ammunition.
+
+    There is great excitement in the community with reference to arming
+    the Indians at the present time, as for several days past reports have
+    come to us that our frontier settlements are in danger of attack from
+    hostile Indians who are collecting in the neighborhood. I am daily
+    importuned to send them aid. Also, report says, and it seems very
+    reliable, that the Indians on our southern border are arming
+    themselves against our citizens. In addition to these Indian rumors it
+    is believed by many that these arms are in danger of falling into the
+    hands of secessionists, before reaching their destination. Quite a
+    number of that class of men have recently passed up this way (Topeka)
+    and through Riley County. In this condition of affairs I do not think
+    these arms & ammunition can be taken west without an escort, as the
+    rabble will be almost certain to waylay them as soon as they get on
+    the Pottawatomie Reserve. I can protect them while in this county &
+    will do so, but cannot follow them. Would it not be well, if you have
+    the authority, to direct the bearer to leave that part of his freight
+    in charge of the U. S. Marshal, or in my charge, until there shall be
+    a change of circumstances, or until further orders from Washington?
+
+    Although I would not undertake to oppose the action of Government in
+    the matter and would not interfere unless it should be to prevent the
+    property from falling into the hands of a mob, yet I do think under
+    the circumstances it is very bad policy to arm the Indians on the
+    border. I feel very sure from what I learn, they will be used against
+    our citizens within three months time. I am ready to co-operate at all
+    times with the U. S. authorities....--General Files, _Central
+    Superintendency, 1860-1862_, B479. See also Branch's reply, May 23,
+    _ibid._
+
+[446] H. B. Branch to Mix, September 16, 1861, transmitting a letter from
+Agent Farnsworth of September 16, 1861, enclosing communications from
+Senator Lane, Captain Price, and others, "relative to organizing the
+Indians for the defense of the Government" [General Files, _Kansas,
+1855-1862_, B774].
+
+    Headquarters K.B. Ft. Lincoln, Aug. 22{d} 1861.
+
+    To Indian Agents Sac and Foxes--Shawnees--Delawares--Kickapoos--
+    Potawatomies--and Kaws--Tribes of Indians
+
+    GENTS: For the defence of Kansas I have determined to use the loyal
+    Indians of the Tribes above named. To this end I have appointed
+    Augustus Wattles, Esq to confer with you and adopt such measures as
+    will secure the early assembling of the Indians at this point.
+
+    If you have the means within your control I would like to have you
+    supply them when they march with a sufficient quantity of powder, lead
+    & subsistence for their march to this place, where they will be fed by
+    the Government.
+
+    You can assure them for the Govt that they will not be marched out of
+    Kansas without their consent--that they will be used only for the
+    defence of Kansas.
+
+    I enjoin each of you to be prompt and energetic that an early
+    assembling of said Indians at this point may thereby be secured.
+
+        J. H. LANE, Commanding Kansas Brigade.
+          By ABRAM CUTLER, Acting assistant Adgt-Gen.
+
+    The danger is imminent. Hordes of whites & half breeds in the Indian
+    country are in arms driving out & killing Union men. They threaten to
+    overrun Kansas and exterminate both whites & Indians. It it rumored
+    that John Ross, the Cherokee Chief is likely to be overcome unless he
+    is assisted.
+
+    The Osages also need assistance. Gen. Lane intends to establish a
+    strong Indian camp near the neutral lands as a guard to prevent forage
+    into Kansas. He is very solicitous that you should come if possible
+    with the Chiefs & see him at Ft. Lincoln on the Little Osage 10 miles
+    south of Mound City.
+
+    If you do come, please bring all the fighting men you can, of all
+    Kinds. Men are needed.
+
+    If you do not come, please authorise some responsible man to lead the
+    Indians as far as Ft. Lincoln where Gen. Lane will receive them and
+    give them a big war talk. Bring an interpreter. Expenses will be paid.
+
+    Congress will undoubtedly make suitable acknowledgements to the Kaws,
+    as an independent nation, for any valuable services which they may
+    render....
+
+    P.S. A Captain's wages will be given to any competent man whom you may
+    appoint to take the lead of the band, provided there are fifty or
+    more.--AUGUSTUS WATTLES to Major Farnsworth, dated Sac and Fox Agency,
+    Kansas, August 25, 1861.
+
+Wattles had evidently not yet heard of the Tahlequah mass-meeting. Postal
+connections with Indian Territory were, of necessity, very poor. Dole had
+recommended, May 29, 1861, to Secretary Smith a new postal route through
+southwest Missouri or southern Kansas instead of the old route through
+Arkansas [Indian Office, _Report Book_, no. 12, p. 170].
+
+The Confederates were similarly embarrassed. On the twenty-seventh of May,
+the postmaster at Fort Smith had complained to the postmaster-general J.
+H. Reagan,
+
+    Enclosed please find letter of G. B. Hester (a Choctaw who was made
+    quarter-master and commissary in the First Choctaw Regiment and, in
+    1865, "cotton agent for the Creek Indians who were at that time
+    squatting in the Chickasaw Nation." See O'Beirne's _Leaders and
+    Leading Men of the Indian Territory_) at Boggy Depot, C. N. You will
+    see they are without mails in that country. For three weeks the mails
+    for the Indian country have been accumulating in this office. I sent
+    forward all the mail that could be packed on a single horse.... I
+    cannot get men to carry the mail. They say they are afraid of being
+    robbed or murdered.... Our neighbours, the Indians must suffer great
+    inconvenience on account of the stoppage of mail facilities. All
+    tribes are in favor of the South except the Cherokees. A little good
+    talk would do them good, perhaps a little powder and lead might help
+    the cause. Ross and his party are not to be relied on.--_Fort Smith
+    Papers_.
+
+Mayers wrote Reagan in a similar vein a month later, on June 26, 1861,
+
+    Our mails throughout the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw & Creek nations
+    have all been stopped by the old mail carriers....--_Ibid._
+
+[447] On August 26, 1861, Wattles wrote Farnsworth from Lawrence,
+
+    I wrote you a few days ago concerning the employment of the Indians in
+    the defence of our frontier.
+
+    The necessity seemed imperative. But on hearing that the Commissioner
+    of Indian Affairs was in Kansas and will probably see you--I think it
+    best to say nothing to the Indians till he is consulted in the matter.
+
+    Gen. Lane has 60 miles of the Missouri border to guard, and an army of
+    at least double his to hold in check, which employs all his force
+    night & day.
+
+    Besides this, he has the Indian frontier on the south of about 100
+    miles. This he intends to intrust to the loyal Indians--I will add, if
+    the Commissioner agrees to it.
+
+The stay of execution was not of long duration, however; for, September
+10, 1861, J. E. Prince sent Farnsworth from Fort Leavenworth a circular
+requesting immediate enrollment and an estimate of the strength of the
+loyal Indians.
+
+[448] The conduct of Lane was presumptuous, arrogant, dictatorial; but he
+had interfered in yet other ways in Indian concerns. He must have had
+quite a hold, political or otherwise, over several of the agents and they
+appealed to him in matters that ought, in the first instance, to have been
+referred to the Indian Office and left there. Thus, in July, Agent F.
+Johnson had approached Lane on the subject of having Charles Journeycake
+appointed Delaware chief in place of Rock-a-to-wa deceased. Both Pomeroy
+and Lane endorsed the appointment but it was unquestionably entirely out
+of their province to do so. Tribal politics were assuredly no concern of
+the Kansas delegation in Congress.
+
+[449] Dole had gone to Kansas in the latter part of August "to submit in
+person the amendments, made by the Senate at its last session, to the
+Delaware treaty of May 30, 1860" [Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+_Report_, 1861, p. 11].
+
+[450]
+
+    I find here your letter to the Agent of the Delaware, requesting _Fall
+    Leaf_ to organize a party of 50 men for the service of your
+    Department. _Mr. Johnson_ the Agent called the tribe together before I
+    arrived here, and found the Chiefs unwilling that their young men
+    should enter the service as you desired. Since my arrival I have seen
+    the Chiefs and stated to them that the Government was not asking them
+    to enter the war as a tribe but that we wished to employ some of the
+    tribe for Special Service and wished the Chiefs to make no objection.
+    I could not however get their consent even to acquiesce in their men
+    Volunteering for the service as you desired, & _Fall Leaf_ and several
+    of the tribe are here and determined to tender you their Services,
+    with my consent. I have advised them that they are at Liberty to join
+    you if they choose. _Fall Leaf_ says he will be able to report at Fort
+    Leavenworth in a very few days with twenty to twenty five men. Should
+    you require more men, you will have probably to call on some other
+    tribe. Those men who volunteer against the advice of their Chiefs
+    should be particularly remembered by the Gov't.--DOLE to Frémont,
+    dated Leavenworth City, September 13, 1861 [Indian Office, _Letter
+    Book_, no. 66, p. 485].
+
+[451] --_Ibid._
+
+[452]
+
+    I am instructed to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 13th
+    inst., and to state that the Commanding General will accept with
+    pleasure the services of Fall Leaf and his men.
+
+    Other tribes will be applied to immediately. I have written to the
+    same effect to Mr. Johnson, at the Deleware Agency.--JOHN R. HOWARD,
+    captain and secretary, to William P. Dole, dated Headquarters, Western
+    Department, at St. Louis, September 20, 1861 [General Files, _Central
+    Superintendency, 1860-1862_].
+
+[453] F. Johnson to Dole, June 6, 1862 [General Files, _Delaware,
+1862-1866_].
+
+[454] Dole to Captain Fall Leaf, November 22, 1863 [Indian Office, _Letter
+Book_, no. 72, p. 109].
+
+[455] Report to Dole, October 22, 1861 [Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+_Report_, 1861, p. 50]; Report to Dole, September 17, 1862 [Commissioner
+of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862, p. 98].
+
+[456]
+
+    I send you a letter to _General Fremont open_ that you may read and
+    understand its object. _Fall Leaf_ will call upon you probably this
+    afternoon and receive from you such information as you see proper to
+    give him. I am disinclined to encourage the Indians to engage in this
+    war except in extreme cases, as guides. I have in this case used my
+    influence in favor of the formation of this Company, without any
+    knowledge of the views of Gov't, supposing Gen{l} Fremont was a
+    special need of them or he would not have made the request....--DOLE
+    to Captain Price, dated Leavenworth, September 13, 1861 [Indian
+    Office, _Letter Book_, no. 66, pp. 485-486].
+
+[457] Letter of August 15, 1861 [Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_,
+1861, p. 39].
+
+[458] General Orders, no. 23 [_Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii,
+539].
+
+[459] Villard says, as early as 1856, rivalry had developed between
+Robinson and Lane [_John Brown_, 108].
+
+[460] Thomas to Frémont, October 14, 1861 [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. iii, 533].
+
+[461] Lane to Lincoln, October 9, 1861 [_ibid._, 529].
+
+[462] It would seem as if Lane were remotely responsible for the division
+of the Western Department into the Department of Kansas and the Department
+of Missouri. In his letter to President Lincoln of October 9, 1861, he
+described the good work that his Kansas Brigade had done and asked that,
+in order that it might be enabled to continue to do effective work, a new
+military department be created, one that should group together Kansas,
+Indian Territory, and so much of Arkansas and the territories as should be
+advisable [_ibid._].
+
+[463] Ross's Address to Drew's Regiment, December 19, 1861 [Commissioner
+of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1865, p. 355]; Letter of Albert Pike to D. N.
+Cooley, February 17, 1866.
+
+[464]
+
+    "Chisholm" the well known interpreter has been sent to the Comanches,
+    Creeks to the Osages--Matthews to the Senecas Quapaws &c.
+    ...--ROBERTSON in a letter, dated St. Louis, September 30, 1861
+    [General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_, R1615].
+
+    ... In the fall of the same year Albert Pike called a General Council
+    of the same tribes to meet at Talloqua and in order to secure their
+    attendance stated that John Ross was to make a speech ... he sent Dorn
+    late U. S. Indian Agent to notify the Osages, Quapaws Senecas &
+    Shawnees that there was to be a Council at Talloqua and that Ross was
+    going to talk at the same time to tell them that the U. S. Government
+    was breaking up--that they would get no more money and that they were
+    about to send an Army to take their Negroes and drive them from the
+    country and pointed to Missouri in proof of it, when the Council met
+    at Talloqua instead of Ross the council was opened by Pike who told
+    them "We are here to protect our property and to save our
+    Country."...--BAPTISTE PEORIA.
+
+Baptiste Peoria, in the spring and summer of 1862, went around as a secret
+agent of the United States government among the southern Indians finding
+out their real sentiments respecting the war. The report from which the
+above extract is taken is dated May 1, 1862, and is in General Files,
+_Osage River, 1855-1862_, B1430.
+
+[465]
+
+    FORT SMITH, ARKANSAS, September 19{th} 1865.
+
+    In a talk held at the rooms of the Commission, with Commissioners
+    Sells and Parker, the following statement was this day voluntarily
+    made by Shon-tah-sob-ba ("Black Dog") the Chief of the Black Dog band
+    of the Osage Indians, relating to a treaty with the so-called
+    Confederate States. In answer to a question by Commissioner Sells,
+    "How did you happen to be in this Southern Country?" Shon-tah-sob-ba
+    (Black Dog) replied "I am glad you have asked that question, for I
+    wish to make some statements in explanation. We came down here upon
+    the invitation of John Ross, Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation,
+    who sent us a letter asking us to attend a Council for the purpose of
+    making a treaty with Albert Pike"--
+
+    COMM{R} SELLS--Have you that letter now in your possession?
+
+    ANSWER: We don't know where the letter is. It was sent to Clermont,
+    whose son had it in his possession when he died & we suppose it was
+    buried with him. But I have it here in my head & will never forget it.
+    John Ross, the Cherokee Chief, said in that letter, "My Bros. the
+    Osages, there is a distinguished gentleman sent by the Confederate
+    States who is here to make treaties with us. He will soon be ready to
+    treat, and I want you to come here in order that we may all treat
+    together with him. My Brothers, there is a great black cloud coming
+    from the North, about to cover us all, and I want you to come here so
+    that we can counsel each other & drive away the black cloud." This is
+    all that he said & signed his name. All the Osages went. We were all
+    there together, Pike, John Ross and I, sitting as you are. Pike told
+    us he was glad that we had come to make peace & a treaty. All your
+    other brothers have made treaties & shook hands, & if _you_ want to,
+    you can do so too. I will tell you what John Ross said at the time.
+    John Ross told us, "My Red Bros. you have come here as I asked you & I
+    am glad to see you & hope you will do what the Commissioner wants you
+    to do. The talk the Commissioner has made is a good talk & I want you
+    to listen to it & make friends with the Confederate States. You can
+    make a treaty or not, but I advise you, as your older brother, to make
+    a treaty with them. It is for your interest & your good." After he
+    finished talking, John Ross told us we could consult among ourselves
+    over there (pointing to our camp near his residence) & decide among
+    ourselves. We consulted on the matter, & on the request of John Ross
+    we signed the treaty. He asked us to do it. He was the man that made
+    us make that treaty, and that's how we came to be away from our
+    country.
+
+    The above statement was endorsed by Wah-tah-in-gah, Chief Counselor of
+    the Black Dog & Clermont bands of the Osage Indians.
+
+    The above is a correct statement as interpreted.
+
+        E. S. PARKER Com{r}      GEO. L. COOK Ass't Sec{y}.
+        ELIJAH SELLS Com{r}
+
+Papers relating to the Council at Fort Smith, September, 1865, _Indian
+Office Files_.
+
+[466] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1865, pp. 353-354.
+
+[467] These Creeks, of course, were the Upper Creeks, the anti-McIntosh
+Creeks, the following of Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la. Some of the confidence that
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la seems to have had in John Ross, in his discretion and
+in his integrity, may have dated from the days when John Ross had refused,
+as he must have refused, to share in the plan for a betrayal of his
+country, at the instance of William McIntosh. The following document will
+explain that circumstance:
+
+    NEWTOWN 21th October 1823
+
+    MY FRIEND: I am going to inform you a few lines as a friend. I want
+    you to give me your opinion about the treaty wether the chiefs will be
+    willing or not. If the chiefs feel disposed to let the United States
+    have the land part of it, I want you to let me know. I will make the
+    United States commissioner give you two thousand dollars, A. McCoy the
+    same and Charles Hicks $3000 for present, and no body shall know it,
+    and if you think the land wouldent sold, I will be satisfied. If the
+    land should be sold, I will get you the amount before the treaty sign,
+    and if you got any friend you want him to Receive it, they shall recd
+    the same. nothing moore to inform you at present. I remain your
+    affectionate Friend
+
+        WM MCINTOSH
+
+    John Ross--an answer return
+
+    NB. the whole amount is $12000. you can divide among your friends.
+    exclusive $7000.
+
+This letter is on file in the United States Indian Office and bears the
+following endorsement:
+
+    rec{d} on the 23{rd} Oct. 1823.
+
+        M{R} JOHN ROSS President _N. Committee_
+
+    Letter from Wm McIntosh to Mr John Ross read & exposed in open Council
+    in the presence of Wm McIntosh Oct 24{th} 1823
+
+        J ROSS
+
+[468] Letters to Dole, October 31, 1861 [Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+_Report_, 1861, p. 42] and November 2, 1861 [General Files, _Cherokee,
+1859-1865_, J503].
+
+[469] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1865, pp. 353, 354.
+
+[470] _Official Records_, fourth ser., vol. i, 669-687.
+
+[471] --_Ibid._, 636-646.
+
+[472] --_Ibid._, 659-666.
+
+[473] --_Ibid._, 647-658.
+
+[474] The Senecas of the mixed band of Senecas and Shawnees were not
+originally parties to the treaty, but provision was duly made for their
+becoming so.
+
+[475] Ka-hi-ke-tung-ka for Clermont's Band, Pa-hiu-ska for White Hair's,
+Shon-tas-sap-pe for Black Dog's, and Chi-sho-hung-ka for the Big Hill.
+
+[476] For information concerning Washbourne [Washburne or Washburn] and
+charges against him, see Dean to Manypenny, December 28, 1855, December
+31, 1855 [Dean's _Letter Book_, Indian Office]; and Elias Rector to
+Secretary Thompson, October 1, 1859 [Rector's _Letter Book_, Indian
+Office]. Rector's letter was as follows:
+
+    An important sense of my duty as Superintendent of Indian Affairs for
+    the Southern Superintendency compells me to recommend, most earnestly,
+    the immediate removal of the present incumbent of the Seminole Agency,
+
+    The performance of this unpleasant duty is forced upon me by the
+    following consideration,--
+
+    1st The neglect of duty and disregard of the orders and Regulations of
+    the Department in absenting himself repeatedly and for protracted
+    periods, from his Agency without authority for so doing; to the
+    prejudice of the public interests entrusted to him,--
+
+    On this point I presume it is not necessary for me to enlarge, or to
+    urge upon the Department my views of the paramount necessity of Indian
+    Agents residing at their Agencies and being at all times present at
+    their Stations as well to cultivate the respect and confidence, and a
+    just knowledge of the character and wants of the people entrusted to
+    their care, as to be in position to execute promptly the orders, and
+    to promote the views of the Department,--
+
+    2nd I consider him unworthy of the trust reposed in him from certain
+    facts connected with the late payment of money to the Indians under
+    his charge, which have come to my knowledge--
+
+    Of the $90,000 recently paid to those Indians, appropriated by
+    Congress expressly to pay such of them as should remove under the late
+    Treaty; for their improvements and to assist in defraying their
+    removal expences I have ascertained, and it is notorious, that
+    thirteen thousand Dollars or more passed into the hands of Mr
+    Washbourne, through Collusion with the principal Chiefs, $5000 of
+    which he received under a private Contract with Senator Yulee of
+    Florida for services in obtaining the consent of the Chiefs to the
+    payment of thirty thousand dollars of this money to Senator Yulee on
+    an old claim presented by him of long standing in behalf of one Gov
+    Humphreys of Florida. The balance of the $13000 received by Mr
+    Washbourne was probably awarded him in consideration of his permitting
+    the Chiefs to appropriate certain portions of the money they paid over
+    to them in trust for the legetimate claimants, to their own use and
+    benefit,
+
+    I have informed you in a late letter of the pains I took to make the
+    Chiefs acquainted with the true object of the appropriations. Having
+    been instructed to pay over the whole amount to the authorities of the
+    Nation, this was all I could do in furtherance of the intentions of
+    Congress; my efforts to accomplish which were thus frustrated by Mr
+    Washbourne and his advances.--
+
+    3d The breach of good faith in the Chiefs towards the Indians,
+    prompted by Mr Washbourne in the distribution of this $90.000 as
+    explained in my late letter, has incensed the Indians to such degree
+    that bloodshed has been threatened and is seriously to be
+    apprehended,--
+
+    4th The influence of Mr Washbourne over the Chiefs acquired through
+    his Collusion with them in this swindling the intended legal
+    recipients of this money is such that, the Chiefs have intimated that
+    they will not send a delegation to Florida unless Mr Washbourne shall
+    accompany them, and I have reason to believe that in case he is not
+    permited to accompany them, he is prepared to throw every obstacle in
+    the way of the accomplishment of this, so much desired measure of the
+    Government,
+
+    The conduct of the Chiefs and their Agent in the distribution of the
+    $90000 and the enclosed letter from Mr Jacoway U S Marshal of this
+    District, whose acquaintance you have made, taken in connection with
+    the declarations of the Chiefs, that they will not go without him (or
+    that they desire that he should go with and have charge of them)
+    justifies the apprehension that there is another scheme in embryo
+    between them to perpetrate another swindle. Should circumstances
+    favour its accomplishment; and if it is the intention of the
+    Department to charge me with conducting the negotiations of a
+    Delegation to Florida, I must decline the performance of this duty if
+    one in whom I have so little confidence is permited to accompany the
+    Delegation in the capacity of Agent; for I hesitate not to say, that
+    if disappointed in his hopes of making a profitable employment of his
+    influence he would exert himself to defeat any negotiations that might
+    be set on foot, and there is good reason to fear that he might be
+    successful,--
+
+    For these reasons I beg leave respectfully to urge upon the Department
+    the immediate removal of Mr Washbourne and the appointment in his
+    stead of some gentleman who will perform the duties of the office with
+    a high appreciation of the trust confided to him and with a view,
+    rather to the honest discharge of this trust, than to his own profit,
+
+    I make this communication direct to the Sec't of Interior instead of
+    sending it through the Indian office for the reason that I learn that
+    the Comr Ind Affrs is absent on official acct.
+
+[477] Agent Elder to Coffin, September 30, 1861 [Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs, _Report_, 1861, p. 37]; Coffin to Dole, October 2, 1861 [_ibid._,
+p. 38]; Moore's _Rebellion Record_, vol. iii, 33.
+
+[478] We the loyal Cherokee Delegation acknowledge the execution of the
+treaty of Oct. 7, 1861. But we solemnly declare that the execution of the
+Treaty was procured by the coercion of the rebel army [Land Files, _Indian
+Talks, Councils, etc._, Box 4, 1865-1866].
+
+[479] Hon. J. S. Phelps to C. B. Smith, dated Rolla, Mo., October 3, 1861
+[General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, P44].
+
+[480] A difference of opinion seems to exist as to the original object of
+the organization of Drew's regiment. When Ross wrote his despatches to
+McCulloch concerning the proceedings at Tahlequah, he sent them for
+transmission to the C. S. A. quartermaster at Fort Smith, Major George W.
+Clark, to whom he imparted the information that the Cherokees were going
+to raise a regiment of mounted men immediately and place it under the
+command of Colonel John Drew, "to meet any emergency that may arise."
+"Having espoused," said he, "the cause of the Confederate States, we hope
+to render efficient service in the protracted war which now threatens the
+country, and to be treated with a liberality and confidence becoming the
+Confederate States."--Moore's _Rebellion Record_, vol. iii, 155, Document
+63-1/2.
+
+Those, who afterwards wanted to put the Cherokee position in the best
+possible light, declared repeatedly that Drew's regiment had no sectional
+bias in the work mapped out for it, that it was nothing more than a home
+guard. Writing to Dole, January 21, 1862, the Reverend Evan Jones said,
+
+    A regiment of Cherokees was raised for home protection, composed of
+    one company for each of eight Districts, and either two or three
+    companies for the District of Tahlequah. But these were altogether
+    separate and distinct from the rebel force.... The great majority of
+    officers and men, in this case, being decidedly loyal Union men Four
+    of the Captains and four hundred men, gave evidence of their loyalty,
+    in the part they acted, at the battle in which Opothleyoholo was
+    attacked by the Texan rangers & rebel Creeks & Choctaws, under
+    Cooper....--General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, J556.
+
+[481] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1865, p. 355.
+
+[482] Cooley's Report to President Johnson, February 25, 1866. This letter
+was found in the loose files of the Indian Office and is not to be found
+in Indian Office, _Report Book_, no. 15, where it would properly belong.
+
+[483] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1865, p. 321.
+
+[484] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1861, p. 35: Indian
+Office, _Report Book_, no. 12, p. 176.
+
+[485]
+
+    Enclosed pleaz find a coppy of a Commission given by General Lane to
+    E. H. Carruth together with coppies of Letters sent by him to the
+    various Tribes in the Indian Territory. I had an interview with Mr.
+    Carruth yesterday. I find him a very Inteligent man and thougherly
+    posted as to all matters relating to the Southern Indians he is very
+    confident that most if not all the Southern Indians written to will
+    Send deligations to Fort Scott as requested there ware three Creek
+    Indians came up to se General Lane who came to Iola for Caruthe to go
+    with them to General Lane which he did and they ware the barers of
+    letters of which the enclosed are coppies. I am going to Fort Scott
+    today and will make arrangements with Agent Elder to give the notice
+    imediately on their arrival or Bring them to Humboldt. I shall try to
+    secure the assistance of Mr. Caruthe tho he is now a voluntear in the
+    Home Guards for protection. I very much feer the service required of
+    me at the Sacks & Fox and Kaw agencies will take me to far off but
+    will try to attend to all if possible--General Files, _Southern
+    Superintendency, 1859-1862_, C1348.
+
+[486] Manypenny to Dean, April 9, 1855 [Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no.
+51, pp. 232-233].
+
+[487] Extract from commission, dated Fort Scott, August 30, 1861, issued
+to Carruth by authority of J. H. Lane, Commanding the Kansas Brigade
+[_ibid._].
+
+[488] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1865, p. 328.
+
+[489] The loyal Creeks testified, in 1865, that they sent their "chief"
+and others to Washington and leave the reader to infer that the chief
+meant was "Sands;" but the accredited delegates were most certainly Mik-ko
+Hut-kee, Bob Deer, and Jo Ellis. These three men signed their names, or
+rather attached their mark, to an address to the president of which the
+following is a certified copy:
+
+    SHAWNEE AGENCY, LEXINGTON, September 18, 1861.
+
+    Sir, we the Chiefs, Head Men, and Warriors, of the Creek Nation of
+    Indians, in the Indian Territory, through our delegates, the
+    undersigned desire to state to your excellency the condition of our
+    people. Owing to the want of correct information as to condition of
+    the Country and Government our people are in great distress. Men have
+    come among us, who claim to represent a New Government, who tell us
+    that the Government represented by Our Great Father at Washington, has
+    turned against us and intends to drive us from our homes and take away
+    our property, they tell us that we have nothing to hope from our old
+    Father and that all the Friends of the Indian have joined the New
+    Government. And that the New Government is ready to make treaties with
+    the Indians and do all and more for them than they can claim under
+    their old treaties. they ask us to join their armies and help sustain
+    the Government that is willing to do so much for us. But we doubted
+    their statements and promises and went to talk with the Agent and
+    Superintendent which Our father has always kept among us but they were
+    both gone and then some of our people began to think that Our Great
+    Father had forsaken us and a very few joined the Army of the New
+    Government and our people were in great trouble and we called a Grand
+    Council of the Chiefs of Creeks, Cherokees, Chickasaws, Shawnees,
+    Senecas, Quapaws, Kickapoos, Delawares, Weas, Peankeshaws, Witchetaws
+    Tribes and bands of Comanches, Seminoles, and Cadoes. And after a long
+    discussion of the source of their troubles, decided to remain loyal to
+    our Government and if possible neutral. The Chiefs went among their
+    people (and as a general thing) counteracted the influence of the
+    emissaries of the New Government. But these emissaries are still among
+    us giving us great trouble, while our Government has no one who can
+    officially represent itself. And we most earnestly ask that some
+    person shall be sent here who shall meet the Chiefs of the above
+    mentioned tribes in Council at some suitable place, and then make
+    known to them the condition, policy and wishes of the Government so
+    far as the interests of the Indians are concerned. If your Excellency
+    should deem it best to comply with our request, we would suggest that
+    Humboldt Allen County Kansas be the place for holding the Council. A
+    notice sent to the Agent of the Shawnees, will immediately be
+    forwarded by a messinger to the Chiefs. Very Respectfully, your
+    Obedient Servants
+
+        WHITE CHIEF X his mark
+        BOBB DEER X his mark
+        JOSEPH ELLIS X his mark Interpreter
+
+    P.S. The Choctaws were not present at the Council and we have reason
+    to feer that they have gone with the Southern Confederacy. It will
+    take near forty days to notify the Chiefs and get them together after
+    the notice gets at this place.
+
+        WHITE CHIEF X his mark
+
+[490] They also saw Agent Abbot [Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_,
+1865, p. 330] and received new assurances from him.
+
+[491] Perchance the same letter, either the original or a copy of which,
+Superintendent Branch transmitted to Dole along with an explanatory letter
+from Agent Abbott. The "talk" of the Creek chiefs was accompanied by a
+sort of Seminole and Chickasaw endorsement. Dole replied to the Creek and
+Seminole delegate appeals, November 16, 1861 [Indian Office, _Letter
+Book_, no. 67, pp. 78-79]. This is what the Creek chiefs said:
+
+    CREEK NAT. Aug 15, 1861.
+
+    Now I write to the President our Great Father who removed us to our
+    present homes, & made a treaty, and you said that in our new homes we
+    should be defended from all interference from any people and that no
+    white people in the whole world should ever molest us unless they come
+    from the sky but the land should be ours as long as grass grew or
+    waters run, and should we be injured by anybody you would come with
+    your soldiers & punish them, but now the wolf has come, men who are
+    strangers tread our soil, our children are frightened & the mothers
+    cannot sleep for fear. This is our situation now. When we made our
+    Treaty at Washington you assured us that our children should laugh
+    around our houses without fear, & we believed you. Then our Great
+    Father was strong. And now we raise our hands to him we want his help
+    to keep off the intruder & make our homes again happy as they used to
+    be....
+
+    I was at Washington when you treated with us, and now White People are
+    trying take our people away to fight against us and you. I am alive. I
+    well remember the treaty. My ears are open & my memory is good. This
+    is the letter of Your Children by
+
+        OPOTHLEHOYOLA
+        OUKTAHNASERHARJO
+
+    The Seminoles also send the same word & the full Indians of the
+    Chickasaws too send to the  P--
+
+The reply to this letter was made by Dole, November 56, 1862. See Indian
+Office, _Letter Book_, no. 67, pp. 79-80.
+
+    Pascofar the chief of Seminoles was present, he was not able to come
+    with us now but sent word. And if our Great Father want us we will
+    come to see him.
+
+        MICEO HULKA     JO ELLIS
+        ROB DEER
+
+General Files, _Creek, 1860-1869_, B787.
+
+[492]
+
+    There is a delegation of the Creeks now at Gen'l Lanes Head Quarters.
+
+    We wish to see delegations from the tribes loyal to the U. S.
+    Government. You will send us a delegation who will report to the Head
+    Quarters of the Kansas Brigade where commissioners of the Government
+    will meet and confer with them.
+
+    You are probably aware of the falsehoods resorted to by the enemies of
+    the U. S. to induce the Indians to withdraw their allegiance from the
+    Government. Could you come in person it would be grattifying to the
+    Commissioners.--Letter of September 11, 1861 [General Files, _Southern
+    Superintendency, 1859-1862_, C1348].
+
+[493]
+
+    Your letter by Micco Hutka is received. You will send a delegation of
+    your best men to meet the Commissioners of the United States
+    Government in Kansas.
+
+    I am authorized to inform you that the President will not forget you.
+    Our armies will soon go south and those of your people who are true
+    and loyal to the Government will be treated as friends--Your rights &
+    property will be respected. The Commissioners from the Confederate
+    States have deceived you they have two tongues.
+
+    They wanted to get the Indians to fight and they will rob and plunder
+    you if they can get you into trouble. But the President is stil alive
+    his soldiers will soon drive these men who have treacherously violated
+    your homes from the land they have entered. When your Delegates Return
+    to you they will be able to inform you when and where your monies will
+    be paid those who stole your orphan funds will be punished and you
+    will learn that the people who are tru to the Government which has so
+    long protected you are your Friends.--Letter to Opoth-le-ho-yo-ho,
+    Ho-so-tau-hah-sas Hayo, dated Barnesville, September 11,
+    1861.--General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_, C1348.
+
+The author's opinion is that the mistakes in spelling were made by the
+illiterate Coffin, who probably made a copy of Carruth's letters for
+transmission to the Indian Office. He may also have made a slight
+alteration in the date of the letter to the Creeks; for the original of
+the letter, bearing the date of September 10, 1861, was found in
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la's camp after the Battle of Chustenahlah, December 26,
+1861 [_Official Records_, first ser., vol. viii, 25].
+
+[494] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. viii, 26.
+
+[495] In his letter to the Seminole chiefs and headmen, Carruth reminds
+them that he was with them when letters came from Pike and that Pike "is
+the man who has tried so hard to get your lands sectionalized" and asks,
+"who brought up a bill in Congress to bring your tribes under Territorial
+laws, Johnson of Arkansas...."
+
+[496] --_Ibid._, 26.
+
+[497] Coffin to Dole, October 2, 1861 [Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+_Report_, 1861, pp. 38-39].
+
+[498] Evan Jones wrote, October 31, 1861 [Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+_Report_, 1861, pp. 41-43] that he had found it impossible to get anyone
+who would undertake to carry a message to John Ross. The risk was too
+great.
+
+[499] Dole to Hunter, November 16, 1861 [_ibid._, p. 44].
+
+[500]
+
+    On consultation with Gen'l Jas. H. Lane he thinks an auxiliary
+    Regiment of Indians are necessary to the service and could be used to
+    great advantage in this department. If it meets with your approbation
+    I would like and ask the privilege of Raising such Regt which I think
+    I could do in thirty days. I have made my estimate of the number of
+    men which I think would be furnished by each tribe as follows
+
+        Iowas & Kickapoos             225
+        Delawares                     125
+        Potawatomies                  250
+        Shawnees, Miamies, & Weas     100
+        Sacks & Foxes                 250
+        Senecas & Wyandotts           125
+                                     ----
+                                     1075
+
+    This will be laid before you by Gen{l} Lane in person I hope it will
+    meet with your approval and that you will grant the permission to
+    raise the Regt and if necessary I have no doubt but a Brigade of
+    Indians could be organized by embracing the Osages and Loyal Creeks
+    and Cherokees.--Letter of October 10, 1861 [General Files, _Delaware,
+    1855-1861_].
+
+[501] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 553.
+
+[502] I am not certain of the exact date of Lane's departure for
+Washington. Spring says [_Kansas_, 279] that he went there in November.
+When an Indian delegation reached Fort Scott, seeking him, some time about
+the middle of the month, he had already handed over his command to Colonel
+James Montgomery and "had gone to Washington" [Cutler to Coffin, September
+30, 1862, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862, p. 138]. Yet
+Dole's letter to General Hunter would convey the impression that Lane was
+still in Kansas the middle of the month and expected to be there on the
+twenty-fourth. I am also in doubt as to when Hunter reached his post. He
+communicated with Agent Cutler from St. Louis, November 20, 1861 [_ibid._,
+1861, p. 44]. Hunter and Lane may very well have met even outside of
+Kansas and have exchanged views and opinions that would have given a basis
+for the representations that Lane must have made to Lincoln and Cameron
+regarding Hunter's approval of the "Jayhawking Brigade." McClellan seems
+to have advised the forward movement in the direction of the Indian
+Territory; for he says, when writing to Hunter, December 11, 1861
+[_Official Records_, first ser., vol. viii, 428]:
+
+    Immediately after you were assigned to your present department I
+    requested the Adjutant-General to inform you that it was deemed
+    expedient to organize an expedition under your command to secure the
+    Indian territory west of Arkansas, as well as to make a descent upon
+    Northern Texas, in connection with one to strike at Western Texas from
+    the Gulf. The general was to invite your prompt attention to this
+    subject, and to ask you to indicate the necessary force and means for
+    the undertaking.
+
+It is only fair to say that Lane had always advocated a more southern
+concentration of forces. He more than any other northern man seems to have
+appreciated fully the importance of Indian Territory. He continually
+recommended using Fort Scott as a base for such military operations as had
+the protection of Kansas as their main object.
+
+[503] Hunter to Thomas, dated Leavenworth, January 15, 1862 [General
+Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_].
+
+[504] In January, 1862, Hunter deplored the fact that his request had not
+been acceded to and said,
+
+    Had this permission been promptly granted, I have every reason to
+    believe that the present disastrous state of affairs, in the Indian
+    country west of Arkansas, could have been avoided. I now again
+    respectfully repeat my request--_Ibid._
+
+[505] Dole to Hunter, November 16, 1861 [Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no.
+67, PP. 80-82; Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1861, pp. 43-44].
+
+[506] Lane's proposed conference called for the assembling of
+representatives of Kansas tribes as well as of Indian Territory tribes.
+Judging from Hunter's letter to Agent Cutler of November 20, 1861
+[Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1861, pp. 44-45], I infer that
+Hunter's conference was to be confined to the southern Indians. The
+purpose of Lane's must have been represented to the Kansas Indians as
+Creek needs [Shawnee "talk" to the Creeks, November 15, 1861, _ibid._, p.
+45]. Hunter intended to hold his conference at his headquarters, Fort
+Leavenworth, which was making the southern Indians come a pretty long way
+[Hunter to Cutler, November 20, 1861, _ibid._, p. 44; Dole to Cutler,
+December 3, 1861, Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no. 67, p. 107].
+
+[507] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 567.
+
+[508] Major-general H. W. Halleck was to command the sister department of
+Missouri.
+
+[509] _Abraham Lincoln_, vol. v, 81-82.
+
+[510]
+
+    I earnestly request and recommend the establishment of a new military
+    department, to be composed of Kansas, the Indian country, and so much
+    of Arkansas and the Territories as may be thought advisable to include
+    therein.--LANE to Lincoln, dated Leavenworth City, Kansas, October 9,
+    1861 [_Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 529].
+
+[511] By the end of July, the First Regiment of Choctaw and Chickasaw
+Mounted Rifles had been completely organized [_Official Records_, first
+ser., vol. iii, 620, 624] and eight companies of a prospective Creek
+regiment [_ibid._, 624]. By October twenty-second, when McCulloch ordered
+him [_ibid._, 721] to take up a position in the Cherokee Neutral Lands,
+Stand Watie's battalion had apparently reached the proportions of a
+regiment, the First Cherokee Mounted Rifles. On the twenty-seventh of
+November, Pike who was then in Richmond informed Benjamin,
+
+    We have now in the service four regiments, numbering in all some 3,500
+    men, besides the Seminole troops and other detached companies,
+    increasing the number to over 4,000. An additional regiment has been
+    offered by the Choctaws and another can be raised among the Creeks. If
+    I have the authority I can enlist even the malcontents among that
+    people. I can place in the field (arms being supplied) 7,500 Indian
+    troops, not counting the Comanches and Osages, whom I would only
+    employ in case of an invasion of the Indian country....--_Official
+    Records_, first ser., vol. viii, 697.
+
+A supposed report of Agent Garrett, sent to the United States Indian
+Office under the following endorsement, is not without interest as bearing
+upon the strength of the Confederacy within the Indian country:
+
+    The copy of a letter herewith, is without signature, but is said to be
+    in the handwriting of the late Col. Garret, who at that date, was U.
+    S. Indian Agent of the Creeks. It is not of much importance, but yet,
+    as historical and statistical, is nor without some interest. I
+    obtained it a few weeks ago, found among other papers at the Agency,
+    and I presume is a retained copy of the original.
+
+
+    CREEK AGENCY C. N. Dec. 16th 1861.
+
+    SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the
+    2d ultimo, requiring certain information from me in regard to the
+    number of Creek Indians; and their relations or feelings towards the
+    Confederate States. Owing to the great irregularity of the mails, I
+    did not receive your communication as soon as I ought. The difficulty
+    at the time I received your letter in regard to answering it properly,
+    caused me to delay a few days, so that I might answer it definitely.
+    Incidental to the confusion here, I could not state to you who were
+    reliable, and who were not, for I did not know myself, and believing
+    that a battle would be fought in a few days where every one would have
+    to show his hand, I thought I could give you more reliable
+    information: and from the valor and fidelity of the Creeks engaged
+    then I can give you reliable information.
+
+    The Creeks number in all 14630, a portion of whom reside in Alabama,
+    Texas and Missouri, leaving about 13000 within the limits of the Creek
+    Nation:--From the best information I can get, there are among the
+    lower Creeks 1650 warriors, 375 of them are unfriendly--Among the
+    Upper Creeks there are 1600 warriors--only 400 of them are
+    friendly--to sum up the whole matter there are 1675 Creek warriors
+    friendly to the Confederate States and 1575 unfriendly--Of those
+    friendly there are in the service of the Confederate States 1375--One
+    Regiment is commanded by Col. Chilly McIntosh, numbering 400--and an
+    independent company commanded by Capt. J. M. C. Smith numbering 75
+    men, all in the service, and armed with a very few exceptions, and I
+    think from recent indications are willing to do service wherever
+    ordered, and circumstances justify it.
+
+    The Regiment, Battalion and Company were all mustered into service for
+    twelve months. This comprises nearly all the friendly warriors in the
+    Nation. I cannot answer you in regard to the number that are willing
+    to serve during the war. My opinion is, though, that the number now in
+    the service, and perhaps more, are willing to remain in the service as
+    long as they may be wanted. The Hostiles are headed by Ho path ye ho
+    lo who has engaged in his cause portions of several tribes viz a
+    portion of the Seminoles, Kickapoos, Shawnees, Delawares, Wichitas,
+    Comanches, and Cherokees--400 of whom deserted a few days before the
+    recent battle from Col. John Drews Regiment Cherokee Volunteers and
+    joined Hopathyeholo who is in communication with the federal forces in
+    Kansas, and has received goods and ammunition from them: His force is
+    estimated from 2500 to 3000--I would give you a more detailed account
+    of the battle, but I do nor think it proper in this communication and
+    I presume the commanding officer Col. Cooper has made his report of
+    the Battle to the Secretary of War--I may be mistaken to some extent,
+    in regard to the friendly and hostile Creeks, but I think I am not,
+    and it is correct from the best information I can get, and my own
+    knowledge of the facts. It will afford me much pleasure, to
+    communicate to you at any time anything of importance to the
+    Confederate States. Very Respectfully Your Obt Servt.
+
+        Hon. David Hubbard, Com. Indian Affairs
+          Richmond Va.
+
+[512] Therein lay the whole difficulty. It was simply impossible for the
+Confederate government to honor all requisitions for arms.
+
+[513] The matter must have been even earlier under advisement; for, on the
+twenty-sixth of October, J. P. Benjamin, Acting Secretary of War, sent
+this notion to "General Albert Pike, Little Rock, Ark.:"
+
+    I cannot assign to your command any Arkansas troops at this moment.
+    Governor Rector is applying for return of the regiments in
+    Tennessee.--_Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 727.
+
+[514] --_Ibid._, vol. viii, 690.
+
+[515] _Daily State Journal_ (Little Rock), Nov. 8, 1861.
+
+[516] Colonel D. H. Cooper's "Report" [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. viii, 5].
+
+[517] Colonel D. H. Cooper's "Report" [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. viii, 7, 709].
+
+[518] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1865, pp. 355-357.
+
+[519] Extract from John Ross's address to Drew's regiment [Commissioner of
+Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1865, p. 356].
+
+[520] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1865, p. 357.
+
+[521] --_Ibid._
+
+[522] McIntosh, at the time, was in charge of McCulloch's brigade,
+McCulloch having gone to Richmond to explain to the authorities there why
+he had persistently laid himself open to the charge of refusing to
+coöperate with Sterling Price in his many Missouri ventures, planned
+subsequent to the Battle of Wilson's Creek. McCulloch's orders from the
+Confederate War Department were that he should guard the Indian Territory.
+Price's great idea was to occupy the Missouri River country. Had McCulloch
+gone northward with Price, he would, as he ably argued, have removed
+himself altogether from his base.
+
+[523] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. viii, 11.
+
+[524] --_Ibid._, 22.
+
+[525] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. viii, 23-24.
+
+[526] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862, p. 136.
+
+[527] The agents were, George A. Cutler, Creek, Charles W. Chatterton,
+Cherokee, Isaac Coleman, Choctaw and Chickasaw, G. C. Snow, Seminole, and
+Peter P. Elder, Neosho River. Agent Elder did not report for duty.
+
+[528] The Indian agents usually referred to it as "Fort Roe" but the
+military men, with a few possible exceptions, when meaning identically the
+same locality, spoke of "Roe's Fork." There is no such place as Fort Roe
+given in the _Lists of Military Posts, etc., established in the United
+States from its earliest settlement to the present time_, published by the
+United States War Department, 1902. That list, however, is far from being
+complete.
+
+[529] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862, p. 138.
+
+[530]
+
+    In compliance with instructions from Major-General Hunter, contained
+    in your order of the 22d. ultimo, I left this place on the 22d. and
+    proceeded to Burlington, where I learned that the principal part of
+    the friendly Indians were congregated, and encamped on the Verdigris
+    river, near a place called Roe's Fork, from twelve to fifteen miles
+    south of the town of Belmont. I proceeded there without delay. By a
+    census of the tribes taken a few days before my arrival, there was
+    found to be of the Creeks, 3,168; slaves of the Creeks, 53; free
+    negroes, members of the tribe, 38; Seminoles, 777; Quapaws, 136;
+    Cherokees, 50; Chickasaws, 31; some few Kickapoos and other tribes,
+    about 4,500 in all. But the number was being constantly augmented by
+    the daily arrival of other camps and families....--A. B. CAMPBELL,
+    surgeon, U. S. A., to James K. Barnes, surgeon, U. S. A., medical
+    director, Department of Kansas, dated Fort Leavenworth, February 5,
+    1862.
+
+[531] These were purchased by Coffin, acting under the advice of Hunter
+[Dole to Smith, June 5, 1862, Indian Office, _Report Book_, no. 12, pp.
+392-396].
+
+[532] Extracts from Agent Cutler's _Report_, September 30, 1862. Various
+reports, more or less detailed, descriptive of the intense sufferings of
+Indian refugees in the first weeks of their sojourn in Kansas may be found
+in the _Annual Report_ of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1862, pp.
+135-175. Those of Turner, Campbell, Cutler, and George W. Collamore are
+particularly good. Some of the reports originally accompanied Dole's
+_Report_ of June 5, 1862 [Indian Office, _Report Book_, no. 12, pp.
+392-396; Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862, pp. 147-149;
+House _Executive Documents_, 37th congress, second session, vol. x, no.
+132], which was prepared in answer to a House resolution, calling for
+information on the southern refugee Indians.
+
+Collamore's _Report_ of April 21, 1862 is to be found in manuscript form
+in General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_, C1602. Another
+report, most excellent in character, issued from the pen of special agent,
+William Kile, February 21, 1862. It is in Land Files, _Southern
+Superintendency, 1855-1870_, K107. There are also a few good accounts of
+the Creek exodus of 1861. One of them is a sworn statement, presented by
+Holmes Colbert in a letter, dated March 25, 1868, and authoritatively
+cited by Mix in an office letter to Secretary Browning, June 8, 1868
+[Indian Office, _Report Book_, no. 17, p. 308].
+
+Another account came from John T. Cox to W. G. Coffin under date of March
+28, 1864, and, while not in the least detailed, is worth quoting because
+of its tribute of respect to the loyal Indians. It runs thus:
+
+    Herewith I enclose a map of the route of retreat of the early Loyal
+    Refugee Indians, under Apoth yo-ho-lo, in the Winter of 1861.
+
+    With the facilities within my reach, for obtaining facts connected
+    with that remarkable exodus, I am fully warrented in saying, that the
+    history of the War does not furnish a parallel of patriotic devotion
+    to the Union.
+
+    The Rebels had managed so adroitly during the administration of
+    Buchanan, as to secure the appointment of, or favor of every
+    Government Official, or Employee, within the limits of the South
+    Indian Country, all sources of information were corrupted or poisoned.
+    Postmasters deplored the fall of the Old Government, as already taken
+    place, Indian Agents, and all others holding business relations with
+    the several tribes, used every means in their power to discourage them
+    and destroy their confidence in the Old Government, resorting to the
+    grossest Misrepresentations, Bribery of Chiefs, Headmen, &c.,
+    Malfeasance and Robbery--Military Posts, Government Stores, Ordnance
+    &c. &c. were surrendered or abandoned under color of the most dire
+    military necessity, and the apparent tardiness of the Old Government
+    to render them timely assistance, or in any way counteract those
+    influences, left them without counsel, and without friends, and
+    implied a total abandonment of the Indians. Yet under all the
+    discouraging surroundings a large portion of the Creeks, Cherokees,
+    Seminoles and others maintained their loyalty. The Chickasaws were
+    divided in their Councils, and the Choctaws went over almost entirely
+    to the Rebel Government.
+
+    In the month of March 1861, international councils were held, first at
+    the Creek Agency, next at North Fork, without affecting very
+    materially the fidelity of the Indians. But in the latter part of
+    April, the Choctaws and Chickasaws gave in full adhesion to the
+    Confederate Government. The remaining tribes were alternating between
+    the Counsels of Apoth-yo-ho-lo, McDaniel and others on the one hand,
+    and a swarm of Rebel Commissioners on the other.
+
+    The Rebel Government was pushing forward the organization of Indian
+    Regiments, under the McIntoshes, Stan Watie, Adair, Jumper, Smith and
+    others, while the Conservative element, forming a Cherokee Regiment
+    under Col. Drew, for armed neutrality, but in truth loyal to the
+    Union, while Apoth-yo-ho-lo headed the hostiles, as they were termed
+    by the Rebels.
+
+    In a Report dated Creek Agency C. N. Dec. 16th., 1861, addressed to
+    the Hon. David Hubbard, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Richmond, Va.,
+    the Creek Agent, Col. Garrett says, See Copy marked "A" (Garrett's
+    report to Hubbard appears in another connection in the present work.
+    It seems to have come into the Indian Office from two independent
+    sources). I have noted this to show the attitude of the several tribes
+    at the beginning of the Rebellion.
+
+    The principal object of this report is to call attention to the real
+    claims of the Indians upon the Government, not only to sympathy, but
+    compensation for services from the time they abandoned their homes and
+    all they possessed, and took up arms in support of the Government.
+
+    Although they claim nothing of the kind, yet the moral effect of such
+    a tangible recognition of their early services, would insure fidelity
+    of all other tribes against any other future rebellion or disaffection
+    against our Government.
+
+    The history of their destitution, and terrible sufferings in their
+    pilgrimage of three hundred miles in mid-winter, is familiar to you
+    and not necessary here to relate [General Files, _Southern
+    Superintendency, 1863-1864_, C824].
+
+[533] Others had reached that decision likewise. On the tenth of December,
+McClellan had written to Halleck, "I shall send troops to Hunter to enable
+him to move into the Indian Territory west of Arkansas and upon Northern
+Texas. That movement should relieve you very materially"--_Official
+Records_, first ser., vol. viii, 419. See also the letter of December 11,
+1861 [_ibid._, 428].
+
+[534] It was to this delegation, I have no doubt, that the Shawnees sent
+their note of encouragement. It bears date November 15, 1861 and was
+issued from the Shawnee Agency, Johnson County, Kansas. Its inspiring
+passages are these:
+
+    Brothers, hold fast to the Union! Hold to your treaties! And now call
+    upon the United States government to fulfill their treaty stipulations
+    with you by protecting you in this your time of need, and save your
+    country to you first, and then, by so doing, save the whole of the
+    Indian country to the Union.
+
+    ... And now our advice to you is, go immediately to Washington City,
+    lay your case before President Lincoln, state everything, and we
+    assure you that he will protect you, and that immediately; we think
+    that delay on your part will be ruinous to your people; we believe
+    that your agent ought to conduct you there. Put your confidence only
+    in the Union and you will be safe....--Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+    _Report_, 1861, p. 45.
+
+[535] Report of Agent Cutler, September 30, 1862 [Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs, _Report_, 1862, p. 138].
+
+[536] Montgomery to Lincoln, November 19, 1861 [_ibid._, 1861, p. 461].
+
+[537] Hunter to Dole, December 1, 1861 [Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+_Report_, 1861, p. 49].
+
+[538] Note that Hunter, when writing to McClellan, December 19, 1861
+[_Official Records_, first ser., vol. viii, 450], professed that, previous
+to the receipt of McClellan's letter of the eleventh, he had not known
+that it was expected of him that he should undertake an expedition for the
+defense of Indian Territory. He declared that Thomas' communication of
+November twenty-sixth, touching the matter, had been vague in the extreme.
+
+[539] Extract from letter of Carruth to Hunter, November 26, 1861
+[Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1861, p. 49].
+
+[540] It seems a little surprising that they did depart from Fort
+Leavenworth in such good spirits; for, while there, they surely must have
+heard rumors of the final attack upon Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la. Agent Cutler
+tells us that he heard of the exodus a few days after his return to Kansas
+with the delegation. He had then left Leavenworth, however, for he says
+farther on in his letter that he went back there to confer with Coffin as
+to what should be done.
+
+[541] Extract from letter of Coffin to Dole, December 28, 1861 [General
+Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_].
+
+[542] See letter of Mix to F. Johnson at the Delaware Agency, Quindaro,
+Kansas, dated January 22, 1862, acknowledging Johnson's letter of January
+fourth, which enclosed
+
+    A copy of the reply of the Delaware Chiefs in Council to the letter of
+    the Creek Chief O-poeth-lo-yo-ho-la, inviting their coöperation
+    against the rebel States....--Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no. 67,
+    pp. 271-272.
+
+[543]
+
+    On the 1st inst., I mailed you the letter of Opoth-la-yar-ho-la
+    Muscogee Chief to the Delawares asking for men and ammunition. On the
+    2nd inst. the Delaware chiefs in Council returned the following letter
+    in answer to Opoth-la-ho-la....--F. JOHNSON to Dole, dated Quindaro,
+    Kansas, January 4, 1862 [General Files, _Delaware, 1862-1866_, J543].
+
+[544]
+
+    John Connor, Head Chief, Ne-con-he-con, Sur-cox-ie, Chas. Journeycake,
+    Assistant Chiefs, to Oputh-la-yar-ho-la, Muscogee Chief Warrior and
+    our loyal Grand Children dated Delaware Nation, Kansas Jan. 3rd 1861.
+
+[545] James McDaniel seems to have been a Cherokee. On April 2, 1862,
+Agent Johnson reported to Dole that forty-one Delaware Indians had
+returned destitute from the Cherokee country and that he had given them
+assistance and also "a refugee Cherokee chief, James McDaniel." This idea
+is further borne out by the following letter:
+
+    Office of U. S. Agent for Cherokees
+      Tahlequah, Ind. Ter. April 7, 1873
+
+    HON. H. R. CLUM, Acting Commissioner of Indian Affs
+
+    SIR: I beg leave to call your attention to the fact that in the fall
+    and winter of 1861 Opothleyoholo a Creek and James McDaniel a Cherokee
+    placed themselves at the head of the loyal Creeks, Seminoles,
+    Cherokees & others. Unsustained by any U. S. forces they gathered on
+    Bird Creek, in this Nation, to resist rebel conscription into their
+    army. They tried to avoid a fight, to make their way peacably to the
+    union army in Kansas, by a far western route. But Gen. Douglas H.
+    Coopper, & Gen. Stand Watie, with troops from Texas, & Arkansas, &
+    with rebel Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws &c pressed upon them, &
+    attempted to bring them into subjection to the Southern Confederacy.
+    They adhered to their loyalty. Fought the rebel forces in three or
+    four battles. At first vanquishing the rebel forces, but finally were
+    overcome, & compelled to flee to Kansas in mid-winter, with women &
+    children. In Kansas these men were organized into regiments, & on
+    arriving in the Cherokee Nation were largely reinforced by their
+    friends here, & in the Creek & Seminole Nations.
+
+    I have made this statement so that you may see the situation in which
+    these men are placed, & judge intelligently.
+
+    _Now I wish to know if men wounded in those engagements, under
+    Opothleyoholo & James McDaniel, while fighting against the rebels, &
+    the widows of those who were killed, & those who were otherwise
+    disabled in those fights, & in the subsequent flight, are entitled to
+    the benefits of pension laws. Can they be pensioned under existing
+    laws?_
+
+    If not, can you, through the Secretary of the Interior, prevail on the
+    President to have the matter presented to the next Congress, with a
+    view to having these persons placed on the rolls of the pension
+    office. I need say nothing of the propriety of the Government
+    rewarding as far as possible, such acts of loyalty & voluntary
+    fighting for the Government by full blood Indians--when all the
+    influence & power of faithless Indian Agents, & Superintendants, & the
+    Southern army from Texas & Arkansas, & the more wealthy & educated
+    mixed blood Indians, were arrayed against them. It should be rewarded,
+    as far [as] practicable, as an incentive to like faithfulness in any
+    emergency that may arise in the future. I have the honor to be Very
+    Respectfully Your Obdt. Servant
+
+        JOHN B. JONES, U. S. Agent for Cherokees
+
+[546] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. viii, 576.
+
+[547]
+
+    WASHINGTON, D. C. January 3, 1862.
+
+    MAJOR-GENERAL HUNTER, Commanding Kansas Department:
+
+    It is the intention of the Government to order me to report to you for
+    an active winter's campaign. They have ordered General Denver to
+    another department. They have ordered to report to you eight regiments
+    cavalry, three of infantry, and three batteries, in addition to your
+    present force. They have also ordered you, in conjunction with the
+    Indian Department, to organize 4,000 Indians. Mr. Doles, Commissioner,
+    will come out with me.
+
+        J. H. LANE.
+
+_Official Records_, first ser., vol. viii, 482.
+
+[548]
+
+    It being the intention of the Gov't of the United States to take into
+    its military service 4000 Indians from the borders of Kansas and
+    Missouri, to be organized under Major Gen{l} Hunter, you are hereby
+    made acquainted therewith. The different Agents in your
+    superintendency will be instructed direct from this Office to use
+    their best endeavors to engage the above number of Indians, taking
+    care that those so engaged are capable of good service and are well
+    affected towards this Government.
+
+    All the operations in this behalf should be conducted with dispatch
+    and as much secrecy as the nature of the measure will admit of.
+
+    I understand that the Government proposes to equalize the pay of these
+    Indian volunteers with that of other volunteers, but giving the chiefs
+    an additional compensation. Each man will receive a blanket, and those
+    not having arms of their own will be provided by the Government. Their
+    subsistence will be the same as that provided in Revised Regulations
+    No. 5, Section 39 of this Bureau, or the army subsistence, whatever
+    that may be. Where any of the Indians, thus engaged, shall die or be
+    killed whilst in service, their pay will be given over to their
+    families--Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no. 67, pp. 211-212.
+
+[549] --_Ibid._, 215-216.
+
+[550] Farnsworth wrote on the 21st, acknowledging Dole's letter of the
+sixth and saying,
+
+    Its contents has been explained to two trusty Indians, who will keep
+    the matter entirely secret until the time for public action comes. I
+    have sent for the Indians to come in. I think they will all be here by
+    the 30th or 31st of this month. I will enroll them as soon as
+    possible. I think I shall be able to enlist about 150 vigorous
+    warriors....--General Files, _Kickapoo, 1855-1862_, F335.
+
+[551]
+
+    Your communication to this office of the 31st December last has been
+    received enclosing a letter which was brought to you by a messenger
+    from the South, as you were holding a Council with the Delaware Chiefs
+    of your Agency, and which letter you desired to be laid before the
+    President of the United States. Your communication also represented
+    the readiness of the Delawares and all the other Western tribes to
+    engage in military service on the side of the Government against the
+    rebel States.
+
+    With reference to all these Subjects, you will have an opportunity of
+    conferring with the Commissioner of Indian Affairs (who has perused
+    your letter in person) at Leavenworth City, for which destination he
+    left this City on Sunday last on public business.--CHARLES E. MIX,
+    acting commissioner, to F. Johnson, January 21, 1862 [Indian Office,
+    _Letter Book_, no. 67, p. 268].
+
+[552] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862, pp. 26, 147-148.
+
+[553]
+
+    I have the honor to inform you that Capt. J. W. Turner, Chief
+    Commissary of Subsistence of the Department, has just returned from
+    the encampments of the loyal Indians, on the Verdigris river, and in
+    its vicinity. Having made arrangements for subsisting these
+    unfortunate refugees until the 15th day of the present month.
+
+    In the neighborhood of Belmont and Roe's Fort, there were, at the time
+    Capt. Turner left, about four thousand five hundred Indians, chiefly
+    Creeks and Seminoles. But their number was being constantly augmented
+    by the arrival of fresh camps, tribes and families.
+
+    Their condition is pictured as most wretched--destitute of clothing,
+    shelter, fuel, horses, cooking utensils and food. This last named
+    article was supplied by Capt. Turner in quantities sufficient to last
+    until the 15th instant after which time, I doubt not, you will have
+    made further arrangements for their continued subsistence.
+
+    In taking the responsibility of supplying their wants until the Indian
+    Department could make provision for their necessities I but fulfilled
+    a duty due to our common humanity and the cause in which the Indians
+    are suffering. I now trust and have every confidence that under your
+    energetic and judicious arrangements these poor people may be supplied
+    with all they need after the 15th instant, on which day the supplies
+    furnished by Capt. Turner will be exhausted.
+
+    I make no doubt that provision should be made for feeding, clothing
+    and sheltering not less than six thousand Indians, and possibly as
+    high as ten thousand, on this point however, you are doubtless better
+    prepared to judge than myself. I only wish to urge upon you the
+    necessity for prompt measures of relief.
+
+    P.S. Copies of the reports made by Capt. Turner and Brigade Surgeon
+    Campbell will be furnished to you by tomorrow's post, in view of the
+    urgency of this case, and the fact that these Indians cannot be
+    supplied any further than have been done from the supplies of the
+    army, I send one copy of this letter to Topeka and the other to
+    Leavenworth City. Fearful suffering must ensue amongst the Indians
+    unless the steps necessary are promptly taken.
+
+This letter was forwarded by Edw. Wolcott, at Dole's request, to the
+Indian Office [General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_,
+W513].
+
+[554] Coffin to Dole, dated Fort Roe, Verdigris River, Kansas, February
+13, 1862 [General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_, C1526];
+Snow to Coffin, February 13, 1862 [General Files, _Seminole, 1858-1869_].
+
+[555] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862, p. 148.
+
+[556] --_Ibid._
+
+[557] Dole to Dr. Kile, February 10, 1862. [Indian Office, _Letter Book_,
+no. 67, pp. 450-452].
+
+[558] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862, p. 148.
+
+[559] _Congressional Globe_, 37th congress, second session, p. 815.
+
+[560] United States _Statutes at Large_, vol. xiii, 562.
+
+[561] It was, however, the beginning of a great deal of graft and misuse
+of government funds. Citizens of Kansas, otherwise reputable, prepared to
+reap a rich harvest, and government officials were not at all behindhand
+in the undertaking. Presumably, immediately upon the departure of Hunter's
+commissary from Fort Roe, the Indians began to get into the debt of the
+settlers and the sum of the indebtedness soon mounted up tremendously.
+Coffin again and again urged payment [Coffin to Dole, May 12, 1862], so
+did Colonel C. R. Jennison of the Seventh Regiment Kansas Volunteers, and
+so did General Blunt.
+
+The act of March 3, 1862, reinforced by that of July 5, 1862 [United
+States _Statutes at Large_, vol. xii, 528] was re-enacted, in whole or in
+part, each year of the war [Act of March 3, 1863, United States _Statutes
+at Large_, vol. xii, 793; Act of June 25, 1864, _ibid._, vol. xii, 180].
+In addition, special appropriations were made, like that of May 3, 1864,
+for the refugees.
+
+[562] Hunter to Thomas, December 11, 1861 [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. viii, 428]; McClellan to Hunter, December 11, 1861, [_ibid._].
+
+[563] Halleck to McClellan, January 20, 1862 [_ibid._, 509-510].
+
+[564] Thomas to Hunter, January 24, 1862 [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. viii, 525-526].
+
+[565] --_Ibid._, 529-530.
+
+[566] --_Ibid._
+
+[567] Stanton had become Secretary of War, January 15, 1862. On the real
+reasons for Cameron's retirement, see Welles' _Diary_, vol. i, 57.
+
+[568] Lincoln to Stanton, January 31, 1862 [_Official Records_, first
+ser., vol. viii, 538].
+
+[569] Lincoln to Hunter and Lane, February 10, 1862 [_ibid._, 551].
+
+[570] Hunter to Halleck, February 8, 1862 [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. viii, 829-831]; Halleck to Hunter, February 13, 1862 [_ibid._,
+554-555]; McClellan to Halleck, February 13, 1862 [_ibid._, 555].
+
+[571]
+
+    My object more particularly in writing to you to-night is on account
+    of the orders that we learn here to-night from General Gennison to
+    General Hunter that no Indians are to be mustered into the Service we
+    have taken greate paines and have made flattering progress in
+    enrooling them according to the orders of your Selfe and General
+    Hunter nearly all of them set apart 10 Dollars out of their wages pr
+    month for their families and many that have no families leave it in
+    the hands of the Agents for their benefit after the war is over and
+    they are burning with revenge and spiling for a fight and I have no
+    dout at all but they would doo good Service there are two amongst them
+    at least perhaps many more that I think would make good Commanders
+    Billy Bowlegs & Little Captain the latter a Creek that commands in all
+    the Late Battles and they suposed that he was killed but he got in a
+    few days sinc Billy has also recently arivd I am fully of the opinion
+    that these Indians at least two Thousand of them for such a campaigne
+    as they are designed for or the one is suposed to be that is to go
+    South from here are as well calculated for as any Troops that could be
+    selected and it will make great trouble with them as they have their
+    harts set upon it and will be most cruelly disappointed if not
+    permettd to go and they should be got back as soon as posabl to their
+    homes as the planting season is near and if they do not get there in
+    time for putting in a crop the present Spring it looks like they will
+    have to be suportd by the Government til August 1863 or til a crop can
+    be maturd nex year which could not be sooner than August this would
+    entail a heavy expense upon the Indian department that I would like to
+    be avoidd I have had an Interview with General Gennison and he is very
+    sure that if they would arm these Indians and give him three thousd
+    other Troops he could put those Indians into their homes in time for a
+    crop this year all here are very much disappointed and mortified at
+    the course things are for their families will be no small Item in
+    lessening the expense of Subsisting them which with all the Economy we
+    can use will be very large.--COFFIN to Dole, dated Humboldt, Kansas,
+    February 28, 1862 [General Files, _Southern Superintendency,
+    1859-1862_, C1541].
+
+    Since writing you from Humboldt Dr. Kile & my selfe have visited Fort
+    Roe to make arrangements for moving the Indians to the Neosho on
+    getting there we found that about 1500 of them had left for this place
+    they left Saturday noon it turned cold Saturday night and commenced
+    snowing and snowed hard most of the day Sunday and last night was the
+    coldest of the season the Indians all got to timber Saturday night to
+    camp and remained in camp Sunday but most of them ware on the Road to
+    day tho it was too coald to travel in the fix they are in I saw many
+    of them barefooted and many more that the feett was a small part of
+    them that was bare, these people realy seem to be doomd to suffer for
+    this Loyalty beyond measure, the goods and shoes ordered by Dr. Kile
+    and an order sent by myselfe before Kile's arival have not yet reached
+    here. Kile remained at Fort Roe to Settle and close up business there
+    and assist in the araingements for starting them from there and I came
+    on to se to those on the way and make araengments for taking care of
+    them when they get here I found many of them Sick and not able to
+    leave camp till teams are sent to them to aid them. We find that we
+    cannot move them with less than about three Teams to the Hundred and
+    it may overrun that the weather is moderating now and we shall make a
+    vigorous effort to move them as quick as possible, we find it very
+    dificult to get Teams on government vouchers and may not be able to
+    move them in a reasonable time on that account the funds I brot down
+    three Thousand Dollars was nearly exausted before Kile arived we are
+    now nearly destitute of money if I find it as dificult around here to
+    get teams as I have between here and the fort I shall make an effort
+    to raise some funds for that purpose tomorrow with what success
+    remains to be seen we have kept them pretty well suplied with
+    Something to eat so far but that is all we can bost of, iff we ware to
+    say they ware well clothed there would be ten thousand square ft of
+    nakedness gaping forth its contradiction; they have been out of
+    Tobacco for Several days and I doo think one days experience in camp
+    would convince the most skeptical that with Indians at least the weed
+    is a necessity, the Indians of all tribs held a grand council last
+    Thursday at Fort Roe in regard to the war, at which they determined
+    with great unanimity to gather up and arm as best they could, all
+    there able bodied men and go down with the army on their own hook and
+    aid in driving out the Rebels from their homes in time to plant a crop
+    for this season and then gather all the Ponies they can and they think
+    they can capture enough from the Rebels with what they have to come up
+    for their families. _Cannot the Government aid so Laudible an
+    enterprise as that at least with a few guns and some amunition_ they
+    appear to be in good earnest and are feeding up the best of their
+    Ponies for the Trip....--COFFIN to Dole, dated Leroy, March 3, 1862
+    [General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_, C1544].
+
+[572] Letter of January 28, 1861 [_Official Records_, first ser., vol.
+viii, 534].
+
+[573]
+
+    I have a despatch from Secretary Smith saying that the Secretary of
+    War is opposed to mustering the Indians into the service, and that he
+    would see the President and settle the matter that day (Feb. 6).
+
+    This as you will see disarranges all my previous arrangements, and
+    devolves upon me the necessity of revoking my orders to you to proceed
+    with the agents, to organize the loyal Indians in your Superintendency
+    into companies preparatory to their being mustered into the service by
+    Gen. Hunter. I have now to advise that you explain fully to the Chiefs
+    that no authority has yet been received from Washington authorizing
+    their admission into the army of the United States; but I would, at
+    the same time advise that you proceed to ascertain what number are
+    able and willing to join our army, and that you so far prepare them
+    for the service as you can consistently do, without committing the
+    Government to accept them, as I still hope for the power to get these
+    refugees if no others, into the service, it being one, and as I think,
+    the best means of providing for their necessities....--DOLE to Coffin,
+    February 11, 1862 [Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no. 67, p. 448].
+
+[574] Coffin had not been written to, Jan. 6, because the original plan
+did not contemplate the employment of southern Indians. Not until he heard
+of their presence, as refugees in Kansas, did Dole include them in his
+list of possible soldiers.
+
+[575] Superintendent Branch may have had something to do with the
+opposition that grew up in Washington after Dole's departure; for he was
+there the last days of the month. Lane asked for his immediate return to
+the west [MIX to Lane, January 27, 1862, Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no.
+67, p. 293].
+
+[576] Special Orders, no. 8, Jan. 10, 1862 [_Official Records_, vol. viii,
+734].
+
+[577] Van Dorn to Price, February 7, 1862 [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. viii, 749].
+
+[578] Cooper to Pike, February 10, 1862 [_ibid._, vol. xiii, 896].
+
+[579] Walker to Cooper, May 13, 1861 [_Official Records_, first ser., vol.
+iii, 574-575].
+
+[580] Report of Albert Pike, dated Fort McCulloch, May 4, 1862 [_ibid._,
+vol. xiii, 819].
+
+[581] Van Dorn, Report to Bragg, March 27, 1862 [_Official Records_, first
+ser., vol. viii, 283].
+
+[582] Van Dorn to Mackall, February 27, 1862 [_ibid._, 755].
+
+[583] Maury to Pike, March 3, 1862 [_ibid._, 763-764].
+
+[584] Maury to Pike, March 3, 1862 [_ibid._, 764].
+
+[585] Maury to Drew, McIntosh, and Stand Watie, March 3, 1862 [_Official
+Records_, first ser., vol. viii, 764].
+
+[586] This will be discussed fully in a later volume.
+
+[587] _Journal_, vol. i, 640, 743; vol. ii, 19, 20, 51, 52; vol. v, 47,
+115, 116, 151, 167, 210.
+
+[588] The act was passed April 8, 1862 [Confederate _Statutes at Large_
+(edition of 1864), 11-25].
+
+[589] The writer of this letter was evidently Elias Rector, although the
+document from which this copy was made is in the handwriting of Albert
+Pike.
+
+[590] The history of the collection that I have designated for convenience
+of reference, the _Leeper Papers_, is outlined in the following letter
+from F. Johnson, Delaware Indian Agent, to Dole, January 20, 1863 [Indian
+Office, General Files, _Wichita, 1862-1871_, J62].
+
+    On or about the first of September last a company of Delaware &
+    Shawnee Indians numbering ninety-six, seventy Delawares and twenty-six
+    Shawnees, left Kansas on an expedition southwest from Kansas under the
+    leadership of Ben Simon a Delaware Indian.
+
+    He reports that the expedition traveled to the Neosho River in
+    southern Kansas where they halted a few days. From thence they marched
+    in a southwest direction seventeen days to the leased district in
+    Texas, they then traveled up the Wichita River, one day to the
+    neighbourhood of the Wichita Agency. Simon then sent Spies and Scouts
+    to the Agency who reported two hundred Indians well armed at the
+    Agency in the Service of the Southern Confederacy. On receiving this
+    intelligence the Delawares & Shawnees immediately proceded to the
+    Agency which they reached about sundown. On arriving at the Agency
+    they surrounded the buildings when the Agent a man large sized with
+    black hair came out of the house and asked them what was wanting.
+    Simon replied to him that he was his prisoner. At the same instant the
+    Indians rushed into the house when one of the Delawares was shot dead
+    and a Shawnee wounded--there was four white men at the Agency; when
+    the Indians saw their comrades killed and wounded they killed the
+    three men in the House and Agent Leeper who Simon had hold of at the
+    door--the Indians then took possession of the Property and papers
+    belonging to the Agency and burned the buildings. On the next morning
+    they found the trail of the Indians who had escaped from the Agency
+    and followed it to a grove of timber and found as they supposed about
+    one hundred & fifty Indians a part of whom was women and children whom
+    they attacked and report they killed about one hundred the Ballance
+    making their escape. The Delawares and Shawnees then turned homewards
+    with their Booty which consisted of about One hundred Ponies, Twelve
+    hundred Dollars in Confederate Money, the papers correspondence etc.
+    which is wrapped in a rebel Flag taken at the Agency Among the papers
+    taken I would respectfully call your attention to the treaties in
+    manuscript entered into between Albert Pike Commissioner on the part
+    of the Confederate States and the diferent Tribes of Southern Indians
+    as also the commission of Mathew Leeper Indian Agent from James
+    Buchanan President of the United States dated 1st of February 1861.
+
+    These Indians few in numbers marching upon a point more than five
+    hundred miles distant furnishing their own transportation forage and
+    provisions without cost to the Government certainly exhibits a great
+    degree of Loyalty daring and hardihood.
+
+[591] J. J. Stürm, commissary for the Indians of the Leased District
+[Rector to Stürm, July 1, 1861]. On Oct. 3, 1861, Stürm reported to
+Leeper:
+
+    I arrived here over a week ago, and have been waiting for Maj. Rector,
+    who is absent making a Treaty with the Cherokees, and other Tribes at
+    Telequa.... No talk of anything but war here. Price has taken
+    Lexington, Mo., he took and killed over four thousand of Abe's men,
+    with a great deal of war material....
+
+[592] These two brief communications have a bearing upon Leeper's case:
+
+    You are hereby ordered to remain at Fort Smith Arkansas from 10th.
+    January 1862 untill further ordered by the undersigned, as a witness
+    in the case of the Confederate States of America against M. Leeper,
+    Ind. Agt. on certain charges preferred.--JAMES P. SPRING,
+    commissioner, to J. J. Stürm; dated Fort Smith, Ark., December 22,
+    1861.
+
+    Spring may not be able to begin on Leeper's case before Jan. 20--Is
+    obliged to leave city. If Leeper wants while Spring is away, [to go]
+    to Fayetteville, he may & Spring will telegraph him upon his
+    return.--SPRING to Leeper, dated Fort Smith, Ark., December 23, 1861.
+
+[593] William Quesenbury to Leeper, dated Fort Gibson, C. N., Nov. 28,
+1861.
+
+[594] H. P. Jones, late lieutenant-commanding to Brigadier-general A.
+Pike, commanding Indian Territory, dated Washita Agency L. D., May 8,
+1862.
+
+[595] H. P. Jones to Pike, dated Washita Agency, May 8, 1862.
+
+[596] Indian Office, Land Files, _Upper Arkansas, 1855-1865_, C1749.
+
+[597] James Deshler to Leeper, dated Little Rock, Sept. 28, 1862.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.
+
+Superscripted characters are indicated by {superscript}.
+
+The original text includes several blank spaces. These are represented by
+______________ in this text version.
+
+"=U=N=I=T=E=D=" represents "UNITED" with a line drawn through the word.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The American Indian as Slaveholder and
+Seccessionist, by Annie Heloise Abel
+
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+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The American Indian as Slaveholder and Secessionist, by Annie Heloise Abel&mdash;A Project Gutenberg eBook
+    </title>
+
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+
+    p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em;}
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+    body {margin-left: 12%; margin-right: 12%;}
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+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The American Indian as Slaveholder and
+Seccessionist, by Annie Heloise Abel
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The American Indian as Slaveholder and Seccessionist
+       An Omitted Chapter in the Diplomatic History of the Southern Confederacy
+
+Author: Annie Heloise Abel
+
+Release Date: November 30, 2011 [EBook #38173]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN INDIAN AS SLAVEHOLDER ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="title">The Slaveholding Indians</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td>(1) As Slaveholder and Secessionist</td></tr>
+<tr><td>(2) As Participants in the Civil War</td></tr>
+<tr><td>(3) Under Reconstruction</td></tr></table>
+
+<p class="title">Vol. I</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;<a name="front" id="front"></a></p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/frontistmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/frontis.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Indian Territory</span>, 1861<br />[<i>From General Land Office</i>]</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="giant">The American Indian as<br />
+Slaveholder and Secessionist</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">AN OMITTED CHAPTER IN<br />
+THE DIPLOMATIC HISTORY OF THE<br />
+SOUTHERN CONFEDERACY</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><small>BY</small><br />
+<span class="huge">ANNIE HELOISE ABEL, <span class="smcap">Ph.D.</span></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/printer.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">THE ARTHUR H. CLARK COMPANY<br />
+CLEVELAND: 1915</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY<br />
+ANNIE HELOISE ABEL</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="title">TO MY FATHER AND MOTHER</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Preface</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">I</a></td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">General Situation in the Indian Country, 1830-1860</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">II</a></td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Indian Territory in its Relations with Texas and Arkansas</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">III</a></td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">The Confederacy in Negotiation with the Indian Tribes</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">IV</a></td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">The Indian Nations in Alliance With the Confederacy</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Appendix A&mdash;Fort Smith Papers</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_285">285</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Appendix B&mdash;The Leeper or Wichita Agency Papers</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_329">329</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Selected Bibliography</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_359">359</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Index</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_371">369</a></td></tr></table>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Indian Territory</span>, 1861</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#front"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Map showing free Negro Settlements in the Creek Country</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Portrait of Colonel Downing, Cherokee</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Portrait of John Ross, Principal Chief of the Cherokees</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_113">112</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Portrait of Colonel Adair, Cherokee</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Map showing the Retreat of the loyal Indians</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Fort McCulloch</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_281">281</a></td></tr></table>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+<h2>PREFACE</h2>
+
+
+<p>This volume is the first of a series of three dealing with the
+slaveholding Indians as secessionists, as participants in the Civil War,
+and as victims under reconstruction. The series deals with a phase of
+American Civil War history which has heretofore been almost entirely
+neglected or, where dealt with, either misunderstood or misinterpreted.
+Perhaps the third and last volume will to many people be the most
+interesting because it will show, in great detail, the enormous price that
+the unfortunate Indian had to pay for having allowed himself to become a
+secessionist and a soldier. Yet the suggestiveness of this first volume is
+considerably larger than would appear at first glance. It has been
+purposely given a sub-title, in order that the peculiar position of the
+Indian, in 1861, may be brought out in strong relief. He was enough inside
+the American Union to have something to say about secession and enough
+outside of it to be approached diplomatically. It is well to note, indeed,
+that Albert Pike negotiated the several Indian treaties that bound the
+Indian nations in an alliance with the seceded states, under the authority
+of the Confederate State Department, which was a decided advance upon
+United States practice&mdash;an innovation, in fact, that marked the tremendous
+importance that the Confederate government attached to the Indian
+friendship. It was something that stood out in marked contrast to the
+indifference manifested at the moment by the authorities at Washington;
+for, while<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> they were neglecting the Indian even to an extent that
+amounted to actual dishonor, the Confederacy was offering him political
+integrity and political equality and was establishing over his country,
+not simply an empty wardship, but a bona fide protectorate.</p>
+
+<p>Granting then that the negotiations of 1861 with the Indian nations
+constitute a phase of southern diplomatic history, it may be well to
+consider to what Indian participation in the Civil War amounted. It was a
+circumstance that was interesting rather than significant; and the
+majority will have to admit that it was a circumstance that could not
+possibly have materially affected the ultimate situation. It was the
+Indian country, rather than the Indian owner, that the Confederacy wanted
+to be sure of possessing; for Indian Territory occupied a position of
+strategic importance, from both the economic and the military point of
+view. The possession of it was absolutely necessary for the political and
+the institutional consolidation of the South. Texas might well think of
+going her own way and of forming an independent republic once again, when
+between her and Arkansas lay the immense reservations of the great tribes.
+They were slaveholding tribes, too, yet were supposed by the United States
+government to have no interest whatsoever in a sectional conflict that
+involved the very existence of the &#8220;peculiar institution.&#8221; Thus the
+federal government left them to themselves at the critical moment and left
+them, moreover, at the mercy of the South, and then was indignant that
+they betrayed a sectional affiliation.</p>
+
+<p>The author deems it of no slight advantage, in undertaking a work of this
+sort, that she is of British birth and antecedents and that her
+educational training, so largely American as it is, has been gained
+without <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>respect to a particular locality. She belongs to no section of
+the Union, has lived, for longer or shorter periods in all sections, and
+has developed no local bias. It is her sincere wish that no charge of
+prejudice can, in ever so small a degree, be substantiated by the
+evidence, presented here or elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Annie Heloise Abel.</span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Baltimore, September, 1914</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>I. THE GENERAL SITUATION IN THE INDIAN COUNTRY, 1830-1860</h2>
+
+
+<p>Veterans of the Confederate service who saw action along the
+Missouri-Arkansas frontier have frequently complained, in recent years,
+that military operations in and around Virginia during the War between the
+States receive historically so much attention that, as a consequence, the
+steady, stubborn fighting west of the Mississippi River is either totally
+ignored or, at best, cast into dim obscurity. There is much of truth in
+the criticism but it applies in fullest measure only when the Indians are
+taken into account; for no accredited history of the American Civil War
+that has yet appeared has adequately recognized certain rather interesting
+facts connected with that period of frontier development; viz., that
+Indians fought on both sides in the great sectional struggle, that they
+were moved to fight, not by instincts of savagery, but by identically the
+same motives and impulses as the white men, and that, in the final
+outcome, they suffered even more terribly than did the whites. Moreover,
+the Indians fought as solicited allies, some as nations, diplomatically
+approached. Treaties were made with them as with foreign powers and not in
+the farcical, fraudulent way that had been customary in times past. They
+promised alliance and were given in return political position&mdash;a fair
+exchange. The southern white man, embarrassed, conceded much, far more
+than he really believed in, more than he ever could or would have
+conceded, had he not himself been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> so fearfully hard pressed. His own
+predicament, the exigencies of the moment, made him give to the Indian a
+justice, the like of which neither one of them had dared even to dream. It
+was quite otherwise with the northern white man, however; for he,
+self-confident and self-reliant, negotiated with the Indian in the
+traditional way, took base advantage of the straits in which he found him,
+asked him to help him fight his battles, and, in the selfsame moment,
+plotted to dispossess him of his lands, the very lands that had, less than
+five and twenty years before, been pledged as an Indian possession &#8220;as
+long as the grass should grow and the waters run.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>From what has just been said, it can be easily inferred that two distinct
+groups of Indians will have to be dealt with, a northern and a southern;
+but, for the present, it will be best to take them all together.
+Collectively, they occupied a vast extent of country in the so-called
+great American desert. Their situation was peculiar. Their participation
+in the war, in some capacity, was absolutely inevitable; but, preparatory
+to any right understanding of the reasons, geographical, institutional,
+political, financial, and military, that made it so, a rapid survey of
+conditions ante-dating the war must be considered.</p>
+
+<p>It will be remembered that for some time prior to 1860 the policy<a name='fna_1' id='fna_1' href='#f_1'><small>[1]</small></a> of
+the United States government had been to relieve the eastern states of
+their Indian inhabitants and that this it had done, since the first years
+of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> Andrew Jackson&#8217;s presidency, by a more or less compulsory removal to
+the country lying immediately west of Arkansas and Missouri. As a result,
+the situation there created was as follows: In the territory comprehended
+in the present state of Kansas, alongside of indigenous tribes, like the
+Kansa and the Osage,<a name='fna_2' id='fna_2' href='#f_2'><small>[2]</small></a> had been placed various tribes or portions of
+tribes from the old Northwest<a name='fna_3' id='fna_3' href='#f_3'><small>[3]</small></a>&mdash;the Shawnees and Munsees from Ohio,<a name='fna_4' id='fna_4' href='#f_4'><small>[4]</small></a>
+the Delawares, Kickapoos, Potawatomies, and Miamies from Indiana, the
+Ottawas and Chippewas from Michigan, the Wyandots from Ohio and Michigan,
+the Weas, Peorias, Kaskaskias, and Piankashaws from Illinois, and a few
+New York Indians from Wisconsin. To the southward of all of those northern
+tribal immigrants and chiefly beyond the later Kansas boundary, or in the
+present state of Oklahoma, had been similarly placed the great<a name='fna_5' id='fna_5' href='#f_5'><small>[5]</small></a> tribes
+from the South<a name='fna_6' id='fna_6' href='#f_6'><small>[6]</small></a>&mdash;the Creeks from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> Georgia and Alabama, the Cherokees
+from Tennessee and Georgia, the Seminoles from Florida, and the Choctaws
+and Chickasaws from Alabama and Mississippi.<a name='fna_7' id='fna_7' href='#f_7'><small>[7]</small></a> The population of the
+whole country thus colonized<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> and, in a sense, reduced to the reservation
+system, amounted approximately to seventy-four thousand souls, less than
+seven thousand of whom were north of the Missouri-Compromise line. The
+others were all south of it and, therefore, within a possible slave belt.</p>
+
+<p>This circumstance is not without significance; for it is the colonized, or
+reservation, Indians<a name='fna_8' id='fna_8' href='#f_8'><small>[8]</small></a> exclusively that are to figure in these pages and,
+since this story is a chapter in the struggle between the North and the
+South, the proportion of southerners to northerners among the Indian
+immigrants must, in the very nature of things, have weight. The relative
+location of northern and southern tribes seems to have been determined
+with a very careful regard to the restrictions of the Missouri Compromise
+and the interdicted line of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes was
+pretty nearly the boundary between them.<a name='fna_9' id='fna_9' href='#f_9'><small>[9]</small></a> That it was so by accident may
+or may not be subject for conjecture. Fortunately for the disinterested
+motives of politicians but most unfortunately for the defenceless Indians,
+the Cherokee land obtruded itself just a little above the thirty-seventh
+parallel and formed a &#8220;Cherokee Strip&#8221; eagerly coveted by Kansans in later
+days. One objection, be it remembered, that had been offered to the
+original plan of removal was that, unless the slaveholding southern
+Indians were moved directly westward along parallel<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> lines of latitude,
+northern rights under the Missouri Compromise would be encroached upon.
+Yet slavery was not conscientiously excluded from Kansas in the days
+antecedent to its organization as a territory. Within the Indian country,
+and it was all Indian country then, slavery was allowed, at least on
+sufferance, both north and south of the interdicted line. It was even
+encouraged by many white men who made their homes or their living there,
+by interlopers, licensed traders, and missionaries;<a name='fna_10' id='fna_10' href='#f_10'><small>[10]</small></a> but it flourished
+as a legitimate institution only among the great tribes planted south of
+the line. With them it had been a familiar institution long before the
+time of their exile. In their native haunts they had had negro slaves as
+had had the whites and removal had made no difference to them in that
+particular. Since the beginning of the century refuge to fugitives and
+confusion of ownership had been occasions for frequent quarrel between
+them and the citizens of the Southern States. Later, when questions came
+up touching the status of slavery on strictly federal soil, the Indian
+country and the District of Columbia often found themselves listed
+together.<a name='fna_11' id='fna_11' href='#f_11'><small>[11]</small></a> Moreover, after 1850, it became a matter of serious import
+whether or no the Fugitive Slave Law was operative within the Indian
+country; and, when influenced apparently by Jefferson Davis,
+Attorney-general Cushing gave as his opinion that it was, new
+controversies arose. Slaves belonging<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> to the Indians were often enticed
+away by the abolitionists<a name='fna_12' id='fna_12' href='#f_12'><small>[12]</small></a> and still more often were seized by southern
+men under pretense of their being fugitives.<a name='fna_13' id='fna_13' href='#f_13'><small>[13]</small></a> In cases of the latter
+sort, the Indian owners had little or no redress in the federal courts of
+law.<a name='fna_14' id='fna_14' href='#f_14'><small>[14]</small></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>In point of fact, during all the years between the various dates of Indian
+removal and the breaking out of the Civil War, the Indian country was
+constantly beset by difficulties. Some of the difficulties were
+incident to removal or to disturbances within the tribes but most of them
+were incident to changes and to political complications in the white man&#8217;s
+country. Scarcely had the removal project been fairly launched and the
+first Indian emigrants started upon their journey westward than events
+were in train for the overthrow of the whole scheme.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img01tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/img01.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Map showing free Negro Settlements in the Creek country</span><br />[<i>From Office of Indian Affairs</i>]</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>When Calhoun mapped out the Indian country in his elaborate report of
+1825, the selection of the trans-Missouri region might well have been
+regarded as judicious. Had the plan of general removal been adopted then,
+before sectional interests had wholly vitiated it, the United States
+government might have gained and, in a measure, would have richly deserved
+the credit of doing at least one thing for the protection and preservation
+of the aborigines from motives, not self-interested, but purely
+humanitarian. The moment was opportune. The territory of the United States
+was then limited by the confines of the Louisiana Purchase and its
+settlements by the great American desert. Traders only had penetrated to
+any considerable extent to the base of the Rockies; but experience already
+gained might have taught that their presence was portentous and
+significant of the need of haste; that is, if Calhoun&#8217;s selection were to
+continue judicious; for traders, as has been amply proved in both British
+and American history, have ever been but the advance agents of settlers.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately for the cause of pure philanthropy, the United States
+government was exceedingly slow in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> adopting the plan of Indian removal;
+but its citizens were by no means equally slow in developing the spirit of
+territorial expansion. Their successful seizure of West Florida had fired
+their ambition and their cupidity. With Texas annexed and lower Oregon
+occupied, the selection of the trans-Missouri region had ceased to be
+judicious. How could the Indians expect to be secure in a country that was
+the natural highway to a magnificent country beyond, invitingly open to
+settlement! But this very pertinent and patent fact the officials at
+Washington singularly failed to realize and they went on calmly assuring
+the Indians that they should never be disturbed again, that the federal
+government would protect them in their rights and against all enemies,
+that no white man should be allowed to intrude upon them, that they should
+hold their lands undiminished forever, and that no state or territorial
+lines should ever again circumscribe them. Such promises were decidedly
+fatuous, dead letters long before the ink that recorded them had had time
+to dry. The Mexican War followed the annexation of Texas and its conquests
+necessitated a further use of the Indian highway. Soldiers that fought in
+that war saw the Indian land and straightway coveted it. Forty-niners saw
+it and coveted it also. Prospectors and adventurers of all sorts laid
+plans for exploiting it. It entered as a determining factor into Benton&#8217;s
+great scheme for building a national road that should connect the Atlantic
+and Pacific shores and with the inception of that came a very sudden and a
+very real danger; for the same great scheme precipitated, although in an
+indirect sort of way, the agitation for the opening up of Kansas and
+Nebraska to white settlement, which, of course, meant that the recent
+Indian colonists, in spite of all the solemn<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> governmental guaranties that
+had been given to them, would have to be ousted, for would not the
+&#8220;sovereign&#8221; people of America demand it? Then, too, the Dred Scott
+decision, the result of a dishonorable political collusion as it was,<a name='fna_15' id='fna_15' href='#f_15'><small>[15]</small></a>
+militated indirectly against Indian interests. It is true that it was only
+in its extra-legal aspect that it did this but it did it none the less;
+for, if the authority of the federal government was not supreme in the
+territories and not supreme in any part of the country not yet organized
+into states, then the Indian landed property rights in the West that
+rested exclusively upon federal grant, under the Removal Act of 1830, were
+virtually nil. It is rather interesting to observe, in this connection,
+how inconsistent human nature is when political expediency is the thing at
+stake; for it happened that the same people and the same party,
+identically, that, in the second and third decades of the nineteenth
+century, had tried to convince the Indians, and against their better
+judgment too, that the red man would be forever unmolested in the western
+country because the federal government owned it absolutely and could give
+a title in perpetuity, argued, in the fourth and fifth decades, that the
+states were the sole proprietors, that they were, in fact, the joint
+owners of everything heretofore considered as national. Inferentially,
+therefore, Indians, like negroes, had no rights that white men were bound
+to respect.</p>
+
+<p>The crucial point has now been reached in this discussion. From the date
+of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, the sectional affiliation of the Indian
+country became a thing of more than passing moment. Whatever may have been
+John C. Calhoun&#8217;s ulterior and real motive<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> in urging that the
+trans-Missouri region be closed to white settlement forever, whether he
+did, as some of his abolitionist enemies have charged, plan thus to block
+free-state expansion and so frustrate the natural operations of the
+Missouri Compromise, certain it is, that southern politicians, after his
+time, became the chief advocates of Indian territorial integrity, the ones
+that pleaded most often and most noisily that guaranties to Indians be
+faithfully respected. They had in mind the northern part of the Indian
+country and that alone; but, no doubt, the circumstance was purely
+accidental, since at that time, the early fifties, the northern<a name='fna_16' id='fna_16' href='#f_16'><small>[16]</small></a> was
+the only part likely to be encroached upon.<a name='fna_17' id='fna_17' href='#f_17'><small>[17]</small></a> Their interest in the
+southern part took an entirely different direction<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> and that also may have
+been accidental or occasioned by conditions quite local and present. For
+this southern part, by the way, they recommended American citizenship and
+the creation of American states<a name='fna_18' id='fna_18' href='#f_18'><small>[18]</small></a> in the Union,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> also a territorial
+organization immediately that should look towards that end. Such advice
+came as early as 1853, at least, and was more natural than would at first
+glance appear; for the southern tribes were huge in population, in land,
+and in resources. They were civilized, had governments and laws modelled
+upon the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> American, and more than all else, they were southern in origin,
+in characteristics, and in institutions.</p>
+
+<p>The project for organizing<a name='fna_19' id='fna_19' href='#f_19'><small>[19]</small></a> the territories of Kansas and Nebraska
+caused much excitement, as well it might,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> among the Indian immigrants,
+even though the Wyandots, in 1852, had, in a measure, anticipated it by
+initiating a somewhat similar movement in their own restricted
+locality.<a name='fna_20' id='fna_20' href='#f_20'><small>[20]</small></a> Most of the tribes comprehended to the full the ominous
+import of territorial organization; for, obviously, it could not be
+undertaken except at a sacrifice of Indian guaranties. At the moment some
+of the tribes, notably the Choctaw and Chickasaw,<a name='fna_21' id='fna_21' href='#f_21'><small>[21]</small></a> were having domestic
+troubles that threatened a neighborhood war and the new fear of the white
+man&#8217;s further aggrandizement threw them into despair. The southern
+Indians, generally, were much more exercised and much more alarmed than
+were the northern.<a name='fna_22' id='fna_22' href='#f_22'><small>[22]</small></a> Being more highly civilized, they were better able
+to comprehend the drift of events. Experience had made them unduly
+sagacious where their territorial and treaty rights were concerned, and
+well they knew that, although the Douglas measure did not in itself
+directly affect them or their country, it might easily become the
+forerunner of one that would.</p>
+
+<p>The border strife, following upon the passage of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> Kansas-Nebraska
+Bill, disturbed in no slight degree the Indians on the Kansas
+reservations, which, by-the-by, had been very greatly reduced in area by
+the Manypenny treaties of 1853-1854. Some of the reserves lay right in the
+heart of the contested territory, free-state men intrenching themselves
+among the Delawares and pro-slavery men among the Shawnees,<a name='fna_23' id='fna_23' href='#f_23'><small>[23]</small></a> the former
+north and the latter south of the Kansas River. But even remoteness of
+situation constituted no safeguard against encroachment. All along the
+Missouri line the squatters took possession. The distant Cherokee Neutral
+Lands<a name='fna_24' id='fna_24' href='#f_24'><small>[24]</small></a> and the Osage and New York Indian reservations<a name='fna_25' id='fna_25' href='#f_25'><small>[25]</small></a> were all
+invaded.<a name='fna_26' id='fna_26' href='#f_26'><small>[26]</small></a> The Territorial Act had expressly excluded Indian land from
+local governmental control; but the Kansas authorities of both parties
+utterly ignored, in their administration of affairs, this provision. The
+first districting of the territory for election purposes comprehended, for
+instance, the Indian lands, yet little criticism has ever been passed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>
+upon that grossly illegal act. Needless to say, the controversy between
+slavocracy and freedom obscured and obliterated, in those years, all other
+considerations.</p>
+
+<p>As the year 1860 approached, appearances assumed an even more serious
+aspect. Kansas settlers and would-be settlers demanded that the Indians,
+so recently the only legal occupants of the territory, vacate it
+altogether. So soon had the policy of granting them peace and undisturbed
+repose on diminished reserves proved futile. The only place for the Indian
+to go, were he indeed to be driven out of Kansas, was present Oklahoma;
+but his going there would, perforce, mean an invasion of the property
+rights of the southern tribes, a matter of great moment to them but
+seemingly of no moment whatsoever to the white man. Some of the Kansas
+Indians saw in removal southward a temporary refuge&mdash;they surely could not
+have supposed it would be other than temporary&mdash;and were glad to go,
+making their arrangements accordingly.<a name='fna_27' id='fna_27' href='#f_27'><small>[27]</small></a> Some, however, had to be
+cajoled into promising to go and some had to be forced. A few held out
+determinedly against all thought of going. Among the especially obstinate
+ones were the Osages,<a name='fna_28' id='fna_28' href='#f_28'><small>[28]</small></a> natives of the soil. The Buchanan<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> government
+failed utterly to convince them of the wisdom of going and was, thereupon,
+charged by the free-state Kansans with bad faith, with not being sincere
+and sufficiently persistent in its endeavors to treat, its secret purpose
+being to keep the free-state line as far north as possible. The breaking
+out of the Civil War prevented the immediate removal of any of the tribes
+but did not put a stop to negotiations looking towards that end.</p>
+
+<p>All this time there was another influence within the Indian country, north
+and south, that boded good or ill as the case might be. This influence
+emanated from the religious denominations represented on the various
+reserves. Nowhere in the United States, perhaps, was the rivalry among
+churches that had divided along sectional lines in the forties and fifties
+stronger than within the Indian country. There the churches contended with
+each other at close range. The Indian country was free and open to all
+faiths, while, in the states, the different churches kept strictly to
+their own sections, the southern contingent of each denomination staying
+close to the institution it supported. Of course the United States
+government, through its civilization fund, was in a position to show very
+pointedly its sectional predilections. It will probably never be known,
+because so difficult of determination, just how much the churches aided or
+retarded the spread of slavery.<a name='fna_29' id='fna_29' href='#f_29'><small>[29]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>Among the tribes of Kansas, denominational strength was distributed as
+follows: The Kickapoos<a name='fna_30' id='fna_30' href='#f_30'><small>[30]</small></a> and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> Wyandots<a name='fna_31' id='fna_31' href='#f_31'><small>[31]</small></a> were Methodists; but, while
+the former were a unit in their adherence to the Methodist Episcopal
+Church South, the latter were divided and among them the older church
+continued strong. The American Baptist Missionary Union had a school on
+the Delaware reservation and, previous to 1855, had had one also on the
+Shawnee, which the political uproar in Kansas had obliged to close its
+doors. These same Northern Baptists were established also among the
+Ottawas, as the Moravians were among the Munsees and the Roman
+Catholics<a name='fna_32' id='fna_32' href='#f_32'><small>[32]</small></a> among the Osages and the Potawatomies. The Southern Baptists
+were likewise to be found among the Potawatomies<a name='fna_33' id='fna_33' href='#f_33'><small>[33]</small></a> and the Southern
+Methodists among the Shawnees. The Shawnee Manual Labor School, under the
+Southern Methodists, was, however, only very grudgingly patronized by the
+Indians. Its situation near the Missouri border was partly accountable for
+this as it was for the selection of the school as the meeting-place of the
+pro-slavery legislature in 1855. The management of the institution was
+from time to time severely criticized and the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>superintendent, the
+Reverend Thomas Johnson, an intense pro-slavery agitator,<a name='fna_34' id='fna_34' href='#f_34'><small>[34]</small></a> was strongly
+suspected of malfeasance,<a name='fna_35' id='fna_35' href='#f_35'><small>[35]</small></a> of enriching himself, forsooth, at the
+expense of the Indians. The school found a formidable rival, from this and
+many another cause, in a Quaker establishment, which likewise existed on
+the Shawnee Reserve but independently of either tribal or governmental
+aid.</p>
+
+<p>If church influences and church quarrels were discernible among the
+northern tribes, they were certainly very much more so among the southern.
+The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Congregational)
+that had labored so zealously for the Cherokees, when they were east of
+the Mississippi, extended its interest to them undiminished in the west;
+and, in the period just before the Civil War,<a name='fna_36' id='fna_36' href='#f_36'><small>[36]</small></a> was the strongest
+religious force in their country. There it had no less than four mission
+stations<a name='fna_37' id='fna_37' href='#f_37'><small>[37]</small></a> and a flourishing school in connection with each. The same
+organization was similarly influential among the Choctaws<a name='fna_38' id='fna_38' href='#f_38'><small>[38]</small></a> or, in the
+light of what eventually happened, it might better be said its
+missionaries were. Both Southern and Northern Baptists and Southern
+Methodists likewise were to be found among the Cherokees;<a name='fna_39' id='fna_39' href='#f_39'><small>[39]</small></a>
+Presbyterians<a name='fna_40' id='fna_40' href='#f_40'><small>[40]</small></a> and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> Southern Methodists among the Chickasaws and
+Choctaws; and Presbyterians only among the Creeks and Seminoles. In every
+Indian nation south, except the Creek and Seminole,<a name='fna_41' id='fna_41' href='#f_41'><small>[41]</small></a> the work of
+denominational schools was supplemented, or maybe neutralized, by that of
+public and neighborhood schools.</p>
+
+<p>True to the traditions and to the practices of the old Puritans and of the
+Plymouth church, the missionaries of the American Board,<a name='fna_42' id='fna_42' href='#f_42'><small>[42]</small></a> so strongly
+installed among the Choctaws and the Cherokees, took an active interest in
+passing political affairs, particularly in connection with the slavery
+agitation. On that question, they early divided themselves into two camps;
+those among the Choctaws, led by the Reverend Cyrus Kingsbury,<a name='fna_43' id='fna_43' href='#f_43'><small>[43]</small></a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>
+supporting slavery; and those among the Cherokees, led by the Reverend S.
+A. Worcester,<a name='fna_44' id='fna_44' href='#f_44'><small>[44]</small></a> opposing it. The actions of the former led to a
+controversy with the American Board and, in 1855, the malcontents, or
+pro-slavery sympathizers, expressed a desire to separate themselves and
+their charges from its patronage.<a name='fna_45' id='fna_45' href='#f_45'><small>[45]</small></a> When, eventually, this separation
+did occur, 1859-1860, the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions (Old
+School) stepped into the breach.<a name='fna_46' id='fna_46' href='#f_46'><small>[46]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>The rebellious conduct of the Congregational missionaries met with the
+undisguised approval of the Choctaw agent, Douglas H. Cooper,<a name='fna_47' id='fna_47' href='#f_47'><small>[47]</small></a> formerly
+of Mississippi. It was he who had already voiced a nervous apprehension,
+as exhibited in the following document,<a name='fna_48' id='fna_48' href='#f_48'><small>[48]</small></a> that the Indian country was in
+grave danger of being abolitionized:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="huge">&#9758;</span> If things go on as they are now doing, in 5 years
+slavery will be abolished in the whole of your superintendency.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>Private</i>) I am convinced that something must be done speedily to
+arrest the systematic efforts of the Missionaries to abolitionize the
+Indian Country.</p>
+
+<p>Otherwise we shall have a great run-away harbor, a sort of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>
+Canada&mdash;with &#8220;underground rail-roads&#8221; leading to &amp; through
+it&mdash;adjoining Arkansas and Texas.</p>
+
+<p>It is of no use to look to the General Government&mdash;its arm is
+paralized by the abolition strength of the North.</p>
+
+<p>I see no way except secretly to induce the Choctaws &amp; Cherokees &amp;
+Creeks to allow slave-holders to settle among their people &amp; control
+the movement now going on to abolish slavery among them.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">C&mdash;</span></p></div>
+
+<p>Cooper sent this note, in 1854, as a private memorandum to the southern
+superintendent, who at the time was Charles W. Dean. In 1859, it was
+possible for him to write to Dean&#8217;s successor, Elias Rector, in a very
+different tone. The missionaries had then taken the stand he himself
+advocated and there was reason for congratulation. Under such
+circumstances, Cooper wrote,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I cannot close this report without calling your attention to the
+admirable tone and feeling pervading the reports of superintendents of
+schools and missionaries among the Choctaws, and particularly to that
+of the Rev. Ebenezer Hotchkin, one of the oldest missionaries among
+the Choctaws, who, in referring to past political disturbances, says:
+&#8220;We have looked upon our rulers as the &#8216;powers that be, are ordained
+of God,&#8217; and have respected them for this reason. &#8216;Whomsoever,
+therefore, resisteth the power resisteth the ordinance of God&#8217;
+(Romans, xiii, 2). This has been our rule of action during the
+political excitement. We believe that the Bible is the best guide for
+us to follow. Our best citizens are those most influenced by Bible
+truth.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>I rejoice to believe the above sentiments are entertained by most, if
+not all, the missionaries now among the Choctaws and Chickasaws, and
+that they entirely repudiate the higher-law doctrine<a name='fna_49' id='fna_49' href='#f_49'><small>[49]</small></a> of northern
+and religious fanatics. It is but lately, as I learn, that the Choctaw
+mission, for many years under the control of the American Board of
+Commissioners for Foreign Missions (whose headquarters are at Boston)
+has been cut off, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>because they preferred to follow the teachings of
+the Bible, as understood by them, rather than obey the dogmas
+contained in Dr. Treat&#8217;s letter and the edicts of the parent board.</p>
+
+<p>It is a matter of congratulation among the friends of the old Choctaw
+missionaries, who have labored for thirty years among them, and intend
+to die with armor on, that all connection with the Boston board has
+been dissolved. If it had been done years ago, when their freedom of
+conscience and of missionary action was attempted to be controlled by
+the parent board, much of suspicion, of ill-feeling, and diminished
+usefulness, which attached to the Choctaw missionaries in consequence
+of their connection with and sustenance by a board avowedly and openly
+hostile to southern institutions, would have been prevented.<a name='fna_50' id='fna_50' href='#f_50'><small>[50]</small></a></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44 &amp; 45]</a></span>In the next year, 1860, Cooper was still sanguine as to affairs among the
+Indians of his agency and he could report to Rector, unhesitatingly, as
+if confident of official endorsement both at Forth Smith and at
+Washington,<a name='fna_51' id='fna_51' href='#f_51'><small>[51]</small></a></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Great excitement has prevailed along the Texas border, in consequence
+of the incendiary course pursued in that State by horse thieves and
+religious fanatics; but I am glad to say, as yet, so far as I am
+informed, no necessity has existed in this agency for the organization
+of &#8220;vigilance committees&#8221; ... No doubt we have among us <i>free-soilers</i>;
+perhaps abolitionists in sentiment; but, so far as I am informed,
+persons from the North, residing among the Choctaws and Chickasaws,
+who entertain opinions unfriendly to our system of domestic slavery,
+keep their opinions to themselves and attend to their legitimate
+business.<a name='fna_52' id='fna_52' href='#f_52'><small>[52]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>George Butler, the United States agent for the Cherokees, seems to have
+been, no less than Cooper, an adherent of the State Rights Party and an
+upholder of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> institution of slavery. In 1859, he ascribed the very
+great material progress of the Cherokees to the fact that they were
+slaveholders.<a name='fna_53' id='fna_53' href='#f_53'><small>[53]</small></a> Slavery, in Butler&#8217;s opinion, had operated as an
+incentive to all industrial pursuits. To an extent this may have been
+true, since all Indians, no matter how high their type, have an aversion
+for work. As Professor Shaler once said, they are the truest aristocrats
+the world has ever known. But the slaveholders among the great tribes of
+the South were, for the most part, the half-breeds, the cleverest and
+often, much as we may regret to have to admit it, the most unscrupulous
+men of the community.</p>
+
+<p>Butler&#8217;s commission as Indian agent expired in March, 1860, and he was not
+reappointed, Robert J. Cowart of Georgia<a name='fna_54' id='fna_54' href='#f_54'><small>[54]</small></a> being preferred. This man,
+illiterate and unprincipled, immediately set to work to perform a task to
+which his predecessor had proved unequal. The task was the removal of
+white intruders from the Cherokee country. For some time past, the
+southern superintendent and the agents under him, to say nothing of
+Commissioner Greenwood and Secretary Thompson, the one a citizen of
+Arkansas and the other of Mississippi, had resented most bitterly the
+invasion of the Cherokee Neutral Lands by Kansas free-soilers and the
+division of it into counties by the unlawfully assumed authority of the
+Kansas legislature. The resentment was thoroughly justifiable; for the
+whole proceeding of the legislature was contrary to the express enactment
+of Congress; but no doubt, enthusiasm for the strict enforcement of the
+federal law came largely from political predilections, precisely as the
+Kansan&#8217;s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> outrageous defiance of it came from a deep-rooted distrust of
+the Buchanan administration.</p>
+
+<p>There were, however, other intruders that Cowart and Rector and Greenwood
+designed to remove and they wanted to remove them on the ground that they
+were making mischief within the tribe and interfering with its
+institutions, or, more specifically, with slavery. The intruders meant
+were principally the missionaries against whom Greenwood had even the
+audacity to lay the charge of inciting to murder. Newspapers of bordering
+slave states were full of criticism,<a name='fna_55' id='fna_55' href='#f_55'><small>[55]</small></a> just before the war, of these
+same men and, notably, of the Reverend Evan<a name='fna_56' id='fna_56' href='#f_56'><small>[56]</small></a> and John Jones, the
+reputed ringleaders.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> The official excuse for removing them is rather
+interesting because it is so similar to that given, some thirty years
+earlier, in connection with the removal from Georgia. Ulterior motives can
+so easily be hidden under cold official phrase.</p>
+
+<p>That the cause of slavery within the Cherokee country was in jeopardy in
+the spring and summer of 1860 can not well be denied. To the men of the
+time the evidence was easily obtainable. Almost as if by magic, a &#8220;search
+organization&#8221; started up among the full-bloods, an organization profoundly
+secret in its membership and in its purposes, but believed to be for no
+other object than the overthrow of the &#8220;peculiar institution.&#8221; Its
+existence was promptly reported to the United States government and, as
+was to be expected, the missionaries were held responsible for both its
+inception and its continuance. It was then that Greenwood made<a name='fna_57' id='fna_57' href='#f_57'><small>[57]</small></a> his
+most serious charge against these men and prepared, under color of law, to
+have them removed. Later, in this same year of 1860, Quantrill, the
+Hagerstown, Maryland man of Pennsylvania Dutch origin, who afterwards
+became such a notorious frontier guerrilla in the interests of the
+Confederate cause, leagued himself with some abolitionists for the sake
+of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> making an expedition to the Cherokee country and rescuing negroes,
+there held in bondage.<a name='fna_58' id='fna_58' href='#f_58'><small>[58]</small></a> The timely distrust of Quantrill, however,
+caused the enterprise to be abandoned even before its preliminaries had
+been thoroughly well arranged; yet, had the rescue been carried to
+completion, it would not have been entirely without precedent<a name='fna_59' id='fna_59' href='#f_59'><small>[59]</small></a> and its
+very contrivance indicated an uncertainty and a precariousness of
+situation south of the Kansas line.</p>
+
+<p>Ever since their compulsory removal from Georgia under circumstances truly
+tragic, the Cherokees had been much given to factional strife. This was
+largely in consequence of the underhand means taken by the state and
+federal authorities to accomplish removal. The Cherokees had, under the
+necessities of the situation, divided themselves into the Ross, or
+Anti-removal Party, and the Ridge, or Treaty Party.<a name='fna_60' id='fna_60' href='#f_60'><small>[60]</small></a> Removal took place
+in spite of the steady opposition of the Rossites and the Cherokees went
+west, piloted by the United States army. Once in the west a new division
+arose in their ranks; for, as newcomers, they came into jealous contact
+with members of their tribe who had emigrated many years previously and
+who came to figure, in subsequent Cherokee history, as the Old Settlers&#8217;
+Party.<a name='fna_61' id='fna_61' href='#f_61'><small>[61]</small></a> In 1846, the United States government attempted to assume the
+role of mediator in a settlement of Cherokee tribal differences but
+without much success.<a name='fna_62' id='fna_62' href='#f_62'><small>[62]</small></a> The old wrongs were unredressed, so the old
+divisions remained<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> and formed nuclei for new disintegrating issues. Thus,
+in 1857, there were no less than three factions created in consequence of
+a project for selling the Cherokee Neutral Lands<a name='fna_63' id='fna_63' href='#f_63'><small>[63]</small></a>. Each faction had its
+own opinion how best to dispose of the proceeds, should a sale take place.
+In 1860, there were two factions, the selling and the non-selling<a name='fna_64' id='fna_64' href='#f_64'><small>[64]</small></a>.
+This tendency of the Cherokees perpetually to quarrel among themselves and
+to bear long-standing grudges against each other is most important;
+inasmuch as that marked peculiarity of internal politics very largely
+determined the unique position of the tribe with reference to the Civil
+War.</p>
+
+<p>The other great tribes had also occasions for quarrel in these same
+critical years. The disgraceful circumstances of their removal had widened
+the gulf, once simply geographical, between the Upper and the Lower
+Creeks. They were now almost two distinct political entities, in each of
+which there were a principal and a second chief. In 1833, provision had
+been made for the accommodation of the Seminoles within a certain definite
+part of the Creek country<a name='fna_65' id='fna_65' href='#f_65'><small>[65]</small></a>&mdash;just such an arrangement, forsooth, as
+worked so ill when applied to the Choctaws and Chickasaws; but it took
+several years for the Seminoles to be suited. At length, when their
+numbers had been considerably augmented by the coming of the new
+immigrants from Florida, they took up<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> their position, for good and all,
+in the southwestern corner of the Creek Reserve, a politically distinct
+community. By that time, the Creeks seem to have repented of their
+generosity,<a name='fna_66' id='fna_66' href='#f_66'><small>[66]</small></a> so, perhaps, it was well that the United States government
+had not yielded to their importunity and consented to a like settlement of
+the southern Comanches.<a name='fna_67' id='fna_67' href='#f_67'><small>[67]</small></a> It had taken the Chickasaws a long time to
+reconstruct their government after the political separation from the
+Choctaws; but now they had a constitution,<a name='fna_68' id='fna_68' href='#f_68'><small>[68]</small></a> all their own, a
+legislature, and a governor. The Choctaws had attempted a constitution,
+likewise, first the Scullyville, then the Doaksville, set up by a minority
+party; but they had retained some semblance of the old order of things in
+the persons of their chiefs.<a name='fna_69' id='fna_69' href='#f_69'><small>[69]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>There were other Indians within the southern division of the Indian
+country that were to have their part in the Civil War and in events
+leading up to it or resulting from it. In the extreme northeastern corner,
+were the Quapaws, the Senecas, and the confederated Senecas and Shawnees,
+all members, with the Osages and the New York Indians of Kansas, of the
+Neosho River Agency which was under the care of Andrew J. Dorn. In the far
+western part, at the base of the Wichita Mountains, were the Indians of
+the Leased District,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> Wichitas, Tonkawas,<a name='fna_70' id='fna_70' href='#f_70'><small>[70]</small></a> Euchees, and others,
+collectively called the &#8220;Reserve Indians.&#8221; Most of them had been brought
+from Texas,<a name='fna_71' id='fna_71' href='#f_71'><small>[71]</small></a> because of Texan intolerance of their presence, and placed
+within the Leased District, a tract of land west of the ninety-eighth
+meridian, which, under the treaty of 1855, the United States had rented
+from the Choctaws and Chickasaws. It was a part of the old Chickasaw
+District of the Choctaw Nation. Outside of the Wichita Reserve and still
+wandering at large over the plains were the hostile Kiowas and Comanches,
+against whom and the inoffensive Reserve Indians, the Texans nourished a
+bitter, undying hatred. They charged them with crimes that were never
+committed and with some crimes that white men, disguised as Indians, had
+committed. They were also suspected of manufacturing evidence that would
+incriminate the red men and of plotting, in regularly-organized meetings,
+their overthrow.<a name='fna_72' id='fna_72' href='#f_72'><small>[72]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>Although the plan for colonizing some of the Texas Indians had been
+completed in 1855, the Indian Office found it impossible to execute it
+until the summer of 1859. This was principally because the War Department
+could not be induced to make the necessary military arrangements.<a name='fna_73' id='fna_73' href='#f_73'><small>[73]</small></a> In
+point of fact, the southern <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>Indian country was, at the time, practically
+without a force of United States troops, quite regardless of the promise
+that had been made to all the tribes upon the occasion of their removal
+that they should <i>always be protected</i> in their new quarters and,
+inferentially, by the regular army. Even Fort Gibson had been virtually
+abandoned as a military post on the plea that its site was unhealthful;
+and all of Superintendent Rector&#8217;s recommendations that Frozen Rock, on
+the south side of the Arkansas a few miles away, be substituted<a name='fna_74' id='fna_74' href='#f_74'><small>[74]</small></a> had
+been ignored, not so much by the Interior Department, as by the War.
+Secretary Thompson thought that enough troops should be at his disposal to
+enable him to carry out the United States Indian policy, but Secretary
+Floyd demurred. He was rather disposed to dismantle such forts as there
+were and to withdraw all troops from the Indian frontier,<a name='fna_75' id='fna_75' href='#f_75'><small>[75]</small></a> a course of
+action that would leave it exposed, so the dissenting Thompson
+prognosticated, to &#8220;the most unhappy results.&#8221;<a name='fna_76' id='fna_76' href='#f_76'><small>[76]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>It happened thus that, when the United States surveyors started in 1858 to
+establish the line of the ninety-eighth meridian west longitude and to run
+other boundary lines under the treaty of 1855,<a name='fna_77' id='fna_77' href='#f_77'><small>[77]</small></a> they found the country
+entirely unpatrolled. Troops had been ordered from Texas to protect the
+surveyors; but, pending their arrival, Agent Cooper, who had gone out to
+witness the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> determination of the initial point on the line between his
+agency and the Leased District, himself took post at Fort Arbuckle and
+called upon the Indians for patrol and garrison duty.<a name='fna_78' id='fna_78' href='#f_78'><small>[78]</small></a> It would seem
+that Secretary Thompson had verbally authorized<a name='fna_79' id='fna_79' href='#f_79'><small>[79]</small></a> Cooper to make this
+use of the Indians; but they proved in the sequel very inefficient as
+garrison troops. On the thirtieth of June, Lieutenant Powell, commanding
+Company E, First United States Infantry, arrived at Fort Arbuckle from
+Texas and relieved Cooper of his self-imposed task. The day following,
+Cooper set out upon a sixteen day scout of the Washita country, taking
+with him his Indian volunteers, Chickasaws<a name='fna_80' id='fna_80' href='#f_80'><small>[80]</small></a> and a few Cherokees;<a name='fna_81' id='fna_81' href='#f_81'><small>[81]</small></a>
+and for this act of using Indian after the arrival of white troops, he was
+severely criticized by the department. One thing he accomplished: he
+selected a site for the prospective Wichita Agency with the recommendation
+that it be also made the site<a name='fna_82' id='fna_82' href='#f_82'><small>[82]</small></a> of the much-needed military post on the
+Leased District. The site had originally been occupied by a Kechie village
+and was admirably well adapted for the double purpose Cooper intended. It
+lay near the center of the Leased<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> District and near the sources of Cache
+and Beaver Creeks. It was also, so reported Cooper, &#8220;not very distant from
+the Washita, &amp; Canadian&#8221; (and commanded) &#8220;the Mountain passes through the
+Wichita Mountains to the Antelope Hills&mdash;to the North branch of Red River
+and also the road on the South side of the Wichita Mountains up Red
+River.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The colonization of the Wichitas and other Indians took place in the
+summer of 1859 under the excitement of new disputes with Texas, largely
+growing out of an unwarranted and brutal attack<a name='fna_83' id='fna_83' href='#f_83'><small>[83]</small></a> by white men upon
+Indians of the Brazos Agency. That event following so closely upon the
+heels of Van Dorn&#8217;s<a name='fna_84' id='fna_84' href='#f_84'><small>[84]</small></a> equally brutal attack upon a defenceless Comanche
+camp brought matters to a crisis and the government was forced to be
+expeditious where it had previously been dilatory. The Comanches had come
+in, under a flag of truce, to confer in a friendly way with the Wichitas.
+Van Dorn, ignorant of their purpose but supposing it hostile, made a
+forced march, surprised them, and mercilessly took summary vengeance for
+all the Comanches had been charged with, whether justly or unjustly, for
+some time past. After it was all over, the Comanches, with about sixty of
+their number slain, accused the Wichitas of having betrayed them.
+Frightened, yet innocent, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> Wichitas begged that there be no further
+delay in their removal, so the order was given and arrangements made.
+Unfortunately, by the time everything was ready, the season was pretty far
+advanced and the Indians reached their new home to find it too late to put
+in crops for that year&#8217;s harvest. Subsistence rations had, therefore, to
+be doled out to them, the occasion affording, as always, a rare
+opportunity for graft. Instead of calling for bids, as was customary,
+Superintendent Rector entered into a private contract<a name='fna_85' id='fna_85' href='#f_85'><small>[85]</small></a> with a friend
+and relative of his own, the consequence being that the government was
+charged an exorbitant price for the rations. Soon other troubles<a name='fna_86' id='fna_86' href='#f_86'><small>[86]</small></a> came.
+The Leased District proved to be already occupied by some northern Indian
+refugees<a name='fna_87' id='fna_87' href='#f_87'><small>[87]</small></a> and became, as time went on, a handy <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>rendezvous for free
+negroes; but, as soon as Matthew Leeper<a name='fna_88' id='fna_88' href='#f_88'><small>[88]</small></a> of Texas became agent, the
+stay of such was extremely short.<a name='fna_89' id='fna_89' href='#f_89'><small>[89]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>Such were the conditions obtaining among the Indians west of Missouri and
+Arkansas in the years immediately antedating the American Civil War; and,
+from such conditions, it may readily be inferred that the Indians were
+anything but satisfied with the treatment that had been and was being
+accorded them. They owed no great debt of gratitude to anybody. They were
+restless and unhappy among themselves. Their old way of living had been
+completely disorganized. They had nothing to go upon, so far as their
+relations with the white men were concerned, to make them hopeful of
+anything better in the future, rather the reverse. Indeed at the very
+opening of the year 1860, a year so full of distress to them because of
+the great drouth<a name='fna_90' id='fna_90' href='#f_90'><small>[90]</small></a> that ravaged <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma, the
+worst that had been known in thirty years, there came occasion for a new
+distrust. Proposals were made to the Creeks,<a name='fna_91' id='fna_91' href='#f_91'><small>[91]</small></a> to the Choctaws,<a name='fna_92' id='fna_92' href='#f_92'><small>[92]</small></a> and
+to the Chickasaws to allot their lands in severalty, notwithstanding the
+fact that one of the inducements offered by President Jackson to get them
+originally to remove had been, that they should be permitted to hold their
+land, as they had always held it, in common, forever. The Creeks now
+replied to the proposals of the Indian Office that they had had experience
+with individual reservations in their old eastern homes and had good
+reason to be prejudiced against them. The Indians, one and all, met the
+proposals with a downright refusal but they did not forget that they had
+been made, particularly when there came additional cause for apprehension.</p>
+
+<p>The cause for apprehension came with the presidential campaign of 1860 and
+from a passage in Seward&#8217;s Chicago speech,<a name='fna_93' id='fna_93' href='#f_93'><small>[93]</small></a> &#8220;The National Idea; Its
+Perils and Triumphs,&#8221; expressive of opinions, false to the national trust
+but favorable to expansion in the direction of the Indian territory, most
+inopportune, to say the least, and foolish. Seward probably spoke in the
+enthusiasm of a heated moment; for the obnoxious sentiment, &#8220;The Indian
+territory, also, south of Kansas, must be vacated by the Indians,&#8221; was
+very different in its tenor from equally strong expressions in his great
+Senate speech<a name='fna_94' id='fna_94' href='#f_94'><small>[94]</small></a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> on the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, February 17, 1854. It soon
+proved, however, easy of quotation by the secessionists in their arguments
+with the Indians, it being offered by them as incontestable proof that the
+designs of the incoming administration were, in the highest degree,
+inimical to Indian treaty rights. At the time of its utterance, the
+Indians were intensely excited. The poor things had had so many and such
+bitter experiences with the bad faith of the white people that it took
+very little to arouse their suspicion. They had been told to contract
+their domain or to move on so often that they had become quite
+super-sensitive on the subject of land cessions and removals. Seward&#8217;s
+speech was but another instance of idle words proving exceedingly fateful.</p>
+
+<p>Two facts thus far omitted from the general survey and reserved for
+special emphasis may now be remarked upon. They will show conclusively
+that there were personal and economic reasons why the Indians, some of
+them at least, were drawn irresistibly towards the South. The patronage of
+the Indian Office has always been more or less of a local thing.
+Communities adjoining Indian reservations usually consider, and with just
+cause because of long-established practice, that all positions in the
+field service, as for example, agencies and traderships, are the
+perquisites, so to speak, of the locality. It was certainly true before
+the war that Texas and Arkansas had some such understanding as to Indian
+Territory, for only southerners held office there and, from among the
+southerners, Texans and Arkansans received the preference always. It
+happened too that the higher officials in Washington were almost
+invariably southern men.</p>
+
+<p>The granting of licenses to traders rested with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> superintendent and
+everything goes to show that, in the fifties and sixties, applications for
+license were scrutinized very closely by the southern superintendents with
+a view to letting no objectionable person, from the standpoint of southern
+rights, get into the territory. The Holy See itself could never have been
+more vigilant in protecting colonial domains against the introduction of
+heresy. The same vigilance was exercised in the hiring of agency
+employees, blacksmiths, wheelwrights, and the like. Having full
+discretionary power in the premises, the superintendents could easily
+interpret the law to suit themselves. They could also evade it in their
+own interests and frequently did so. One notorious case<a name='fna_95' id='fna_95' href='#f_95'><small>[95]</small></a> of this sort
+came up in connection with Superintendent Drew, who gave permits to his
+friends to &#8220;peddle&#8221; in the Indian country without requiring of them the
+necessary preliminary of a bond. Traders once in the country had
+tremendous influence with the Indians, especially with those of a certain
+class whom ordinarily the missionaries could not reach. Then, as before
+and since, Indian traders were not men of the highest moral character by
+any means. Too often, on the contrary, they were of degraded character,
+thoroughly unscrupulous, proverbial for their defiance of the law, general
+illiteracy, and corrupt business practices. It stands to reason that such
+men, if they had themselves been selected with an eye single to the cause
+of a particular section and knew that solicitude in its interests would
+mean great latitude to themselves and favorable reports of themselves to
+the department at Washington, would spare no efforts and hesitate at no
+means to make it their first concern, provided, of course, that it did not
+interfere with their own monetary schemes.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>To cap the climax, the last and greatest circumstance to be noted, if only
+because of the great weight it carried with the Indians when it was
+brought into the argument by the secessionists, is that practically all of
+the Indian money held in trust for the individual tribes by the United
+States government was invested in southern stocks;<a name='fna_96' id='fna_96' href='#f_96'><small>[96]</small></a> in Florida 7&#8217;s, in
+Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, South Carolina, Missouri,
+Virginia, and Tennessee 6&#8217;s, in North Carolina and Tennessee 5&#8217;s, and the
+like. To tell the truth, only the merest minimum of it was secured by
+northern bonds. The southerners asserted for the Indians&#8217; benefit, that
+all these securities would be forfeited<a name='fna_97' id='fna_97' href='#f_97'><small>[97]</small></a> by the war. Sufficient<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> is the
+fact, that the position of the Indians<a name='fna_98' id='fna_98' href='#f_98'><small>[98]</small></a> was unquestionably difficult.
+With so much to draw them southward, our only wonder is, that so many of
+them stayed with the North.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>II. INDIAN TERRITORY IN ITS RELATIONS WITH TEXAS AND ARKANSAS</h2>
+
+
+<p>For the participation of the southern Indians in the American Civil War,
+the states of Texas and Arkansas were more than measurably responsible.
+Indian Territory, or that part of the Indian country that was historically
+known as such, lay between them. Its southern frontage was along the Red
+River; and that stream, flowing with only slight sinuosity downward to its
+junction with the Mississippi, gave to Indian Territory a long diagonal,
+controlled, as far as situation went, entirely by Texas. Texas lay on the
+other side of the river and she lay also on almost the whole western
+border of Indian Territory.<a name='fna_99' id='fna_99' href='#f_99'><small>[99]</small></a> She was, consequently, in possession of a
+rare opportunity, geographically, for exercising influence, should need
+for such ever arise. Running parallel with the Red River and northward
+about one hundred miles, was the Canadian. Between the two rivers were
+three huge Indian reservations, the most western was the Leased District
+of the Wichitas and allied bands, the middle one was the Chickasaw, and
+the eastern, the Choctaw.<a name='fna_100' id='fna_100' href='#f_100'><small>[100]</small></a> The Indian occupants of these three
+reservations were, therefore, and sometimes to their sorrow, be it said,
+the very next door neighbors<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> of the Texans. The Choctaws were, likewise,
+the next door neighbors of the Arkansans who joined them on the east; but
+the relations between Arkansans and Choctaws seem not to have been so
+close or so constant during the period before the war as were the
+relations between the Choctaws and the Texans on the one hand and the
+Cherokees and the Arkansans on the other.</p>
+
+<p>The Cherokees dwelt, like the Choctaws, over against Arkansas but north of
+the Canadian River and in close proximity to Fort Smith, the headquarters
+of the Southern Superintendency.<a name='fna_101' id='fna_101' href='#f_101'><small>[101]</small></a> Their territory was not so compactly
+placed as was the territory of the other tribes; and, in its various
+parts, it passes, necessarily, under various designations. There was the
+&#8220;Cherokee Outlet,&#8221; a narrow tract south of Kansas that had no definite
+western limit. It was supposed to be a passage way to the hunting grounds
+of the great plains beyond. Then there was the &#8220;Cherokee Strip,&#8221; the
+Kansas extension of the outlet, and for most of its extent originally and
+legally a part of it. The territorial organization of Kansas had made the
+two distinct. Finally, as respects the more insignificant portions of the
+Cherokee domain, there were the &#8220;Cherokee Neutral Lands,&#8221; already
+sufficiently well commented upon. They were insignificant, not in point of
+acreage but of tribal authority operating within them. They lay in the
+southeastern corner of Kansas and constituted, against their will and
+against the law, her southeastern counties. They were separated, to their
+own discomfiture and disadvantage, from the Cherokee Nation proper by the
+reservation of the Quapaws, of the Senecas, and of the confederated
+Senecas and Shawnees. This Cherokee Nation lay, as has already been
+indicated, over against Arkansas and north of the northeastern section of
+the Choctaw country. The Arkansas River formed part of the boundary
+between the two tribal domains. So much then for the location of the
+really great tribes, but where were the lesser?</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img02.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Colonel Downing, Cherokee</span><br />[<i>From Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology</i>]</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>The Quapaws, the Senecas, and the confederated Senecas and Shawnees, the
+most insignificant of the lesser, occupied the extreme northeastern corner
+of Indian Territory and, therefore, bordered upon the southwestern corner
+of Missouri. The Creeks lived between the Arkansas River, inclusive of its
+Red Fork, and the Canadian River, having the Cherokees to the east and
+north of them, the Choctaws and Chickasaws to the south, and the Seminoles
+to the southwest, between the Canadian and its North Fork. The Indians of
+the Leased District have already been located.</p>
+
+<p>In the years preceding the Civil War, the interest of Texas and of
+Arkansas in Indian Territory manifested itself, not in a covetous desire
+to dispossess the Indians of their lands, as was, unfortunately for
+national honor, the case in Kansas, but in an effort to keep the actual
+country true to the South, settled by slaveholders, Indian or white, as
+occasion required or opportunity offered. When sectional affairs became
+really tense after the formation of the Republican Party, they redoubled
+their energies in that direction, working always through the rich,
+influential, and intelligent half-breeds, some of whom had property
+interests and family connections in the states operating upon them.<a name='fna_102' id='fna_102' href='#f_102'><small>[102]</small></a>
+The half-breeds were essentially a planter class, institutionally more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>
+truly so than were the inhabitants of the border slave states. It is
+therefore not surprising that, during the excitement following Abraham
+Lincoln&#8217;s nomination and election, identically the same political agencies
+worked among them as among their white neighbors and events in Indian
+Territory kept perfect pace with events in adjoining states.</p>
+
+<p>The first of these that showed strong sectional tendencies came in
+January, 1861, when the Chickasaws, quite on their own initiative
+apparently, met in a called session of their legislature to consider how
+best the great tribes might conduct themselves with reference to the
+serious political situation then shaping itself in the United States.
+There is some evidence that the Knights of the Golden Circle had been
+active among the Indians as they had been in Arkansas<a name='fna_103' id='fna_103' href='#f_103'><small>[103]</small></a> during the
+course of the late presidential campaign. At all events, the red men knew
+full well of passing occurrences among their neighbors and they certainly
+knew how matters were progressing in Texas. There the State Rights Party
+was asserting itself in no doubtful terms. For the time being, however,
+the Chickasaws contented themselves with simply passing an act,<a name='fna_104' id='fna_104' href='#f_104'><small>[104]</small></a>
+January 5, suggesting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69 &amp; 70]</a></span> an inter-tribal conference and arranging for the
+executive appointment of a Chickasaw delegation to it. The authorities of
+the other tribes were duly notified<a name='fna_105' id='fna_105' href='#f_105'><small>[105]</small></a> and to the Creek was given the
+privilege of naming time and place.</p>
+
+<p>The Inter-tribal Council assembled at the Creek<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> Agency,<a name='fna_106' id='fna_106' href='#f_106'><small>[106]</small></a> February 17,
+but comparatively few delegates were in attendance. William P. Ross, a
+graduate<a name='fna_107' id='fna_107' href='#f_107'><small>[107]</small></a> of Princeton and a nephew of John Ross, the principal chief
+of the Cherokees, went as the head of the Cherokee delegation. It was he
+who reported the scanty attendance,<a name='fna_108' id='fna_108' href='#f_108'><small>[108]</small></a> saying that there were no
+Chickasaws present, no Choctaws, but only Creeks, Seminoles, and
+Cherokees. Why it happened so can not now be exactly determined but to it
+may undoubtedly be ascribed the outcome; for the council did nothing that
+was not perfectly compatible with existing friendly relations between the
+great tribes and the United States government. John Ross, in instructing
+his delegates, had strictly enjoined caution and discretion<a name='fna_109' id='fna_109' href='#f_109'><small>[109]</small></a>. William
+P. Ross and his associates seem to have managed to secure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> the observance
+of both. Perchance it was Chief Ross&#8217;s<a name='fna_110' id='fna_110' href='#f_110'><small>[110]</small></a> known aversion to an
+interference in matters that did not concern the Indians, except very
+indirectly, and the consciousness that his influence in the council would
+be immense, probably all-powerful, that caused the Chickasaws to draw back
+from a thing they had themselves so ill-advisedly planned. It is, however,
+just possible that, between the time of issuing the call and of assembling
+the council, they crossed on their own responsibility the boundary of
+indecision and resolved, as most certainly had the Choctaws, that their
+sympathies and their interests were with the South. It might well be
+supposed that in this perilous hour their thoughts would have travelled
+back some thirty years and they would have remembered what havoc the same
+state-rights doctrine, now presented so earnestly for their acceptance,
+although it scarcely fitted their case, had then wrought in their
+concerns. Strangely enough none of the tribes seems to have charged the
+gross injustice of the thirties exclusively to the account of the South.
+On the contrary, they one and all charged it against the federal
+government, against the states as a whole, and so, rightly or wrongly, the
+nation had to pay for the inconsistency of Jackson&#8217;s procedure, a
+procedure that could so illogically recognize the supremacy of federal law
+in one matter and the supremacy of state law in another matter that was
+precisely its parallel.</p>
+
+<p>The decision of the Choctaws had found expression in a series of
+resolutions under date of February 7. They are worthy of being quoted
+entire.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>February 7, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Resolutions</span> <i>expressing the feelings and sentiments of the General
+Council of the Choctaw Nation in reference to the political
+disagreement existing between the Northern and Southern States of the
+American Union.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved by the General Council of the Choctaw Nation assembled</i>,
+That we view with deep regret and great solicitude the present unhappy
+political disagreement between the Northern and Southern States of the
+American Union, tending to a permanent dissolution of the Union and
+the disturbance of the various important relations existing with that
+Government by treaty stipulations and international laws, and
+portending much injury to the Choctaw government and people.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved further</i>, That we must express the earnest desire and ready
+hope entertained by the entire Choctaw people, that any and all
+political disturbances agitating and dividing the people of the
+various States may be honorably and speedily adjusted; and the example
+and blessing, and fostering care of their General Government, and the
+many and friendly social ties existing with their people, continue for
+the enlightenment in moral and good government and prosperity in the
+material concerns of life to our whole population.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved further</i>, That in the event a permanent dissolution of the
+American Union takes place, our many relations with the General
+Government must cease, and we shall be left to follow the natural
+affections, education, institutions, and interests of our people,
+which indissolubly bind us in every way to the destiny of our
+neighbors and brethren of the Southern States upon whom we are
+confident we can rely for the preservation of our rights of life,
+liberty, and property, and the continuance of many acts of friendship,
+general counsel, and material support.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved further</i>, That we desire to assure our immediate neighbors,
+the people of Arkansas and Texas, of our determination to observe the
+amicable relations in every way so long existing between us, and the
+firm reliance we have, amid any disturbance with other States, the
+rights and feelings so sacred to us will remain respected by them and
+be protected from the encroachments of others.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved further</i>, That his excellency the principal chief be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>
+requested to inclose, with an appropriate communication from himself,
+a copy of these resolutions to the governors of the Southern States,
+with the request that they be laid before the State convention of each
+State, as many as have assembled at the date of their reception, and
+that in such as have not they be published in the newspapers of the
+State.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That these resolutions take effect and be in force from
+and after their passage.</p>
+
+<p>Approved February 7, 1861.<a name='fna_111' id='fna_111' href='#f_111'><small>[111]</small></a></p></div>
+
+<p>These resolutions of the Choctaw Council are in the highest degree
+interesting in the matter both of their substance and of their time of
+issue. The information is not forthcoming as to how the Choctaws received
+the invitation of the Chickasaw legislature to attend an inter-tribal
+council; but, later on, in April, 1861, the Choctaw delegation in
+Washington, made up of P. P. Pitchlynn, Samuel Garland, Israel Folsom, and
+Peter Folsom, assured the Commissioner of Indian Affairs that the Choctaw
+Nation intended to remain neutral,<a name='fna_112' id='fna_112' href='#f_112'><small>[112]</small></a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> which assurance was interpreted
+to mean simply that the Choctaws would be inactive spectators of events,
+expressing no opinion, in word or deed, one way or the other. The
+Chickasaw delegation gave the same assurance and at about the same time
+and place. Now what is to be concluded? Is it to be supposed that the Act
+of January 5, 1861 in no wise reflected the sentiments of a tribe as a
+whole and similarly the Resolutions of February 7, 1861, or that the
+tribal delegations were, in April, utterly ignorant of the real attitude
+of their respective constituents? The answer is to be found in the
+following most interesting and instructive letter, written by S. Orlando
+Lee to Commissioner Dole from Huntingdon, Long Island, March 15,
+1862:<a name='fna_113' id='fna_113' href='#f_113'><small>[113]</small></a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Thinking you and the government would like to hear something about the
+state of affairs among the Choctaws last summer and the influences
+which induced them to take their present position I will write you
+what I know. I was a missionary teacher at Spencer Academy for two
+years and refer you to Hon. Walter Lowrie Gen. Sec. of the Pres. Board
+of Foreign Missions for information as to my character &amp;c. I left
+Spencer June 13th &amp; the nation June 24th but have heard directly from
+there twice since, the last time as late as Sept 6th. So that I can
+speak of occurrences as late as that.</p>
+
+<p>After South Carolina passed her secession ordinance in Dec. 1860 there
+was a public attempt to excite the Choctaws and Chickasaws as a
+beginning hoping to bring in the other tribes afterwards. Many of the
+larger slaveholders (who are nearly all half breeds) had been gained
+before and Capt. R. M. Jones was the leader of the secessionists. The
+country was full of lies about the intentions of the new
+administration. The border papers in Arkansas &amp; Texas republished from
+the New York &amp; St. Louis papers a part of a sentence from Hon. W. H.
+Seward&#8217;s speech at Chicago during the election campaign of 1860 to
+this effect &#8220;And Indian Territory south of Kansas must be vacated by
+the Indian&#8221; (These words do occur in the report of Mr. Seward&#8217;s
+Chicago<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> speech as published in New York Evening Post Weekly for I
+read it myself). This produced intense excitement of course and to add
+to the effect the Secessionist Journals charged that another prominent
+republican had proposed to drive the indians out of Indian Ter. in a
+speech in congress. &#8220;This&#8221; they were told &#8220;is the policy of the new
+administration. The abolitionists want your lands&mdash;we will protect
+you. Your only safety is to join the South.&#8221; Again they were told
+&#8220;that the South must succeed in gaining their independence and the
+money of the indians being invested in the stocks of Southern states
+the stocks would be cancelled &amp; the indians would lose their money
+unless they joined the south, if they did that the stocks would be
+reissued to the Confederate States for them.&#8221; Their special
+commissioners Peter Folsom &amp;c., who came to Washington to get the half
+million of dollars for claims, reported that they got along very well
+until they were asked if they had slaves after that they said they
+could do nothing. Sampson Folsom said however that he thought they
+would have succeeded had it not been for the attack on Sumpter&mdash;He
+said President Lincoln then told them &#8220;He would not give them a dollar
+until the close of the war.&#8221; An interesting fact in relation to these
+commissioners is that they came to Washington by way of <i>Montgomery</i> &amp;
+were when they reached Washington probably all, except Judge Garland,
+secessionists. Thus all influences were in favor of the rebels&mdash;Where
+could the indians go for light&mdash;The former indian agent Cooper was a
+Col. in the rebel service. The oldest missionary who has undoubtedly
+more influence with the Choctaws than any other white man is an ardent
+secessionist believing firmly both in the right &amp; in the final success
+of the rebel cause&mdash;He (Dr. Kingsbury) prays as earnestly &amp; fervently
+for the success of the rebels as any one among us does for the success
+of the Union cause. The son of another, Mr. Hodgkin, is a captain in
+the rebel service&mdash;another Mr. Stark actively assisted in organizing a
+company acted as sec. of secessionist meetings &amp;c. Even Mr. Reid
+superintendant of Spencer was confident the rebels could never be
+subdued and thought when the treaty should be made they ought in
+justice to have Ind. Territory. Again when Fort Smith was evacuated
+the rebel forces were on the way up the Ark. river to attack it &amp; the
+garrison evacuated it in the night which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> looked to the Indians (if
+not to the white men) as if the northerners were afraid. The same was
+true of Fort Washitaw where our forces left in the night and were
+actually pursued for several days by the Texans. Thus matters stood
+when Col. Pitchlynn the resident Com. of the Choctaws at Washington
+returned home. He gave all his influence to have the Choctaws take a
+neutral position. The chief had called the council to meet June 1st. &amp;
+Col. P. so far succeeded as to induce him to prepare a message
+recommending neutrality. Col. P. was promptly reported as an
+<i>abolitionist</i> and <i>visited</i> &amp; <i>threatened</i> by a Texas Vigilance
+committee.</p>
+
+<p>The Council met at Doaksville seven miles from Red River &amp; of course
+from Texas. It was largely attended by white men from Texas our
+Choctaw neighbors who attended said the place was full of white men.</p>
+
+<p>The Council did not organize until June 4th or 5th (I forget which).
+In the meanwhile the white men &amp; half bloods had a secession meeting
+when it leaked out through Col. Cooper that the Chief Hudson had
+prepared a message recommending neutrality at which Robert M. Jones
+was so indignant that he made a furious speech in which he declared
+that &#8220;any one who opposed secession ought to be hung&#8221; &#8220;and any
+suspicious persons ought to be hung.&#8221; Hudson was frightened and when
+the Council was organized sent in a message recommending that
+commissioners be appointed to negotiate a treaty with the Confederates
+and that in the meantime a regiment be organized under Col. Cooper for
+the Confed. army.</p>
+
+<p>This was finally done but not for a week for the Choctaws were
+reluctant. They feared that their action would result in the
+destruction of the nation. Said Joseph P. Folsom, a member of the
+council &amp; a graduate of Dartmouth College New Hampshire, &#8220;We are
+choosing in what way we shall die.&#8221; Judge Wade said to me, &#8220;We expect
+that the Choctaws will be buried. That is what we think will be the
+end of this.&#8221; Judge W. is a member of the Senate (for the Choctaw
+Council is composed of a Senate &amp; lower house chosen by the people in
+districts &amp; the constitution is modeled very much after those of the
+states.) &amp; he has been a chief. Others said to me &#8220;If the north was
+here so we could be protected we would stand up for the north but now<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>
+if we do not go in for the south the Texans will come over here and
+kill us.&#8221; Mr. Reid told me a day or two before we left that he had
+become convinced during a trip for two or three days through the
+country that the <i>full bloods</i> were strongly for the north. I am sure
+it <i>was so then</i> &amp; it was the opinion of the missionaries that if we
+had all taken the position, that we would not leave, some of us had
+been warned to do so by Texan vigilance committees, we could have
+raised a thousand men who would have armed in our defence&mdash;Our older
+brethren told us that this would hasten the destruction of the indians
+as they would be crushed before any help could come.&mdash;We thought this
+would probably be the case and the missionaries who were most strongly
+union in sentiment left.</p>
+
+<p>One of the number Rev. John Edwards had been hiding for his life from
+Texan &amp; half blood ruffians for two weeks &amp; we at Spencer had had the
+<i>honor</i> to be visited by a Texas committee searching for arms.</p>
+
+<p>I continue my narrative from a letter from one of our teachers who was
+detained when we left by the illness of his wife &amp; who left Spencer
+Sept. 5th &amp; the Nation Sept. 9th. He says Col. Coopers regiment was
+filled up with Texans &#8220;The half breeds after involving the full bloods
+in the war have rather drawn back themselves and but few of them have
+enlisted &amp; gone to the war.&#8221; This indicates that the full bloods have
+at last yielded to the pressure and joined the rebels. The
+missionaries who remained would generally advise them to do this.</p>
+
+<p>The Choctaw commissioners met Albert Pike rebel commissioner &amp; made a
+treaty with him, with reference to this he says &#8220;The Choctaws rec&#8217;d
+quite a bundle of promises from the rebel government. Their treaty
+gives their representative a seat in the rebel congress, acknowledges
+the right of the Choctaws to give testimony in all courts in the C.
+S., exempts them from the expences of the war, their soldiers are to
+be paid 20$ a month by the C. S. during the war, the C. S. assume the
+debts due the Choctaws by the U. S., they have the privilege of coming
+in as a state into the Confederacy with equal rights if they wish it,
+or remain as they are, the C. S. to sustain their schools <i>after the
+war</i>, they guarantee them against all intrusion on their lands by
+white men, allow them to garrison the forts in their territory<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> with
+their own troops if they wish it said troops to be paid by the C.
+S.&#8221;&mdash;Here is a list of promises and when I think of these, of the
+belief of their oldest missionaries in the final success of the
+rebels, of the fact that all the old Officers of the U. S. government
+were in the service of the rebels, of the occupation of the forts
+there by rebels, of the activity of a knot of bitter disunionists led
+by Capt. Jones, who has long been a very influential man, of the Texas
+mob law which considered it a crime for a young man to refuse to
+volunteer, of the fact that there was no way for them to hear the
+truth as to the designs of the U. S. government concerning them,
+except through Col. Pitchlyn who was soon silenced &amp; of the falsehoods
+told them as to the designs of the Government, I do not wonder that
+they have joined the rebels.</p>
+
+<p>I saw strong men completely unmanned even to floods of tears by the
+leaving of Dr. Hobbs and the thoughts of what was before them. I heard
+men say they did not want to fight but expected to be forced to do it.</p>
+
+<p>I trust the government will consider the circumstances of the case &amp;
+deal gently, considerately with the indians. I do not like to write
+such things of my brother missionaries but they are I believe facts &amp;
+though I love some of them very much I still must say that, except
+Rev. Mr. Byington who was doubtful &amp; Rev. Mr. Balantine a missionary
+to the Chickasaws who was union, all the ordained missionaries
+belonging to the Choctaw &amp; Chickasaw Mission of the Presbyterian Board
+who remain there were victims of the madness which swept over the
+South, were secessionists&mdash;One or two of the three Laymen who remained
+were union men&mdash;Cyrus Kingsbury son of Rev. Dr. K. being one....</p></div>
+
+<p>The failure of the United States government to give the Indians, in
+season, the necessary assurance that they would be protected, no matter
+what might happen, can not be too severely criticized. It indicated a very
+short-sighted policy and was due either to a tendency to ignore the
+Indians as people of no importance or to a lack of harmony and co&ouml;peration
+among the departments at Washington. Such an assurance of continued
+protection<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> was not even framed until the second week in May and then the
+Indian country was already threatened by the secessionists. Moreover, it
+was framed and intended to be given by one department, the Interior, and
+its fulfilment left to another, the War. It went out from the Indian
+Office in the form of a circular letter,<a name='fna_114' id='fna_114' href='#f_114'><small>[114]</small></a> addressed by Commissioner
+William P. Dole to the chief executive<a name='fna_115' id='fna_115' href='#f_115'><small>[115]</small></a> in each of the five great
+tribes. It assured the Indians that President Lincoln had no intention of
+interfering with their domestic institutions or of allowing government
+agents or employees to interfere and that the War Department had been
+appealed to to furnish all needed defense according to treaty guaranties.
+The new southern superintendent, William G. Coffin of Indiana, was made
+the bearer of the missive; but, unfortunately, quite a little time
+elapsed<a name='fna_116' id='fna_116' href='#f_116'><small>[116]</small></a> before the military situation<a name='fna_117' id='fna_117' href='#f_117'><small>[117]</small></a> in the West would allow
+him to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>assume his full duties or to reach his official headquarters,<a name='fna_118' id='fna_118' href='#f_118'><small>[118]</small></a>
+and, in the interval, he was detailed for other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> work. The Indians,
+meanwhile, were left to their own devices and were obliged to look out for
+their own defense as best they could.</p>
+
+<p>To all appearances neither the legislative action of the Chickasaws and of
+the Choctaws nor the work of the inter-tribal council was, at the time of
+occurrence, reported officially to the United States government or, if
+reported officially, then not pointedly so as to reveal its real bearings
+upon the case in hand. All the agents within Indian Territory were as
+usual southern men;<a name='fna_119' id='fna_119' href='#f_119'><small>[119]</small></a> but may not have been directly responsible or
+even cognizant of this particular action of their charges. The records
+show that practically all of them, Cooper, Garrett, Cowart, Leeper, and
+Dorn, were absent<a name='fna_120' id='fna_120' href='#f_120'><small>[120]</small></a> from their posts, with or without leave, the first
+part of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> new year and that every one of them became or was already an
+active secessionist.<a name='fna_121' id='fna_121' href='#f_121'><small>[121]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>It has been authenticated and is well understood today that, as the
+Southern States, one by one, declared themselves out of the Union or were
+getting themselves into line for so doing, they prepared to further the
+cause of secession among their neighbors and, for the purpose, sent agents
+or commissioners to them, who organized the movement very much as the
+Committees of Correspondence did a similar movement prior to the American
+Revolution. In short, in the spring of 1861, the seceding states entered
+upon active proselytism and at least two of them extended their labors to
+and among the Indians. Those two were Texas and Arkansas. Missouri also
+worked with the same end in view, so did Colorado, but apparently not so
+much with the great tribes of Oklahoma as with the politically less
+important of Kansas. Colorado, it is true, did operate to some extent upon
+the Cherokees of the Outlet and upon the Wichitas, but mostly upon the
+Indians of the western plains. No one can deny that, in the interests of
+the Confederate cause, the project of sending emissaries even to the
+Indians was a wise measure or refuse to admit that the contrasting
+inactivity and positive indifference of the North was foolhardy in the
+extreme. It indicated a self-complacency for which there was no
+justification. More than that can with truth be said; for, from the
+standpoint of political wisdom and foresight, the inactivity where the
+Indians were concerned was conduct most reprehensible.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>While Chickasaws and Choctaws, unsolicited,<a name='fna_122' id='fna_122' href='#f_122'><small>[122]</small></a> were expressing
+themselves, the secessionist sentiment was <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>developing rapidly in Texas.
+By the middle of February, conditions were such that steps might be taken
+to order<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86 &amp; 87]</a></span> the evacuation of the state by Federal troops. This was finally
+done under authority of the Committee of Public Safety<a name='fna_123' id='fna_123' href='#f_123'><small>[123]</small></a> and the
+general in command, D. E. Twiggs of Georgia, compliantly yielded. His
+small show of resistance seemed, under the circumstances, a mere pretense,
+although he had his reasons, and good ones too, perfectly satisfactory to
+himself, for doing what he did. Two main conditions were attached to the
+agreement of surrender;<a name='fna_124' id='fna_124' href='#f_124'><small>[124]</small></a> one, exacted by General Twiggs, to the effect
+that his men be allowed to retain their arms, commissary stores, camp and
+garrison equipage, and the means of transportation; the other, exacted by
+the Texan commissioners, that the troops depart by way of the coast and
+not overland, as the United States War Department had designed when, a
+short time before, it had ordered a similar removal.<a name='fna_125' id='fna_125' href='#f_125'><small>[125]</small></a> The precaution
+of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> forcing a coastwise journey<a name='fna_126' id='fna_126' href='#f_126'><small>[126]</small></a> was taken by the Texan commissioners
+to consume time and to prevent the troops being retained in states or
+territories through which transit lay for possible future use against
+Texas. The easy compliance of General Twiggs<a name='fna_127' id='fna_127' href='#f_127'><small>[127]</small></a> undoubtedly merits some
+censure and yet was perfectly well justified to his own conscience by the
+exigencies of the situation and by the fact that he had repeatedly asked
+for orders as to what he should do in the event of an emergency and had
+received none. The circumstance of his surrender and the resulting triumph
+of the secessionist element could not fail to have its effect upon the
+watchful Indians to whom the exhibition of present power was everything.</p>
+
+<p>That the Texan secessionists fully appreciated the strategic position of
+the Indian nations and the absolute necessity of making some sort of terms
+with them was brought out by the action of the convention at its first
+session. An ordinance was passed &#8220;to secure the friendship and
+co-operation of the Choctaw, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole
+Nations of Indians;&#8221; and three men, James E. Harrison, James Bourland, and
+Charles A. Hamilton, were appointed as commissioners<a name='fna_128' id='fna_128' href='#f_128'><small>[128]</small></a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> &#8220;to proceed to
+said nations and invite their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> prompt co-operation in the formation of a
+Southern Confederacy.&#8221;<a name='fna_129' id='fna_129' href='#f_129'><small>[129]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>Now before following these men in the execution of their mission, it may
+be advisable, for breadth of view, to illustrate how Texas still further
+made Indian relations an issue most prominent in all the earlier stages of
+her secession movement; but at the very outset it must be admitted that,
+in so doing, she differentiated carefully between the civilized and the
+uncivilized tribes. With the one group she was ready to seek an alliance,
+offensive and defensive, but with the other to wage a relentless,
+exterminating war. The failure of the United States central government to
+protect her against the aggressions and the atrocities so-called of the
+wild tribes was cited by her as one principal justification for withdrawal
+from the Union,<a name='fna_130' id='fna_130' href='#f_130'><small>[130]</small></a> her obvious purpose being to gain thereby the
+adherence of the northern counties, non-slaveholding but frontier. Almost
+conversely, on the other hand, Governor Houston gave as one good and
+sufficient reason for not withdrawing from the Union, the fear that should
+the Union be dissolved the wild tribes, who were now, in a measure,
+restrained from committing depredations and enormities by the very nature
+of their treaty guaranties, would be literally let loose upon Texas.<a name='fna_131' id='fna_131' href='#f_131'><small>[131]</small></a>
+As far as the civilized tribes were concerned, however, all were of one
+mind and that took the form of the conviction that so great was the
+necessity of gaining and holding the confidence of the Indians, that Texas
+must not procrastinate in joining<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> her fortunes with those of her sister
+states in the Confederacy.<a name='fna_132' id='fna_132' href='#f_132'><small>[132]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>James E. Harrison and his colleagues started out upon the performance of
+the duties assigned them, February 27, 1861. Their report<a name='fna_133' id='fna_133' href='#f_133'><small>[133]</small></a> of
+operations and of observations being somewhat difficult of access and its
+contents not easily summarized, is herewith appended. Its fullness of
+detail is especially to be commended.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>We ... crossed Red River and entered the Chickasaw Nation about thirty
+miles southwest of Fort Washita; visited and held a private conference
+with His Excellency Governor C. Harris and other distinguished men of
+that nation, who fully appreciated our views and the object of our
+mission. They informed us that a convention of the Chickasaws and
+Choctaws was in a few days to convene at Boggy Depot, in the Choctaw
+Nation, to attend to some municipal arrangements. We, in company with
+Governor Harris and others, made our way to Boggy Depot, conferring
+privately with the principal men on our route. We arrived at Boggy
+Depot on the 10th day of March. Their convention or council convened
+on the 11th. Elected a president of the convention (Ex-Governor
+Walker, of the Choctaw Nation); adopted rules of decorum. On the 12th
+we were waited on by a committee of the convention. Introduced as
+commissioners from Texas, we presented our credentials and were
+invited to seats. The convention then asked to hear us, when Mr. James
+E. Harrison addressed them and a crowded auditory upon the subject of
+our mission, setting forth the grounds of our complaint against the
+Government of the United States, the wrongs we had suffered until our
+patience had become exhausted, endurance had ceased to be a virtue,
+our duty to ourselves and children demanded of us a disruption of the
+Government that had ceased to protect us or to regard our rights;
+announced the severance of the old and the organization of a new
+Government of Confederate Sovereign States of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> South, with a
+common kindred, common hopes, common interest, and a common destiny;
+discussed the power of the new Government, its influence, and wealth;
+the interest the civilized red man had in this new organization;
+tendering them our warmest sympathy and regard, all of which met the
+cordial approbation of the convention.</p>
+
+<p>The Choctaws and Chickasaws are entirely Southern and are determined
+to adhere to the fortunes of the South. They were embarrassed in their
+action by the absence of their agents and commissioners at Washington,
+the seat of Government of the Northern Confederacy, seeking a final
+settlement with that Government. They have passed resolutions
+authorizing the raising of a minute company in each county in the two
+nations, to be drilled for actual service when necessary. Their
+convention was highly respectable in numbers and intelligence, and the
+business of the convention was dispatched with such admirable decorum
+and promptness as is rarely met with in similar deliberative bodies
+within the States.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the 13th, hearing that the Creeks (or Maskokys) and
+Cherokees were in council at the Creek agency, on the Arkansas River,
+140 miles distant, we immediately set out for that point, hoping to
+reach them before their adjournment. In this we were disappointed.
+They had adjourned two days before our arrival. We reached that point
+on Saturday evening. On Sunday morning, hearing that there was a
+religious meeting five miles north of the Arkansas River, in the Creek
+Nation, Mr. James E. Harrison attended, which proved to be of the
+utmost importance to our mission. The Reverend Mr. H. S. Buckner was
+present, with Chilly McIntosh, D. N. McIntosh, Judge Marshall, and
+others, examining a translation of a portion of the Scriptures, hymn
+book, and Greek grammar by Mr. Buckner into the Creek language. Mr.
+Buckner showed us great kindness, and did us eminent service, as did
+also Elder Vandiven, at whose house we spent the night and portion of
+the next day with these gentlemen of the Creek Nation, and through
+them succeeded in having a convention of the five nations called by
+Governor Motey Kinnaird, of the Creeks, to meet at North Fork (Creek
+Nation) on the 8th of April.</p>
+
+<p>In the intermediate time we visited the Cherokee Nation, calling on
+their principal men and citizens, conversing with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> them freely until
+we reached Tahlequah, the seat of government. Near this place Mr. John
+Ross resides, the Governor of the nation. We called on him officially.
+We were not unexpected, and were received with courtesy, but not with
+cordiality. A long conference was had with him, conducted by Mr.
+Harrison on the part of the commissioners, without, we fear, any good
+result. He was very diplomatic and cautious. His position is the same
+as that held by Mr. Lincoln in his inaugural; declares the Union not
+dissolved; ignores the Southern Government. The intelligence of the
+nation is not with him. Four-fifths, at least, are against his views,
+as we learned from observation and good authorities. He, as we
+learned, had been urged by his people to call a council of the nation
+(he having the only constitutional authority to do so), to take into
+consideration the embarrassed condition of political affairs in the
+States, and to give some expression of their sentiments and
+sympathies. This he has persistently refused to do. His position in
+this is that of Sam. Houston in Texas, and in all probability will
+share the same fate, if not a worse one. His people are already
+oppressed by a Northern population letting a portion of territory
+purchased by them from the United States, to the exclusion of natives,
+and we are creditably informed that the Governors of some two or more
+of the Western free-soil States have recommended their people
+emigrating to settle the Cherokee country. It is due Mr. John Ross, in
+this connection, to say that during our conference with him he
+frequently avowed his sympathy for the South, and that, if Virginia
+and the other Border States seceded from the Government of the United
+States, his people would declare for the Southern Government that
+might be formed. The fact is not to be denied or disguised that among
+the common Indians of the Cherokees there exists a considerable
+abolition influence, created and sustained by one Jones, a Northern
+missionary of education and ability, who has been among them for many
+years, and who is said to exert no small influence with John Ross
+himself.</p>
+
+<p>From Tahlequah we returned to the Creek Nation, and had great
+satisfaction in visiting their principal men&mdash;the McIntoshes,
+Stidhams, Smiths, Vanns, Rosses, Marshalls, and others too numerous to
+mention. Heavy falls of rain occurred about<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> the time the convention
+was to meet at North Fork, which prevented the Chickasaws and Choctaws
+from attending the council, the rivers and creeks being all full and
+impassable. The Creeks, Cherokees, Seminoles, Quapa, and Socks (the
+three latter dependencies of the Creeks) met on the 8th of April.
+After they had organized by calling Motey Kinnaird, the Governor of
+the Creeks, to the chair, a committee was appointed to wait on the
+commissioners present, James E. Harrison and Capt. C. A. Hamilton, and
+invite them to appear in the convention, when, by invitation, Mr.
+Harrison addressed the convention in a speech of two hours. Our views
+were cordially received by the convention. The Creeks are Southern and
+sound to a man, and when desired will show their devotion to our cause
+by acts. They meet in council on the 1st of May, when they will
+probably send delegates to Montgomery to arrange with the Southern
+Government.</p>
+
+<p>These nations are in a rapid state of improvement. The chase is no
+longer resorted to as means of subsistence, only as an occasional
+recreation. They are pursuing with good success agriculture and stock
+raising. Their houses are well built and comfortable, some of them
+costly. Their farms are well planned and some of them extensive and
+all well cultivated. They are well supplied with schools of learning,
+extensively patronized. They have many churches and a large membership
+of moral, pious deportment. They feel themselves to be in an exposed,
+embarrassed condition. They are occupying a country well suited to
+them, well watered, and fertile, with extensive fields of the very
+best mineral coal, fine salt springs and wells, with plenty of good
+timber, water powers which they are using to an advantage. Pure slate,
+granite, sandstone, blue limestone, and marble are found in abundance.
+All this they regard as inviting Northern aggression, and they are
+without arms, to any extent, or munitions of war. They declare
+themselves Southerners by geographical position, by a common interest,
+by their social system, and by blood, for they are rapidly becoming a
+nation of whites. They have written constitutions, laws, etc., modeled
+after those of the Southern States. We recommend them to the fostering
+care of the South, and that treaty arrangements be entered into with
+them as soon as possible. They can<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> raise 20,000 good fighting men,
+leaving enough at home to attend to domestic affairs, and under the
+direction of an officer from the Southern Government would deal
+destruction to an approaching army from that direction, and in the
+language of one of their principal men:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Lincoln may haul his big guns about our prairies in the daytime, but
+we will swoop down upon him at night from our mountains and forests,
+dealing death and destruction to his army.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>No delay should be permitted in this direction. They cannot declare
+themselves until they are placed in a defensible position. The
+Administration of the North is concentrating his forces at Fort
+Washita, about twenty-four miles from the Texas line, and within the
+limits of the Chickasaw Nation. This fort could easily be taken by a
+force of 200 or 300 good men, and it is submitted as to whether in the
+present state of affairs a foreign government should be permitted to
+accumulate a large force on the borders of our country, especially a
+portion containing a large number of disaffected citizens who
+repudiate the action of the State.</p>
+
+<p>In this connection it may not be improper to state that from North
+Fork to Red River we met over 120 wagons, movers from Texas to Kansas
+and other free States. These people are from Grayton, Collin, Johnson,
+and Denton, a country beautiful in appearance, rich in soil, genial in
+climate, and inferior to none in its capacity for the production of
+the cereals and stock. In disguise, we conversed with them freely.
+They had proposed by the ballot box to abolitionize at least that
+portion of the State. Failing in this, we suppose at least 500 voters
+have returned whence they came.</p>
+
+<p>All of which is respectfully submitted this April 23, 1861....</p></div>
+
+<p>Presumably, the suggestions, contained in the closing paragraphs of the
+commissioners&#8217; report, in so far as they concerned Texas, were immediately
+acted upon by her. It was very true, as the commissioners had reported,
+that a change was taking place in the disposition of Federal troops within
+the Indian country.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> About the middle of February, a complaint<a name='fna_134' id='fna_134' href='#f_134'><small>[134]</small></a> had
+been filed at the Indian Office by the Wichita agent, Matthew Leeper, to
+the effect that men, claiming to be Choctaws and Chickasaws, were
+trespassing upon the Leased District. The Reserve Indians asked for relief
+and protection at the hands of their guardian, the United States
+government. Shortly afterwards, perhaps in a measure in response to the
+appeal or more likely, to a hint that everything was not quite as it
+should be on the Texan border, Colonel William H. Emory, First United
+States Cavalry, was ordered, March 13,<a name='fna_135' id='fna_135' href='#f_135'><small>[135]</small></a> to take post at Fort Cobb. He
+was then in Washington and, immediately upon his departure thence, was
+ordered, March 18,<a name='fna_136' id='fna_136' href='#f_136'><small>[136]</small></a> to form his regiment at Fort Washita instead, word
+having come from the commander at that post,<a name='fna_137' id='fna_137' href='#f_137'><small>[137]</small></a> in a report of the third
+instant, of a threatened attack by Texans. In explanation of a policy so
+vacillating, Emory was given to understand that the change of destination
+was really made at the solicitation of the agent and delegation of the
+Chickasaws. Those men were in Washington, out of reach of and apparently
+out of sympathy with, the events transpiring at home. Agent Cooper,
+secessionist though he was, probably did not altogether approve of the
+interference of the Texans. At any rate, he shared the representations of
+the Chickasaw delegation that Fort Washita stood in need of
+re&euml;nforcement,<a name='fna_138' id='fna_138' href='#f_138'><small>[138]</small></a> and the War Department acceded to their request on the
+ground that, &#8220;The interests of the United States are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> paramount to those
+of the friendly Indians on the reservation near Fort Cobb.&#8221;<a name='fna_139' id='fna_139' href='#f_139'><small>[139]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>Emory&#8217;s orders further comprehended a concentration of all the troops at
+Fort Washita that were then at that place and at Forts Cobb and
+Arbuckle;<a name='fna_140' id='fna_140' href='#f_140'><small>[140]</small></a> but the orders were discretionary in their nature and
+permitted his leaving a small force at the more northern posts should
+circumstances warrant or demand it. On the nineteenth, General Scott had
+had a conference with Senator Charles B. Mitchell of Arkansas and, in
+deference to Mitchell&#8217;s opinion, still further modified his orders to
+Emory so that, while leaving him the bulk of his discretionary power, he
+recommended that, if advisable, Emory retain one company at Fort
+Cobb.<a name='fna_141' id='fna_141' href='#f_141'><small>[141]</small></a> In any event, one company of infantry was to move in advance
+from Fort Arbuckle to Fort Washita.<a name='fna_142' id='fna_142' href='#f_142'><small>[142]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>Up to the twenty-fourth of March, at which time he left Memphis, Colonel
+Emory made pretty good time in his attempt to reach his destination; but
+from Memphis on his movements were unavoidably and considerably hampered.
+Low water in the Arkansas detained him for several days so that he deemed
+it prudent to send his orders on ahead to the commanding officer at Fort
+Arbuckle &#8220;to commence the movement upon Fort Washita, and, in the event of
+the latter place being threatened, to march to its support with his whole
+force.&#8221;<a name='fna_143' id='fna_143' href='#f_143'><small>[143]</small></a> On reaching Fort Smith, Emory found that matters had come to
+a crisis in Arkansas and, touching<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> the disposition of his force and the
+objects of his mission, allowed himself to be unduly influenced in his
+judgment by men of local predilections.<a name='fna_144' id='fna_144' href='#f_144'><small>[144]</small></a> It was upon their advice and
+upon the urgent pleadings of Matthew Leeper,<a name='fna_145' id='fna_145' href='#f_145'><small>[145]</small></a> Indian agent on the
+Leased District, that he exercised his discretionary power as to the
+disposal of troops, without listening to his military subordinates<a name='fna_146' id='fna_146' href='#f_146'><small>[146]</small></a> or
+having viewed the locality for himself. In the interests of these local
+petitioners,<a name='fna_147' id='fna_147' href='#f_147'><small>[147]</small></a> he even enlarged upon Mitchell&#8217;s recommendation and
+concluded to leave two companies at Fort Cobb as one was deemed altogether
+inadequate to the protection of so isolated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> a post. It never seems to
+have occurred to him that the attack would have to come from the south,
+from the direction of Fort Washita, and that a force large enough to be
+efficient at either Fort Washita or Fort Arbuckle would necessarily
+protect Fort Cobb and the Indians of the Leased District.</p>
+
+<p>The position of the Indians in the Leased District was serious in the
+extreme. They lived in mortal terror of the Texans and their agent, the
+man placed over them by the United States government, was now an avowed
+secessionist. He was a Texan and declared, as so many another southerner
+did from General Lee down, that honor and loyalty compelled him to go with
+his state. In February, he had been in Washington City, settling his
+accounts with the government and estimating for the next two quarters in
+accordance with the rulings and established usage of the Indian Office. On
+his way west and back to his agency, he was waylaid by a man of the name
+of &#8220;Burrow,&#8221; very probably Colonel N. B. Burrow, acting under authority
+from the state of Arkansas, who despoiled him of part of his travelling
+equipment and then suffered him to go on his way.<a name='fna_148' id='fna_148' href='#f_148'><small>[148]</small></a> Leeper reached his
+agency to find the Indians greatly excited. He endeavored to allay their
+fears, assuring them that the Texans would do them no harm. Soon, however,
+came his own defection and he thenceforward made use of every means,
+either to make the way easy for the Texans or to induce the Indians to
+side with them against the United States.</p>
+
+<p>While Emory was dilly-dallying at Fort Smith, the Texans made their
+preparations<a name='fna_149' id='fna_149' href='#f_149'><small>[149]</small></a> for invading the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>Indian country and a regiment of
+volunteers under William C. Young, once a planter of Braganza County and
+now state regimental colonel, moved towards the Red River. There is
+something to show that they came at the veiled invitation<a name='fna_150' id='fna_150' href='#f_150'><small>[150]</small></a> of the
+Indians. At any rate they seem to have felt pretty sure of a welcome<a name='fna_151' id='fna_151' href='#f_151'><small>[151]</small></a>
+and were close at hand when Colonel Emory reached Fort Washita. He reached
+Fort Washita to find that the concentration of troops, even of such as his
+ill-advised orders would permit, had not yet fully taken place, that his
+supplies had been seized by the Texans, and that a general attack by them
+upon the poorly fortified posts<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> was to be hourly expected. Emory,
+thereupon, resolved to withdraw from Fort Washita towards Arbuckle and
+Cobb. The day after he did so, April 16, Young&#8217;s troops entered in force.
+Emory hurried forward to strengthen Fort Cobb and, indeed, to relieve it,
+taking, in his progress, the open prairie road that his cavalry might be
+more available. On the way,<a name='fna_152' id='fna_152' href='#f_152'><small>[152]</small></a> he was joined by United States troops
+from Fort Arbuckle, the Texans in close pursuit. Fort Arbuckle was
+occupied by them in turn and then Fort Cobb, Emory never so much as
+attempting to enter the place; for he found its garrison in flight to the
+northeast. Fugitives all together, the Federal troops, piloted by a
+Delaware Indian, Black Beaver,<a name='fna_153' id='fna_153' href='#f_153'><small>[153]</small></a> hurried onwards towards Fort
+Leavenworth. They seem to have made no lengthy stop until they were safe
+across the Arkansas River<a name='fna_154' id='fna_154' href='#f_154'><small>[154]</small></a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> and their flight may well be said to have
+been a precipitous one. Behind them, at Fort Arbuckle, Colonel Young took
+possession of abandoned property and placed it in the care of the
+Chickasaw Indians,<a name='fna_155' id='fna_155' href='#f_155'><small>[155]</small></a> who had materially aided him in his attack. His
+next move was to negotiate,<a name='fna_156' id='fna_156' href='#f_156'><small>[156]</small></a> unauthoritatively, a treaty with the
+Reserve Indians, gaining the promise of their alliance upon the
+understanding that the Confederacy, in return, would feed and protect
+them. Fort Cobb was rifled and the Indians made rich, in their own
+estimation, with booty.<a name='fna_157' id='fna_157' href='#f_157'><small>[157]</small></a> Colonel Young seems then to have drawn back
+towards the Red River; but for several months he continued to occupy with
+his forces,<a name='fna_158' id='fna_158' href='#f_158'><small>[158]</small></a> under the authority of Texas and with the consent of the
+Chickasaw Indians, the three frontier posts that Emory had been instructed
+to guard; viz., Forts Washita, Arbuckle, and Cobb.</p>
+
+<p>If Texas took time by the forelock in her anxiety to secure the Indian
+country and its inhabitants, Arkansas most certainly did the same; and, in
+the undertaking, various things told to her advantage, among which, not
+the least important was the close family relationship existing between her
+secessionist governor, Henry M.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> Rector, and the southern superintendent.
+They were cousins and, to all appearances, the best of friends. It is
+doubtful if in any state the executive authority thereof worked more
+energetically for secession or with greater consistency and promptitude
+than in Arkansas. Governor Rector had been elected, in the autumn of 1860,
+by the Democrats and old-line Whigs. He belonged to a numerous and most
+influential family, land-surveyors most of them, seemingly by inheritance,
+and, although from northern or border states originally, strongly
+committed to the doctrine of state sovereignty. The family connections
+were also powerful socially and politically. The gubernatorial
+inauguration came in November, 1860, and from that moment Henry M. Rector
+and his host of relations and friends worked for secession.</p>
+
+<p>At the outset, Governor Rector identified the Indian interests with those
+of Arkansas. Even in his message<a name='fna_159' id='fna_159' href='#f_159'><small>[159]</small></a> of December 11, 1860 he gave it as
+his opinion that the two communities must together take measures to
+prevent anti-slavery migration. It was rather late in the day, however, to
+intimate that men of abolitionist sentiments must not be allowed to cross
+the line, and a man of the political acumen of Henry M. Rector must have
+known it. Immediately after the general election there were evidences of
+great excitement in Arkansas and, when news<a name='fna_160' id='fna_160' href='#f_160'><small>[160]</small></a> came that the disused
+arsenal at Little Rock was to be occupied by artillery under Captain James
+Totten from Fort Leavenworth, it broke out into expressions of public
+dissent. Little Rock was scarcely less radical and secessionist in its
+views than was Fort Smith and Fort Smith was regarded as a regular hot-bed
+of sectionalism. The legislature, too,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> was filled with state-rights
+advocates and some of the actions taken there were almost revolutionary in
+their trend. With the new year came new alarms and false reports of what
+was to be. Harrell records<a name='fna_161' id='fna_161' href='#f_161'><small>[161]</small></a> that the first message over the newly
+completed telegraph line between Memphis and Little Rock was a repetition
+of the rumor, quite without foundation, that Major Emory had been ordered
+from Fort Gibson to reinforce Totten at Little Rock, and that the effect
+upon Helena was electrical. It is no wonder that the newspapers and
+personal communications<a name='fna_162' id='fna_162' href='#f_162'><small>[162]</small></a> of the time showed great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> intensity of
+feeling and a tendency to ring the changes on a single theme.</p>
+
+<p>The public indignation following the receipt of the unsubstantiated rumor
+that Totten was to be re&euml;nforced seems to have compelled the action of
+Governor Rector in taking possession,<a name='fna_163' id='fna_163' href='#f_163'><small>[163]</small></a> on February eighth, in the name
+of the state of Arkansas, of the United States arsenal at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> Little Rock;
+but, as a matter of fact, Rector needed only an excuse, and a very slight
+one at that, for doing more than he had already done to prove his
+sectional bias. Nor had he forgotten or neglected the Indians. Indeed,
+never at any time did he leave a single stone unturned in his search for
+inside and outside support; and, notwithstanding the fact that the
+Arkansas Ordinance of Secession was not passed until the sixth of May,
+Governor Rector conducted himself, for months before that, as though the
+state were a bona fide member of the Confederacy. In all his audacious
+venturings, proposals, and acts, he had the full and unquestioning
+support, not only of his cousin, Elias Rector,<a name='fna_164' id='fna_164' href='#f_164'><small>[164]</small></a> in whose honor Albert
+Pike had written the well-known <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107 &amp; 108]</a></span>parody<a name='fna_165' id='fna_165' href='#f_165'><small>[165]</small></a> on &#8220;The Old Scottish
+Gentlemen;&#8221;<a name='fna_166' id='fna_166' href='#f_166'><small>[166]</small></a> but of the leading citizens of Fort Smith and Little
+Rock, particularly of those whose previous occupations, residence,
+inclinations, or interests had made them conversant with Indian affairs
+and, therefore, unusually appreciative of the strategic value of the
+Indian country. Under such circumstances, it is not at all surprising that
+Governor Rector seized, as he did, the earliest<a name='fna_167' id='fna_167' href='#f_167'><small>[167]</small></a> opportunity to
+approach the Cherokees. Fort Smith at the junction of the Arkansas and
+Poteau Rivers was only eighty miles from Fort Gibson.</p>
+
+<p>Before taking up for special comment Governor Rector&#8217;s negotiations with
+the Cherokees through their principal chief, John Ross, it might be well
+to retrace our steps a little in order to show how, in yet other ways,
+Arkansas interested herself more than was natural in the concerns of the
+Indians and made some of her citizens, in the long run, more than
+ordinarily responsible for the development of secessionist sentiment among
+the southern tribes.</p>
+
+<p>When David Hubbard, journeying westward as special secessionist
+commissioner<a name='fna_168' id='fna_168' href='#f_168'><small>[168]</small></a> from Alabama to Arkansas, reached Little Rock&mdash;and that
+was in the early winter of 1861&mdash;he soon discovered that many Arkansans
+were not willing for their state to go out of the Union unless she could
+take Indian Territory with her. Hubbard&#8217;s letter,<a name='fna_169' id='fna_169' href='#f_169'><small>[169]</small></a> descriptive of the
+situation, is very elucidating. It is addressed to Andrew B.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> Moore,<a name='fna_170' id='fna_170' href='#f_170'><small>[170]</small></a>
+governor of Alabama, and bears date Kinloch, Alabama, January third.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="smcap">My Dear Sir</span>: On receipt of your letter and appointment as commissioner
+from Alabama to Arkansas, I repaired to Little Rock and presented my
+credentials to the two houses, and also your letter to Governor
+Rector, by all of whom I was politely received. The Governor of
+Arkansas was every way disposed to further our views, and so were many
+leading and influential members of each house of the Legislature, but
+neither are yet ready for action, because they fear the people have
+not yet made up their minds to go out. The counties bordering on the
+Indian nations&mdash;Creeks, Cherokees, Choctaws, and Chickasaws&mdash;would
+hesitate greatly to vote for secession, and leave those tribes still
+under the influence of the Government at Washington, from which they
+receive such large stipends and annuities. These Indians are at a spot
+very important, in my opinion, in this great sectional controversy,
+and must be assured that the South will do as well as the North before
+they could be induced to change their alliances and dependence. I have
+much on this subject to say when I get to Montgomery, which cannot
+well be written. The two houses passed resolutions inviting me to meet
+them in representative hall and consult together as to what had best
+be done in this matter. When I appeared men were anxious to know what
+the seceding States intended to do in certain contingencies. My
+appointment gave me no authority to speak as to what any State would
+do, but I spoke freely of what, in my opinion, we ought to do. I took
+the ground that no State which had seceded would ever go back without
+full power being given to protect themselves by vote against
+anti-slavery projects and schemes of every kind. I took the position
+that the Northern people were honest and did fear the divine
+displeasure, both in this world and the world to come, by reason of
+what they considered the national sin of slavery, and that all who
+agreed with me in a belief of their sincerity must see that we could
+not remain quietly in the same Government with them. Secondly, if they
+were dishonest hypocrites, and only lied to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>impose on others and make
+them hate us, and used anti-slavery arguments as mere pretexts for the
+purpose of uniting Northern sentiment against us, with a view to
+obtain political power and sectional dominion, in that event we ought
+not to live with them. I desired any Unionist present to controvert
+either of these positions, which seemed to cover the whole ground. No
+one attempted either, and I said but little more. I am satisfied, from
+free conversations with members of all parties and with Governor
+Rector, that Arkansas, when compelled to choose, will side with the
+Southern States, but at present a majority would vote the Union
+ticket. Public sentiment is but being formed, but must take that direction....</p>
+
+<p>What, in addition to that just cited, Hubbard had to say about the Indians
+or about the profit accruing from close contact with them, we have no way
+of knowing; but we have a right to be suspicious of the things that have
+to be communicated by word of mouth only, especially in this instance,
+when we remember that white men have always made the Indians subjects of
+exploitation and that Hubbard was the man whom the southern Confederacy
+chose for its first commissioner of Indian affairs, also that Hubbard&#8217;s
+first outline of work, as commissioner, in truth, his only outline,
+comprehended an extended visit to the Indians before whom he proposed to
+expatiate on the financial advantages of an adherence to the Confederacy
+and the inevitable financial ruin that must come from continued loyalty to
+the Union. All things considered, it would surely seem that in Hubbard&#8217;s
+mind the money question was always uppermost.</p>
+
+<p>But there were others to whom the Indian income was a thing of interest.
+At the earlier meeting of the Arkansas convention, a resolution<a name='fna_171' id='fna_171' href='#f_171'><small>[171]</small></a> had
+been passed, March 9, 1861, authorizing an inquiry to be made into the
+annual cost to the United States government of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> Indian service west of
+Arkansas. The state administration had already seized<a name='fna_172' id='fna_172' href='#f_172'><small>[172]</small></a> the Indian
+funds on hand, an opportunity to do so having offered itself upon the
+occasion of the death<a name='fna_173' id='fna_173' href='#f_173'><small>[173]</small></a> of the United States disbursing officer, Major
+P. T. Crutchfield. But, later, for fear that this might work prejudice
+with the Indians a resolution<a name='fna_174' id='fna_174' href='#f_174'><small>[174]</small></a> was passed providing that the money
+should not be diverted from its proper uses. Because of such actions and
+others of like direction, it is certainly safe to assume that pecuniary
+considerations made the frontiersmen of 1861 vitally interested in Indian
+affairs. The same influences that moved Hubbard to write his letter to
+Governor Moore with special mention of the Indians unquestionably moved
+the citizens of Boonsboro to try,<a name='fna_175' id='fna_175' href='#f_175'><small>[175]</small></a> without much further ado, the
+temper of the Cherokees.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>Returning now to Governor Rector and to a recital of his endeavors with
+the same Indian people, it is seen that his approach to the Cherokees was
+made, as has been already intimated, through their principal chief, John
+Ross, and by means of the following most excellently worded letter:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">The State of Arkansas, Executive Department</span>,<br />
+Little Rock, January 29, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">To His Excellency John Ross</span>,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Principal Chief Cherokee Nation:</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: It may now be regarded as almost certain that the States having
+slave property within their borders will, in consequence of repeated
+Northern aggressions, separate themselves and withdraw from the
+Federal Government.</p>
+
+<p>South Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Georgia, and Louisiana
+have already, by action of the people, assumed this attitude.
+Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, North Carolina, and
+Maryland will probably pursue the same course by the 4th of March
+next. Your people, in their institutions,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> productions, latitude, and
+natural sympathies, are allied to the common brotherhood of the
+slaveholding States. Our people and yours are natural allies in war
+and friends in peace. Your country is salubrious and fertile, and
+possesses the highest capacity for future progress and development by
+the application of slave labor. Besides this, the contiguity of our
+territory with yours induces relations of so intimate a character as
+to preclude the idea of discordant or separate action.</p></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img03.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">John Ross, principal chief of the Cherokees</span><br />[<i>From Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology</i>]</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>It is well established that the Indian country west of Arkansas is
+looked to by the incoming administration of Mr. Lincoln as fruitful
+fields, ripe for the harvest of abolitionism, free-soilers, and
+Northern mountebanks.</p>
+
+<p>We hope to find in your people friends willing to co-operate with the
+South in defense of her institutions, her honor, and her firesides,
+and with whom the slaveholding States are willing to share a common
+future, and to afford protection commensurate with your exposed
+condition and your subsisting monetary interests with the General
+Government.</p>
+
+<p>As a direct means of expressing to you these sentiments, I have
+dispatched my aide-de-camp, Lieut. Col. J. J. Gaines, to confer with
+you confidentially upon these subjects, and to report to me any
+expressions of kindness and confidence that you may see proper to
+communicate to the governor of Arkansas, who is your friend and the
+friend of your people. Respectfully, your obedient servant,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Henry M. Rector</span>, Governor of Arkansas.<a name='fna_176' id='fna_176' href='#f_176'><small>[176]</small></a></span></p></div>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Gaines duly started out upon his mission and upon reaching Fort
+Smith interviewed Superintendent Rector and received from him a letter of
+introduction<a name='fna_177' id='fna_177' href='#f_177'><small>[177]</small></a> to John Ross, which was, in effect, a hearty endorsement
+of the governor&#8217;s project. An inkling of what Gaines was about soon came
+to the ears of A. B. Greenwood, an Arkansan, a state-rights man, and
+United States commissioner of Indian affairs. At the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> moment he was the
+official, intent upon doing his duty, nothing more. It was then in his
+official capacity that he straightway demanded of Agent Cowart an
+explanation of Gaines&#8217;s movements; but Cowart was privy to Governor
+Rector&#8217;s plans undoubtedly, a Georgian, a secessionist, and one of those
+illiterate, disreputable, untrustworthy characters that frontier or
+garrison towns seem always to produce or to attract, the kind,
+unfortunately for its own reputation and for the Indian welfare, that the
+United States government has so often seen fit to select for its Indian
+agents. More than that, Cowart was a man of such base principles that he
+could commercialize with impunity a great cause and calmly continue to
+hold office under and to draw pay from one government while secretly
+plotting against it in the interests of another. On this occasion he
+attempted a denial<a name='fna_178' id='fna_178' href='#f_178'><small>[178]</small></a> of the presence of Rector&#8217;s commissioner at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> Fort
+Smith; but the Indian Office had soon good proof<a name='fna_179' id='fna_179' href='#f_179'><small>[179]</small></a> that a commissioner
+had been there and that he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> had proceeded thence to the Cherokee country.
+It was no other than Gaines, of course, who, when once he had delivered
+the Rector letters to Ross, saw fit, in the further interests of his
+mission, to attend the inter-tribal council at the Creek Agency.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>John Ross did not reply to Governor Rector&#8217;s communication until the
+anniversary of George Washington&#8217;s birthday and he then expressed the same
+ideas of concern, of sympathy, but also those of positive neutrality that
+had characterized his advice to the Indian conferees. He scouted, though,
+the very idea of the incoming administration&#8217;s planning to abolitionize
+the Indian country while at the same time he manifested his utter
+disapproval of it. This is what he said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation</span>, February 22, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">His Excellency Henry M. Rector</span>, Governor of Arkansas:</p>
+
+<p>Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of Your Excellency&#8217;s
+communication of the 29th ultimo, per your aide-de-camp, Lieut. Col.
+J. J. Gaines.</p>
+
+<p>The Cherokees cannot but feel a deep regret and solicitude for the
+unhappy differences which at present disturb the peace and quietude of
+the several States, especially when it is understood that some of the
+slave States have already separated themselves and withdrawn from the
+Federal Government and that it is probable others will also pursue the
+same course.</p>
+
+<p>But may we not yet hope and trust in the dispensation of Divine power
+to overrule the discordant elements for good, and that, by the counsel
+of the wisdom, virtue, and patriotism of the land, measures may
+happily be adopted for the restoration of peace and harmony among the
+brotherhood of States within the Federal Union.</p>
+
+<p>The relations which the Cherokee people sustain toward their white
+brethren have been established by subsisting treaties with the United
+States Government, and by them they have placed themselves under the
+&#8220;protection of the United States and of no other sovereign whatever.&#8221;
+They are bound to hold no treaty with any foreign power, or with any
+individual State, nor with the citizens of any State. On the other
+hand, the faith of the United States is solemnly pledged to the
+Cherokee Nation for the protection of the right and title in the
+lands, conveyed to them by patent, within their territorial
+boundaries, as also for the protection of all other of their national
+and individual rights and interests of persons and property. Thus the
+Cherokee<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> people are inviolably allied with their white brethren of
+the United States in war and friends in peace. Their institutions,
+locality, and natural sympathies are unequivocally with the
+slave-holding States. And the contiguity of our territory to your
+State, in connection with the daily, social, and commercial
+intercourse between our respective citizens, forbids the idea that
+they should ever be otherwise than steadfast friends.</p>
+
+<p>I am surprised to be informed by Your Excellency that &#8220;it is well
+established that the Indian country west of Arkansas is looked to by
+the incoming administration of Mr. Lincoln as fruitful fields ripe for
+the harvest of abolitionism, free-soilers, and Northern mountebanks.&#8221;
+As I am sure that the laborers will be greatly disappointed if they
+shall expect in the Cherokee country &#8220;fruitful fields ripe for the
+harvest of abolitionism,&#8221; &amp;c., you may rest assured that the Cherokee
+people will never tolerate the propagation of any obnoxious fruit upon
+their soil.</p>
+
+<p>And in conclusion I have the honor to reciprocate the salutation of
+friendship.</p>
+
+<p>I am, sir, very respectfully, Your Excellency&#8217;s obedient servant,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Jno. Ross</span>, Principal Chief Cherokee Nation.<a name='fna_180' id='fna_180' href='#f_180'><small>[180]</small></a></span></p></div>
+
+<p>The Arkansas state convention, sanctioned by popular vote, met, by
+authority of the governor&#8217;s proclamation, March fourth. Its members were
+inclined to temporize, however; for, as Harrell says, they were
+co&ouml;perationists<a name='fna_181' id='fna_181' href='#f_181'><small>[181]</small></a> rather than secessionists and their policy of
+temporizing they carried out even in the provision made for reassembling
+after adjournment. David Walker, the president of the convention, was out
+of sympathy with this; and, at the first news of the attack upon Fort
+Sumter and while passion and excitement were still at fever heat,
+called<a name='fna_182' id='fna_182' href='#f_182'><small>[182]</small></a> an extra session for the sixth of May. The regular session was
+not to come until the nineteenth of August. Coincidently Governor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> Rector
+again showed where his sympathies lay by refusing<a name='fna_183' id='fna_183' href='#f_183'><small>[183]</small></a> President Lincoln&#8217;s
+call for troops.</p>
+
+<p>The Arkansas Ordinance of Secession was passed on the sixth of May. S. R.
+Cockrell had proved himself a good prophet; for, writing jubilantly to L.
+P. Walker, on the twenty-first of April, on the progress of secession, he
+had said,<a name='fna_184' id='fna_184' href='#f_184'><small>[184]</small></a> &#8220;Arkansas will go out 6th of May before breakfast. The
+Indians come next.&#8221; His closing remark had some foundation for its
+utterance. Intelligent and prominent Indians were to be found in the very
+ranks of the Arkansas secessionists. E. C. Boudinot, a Cherokee, an enemy
+and rival of John Ross, and later Cherokee delegate in the Confederate
+Congress, was secretary<a name='fna_185' id='fna_185' href='#f_185'><small>[185]</small></a> of the convention. M. Kennard, a leading and
+a principal Creek chief, seems also to have been influential. The alliance
+of the Indians was yet being sought.<a name='fna_186' id='fna_186' href='#f_186'><small>[186]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>The secession ordinance once safely launched, the Arkansas convention
+turned its attention without equivocation to Indian concerns. On the tenth
+of May, for instance, it followed the example set by Texas and passed a
+resolution,<a name='fna_187' id='fna_187' href='#f_187'><small>[187]</small></a> authorizing the president of the convention to appoint
+three delegates to visit Indian Territory. The men appointed were, S. L.
+Griffith of Sebastian County (the same man, interestingly enough to whom
+the United States government had recently offered<a name='fna_188' id='fna_188' href='#f_188'><small>[188]</small></a> the Southern
+Superintendency), J. Murphy of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> Madison County, and G. W. Laughinghouse of
+St. Francis County. Two of these counties were on or near the border.
+Sebastian was on the border and Madison not far inland, so Griffith and
+Murphy very probably realized the full significance of their mission. On
+the eleventh of May, the convention tried to pass another resolution,<a name='fna_189' id='fna_189' href='#f_189'><small>[189]</small></a>
+indicative of a community of interests between Arkansas and the Indian
+country. This resolution failed, but, had it passed, it would have prayed
+the president of the Confederate States to erect a military department or
+division out of Arkansas and Indian Territory. As it was, the convention
+contented itself, on this occasion, with empowering<a name='fna_190' id='fna_190' href='#f_190'><small>[190]</small></a> Brigadier-general
+Pearce<a name='fna_191' id='fna_191' href='#f_191'><small>[191]</small></a> to co&ouml;perate with Brigadier-general McCulloch.<a name='fna_192' id='fna_192' href='#f_192'><small>[192]</small></a> It took
+this action on the twenty-first of May and on the twenty-eighth it
+received a communication<a name='fna_193' id='fna_193' href='#f_193'><small>[193]</small></a> from Elias Rector concerning the Choctaws
+and Chickasaws.</p>
+
+<p>Almost simultaneously with this legislative activity, solicitation of the
+Indians came from yet other directions. On the eighth of May,
+Brigadier-general B. Burroughs of the Arkansas militia took it upon
+himself to make an appeal to the Chickasaws, which he did in this wise:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Headquarters Eighth Brigade, First Division, Arkansas Militia</span>,<br />
+Fort Smith, Ark., May 8, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gov. C. Harris</span>: To-day we have information that Arkansas, in
+Convention, has seceded, by a vote 69 to 1. Tennessee<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> has also
+seceded, and made large appropriations and ordered an army of 50,000
+men.</p>
+
+<p>Arkansas has for several days past been in arms on this frontier for
+the protection (of) citizens, and the neighboring Indian nations whose
+interests are identical with her own.</p>
+
+<p>I have news through my scouts that the U. S. troops have abandoned the
+forts in the Chickasaw country.</p>
+
+<p>Under my orders from the commander-in-chief and governor of Arkansas,
+I feel authorized to extend to you such military aid as will be
+required in the present juncture of affairs to occupy and hold the
+forts.</p>
+
+<p>I have appointed Col. A. H. Word, one of the State senators, and
+Captain Sparks, attached to this command, commissioners to treat and
+confer with you on this subject. These gentlemen are fully apprised of
+the nature of the powers intrusted to myself by the governor of this
+State, and are authorized to express to you my views of the subject
+under consideration. I ask, therefore, that you express to them your
+own wishes in the premises, and believe, my dear sir, that Arkansas
+cherishes the kindest regards for your people.</p>
+
+<p>I have the honor to subscribe myself, with sentiments of regard, your
+excellency&#8217;s friend and servant,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">B. Burroughs</span>, Brigadier-General, Commanding.<a name='fna_194' id='fna_194' href='#f_194'><small>[194]</small></a></span></p></div>
+
+<p>The impudence and calm effrontery of this has its humorous side and would
+seem even ridiculous were it not for the fact that we are bound to
+remember that the Indians took it all so very seriously. It was true
+enough, as Burroughs said, that the Federal troops had abandoned the
+Indian country; but against whom were the forts to be held? Surely not
+against the Federals. Furthermore, what need was there for Arkansas to
+interest herself in the Chickasaw forts, since the Texan troops were
+already in possession? Is it possible to suppose that Burroughs&#8217;s scouts,
+who had found out so much about the withdrawal of the Federal forces, had
+not discovered the work of the Texans in contributing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> thereto? The
+Chickasaws were particularly friendly to the secessionists and, in this
+same month of May, passed, by means of their legislature, those eight
+resolutions<a name='fna_195' id='fna_195' href='#f_195'><small>[195]</small></a> in which they gave such strong expression to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123 &amp; 124]</a></span> their
+views, at the same time, however, giving the Southern States clearly to
+understand that they knew the extent of their own rights and were
+determined to hold fast to them. They also declared that they wished to
+hold their forts themselves.</p>
+
+<p>On the ninth of May, the Indians were still further addressed and this
+time by the citizens of Boonsboro, Arkansas, whose appeal has already been
+referred to and quoted.<a name='fna_196' id='fna_196' href='#f_196'><small>[196]</small></a> The appeal was made through the medium of a
+letter to John Ross and of him the citizens of Boonsboro inquired where he
+intended to stand; inasmuch as they much preferred &#8220;an open enemy to a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>
+doubtful friend.&#8221; They earnestly hoped, they said, to find in him and his
+people &#8220;true allies and active friends.&#8221; On the fifteenth of May, J. R.
+Kannady, lieutenant-colonel, commanding at Fort Smith, also
+communicated<a name='fna_197' id='fna_197' href='#f_197'><small>[197]</small></a> with Ross and on the same subject, his immediate
+provocation being the report that Senator James H. Lane was busy raising
+troops in Kansas to be used against Missouri and Arkansas. Of the Kannady
+letter, John B. Luce was the bearer and, to it, Ross replied<a name='fna_198' id='fna_198' href='#f_198'><small>[198]</small></a> on the
+seventeenth, the very day that he published his great proclamation<a name='fna_199' id='fna_199' href='#f_199'><small>[199]</small></a> of
+neutrality; for the otherwise most sensible John Ross labored under the
+delusion that the Indians would be allowed to figure as silent witnesses
+of events. In this respect, he was, however, on slightly firmer ground
+than were the citizens of such a state as Kentucky; but, none the less, he
+labored under a delusion as he soon found out to his sorrow. His
+proclamation of neutrality was intended as a final and conclusive
+answer<a name='fna_200' id='fna_200' href='#f_200'><small>[200]</small></a> to all interrogatories like that from Boonsboro.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>III. THE CONFEDERACY IN NEGOTIATION WITH THE INDIAN TRIBES</h2>
+
+
+<p>The provisional government of the Confederate States showed itself no less
+anxious and no less prompt than the individual states in its endeavor to
+secure the Indian country and the Indian alliance. On the twenty-first of
+February, 1861, the very same day that the law was passed for the
+establishment of a War Department of which Leroy P. Walker of Alabama took
+immediate charge, William P. Chilton, member<a name='fna_201' id='fna_201' href='#f_201'><small>[201]</small></a> of the Provisional
+Congress from Alabama, offered in that body a resolution to the effect,
+that the Committee on Indian Affairs be instructed to inquire into the
+expediency of opening up negotiations with the Indian tribes of the West
+in relation to all matters concerning the mutual welfare of said tribes
+and the people of the Confederate States.<a name='fna_202' id='fna_202' href='#f_202'><small>[202]</small></a> The resolution was adopted.
+Four days later, Edward Sparrow of Louisiana asked that the same committee
+be instructed to consider the advisability of appointing agents to those
+same Indian tribes.<a name='fna_203' id='fna_203' href='#f_203'><small>[203]</small></a> The Indian committee, at the time, was composed
+of Jackson Morton of Florida, Lawrence M. Keitt of South Carolina, and
+Thomas N. Waul of Texas. Robert W. Johnson became a member after Arkansas
+had seceded and had been admitted to the Confederacy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>Preliminary steps such as these led naturally to a comprehension of the
+need for a Bureau of Indian Affairs<a name='fna_204' id='fna_204' href='#f_204'><small>[204]</small></a> and, on the twelfth of March,
+President Davis recommended<a name='fna_205' id='fna_205' href='#f_205'><small>[205]</small></a> that one be organized and a commissioner
+of Indian affairs appointed. His recommendations were acted upon without
+delay and a law<a name='fna_206' id='fna_206' href='#f_206'><small>[206]</small></a> in conformity with them passed. This happened on the
+fifteenth of March and on the day following, the last of the session,
+Davis nominated David Hubbard,<a name='fna_207' id='fna_207' href='#f_207'><small>[207]</small></a> ex-commissioner<a name='fna_208' id='fna_208' href='#f_208'><small>[208]</small></a> from Alabama to
+Arkansas, for the Indian portfolio. For some time, however, Hubbard had
+little to do.<a name='fna_209' id='fna_209' href='#f_209'><small>[209]</small></a> It is wise therefore to leave him for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> a while and
+resume the examination of congressional work.</p>
+
+<p>The journal entries through February and March show that the Provisional
+Congress had, not infrequently, Indian matters placed before it and, at
+times presumably, communications direct from the tribes. On the fourth of
+March, Robert Toombs, himself on the Finance Committee and at the same
+time Secretary of State,<a name='fna_210' id='fna_210' href='#f_210'><small>[210]</small></a> offered the following resolution:<a name='fna_211' id='fna_211' href='#f_211'><small>[211]</small></a></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><i>Resolved</i>, That the President be, and he is hereby authorized to send
+a suitable person as special agent of this Government to the Indian
+tribes west of the State of Arkansas.</p>
+
+<p>Whether this was called forth by the investigations of the Committee on
+Indian Affairs under the Chilton resolution of the twenty-first of
+February or whether it grew out of a correspondence between Toombs and
+Albert Pike does not appear. Toombs and Pike were friends, brother
+Masons<a name='fna_212' id='fna_212' href='#f_212'><small>[212]</small></a> in fact, and then or soon afterwards in intimate
+correspondence on the subject of Indian relations. The resolution passed,
+but there the matter seems to have rested for a time. On the tenth of May,
+William B. Ochiltree proposed<a name='fna_213' id='fna_213' href='#f_213'><small>[213]</small></a> that the Committee on Indian Affairs
+consider the condition of Reserve Indians in Texas; and, on the fifteenth,
+a most important measure was introduced<a name='fna_214' id='fna_214' href='#f_214'><small>[214]</small></a> in the shape of a bill,
+reported by Keitt from the Committee on Indian Affairs, &#8220;for the
+protection of certain Indian tribes.&#8221; This opened up the whole subject of
+prospective <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>relations with the great tribes of Indian Territory and,
+taken in connection with the provision for a special commissioner, was
+fruitful of great results.</p>
+
+<p>On the seventh of May, Thomas A. Harris of Missouri had made the
+Provisional Congress acquainted with some Choctaw and Chickasaw
+resolutions,<a name='fna_215' id='fna_215' href='#f_215'><small>[215]</small></a> which, in themselves, seemed indicative of a friendly
+disposition towards the South. This fact lent to the bill for the
+assumption of a protectorate a large significance. Congress considered it,
+for the most part, in secret session. The text of the act as finally
+passed does not appear in any of the published<a name='fna_216' id='fna_216' href='#f_216'><small>[216]</small></a> statutes of the
+Confederate States; but, under the act, Albert Pike, special commissioner
+for the purpose appointed by President Davis, negotiated all his
+remarkable treaties with the western tribes. Three sections of the law,
+those added to the original bill by way of amendment, appear in the
+Provisional Congress <i>Journal</i>.<a name='fna_217' id='fna_217' href='#f_217'><small>[217]</small></a> They are strictly financial in their
+nature and are as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sec. 6.</i> And be it further enacted, That the Confederate States do
+hereby assume the duty and obligation of collecting and paying over as
+trustees to the several Indian tribes now located in the Indian
+Territory south of Kansas, all sums of money accruing, whether from
+interest or capital of the bonds of the several States of this
+Confederacy now held by the Government of the United States as
+trustees for said Indians or any<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> of them; and the said interest and
+capital as collected shall be paid over to said Indians or invested
+for their account, as the case may be, in accordance with the several
+treaties and contracts now existing between said Indians and the
+Government of the United States.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sec. 7.</i> That the several States of this Confederacy be requested to
+provide by legislation or otherwise that the capital and interest of
+the bonds issued by them respectively, and held by the Government of
+the United States in trust for said Indians, or any of them, shall not
+be paid to said Government of the United States, but shall be paid to
+this Government in trust for said Indians.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sec. 8.</i> That it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs to obtain and publish, at as early a period as practicable, a
+list of all the bonds of the several States of this Confederacy now
+held in trust by the Government of the United States as aforesaid, and
+to give notice in said publication that the capital and interest of
+said bonds are to be paid to this Government and to no other holder
+thereof whatever.</p></div>
+
+<p>Before this bill for the protection of the Indians had come up for
+discussion or had even emerged from the rooms of the Committee on Indian
+Affairs, Albert Pike, in letters to Toombs and R. W. Johnson, had pointed
+out most emphatically the military necessity of securing<a name='fna_218' id='fna_218' href='#f_218'><small>[218]</small></a> the Indian
+country. His conviction was strong that the United States had no idea of
+permanently abandoning the same but would soon replace the regular troops,
+it had withdrawn from thence, by volunteers. Pike discussed the matter
+with N. Bart Pearce and the two agreed<a name='fna_219' id='fna_219' href='#f_219'><small>[219]</small></a> that there was no time to lose
+and that something must be done forthwith to prevent the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> possibility of
+Federal emissaries gaining a foothold among the great tribes; for, if they
+did gain such a foothold, their influence was likely to be very great,
+especially among the Cherokees who might be regarded as predisposed to
+favor them, they having many abolitionists on their tribal rolls. Whether,
+at so early a date, Pike thought formal negotiation, as had been
+customary, the preferable method of procedure, we are not prepared to say,
+positively. Formal negotiation was scarcely consistent with the southern
+argument of Jackson&#8217;s time or consonant with present state-rights
+doctrine. When writing<a name='fna_220' id='fna_220' href='#f_220'><small>[220]</small></a> to Johnson on the eleventh of May, Pike seems
+to have been thinking simply of Indian enlistment and of the use of white
+and red troops in the defense of the Indian country. At that date his own
+appointment<a name='fna_221' id='fna_221' href='#f_221'><small>[221]</small></a> as diplomatic agent for the negotiation of treaties of
+amity and alliance was certainly not prominently before him. He expressed
+himself to Johnson in such a way, indeed, as would lead us to suppose that
+the position he half expected to get, and did not altogether want, was
+that of commander of an Indian Department which he hoped would be created.</p>
+
+<p>For such a position Pike was not entirely unfitted. He had served in the
+Mexican War and had attained the rank of captain; but his tastes were
+certainly not what one would call military. He was a poet<a name='fna_222' id='fna_222' href='#f_222'><small>[222]</small></a> of
+acknowledged reputation and a lawyer of eminence. Arkansas had recognized
+him as one of her foremost citizens by sending him as her one and only
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>delegate to the Commercial Convention<a name='fna_223' id='fna_223' href='#f_223'><small>[223]</small></a> of Southern and Western
+States, held at Charleston, South Carolina, April, 1854. Just recently, at
+the time when the question of secession was before the people of Arkansas,
+he had issued a pamphlet, entitled, <i>State or Province, Bond or Free</i>,
+described by a contemporary as, &#8220;a most specious argument for secession,
+but a re-production of the political heresies, that thirty years ago
+called down on John C. Calhoun, the anathema maranatha of Andrew
+Jackson.&#8221;<a name='fna_224' id='fna_224' href='#f_224'><small>[224]</small></a> To the men of his time, it seemed all the more astonishing
+that Albert Pike should take such a pronounced stand on the subject of
+state rights, not because he was a New Englander by birth, for there were
+many such in Arkansas and in the ranks of the secessionists, but because
+he was the author of that stirring poem against the idea of national
+disintegration, published some time before under the title of,
+&#8220;Disunion.&#8221;<a name='fna_225' id='fna_225' href='#f_225'><small>[225]</small></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>On the twentieth of May, Pike wrote<a name='fna_226' id='fna_226' href='#f_226'><small>[226]</small></a> again to Toombs and by that time
+he certainly knew<a name='fna_227' id='fna_227' href='#f_227'><small>[227]</small></a> of his commission to treat with the Indian tribes,
+but had apparently not received any very definite instructions as to the
+scope of his authority. One little passage in the letter brings out very
+clearly the essential fair-mindedness of the man, a marked characteristic
+in all<a name='fna_228' id='fna_228' href='#f_228'><small>[228]</small></a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135-137]</a></span> his dealings with the Indians, but at once his strength and
+his weakness. He succeeded with the red man for the very same reason that
+he failed with the white, because he gave to the Indians the
+consideration and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138-140]</a></span> justice which were their due. This is the
+significant passage from his letter to Toombs:<a name='fna_229' id='fna_229' href='#f_229'><small>[229]</small></a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>I very much regret that I have not received distinct authority to give
+the Indians guarantees of all their legal and just rights under
+treaties. It cannot be expected they will join us without them, and it
+would be very ungenerous, as well as unwise and useless, in me to ask
+them to do it. Why should they, if we will not bind ourselves to give
+them what they hazard in giving us their rights under treaties?</p>
+
+<p>As you have told me to act at my discretion, and as I am not directed
+not to give the guarantees, I shall give them, formal, full, and
+ample, by treaty, if the Indians will accept them and make treaties.
+General McCulloch will join me in this, and so, I hope and suppose,
+will Mr. Hubbard, and when we shall have done so we shall, I am sure,
+not look in vain to you, at least, to affirm these guarantees and
+insist they shall be carried out in good faith.</p></div>
+
+<p>There was an implied doubt of Hubbard in Pike&#8217;s reference to him and a
+single future declaration almost justified the doubt, notwithstanding the
+fact that Hubbard was supposed to have been chosen as commissioner of
+Indian affairs because of his &#8220;well known sympathy for the Indian tribes
+and the deep concern&#8221; he had ever &#8220;manifested in their welfare.&#8221;
+Hubbard&#8217;s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> official position was that of Commissioner of Indian Affairs;
+but the unorganized character of the Confederate administration in early
+1861 is well attested by the way Secretary Walker confounded the name and
+functions of that office with those of an ordinary superintendent. On the
+fourteenth of May, he addressed Hubbard as &#8220;Superintendent of Indian
+Affairs&#8221; and instructed him</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>To proceed to the Creek Nation, and to make known to them, as well as
+to the rest of the tribes west of Arkansas and south of Kansas ... the
+earnest desire of the Confederate States to defend and protect them
+against the rapacious and avaricious designs of their and our enemies
+at the North.... You will, in an especial manner, impress upon the
+Creek Nation and surrounding Indian tribes the imperious fact that
+they will doubtless recognize, that the real design of the North and
+the Government at Washington in regard to them has been and still is
+the same entertained and sought to be enforced against ourselves, and
+if suffered to be consummated, will terminate in the emancipation of
+their slaves and the robbery of their lands. To these nefarious ends
+all the schemes of the North have tended for many years past, as the
+Indian nations and tribes well know from the character and conduct of
+those emissaries who have been in their midst, preaching up abolition
+sentiments under the disguise of the holy religion of Christ, and
+denouncing slaveholders as abandoned by God and unfit associates for
+humanity on earth.</p>
+
+<p>You will be diligent to explain to them, under these circumstances,
+how their cause has become our cause, and themselves and ourselves
+stand inseparably associated in respect to national existence and
+property interests; and in view of this identification of cause and
+interests between them and ourselves, entailing a common destiny, give
+to them profound assurances that the Government of the Confederate
+States of America, now powerfully constituted through an immense
+league of sovereign political societies, great forces in the field,
+and abundant resources, will assume all the expense and responsibility
+of protecting them against all adversaries....</p>
+
+<p>Give them to understand, in this connection, that a brigadier-general<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>
+of character and experience has been assigned to the military district
+embracing the Indian Territories south of Kansas, with three regiments
+under his command, while in Texas another military district has been
+formed....</p>
+
+<p>In addition to these things, regarded of primary importance, you will,
+without committing the Government to any especial conduct, express our
+serious anxiety to establish and enforce the debts and annuities due
+to them from the Government at Washington, which otherwise they will
+never obtain, as that Government would, undoubtedly, sooner rob them
+of their lands, emancipate their slaves, and utterly exterminate them,
+than render to them justice. Finally, communicate to them the abiding
+solicitude of the Confederate States of America to advance their
+condition in the direction of a proud political society, with a
+distinctive civilization, and holding lands in severalty under
+well-defined laws, by forming them into a Territorial government; but
+you will give no assurance of State organization and independence, as
+they still require the strong arm of protecting power, and may
+probably always need our fostering care; and, so far as the agents of
+the late Government of the United States may be concerned, you will
+converse with them, and such of them as are willing to act with you in
+the policy herein set forth you are authorized to substantiate in the
+employment of this Government at their present compensation....<a name='fna_230' id='fna_230' href='#f_230'><small>[230]</small></a></p></div>
+
+<p>Hubbard&#8217;s mission to the west was quite independent<a name='fna_231' id='fna_231' href='#f_231'><small>[231]</small></a> of Pike&#8217;s,
+although both missions were undoubtedly part of the one general plan of
+securing as quickly, as surely, and as easily as possible the friendly
+co&ouml;peration of the Indians. At about the same moment that they were
+devised, the Confederacy took yet another means of accomplishing the same
+object and one referred to in the letter of Secretary Walker just quoted.
+On the thirteenth of this same month of May, 1861, it assigned
+Brigadier-general Ben McCulloch<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> &#8220;to the command of the district embracing
+the Indian Territory lying west of Arkansas and south of Kansas.&#8221;
+McCulloch&#8217;s orders<a name='fna_232' id='fna_232' href='#f_232'><small>[232]</small></a> were &#8220;to guard that Territory against invasion
+from Kansas or elsewhere,&#8221; and, for the purpose, in addition to three
+regiments of white troops, &#8220;to engage, if possible, the service of any of
+the Indian tribes occupying the Territory referred to in numbers equal to
+two regiments.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Hubbard&#8217;s part in the prosecution of this great endeavor may as well be
+disposed of first. It was of short duration and seemingly barren of direct
+results. Hubbard was long in reaching the western boundary of Arkansas. On
+the way out he was seized with pneumonia and otherwise delayed by wind and
+weather. On the second of June he was still in Little Rock, apparently
+much more interested<a name='fna_233' id='fna_233' href='#f_233'><small>[233]</small></a> in the local situation in Arkansas than in the
+real object of his mission. His intention was to &#8220;go up the river to Fort
+Smith,&#8221; June third. From that point, on the twelfth, he addressed the
+Cherokee chief, John Ross, and the Confederate general, Ben McCulloch. The
+letter was more particularly meant for the former.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>As Commissioner of Indian Affairs of the Confederate States it was my
+intention to have called upon you and consulted as to the mutual
+interests of our people. Sickness has put it out of my power to
+travel, and those interests require immediate consideration, and
+therefore I have determined to write, and make what I think a plain
+statement of the case for your consideration, which I think stands
+thus: If we succeed in the South&mdash;succeed in this controversy, and I
+have no doubt of the fact, for we are daily gaining friends among the
+powers of Europe, and our people are arming with unanimity scarcely
+ever seen in the world before&mdash;then your lands, your slaves, and your
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span>separate nationality are secured and made perpetual, and in addition
+nearly all your debts are in Southern bonds, and these we will also
+secure. If the North succeeds you will most certainly lose all. First
+your slaves they will take from you; that is one object of the war, to
+enable them to abolish slavery in such manner and at such time as they
+choose. Another, and perhaps the chief cause, is to get upon your rich
+lands and settle their squatters, who do not like to settle in slave
+States. They will settle upon your lands as fast as they choose, and
+the Northern people will force their Government to allow it. It is
+true they will allow your people small reserves&mdash;they give chiefs
+pretty large ones&mdash;but they will settle among you, overshadow you, and
+totally destroy the power of your chiefs and your nationality, and
+then trade your people out of the residue of their lands. Go North
+among the once powerful tribes of that country and see if you can find
+Indians living and enjoying power and property and liberty as do your
+people and the neighboring tribes from the South. If you can, then say
+I am a liar, and the Northern States have been better to the Indian
+than the Southern States. If you are obliged to admit the truth of
+what I say, then join us and preserve your people, their slaves, their
+vast possessions in land, and their nationality.</p>
+
+<p>Another consideration is your debts, annuities, &amp;c., school funds due
+you. Nearly all are in bonds of Southern States and held by the
+Government at Washington, and these debts are nearly all forfeited
+already by the act of war made upon the States by that Government.
+These we will secure you beyond question if you join us. If you join
+the North they are forever forfeited, and you will have no right to
+believe that the Northern people would vote to pay you this forfeited
+debt. Admit that there may be some danger take which side you may, I
+think the danger tenfold greater to the Cherokee people if they take
+sides against us than for us. Neutrality will scarcely be possible. As
+long as your people retain their national character your country
+cannot be abolitionized, and it is our interest therefore that you
+should hold your possessions in perpetuity.<a name='fna_234' id='fna_234' href='#f_234'><small>[234]</small></a></p></div>
+
+<p>The effect that such a communication as the foregoing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> might well have had
+upon the Indians can scarcely be overestimated. Time out of number they
+had been over-reached in dealings financial. Only the year before, bonds
+in which Indian trust funds were invested had been abstracted<a name='fna_235' id='fna_235' href='#f_235'><small>[235]</small></a> from
+the vaults of the Interior Department; and, for this cause and other
+causes, Indian money had not been readily forthcoming for the much needed
+relief of Indian sufferers from the fearful drought that devastated Indian
+Territory, Kansas, and other parts of the great American desert in 1860.</p>
+
+<p>Comment upon Hubbard&#8217;s letter from the standpoint of historical inaccuracy
+seems hardly necessary here. Suffice it to say that the distortion of
+facts and the shifting of responsibility for previous Indian wrongs from
+the shoulders of Southern States to those of a federal government made up
+entirely of northern states must have seemed preposterous in the extreme
+to the Indians. One can not help wondering how Hubbard dared to say such
+things to the Indian exiles from Southern States and particularly to John
+Ross who like all of his tribe and of associated tribes was the victim of
+southern aggression and not in any sense whatsoever of northern.</p>
+
+<p>To Hubbard&#8217;s gross amplification and even defiance of his instructions,
+also to his extravagant utterances touching the repudiation of debts and
+southern versus northern justice and generosity, Chief Ross replied,<a name='fna_236' id='fna_236' href='#f_236'><small>[236]</small></a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span>
+by way of strong contrast, in terms dignified and convincing:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>It is not the province of the Cherokees to determine the character of
+the conflict going on in the States. It is their duty to keep
+themselves, if possible, disentangled, and afford no grounds to either
+party to interfere with their rights. The obligations of every
+character, pecuniary and otherwise, which existed prior to the present
+state of affairs between the Cherokee Nation and the Government are
+equally valid now as then. If the Government owe us, I do not believe
+it will repudiate its debts. If States embraced in the Confederacy owe
+us, I do not believe they will repudiate their debts. I consider our
+annuity safe in any contingency.</p>
+
+<p>A comparison of Northern and Southern philanthropy, as illustrated in
+their dealings toward the Indians within their respective limits,
+would not affect the merits of the question now under consideration,
+which is simply one of duty under existing circumstances. I therefore
+pass it over, merely remarking that the &#8220;settled policy&#8221; of former
+years was a favorite policy with both sections when extended to the
+acquisition of Indian lands, and that but few Indians now press their
+feet upon the banks of either the Ohio or the Tennessee....</p></div>
+
+<p>Judging from all the instructions that Secretary Walker sent out on Indian
+matters in May of 1861, it would seem that he had very much at heart the
+enlistment of the Indians and their actual participation in the war.
+Mention has already been made of how General McCulloch was told by
+Adjutant-general Cooper to add, if possible, two Indian regiments to his
+brigade and of how Walker had written Hubbard urging him to persuade the
+Indians to join forces and raising the number of Indian regiments desired
+from two to three. In a similar strain Walker wrote<a name='fna_237' id='fna_237' href='#f_237'><small>[237]</small></a> to Douglas H.
+Cooper<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> on the occasion of definitely asking him to give his services to
+the South. In all these letters no special stress was laid upon an
+intention to use the Indians as home guards exclusively. On the contrary,
+one might easily draw, from the letters, a quite opposite inference and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>
+conclude that the Indian troops, if raised, were to be used very generally
+and exactly as any other volunteers might be used. This is important in
+view of the stand, and a very positive one it was, that Albert Pike took
+some time afterwards. In his own letter<a name='fna_238' id='fna_238' href='#f_238'><small>[238]</small></a> to Johnson of May 11, 1861,
+he does not specifically say that the Indian soldiers, whose mustering he
+has in contemplation, are not to be used outside of the Indian country;
+but he does insist that that country be occupied by them and by a certain
+number of white regiments&mdash;another important point as subsequent events
+will divulge.</p>
+
+<p>General McCulloch took up his part of the task of securing the Indians in
+his own characteristic way. He had great energy and great enthusiasm and
+both qualities were displayed to the fullest extent on the present
+occasion. He first laid his plans for taking possession forthwith of the
+Indian country, it having come to his knowledge that Colonel Emory with
+the Federal forces had abandoned it.<a name='fna_239' id='fna_239' href='#f_239'><small>[239]</small></a> Apparently, it had never
+occurred to McCulloch that the Indians themselves might be averse to such
+a proceeding on his part but he was soon made aware of it; for when he
+consulted<a name='fna_240' id='fna_240' href='#f_240'><small>[240]</small></a> with John Ross, he found, to his discomfiture and deep
+chagrin, that the desire and the determination of this greatest of all the
+Indians was to remain strictly neutral. On the twelfth of June, McCulloch
+still further communicated<a name='fna_241' id='fna_241' href='#f_241'><small>[241]</small></a> with Ross and informed him that he would
+respect his wishes in so far as expediency justified but that he would
+have to insist upon the inherent right of the individual Cherokees to
+organize themselves into a force<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> of Home Guards should they feel so
+inclined. Then he closed his letter by this note of warning:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Should a body of men march into your Territory from the North, or if I
+have an intimation that a body is in line of march for the Territory
+from that quarter, I must assure you that I will at once advance into
+your country, if I deem it advisable.</p></div>
+
+<p>Once again the forbearance of Chief Ross had been put to a severe test,
+but he none the less replied to McCulloch with his customary dignity. Ross
+was then at Park Hill, McCulloch at Fort Smith, where he had halted hoping
+that the permission would be forthcoming for him to cross the line. Ross&#8217;s
+reply<a name='fna_242' id='fna_242' href='#f_242'><small>[242]</small></a> came by return mail, so to speak, and was dated the
+seventeenth. It was largely a reiteration of the reasons he had already
+given for preserving neutrality, but it was also a positive refusal to
+allow the individual Cherokees to organize a Home Guard. The concluding
+paragraph gives the lie direct to those intriguing and self-interested
+politicians who, in later years, endeavored to impugn Ross&#8217;s sincerity:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Your demand that those people of the nation who are in favor of
+joining the Confederacy be allowed to organize into military companies
+as Home Guards, for the purpose of defending themselves in case of
+invasion from the North, is most respectfully declined. I cannot give
+my consent to any such organization for very obvious reasons: First,
+it would be a palpable violation of my position as a neutral; second,
+it would place in our midst organized companies not authorized by our
+laws but in violation of treaty, and who would soon become efficient
+instruments in stirring up domestic strife and creating internal
+difficulties among the Cherokee people. As in this connection you have
+misapprehended a remark made in conversation at our interview some
+eight or ten days ago, I hope you will allow me to repeat what I did
+say. I informed you that I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> had taken a neutral position, and would
+maintain it honestly, but that in case of a foreign invasion, old as I
+am, I would assist in repelling it....</p></div>
+
+<p>It will develop later how Ross&#8217;s wishes with respect to the enrollment of
+Home Guards were successfully and adroitly circumvented, with the
+connivance of General McCulloch, by men of the Ridge faction in Cherokee
+politics. From the beginning, McCulloch seemed determined not to take Ross
+seriously, yet he duly informed Secretary Walker of the turn events were
+taking. On the twelfth of June, for instance, he wrote<a name='fna_243' id='fna_243' href='#f_243'><small>[243]</small></a> to him and
+gave an account of his recent interview with the Cherokee chief. It was
+rather a misleading account, however; for it conveyed to Walker the idea
+that Ross was only waiting for provocation from the North to throw in his
+lot with the Confederacy. On the twenty-second of June, McCulloch
+wrote<a name='fna_244' id='fna_244' href='#f_244'><small>[244]</small></a> to Walker again<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> and to the same effect as far as his belief
+that Ross was not sincere in his professions of neutrality was concerned,
+even though, in the interval between the two letters, he had been
+carefully corrected by Ross himself and even though he was, at the very
+time, sending on to Richmond, the correspondence that denied the truth of
+his own statement. He did, however, add that his belief now was that Ross
+was awaiting a favorable moment to join forces with the North.</p>
+
+<p>Albert Pike, special commissioner from the State Department of the
+Confederate States to the Indian tribes west of Arkansas, had accompanied
+General McCulloch on his visit to Ross, the latter part of May, and had
+been present at the resulting interview. He had told<a name='fna_245' id='fna_245' href='#f_245'><small>[245]</small></a> Toombs that he
+would leave Little Rock for Fort Smith the twenty-second and go at
+once<a name='fna_246' id='fna_246' href='#f_246'><small>[246]</small></a> to the Cherokee country. At Fort Smith, Pike met McCulloch and
+the two, seeking the same object, agreed to go forward together,<a name='fna_247' id='fna_247' href='#f_247'><small>[247]</small></a>
+having already been approached by an anti-Ross element of the Cherokee
+Nation.<a name='fna_248' id='fna_248' href='#f_248'><small>[248]</small></a> Ross, as has been shown, insisted upon maintaining an
+attitude of strict neutrality, which probably did not surprise his
+interviewers, since, according to Pike&#8217;s own testimony, he and McCulloch
+had not gone to Park Hill expecting to be able to effect any arrangement
+with Chief Ross.<a name='fna_249' id='fna_249' href='#f_249'><small>[249]</small></a> Ross, however, did go so far<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> as to promise<a name='fna_250' id='fna_250' href='#f_250'><small>[250]</small></a>
+that within a short while he would call a meeting of the Cherokee
+Executive Council and confer with it further on the policy to be pursued.
+Ross doubtless felt that it was a part of political wisdom to do this. His
+was an exceedingly difficult position; for, within the nation, there was a
+large element in favor of secession. It was a minority party, it is true;
+but, none the less, it represented for the most part, the intelligence and
+the property and the influence of the tribe. Opposed to it and in favor of
+neutrality, was the large majority, not nearly so influential because made
+up of the full-bloods and of those otherwise poverty-stricken and obscure.
+In the light of previous tribal discords, the minority party was the old
+Ridge, or Treaty, Party, now headed by Stand Watie and E. C. Boudinot,
+while the majority party was the Ross, or Non-treaty Party. Ross himself,
+his nephew, William P. Ross, and a few others were the great exceptions to
+the foregoing characterization of their following. Of sturdy Scotch
+extraction and honest to the core, they personally stood out in strong
+contrast to the rank and file of the non-secessionists and it was they who
+so guided public sentiment that John Ross had the nation back of him when,
+on May 17, 1861, he issued his memorable Proclamation of Neutrality:<a name='fna_251' id='fna_251' href='#f_251'><small>[251]</small></a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><i>Proclamation to the Cherokee people</i></p>
+
+<p>Owing to the momentous state of affairs pending among the people of
+the several States, I, John Ross, Principal Chief, hereby issue this
+my proclamation to the people of the Cherokee Nation, reminding them
+of the obligations arising under their treaties with the United
+States, and urging them to the faithful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> observance of said treaties
+by the maintenance of peace and friendship toward the people of all
+the States.</p>
+
+<p>The better to obtain these important ends, I earnestly impress upon
+all my fellow-citizens the propriety of attending to their ordinary
+avocations and abstaining from unprofitable discussions of events
+transpiring in the States and from partisan demonstrations in regard
+to the same.</p>
+
+<p>They should not be alarmed by false reports thrown into circulation by
+designing men, but cultivate harmony among themselves and observe in
+good faith strict neutrality between the States threatening civil war.
+By these means alone can the Cherokee people hope to maintain their
+rights unimpaired and to have their own soil and firesides spared from
+the baleful effects of a devastating war. There has been no
+declaration of war between the opposing parties, and the conflict may
+yet be averted by compromise or a peaceful separation.</p>
+
+<p>The peculiar circumstances of their condition admonish the Cherokees
+to the exercise of prudence in regard to a state of affairs to the
+existence of which they have in no way contributed; and they should
+avoid the performance of any act or the adoption of any policy
+calculated to destroy or endanger their territorial and civil rights.
+By honest adherence to this course they can give no just cause for
+aggression or invasion nor any pretext for making their country the
+scene of military operations, and will be in a situation to claim and
+retain all their rights in the final adjustment that will take place
+between the several States. For these reasons I earnestly impress upon
+the Cherokee people the importance of non-interference in the affairs
+of the people of the States and the observance of unswerving
+neutrality between them.</p>
+
+<p>Trusting that God will not only keep from our own borders the
+desolations of war, but that He will in infinite mercy and power stay
+its ravages among the brotherhood of States.</p>
+
+<p>Given under my hand at the executive office at Park Hill this 17th day
+of May, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Jno. Ross</span>, Principal Chief Cherokee Nation.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>The discretion of the Cherokees, their wily diplomacy if, under the
+circumstances, you should please to call it such, was more than
+counterbalanced by the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>indiscretion and the impetuosity of some of their
+neighbors. It has already been noted how the Chickasaws expressed their
+southern sympathies in the legislative resolves<a name='fna_252' id='fna_252' href='#f_252'><small>[252]</small></a> of the twenty-fifth
+of May, but not as yet how the Choctaws took an equally strong stand. Both
+tribes were so very pronounced in their show of affection for the
+Confederacy that they gave a secessionist color to the whole of the Indian
+Territory, so much so, in fact, that Lieutenant-colonel Hyams could
+report<a name='fna_253' id='fna_253' href='#f_253'><small>[253]</small></a> to Governor Moore of Louisiana, on the twenty-eighth of May,
+and upon information given him by some Indian agent.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">... That the nations on the borders of this State (Arkansas) are
+anxious and desirous to be armed; that they can and will muster into
+the service 25,000 men; that they have immense supplies of beeves,
+sufficient to supply the meat for the whole Confederate service. All
+they ask is arms and enrollment. If within your power to forward their
+views with the President, it would be a great step in the right
+direction, and erect a more effectual barrier against the Kansas
+marauders than any force that could be sent against them, and thereby
+protect the northern boundary of both Arkansas and Louisiana. The
+reasons why every effort should be made to arm these people (now heart
+and soul with us) to defend themselves and us are so palpable, that I
+do not attempt to urge them upon you, but do solicit your attention,
+so far as is compatible with your high position, to this matter, to
+impress its importance on the President, and use your well-known
+influence to effect this much desirable result....</p>
+
+<p>General McCulloch, in a letter<a name='fna_254' id='fna_254' href='#f_254'><small>[254]</small></a> also of the twenty-eighth of May, more
+particularly specified the tribes that were friendly to the South, but he
+too mentioned some of them, the Choctaw and the Chickasaw, as &#8220;anxious to
+join the Southern Confederacy.&#8221; It should not be a matter of surprise then
+to find that on the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span>fourteenth of June, George Hudson, principal chief of
+the Choctaw Nation, acting in accordance with the will of the General
+Council, which had met four days before, publicly declared<a name='fna_255' id='fna_255' href='#f_255'><small>[255]</small></a> the
+Choctaw Nation, &#8220;free and <i>independent</i>.&#8221; The chief&#8217;s proclamation was, in
+effect, a conscription act and provided for the enrollment, for military
+service in the interests of the Confederacy, of all competent males
+between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years. The General Council had
+authorized this and had further arranged for the appointment of
+commissioners &#8220;to negotiate a treaty of alliance and amity&#8221; with the
+Confederate States.</p>
+
+<p>Under such conditions, the work of Albert Pike must have seemed all plain
+sailing when once he was safely beyond the Cherokee limits; but his
+efforts,<a name='fna_256' id='fna_256' href='#f_256'><small>[256]</small></a> vain though they were, to persuade that tribe into an
+alliance did not end<a name='fna_257' id='fna_257' href='#f_257'><small>[257]</small></a> with the first recorded interview with Ross. He
+kept up his intercourse with the Ridge faction; but finally decided that
+as far as Ross and the nation as a whole were concerned it would be best
+to await the issue of events. It was only too apparent to all the southern
+agents and commissioners that Ross would never yield his opinion unless
+compelled thereto by one of three things or a combination of any or all of
+them. The three things were, pressure from within the tribe; some
+extraordinary display of Confederate strength that would presage ultimate
+success for southern arms; and encroachment by the Federals. It was the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span>combination that eventually won the day. Pike, meanwhile, had passed on
+to the Creek country.</p>
+
+<p>At the North Fork Village, in the Creek country, the work of negotiating
+Indian treaties in the interests of the Confederacy really began and it
+did not end until a rather long series of them had been concluded. The
+series consisted of nine main treaties<a name='fna_258' id='fna_258' href='#f_258'><small>[258]</small></a> and the nine group themselves
+into three distinct classes. The basis of classification is the relative
+strength or power of the tribe, or better, the degree of concession which
+the Confederacy, on account of that strength or that power or under stress
+of its own dire needs, felt itself obliged to make. This is the list as
+classified:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">FIRST CLASS</p>
+
+<p>1. Creek, negotiated at North Fork, Creek Nation, July<a name='fna_259' id='fna_259' href='#f_259'><small>[259]</small></a> 10, 1861</p>
+
+<p>2. Choctaw and Chickasaw, negotiated at North Fork, July 12, 1861</p>
+
+<p>3. Seminole, negotiated at the Seminole Council House, August 1, 1861</p>
+
+<p>4. Cherokee, negotiated at Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation, October 7, 1861</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><br />SECOND CLASS</p>
+
+<p>1. Osage, negotiated at Park Hill, Cherokee Nation, October 2, 1861</p>
+
+<p>2. Seneca and Shawnee, negotiated at Park Hill, October 4, 1861</p>
+
+<p>3. Quapaw, negotiated at Park Hill, October 4, 1861</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>THIRD CLASS</p>
+
+<p>1. Wichita, etc., negotiated at the Wichita Agency near the False
+Washita River, August 12, 1861</p>
+
+<p>2. Comanche, negotiated at the Wichita Agency, August 12, 1861</p></div>
+
+<p>Although all the treaties, made in 1861 by Albert Pike, were negotiated
+under authority<a name='fna_260' id='fna_260' href='#f_260'><small>[260]</small></a> of the Act of the Provisional Congress of the
+Confederate States, approved May 21, 1861, by which the Confederacy
+offered and agreed to accept the protectorate of the Indian tribes west of
+Arkansas and Missouri, only those made with the great tribes contained a
+statement,<a name='fna_261' id='fna_261' href='#f_261'><small>[261]</small></a> definitely showing that the protectorate had been formally
+offered, formally accepted and formally assumed. Thus, in a very
+unequivocal way, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Seminoles, and Cherokees,
+all signified<a name='fna_262' id='fna_262' href='#f_262'><small>[262]</small></a> their willingness to transfer their allegiance from the
+United to the Confederate States. The smaller tribes seem not to have been
+asked to make the same concession and their nationality was, in no sense,
+recognized. They acted more or less under duress or compulsion, and the
+very negotiation of treaties with them was taken as a full compliance with
+the confederate scheme.</p>
+
+<p>The nationality of the great tribes, or more properly speaking, their
+political importance, was still further<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> recognized by clauses
+guaranteeing territorial and political integrity,<a name='fna_263' id='fna_263' href='#f_263'><small>[263]</small></a> representation by
+delegates<a name='fna_264' id='fna_264' href='#f_264'><small>[264]</small></a> in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160 &amp; 161]</a></span> Confederate Congress, and the prospect<a name='fna_265' id='fna_265' href='#f_265'><small>[265]</small></a> of
+ultimate statehood. The guarantee of territorial integrity was, of a
+certainty, not new. It had been inserted into various removal treaties as
+a safeguard against a repetition of the injustice that had been meted out
+to the Indians by the Southern States in Jackson&#8217;s day. It comprised, in
+effect, a solemn promise that no state or territorial lines should ever
+again circumscribe the particular domain of the Indian nation securing the
+guarantee; and that state or territorial laws, as the case might be,
+should have no operation within the Indian country. The idea of
+congressional representation<a name='fna_266' id='fna_266' href='#f_266'><small>[266]</small></a> was also not new, but where it had
+previously been but a promise or a mere contingency, it was now an assured
+fact, a thing definitely provided for. Ultimate statehood had, however,
+attached to it the old time elements of uncertainty, which is not at all
+surprising, considering that Walker, in his instructions<a name='fna_267' id='fna_267' href='#f_267'><small>[267]</small></a> to Hubbard,
+had positively spoken against it.</p>
+
+<p>All the treaties, without distinction of class, recognized the land rights
+of the Indians and their existing territorial limits, but with the usual
+restriction upon alienation to foreign powers. A sale or cession to a
+foreign state, without the consent of the Confederate States, was to
+result in forfeiture and reversion to the Confederate States. By the
+Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty, the arrangement,<a name='fna_268' id='fna_268' href='#f_268'><small>[268]</small></a> already satisfactorily
+reached, for a Chickasaw country distinct from a Choctaw<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> was continued,
+the Indians of both tribes being given the privilege of having their
+particular land surveyed and sectionized whenever they might so please,
+provided it be done by regular legislative process.<a name='fna_269' id='fna_269' href='#f_269'><small>[269]</small></a> The same treaty
+transferred<a name='fna_270' id='fna_270' href='#f_270'><small>[270]</small></a> the lease of the Wichita Reserve from the United to the
+Confederate States and limited it to ninety-nine years. Practically the
+same bands of Indians were to be accommodated in this Leased District as
+before; namely, those whose permanent ranges were south of the Canadian or
+between it and the Arkansas. The New Mexican Indians were still to be
+absolutely excluded. The Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians reserved the right
+to pass upon the accommodation of any other Indians than those
+specifically mentioned in the treaty. The individual bands, so
+accommodated in the Leased District, were to be settled upon reserves and
+to hold the same in fee. Finally, the treaty placed,<a name='fna_271' id='fna_271' href='#f_271'><small>[271]</small></a> for the time
+being, the Wichitas and their fellow reservees exclusively under the
+control of the Confederate States with a limited jurisdiction resting in
+the Choctaw Nation and a full right of settlement in Choctaws and
+Chickasaws.</p>
+
+<p>In regard to special features of the land rights of tribes other than
+those already mentioned, it is well to observe, perhaps, that the title to
+the reservation then occupied by the Seminoles was admitted to be
+dependent upon Creek sufferance;<a name='fna_272' id='fna_272' href='#f_272'><small>[272]</small></a> that the United States patent of
+December 31, 1838, was recognized<a name='fna_273' id='fna_273' href='#f_273'><small>[273]</small></a> as protecting the Cherokee; and
+that the Osage lands in Kansas were inferentially covered by the
+Confederate <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span>guarantee, given that tribe, of title in perpetuity.<a name='fna_274' id='fna_274' href='#f_274'><small>[274]</small></a> The
+Confederate States, moreover, agreed to indemnify<a name='fna_275' id='fna_275' href='#f_275'><small>[275]</small></a> the Cherokees
+should their Neutral Lands be lost to them through the misfortune of the
+war. It is rather interesting to see that this new government, in
+promising the insignificant tribes a permanent occupancy of their present
+holdings, made use of the same high-flown, meaningless language that the
+United States had so long used; but Albert Pike knew better than to assure
+the truly powerful tribes that they should hold their lands themselves and
+in common &#8220;as long as the grass should grow and the waters run.&#8221; That
+language could yet be made appealing and effective, though, in official
+dealings with weak Wichitas,<a name='fna_276' id='fna_276' href='#f_276'><small>[276]</small></a> Senecas, and Shawnees,<a name='fna_277' id='fna_277' href='#f_277'><small>[277]</small></a> and, strange
+as it may seem, even with Creeks.<a name='fna_278' id='fna_278' href='#f_278'><small>[278]</small></a> In reciprocal fashion, the wild
+Comanches could most na&iuml;vely promise<a name='fna_279' id='fna_279' href='#f_279'><small>[279]</small></a> to hold the Confederate States
+&#8220;by the hand, and have but one heart with them always.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Speaking of indemnification, we are reminded of other very important
+financial obligations assumed by the Confederacy when it made its famous
+treaties with the Indians west of Arkansas. Those financial obligations
+comprised the payment of annuities due the tribes from the United States
+in return for land cessions of enormous extent. They also comprised the
+interest on various funds, such as the Orphan Creek fund, education funds,
+and the like. Albert Pike had been given no specific authority to do this
+but he knew well that no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> treaties could possibly be made without it. It
+was not very likely that the slaveholding tribes would surrender so much
+wealth for nothing, and so Pike argued, when justifying himself and his
+actions later on. In his capacity as commissioner with plenary powers, he
+also promised the Indians that the Confederacy would see to it that their
+trust funds, secured by southern bonds, should be rendered safe and
+negotiable. Over and above all this, the government of the Confederate
+States made itself responsible for claims for damages of various sorts
+that the different tribes had brought or were to bring against the United
+States. Three good instances of the same are the following: the claim of
+the Cherokees for losses, personal and national, incident to the removal
+from Georgia; the claim<a name='fna_280' id='fna_280' href='#f_280'><small>[280]</small></a> of the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>Seminoles for losses sustained by
+reason of General Thomas<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> S. Jesup&#8217;s emancipation<a name='fna_281' id='fna_281' href='#f_281'><small>[281]</small></a> order during the
+progress of the Second Seminole War; and the claim of the Wichitas against
+the United States government for having granted to the Choctaws the land
+that belonged by hereditary pre&euml;mption to them and had so belonged from
+time out of mind. It is exceedingly interesting to know that these
+Wichitas had been colonized on the very land they claimed as indisputably
+their own.</p>
+
+<p>In all the treaties, negotiated by Pike, except the two of the Third
+Class,<a name='fna_282' id='fna_282' href='#f_282'><small>[282]</small></a> the Wichita and the Comanche, the institution of slavery was
+positively and particularly recognized, recognized as legal and as having
+existed from time immemorial. Property rights in slaves were guaranteed.
+Fugitive Slave Laws were declared operative within the Indian country, and
+the mutual rendition of fugitives was promised throughout the length and
+breadth of the Confederacy. The First Class of treaties differs from the
+Second in this matter but only in a very slight degree. The latter
+condenses in one clause<a name='fna_283' id='fna_283' href='#f_283'><small>[283]</small></a> all that bears upon slavery in its various
+aspects, the former separates the discussion of the legality of the
+institution from that of the rendition of slaves. Of the First Class, the
+Creek Treaty<a name='fna_284' id='fna_284' href='#f_284'><small>[284]</small></a> constituted the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> model; of the Second, the Osage.<a name='fna_285' id='fna_285' href='#f_285'><small>[285]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>Aside from the things to which reference has already been made, the
+Confederate Indian treaties were, in a variety of ways and to the same
+extent that the Confederate constitution itself was, a reflection upon
+past history. To avoid the friction that had always been present between
+the red men and their neighbors, an attempt was now made to redefine and
+to readjust the relations of Indians with each other both within and
+without the tribe; their relations with white men considered apart from
+any political organization; their relations, either as individuals or as
+tribes, with the several states of the Confederacy; and their relations
+with the central government. In general, their rights, civil, political,
+and judicial, as men and as semi-independent communities were now
+specified under such conditions as made for what in times past would have
+been regarded as full recognition, and even for enlargement. Indian rights
+were at a premium because Indian alliances were in demand.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>The relations of Indians with Indians need not be considered at length.
+Suffice it to say that many clauses were devoted to the regulation of the
+affairs of those tribes that were, either politically or ethnologically,
+closely connected with each other; as, for example, the Choctaws and
+Chickasaws on the one hand and the Creeks and Seminoles on the other.
+Still other clauses assured the tribes of protection against hostile
+invasion from red men and from white, and assured all the great tribes,
+except the Cherokees,<a name='fna_286' id='fna_286' href='#f_286'><small>[286]</small></a> of similar protection against domestic
+violence.<a name='fna_287' id='fna_287' href='#f_287'><small>[287]</small></a> The Cherokees, very possibly, were made an exception
+because of the known intensity of their factional strife and hatred,
+which, purely for its own selfish ends, the Confederacy had done so much
+to augment. There may also have been some lingering doubt of John Ross&#8217;s
+sincerity in the matter of devotion to the Confederacy. The time had been
+and might come again when the Confederacy would find it very expedient to
+play off one faction against another. Injuries coming to the Indians from
+a failure to protect were to be indemnified out of the Confederate
+treasury. Could the United States, throughout the more than a hundred
+years of its history have had just such a law, its national treasury would
+have been saved millions and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> millions of dollars paid out in claims, just
+and unjust, of white men against the Indians.</p>
+
+<p>As affecting their relations with white men, the Indians were conceded the
+right to determine absolutely, by their own legislation, the conditions of
+their own tribal citizenship. This would mean, of course, the free
+continuance of the custom of adoption, a custom more pernicious in Indian
+history than even the principle of equal apportionment in Frankish;
+because it was the entering wedge to territorial encroachment. The white
+man, once adopted into the tribe as a citizen, was to be protected against
+unjust discrimination or against the forfeiture of his acquired status.
+The provisions against intruders were legitimately severe, those of the
+United States had never been severe enough. The executive power had always
+been very weak and very lax but now it was to reside in the tribal Council
+and would bid fair to be firm because interested, or, perhaps, we should
+say disinterested. The Confederacy, on its part, promised that the aid of
+the military should be forthcoming for the expulsion of intruders on
+application by the agent, should the tribal authority prove inadequate.
+The Indians might compel the removal of obnoxious men from agency and
+military reserves. Unauthorized settlement within the Indian country by
+citizens of the Confederate States was absolutely forbidden under pain of
+punishment by the tribe encroached upon.</p>
+
+<p>With respect to Indian trade, there was considerable innovation and
+considerable modification of existing laws. For years past, the Indians of
+the great tribes had chafed under the restrictions which the United States
+government had placed upon their trade<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> and, unquestionably, no other
+single thing had irritated them more than the very evident monopoly right
+which the United States had given to a few white men over it. Indian
+trade, under federal regulations, was nothing more nor less than an
+extension of the protective policy, a policy that was destructive of all
+competition and that put the Indian, often to the contempt of his
+intelligence, at the mercy of the white sharper. Indian commissioner after
+Indian commissioner had protested against it, but all in vain. George W.
+Manypenny, particularly, had tried<a name='fna_288' id='fna_288' href='#f_288'><small>[288]</small></a> to effect a change; for he was
+himself convinced that, if the Indians were capable of self-government,
+they were certainly capable of conducting their own trade. Needless to
+say, Manypenny&#8217;s efforts were entirely unavailing. The Indian trade in the
+hands of the licensed white trader, although a pernicious thing for the
+Indian, was an exceedingly lucrative business for enterprising American
+citizens, white men who were, unfortunately, in possession of the elective
+franchise but of little else that was honorable and the government,
+controlled by constituents with local interests, dared not surrender it to
+the unenfranchised Indians no matter how highly competent they might be.
+Thus the Indian country, throughout its entire extent, was exploited for
+the sake of the frontiersman. Moreover, the annuity money, a just tax upon
+a government that had received so much real estate from the aborigines,
+instead of being spent judiciously to meet the ends of civilization and in
+such a way as to reflect credit upon the donor, who after all was a
+self-constituted guardian, went right back into the pockets of United
+States citizens but, of necessity, into those of only a very limited
+number of them.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>Because it was a matter of expediency and not because it was a principle
+that it believed in, otherwise it would have given it to the weak tribes
+as well as to the strong, the Confederacy gave to the Indians of the great
+tribes, but not to all in exactly the same measure,<a name='fna_289' id='fna_289' href='#f_289'><small>[289]</small></a> the control of
+their own trade. It did not do away with the post trader, as it ought to
+have done in order to make its reform complete, but it did deprive him of
+his monopoly privileges. It hedged his license about with
+restrictions,<a name='fna_290' id='fna_290' href='#f_290'><small>[290]</small></a> made it subject, on complaint of the Indian and in the
+event of arrearages, to revocation; and, to all of the great tribes except
+the Seminoles, it gave the power of taxing his goods, his stock in trade,
+usually a rather paltry outfit. No better precaution could have possibly
+been devised against exorbitant charging. An ad valorem tax would most
+certainly have quite eliminated the fifty, the one hundred, and the two
+hundred per cents of profit. As a matter of fact, the extravagantly high
+prices of the ordinary Indian trader would be, for most persons,
+positively prohibitive. The Confederacy further bound itself to pay to the
+Indians an annual compensation for the land and timber used by the trader.</p>
+
+<p>The questions settled as between the several states and the Indian tribes
+were chiefly<a name='fna_291' id='fna_291' href='#f_291'><small>[291]</small></a> of property rights and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> of civil and criminal rights and
+procedure. In addition to their property right in slaves, the Indians were
+at last admitted to have a possible right in other things, in land, for
+instance, that might lie within the limits of a state. This they were
+henceforth to hold, dispose of as they pleased, and bequeath by will.<a name='fna_292' id='fna_292' href='#f_292'><small>[292]</small></a>
+Restrictions, likewise, upon their power freely to dispose of their
+chattels,<a name='fna_293' id='fna_293' href='#f_293'><small>[293]</small></a> were removed, a co&ouml;rdinate concession, but one that did not
+so much affect their relations with a given individual state as their
+relations with the central government. To such<a name='fna_294' id='fna_294' href='#f_294'><small>[294]</small></a> of the Indians as were
+not to be brought within the jurisdiction of the Confederate States
+District Courts<a name='fna_295' id='fna_295' href='#f_295'><small>[295]</small></a> that were to be created within the Indian country,
+the right was given to sue and to implead in any of the courts of the
+several states. To Indians generally of the great tribes was given the
+right to be held competent as witnesses<a name='fna_296' id='fna_296' href='#f_296'><small>[296]</small></a> in state courts, and, if
+indicted there themselves, to subpoena witnesses and to employ
+counsel.<a name='fna_297' id='fna_297' href='#f_297'><small>[297]</small></a> The Cherokees, the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span>Choctaws, and the Chickasaws were also
+granted the right of recovery<a name='fna_298' id='fna_298' href='#f_298'><small>[298]</small></a> as against citizens of the Confederate
+States. Should recovery not be possible, the Confederacy was to stand the
+loss. But more than anything else reciprocal right of extradition was
+henceforth to be accorded. This was to exist as between tribe and
+tribe<a name='fna_299' id='fna_299' href='#f_299'><small>[299]</small></a> and, with some slight exceptions, as between tribe and state.
+An examination of the various treaties reveals a steady development in the
+matter of this concession. The Creek Treaty,<a name='fna_300' id='fna_300' href='#f_300'><small>[300]</small></a> which was the first to
+be negotiated, made extradition a rather one-sided<a name='fna_301' id='fna_301' href='#f_301'><small>[301]</small></a> affair. The tribe
+was to yield the criminal to the state, but, not reciprocally, the state
+to the tribe. This verbal inequality would not have so much mattered had
+there been a possibility that in the sequel it would have been
+interpreted, as in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> states, in terms of executive courtesy and
+discretion; but the chances were that a state would have made it a matter
+of absolute obligation with the tribe. Reciprocity<a name='fna_302' id='fna_302' href='#f_302'><small>[302]</small></a> found its way into
+the second treaty, however, and also into all the later ones of the First
+Class. Finally, be it remarked, that as a climax to this series of
+judicial concessions, full faith and credit<a name='fna_303' id='fna_303' href='#f_303'><small>[303]</small></a> were to be given by the
+one Indian nation or Confederate state, as the case might be, to all legal
+processes, decisions, and acts of the other.</p>
+
+<p>There yet remain two provisions<a name='fna_304' id='fna_304' href='#f_304'><small>[304]</small></a> of importance that were intended to
+put the Indian nations on a basis of equality with the states. They are
+provisions rather particular in their nature, however, and, in their full
+operation, would have affected Texas and Arkansas much more nearly than
+any other members of the Southern Confederacy. The first of these
+provisions is to be found, as a grant of mutual rights, only in treaties
+of the First Class and in two only of those, the Choctaw and Chickasaw and
+the Cherokee. The omission from the Creek and Seminole treaties was due,
+most likely, to geographical conditions; but the lack of reciprocity in
+the Osage, the one treaty of the Second Class in which a suggestion of the
+provision occurs, was just as surely due to the weakness of the tribe from
+which the privilege was exacted. The provision comprehended the use of
+navigable streams within the limits of the Confederacy and the Indians
+specified<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> were to have the same rights in the premises as the citizens of
+the Confederate States. Osage<a name='fna_305' id='fna_305' href='#f_305'><small>[305]</small></a> streams and water courses were,
+however, to be open to white people but not conversely Confederate waters
+to the Osages. The clauses in treaties of the First Class, embodying this
+provision, comprehended all navigable streams whatsoever but had
+particular application to the Red and Arkansas Rivers, the Choctaw<a name='fna_306' id='fna_306' href='#f_306'><small>[306]</small></a>
+and Chickasaw to the former and the Cherokee<a name='fna_307' id='fna_307' href='#f_307'><small>[307]</small></a> to the latter. The
+rights of ferrying on these streams were to be open alike to white and red
+men living upon their banks.</p>
+
+<p>The second provision was couched in terms of general amnesty. The Indians
+were to forgive wholesale the citizens of the individual Confederate
+states for their past offences and, reciprocally, the states were to
+forgive and pardon the Indians for theirs, or, rather, the government of
+the Confederate States was to use its good offices to persuade and induce
+them to do so.<a name='fna_308' id='fna_308' href='#f_308'><small>[308]</small></a> The Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty contained, in
+addition to this general clause, a particular one bringing out again the
+close connection with Texas and Arkansas. It reads thus:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">... And the Confederate States will especially request the States of
+Arkansas and Texas to grant the like amnesty as to all offences
+committed by Choctaw or Chickasaw against the laws of those States
+respectively, and the Governor of each to reprieve or pardon the same,
+if necessary.<a name='fna_309' id='fna_309' href='#f_309'><small>[309]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>Some evidence of the special interest Texas might have in the matter came
+out rather prominently in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> treaties of the Third Class, the amnesty in
+them was particular while the amnesty in the treaties of the other two
+classes was general. This is what the Wichita and Comanche say:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">It is distinctly understood by the said several tribes and bands, that
+the State of Texas is one of the Confederate States, and joins this
+Convention, and signs it when the Commissioner signs it, and is bound
+by it; and all hostilities and enmities between it and them are now
+ended and are to be forgotten and forgiven on both sides.<a name='fna_310' id='fna_310' href='#f_310'><small>[310]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>It soon developed that Texas was not pleased to find her consent so
+thoroughly taken for granted and that the Reserve Indians were no better
+satisfied. The enmity between the two continued as before.</p>
+
+<p>As regarded the relations between the Indian tribes and the Confederate
+States proper, the Pike treaties were old law in so far as they duplicated
+the earlier United States treaty arrangements and new law only in so far
+as they met conditions incident to the war. United States laws and
+treaties were specifically continued in force wherever possible, and, in
+most cases, the name of the one government was simply substituted for that
+of the other. Considerable emphasis was laid upon the right of eminent
+domain. The Indians conceded to the Confederacy the power to establish
+agency reserves,<a name='fna_311' id='fna_311' href='#f_311'><small>[311]</small></a> military posts<a name='fna_312' id='fna_312' href='#f_312'><small>[312]</small></a> and fortifications, to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>maintain
+post and military roads,<a name='fna_313' id='fna_313' href='#f_313'><small>[313]</small></a> and to grant the right of way,<a name='fna_314' id='fna_314' href='#f_314'><small>[314]</small></a> upon
+payment of an indemnity,<a name='fna_315' id='fna_315' href='#f_315'><small>[315]</small></a> to certain corporations for purposes of
+internal improvement, mainly railway and telegraph lines. Most of this
+would have contributed very materially to the good of the southern cause
+in guarding one of the approaches to Texas and in increasing the
+convenience of communication. The Confederate States assumed the wardship
+of the tribes, exacted a pledge of loyalty from the weaker and one of
+alliance,<a name='fna_316' id='fna_316' href='#f_316'><small>[316]</small></a> offensive and defensive, but without the entail of
+pecuniary responsibility, from the stronger. In its turn, the Confederacy
+promised to the Indians many things, deserving of serious mention and far
+too important for mere enumeration. As a matter of fact, the South paid
+pretty dearly, from the view-point of historical consistency, for its
+Indian alliance. In the light of Indian political history, it yielded far
+more than at first glance appears and, as a consequence, the great tribes
+gained nearly everything that they had been contending for for half a
+century.</p>
+
+<p>As has just been intimated, the concessions made by the Confederacy to the
+Indians were somewhat significant. In addition to the things noted a few
+paragraphs back, congressional delegates, control of trade, and others of
+like import, Pike, the lawyer commissioner and the man of justice,
+promised the establishment of Confederate States courts within the Indian
+country. There were to be two of them, one in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> Choctaw country<a name='fna_317' id='fna_317' href='#f_317'><small>[317]</small></a>
+and one in the Cherokee.<a name='fna_318' id='fna_318' href='#f_318'><small>[318]</small></a> They were to be District Courts with a
+limited Circuit Court jurisdiction. The importance of the concession
+cannot well be over-estimated; for it struck at the root of one of the
+chief Indian grievances. The territorial extent of the districts was left
+a little vague and the jurisdiction was not fairly distributed. Here again
+we have an illustration of might conditioning right. The Osages,<a name='fna_319' id='fna_319' href='#f_319'><small>[319]</small></a> the
+Senecas and Shawnees,<a name='fna_320' id='fna_320' href='#f_320'><small>[320]</small></a> and the Quapaws<a name='fna_321' id='fna_321' href='#f_321'><small>[321]</small></a> were all brought within
+the limits of the Cha-lah-ki, or Cherokee district, but it is not clear
+that, as far as they were concerned, any other offences than those against
+the Fugitive Slave<a name='fna_322' id='fna_322' href='#f_322'><small>[322]</small></a> laws, were to come within the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> purview of the
+court. The Wichitas and Comanches were left entirely unassigned, although
+naturally, they would have come within the Tush-ca-hom-ma, or Choctaw
+district.</p>
+
+<p>The Confederacy reinstituted the agency system and continued it with
+modifications. These modifications were in line with reiterated complaints
+of the Indians. They restricted the government patronage to some extent
+and, in certain instances, allowed a good deal of tribal control. As a
+general thing, to each tribe was allowed one agent and to each language,
+one interpreter. An exception to the first provision was to be found
+wherever it had been found under the earlier r&eacute;gime. Thus there was a
+single agent for the Choctaws and Chickasaws, another for the fragmentary
+tribes of the Leased District, and another for those of the Neosho River
+country. In the minor treaties, it was stipulated, for very evident and
+very sound reasons, most of them based upon experiences of past neglect,
+that the agent should be faithful in the performance of his duties, that
+he should reside at his agency continually, and never be absent for long
+at a time or without good and sufficient cause.</p>
+
+<p>There were also certain things the Indians were forbidden to do, many of
+them familiar to us in any ordinary Bill of Rights and having reference to
+ex-post facto laws, laws impairing the obligation of contracts, due
+process of law, and the like. The Confederacy, in turn, bound itself not
+to allow farming on government reserves or settlement there except under
+certain conditions and not to treat<a name='fna_323' id='fna_323' href='#f_323'><small>[323]</small></a> with Cherokee factions. It
+inserted into the treaties with the minor tribes the usual number of
+civilization clauses, promising <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>agricultural and industrial support; and
+into the Cherokee some things that were entirely new, notably a provision
+that the congressional delegation from each of the great tribes should
+have the right to nominate a youth to membership in any military academy
+that might be established.<a name='fna_324' id='fna_324' href='#f_324'><small>[324]</small></a> It also promised to maintain a postal
+system throughout the Indian country, one that should be, in every
+particular, a part of the postal system of the Confederate States with the
+same rates, stamps, and so on. To the Cherokees, it promised the
+additional privilege<a name='fna_325' id='fna_325' href='#f_325'><small>[325]</small></a> of having the postmasters selected and appointed
+from among their own people. From the foregoing analysis of the treaties,
+it is clearly seen that the characteristic feature of them all was
+conciliation and conciliation written very, very large. Of the great
+tribes, the Confederacy asked an alliance full and complete; of the middle
+tribes, such as the Osage, it asked a limited alliance and peace; and of
+the most insignificant tribes it asked simply peace but that it was
+prepared, not only to ask, but, if need be, to demand. Between the
+Cherokees and the Wichitas, there was a wide, wide gulf and one that could
+be measured only in terms of political and military importance.</p>
+
+<p>So much for the contents of the treaties but what about the detailed
+history of their negotiation? When Albert Pike first came within reach of
+the Indian country, he communicated<a name='fna_326' id='fna_326' href='#f_326'><small>[326]</small></a> officially or semi-officially<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>
+with the men belonging or recently belonging to the Indian field service,
+agents and agency employees, or, at least, with those of them that were
+known as Confederate sympathizers. A few very necessary changes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> had been
+made in the service with the inauguration of President Lincoln but the
+changes were not always such as could, in any wise, have strengthened the
+Federal position. First, as regards the southern superintendency, an
+attempt had been made to find a successor to Elias Rector<a name='fna_327' id='fna_327' href='#f_327'><small>[327]</small></a> at about
+the same time that Harrison<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> B. Branch<a name='fna_328' id='fna_328' href='#f_328'><small>[328]</small></a> of Missouri had been appointed
+central superintendent in the stead of A. M. Robinson. The man chosen was
+Samuel L. Griffith<a name='fna_329' id='fna_329' href='#f_329'><small>[329]</small></a> of Fort Smith to whom the new Secretary of the
+Interior, Caleb B. Smith, telegraphed on the fifth of April, tendering the
+position. Similarly by wire, on the ninth, Griffith accepted; and, on the
+tenth, explained<a name='fna_330' id='fna_330' href='#f_330'><small>[330]</small></a> the delay in the following letter:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Being a member of our State Convention on the Union side, I hesitated
+a day or two, as to the propriety of accepting, fearing it might
+affect the union cause, but on mature deliberation and counsel with
+union friends, and on the receipt of a memorial signed by a large
+number of names of men of all parties, I concluded to accept....</p>
+
+<p>Col. W. H. Garret Agt. for the Creeks, passed through this place on
+the 8th....</p>
+
+<p>Col. S. Rutherford left here this morning for his agency (the
+Seminole). I desired him to ascertain on his way through the Creek and
+Choctaw Nations, the facts, as to the rumor that two men from Texas
+were in the Creek Nation for the purpose of meeting the several
+nations in Council &amp;c. and to report to me immediately....</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Griffith&#8217;s solicitude for the Union interests <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span>apparently soon
+vanished. On the twentieth of April, he wrote<a name='fna_331' id='fna_331' href='#f_331'><small>[331]</small></a> that, &#8220;under the
+circumstances,&#8221; he could not hold office. Coffin of Indiana was then
+selected<a name='fna_332' id='fna_332' href='#f_332'><small>[332]</small></a> for the place of southern superintendent and, in a very
+little while, Griffith was among the applicants<a name='fna_333' id='fna_333' href='#f_333'><small>[333]</small></a> for the corresponding
+position in the Confederate States. Between the dates of the two
+activities, moreover, he had been appointed by the Arkansas Convention one
+of the three special agents to interview the Indian tribes in the
+interests of secession. That was on the tenth of May.</p>
+
+<p>The changes in the agency incumbents proved equally temporary and
+unfortunate. Particularly was this the case with two determined<a name='fna_334' id='fna_334' href='#f_334'><small>[334]</small></a> upon
+on the sixth of April. Four days later, William Quesenbury<a name='fna_335' id='fna_335' href='#f_335'><small>[335]</small></a> of
+Fayetteville, Arkansas was notified that he had been appointed to succeed
+William H. Garrett as agent for the Creeks, and John Crawford<a name='fna_336' id='fna_336' href='#f_336'><small>[336]</small></a> of the
+same place that he had been appointed to succeed Robert J. Cowart as agent
+for the Cherokees. Both went over to the Confederacy. Nothing else could
+well have been expected of Crawford, or of Quesenbury either for that
+matter, and it is rather surprising that their past records were not more
+thoroughly examined. Quesenbury, like Richard P. Pulliam, was a sort of
+prot&eacute;g&eacute; of Elias Rector. Pulliam had been Rector&#8217;s clerk in the office
+and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> Quesenbury his clerk in the field.<a name='fna_337' id='fna_337' href='#f_337'><small>[337]</small></a> Crawford had been very
+prominent<a name='fna_338' id='fna_338' href='#f_338'><small>[338]</small></a> in the Arkansas legislature the preceding winter in the
+expression of ideas and sentiments hostile to Abraham Lincoln. He accepted
+the office of Cherokee agent under Lincoln, notwithstanding, and he
+subsequently said<a name='fna_339' id='fna_339' href='#f_339'><small>[339]</small></a> that he did so because the Indians would not have
+liked a northern man to come among them. Before Crawford&#8217;s commission
+arrived, Cowart had departed<a name='fna_340' id='fna_340' href='#f_340'><small>[340]</small></a> and Cherokee affairs were in dire
+confusion.<a name='fna_341' id='fna_341' href='#f_341'><small>[341]</small></a> John J. Humphreys<a name='fna_342' id='fna_342' href='#f_342'><small>[342]</small></a> of Tennessee had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> meanwhile been
+offered the Wichita Agency<a name='fna_343' id='fna_343' href='#f_343'><small>[343]</small></a> and Peter P. Elder<a name='fna_344' id='fna_344' href='#f_344'><small>[344]</small></a> of Kansas, the
+Neosho River. The Choctaw and Chickasaw Agency seems to have been left
+vacant. Truth to tell, there was no longer any such agency under United
+States control. Cooper had thrown in his lot with the secessionists and
+was already working actively in their cause.</p>
+
+<p>The defection of Douglas H. Cooper, United States agent for the Choctaws
+and the Chickasaws, can not be passed by so very lightly; for it had such
+far reaching effects. The time came during and after the war, when the
+United States Indian Office came to have in its possession various
+documents<a name='fna_345' id='fna_345' href='#f_345'><small>[345]</small></a> that proved conclusively that Douglas H. Cooper had been
+most instrumental in organizing the secession movement among the Indians
+of at least his own agency. It was even reported<a name='fna_346' id='fna_346' href='#f_346'><small>[346]</small></a> that material was
+forthcoming to show how he &#8220;was engaged in raising troops for the Rebel
+Army, during the months of April, May, and June, 1861, while holding the
+office of U. S. Indian Agent.&#8221; His successor had been appointed
+considerably before the end of that time, however, and, when the war was
+over, the Indians themselves exonerated him from all responsibility in the
+matter of their own defection.<a name='fna_347' id='fna_347' href='#f_347'><small>[347]</small></a> Notwithstanding, he most certainly did
+manifest unusual activity in behalf of the slaveholding power. Even his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span>
+motives for manifesting activity are, in a sense, impugned as instanced by
+the following most extraordinary letter, which, written by Cooper to
+Rector privately and in confidence and later transmitted to Washington out
+of the ordinary course of official business, has already been quoted once
+for the purpose of forming a correct estimate of the recipient&#8217;s
+character. It is gratifying to know that such letters are very rare in
+connection with the history of the American Civil War.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center"><i>Private &amp; Confidential</i></p>
+
+<p>[<i>Copy</i>]</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith</span> May 1st 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Major Elias Rector</span></p>
+
+<p>Dr. Sir: I have concluded to act upon the suggestion yours of the 28th
+Ultimo contains.</p>
+
+<p>If we work this thing shrewdly we can make a fortune each, satisfy the
+Indians, stand fair before the North, and revel in the unwavering
+confidence of our Southern Confederacy.</p>
+
+<p>My share of the eighty thousand in gold<a name='fna_348' id='fna_348' href='#f_348'><small>[348]</small></a> you can leave on deposite
+with Meyer Bro. subject to my order. Write me soon.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Cooper</span>.</span></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188 &amp; 189]</a></span>When Captain Pike<a name='fna_349' id='fna_349' href='#f_349'><small>[349]</small></a> reached the North Fork Village, very probably
+still attended by the escort that the Military Board of Arkansas had
+graciously&mdash;or perhaps officially since Pike, according to his own
+con<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190 &amp; 191]</a></span>fession, was acting as commissioner from Arkansas<a name='fna_350' id='fna_350' href='#f_350'><small>[350]</small></a> as well as from
+the Confederacy&mdash;furnished<a name='fna_351' id='fna_351' href='#f_351'><small>[351]</small></a> him,<a name='fna_352' id='fna_352' href='#f_352'><small>[352]</small></a> he found the Creeks awaiting his
+approach with some anxiety. Among them were Motey Kennard,<a name='fna_353' id='fna_353' href='#f_353'><small>[353]</small></a> principal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span>
+chief of the Lower Creeks, and Echo Harjo, principal chief of the Upper
+Creeks, both of whom had been absent<a name='fna_354' id='fna_354' href='#f_354'><small>[354]</small></a> in Washington at the time the
+inter-tribal council of the spring had been planned. They had gone to
+Washington, in company with John G. Smith, as a delegation, greatly
+concerned about the prospect of Creek finances and the continuance of
+Creek integrity should the quarrel between the North and the South
+continue. Greenwood had tried to reassure them; but, when shortly
+afterwards, all Indian allowances were suspended<a name='fna_355' id='fna_355' href='#f_355'><small>[355]</small></a> by the United States
+Indian Office for fear that remittances might fall, en route, into the
+hands of the disaffected, the distrust and the dissatisfaction of the
+Indians revived and increased, thus rendering them peculiarly susceptible
+to the plausible secessionist arguments of men like Agent Garrett.
+Sometime in May, therefore, a delegation was sent to Montgomery<a name='fna_356' id='fna_356' href='#f_356'><small>[356]</small></a> to
+confer with authorities of the Confederate States, who by the time of the
+arrival of the Creeks had moved on to Richmond.</p>
+
+<p>At the North Fork Village, everything seemed to be working in Pike&#8217;s
+favor. There was scarcely a white man<a name='fna_357' id='fna_357' href='#f_357'><small>[357]</small></a> around who was willing to say a
+word for the North; and leading Indians, who were known to be
+anti-secessionists, were away<a name='fna_358' id='fna_358' href='#f_358'><small>[358]</small></a> treating with the Indians<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> of the
+Plains. Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la, who was to become the stanch leader of the
+opposition, was not with the absentees, it would seem; but then that, at
+the time, did not so much signify because he was not a ranking chief and
+so had little influence.<a name='fna_359' id='fna_359' href='#f_359'><small>[359]</small></a> On the tenth of July, the treaty that Pike
+and the Creek commissioners had been working on for days was finally
+submitted for signature and the names of Motey Kennard, Echo Harjo, Chilly
+McIntosh, Samuel Checote and many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> other less prominent Creeks were
+attached to it. On the twentieth, the general council approved it and more
+names were attached, that of Jacob Derrysaw being among them. On one or
+the other occasion, several white men signed. William Quesenbury, who was
+acting as Pike&#8217;s secretary, Agent Garrett, Interpreter G. W. Stidham,<a name='fna_360' id='fna_360' href='#f_360'><small>[360]</small></a>
+and W. L. Pike. Soon came the return of the travellers and much subsequent
+commotion. They expressed themselves as opposed to the whole proceeding,
+yet three of them found that, in their absence, their names had been
+forged<a name='fna_361' id='fna_361' href='#f_361'><small>[361]</small></a> to the document that was passing as a treaty between the
+Creeks and the Confederate States. The three whose names were forged were,
+Ok-ta-ha-hassee Harjo (better known subsequently as &#8220;Sands&#8221; and who became
+in reconstruction days the great rival of Samuel Checote for the office of
+principal chief), Tallise Fixico, and Mikko Hutke. It is a matter of
+dispute what course Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la had taken<a name='fna_362' id='fna_362' href='#f_362'><small>[362]</small></a> in the treaty
+conference but not what he did afterwards; for he became the intrepid<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>
+leader of the so-called &#8220;Loyal Creeks&#8221; and the foremost of the &#8220;Refugees.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>If the Creeks were disturbed about their national<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> finances, the
+Choctaws<a name='fna_363' id='fna_363' href='#f_363'><small>[363]</small></a> were even more so. There were many suspicious circumstances
+connected with a certain corn contract and with the expenditure generally
+of the huge sum of money that the United States Congress had appropriated
+in satisfaction of claims arising under the treaty of removal, payment on
+which it had recently suspended to the displeasure of the Indians and the
+discomfiture of the speculators. Wherever suspicion rested, Pike attempted
+elaborate explanations and, wherever affairs could be turned to the
+account of the Confederacy, he labored with redoubled zeal. His task was
+an easy one comparatively-speaking, though, for the Choctaws were already
+committed<a name='fna_364' id='fna_364' href='#f_364'><small>[364]</small></a> to the southern cause. The two Folsoms, Peter and Sampson,
+who were among the special commissioners sent to Washington to inquire
+about the money and who had lingered at Montgomery, were his eager
+coadjutors. Just how far George Hudson, principal chief, was readily
+compliant, it is difficult to say. It is supposed that he issued his
+proclamation<a name='fna_365' id='fna_365' href='#f_365'><small>[365]</small></a> of June 14, announcing independence and calling for
+troops, under compulsion and, in July, he may still have been secretly in
+favor of neutrality. The joint treaty for the Choctaws<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> and Chickasaws was
+completed on the twelfth of July and again prominent men, the most
+prominent in the tribes, no doubt, endorsed the action by affixing their
+signatures. R. M. Jones, the chief<a name='fna_366' id='fna_366' href='#f_366'><small>[366]</small></a> of the secessionists, W. B.
+
+Pitchlynn, Winchester Colbert, and James Gamble,<a name='fna_367' id='fna_367' href='#f_367'><small>[367]</small></a> who was soon
+afterwards selected as the first delegate<a name='fna_368' id='fna_368' href='#f_368'><small>[368]</small></a> to the Confederate
+Congress, were among the signers; but Agent Cooper was not. Perchance, he
+and Pike had already begun to dispute over the propriety of an Indian
+agent&#8217;s holding a colonelcy in the Confederate army. Cooper<a name='fna_369' id='fna_369' href='#f_369'><small>[369]</small></a> wanted to
+be both agent and colonel.</p>
+
+<p>Having disposed satisfactorily of the Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws,
+Pike passed on, with his group of white and red friends, to the Seminoles
+and met them in council<a name='fna_370' id='fna_370' href='#f_370'><small>[370]</small></a> at their own agency. Rector was now<a name='fna_371' id='fna_371' href='#f_371'><small>[371]</small></a> one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span>
+of his assistants. The poor Seminoles, according to their own story of
+what happened, were taken completely unawares;<a name='fna_372' id='fna_372' href='#f_372'><small>[372]</small></a> and, after some
+skilful maneuvering, Pike succeeded in inducing about half<a name='fna_373' id='fna_373' href='#f_373'><small>[373]</small></a> of them,
+headed by one of their principal chiefs, John Jumper,<a name='fna_374' id='fna_374' href='#f_374'><small>[374]</small></a> and a town
+chief, Pas-co-fa, to agree to &#8220;perpetual peace and friendship&#8221; with the
+Confederate States. There was nothing specifically said about an alliance,
+offensive and defensive, but it was understood and was immediately
+provided for.<a name='fna_375' id='fna_375' href='#f_375'><small>[375]</small></a> The head chief, Billy Bowlegs,<a name='fna_376' id='fna_376' href='#f_376'><small>[376]</small></a> and other chiefs of
+present and future <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span>importance, like John Chup-co,<a name='fna_377' id='fna_377' href='#f_377'><small>[377]</small></a> refused<a name='fna_378' id='fna_378' href='#f_378'><small>[378]</small></a> to
+sign the treaty and, before many days had elapsed, joined the party of the
+&#8220;Loyal Creeks.&#8221; Various ones of the &#8220;Southern&#8221; Creeks, notably Motey
+Kennard, were present at the treaty-making and used their influence to
+strengthen that of Pike, Rector, Agent Rutherford,<a name='fna_379' id='fna_379' href='#f_379'><small>[379]</small></a> Contractor Charles
+B. Johnson, and a host of minor enthusiasts, like J. J. Sturm and H. P.
+Jones, all of whom had formerly been in the United States employ and were
+now, or soon to be, in the Confederate.<a name='fna_380' id='fna_380' href='#f_380'><small>[380]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>Pike&#8217;s military escort had surely left him by this time and had returned
+to Arkansas and yet never had it been more needed; for the Confederate
+commissioner and his party were about to go into the western country to
+confer with the tribes of the Leased District whose friendship as yet
+could scarcely be counted upon, notwithstanding the fact that their agent
+had openly thrown in his fortunes with the South<a name='fna_381' id='fna_381' href='#f_381'><small>[381]</small></a> and was using<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> every
+form of persuasive art to induce them to do the same. Fearing, perhaps,
+some show of hostility from the Wichitas, Comanches, and Tonkawas, and
+hoping that a show of force on his part would intimidate them, Pike
+gathered together, before proceeding to the Leased District, a company of
+fifty-six<a name='fna_382' id='fna_382' href='#f_382'><small>[382]</small></a> mounted men, friendly Creeks and Seminoles, and with them
+left the Seminole Council House. The Leased District once reached, some of
+the hardest work of the whole negotiation began and two treaties<a name='fna_383' id='fna_383' href='#f_383'><small>[383]</small></a> were
+ultimately concluded, one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> with some of the legitimate residents of the
+locality and one with wandering bands who came in for the purpose. It is
+well to note at the outset, however, that the Wichitas proper refused to
+be either cajoled or intimidated and that, in consequence, they who had
+always, under United States control, been the most important of the
+reservees, the ones to give the name to the entire group, were now reduced
+to a subordinate position and some of the Comanches<a name='fna_384' id='fna_384' href='#f_384'><small>[384]</small></a> elevated to the
+first rank. The first treaty then, the one made with reservees, was thus
+designated, &#8220;Treaty with Comanches and Other Tribes and Bands.&#8221; The second
+treaty, made with Indians <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span>belonging outside the Leased District was
+designated, &#8220;Treaty with the Comanches of the Prairies and Staked Plain.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The negotiation of the remaining treaties of the Pike series came as an
+immediate effect of Confederate military successes and belongs, in its
+description, to the next chapter. It is proper now to return to a
+consideration of the work of the Confederate Congress, in so far, at
+least, as that work had a bearing upon the alliance with the tribes. On
+the twenty-eighth of August, Hugh F. Thomason of Arkansas, offered the
+following resolution:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><i>Resolved</i>, That the Committee on Indian Affairs be instructed to
+inquire whether any, and if so what, treaties have been made with any
+of the Indian tribes, and if so, with which of them; and whether any,
+and if so, what legislation is necessary in consequence thereof; and
+that they have leave to report at such time and in such manner as to
+them shall seem proper.<a name='fna_385' id='fna_385' href='#f_385'><small>[385]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>There the matter rested until after the whole series of treaties had been
+completed which was in ample time for President Davis to submit<a name='fna_386' id='fna_386' href='#f_386'><small>[386]</small></a>
+Pike&#8217;s report<a name='fna_387' id='fna_387' href='#f_387'><small>[387]</small></a> and the tangible evidence of his successful work to the
+Provisional Congress at its winter session.</p>
+
+<p>President Davis&#8217;s message of December 12, 1861, transmitting the Pike
+treaties to the Provisional Congress, summarized their merits and their
+defects and gave direction to the consideration and discussion that ended
+in their ratification. It called particular attention to the pecuniary
+obligations<a name='fna_388' id='fna_388' href='#f_388'><small>[388]</small></a> assumed and to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> contemplated change of status.
+Regarding the latter, Davis said,</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Important modifications are proposed in favor of the respective local
+governments of these Indians, to which your special attention is
+invited. That their advancement in civilization justified an
+enlargement of their power in that regard will scarcely admit of a
+doubt; but whether the proposed concessions in favor of their local
+governments are within the bounds of a wise policy may well claim your
+serious consideration. In this connection your attention is specially
+invited to the clauses giving to certain tribes the unqualified right
+of admission as a State into the compact of the Confederacy, and in
+the meantime allowing each of these tribes to have a delegate in
+Congress. These provisions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> are regarded not only as impolitic but
+unconstitutional, it not being within the limits of the treaty-making
+power to admit a State or to control the House of Representatives in
+the matter of admission to its privileges. I recommend that the former
+provision be rejected, and that the latter be so modified as to leave
+the question to the future action of Congress; and also do recommend
+the rejection of those articles in the treaties which confer upon
+Indians the right to testify in the State courts, believing that the
+States have the power to decide that question, each for itself,
+independently of any action of the Confederate Government.<a name='fna_389' id='fna_389' href='#f_389'><small>[389]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>Again Arkansas was in the lead in the exhibition of interest and, on the
+motion<a name='fna_390' id='fna_390' href='#f_390'><small>[390]</small></a> of one of her delegation, Robert W. Johnson, the president&#8217;s
+message and the documents accompanying it were referred to the Committee
+on Indian Affairs. This was on the thirteenth of December and Johnson was
+the chairman of the committee. On the nineteenth, the treaties began to be
+considered<a name='fna_391' id='fna_391' href='#f_391'><small>[391]</small></a> in executive session. The first to be so considered was
+the Choctaw and Chickasaw, and interest concentrated on its twenty-seventh
+article,<a name='fna_392' id='fna_392' href='#f_392'><small>[392]</small></a> the one giving to the two tribes jointly a delegate in the
+Confederate Congress. This provision was finally amended<a name='fna_393' id='fna_393' href='#f_393'><small>[393]</small></a> so as to
+leave the delegate&#8217;s status, his rights and his privileges, just as Davis
+had recommended, to the House of Representatives. Then came the
+consideration of the twenty-eighth article,<a name='fna_394' id='fna_394' href='#f_394'><small>[394]</small></a> which promised ultimate
+statehood, and that also was amended in such a way as to leave the final
+determination to Congress,</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span>By whose act alone, under the Constitution, new States can be
+admitted and whose consent it is not in the power of the President or
+the present Congress to guarantee in advance....<a name='fna_395' id='fna_395' href='#f_395'><small>[395]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>In the afternoon of December twenty-first, the Provisional Congress
+resumed<a name='fna_396' id='fna_396' href='#f_396'><small>[396]</small></a> its consideration of the Indian treaties. The day previous,
+it had decided upon this order of procedure and had agreed<a name='fna_397' id='fna_397' href='#f_397'><small>[397]</small></a> that the
+Comanche treaties, being of the least importance, should be left to the
+last. The work of the twenty-first was on the judicial clauses and, on the
+question of the qualification of the Indians to be competent witnesses in
+civil and criminal suits. Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXVI</span><a name='fna_398' id='fna_398' href='#f_398'><small>[398]</small></a> of the Osage Treaty, dealing
+with the right to subpoena witnesses and to have counsel, seemed likely to
+create prejudice.<a name='fna_399' id='fna_399' href='#f_399'><small>[399]</small></a> At length Waul of Texas suggested<a name='fna_400' id='fna_400' href='#f_400'><small>[400]</small></a> that
+Commissioner Pike be invited to be present at future sessions in order
+that some very necessary explanations of scope, of motives, and of reasons
+might be forthcoming. In the end, the only changes made in the grant of
+judicial privileges were along the line of safe-guarding the existing
+rights of the individual states. In illustration of this, take the Choctaw
+and Chickasaw Treaty as typical of all of the treaties of the First Class.
+Articles <span class="smcaplc">XLIII</span> and <span class="smcaplc">XLIV</span> were amended. To the former was added,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>And the Confederate States will request the several States of the
+Confederacy to adopt and enact the provisions of this article, in
+respect to suits and proceedings in their several courts.<a name='fna_401' id='fna_401' href='#f_401'><small>[401]</small></a></p></div>
+
+<p>From the latter, the phrase, &#8220;or of a State,&#8221; was stricken<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> out and this
+substitution made; &#8220;or of a State, subject to the laws of the State.&#8221;<a name='fna_402' id='fna_402' href='#f_402'><small>[402]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>On the whole, the Indian treaties took up a very large share of the
+attention of the Confederate Congress throughout the month of December;
+and, after debate, President Davis&#8217;s advice in every particular was
+followed, even to the assumption of the pecuniary obligations. On the
+twenty-third of December, Johnson reported<a name='fna_403' id='fna_403' href='#f_403'><small>[403]</small></a> back the treaty with the
+Cherokees and some of its clauses were then considered. On the same day,
+Johnson offered<a name='fna_404' id='fna_404' href='#f_404'><small>[404]</small></a> a resolution of ratification for the Seminole Treaty
+and it was unanimously adopted, the same changes identically having been
+made in the treaty as had been made in the Choctaw and Chickasaw in so far
+as the two treaties corresponded originally with each other. Congress also
+ratified a supplementary article to the Seminole Treaty. The last of the
+month, the Comanche treaties were reached<a name='fna_405' id='fna_405' href='#f_405'><small>[405]</small></a> and soon pushed through
+with only very slight modifications. Then came the final consideration of
+the treaty with the Creek Indians. It was ratified<a name='fna_406' id='fna_406' href='#f_406'><small>[406]</small></a> with the customary
+amendments the same day. The Quapaw Treaty came<a name='fna_407' id='fna_407' href='#f_407'><small>[407]</small></a> next and with its
+congressional ratification, the work of diplomatically securing the
+Indians was practically done. The later Indian ratification was more or
+less perfunctory.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>IV. THE INDIAN NATIONS IN ALLIANCE WITH THE CONFEDERACY</h2>
+
+
+<p>The work of soliciting the military support of the Indians and, to a large
+extent, that of securing it, antedated very considerably the formal
+negotiation of treaties with their constituted authorities. Whether it be
+true or not, that Douglas H. Cooper, United States agent for the Choctaws
+and the Chickasaws, did, as early as April, 1861, begin to enroll his
+Indians for the service of the Confederate States, it is indisputable
+that, immediately upon receiving Secretary Walker&#8217;s communication<a name='fna_408' id='fna_408' href='#f_408'><small>[408]</small></a> of
+May thirteenth, he began to do it in real earnest and, from that time
+forward, gained his recruits with astonishing ease. There were many<a name='fna_409' id='fna_409' href='#f_409'><small>[409]</small></a>
+to recommend the employment of the Indians and some to oppose it. A
+certain F. J. Marshall, writing<a name='fna_410' id='fna_410' href='#f_410'><small>[410]</small></a> to Jefferson Davis from Marysville,
+Kansas, on the twentieth of May, mapped out a tremendous programme of
+activities in which Indians were to play their part and to help secure
+everything of value between the Missouri line and the Pacific coast. Henry
+McCulloch thought<a name='fna_411' id='fna_411' href='#f_411'><small>[411]</small></a> they might be used advantageously in Texas and on
+her borders. Pike believed<a name='fna_412' id='fna_412' href='#f_412'><small>[412]</small></a> not more than thirty-five hundred could be
+counted upon, maybe five<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> thousand, but whatever the number, he would
+engage them quickly and provide them with the necessary equipment. He
+wanted also to employ<a name='fna_413' id='fna_413' href='#f_413'><small>[413]</small></a> a battalion of those Indians that more strictly
+belonged to Kansas. Presumably, then, he would not have confined
+Confederate interest to the slaveholding tribes. Others besides Pike were
+doubtless of the same mind. Marshall was, for instance, and southern
+emissaries were frequently heard of, north of the Neosho River. Henry C.
+Whitney, one of two United States special agents (Thomas C. Slaughter was
+the other), sent<a name='fna_414' id='fna_414' href='#f_414'><small>[414]</small></a> out to Kansas to investigate and with a view to
+relieve under congressional appropriation<a name='fna_415' id='fna_415' href='#f_415'><small>[415]</small></a> the distress among the
+Indians, caused by the fearful and widespread drouth of 1860, met<a name='fna_416' id='fna_416' href='#f_416'><small>[416]</small></a>
+with many traces of secessionist influence.<a name='fna_417' id='fna_417' href='#f_417'><small>[417]</small></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209 &amp; 210]</a></span>The efforts of Cooper, coupled with those of Pike and McCulloch, in this
+matter of the enlistment of Indian troops, were soon rewarded. Chief
+Hudson&#8217;s proclamation of June fourteenth, besides being a declaration of
+independence, was a call for troops and a call that was responded to by
+the Choctaws with alacrity. A little more than a month later, the
+enlistment of Indians had so far advanced that McCulloch was able to
+speak<a name='fna_418' id='fna_418' href='#f_418'><small>[418]</small></a> positively as to his intended disposition of them. It was to
+keep them, both the Choctaw-Chickasaw regiment, which was then well under
+way towards<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> organization, and the Creek, which was then forming, at
+Scullyville, situated fifteen miles, or thereabouts, from Fort Smith, as a
+check upon the Cherokees. Evidently the peace-loving element among the
+Cherokees was yet the dominant one. On the twenty-fifth of July, Cooper
+furnished further information,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The organization of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Regiment of Mounted
+Rifles will be completed this week, but as yet no arms<a name='fna_419' id='fna_419' href='#f_419'><small>[419]</small></a> have been
+furnished at Fort Smith for them. I hope speedy and effectual measures
+will be taken to arm the people of this (Indian) Territory&mdash;the
+Creeks, Seminoles, Cherokees.... The Choctaws and Chickasaws can
+furnish 10,000 warriors<a name='fna_420' id='fna_420' href='#f_420'><small>[420]</small></a> if needed. The Choctaws and Chickasaws
+are extremely anxious to form another regiment.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span>There seems to be a disposition to keep the Indians at home. This
+seems to me bad policy. They are unfit for garrison duty, and would be
+a terror to the Yankees.<a name='fna_421' id='fna_421' href='#f_421'><small>[421]</small></a></p></div>
+
+<p>All this time, of course, Pike had been making progress with his treaties
+and undoubtedly simplifying Cooper&#8217;s task by embodying in those treaties
+the principles of an active alliance. These clauses from the Creek Treaty
+will illustrate the point:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Article I.</span> There shall be perpetual peace and friendship, and an
+alliance offensive and defensive, between the Confederate States of
+America, and all of their States and people, and the Creek Nation of
+Indians, and all its towns and individuals.<a name='fna_422' id='fna_422' href='#f_422'><small>[422]</small></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article XXXVI.</span> In consideration of the common interests of the Creek
+Nation and the Confederate States, and of the protection and rights
+guaranteed to the said nation by this treaty, the Creek Nation, hereby
+agrees that it will, either by itself or in conjunction with the
+Seminole Nation, raise and furnish a regiment of ten companies of
+mounted men to serve in the armies of the Confederate States for
+twelve months, the company officers whereof shall be elected by the
+members of the company, and the field officers by a majority of the
+votes of the members of the regiment. The men shall be armed by the
+Confederate States, receive the same pay and allowances as other
+mounted troops in the service, and not be moved beyond the limits of
+the Indian country west of Arkansas without their consent.<a name='fna_423' id='fna_423' href='#f_423'><small>[423]</small></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article XXXVII.</span> The Creek Nation hereby agrees and binds itself at any
+future time to raise and furnish, upon the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span>requisition of the
+President, such number of troops for the defence of the Indian
+country, and of the frontier of the Confederate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> States as he may fix,
+not out of fair proportion to the number of its population, to be
+employed for such terms of service as the President may fix; and such
+troops shall always receive the same pay and allowances as other
+troops of the same class in the service of the Confederate
+States.<a name='fna_424' id='fna_424' href='#f_424'><small>[424]</small></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article XXXVIII.</span> It is further agreed by the said Confederate States
+that the said Creek Nation shall never be required or called upon to
+pay, in land or otherwise, any part of the expenses of the present
+war, or of any war waged by or against the Confederate States.<a name='fna_425' id='fna_425' href='#f_425'><small>[425]</small></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article XXXIX.</span> It is further agreed that, after the restoration of
+peace, the Government of the Confederate States will defend the
+frontiers of the Indian country, of which the Creek country is a part,
+and hold the forts and posts therein, with native troops, recruited
+among the several Indian Nations included therein, under the command
+of officers of the army of the Confederate States, in preference to
+other troops.<a name='fna_426' id='fna_426' href='#f_426'><small>[426]</small></a></p></div>
+
+<p>Although John Ross had positively forbidden the recruiting of any force
+within the limits of the Cherokee country, that while nominally for home
+defense, should be in reality a reserve force for the Confederacy, he was
+unable to prevent individuals from going over, on their own responsibility
+entirely, to McCulloch; and many did go and are believed to have
+fought<a name='fna_427' id='fna_427' href='#f_427'><small>[427]</small></a> with his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> brigade at the Battle of Oak Hills, or Wilson&#8217;s
+Creek. That battle proved the determining point in this period of Cherokee
+history. It was a Confederate victory, and a victory gained under such
+circumstances<a name='fna_428' id='fna_428' href='#f_428'><small>[428]</small></a> that the watchful Indians had every reason to think
+that the southern cause would be triumphant in the end.</p>
+
+<p>The dissensions<a name='fna_429' id='fna_429' href='#f_429'><small>[429]</small></a> among the Cherokee and the constant endeavors of the
+Ridge Party to develop public sentiment in favor of the Confederacy, to
+undermine the popularity of John Ross, and to destroy his influence over
+the full-bloods were, and there is no gainsaying it, the real causes of
+the ultimate Cherokee defection. The Battle of Wilson&#8217;s Creek was only the
+occasion, only the immediate cause, the excuse, if you please, and of
+itself could never have brought about a decision. Yet its effect<a name='fna_430' id='fna_430' href='#f_430'><small>[430]</small></a> upon
+Cherokee opinion was unquestionably great and immediate, and that effect
+was noticeably strengthened and intensified by the memory of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> other
+Federal reverses along the Atlantic seaboard, especially the more recent
+and more serious one of Manassas Junction, on the twenty-first of July.</p>
+
+<p>Up to about that time, the neutral policy of John Ross seems to have
+received the endorsement of a majority of the Cherokee people. In the last
+days of June, the Executive Council had been called together and had,
+after a session of several days, publicly and officially approved<a name='fna_431' id='fna_431' href='#f_431'><small>[431]</small></a> of
+the stand the principal chief had taken to date. But events were already
+under way that were to make this executive action in no sense a true index
+to popular feeling. The secessionists were secretly organizing themselves,
+ready to seize the first opportunity that might appear. The full-bloods,
+or non-secessionists, were also organized and, under the name of &#8220;Pins,&#8221;
+were holding meetings of mutual encouragement among the hills. Encounters
+between the two factions were not infrequent and the half-breeds resorted
+to all sorts of expedients for persuading, or that failing, of frightening
+the full-bloods into a compliance with their wishes. They told them that
+the Kansas people had designs upon their lands (which was not altogether
+untrue), and that the Federal government would free their slaves and
+otherwise dispossess, degrade, and humiliate them. Such arguments had
+their effect and there was little at hand to counteract it, none in the
+memory of the past, none in the neglect and embarrassment of the present,
+none in the prospect of the future. There were no Federal troops, no new
+Federal assurances of protection. Agent Crawford, who was the only agent
+within reach, added his threats and his Confederate promises to those of
+the half-breeds. Then came the Battle of Wilson&#8217;s Creek with its
+disastrous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> Federal showing, and the exhausted resisting power of the Pins
+went down before the renewed secessionist ardor.</p>
+
+<p>A meeting of the Cherokee Executive Council had been called for August
+first, and John Ross, Joseph Vann, James Brown, John Drew, and William P.
+Ross, all prominent non-secessionists, had attended it. On this occasion,
+a general, or mass, meeting of the Cherokee people was arranged for, in
+response to a public appeal, and the date for it was fixed for the
+twentieth of August.<a name='fna_432' id='fna_432' href='#f_432'><small>[432]</small></a> In the interval came the news from Springfield
+and another communication from Albert Pike.<a name='fna_433' id='fna_433' href='#f_433'><small>[433]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>The convention which met at Tahlequah in August of 1861 ended in the
+secession of the Cherokee Nation. While it was in progress, the events of
+the last few months were gone over in thorough review and emphasis placed
+upon those of recent occurrence. The attendance at the convention was
+large.<a name='fna_434' id='fna_434' href='#f_434'><small>[434]</small></a> Both political factions were well represented and there seems
+to have been only a slight show of force, if any, from the secessionists.
+The Reverend Evan Jones is our authority for thinking that some &#8220;seventy
+or eighty of them appeared there in arms with the intention to break up
+the meeting;&#8221; but that only two of them succeeded in making<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> any
+disturbance.<a name='fna_435' id='fna_435' href='#f_435'><small>[435]</small></a> In the course of the meeting, Agent Crawford put in an
+appearance and again asserted himself in behalf of the Confederacy. He
+&#8220;appeared on the platform,&#8221; says an eyewitness,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>And stated that although for some time past he had been among the
+Cherokees acting as U. S. Agent, it had been by the advice and consent
+of the Confederate authorities, and with the understanding that when
+the proper time arrived he should declare himself the Agent of the
+C. S. A. That time had now come making this the proudest day of his
+life.<a name='fna_436' id='fna_436' href='#f_436'><small>[436]</small></a>.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span>Such a confession of baseness seems hardly credible. The secessionist was
+entitled to his opinions touching the doctrine of state rights, for which
+a difference of view found its justification both in fact and in theory.
+He might even conscientiously believe in the righteousness of negro
+enslavement, inasmuch as it really did offer an easy solution of a labor
+problem; and moreover,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> would work under a benign paternalism, for the
+thorough, because so gradual, development of an inferior race; but by no
+standard of personal honor, or of moral rectitude could conduct such as
+Crawford&#8217;s be condoned.</p>
+
+<p>John Ross had opened the meeting with an address in which he had defined
+its purposes and his own good intentions, both past and present.
+Personally, he seemed still inclined to maintain a neutral attitude but
+designing persons had made his position most difficult.<a name='fna_437' id='fna_437' href='#f_437'><small>[437]</small></a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>... Our soil has not been invaded, our peace has not been molested,
+nor our rights interfered with by either Government. On the contrary,
+the people have remained at home, cultivated their farms in security,
+and are reaping fruitful returns for their labors. But for false
+fabrications, we should have pursued our ordinary vocations without
+any excitement at home, or misrepresentations and consequent
+misapprehensions abroad, as to the real sentiments and purposes of the
+Cherokee people. Alarming reports, however, have been pertinaciously
+circulated at home and unjust imputations among the people of the
+States. The object seems to have been to create strife and conflict,
+instead of harmony and good-will, among the people themselves, and to
+engender prejudice and distrust, instead of kindness and confidence,
+towards them by the officers and citizens of the Confederate
+States....</p>
+
+<p>... The great object with me has been to have the Cherokee people
+harmonious and united in the full and free exercise and enjoyment of
+all their rights of person and property. Union is strength; dissension
+is weakness, misery, ruin. In time of peace, enjoy peace together; in
+time of war, if war must come, fight together. As brothers live, as
+brothers die. While ready and willing to defend our firesides from the
+robber and murderer,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221-223]</a></span> let us not make war wantonly against the
+authority of the United or Confederate States, but avoid conflict with
+either, and remain strictly on our own soil. We have homes endeared to
+us by every consideration, laws adapted to our condition of our own
+choice, and rights and privileges of the highest character. Here they
+must be enjoyed or nowhere else. When your nationality ceases here, it
+will live nowhere else. When these homes are lost, you will find no
+others like them. Then, my countrymen, as you regard your own rights,
+as you regard the welfare of your posterity, be prudent how you act.
+The permanent disruption of the United States is now probable. The
+State on our border and the Indian nations about us have severed their
+connection from the United States and joined the Confederate States.
+Our general interests are inseparable from theirs, and it is not
+desirable that we should stand alone. The preservation of our rights
+and of our existence are above every other consideration. And in view
+of all the circumstances of our situation I do say to you frankly that
+in my opinion the time has now come when you should signify your
+consent for the authorities of the nation to adopt preliminary steps
+for an alliance with the Confederate States upon terms honorable and
+advantageous to the Cherokee Nation.<a name='fna_438' id='fna_438' href='#f_438'><small>[438]</small></a></p></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img04.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Colonel Adair, Cherokee</span><br />[<i>From Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology</i>]</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>After having received this most solemn of warnings, &#8220;and a few pertinent
+and forcible remarks from Colonel Crawford,&#8221; the meeting organized with
+Joseph Vann as president and William P. Ross as secretary. To effect a
+reconciliation between the contending factions and to decide upon some
+national policy that should be acceptable to the majority of the people,
+were, undoubtedly, the objects sought and so, after much discussion, a
+series of resolutions was adopted in which these ideas were given
+prominence as well as some of kindred importance. The resolutions asserted
+the legal and constitutional right of property in slaves and, in no
+doubtful terms, a friendship for the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span>Confederacy. Yet the convention
+itself took no definite action towards consummating an alliance but left
+everything to the discretion of the constituted authorities of the nation,
+in whom it announced an unwavering confidence.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Whereas we, the Cherokee people, have been invited by the executive of
+the Cherokee Nation, in compliance with the request of many citizens,
+to meet in general meeting, for the purpose of drawing more closely
+the bonds of friendship and sympathy which should characterize our
+conduct and mark our feelings towards each other in view of the
+difficulties and dangers which have arisen from the fearful condition
+of affairs among the people of the several States, and for the purpose
+of giving a free and frank expression of the real sentiments we
+cherish towards each other, and of our true position in regard to
+questions which affect the general welfare, and particularly on that
+of the subject of slavery: Therefore be it hereby</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That we fully approve the neutrality recommended by the
+principal chief in the war pending between the United and the
+Confederate States, and tender to General McCulloch our thanks for the
+respect he has shown to our position.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That we renew the pledges given by the executive of this
+nation of the friendship of the Cherokees towards the people of all
+the States, and particularly towards those on our immediate border,
+with whom our relations have been harmonious and cordial, and from
+whom they should not be separated.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That we also take occasion to renew to the Creeks,
+Choctaws, Seminoles, Chickasaws, and Osages, and others, assurances of
+continued friendship and brotherly feeling.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That we hereby disavow any wish or purpose to create or
+perpetuate any distinctions between the citizens of our country as to
+the full and mixed blood, but regard each and all as our brothers, and
+entitled to equal rights and privileges according to the constitution
+and laws of the nation.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That we proclaim unwavering attachment to the constitution
+and laws of the Cherokee Nation, and solemnly pledge ourselves to
+defend and support the same, and as far as <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span>in us lies to secure to
+the citizens of the nation all the rights and privileges which they
+guarantee to them.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That among the rights guaranteed by the constitution and
+laws we distinctly recognize that of property in negro slaves, and
+hereby publicly denounce as calumniators those who represent us to be
+abolitionists, and as a consequence hostile to the South, which is
+both the land of our birth and the land of our homes.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the great consideration with the Cherokee people
+should be a united and harmonious support and defense of their common
+rights, and we hereby pledge ourselves to mutually sustain our
+nationality, and to defend our lives and the integrity of our homes
+and soil whenever the same shall be wantonly assailed by lawless
+marauders.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That, reposing full confidence in the constituted
+authorities of the Cherokee Nation, we submit to their wisdom the
+management of all questions which affect our interests growing out of
+the exigencies of the relations between the United and Confederate
+States of America, and which may render an alliance on our part with
+the latter States expedient and desirable.</p>
+
+<p>And which resolutions, upon the question of their passage being put,
+were carried by acclamation. <span class="smcap">Joseph Vann</span>, President.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Wm. P. Ross, Secretary.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Tahlequah, C. N., August 21, 1861.<a name='fna_439' id='fna_439' href='#f_439'><small>[439]</small></a></span></p></div>
+
+<p>In making his plans, prior to the Battle of Wilson&#8217;s Creek, for effecting
+a junction with Price and co&ouml;perating with him and others in southwest
+Missouri, McCulloch acted, not under direct orders from Richmond, but from
+his own desire to take such a position opposite the Cherokee Neutral
+Lands, once so outrageously intruded upon by Kansas settlers and now being
+made the highway of marauders entering Missouri, as would make it appear
+to the Cherokees that he was there as their friend and as the protector of
+their interests. After the battle, he refused, and rightly in view of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span>
+own special commission, to accompany Price in his forward march towards
+the Missouri River. Instead he drew back into the neighborhood of the
+Cherokee boundary and there developed his plans for attacking Kansas,
+should such a course be deemed necessary in order to protect Indian
+Territory.</p>
+
+<p>It was at this juncture that the Cherokees as a nation expressed their
+preference for the South and for the southern cause, moved thereto,
+however, by the peculiarities and the difficulties of their situation. The
+Executive Council lost no time in communicating<a name='fna_440' id='fna_440' href='#f_440'><small>[440]</small></a> to McCulloch the
+decision of the Tahlequah mass-meeting and their own determination to
+carry out its wishes by effecting an alliance with the Confederacy &#8220;as
+early as practicable.&#8221; They realized very clearly that this might &#8220;give
+rise to movements against the Cherokee people upon their northern border&#8221;
+and were resolved to be prepared for such an emergency. They, therefore,
+authorized the raising of a regiment of mounted men, home guards they were
+to be and to be so designated, officered by appointment of the principal
+chief, Colonel John Drew being made the colonel. It would appear that the
+nucleus of this regiment, and with a strong southern bias, had made<a name='fna_441' id='fna_441' href='#f_441'><small>[441]</small></a>
+its appearance prior to the Tahlequah meeting and the circumstance gave
+rise to the suspicion that the Cherokees had not been acting in good
+faith. After the war, the suspicion concentrated, very unjustly, upon John
+Ross and was made the most of by Commissioner Cooley at the Fort Smith<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span>
+conference; in order to accomplish, for reasons dishonorable to the United
+States government, the aged chief&#8217;s deposition.</p>
+
+<p>Drew&#8217;s regiment of home guards was tendered to McCulloch and he agreed to
+accept it<a name='fna_442' id='fna_442' href='#f_442'><small>[442]</small></a> but not until after a treaty of alliance should have been
+actually consummated between the Cherokees and the Confederate States.
+Pending the accomplishment of that highly desirable object, McCulloch
+promised to protect the Cherokee borders with his own troops and
+confessed<a name='fna_443' id='fna_443' href='#f_443'><small>[443]</small></a> that he had already authorized the enlistment of another
+force of Cherokees under the command of Stand Watie, which had been
+designed to protect that same northern border but &#8220;not to interfere with
+the neutrality of the Nation by occupying a position within its limits.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It is not easy to decide just when or by whom the use of Indians by the
+Federals in the border warfare<a name='fna_444' id='fna_444' href='#f_444'><small>[444]</small></a> was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> first suggested. As late as May
+twenty-second, Governor Charles Robinson of Kansas, in a letter<a name='fna_445' id='fna_445' href='#f_445'><small>[445]</small></a> to
+Superintendent Branch, protested against even so much as arming them,
+which would certainly indicate that a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> general use of their services had
+not yet been thought of or resorted to; but, in August, when Senator James
+H. Lane was busy organizing his brigade of volunteers for the defense of
+Kansas, he resolved,<a name='fna_446' id='fna_446' href='#f_446'><small>[446]</small></a> rather <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span>officiously, one might think, upon using
+some of the Kansas River tribes in establishing &#8220;a strong Indian camp near
+the neutral lands to prevent forage into Kansas&#8221; and arranged for a
+conference with the Indians at Fort<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> Lincoln, his headquarters. Soon,
+however, a stay of execution was ordered<a name='fna_447' id='fna_447' href='#f_447'><small>[447]</small></a> until the matter could be
+discussed, in its larger aspects, with Commissioner Dole, to whom
+courtesy,<a name='fna_448' id='fna_448' href='#f_448'><small>[448]</small></a> at least, would have demanded that the whole affair should
+have been first submitted.</p>
+
+<p>Dole was then in Kansas<a name='fna_449' id='fna_449' href='#f_449'><small>[449]</small></a> and before long became aware<a name='fna_450' id='fna_450' href='#f_450'><small>[450]</small></a> that
+General Fr&eacute;mont was also favoring the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> enlistment of Indians, or, at all
+events, their employment by the army in some capacity. He had approached
+Agent Johnson on the subject, his immediate purpose being to request Fall
+Leaf, a Delaware, &#8220;to organize a party of 50 men for the service of&#8221; his
+department. Agent Johnson called the tribe together and discovered that
+the chiefs were much averse to having their young men enlist. Dole
+inquired into the matter and assured<a name='fna_451' id='fna_451' href='#f_451'><small>[451]</small></a> the chiefs that a few braves
+only were needed and those simply for special service and that there was
+no intention of asking the tribe, as a tribe, to give its services. The
+chiefs refused consent, notwithstanding; but Fall Leaf and a few others
+like him did enlist.<a name='fna_452' id='fna_452' href='#f_452'><small>[452]</small></a> They were probably among the fifty-three
+Delawares, subsequently reported<a name='fna_453' id='fna_453' href='#f_453'><small>[453]</small></a> as having been employed by Fr&eacute;mont
+to act as scouts and guides. Fall Leaf attained the rank of captain.<a name='fna_454' id='fna_454' href='#f_454'><small>[454]</small></a>
+Superintendent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> Branch,<a name='fna_455' id='fna_455' href='#f_455'><small>[455]</small></a> be it said, and also Commissioner Dole,<a name='fna_456' id='fna_456' href='#f_456'><small>[456]</small></a>
+at this stage of the war, were strongly opposed to a general use of the
+Indians for purposes of active warfare. They knew only too well what it
+was likely to lead to. Indeed, the most that Dole had, up to date,
+agreed<a name='fna_457' id='fna_457' href='#f_457'><small>[457]</small></a> to, was the supplying the Indians with the means of their own
+defense when United States troops had shown themselves quite unavailable.</p>
+
+<p>Dole&#8217;s opinion being such, it is scarcely to be supposed that he could
+have considered favorably Senator Lane&#8217;s idea of an Indian camp in the
+Cherokee Neutral Lands or the one, developed later, of an Indian patrol
+along the southern boundary of Kansas. Lane&#8217;s troubles, quite apart from
+his Indian projects, were daily increasing; and, considering the method of
+warfare indulged in by him and encouraged in his white troops, the same
+one that pro-slavery and free-state men had equally experimented with in
+squatter-sovereignty days, it would have been simply deplorable to have
+permitted him the free use of Indian warriors. Complaints<a name='fna_458' id='fna_458' href='#f_458'><small>[458]</small></a> of Lane and
+of his brigade, of their jayhawking and of their marauding were being made
+on every<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> hand. Governor Robinson<a name='fna_459' id='fna_459' href='#f_459'><small>[459]</small></a> reported these complaints and
+endorsed them. Secretary Cameron, while making his western tour of
+investigation, heard<a name='fna_460' id='fna_460' href='#f_460'><small>[460]</small></a> them and reported them also. Lane
+attributed<a name='fna_461' id='fna_461' href='#f_461'><small>[461]</small></a> them to personal dislike of him, to envy, to everything,
+in fact, except their true cause; but we know now that they were all
+well-grounded. Yet, remarkable to relate, Lane&#8217;s influence with Lincoln
+and with the War Department suffered no appreciable decline. His
+suggestions<a name='fna_462' id='fna_462' href='#f_462'><small>[462]</small></a> were acted upon; and, as we shall presently see, he was
+even permitted to organize a huge jayhawking expedition at the beginning
+of the next year.</p>
+
+<p>The mention of Lane&#8217;s jayhawking expedition calls to mind the conditions
+that made it seem, at the time, an acceptable thing and takes us back in
+retrospect to Indian Territory and to the events occurring there after the
+Tahlequah mass-meeting of the twenty-first of August. As soon as the
+meeting had broken up, John Ross despatched<a name='fna_463' id='fna_463' href='#f_463'><small>[463]</small></a> a messenger to Albert
+Pike to inform him of all that had happened and of the Cherokee
+willingness, at last, to negotiate with the Confederacy. It was arranged
+that Pike should come to the Cherokee country, taking up his quarters
+temporarily at Park Hill,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> the home of Ross near Tahlequah, and that a
+general Indian council should be called. A special effort was made to have
+the fragmentary bands of the northeast represented and Pike sent out
+various agents<a name='fna_464' id='fna_464' href='#f_464'><small>[464]</small></a> to urge an attendance. John Ross was also active in
+the same interest. He, personally, communicated with the Osages<a name='fna_465' id='fna_465' href='#f_465'><small>[465]</small></a> and
+with the Creeks<a name='fna_466' id='fna_466' href='#f_466'><small>[466]</small></a> by letter; but the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> Creeks,<a name='fna_467' id='fna_467' href='#f_467'><small>[467]</small></a> like Evan
+Jones,<a name='fna_468' id='fna_468' href='#f_468'><small>[468]</small></a> seem to have been incredulous as to Cherokee defection. They
+seem to have doubted the genuineness of the letter sent to them and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> made
+inquiries about it, only to be assured<a name='fna_469' id='fna_469' href='#f_469'><small>[469]</small></a> again and again by Ross that
+all was well and that he wished the Indians en masse to join the Southern
+States.</p>
+
+<p>The council at Tahlequah, viewed in the light of its immediate object, was
+unusually successful. Four treaties were negotiated, one<a name='fna_470' id='fna_470' href='#f_470'><small>[470]</small></a> at Tahlequah
+itself, October seventh, with the Cherokees and three at Park Hill. Of
+these three, one<a name='fna_471' id='fna_471' href='#f_471'><small>[471]</small></a> was with four bands of the Great Osages, Clermont&#8217;s,
+White Hair&#8217;s, Black Dog&#8217;s, and the Big Hill, October second; another<a name='fna_472' id='fna_472' href='#f_472'><small>[472]</small></a>
+with the Quapaws, October fourth; and the third,<a name='fna_473' id='fna_473' href='#f_473'><small>[473]</small></a> on the same day,
+with the Senecas<a name='fna_474' id='fna_474' href='#f_474'><small>[474]</small></a> (once of Sandusky) and the Shawnees (once of
+Lewistown and now of the mixed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> band of Senecas and Shawnees).
+Hereditary<a name='fna_475' id='fna_475' href='#f_475'><small>[475]</small></a> chiefs alone signed for the Great Osages, the merit chief,
+Big Chief, being, apparently, not present. The notorious ex-United States
+agent, J. W. Washbourne,<a name='fna_476' id='fna_476' href='#f_476'><small>[476]</small></a> was very much in evidence as would most
+likely also have been the equally notorious and disreputable Indian
+trader,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> John Mathews,<a name='fna_477' id='fna_477' href='#f_477'><small>[477]</small></a> had he not recently received his deserts at
+the hands of Senator Lane&#8217;s brigade.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span>An accurate and connected account of the occurrences at the Tahlequah
+council, it is well nigh impossible to obtain. Some intimidation<a name='fna_478' id='fna_478' href='#f_478'><small>[478]</small></a>
+seems to have been used, and there was a report of a collision<a name='fna_479' id='fna_479' href='#f_479'><small>[479]</small></a>
+between the Ross and Ridge factions some days previous to the meeting.
+Drew&#8217;s regiment, which, when organized, had been placed as a guard<a name='fna_480' id='fna_480' href='#f_480'><small>[480]</small></a> on
+the northern border, escorted<a name='fna_481' id='fna_481' href='#f_481'><small>[481]</small></a> Commissioner Pike to Park Hill and
+later took up its station on the treaty ground. Some of Stand Watie&#8217;s
+Confederate forces were also in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> neighborhood.<a name='fna_482' id='fna_482' href='#f_482'><small>[482]</small></a> In 1865, at the
+Fort Smith Council, held for the readjustment of political relations with
+the United States government, the Indians of the Neosho Agency gave<a name='fna_483' id='fna_483' href='#f_483'><small>[483]</small></a> a
+rather picturesque description of the way they had been prevailed upon to
+sign the treaty with the Confederate States. The real object of the
+Tahlequah meeting was evidently not revealed to them until they had
+actually reached the treaty ground. Agent Dorn had told them that they had
+to go to the meeting. They went and were there taken in hand by Pike who
+said,</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">If you don&#8217;t do what we lay before you, we can&#8217;t say you shall live happy.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">feeling badly, just looked on, and the white man went to work, got up
+a paper and said I want you to sign that. The Indian did not want to,
+but he compelled him. You know yourself that, under such
+circumstances, he would do anything to save his life....</p>
+
+<p>Now that the history of the diplomatic relations between the Indian tribes
+and the Confederacy has been brought thus far, nothing seems more fitting
+than to return to the consideration of the Federal government and its
+representatives, its purposes, and its plans, beginning the account with
+the Indian Office and Commissioner Dole. Dole&#8217;s early attempt to prevail
+upon the War Department to resume its occupation of Indian Territory was
+followed up by the convincing letter of the thirtieth of May in which he
+likened the Indians to the Union element in some of the border states and
+ended by throwing the full responsibility for any disloyalty that might
+appear among them upon the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span>Federal authorities; inasmuch as they had
+neglected and were still neglecting to give the support and protection
+that any ordinary guardian is bound in honor to give to his wards. Dole
+said in writing to Secretary Smith,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>... Experience has shown that the presence of even a small force of
+federal troops located in the disaffected States has had the effect to
+preserve the peace, encourage the friends of the Union, and induce the
+people to return to their allegiance.</p>
+
+<p>That this same result would be produced in the Indian country I cannot
+doubt, as they can have no inducement to unite with the enemies of the
+United States unless we fail as a nation to give them that protection
+guaranteed by our treaty stipulations, and which is necessary to
+prevent designing and evil-disposed persons from having free
+intercourse with them, to work out their evil purposes....<a name='fna_484' id='fna_484' href='#f_484'><small>[484]</small></a></p></div>
+
+<p>Nothing came of Dole&#8217;s application and thus was exemplified, as often
+before and often since, a very serious defect in the American
+administrative system by which the duty of doing a certain thing rests
+upon one department and the means for doing it with quite another. It is
+surely no exaggeration to say that hundreds and hundreds of times the
+Indians have been the innocent victims of friction between the War and
+Interior Departments.</p>
+
+<p>But if the authorities at Washington were indifferent to the Indian&#8217;s
+welfare, Senator Lane was neither indifferent to nor ignorant of the
+strategical importance of Indian Territory. With him the defence of Kansas
+and the means of procuring that defence were everything. Indian Territory
+and the Indian tribes came within the scope of the means. And so it
+happened that, while he was organizing his Kansas brigade, he
+commissioned<a name='fna_485' id='fna_485' href='#f_485'><small>[485]</small></a> a man, E. H. Carruth, who had <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span>formerly posed as an
+educator<a name='fna_486' id='fna_486' href='#f_486'><small>[486]</small></a> among the Seminoles, to communicate with the various tribes
+for the purpose of determining their real feelings towards the United
+States government and of obtaining, if possible, an interview between Lane
+and some of their accredited representatives. The interview was to take
+place &#8220;at Fort Lincoln on the Osage or some point convenient
+thereto.&#8221;<a name='fna_487' id='fna_487' href='#f_487'><small>[487]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>Now a considerable portion of the Creek tribe was in just the right mood
+and in just the right situation to receive such overtures in the right
+spirit. That portion consisted of those who, after the treaty of July
+tenth had been negotiated in the manner already described, had rallied
+around Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la; and who, in a Creek convention that had been
+called for August fifth had declared that the chiefs, who had signed a
+treaty outside the National Council, had violated a fundamental law of the
+tribe and had thereby forfeited their administrative rank. The criticism
+applied to Motey Kennard and to Echo Harjo, the principal and the second<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span>
+chief respectively. Kennard, as we have seen, was the leader of the Lower
+Creeks and Harjo of the Upper. A further division in Creek ranks was now
+inevitable and it came forthwith, the Non-treaty Party, made up mostly of
+Upper Creeks, proceeding to recognize<a name='fna_488' id='fna_488' href='#f_488'><small>[488]</small></a> Ok-ta-ha-hassee Harjo (better
+known as &#8220;Sands&#8221;) as the acting principal chief of the tribe. It also
+betook itself westward so as to be as much as possible out of the reach of
+the secessionists. When once in a position of at least temporary security,
+it despatched Mik-ko Hut-kee (White Chief), Bob Deer, Jo Ellis, and
+perhaps others to Washington to confer with the &#8220;Great Father.&#8221;<a name='fna_489' id='fna_489' href='#f_489'><small>[489]</small></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span>The Creek delegates, Mik-ko Hut-kee and his companions, went, on their way
+to Washington, northward through Kansas, saw Superintendent Coffin<a name='fna_490' id='fna_490' href='#f_490'><small>[490]</small></a>
+and, later, Lane&#8217;s agent, E. H. Carruth. This was about the second week of
+September and Carruth was at Barnesville, Lane&#8217;s headquarters. Carruth
+received the Creeks kindly, read sympathetically the letter<a name='fna_491' id='fna_491' href='#f_491'><small>[491]</small></a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> that
+they brought from their distressed chiefs, Sands and Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la,
+assured the equally distressed delegates of the continued fatherly
+interest of the United States government, and sent them on their way,
+greatly comforted. It was while these Creek delegates were lingering at
+Barnesville that Carruth made a special effort to induce the southern
+Indians generally to send representatives for an interview with Lane. He
+wrote personally to Ross,<a name='fna_492' id='fna_492' href='#f_492'><small>[492]</small></a> to the two Creek chiefs,<a name='fna_493' id='fna_493' href='#f_493'><small>[493]</small></a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> and to the
+Wichita chief, Tusaquach,<a name='fna_494' id='fna_494' href='#f_494'><small>[494]</small></a> and, in addition, wrote to the Seminole
+chiefs and headmen<a name='fna_495' id='fna_495' href='#f_495'><small>[495]</small></a> and to the &#8220;loyal&#8221; Choctaws and Chickasaws.<a name='fna_496' id='fna_496' href='#f_496'><small>[496]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>Presumably, Superintendent Coffin did not altogether approve of Senator
+Lane&#8217;s taking it upon himself to confer with the Indians who, after all,
+were officially Coffin&#8217;s charges; for, in October, we find him, likewise,
+planning for an intertribal conference to be held at Humboldt.<a name='fna_497' id='fna_497' href='#f_497'><small>[497]</small></a> It is
+rather interesting to look back upon all this and to realize, as perforce
+we must, that every plan for conferring with the southern tribes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> in the
+interests of the United States government, at this critical time,
+contemplated a meeting at some place outside of Indian Territory. Here
+were agents of the Indian&#8217;s &#8220;Great Father&#8221; offering protection to the red
+men and yet giving incontestable proof in the very details of the offer
+that they did not themselves dare to venture<a name='fna_498' id='fna_498' href='#f_498'><small>[498]</small></a> beyond the Kansas
+boundary. As a matter of fact, all such plans for a general conference
+came to nothing, although, as late as November, Lane had still the idea of
+one in mind. He was, at the time, hoping to meet the Indians at Leroy<a name='fna_499' id='fna_499' href='#f_499'><small>[499]</small></a>
+in Coffey County, Kansas, on the twenty-fourth. Lane also continued to
+advocate the use of the friendly Indians as soldiers. A little earlier,
+Agent Johnson had endorsed<a name='fna_500' id='fna_500' href='#f_500'><small>[500]</small></a> Lane&#8217;s plan in a letter to Commissioner
+Dole; but the coming of General Hunter upon the scene considerably
+affected the sphere of influence.</p>
+
+<p>Dissatisfaction with Fr&eacute;mont on account of his extravagance, his haphazard
+way of issuing commissions,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> his tardiness, and, above all, his general
+military incompetence had crystallized in September; and, by orders<a name='fna_501' id='fna_501' href='#f_501'><small>[501]</small></a>
+of General Scott on the twenty-fourth of October, Hunter was directed to
+relieve him. Hunter reached his post in early November and almost
+immediately thereafter, either upon his own initiative or after
+consultation with someone like Coffin (it could hardly have been with
+Lane; for Lane had gone<a name='fna_502' id='fna_502' href='#f_502'><small>[502]</small></a> to Washington, or with Branch; for Branch was
+strongly <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span>opposed to the project intended), he telegraphed<a name='fna_503' id='fna_503' href='#f_503'><small>[503]</small></a> to the War
+Department &#8220;for permission to muster a Brigade of Kansas Indians into the
+service of the United States, to assist the friendly Creek Indians in
+maintaining their loyalty.&#8221; Evidently, the request was not granted,<a name='fna_504' id='fna_504' href='#f_504'><small>[504]</small></a>
+but duties akin to it were, by arrangement of President Lincoln, conferred
+upon Hunter which involved his assuming the responsibility of holding, if
+such a plan were feasible, an intertribal council so as to renew the
+confidence of the southern Indians in the United States government. A
+letter<a name='fna_505' id='fna_505' href='#f_505'><small>[505]</small></a> from Dole, outlining the plan, reveals an astonishing
+ignorance of just how far those selfsame Indians had gone in their
+defection, because of the loss of the confidence.</p>
+
+<p>In the giving of these new duties to General Hunter, there was not the
+slightest intention of ignoring Senator Lane. In fact, Dole expressly
+mentioned that Lane had called for just such an Indian conference<a name='fna_506' id='fna_506' href='#f_506'><small>[506]</small></a> and
+suggested that, if Hunter&#8217;s military duties prevented his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> meeting the
+Indians in person, Lane might take his place, &#8220;provided he can be spared
+from his post.&#8221; The whole affair was incident to the reorganization that
+had recently, under general orders<a name='fna_507' id='fna_507' href='#f_507'><small>[507]</small></a> of the ninth of November, taken
+place in the Western Department, from which had resulted a Department of
+Kansas, separate and distinct from the Department of Missouri. The
+Department of Kansas included &#8220;the State of Kansas, the Indian Territory
+west of Arkansas, and the Territories of Nebraska, Colorado, and Dakota&#8221;
+and was to be under the command of Major-general David Hunter<a name='fna_508' id='fna_508' href='#f_508'><small>[508]</small></a> with
+headquarters at Fort Leavenworth. The idea governing this division of the
+old western department was, ostensibly, as Nicolay and Hay express<a name='fna_509' id='fna_509' href='#f_509'><small>[509]</small></a>
+it, that Kansas might be protected, Indian Territory repossessed, and
+Texas reached. As we shall presently see, a similar reorganization took
+place, about the same time, in the Confederate western service and for
+very much the same reason, the condition of the Indian country being a
+very large proportion of that reason. It is barely possible that, as far
+as the United States was concerned, Senator Lane&#8217;s recommendation<a name='fna_510' id='fna_510' href='#f_510'><small>[510]</small></a> of
+the ninth of October was almost wholly accountable for the change.</p>
+
+<p>It was, undoubtedly, high time that something vigorous was being done to
+stay Confederate progress in Indian Territory. Indeed, events were
+happening there<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> at this very moment that made all plans for an
+inter-tribal conference exceedingly out of date. The Confederate
+government had now a large Indian force<a name='fna_511' id='fna_511' href='#f_511'><small>[511]</small></a> in the field and expectations
+of an increase, provided the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253 &amp; 254]</a></span> necessary arms<a name='fna_512' id='fna_512' href='#f_512'><small>[512]</small></a> were obtainable. On the
+twenty-second<a name='fna_513' id='fna_513' href='#f_513'><small>[513]</small></a> of November, by special orders<a name='fna_514' id='fna_514' href='#f_514'><small>[514]</small></a> from Richmond,
+Indian Territory had been erected into a separate military department and
+Albert Pike, now a brigadier-general, assigned to the command of it. For
+the present, however, things seem to have remained much as they were with
+McCulloch nominally in command and Cooper in actual charge. Moreover, long
+before Pike reappeared upon the scene, matters had come to an issue
+between the secessionist and unionist Creeks.</p>
+
+<p>Determined not to allow themselves to be over-persuaded or intimidated by
+the secessionist element in their nation, the unionist Creeks, under
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la, had withdrawn from active intercourse with the rival
+faction and, resisting all attempts of Cooper and others to inveigle them
+into an interview that might result in compromise, they had encamped at or
+near the junction of the Deep and North Forks of the Canadian River.
+Cooper resolved to attack them there and, for the purpose, gathered<a name='fna_515' id='fna_515' href='#f_515'><small>[515]</small></a>
+together an effective fighting force of about fourteen hundred men, all
+Indians except for a detachment of Texas cavalry. On the fifth of
+November, Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la broke camp and took up the line of march for
+Kansas, hoping that, in Kansas, he and his followers would receive either
+succor or refuge. It has been estimated that Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la&#8217;s force,
+at this time, was less than two thousand men and that it comprised,
+besides Creeks and Seminoles, some two or three hundred negroes. His
+traveling cort&egrave;ge was, however, very much larger; for it included women
+and children, the sick and the aged. Approximately half of the Creeks were
+on the move for pastures new. For many of them it was a second exodus.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel D. H. Cooper reached the deserted camp of Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la on
+the fifteenth of November and,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> finding his enemy gone and locating his
+trail, moved himself in a slightly northeasterly direction towards the Red
+Fork of the Arkansas. He came up with the unionist Creeks at Round
+Mountain on the night of the nineteenth and an indecisive engagement<a name='fna_516' id='fna_516' href='#f_516'><small>[516]</small></a>
+followed, both sides claiming the victory. Under cover of darkness,
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la managed to slip away and crossed into the Cherokee
+country where there were plenty of disaffected full-bloods to give him
+sympathy. It is more than likely that they had invited him there and had
+prepared for his coming. Cooper did not attempt to pursue the Creek
+refugees, having been called back to the Arkansas line, there to wait in
+readiness to re&euml;nforce McCulloch should the Federals make a forward march
+southward from Springfield, as then seemed probable. But that danger soon
+passed, passed even before Cooper had had time to take the post indicated
+or to leave his own camp at Concharta, after a brief recuperation. He was
+now free to follow up the meagre advantage of the nineteenth.</p>
+
+<p>The next opportunity to crush Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la came in the Battle of
+Bird Creek [Chusto-Talasah, Little High Shoals, or the Caving Banks],<a name='fna_517' id='fna_517' href='#f_517'><small>[517]</small></a>
+fought December 9, 1861. On the twenty-ninth of the preceding month, a
+part of Cooper&#8217;s force had set out for Tulsey Town and an advance guard
+had been sent up the Verdigris in the direction of a place, called
+&#8220;Coody&#8217;s Settlement,&#8221; where Colonel John Drew with a detachment of his
+regiment of Cherokee full-bloods was posted. The orders were that Drew
+should effect a junction with Cooper&#8217;s main force and, on December eighth
+they were all encamped on Bird Creek in the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span>southwestern corner of the
+Cherokee Nation. At this juncture, word came that Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la
+wished to treat for peace and Major Pegg, a Cherokee, with three
+companions was sent forward to confer with him. They found the Creek
+chief, surrounded by his warriors and ready for battle. It was evening and
+Colonel Cooper had scarcely heard the news of the Creek determination to
+fight when a message came that four companies of Drew&#8217;s regiment,
+horrified at the thought of fighting with their neighbors, had dispersed
+and gone over to Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la. The incident did not promise well for
+success on the morrow and the Battle of Bird Creek was another indecisive
+engagement, although the Creeks, eager and resplendent with their yellow
+corn-shuck badges, seem to have had all the advantage of position. Again
+they made their escape and again Colonel Cooper was prevented from
+following them, this time because he was exceedingly fearful lest the
+Cherokee desertion might have a lasting and disastrous effect upon the
+remaining Indian forces, particularly upon the small group that was all
+that was left of the original First Cherokee Mounted Rifles. Cooper&#8217;s
+personal opinion was, that the defection was widespread among the
+Cherokees and that it would be sheer folly to start out after
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la until more white troops had been added to the pursuing
+force, by way both of re&euml;nforcement and of encouragement.</p>
+
+<p>Instead, therefore, of continuing northward, Colonel Cooper drew off in
+the direction of Fort Gibson and, from that point, sent for aid to Colonel
+James McIntosh at Van Buren. He then occupied himself with his own troops
+and prevailed upon John Ross to rally<a name='fna_518' id='fna_518' href='#f_518'><small>[518]</small></a> the Cherokees. It was now the
+nineteenth of December and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> the aged chief did his best to keep his people
+true to the faith that the nation had pledged in the treaty of the seventh
+of October. He recalled to their minds the fact that it was, by all odds,
+the best treaty that the Cherokees had ever secured, the one that gave
+them the fullest recognition of their rights as a semi-independent people,
+and he might have added with sad, sad truth that it was the best that they
+could ever hope to get. He made no such pessimistic reflection, however,
+but concluded,</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">It is, therefore, our duty and interest to respect it, and we must, as
+the interest of our common country demands it. According to the
+stipulations of the treaty we must meet enemies of our allies whenever
+the south requires it, as they are our enemies as well as the enemies
+of the south; and I feel sure that no such occurrence as the one we
+deplore would have taken place if all things were understood as I have
+endeavored to explain them. Indeed the true meaning of our treaty is,
+that we must know no line in the presence of our invader, be he who he
+may....<a name='fna_519' id='fna_519' href='#f_519'><small>[519]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>Colonel Cooper then addressed<a name='fna_520' id='fna_520' href='#f_520'><small>[520]</small></a> the Indians and, after him, Major
+Pegg;<a name='fna_521' id='fna_521' href='#f_521'><small>[521]</small></a> but they were not convinced and many of them went home,
+positively refusing to march farther with the army.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile Cooper&#8217;s call for re&euml;nforcements had reached McIntosh<a name='fna_522' id='fna_522' href='#f_522'><small>[522]</small></a> and,
+as the need seemed so urgent,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> McIntosh resolved to supply it and notified
+Cooper to that effect. Subsequently, he decided<a name='fna_523' id='fna_523' href='#f_523'><small>[523]</small></a> to take the field in
+person and to head a column, separate from Cooper&#8217;s. What induced him to
+do this, nobody can well say. Cooper always felt that the incompleteness
+of the victory over Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la, which was soon to come, was mainly
+attributable to the divided effort of the attacking force. In the two
+former engagements, Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la&#8217;s force, such as it was, untrained
+and miscellaneous, had greatly outnumbered the Confederate; but now the
+two were more equally matched in point of numbers and the chances of
+success were all on the southern side because of superior training and
+equipment, so Cooper was probably correct in his conjecture. McIntosh&#8217;s
+excuse<a name='fna_524' id='fna_524' href='#f_524'><small>[524]</small></a> for advancing precipitately and alone was, notwithstanding,
+very reasonable. The scarcity of forage made it expedient to march
+compactly; and the two generals had agreed, so McIntosh declared, when in
+conference at Fort Gibson, &#8220;that either force should attack the enemy on
+sight.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The privilege of attacking Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la fell, under this
+arrangement, supposing it was made, to McIntosh, who had been able to push
+on in advance of Cooper. The Battle of Chustenahlah was fought in the
+early afternoon of December 26, 1861, and ended in what seemed the
+complete defeat of the Creeks. McIntosh reported that, although their
+position was strong, they were forced to retreat</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>To the rocky gorges amid the deep recesses of the mountains, where
+they were pursued by our victorious troops and routed in every
+instance with great loss. They endeavored to make a stand at their
+encampment, but their efforts were ineffectual, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span>we were soon in
+the midst of it. The battle lasted until 4 o&#8217;clock, when the firing
+gradually ceased....<a name='fna_525' id='fna_525' href='#f_525'><small>[525]</small></a></p></div>
+
+<p>And then the Creeks fled, leaving practically everything in the shape of
+property behind them. Cooper came up and detachments of his troops pursued
+them almost to the Kansas line. The weather was bitterly cold, provisions
+scarce, the country rough and bleak. The pursuit took the form of a seven
+day scout; but the Creeks, no matter how great their dispersion, were
+headed straight for Walnut Creek, Kansas.</p>
+
+<p>Their coming was anticipated. Hearing of their approach, Superintendent
+Coffin had directed<a name='fna_526' id='fna_526' href='#f_526'><small>[526]</small></a> all the agents<a name='fna_527' id='fna_527' href='#f_527'><small>[527]</small></a> under his charge to report to
+him for duty at a place on the Verdigris River called Fort Roe<a name='fna_528' id='fna_528' href='#f_528'><small>[528]</small></a> &#8220;about
+thirty-five or forty miles from Leroy and Burlington.&#8221; It was Coffin&#8217;s
+intention to meet the refugees upon their first arrival; but, as
+Commissioner Dole was expected soon to be at Fort Leavenworth, he thought
+it best to wait<a name='fna_529' id='fna_529' href='#f_529'><small>[529]</small></a> and consult with him. It does not seem to have been
+recorded on just what date the first of the Indian refugees crossed the
+Kansas line, but they were very soon crossing in great numbers and, by the
+time Coffin finally reached them, their condition was truly pitiable. They
+took up their station on the bare prairies between the Verdigris and the
+Arkansas Rivers and stretched<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> themselves in almost hopeless confusion
+over about two hundred miles of country. Fortunately the land upon which
+they camped was Indian land, New York Indian land, and the few white men
+thereon were legally intruders and could not consistently object to the
+presence of the refugees. The numbers of the refugees were variously
+estimated. Starting with about forty-five hundred,<a name='fna_530' id='fna_530' href='#f_530'><small>[530]</small></a> they increased
+daily and at an astonishing rate; for the exodus of the Creeks was but the
+signal for the flight of other tribesmen from Indian Territory, of all
+those, in fact, who were either tired of their alliance with the
+Confederacy or had never been in sympathy with it and were only too eager
+to take the first chance to escape from it.</p>
+
+<p>The suffering of the refugees, due to destitution and exposure, was
+something horrible to think upon. Superintendent Coffin had little to give
+them. He appealed to General Hunter for an allowance from the army
+supplies and Hunter sent down his chief commissary of subsistence, Captain
+J. W. Turner, to do what he could to relieve the distress. Hunter also
+sent Brigade-surgeon A. B. Campbell; for it was not simply food and
+clothing, that were needed and roof shelter, but medical <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span>attendance. As
+soon as possible, cheap blankets<a name='fna_531' id='fna_531' href='#f_531'><small>[531]</small></a> were furnished and some condemned
+army tents. The journey northward had been undertaken in the bitterest of
+cold weather. With a raw northwest wind beating in their faces,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>And over the snow-covered roads, they travelled all night and the next
+day, without halting to rest. Many of them were on foot, without
+shoes, and very thinly clad.... In this condition they had
+accomplished a journey of about three hundred miles; but quite a
+number froze to death on the route, and their bodies with a shroud of
+snow, were left where they fell to feed the hungry wolves....</p>
+
+<p>Families who in their country had been wealthy, and who could count
+their cattle by the thousands and horses by hundreds, and owned large
+numbers of slaves, and who at home had lived at ease and comfort, were
+without the necessaries of life.<a name='fna_532' id='fna_532' href='#f_532'><small>[532]</small></a></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span>When, sometime in early December, Commissioner Dole heard of the
+resistance that the unionist Creeks were making to Colonel Cooper, he
+immediately applied once more, through the Secretary of the Interior,
+to the War Department for troops sufficient to assert Federal supremacy
+south of the Kansas line, his immediate object being, the strengthening of
+the force then opposed to Cooper. At the moment, Lane&#8217;s expedition was
+under consideration, Lane having managed to convince the Washington
+authorities, both congressional and administrative, that an expedition
+southward was absolutely necessary<a name='fna_533' id='fna_533' href='#f_533'><small>[533]</small></a> for the protection of the
+frontier.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img05tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/img05.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div>
+<p class="center">Retreat of the Loyal Indians from the Indian Country<br />under A-poth-yo-ho-lo in the winter of 1861<br />[<i>From Office of Indian Affairs</i>]</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span>Somewhat earlier, in fact in the late autumn, the non-secession Indians of
+various tribes had made their own appeal for help. They had made it to the
+United States government and also, a little later on, to the Indian tribes
+of Kansas. Along about the first of November, a mixed delegation<a name='fna_534' id='fna_534' href='#f_534'><small>[534]</small></a> of
+Creeks, Seminoles, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span>Chickasaws had made its appearance<a name='fna_535' id='fna_535' href='#f_535'><small>[535]</small></a> at Leroy
+and, finding there the United States Creek agent, George A. Cutler, had
+consulted with him &#8220;in reference to the intentions of the Federal
+government regarding the protection due them under treaty stipulations.&#8221;
+Cutler advised the Indians to talk the matter over with Senator Lane and
+accompanied them to Fort Scott, Lane&#8217;s headquarters, for the purpose.
+Arriving there, they learned that Lane had gone to Washington and had left
+his command in charge of Colonel James Montgomery. Colonel Montgomery
+counselled with the Indians as Cutler had done and helped them to reach
+the decision that it would be best to proceed to Washington and lay their
+complaints before the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. At the same time,
+Montgomery notified<a name='fna_536' id='fna_536' href='#f_536'><small>[536]</small></a> President Lincoln of their intention.</p>
+
+<p>Still accompanied by Agent Cutler, the delegation resumed its journey,
+going by way of Fort Leavenworth. There they conferred<a name='fna_537' id='fna_537' href='#f_537'><small>[537]</small></a> with General
+Hunter and left greatly strengthened in their resolution of proceeding to
+Washington; for Hunter, too, thought that such a trip might compel the
+government to realize the Indian&#8217;s very real distress and its own
+obligation to relieve it. We are fain to believe that General Hunter
+personally believed in the military necessity of securing Indian Territory
+even though he did do all he could to oppose the project of Senator Lane
+in the early months of 1862 and even though he did disapprove of the
+formation of the department of Kansas and his own <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span>assignment to it
+instead of to that of Missouri, which would have been his preference. If
+he at any time to date had wavered<a name='fna_538' id='fna_538' href='#f_538'><small>[538]</small></a> in his opinion as to the needs of
+the Indians and their legitimate claim upon the United States government
+for protection, Carruth&#8217;s letter of November twenty-sixth ought to have
+settled the matter, unless, indeed, its rather savage tone had created
+prejudice instead of working conviction as was intended.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">... I have from the first believed it would be good policy to let
+loose the northern Indians, under the employ of government; it
+certainly would be better for the border States to have the Indian
+country for a battle ground than to have it remain a shelter for rebel
+hordes the coming winter....<a name='fna_539' id='fna_539' href='#f_539'><small>[539]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>The visit of the Indians to Washington proved very opportune. By the
+twenty-seventh of December, they were back at Fort Leavenworth and
+considerably reassured. Superintendent Coffin had a council with them on
+the twenty-eighth &#8220;at the Fort to good satisfaction.&#8221; He says of his
+interview,</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">I gave them Presents of Pipes, tobacco, and Sugar, and they went on
+their way to Fort Scott rejoicing they seem to be in fine
+Spirits,<a name='fna_540' id='fna_540' href='#f_540'><small>[540]</small></a> but are at a Loss what to do for a living til Lanes Army
+goes down there into the Indian Territory they want very much to get
+Some of the Funds now due the Creeks....<a name='fna_541' id='fna_541' href='#f_541'><small>[541]</small></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span>A more pathetic appeal, and one more immediately telling in its effects,
+was that made to the brother Indians of Kansas. It came direct from
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la and when it reached the Delawares found in them a ready
+response. It invited their co&ouml;peration<a name='fna_542' id='fna_542' href='#f_542'><small>[542]</small></a> in the war and asked for men
+and ammunition.<a name='fna_543' id='fna_543' href='#f_543'><small>[543]</small></a> This is the Delaware reply:<a name='fna_544' id='fna_544' href='#f_544'><small>[544]</small></a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>We are much rejoiced to receive your letter by James McDaniel<a name='fna_545' id='fna_545' href='#f_545'><small>[545]</small></a> and
+David Balon. Our Agent has sent it to our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> great Father, the
+President, &#8220;at Washington,&#8221; and to Gen. Hunter at &#8220;Fort Leavenworth.&#8221;
+It gives us great pleasure to hear that you are good and true friends
+to the President, and to the Government of the United States. We hope
+you will continue to be their friend. If bad men of the South ask you
+
+to go to war against the President, stop your ears, don&#8217;t listen to
+them, they are your worst enemies, they are trying to destroy you and
+the Country.</p>
+
+<p>Grand Children it does our hearts good, we rejoice to hear of the
+victories you have gained over your enemies of the Government under
+your brave leader Oputh-la-yar-ho-la.</p>
+
+<p>Grand Children we are ready and willing to help you. Our brave
+Warriors are ready to spill their Blood for you, and are only waiting
+to hear from our great Father at Washington, we have asked of him the
+privaledge of going to your assistance, and hope that our request will
+be granted, we don&#8217;t wish to go to War against the wishes of our great
+Father the President. We have heard that the President will soon have
+a large Army in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span> the Indian Country to protect you, that he has
+ordered Gen. Lane to march to your relief. We are confident that our
+great Father is able and will protect his red children&mdash;Grand Children
+we pray to the &#8220;great spirit&#8221; to protect you and keep you out of the
+hands of the bad men of the South, who are trying to destroy you and
+the Government&mdash;We have no fears as to the result of this war&mdash;the
+President has large Armies in the field that will conquer and punish
+the Rebels&mdash;We are proud of our Muscogee Children.</p></div>
+
+<p>The United States government had already determined upon an expedition to
+the Indian country and, yielding to the importunities of Senator Lane, who
+represented General Hunter as in full accord with himself in the matter,
+had decided to use the Kansas Indians in the making up of the attacking
+force. It was well that the Indians had manifested a readiness to fight
+and that the Delawares, particularly, had overcome their previous
+aversion. The first official record of the fact that the decision to use
+the Kansas Indians had been reached appears to be a communication<a name='fna_546' id='fna_546' href='#f_546'><small>[546]</small></a>
+from Assistant Adjutant-general E. D. Townsend to Surgeon-general C. A.
+Finley, under date of December 31, 1861, notifying him that medical
+supplies would soon be needed for a force of about twenty-seven thousand
+men, about four thousand of whom were to be Indians, which was to be
+concentrated at an early day near Fort Leavenworth. On the third of
+January, Lane wrote<a name='fna_547' id='fna_547' href='#f_547'><small>[547]</small></a> to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span> Hunter, informing him, as if at first hand
+and semi-officially, of the new plan. It is not to be wondered at that
+General Hunter took offence at the officiousness and presumption Lane
+displayed. In point of fact, it was a clear case of executive
+interference.</p>
+
+<p>Now that it had, to all appearances, gained a long-desired object, the
+Indian Office lost no time in lending the War Department its hearty
+co&ouml;peration. Commissioner Dole was especially enthusiastic and, under
+instructions from Secretary Smith, prepared to go out to Kansas himself to
+help organize the Indians for army service. He also sent particulars<a name='fna_548' id='fna_548' href='#f_548'><small>[548]</small></a>
+of the new movement to Superintendent Branch and a circular letter<a name='fna_549' id='fna_549' href='#f_549'><small>[549]</small></a> to
+the agents of the central superintendency, detailing the advantages that
+would accrue to individual Indians should they enlist. Dole wrote these
+letters on the sixth of January and was then expecting to be in
+Leavenworth City for the making of final arrangements eight or ten days
+&#8220;hence.&#8221; He did not manage to get away,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span> however, quite so soon; but the
+agents went to work immediately and, even before Dole arrived in Kansas,
+Agent Farnsworth, who had always been rather too eager for Indian
+enlistment, was able to report<a name='fna_550' id='fna_550' href='#f_550'><small>[550]</small></a> the initial steps taken. By the
+twenty-first of January,<a name='fna_551' id='fna_551' href='#f_551'><small>[551]</small></a> Dole was well on his way west. He reached
+Kansas in due season and there learned<a name='fna_552' id='fna_552' href='#f_552'><small>[552]</small></a> for the first time, that
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la had been completely overwhelmed, that the refugees were
+on the Verdigris, and that General Hunter was subsisting them. This was
+doleful news, indeed, and made the project of a southern expedition seem
+more and more expedient.</p>
+
+<p>General Hunter had done the best he could to relieve the awful sufferings
+of the refugees; but, on the sixth of February, he was obliged to
+inform<a name='fna_553' id='fna_553' href='#f_553'><small>[553]</small></a> Dole that he could do no more, that he had practically reached
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span> end of his resources, and that, after the fifteenth of February, the
+whole responsibility of subsisting the destitute Indians would have to
+fall upon the Interior Department. Dole was almost at his wits&#8217; end. He
+had no funds that he could use legitimately for the need that had arisen.
+It was a case of emergency, however, and something certainly had to be
+done. Before the fifteenth of December arrived, additional reports<a name='fna_554' id='fna_554' href='#f_554'><small>[554]</small></a>
+came<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> in from Superintendent Coffin, detailing distress. Under the
+circumstances it was necessary to act quickly and without congressional
+authorization. Dole telegraphed<a name='fna_555' id='fna_555' href='#f_555'><small>[555]</small></a> to Secretary Smith,</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Six thousand Indians driven out of Indian territory, naked and
+starving. General Hunter will only feed them until 15th. Shall I take
+care of them on the faith of an appropriation?</p>
+
+<p>He received a reply<a name='fna_556' id='fna_556' href='#f_556'><small>[556]</small></a> that should have been dictated, not so much in
+the spirit of generosity, as of simple justice:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Go on and supply the destitute Indians, Congress will supply the
+means. War Department will not organize them.</p>
+
+<p>With this approbation in hand, Dole went to work, purchased sufficient
+supplies on credit, and appointed<a name='fna_557' id='fna_557' href='#f_557'><small>[557]</small></a> a special agent, Dr. William Kile
+of Illinois, who had been commissioned<a name='fna_558' id='fna_558' href='#f_558'><small>[558]</small></a> by President Lincoln to act on
+Lane&#8217;s staff and was then in Kansas as Lane&#8217;s brigade quartermaster, to
+attend to their distribution. Meanwhile, the attention of Congress had
+been called to the matter and a particularly strong letter of Dole&#8217;s,
+describing the utter misery of the exiles, was read in the Senate February
+14, in support of a joint resolution for their relief.<a name='fna_559' id='fna_559' href='#f_559'><small>[559]</small></a> It was
+intended originally to apply only to the loyal Creeks, Seminoles, and
+Chickasaws but had its title changed later so as to make it include the
+Choctaws. On the third of March, Congress passed<a name='fna_560' id='fna_560' href='#f_560'><small>[560]</small></a> an act providing
+that the annuities of the &#8220;hostiles,&#8221; Creeks, Chickasaws, Seminoles,
+Wichitas, and Cherokees, should be applied, as might be necessary, to the
+relief of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span>refugees from Indian Territory. It was expressly stipulated in
+this enactment<a name='fna_561' id='fna_561' href='#f_561'><small>[561]</small></a> that the money should not be used for other than
+Indian Territory tribes.</p>
+
+<p>Secretary Smith&#8217;s telegram, as the reader has probably already observed,
+had given to Dole a small piece of information that was not of slight
+significance, signifying as it did a change of front by the War
+Department. The War Department had rescinded its former action and had now
+refused to organize the Indians for service. The objections to Lane&#8217;s
+enterprise must have been cumulative. Before the idea of it had embraced
+the Indians and before it had become so closely identified with Lane&#8217;s
+name and personality, in fact, while it was more or less a scheme of
+McClellan&#8217;s, Hunter had interposed<a name='fna_562' id='fna_562' href='#f_562'><small>[562]</small></a> objections, but purely on military
+grounds. His force was scarcely equal to a movement southward.
+Subsequently, Halleck interposed objections likewise and his reasons,<a name='fna_563' id='fna_563' href='#f_563'><small>[563]</small></a>
+whatever his motives may have been, were perfectly sound, indeed, rather
+alarmingly so, since they broadly hinted at the miserably local interests
+involved in the war in the west and the gross subordination of military
+policies to political. Then came<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> Lane with energy like the whirlwind, a
+local politician through and through. He had absolutely no respect for
+official proprieties and the military men, opposed to him, were men of
+small calibre. He reached Kansas, joyfully intent upon putting into
+immediate effect the power that Lincoln had conferred upon him, only to
+find that there stood Hunter, fully prepared to contest authority with
+him. The Adjutant-general had written<a name='fna_564' id='fna_564' href='#f_564'><small>[564]</small></a> Hunter that Lane had not been
+given a command independent of his own and that, if he so desired, he
+might conduct the expedition southward in person. In the evening of the
+twenty-sixth, Lane reached Leavenworth, and the very next day, Hunter
+issued general orders<a name='fna_565' id='fna_565' href='#f_565'><small>[565]</small></a> that he would command in person. Taken aback
+and excusably indignant, Lane communicated<a name='fna_566' id='fna_566' href='#f_566'><small>[566]</small></a> at once with John Covode
+and requested him to impart the news to the President, to Stanton<a name='fna_567' id='fna_567' href='#f_567'><small>[567]</small></a> and
+the new Secretary of War, and to General McClellan.</p>
+
+<p>Official sensitiveness was unquestionably at the bottom of the whole
+trouble, yet Lincoln was very largely to blame for having yielded to
+Lane&#8217;s importunities. He frankly said that he had wished to keep the
+affair out of McClellan&#8217;s hands as far as possible.<a name='fna_568' id='fna_568' href='#f_568'><small>[568]</small></a> He hoped to
+profit by the services of both Hunter and Lane; but, if they could not
+agree, then Lane must yield the precedence to Hunter. He must report for
+orders or decline the service.<a name='fna_569' id='fna_569' href='#f_569'><small>[569]</small></a> Military men, stationed in the west,
+and civil officers of Kansas were all prejudiced<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span> against the &#8220;Lane
+Expedition.&#8221;<a name='fna_570' id='fna_570' href='#f_570'><small>[570]</small></a> They expected it to be nothing but jayhawking and
+marauding of the worst description. The Indians, however, were deeply
+disappointed<a name='fna_571' id='fna_571' href='#f_571'><small>[571]</small></a> when a halt came in the preparations.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span>
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la personally addressed a communication<a name='fna_572' id='fna_572' href='#f_572'><small>[572]</small></a> to Lincoln.
+He wanted nobody but Lane to command the expedition. Pending a settlement,
+Dole<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span> ordered<a name='fna_573' id='fna_573' href='#f_573'><small>[573]</small></a> Coffin<a name='fna_574' id='fna_574' href='#f_574'><small>[574]</small></a> to desist from further enrollment.
+Secretary Stanton was declared opposed to the use of Indians in civilized
+warfare.<a name='fna_575' id='fna_575' href='#f_575'><small>[575]</small></a> Soon the orders for the expedition were countermanded with
+the understanding, explicit or implied, that it should later proceed under
+the personal direction of General Hunter.</p>
+
+<p>The military situation in the middle west and the great desire on the part
+of the Confederacy to gain Missouri and to complete her secession from the
+old Union necessitated, at the opening of 1862, a thorough-going
+re&ouml;rganization of forces concentrated in that part of the country.
+Experience had shown that separate and independent commands had a tendency
+to become too much localized, individual commanders too much inclined to
+keep within the narrow margin, each of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> instructions, for the good of
+the service as a whole to be promoted. It was thought best, therefore, to
+establish the Trans-Mississippi District of Department No. 2<a name='fna_576' id='fna_576' href='#f_576'><small>[576]</small></a> and to
+place in command of it, Major-general Earl Van Dorn. The district was to
+comprise all of Louisiana north of the Red River, all of Indian Territory
+proper, all of Arkansas, and all of Missouri west of the St. Francis. Wise
+in the main, as the scheme for consolidation unquestionably was, it had
+its weak points. The unrestricted inclusion of Indian Territory was
+decidedly a violation of the spirit of the Pike treaties, if not of the
+actual letter. Under the conditions of their alliance with the
+Confederacy, the Indian nations were not obliged to render service outside
+of the limits of their own country; but the Confederacy was obliged,
+independent of any departmental re&ouml;rganization or regulations, to furnish
+them protection.</p>
+
+<p>Almost the first thing that Van Dorn did, after assuming command of the
+new military district, was to write,<a name='fna_577' id='fna_577' href='#f_577'><small>[577]</small></a> from his headquarters at
+Jacksonport in eastern Arkansas, to Price, advising him that Pike would
+shortly be ordered to take position in southwestern Missouri, say in
+Lawrence County near Mt. Vernon, &#8220;with instructions to co&ouml;perate with you
+in any emergency.&#8221; Van Dorn was then laboring under the impression that
+Pike&#8217;s force consisted of a majority of white troops, three regiments, he
+thought, out of a brigade of eight or nine thousand men, whereas there was
+only one white regiment in the whole Indian department. Colonel Cooper
+complained<a name='fna_578' id='fna_578' href='#f_578'><small>[578]</small></a> that this latter condition was the fact and insisted that
+it was con<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span>trary to the express promises made, by authority,<a name='fna_579' id='fna_579' href='#f_579'><small>[579]</small></a> to the
+Choctaws and Chickasaws when he had begun his recruiting work among them
+the previous summer. Had Van Dorn only taken a little trouble to inquire
+into the real state of affairs among the Indians, he would, instead of
+ordering Pike to bring the Indian regiments out of Indian Territory, have
+seen to it that they stayed at home and that danger of civil strife among
+the Cherokees was prevented by the presence of three white regiments, as
+originally promised. At this particular time as it happened, Pike was not
+called upon to move his force; for the order so to move did not reach him
+until after the Federals, &#8220;pursuing General Price, had invaded
+Arkansas.&#8221;<a name='fna_580' id='fna_580' href='#f_580'><small>[580]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img06.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">[<i>From Office of Indian Affairs</i>]</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span>It proved, however, to be but a brief stay of execution; for, as soon as
+Van Dorn learned that Price had fallen back from Springfield, he
+resolved<a name='fna_581' id='fna_581' href='#f_581'><small>[581]</small></a> to form a junction with McCulloch&#8217;s division in the Boston
+Mountains and himself take command of all the forces in the field. He
+estimated<a name='fna_582' id='fna_582' href='#f_582'><small>[582]</small></a> that, should Pike be able to join him, with Price&#8217;s and
+McCulloch&#8217;s troops already combined, he would have an army of fully
+twenty-six thousand men to oppose a Federal force of between thirty-five
+and forty thousand. Pike was duly informed<a name='fna_583' id='fna_583' href='#f_583'><small>[583]</small></a> of the new arrangement and
+ordered<a name='fna_584' id='fna_584' href='#f_584'><small>[584]</small></a> to &#8220;hasten up with all possible dispatch and in person direct
+the march of&#8221; his &#8220;command, including Stand Watie&#8217;s, McIntosh&#8217;s, and
+Drew&#8217;s regiments.&#8221; His men<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> were to &#8220;march light, ready for immediate
+action.&#8221;<a name='fna_585' id='fna_585' href='#f_585'><small>[585]</small></a> The outcome of all these preparations was the Battle of Pea
+Ridge<a name='fna_586' id='fna_586' href='#f_586'><small>[586]</small></a> and that battle was the consummation, the culminating point, in
+fact, of the Indian alliance with the Southern Confederacy. It was the
+beginning of the end. It happened just at the time when the Richmond
+legislators were organizing<a name='fna_587' id='fna_587' href='#f_587'><small>[587]</small></a> the great Arkansas and Red River
+superintendency,<a name='fna_588' id='fna_588' href='#f_588'><small>[588]</small></a> which was intended to embrace all the tribes with
+whom Albert Pike had made his treaties. Albert Pike retired from Pea Ridge
+to his defences at Fort McCulloch, angry and indignant that the Indians
+had been taken out of their own country to fight the white man&#8217;s battles.
+His displeasure was serious; for the Indian confidence in the Confederacy
+depended almost wholly upon the promises and the assurances of the
+Arkansas poet.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span></p>
+<h2>APPENDIX A&mdash;FORT SMITH PAPERS</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><i>Copy</i></p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Tahlequah</span>, January 9th 1857.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>:&mdash;Some time since I received a letter from you calling for information
+in reference to the white intruders who were settling upon the Cherokee
+Neutral Land. I have been creditably (credibly) informed that there are
+several white families living upon the Neutral Land, some of them are
+making improvements, others are in the employment of Cherokee Citizens,
+living on the Neutral Land, from the best information that I can get, most
+of the intruders are good citizens of the U-States. I have notified them
+to leave, with the understanding that if they do not leave by spring, they
+will be removed by the Military. My reason for not removing them at an
+earlier date is, the weather is so cold and disagreeable that it would be
+improper to turn women and children out of doors, therefore I will not
+remove them til the winter breaks it maybe that the Military will have to
+be employed in their removal: yet I shall make the effort to remove them
+peacefully and without the military if possible. Very Respectfully, Your
+ob&#8217;t, Svt.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Signed). <span class="smcap">Geo. Butler</span>, Cherokee Agent.</span></p>
+
+<p>Doct. C. W. Dean, Sup&#8217;t. of Ind. Affs.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><i>Copy</i></p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith, Arkansas</span>, February 19th, 1859.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I deem it my duty as an independant citizen to apprize you, as the
+head of the Indian Bureau, of a recent transaction of the Superintendent
+of Indian Affairs at this place, and demand of you the proper action the
+facts may impose.</p>
+
+<p>A contract has been given to an intimate friend and relation of the
+Superintendent, to feed the Witchita and other Indians inhabiting the
+country between the 98th and 100th degrees, West Longitude, at a sum pr
+ration, of one third, perhaps one half, more than other persons would have
+fed these Indians for; which persons were denied the privilege of
+contending for the contract, as no puplic notice inviting proposals was
+made, and the contract was given privately.</p>
+
+<p>I assert this postively, as to the notice for proposals, and enclose you a
+letter of Capt. J. H. Strain, confirmatory of the fact, that he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span> was
+willing to feed the Witchitas, for a sum far less than the records of your
+Office must show the government has been pledged to pay another. The
+character of this gentleman, who has been for years Sutler at Fort
+Arbuckle, if unknown to you, can be avouched by the U. S. Senators from
+this State.</p>
+
+<p>The Seminoles are now fed under a contract given in the usual regular mode
+of publishing invitations for proposals and awarding the contract to the
+lowest bidder, at the sum of about seven cents pr ration. The Witchitas
+are encamped only forty or fifty miles from the Seminoles and near the
+Texas and Chickasaw lines, where corn and beef are much cheaper and more
+abundant. In proof of this I refer you to late contracts for these
+articles given at Fort Washita and Fort Arbuckle&mdash;the first being near the
+Witchitas, and the other near the Seminoles. Captain Strain says he would
+have fed the Witchitas for ten cents per ration, and if proposals had been
+invited, the Contract would have been taken for a less sum.</p>
+
+<p>There are some seven hundred Indians now fed, and thirteen cents pr ration
+is the sum stated as allowed&mdash;I believe it is more, but the Indian Office
+contains the proof of the exact sum. If the Contract had been given at
+nine cents pr ration, it would have been a saving of twenty eight dollars
+pr day, over the price said to be now paid, which would amount to eight
+hundred and forty dollars pr month, and ten thousand and eighty dollars a
+year. This is surprisingly large, for a small Indian contract, and at a
+time too when the duty of government Officers to retrench expenses is so
+imperiously demanded.</p>
+
+<p>I am opposed to such favoriteism under any circumstances, and particularly
+so, when the recipient can lay no claim to Democratic support.</p>
+
+<p>I am credibly informed that the number of the Indians fed under this
+contract, is rapidly increasing, and that efforts are all the time made to
+induce the Texas Reserve Indians to claim relationship with the Wichitas,
+and come into their camp and draw rations. One of the employees under this
+Contract makes this statement, and says quite a number have already been
+induced so to come. If the number is swelled to two thousand, as
+conjectured here, the large price now paid will roll up the sum thus
+disbursed to the Superintendents favorite so much that other notice will
+be taken of it, unless you find it in your power to interfere.</p>
+
+<p>I am tired of such conduct and such unfairness towards the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span>government,
+and now make the charge distinctly and demand of you that it be stopped.</p>
+
+<p>Of course I have no desire to withhold my name, and can refer you to
+Senators Sebastian and Johnson for an endorsement of my character.</p>
+
+<p>Please acknowledge receipt of this. I am most respectfully, Your Obt.
+Servant,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">A. G. Mayers</span>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Hon. J. W. Denver, Comr. Ind. Affairs,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Washington City, D. C.</span></p>
+
+<p>P.S. I may add that I am not, nor have I ever been interested in these
+sort of Contracts, and have no desire to be interested in this one.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">A.G.M.</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith</span> 16th Feby. /59.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: I am in receipt of yours of the 15th inst. You were correct in
+understanding me to say, that I was willing to feed the Witchita Indians,
+near Fort Arbuckle, at ten cents per ration.</p>
+
+<p>Was the contract to be let to the lowest bidder, it would go below what I
+said I was willing to take it at. Very Respectfully, Your Obt. Servant</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">J. H. Strain</span>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Gen. A. G. Mayers, Ft. Smith, Ark.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Department of the Interior. Office Indian Affairs</span>,<br />
+May 12th 1859.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>, For your information and such action as you may deem necessary, I
+transmit a copy of a letter, and its enclosures, addressed to this Office
+by A. G. Mayers on the 21st ultimo, and of my reply of the 11th instant.
+Very respectfully, Your Obt. Servant,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Charles E. Mix</span>, Commissioner, ad interim.</span></p>
+
+<p>E. Rector Esq, Superintendent &amp;c.,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith, Arkansas.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><i>Copy</i></p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith, Arkansas</span> April 21st 1859</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Chas. E. Mix</span>, Esq, Acting Comr. of Indian Affairs<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Washington City D. C.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>:&mdash;Allow me to ask of you the favor to inform, officially whether the
+funds provided by the Government for the subsistence of the Wichita
+Indians has been turned over to the Superintendent of Indian Affairs at
+this place or any other disbursing offices of the department, to carry out
+the Contract made by the Supt. with C. B. Johnson for subsisting those
+Indians after the facts reported by me in regard to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> matter, in a
+letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs of date the 19th Feby 59&mdash;.</p>
+
+<p>It has been stated to me that such monies have been so turned over to the
+Superintendent, and statement has been contracted, I therefore wish to
+know of you the truth of the matter, and am assured such information will
+be readily afforded me.</p>
+
+<p>I may add, to strengthen the report of facts formerly made by me in regard
+to the Wichita Contracts, that the Seminoles, who are subsisted at a sum
+less than seven cents per ration, under contract given after publication
+for proposals, are near Fort Arbuckle, and the Wichitas, who are subsisted
+under private contract at over thirteen cents per ration, are near Fort
+Washita and within the Chickasaw Nation (much of course to the annoyance
+of the Chickasaws). Now I ask a reference to the Comparative Contracts to
+feed the two tribes on file in your office, with the Contract for corn and
+beef given at the two posts mentioned to supply the Soldiers, on file in
+the War Office, to convince you that the Witchitas are fed at an
+exhorbitant cost to the Government.</p>
+
+<p>I also herewith enclose a letter from Mr. Dennis Trammel, who was the
+Contractor to feed the Seminoles; stating that he was willing, and had so
+stated it to the Supt, to feed the Wichitas for seven cents pr ration. For
+Mr Trammel&#8217;s veracity I can avouch and full endorsement can be given of it
+from others, if required; as can be done for my own character and standing
+in this community.&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>I intend to follow up this matter to a conclusion, and in so declairing
+must state that I do it without motive of personal malice and simply as an
+impartial Citizen and a supporter of the administration&mdash;impelled to the
+duty in view of the universal acclaim throughout the Country for economy
+in Govt. expenses on account of the depleted state of the Treasury,
+Otherwise I might have left the unpleasant affair to the proper officers
+of the Government to find out and determine as they might see proper,</p>
+
+<p>Let me ask;&mdash;Is it true that the Supt. has received the Two hundred
+thousand dollars due the Creeks under the treaty of 1851, without an order
+from that tribe to the government to send out the money and upon the
+Supt&#8217;s own responsibility?&mdash;An early reply will greatly oblige me, Very
+Respectfully Your obt. Svt.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">A. G. Mayers</span>.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span></p>
+<p><i>Copy</i></p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Greenwood Arkansas</span> April 18th 1859.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: I have understood that you was willing to feed the Wichataw
+Indians at the same price that you received from the Government for
+feeding the Seminole Indians.</p>
+
+<p>Please state if I am correct in so understanding your propositions Very
+respectfully Your Obt. Servt.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">A. G. Mayers</span></span></p>
+
+<p>Mr Dennis Trammell, at Greenwood Arks.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><i>Copy</i></p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Backbarn</span> Aprial 19. 1859.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: I recd your note of the 18 instant and state that you are
+correct, I have stated that I was willing to feed them at the same price 7
+cents. I am Yours, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Dennis Trammell</span></span></p>
+
+<p>Genl, A. G. Myers Esq.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><i>Copy</i></p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Department of the Interior, Office Indian Affairs</span><br />
+11th May 1859.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: In reply to your letter of the 21st Ultimo I have the honor to state
+that a portion of the funds appropriated by Congress towards defraying the
+expenses of Colonizing the Wichita and other Indians in the western part
+of the Choctaw and Chickasaw country, including their temporary
+subsistence, has all along been in the hands of Superintendent Rector, to
+meet any necessary current expenses connected with said measure.</p>
+
+<p>In regard to the contract made with Mr. C. B. Johnson by Superintendent
+Rector, for feeding the Witchitas, it was but a temporary measure to meet
+an emergency, and was fully approved by the late Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs, under subsequent instructions Supt. Rector, will it is expected,
+at an early day, make a different arrangement, for furnishing said Indians
+with such subsistence as must necessarily be supplied to them by
+advertising for proposals therefor, or by causing it to be purchased and
+issued to them direct by an agent of the Government, as may be best and
+most economical.</p>
+
+<p>The money due the Creeks under the Treaty of 1856, to which you refer, was
+placed in Superintendent Rectors hands to be paid to them, in compliance
+with the formal and urgent demand of the Council of the tribe. Very
+respectfully Your Obt Servant</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Signed. <span class="smcap">Chas. E. Mix</span>, Commissioner ad interim.</span></p>
+
+<p>A. G. Mayers Esq., Fort Smith Arks.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Department of the Interior, Office of Indian Affairs</span>,<br />
+March 14, 1860.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Robert J. Cowart, Esq. of Georgia, has been appointed by the
+President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, Agent of the
+Cherokee Indians in place of George Butler, Esq. whose commission has
+expired.</p>
+
+<p>He has been directed to report himself to you at Fort Smith for
+instructions, when you will assign him to duty. His compensation will be
+at the rate of $1500 per annum, and the time of its commencement will be
+fixed upon when he arrives in this City, which he has been directed to
+take in his route to Fort Smith. The sufficiency of his bond will also be
+made the subject of examination at this Office upon his arrival.</p>
+
+<p>A letter has been written to M<sup>r</sup> Butler notifying him of the appointment,
+and directing him to make up and forward his accounts immediately, and to
+turn over to Mr. Cowart all moneys, papers, and other property in his
+hands upon application. Very respectfully, Your obedient servant,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">A. B. Greenwood</span>, Commissioner.</span></p>
+
+<p>Elias Rector, Esq., Superintendent, &amp;c., Present.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Department of the Interior, Office Indian Affairs</span>,<br />
+April 21, 1860.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: From information that has been received at this Office in regard to
+certain persons, who are residing within the limits of the Cherokee
+nation, it is found necessary to call your attention to the propriety of
+seeing that the provisions of the Intercourse law are observed with
+respect to them. By reference to the law, you will find that no person can
+reside within the limits of the country of any Indian nation or tribe
+without permission, and such must be obtained under certain prescribed
+rules; and even after permission is given, if the party is found abusing
+the privilege by acting in violation of any of the provisions of law, or
+is found unfit to reside in the country whether from example, from the
+want of moral character, from his interference with the institutions of
+the tribe, from seditious language and teachings, or from any cause
+tending to disturb the peace and quiet of the tribe, or tending to
+alienate their attachment to the Government of the United States, the
+Superintendent of Indian Affairs, and Indian Agents have authority to
+remove him; and the President is authorized to direct the Military force
+to be employed in such removal.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span>The necessity for such power, and for greater facility in carrying the
+same into execution, was so apparent, that at the first session of the
+35th Congress it was found advisable to legislate further in the matter;
+and the 3rd Section of the Indian appropriation bill was accordingly
+passed, which is, &#8220;That the Commissioner of Indian Affairs be, and he is
+hereby, authorized and required, with the approval of the Secretary of the
+Interior, to remove from any tribal reservation any person found therein
+without authority of law, or whose presence within the limits of the
+reservation may, in his judgment, be detrimental to the peace and welfare
+of the Indians, and to employ for the purpose such force as may be
+necessary to enable the agent to effect the removal of such person or
+persons.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>As I remarked before, I am induced to believe that the Cherokees have just
+cause of complaint from the presence of some such persons within their
+limits,&mdash;and it is my desire that you call the attention of the newly
+appointed Agent particularly to the subject. He should look not only to
+those cases which are there originally without authority of law, but also
+to those who, with ostensibly worthy purposes, have received permission,
+and falsified their pretensions. This is a delicate trust, and should be
+executed with great caution and discretion, and you cannot enjoin upon the
+agent too much care and circumspection for although I shall examine
+carefully the grounds of his charges, yet I must be guided in a great
+measure by his opinion, and am determined that the law shall be enforced.</p>
+
+<p>You will therefore, so soon as Mr. Cowart shall report to you for duty,
+communicate to him the contents of this letter, and require him to
+investigate, as quietly as possible, the cases of all white persons found
+within the limits of his agency, and report to me, through you, such as
+are there without the authority of law, and such as may be unworthy longer
+to remain although they may have originally had permission to enter the
+country. Very respectfully, Your Obt, Sevt.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">A. B. Greenwood</span>, Commissioner.</span></p>
+
+<p>Elias Rector, Esq.; Fort Smith, Arkansas.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Department of the Interior, Office Indian Affairs</span>,<br />
+June 4th 1860.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: The attention of this office has been called to an article which
+appeared in the Fort Smith Times (which is herewith enclosed) in which it
+will be seen that a secret organization has been formed in the Cherokee
+Nation, which is rapidly increasing. The existence of such<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> an
+organization, the objects of which cannot be misunderstood, has caused in
+my mind the greatest apprehension as to the future peace and quiet of that
+country; and, if permitted to mature its plans, will be productive of the
+worst results. The article alluded to points to the Jones&#8217; as being the
+leaders in this movement, and who have been permitted for a long time to
+enjoy the privileges of that Nation. It is believed that the ultimate
+object of this organization is to interfere with the institutions of that
+people, and that its influences will extend to other tribes upon the
+Western border of Arkansas.</p>
+
+<p>This scheme must be broken up: for if it is permitted to ripen, that
+country will, sooner or later, be drenched in blood. You are aware that
+there is a large slave property in the Cherokee country, and if any steps
+are taken by which such property will be rendered unsafe, internal war
+will be the inevitable result, in which the people of the bordering state
+will be involved. The relations which the Editor of the Times bears to the
+Cherokees enables him to procure reliable information from that section
+which is not accessible to all and hence the greater credit is due to his
+published statements in relation to the affairs of that people. This
+office is also in possession of private advices from that country, which
+fully corroborates the statements in the article referred to. This
+organization and its purposes are no longer left to mere conjecture. In
+view of these facts I have to direct that in addition to the instructions
+contained in a letter from this office, of the 21st of April last, the
+contents of which you were instructed to communicate to Agent Cowart, you
+will direct him immediately on his arrival at his Agency to cautiously,
+institute inquiry as to the existence of this secret organization, its
+objects and purposes; who are the counsellors and advisers of this
+movement, and proceed at once to break it up; and, if in his investigation
+he should be satisfied that any white persons residing in the Nation are
+in any way connected with this organization he will notify such person or
+persons forthwith to leave the Nation. You will inform Agent Cowart that
+the Secretary of War will be requested to place such force at his disposal
+as may be necessary to enforce any order he may deem it his duty to make.
+You will direct him also to spare neither time or trouble in carrying out
+these instructions, and that he report direct to this office, advising you
+in the meantime of his action.</p>
+
+<p>A copy of this letter has been sent direct to Agent Cowart. Yours
+Respectfully,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">A. B. Greenwood</span>, Commissioner.</span></p>
+
+<p>Elias Rector, Esq., Supt: Ind. Affairs:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith, Arkansas</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center">TROUBLE BREWING AMONG THE CHEROKEES WHAT DOES IT MEAN?</p>
+
+<p>The Fort Smith (Ark.) <i>Times</i> says: We noticed a week or two ago that
+there was a secret organization going on in the Cherokee Nation, and that
+it was among the full-blood Indians alone. We are informed by good
+authority that the organization is growing and extending daily, and that
+no half or mixed blood Indian is taken into this secret organization. The
+strictest secrecy is observed, and it is death, by the order, to divulge
+the object of the Society. They hold meetings in the thickets, and in
+every secret place, to initiate members. We are told that the mixed-bloods
+are becoming alarmed, and every attempt to find out the object of this
+secret cabal has thus far proved abortive. The Joneses are said to be the
+leaders in the work, and what these things are tending to, no one can
+predict. We fear that something horrible is to be enacted on the frontier,
+and that this secret work will not stop among the Cherokees, but will
+extend to other tribes on this frontier. The Government should examine
+into this matter, before it becomes too formidable.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Cherokee Agency.</span> Near Tahleguah C. N.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hon. Elias Rector</span>, Supt. Ind. Affairs<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith, Ark.</span></p>
+
+<p>Sir: Yours of the 15th Inst, is before me, contents closely noted.</p>
+
+<p>In reply I have to state, that I am in receipt of the Instructions of
+which you write, from the Indian Ag<sup>t</sup></p>
+
+<p>And I now hasten to Lay before you the result of my investigations, thus
+far in this nation,</p>
+
+<p>Soon after I entered the nation before I had proceeded say half days
+travel, I was met with complaints against certain persons (white men) who
+it was said had been enterfearing with the Institution of Slavery&mdash;to
+which I invariably replied to the complainants, bring me the charges&mdash;or
+the witnesses&mdash;by whome I can substantiate them, and my duty, will be as
+pleasent, as promptly fulfilled&mdash;<i>none came</i>,</p>
+
+<p>In Tahlequah in time of Circuit Court, I made a short speach to the
+Citizens, in which I told them, that if they, or any of them, knew any
+thing on the subject&mdash;to report forthwith to me,&mdash;<i>and none have reported</i>
+and while I have heard much said on the subject&mdash;I have not as yet been
+able to get any thing that would do for proof&mdash;that would be reliable. And
+while I make the above statement I do not entertain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span> a doubt, of the truth
+of the charges&mdash;And being satisfied of the truth of those charges&mdash;I shall
+use evry effort to establish them,</p>
+
+<p>As regards those Secret Societies, I firmly believe, that they are gotten
+up with a view to aid in coveying those abolition plans of operation, to a
+successful termination Allow me to say&mdash;that I shall continue to travel in
+and through the Nation (unless differently instructed) until I establish
+those charges if it can possible be done,</p>
+
+<p>Mean while, I shall be pleased to recive Instructions and advice from you
+on the subject, and will keep you advised of my movements, I am Sir with
+much respect, your obt Servt,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Robt. J. Cowart</span>, U. S. Cherokee Agent</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><i>Private</i></p>
+
+<p>The Second Chief is about to call the Council together to take into
+consideration the conduct of those white men who are interfearing with the
+institutions of Slavery&mdash;and to devise means by which those Secret
+Societies may be put down, and when the Council meets, I think we can
+remidy all those evials&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>I find there are many white men in the nation without permits&mdash;and one or
+two English men, these I shall order to leave the nation Instanter,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">R. J. Cowart</span></span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Tahlequah</span> C. N. July 9th 1860</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Maj Rector</span>, When I reached home I found that Hon. A. B. Greenwood had
+been here, stayed two days, and a half &amp; left. I am told that he expressed
+a verry strong desire to see me but had not time to remain here or go to
+Fort Smith.</p>
+
+<p>He has brought his family home to Ark. to remain as he writes me&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>I wish now verry much to see you and Col. Pulliam, of which I have written
+him, I would go forthwith to see Greenwood but suppose from what he wroat
+me that he had left, or will have done so before I could get there. I am
+with much respect, your friend</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">R. J. Cowart</span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Tahlequah C. N.</span></p>
+
+<p>Hon. Elias Rector Fort Smith, Ark</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Cherokee Agency.</span> <span class="smcap">Tahlequah</span> C. N. August 15th 1860</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hon. Elias Rector</span>, Sup<sup>t</sup> Ind Affairs Fort Smith, Arks.</p>
+
+<p>Dear Sir: Tomorrow morning I set out, to the Neutral <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span>Lands&mdash;and am
+advised to take a few men with me which I propos doing,</p>
+
+<p>It may be truely said, that, this Nation is in the midest of a crises.</p>
+
+<p>I shall be compelled to call for Military aid&mdash;which I expect to do
+forthwith&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Immediatly upon my return from the Neutral Lands&mdash;I expect to go to Fort
+Smith&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Please Remember me kindly to my friend Col Pulliam&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>I am very kindly your obt Servt.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">R. J. Cowart</span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Tahlequah C. N.</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Office U. S. Neosho Agency, Quapaw Nation</span><br />
+Augt 24th 1860</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: By refference to my letter of July 11th you will find that I
+according to your instructions, gave all the intruders upon the Osage
+reservation notice to leave forthwith, or that they would be removed by
+Military force. That notice was dated May 22nd 1860, &amp; the intruders are
+still there, and I have most respectfully now to suggest, that in view of
+the situation of the Neutral land of the Cherokees and the reserve of the
+Osages, they, laying adjoining each other, and the great number of
+squatters therein, I would advise that at least two companies of U. S.
+Dragoons or Cavalry be called for, both to act together in the removal of
+the intruders from the Osage and Neutral lands&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>I learn that Major Cowart expects to be at your office in a few days, in
+order to make a Requisition upon the Commanding Officer of Fort Caleb for
+Troops to remove the intruders from the Neutral land, and enclosed you
+will find one from me, which if approved by you, please forward by the
+same express, in order that the Troops may march together, as their
+destination is about the same&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>I would also say that in my opinion, that in order that the removal should
+avail anything that all their improvements should be destroyed by the
+Troops as they progress&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Your instructions are requested in all this matter. Very Respectfully Your
+Obt Svt</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Andrew J. Dorn</span>, U. S. Neosho Agnt</span></p>
+
+<p>Major Elias Rector, Supt Indian Affairs<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith Arkansas.</span></p>
+
+<p>N.B. Please forward the enclosed letter directed to Capt W. L. Cabell
+U. S. A. and much oblige yours truly</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">A.J.D.</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Evansville, Arks</span> Sept 6th/60</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Friend, Thad</span> ... I wish you woold come up in this part of the country. I
+am going to start to Campmeeting next Saturday at Cane Hill there was a
+big Camp meeting a going on when I came here in the nation it was about
+five miles west of this place. I did not go as I was busy fixing up to
+work tho if I dont have any bad luck I think I will have a good time at
+Cane Hill</p>
+
+<p>I think business will be pretty good here from the prospects I think I
+will spend a couple months at Tahlequah this fall. I want to attend the
+next council there which will begin in Oct. ... etc.</p>
+
+<p>Remain your Friend</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Jno. C. Dickenson</span></span></p>
+
+<p>Mark,, T,, Tatum, Greenwood, Arks</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Tahlequah Cherokee Nation</span>, September 8th, 1860.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hon. Elias Rector</span>, Supt. Indian Affairs, Fort Smith, Arks.</p>
+
+<p>Dear Sir, Enclosed please find Copy of letter from the Secretary of War,
+to Hon. A. B. Greenwood&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center">Unofficial</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">War Department</span> June 14th 1860,<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>&mdash;In answer to your note of the 11th Inst in regard to trouble
+among the Cherokees, I have to inform you that orders have been given to
+the Commander of Fort-Cobb, as suggested, Yours &amp;c.,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Signed <span class="smcap">John B. Floyd</span>.</span></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hon. A. B. Greenwood</span>, Commr.&mdash;It seems from the above that orders have
+been given the Commander at Fort Cobb to furnish me Troops to remove
+intruders from this Nation. I have not heard any thing from Washington
+since I left Fort Smith.</p>
+
+<p>I would be glad to have the Troops as early as convenient, as I feel that
+I can do but little more without them.</p>
+
+<p>I this day sent a Notice to John, B. Jones to leave the Nation by the 25th
+Inst.&mdash;which I trust he will do. I am writing to the Department today and
+giving the facts in refference to this Nation&mdash;I have asked for contingent
+funds, as the requirements of the Department, are, that money appropriated
+for one purpose, should not be used for another.</p>
+
+<p>Please give me the benefit of any information, you have or may get on the
+subject of Troops. I am as ever your friend And obedient Servt.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">R. J. Cowart</span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Tahlequah C, N,</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Tahlequah Cherokee Nation</span>, Oct 29th 1860</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Col. Pulliam</span>,</p>
+
+<p>My Dear friend, Will you be so kind as to forward the enclosed Dispatch to
+Hon A. B. Greenwood Washington D. C. Please Consult Capt. Sturgeons, you
+may, find it necessary, to change it, if so, please make any alteration,
+you and the Capt may, think best.</p>
+
+<p>I expect to visit Fort Smith in a few days&mdash;when I hope to settle up my
+accounts, and spend some time with you&mdash;I [illegible] say pleasantly.</p>
+
+<p>I Learned from Capt &mdash;&mdash;, your Recent affliction. Please allow me to
+tender to you and Especially to Mrs. Pulliam my heart felt Simpathy.</p>
+
+<p>Write me by the barer all the News, I send written to Maj. Rector for two
+hundred Dollars, please see that the matter is arranged. I am very kindly
+yours,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">R. J. Cowart</span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Tahlequah C. N.</span></p>
+
+<p>Col R. P. Pulliam, Fort Smith Ark.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith</span> A.R.K. Oct 31st 1860.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hon. A. B. Greenwood</span> Com. Ind. Affairs, Washington D. C.</p>
+
+<p>Intruders Removed from Neutral land&mdash;much desire to confer with you and
+[illegible] in person with Capt Sturgeons who commanded Troops.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">R. J. Cowart</span>, U. S. Cherokee Agent</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have received reliable information that Forts Washita, Arbuckle,
+and Cobb, all in the Choctaw &amp; Chickasaw Nations, and recently abandoned
+by Federal troops, are now in possession of Texas State troops, and that
+Texas is now urging at Montgomery, that the Wichita Indians and bands
+affiliated with them, occupying the district of Country between the 98 and
+100 degrees west longitude &amp; between Red River &amp; Canadian leased by the
+United States from the Choctaws &amp; Chickasaws, for the purpose of Locating
+said Indians are within the Jurisdiction of this, the Southern
+Superintendency, and by an examination of the treaty of 1855 made between
+the U. S. and the Choctaws &amp; Chickasaws, you cannot fail to see the
+impropriety of the Indians occupying said district being attached to the
+Jurisdiction of Texas. unless she also extends her Jurisdiction over the
+Choctaws and Chickasaws.&mdash;Texas has tried on several occasions heretofore
+to have those Indians in the Leased district placed under her
+jurisdiction,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span> but the Indians regard her as their ancient, and present
+enemy, and will never consent to such arrangement,</p>
+
+<p>I have thought it my duty to call your attention to the subject that you
+may, if you think it expedient, lay it before your Honorable body for such
+action as it may think proper in the premises. Very Respectfully Your obt
+Servt</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Elias Rector</span>, Supt. Ind. Affairs.</span></p>
+
+<p>Hon. David Walker, President Arks. State Convention.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Cherokee Agency</span>, May the 15th 1861</p>
+
+<p>To the Superintendent of Indian Affairs<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith Arks.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor of making the following report have this day taken
+into my possession as Agent for the Cherokee Indians, the following
+property as left by late Agent R. J. Corvort (gone) Dwelling house Kitchen
+and other out houses one office, houses all in bad repair one farm
+belonging to the Agency, in bad repair one table three desks and papers
+all in very bad condition one box containing old papers almost destroyed
+by rats one letter press and Books one Rule one Inkstand and letter Stamp
+one chair one Iron Safe. I also have in my possession 14 Bounty Land
+Warrants received by me from you at office of Superintendency left by R.
+J. Corvort late Agent and receipted for by me to Superintendant the Book
+on Treaties as reported to of been, left by R. J. Corvort in office not
+found by me. Yours Respectfully</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">John Crawford</span>, U. S. Agent for Cherokees</span></p>
+
+<p>Elias Rector, Superintendant Indian Affairs.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Wichita Agency L. D.</span>, June 30-1861</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>, Enclosed herewith I have the honor to transmit my quarterly return,
+for the second quarter of the current year, and with it my operations as a
+Federal Officer will cease.</p>
+
+<p>The seizure of the mules, wagon etc. by Gen<sup>l</sup> Burrow, rendered it
+necessary in my judgment, to issue at once to the Indians all the public
+property, moneys and effects in my hands, intended for their use and
+benefit by the original U. S. Government; believing as I do, that the
+moneys and other means which I have held in trust for them, would be as
+liable to seizure as the mules and wagon were, and result in a loss: the
+losses sustained by them on the Arkansas River and at Fort Smith by fire
+of very many of their goods, cause them to be in much need of the goods
+which I have issued, more particularly as there appears to be no
+arrangements by which they may expect supplies during<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span> the present year.
+The sudden withdrawal of the troops spread alarm and disquiet through the
+different settlements or encampments, many of them fled from the L. D. with
+a hope elsewhere to find security and protection, the remainder would have
+followed, but for the issue of goods which I made them, and assurances
+that they would not be molested.</p>
+
+<p>With these remarks submitted, I have the honor to be, sir, Very
+Respectfully Your Ob&#8217;t Srv&#8217;t,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">M. Leeper</span>, Ind. Agt.</span></p>
+
+<p>Major Elias Rector, Supt. Ind. Affairs<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith, Arks.</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">ESTIMATE OF FUNDS REQUIRED IN THE OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT INDIAN AFFAIRS ARKANSAS SUPURENTENDENCY.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>For Salary of Superintendent. for &#189; year of 1861.<br /><span style="margin-left: 1em;">which includes 3 &amp; 4th qrs. at $2.000&mdash;per Anum</span></td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right">$1000.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pay of Clerk &#189; year 3 &amp; 4th qrs. at $1.500&mdash;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">750.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 0.7em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: .25em;">Interpreter</span>
+  <span class="spacer2">&nbsp;</span>"<span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span>"<span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span>"<span class="spacer2">&nbsp;</span>400&mdash;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">200.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 0.7em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span>
+  <span style="margin-left: .25em;">Traveling expences. Contingences of office &amp;c.</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right" class="botbor">500.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">$2.450.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 0.7em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Office rent for &#189; year</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right" class="botbor">200.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">$2.650 00</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">ESTIMATE OF FUNDS NECESSARY FOR DISBURSMENT TO SEMINOLE INDIANS UP TO<br />
+30TH DECEMBER 1861 AS PROVIDED FOR BY TREATY OF 7TH AUGUST 1856</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>To provide for the Support of Schools for ten years the<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sum of $3000&mdash;per Annun. from 7th August, 1856</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to 30th December 1861</span></td><td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right">$16.000.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>For agricultural assistance. from 30th December 1859<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to 30th December 1861. at $2000&mdash;per Annm</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right">4.000 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>For the Support of Smiths &amp; Smith Shops from 30th<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">December 1859. to 30th Decr. 1861. at $2.200 per</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Annum</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right">4.400.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Interest on $500.000&mdash;invested at 5 per Centum from<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">30th Decr 1860 to 30th Decr 1861</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="botbor" valign="bottom" align="right">25.000.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">$49.400 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span>Pay of Agent for year 1861</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right">1.500.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"</span><span class="spacer2">&nbsp;</span>" Interpreter for year 1861</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right">400.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Contingent expenses of Office</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right">300.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Provisions for Indians attending payments of annuities &amp;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visiting Agency on business</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="botbor" valign="bottom" align="right">300 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">$2.500 00</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Amount invested by Old U S government for Seminoles as per treaty 7th
+August 1856 at 5 per centum. $500.000&mdash;This amount has never been invested
+in State bonds but held by the Government.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">ESTIMATE OF FUNDS NECESSARY FOR DISBURSMENT TO CREEK INDIANS FROM 30TH JUNE TO 31ST DECEMBER 1861.<br />
+AND BALANCES DUE THEM BY THE OLD U. S. GOVERNMENT. UP TO 30TH JUNE 1861.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>Permanent provisions for</td>
+    <td>Blacksmiths</td>
+    <td>for &#189; year 1861</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right">1.680.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span><span class="spacer2">&nbsp;</span>"<span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span>"</td>
+    <td>Iron &amp; Steel</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: .75em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">540.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span><span class="spacer2">&nbsp;</span>"<span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span>"</td>
+    <td>Wheelwrights</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: .75em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">300.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span><span class="spacer2">&nbsp;</span>"<span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span>"</td>
+    <td>Wagon Makers</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: .75em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">300.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span><span class="spacer2">&nbsp;</span>"<span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span>"</td>
+    <td colspan="2">Agricultural assistance for &#189; year</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1.000.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">Interest on $200.000&mdash;at 5 per Centum. for purposes of<br />
+  <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Education. from 30th June 1860 to 30th June 1861.</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right" valign="bottom">10.000.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">Interest on same from 30th June to 30th December<span class="spacer2">&nbsp;</span>"</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">5 000.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">Unexpended balances Interest due on same. up to 30th<br />
+  <span style="margin-left: 1em;">June 1860 which has never been paid</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right" valign="bottom" class="botbor">15.000 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">$33.820 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">Pay of Agent for 3 &amp; 4 qrs 1861</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">750.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"</span><span class="spacer2">&nbsp;</span>" Interpreter 3 &amp; 4 qrs 1861</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">200.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">Contingent Expences 3 &amp; 4 qrs 1861</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">150.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">Provisions for Indians at payment of Annuities</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right" class="botbor">150.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">$35.070.00</td></tr></table>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center">AMOUNT OF MONEY DUE CREEK INDIANS ANNUALLY UNDER TREATY 7TH AUGUST 1856</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td colspan="2">Permanent Annuity</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right">$24 500.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Permanent provisions for</td>
+    <td>Blacksmiths</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">3.360 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span><span class="spacer2">&nbsp;</span>"<span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span>"</td>
+    <td>Iron &amp; Steel</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">540.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span><span class="spacer2">&nbsp;</span>"<span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span>"</td>
+    <td>Wheelwrights</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">600 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span><span class="spacer2">&nbsp;</span>"<span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span>"</td>
+    <td>Wagonmakers</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">600 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Assistance in Agriculture</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">2.000.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Interest on $200.00. at 5 per centum for<br /><span style="margin-left: 1em;">purposes of Education</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right" valign="bottom" class="botbor">10.000.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">$41.600.00</td></tr></table>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Amounts due Creek Indians for amounts<br /><span style="margin-left: 1em;">invested by Treaty 7th August 1856.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>For purposes of Education</td><td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td><td align="right">$200 000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Creek Orphan fund</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right" class="botbor">200 741</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">$400.741</td></tr></table>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">CREEK ORPHAN FUND INVESTED AS FOLLOWS</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>In</td><td>Bonds</td><td>of</td><td>State</td><td>of</td>
+    <td>Kentucky</td>
+    <td>at</td>
+    <td>5pr</td>
+    <td>Cent,</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right">$1.000 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>Missouri</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>5&#189;</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">28.000 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>6</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">28.000.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>Tennessee</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>5</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">20.000.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>Virginia</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>6</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">73 800 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="6" align="right">United States</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>6</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right" class="botbor">49 941 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="10">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">$200.741.00</td></tr></table>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">North Fork of Canadian River</span>, 5th July 1861</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: On receipt of this you will please effect a continuance, on behalf of
+the Confederate States of America, with Mr. Charles B. Johnson of Fort
+Smith, of the contract existing up to 30th June last between the United
+States of America and himself, for feeding the Wichitas, Caddoes, and
+other kindred and other bands of Indians now settled in the country leased
+from the Choctaws and Chickasaws.</p>
+
+<p>If no more favorable terms can be effected, you are authorized to adopt
+those of the former contract, with its conditions and stipulations in all
+respects.</p>
+
+<p>You will provide that the contract shall end, at the pleasure of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span>
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs, on the 31st day of December 1861, and not
+sooner; and that it shall be at his option to continue it for such further
+term as he may please, upon the same terms in all respects.</p>
+
+<p>You will provide that the contract shall relate to, and take effect as of
+the first day of July 1861: and you will receive bond, in form used by the
+United States, but to the Confederate States, with sufficient sureties,
+and in such sum as you may consider sufficient to ensure faithful
+performance. I have the honor to be, Sir</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Albert Pike</span>, Commissioner of the Conf.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">States to Indian Tribes West of Arkansas.</span></p>
+
+<p>Elias Rector Esq, Superintendent Ind. Affairs,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Arkansas Superintendency.</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>Agreement made and entered into, this 14th day of August 1861, at the
+Wichita Agency, between Albert Pike, Commissioner of the Confederate
+States of America to the Indians west of Arkansas, of the one part, and
+Charles B. Johnson of the County of Sebastian and State of Arkansas, of
+the other part.</p>
+
+<p>This agreement witnesseth, that the said Albert Pike, Commissioner as
+aforesaid, for and on behalf of the Confederate States of America and the
+said Charles B. Johnson, his heirs executors and administrators, have
+covenanted and agreed, and by these presents do covenant mutually and
+agree to and with each other as follows to wit:</p>
+
+<p>That the said Charles B. Johnson, his heirs, executors and administrators,
+shall and will supply and issue or cause to be issued and supplied at such
+times and places in the Leased District west of the 98th degree of west
+longitude as the Wichita Agent may direct, daily rations to the several
+Tribes and Bands of Comanches, Wichitas and other Indians that now are or
+may hereafter during the continuance of the present contract be settled in
+the said Leased District, for and during the term of one full year,
+commencing with the sixteenth day of August instant, at the price of
+sixteen cents for each complete ration issued as aforesaid: which rations
+shall be issued, one for each individual in all of said Tribes and Bands
+and shall consist of one pound of fresh beef or fresh pork, and three
+quarters of a quart of corn or corn meal or one pound of flour to every
+ration, with four quarts of salt, three pounds of coffee, six pounds of
+sugar, two quarts of vinegar, one and a half pounds of tallow and three
+pounds of soap to every hundred rations.</p>
+
+<p>Payment shall be made quarterly for the rations furnished under<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span> this
+contract, but in the event of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs being
+without funds for such purposes, the payment to be made as soon thereafter
+as funds are provided for such purposes.</p>
+
+<p>This contract may be terminated in whole or in any part at any time by the
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs, upon equitable terms and conditions
+whenever it shall be deemed expedient to do so upon giving thirty days&#8217;
+notice of such intention.</p>
+
+<p>Witness our hands and seals the day and year first above written. Signed
+and Sealed in triplicate</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Albert Pike</span>, Commissioner of the Confederate States</span></p>
+
+<p>Signed and Sealed in our presence.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Wm Quesenbury</span></span><span class="spacersig">&nbsp;</span><span class="smcap">Charles. B. Johnson.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><span class="smcap">W Warren Johnson</span></span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">North Fork of the Canadian River</span>, 5th July 1861</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have sent a Special Messenger to the Wichita and other Indians on
+the Reserve in the Country leased from the Choctaws and Chickasaws,
+requesting Black Beaver, and other Captains and Chiefs to meet me at the
+Seminole Agency on the 22nd instant, in order to hear a talk from me and
+enter into a Treaty. If they should not do so, I shall go from the
+Seminole Agency to the Reserve for that purpose.</p>
+
+<p>As it was through your instrumentality these Bands were settled on the
+Reserve, and the promises made them were made through you, and as you are
+favorably known to them for these reasons, and as the Head of the
+Superintendency of Indian Affairs in which they are included, your
+presence and co&ouml;peration with me, in negotiating with them, will, I am
+very sure, be of great service.</p>
+
+<p>I therefore request, that, if your health and other duties permit, you
+will be present with me at the Seminole Agency on the 22nd, and accompany
+me, if necessary, to the Reserve.</p>
+
+<p>I shall leave this place about the 9th, and at furtherst by the 10th, and
+go round by Forts Washita and Arbuckle. I shall be gratified if you can so
+time your movements as to overtake me on the way.</p>
+
+<p>I wish also to suggest that the presence of the Agent, Mr. Leeper, will be
+indispensable, and to desire you to direct him to accompany you, that he
+may as soon as possible repair to his Agency. I have the honor to be With
+deep regards your obt Svt</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Albert Pike</span>, Commissioner of the Confederate</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">States to Indian Tribes west of Arkansas.</span></p>
+
+<p>Elias Rector, Esq, Superintendent Ind. Aff. Arkansas Superintendency.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">Confederate</td></tr>
+<tr><td>THE</td><td align="center"><span class="strike">UNITED</span></td><td>STATES,</td></tr></table>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">TO Elias Rector</td>
+    <td align="center">DR.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="btdoubr" align="center">Date.</td>
+    <td class="btdoubr">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="btdoubr" align="center">Dolls.</td>
+    <td class="btdoub" align="center">Cts.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="btr" align="center" valign="top">1861<br />August 24</td>
+    <td class="btr">For Services rendered assisting Comr.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike in making treaties with Seminole,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wichita And Commanche Indians under</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">orders so to do, by Comr. Pike,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">from 10th July to 24th August 1861</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">inclusive 45 days at $5.00 pr day</span></td>
+    <td class="btr" valign="bottom" align="right">225</td>
+    <td class="dent" align="left" valign="bottom">00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="br">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="br">For hire of Bugg. horses &amp; driver for<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">same length of time at $5&mdash; per day</span></td>
+    <td class="br" valign="bottom" align="right">225</td>
+    <td class="dent" align="left" valign="bottom">00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="br">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="br">For hire of wagon team &amp; driver for<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">same service &amp; same time, to Transport</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tent Baggage provisions &amp;c. at</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">$5 per day</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="right" valign="bottom">225</td>
+    <td class="dent" align="left" valign="bottom">00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="br">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="br">Forrage for 4 horses for same length of<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">time and for same service 50 cents per</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">day each horse</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="right" valign="bottom">90</td>
+    <td class="dent" align="left" valign="bottom">00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="right">$765</td>
+    <td class="bt" align="left">00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="br">Paid ferrage Crossing streams</td>
+    <td class="br" align="right">8</td>
+    <td class="dent" align="left">00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bbr">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="bbr">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="bbtr" align="right">$773</td>
+    <td class="bbt" align="left">00</td></tr></table>
+
+<p class="tablenote">Received at<span class="spacersig">&nbsp;</span><span class="spacersig">&nbsp;</span>185<span class="spacer2">&nbsp;</span>, of ELIAS RECTOR,<br />
+Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Southern Superintendency,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 14em;">Dollars in full of this account</span></p>
+
+<p class="tablenote">$</p>
+
+<p class="center">(Triplicate.)</p>
+
+<p class="tablenote">I CERTIFY, on honor, that the above account is correct and just,<br />
+and that I have actually, this<span class="spacersig">&nbsp;</span>day of<span class="spacersig">&nbsp;</span>185<span class="spacer2">&nbsp;</span>,<br />
+paid the amount thereof.<span class="spacersig">&nbsp;</span><span class="spacersig">&nbsp;</span>Sup&#8217;t Indian Affairs.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Wichita Agency L. D.</span> Sept. 15th 1861</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>; A considerable amount of intermittent fever has made its appearance
+at this place, supposed to be occasioned by an unusual degree of dampness
+produced by the most luxuriant growth of vegetation I ever knew, and the
+recent heavy rains which have been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span> almost incessant for many days past,
+it gives us just cause of alarm as we are entirely out of medicines of
+almost every kind and placed at so remote a distance from the settlements,
+that none can be procured short of a visit to Fort Smith; I had a slight
+attack of fever myself and luckily for me, Dr. Shirley discovered a small
+portion of Quinine which I partly consumed, and which had escaped the
+vigilant search of the so called Texas Troops at the time they took from
+him his medicines and medical books, and transferred them to parts
+unknown. These causes in addition to some information in reference to
+Indians which I will impart, I hope will be considered an ample apology
+for incuring the expenses of an Express, I have employed a man at $3.00
+per day, he bears his own expense, and runs the risk of meeting with wild
+Indians and land Sharks by the way.</p>
+
+<p>The renowned Indian warrior and Chief Buffalo Hump has made his appearance
+with fifteen or sixteen followers, the remainder of the Indians and the
+principal part of his own party, he says are encamped on the Canadian and
+head waters of the Washita, he called on me the second day after his
+arrival, and told me that he was now old and desirous of abandoning the
+war path, and spending his latter days in quietness and peace with all
+men, but said the winter would soon be at hand, and that he would require
+a much better house than any he saw at the Comanche Camp, that he thought
+if he had a house, such as the Agency building, that he would be warm in
+cold weather, and that he would be content to live in it, and pursue the
+walks of white men, I replied to him that I knew he was a great man and
+had an immense amount of influence with the wild tribes, and that the
+Confederate States had also heard of him, and that if he thought proper to
+bring in his people and settle down in good faith on the Reserve, quit
+stealing and depredating upon the country, that they would give him all
+that had been promised, and that he might calculate, that if houses were
+built for him, that they would not be as good as those at the Comanche
+Camp, that several of those houses were more extensive and expensive, than
+would be deemed necessary in future, that he might only look for small
+cabins, and perhaps only receive assistance in their erection, that it was
+the object of the Confederate States to learn the Indians to work and
+support themselves, not to work for them and support them; that upon those
+terms if he were disposed to settle I would be glad to receive him, if
+not, it mattered but little, that he was at liberty to pursue just such
+course as suited him best. The next day he called again his tone and
+bearing was altogether<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span> changed, professed to be satisfied and said at the
+falling of the leaves, the time appointed for settlement and consumating
+the Treaty with Capt. Pike, he would be here with his people. He gave it
+as his opinion that the others who had a conference with Capt. Pike would
+not come in or settle; but I learn from Py-oh who went out with those
+Chiefs and returned with Buffalo Hump that their respective bands are
+divided in sentiment, that about half of each band will come in and
+settle, and that the others will probably remain on the prairies, they
+have large bands of stolen horses and mules, and he thinks they are afraid
+to bring them in, lest they should be taken away from them.</p>
+
+<p>Jim Ned and the other Delawares with the exception of one family left the
+Reserve without any cause, he returned from his first encampment and
+attempted to persuade Jim Pock Marked to leave with his people, by telling
+him that he would be assailed by the Texans before long, and if not by
+them, most certainly by the northern Troops, and that he had better leave
+at once, and save the lives of his women and children. Jim Ned is a most
+unmitigated scoundrel, and I have no doubt that most if not all the
+disquiet heretofore produced among the Reserve Indians might be traced to
+him, and I think it very fortunate that he has abandoned the Reserve, by
+doing so, he has forfeited his right of citizenship upon it, and the
+protection which the Confederate States had guaranteed to him.</p>
+
+<p>I learn from an Indian Mexican and a half breed Delaware Indian who have
+recently returned from Santa Fe, that all the northern Indians who visit
+that part of the country are amply armed and equiped by the Federalists,
+and sent in every direction over the plains as spy Companies, that
+propositions of the like character, had been made to the Southern Indians,
+but not accepted, they are now regarded as enemies, and have retracted
+farther South, not being permitted to inhabit the country or travel as far
+north as heretofore; Py-oh remarked that they were herded in by Texas and
+Mr. Lincoln&#8217;s government like a band of horses or cattle.</p>
+
+<p>Please forward by my Expressman, blank forms of every description, and ask
+Mr. Johnson to forward blank forms for provision checks; you will also
+oblige me by making an application for the Indian mules taken by Burrow,
+and by aiding the bearer to procure the public wagon and my harness which
+were loaned to Algernon Cabell.</p>
+
+<p>You are aware that I cannot close my returns without funds for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span> the
+purpose, when shall I look for them? Very Respectfully Your obt. Srvt.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">M. Leeper</span>, Ind. Agent</span></p>
+
+<p>Elias Rector Esqr., Supt. Ind. Affairs<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith Arks.</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Creek Agency</span>, Sept 30th 1861</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to hand you herewith the Bond License, and Invoices
+of John Barnwell of the Creek Nation</p>
+
+<p>Very Respectfully Your Obt Servant</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">W. H. Garrett</span>, C. S. Agent for Creeks</span></p>
+
+<p>Maj Elias Rector, Superintendent C. A.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith, Ar</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Tahlequah C. N.</span> October the 10th 1861</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Maj Elias Rector</span>, Superintendant of Indian Affairs,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith, Ark.</span></p>
+
+<p>Dear Sir: I have the honor of transmitting through your office to the
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs at Richmond a requisition for the Annuities
+School and Orphan funds due the Cherokee Indian on Stock invested up to
+July 1861. I send two copies. If it is not necessary to send but on[e] you
+can arrange that in regard to the leave of Asence that I wished you to
+grant me I will not ask for owing to the Governor declaring my seat vacant
+in the Legislator and ordering an election though I am under many
+obligations to you for your willingness to grant me leave the Treaty will
+be ratified today. Every thing going on well the Texas Troops passed
+through on Wednesday the Creek excitement turned out to be nothing I shall
+be anxious to hear from you at any time on all subjects I have the honor
+Sir to be your most obedient Servnt</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">John Crawford</span> Agent Cherokees, C. S. A.</span></p>
+
+<p>Hon. E. Rector, Superintendant Indian Affairs</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Tahlequah, C. N.</span> October 10th, 1861</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">David Hubbard</span> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Richmond, Va.</p>
+
+<p>Dear Sir: I have the honor to make out and transmit to you a requisition
+for the Annuities due the Cherokee Indians for the year 1860 and 1861</p>
+
+<p>For the installments of interest on the permanent General fund as
+estimated for July 1860 and January and July 1861 forty three Thousand and
+three hundred and Seventy two dollars and thirty six Cents $43 372 36</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span>For the installments of interest on the permanent Orphan fund as estimated
+and uninvested for July 1860 and January and July 1861 four thousand and
+five hundred dollars $4.500</p>
+
+<p>For the installment of interest on the permanent School fund as estimated
+for July 1860 and January and July 1861 Seventeen thousand Seven hundred
+and Seventy two dollars $17.772.</p>
+
+<p>Total Amount due the Cherokees on Stock invested Sixty five Thousand Six
+hundred and forty four dollars and thirty Six Cents $65.644.36</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>One half years pay of Agent</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right">750 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Contingent expenses, &#189; year</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">75 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>pay of interpreter &#189; year</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right" class="botbor">200.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">$66.669.36</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Sir the Statement as made out is correct to the best of my judgment I have
+been acting as Agent for the Cherokee Indians Since the 22nd day of April
+1861 Came by request of Hon R. W. Johnson of Arkansas. received a letter
+from the Hon David Hubbard Commissioner of Indian Affairs dated 12 June
+1861 requesting me to try and get along as Agent of the Cherokees the best
+that I Could which I have done to the best advantage and evry thing here
+is working well for the South I have not received any moneys from the
+Lincoln government Since I have been acting as Agent for the Cherokee
+Indians Your most obedient Servt</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">John Crawford</span>,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Agent for the Cherokee Indians West of Arkansas, C. S. A.</span></p>
+
+<p>David Hubbard, Commissioner of Indian Affairs<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Richmond, Va</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Wichita Agency L. D.</span> Oct. 21st 1861</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Five weeks ago I despatched a messenger to Fort Smith with a report
+to you, and for medicines for the Agency and Indians; since which time I
+have heard nothing either from the report or messenger, sufficient time
+has elapsed for the man to have made two trips. In the report of that date
+I apprised you of the sickness which had and still prevails here to a
+considerable extent, and that we are destitute of medicines: Dr. Shirley&#8217;s
+supplies having been forcibly taken from him by persons from Texas,
+claiming to act as a military posse from that State. You are aware that we
+are entirely cut off from mail facilities, and from an opportunity of
+procuring medicines of any description short of Fort Smith, the want of
+which has been excessively annoying,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span> and perhaps the occasion of several
+deaths; this report will be handed you by a second messenger, whom I hope
+you will furnish with a supply of Quinine, Calomel and blue mass if
+nothing more.</p>
+
+<p>On friday last a man was shot at by an Indian in company with six others
+within a mile of the late Fort Cobb; on the next day two Indians arrived
+as messengers on the part of the Kiowas and all the Southern bands of
+Comanches, who are said to be encamped on the North Canadian within four
+days ride of this place; they say that their intention is to be here at
+the falling of the leaves, to conclude a treaty with Capt. Pike. The
+Kiowas inform us that they received the white beads and tobacco from Capt.
+Pike, and that they desire to be on terms of friendship with us, that it
+is the wish of the whole band, with the exception of one bad man and
+fifteen or twenty followers, whom they cannot control, and that they
+desire us to kill them, that if it is not done, they will surely commit
+serious depredations, and that they believe they are now in this vicinity.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians at present on the Canadian are supposed to number Seven or
+eight thousand, and if they should come here as is anticipated, they will
+require a large amount of provision, I would therefore respectfully
+suggest the propriety of your notifying the Contractor of the fact, that
+he may not be taken on Surprise: you will also perceive the necessity of
+Capt. Pike or some other duly authorized person, to be here at the
+appointed time to consummate treaties with them; they say that no further
+depredations will be committed on Texas, provided the twenty men above
+described are killed.</p>
+
+<p>It is impossible for me to keep you advised of the affairs of this reserve
+without some kind of mail facilities, therefore, I hope you will
+unhesitatingly employ some one to carry the mail once in two weeks at
+least, until such time as the Government shall have made permanent
+arrangements, it is not more strange than true, that I have not since my
+arrival here on the Sixth of August, received a solitary news paper or any
+other item of news, except such as can be gathered from an occasional
+stragling teamster, and that is the most reliable information that I have
+in reference to the battle at Springfield, the particulars of which I know
+very little.</p>
+
+<p>When Capt. Pike left here it was his intention to have the place
+garrisoned in the shortest time practicable, he left authority with Jno.
+Jones to enlist thirty Indians to act as a protection to the Agency, and
+as a spy company in its vicinity, Jno. Jones could only enlist Seventeen,
+all Comanches, those and the few employees on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span> reserve are the only
+protection we have, and I would not give a fig for the security the
+Indians would afford me in a case of actual danger, they might be useful
+however in giving information of the approach of an enemy: I shall feel
+obliged if you will inform me of the time the troops may be expected, if
+the day is far distant, I shall deem it my indispensable duty to select
+some place of security and safety for my family, if it is the intention or
+wish of the Confederate Government to leave this place ungarrisoned, I am
+willing to risk the consequences myself, but I am unwilling to detain my
+family, where they are in danger of being destroyed by savages: it is also
+apparent that no Agent can exercise the control necessary to fill the
+expectations of the Government, without the means placed within his reach
+of doing so; without troops the most flagrant violations of the
+Intercourse Laws might be practiced every day with impugnity; and without
+funds to meet the expenses incident to the Agency, the employees cannot be
+retained a great while. Those Indians who expect to treat with Capt. Pike
+expect also supplies of blankets and clothing, and white men to instruct
+them in the erection of houses for the winter.</p>
+
+<p>Please advise me by the return of my messenger, when troops may be
+expected, at what time the Commissioner will be here, and funds to enable
+me to forward my accounts. The Estimates submitted in August, in addition
+to the more liberal allowances of Capt. Pike in his recent treaty with the
+Indians, I hope will be all that is required on my part at present.</p>
+
+<p>One of the Articles in Capt. Pike&#8217;s late treaty, appears to be an offense
+to the people of Texas, and I think it very doubtful whether any
+assistance could be derived from that quarter, if we were threatened with
+the most iminent danger: with these remarks submitted, I have the honor to
+be, Very Respectfully Your Obt. Servt.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">M. Leeper</span>, Indian Agent</span></p>
+
+<p>Elias Rector Esq, Supt. Ind. Affairs<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith Arks</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith Arkansas</span>, Nov. 7th 1861</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Major Elias Rector</span>, Superintendent of Indian affairs</p>
+
+<p>Sir: As you intemated to me a few days since you ware going to Richmond,
+and would do me a favor if it Laid in your Power</p>
+
+<p>I ask you for the appointment of Forage Master at Fort Smith and The
+Authority of Selling off all condemd Goverment Property belonging to the
+confederate Stats at Fort Smith vanburen and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span>Fayetteville, you can Sir do
+me this favour, I am also a good judge of Stock capable of receiving and
+receipting for any property belonging to the quarter masters department,
+Such as horses mules oxen and Waggens</p>
+
+<p>I want this appointment for The Sole purpose of keeping yenkee Edwards,
+from dying with a very common Disease in the Garrison cald the Big head I
+am Sir with much Respect your Obt, Servent</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Thos. McCarron</span></span></p>
+
+<p>P.S. if you do me this favour I will discharge the duties with Honour to
+you, and credit to Myself</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">T.M.C.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Richmond</span> 21&#8243; November 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: The Commissioner of Indian Affairs has caused to be transmitted to
+New Orleans the sum of twenty five thousand dollars, to be used in
+purchasing the articles that are to be supplied to the Comanches and other
+Reserve Indians. As soon as you arrive here the money will be placed at
+your disposal.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as possible after receipt of this letter, you will please send a
+proper person to the Wichita Agency, and let the Comanches who it is said
+are encamped, waiting for the leaves to fall, that they may come in and
+settle, that I have been delayed, by circumstances that I could not
+control, so as not to be able to meet them as soon as I intended; but that
+you will bring or send up their goods, and I will meet them during the
+winter. It is important that this should be told them at once. It would be
+better, if Col. Pulliam <i>can</i> go there himself, that he should do so. I do
+not know who else would answer.</p>
+
+<p>Orders go by the messenger who takes this, from the Acting Commissioner to
+Agent Leeper, directing him to use all the government laborers in putting
+up houses for the Comanches who are coming in, and not to use them for any
+other purpose. If it is possible to send up additional laborers, it had
+better be done. I am very respectfully yours</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Albert Pike</span>,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Commissioner of the Confederate States to the Indian tribes West of Arkansas</span></p>
+
+<p>Major Elias Rector, Superintendent of Ind. Affairs.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith</span>, Nov. 22d 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr Major.</span> I send you the enclosed document from the Acting Comr. Ind
+Affairs. recd here today. As I cannot respond to it for you as you are
+there on the ground&mdash;I send it to you for you to make such reply as you
+think proper, in the premises.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span>We have just recd authentic information from the armies above, the
+federals have left Springfield and are making their way towards St. Louis.
+for what cause is not certainly known but it is thought that their army
+have become demoralized by the displacing of Fremont and the appointment
+of Hunter to the Command. Genl Price broke up his encampment at Pineville
+at day light on Saturday last. and at last accounts was at Sarcoxie.
+making his way towards the Mo. River it is thought he is pursuing Hunter.
+you will see by an examination of the map that he will cut of a
+considerable distance by that route. Coming into the road Hunter will have
+to travel at Bolivar. or Warsaw. On the same day, (Saturday last) Genl
+McColloch took four hundred picked men from each of his Mounted Regiments
+making 2000 men with ten days provisions and started in the direction of
+Prices army. his destination however is not known. it is supposed however
+that he &amp; Price are going to throw their Cavalry forward to attack &amp; cut
+off, or hold until their Infantry can be brought up., Hunters army.
+Whether these conjectures are true or not time will tell. Cooper is on the
+march after Opothleyohola. who it is said has taken Maj Emorys trail
+through Kansas towards Leavenworth,</p>
+
+<p>Small Pox still raging Mrs Nowland lost a negro to day. I saw your boy
+Henry to day he says your family are all well.</p>
+
+<p>My kind regards to Pike. Also to Mr Scott. Your friend &amp;c</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">R. P. Pulliam</span></span></p>
+
+<p>The above war news is reliable. and you can give the information to the
+papers if you wish.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">P</span></p>
+
+<p>I write this in Suttons Store, he says the above contains all the news we
+have. all of which is confirmed by Messengers and private letters.
+Consequently he will not write as he promised until something further
+turns up</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">P</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Tishomingo C. N.</span>, Nov. 26, 1861</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gen. A. G. Mayers</span></p>
+
+<p>Sir: Having appointed as a Delegate from this Nation to the Southern
+Congress, am at a loss when the Congress does meet. I have all along
+understood from newspaper accounts that it was to be on the 22d of
+February but some seems to think it is sooner. Will you please inform me
+at your earliest convenience at what time the S. Congress does meet. Your
+attention to the above is respectfully requested I am yours very
+Respectfully</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">James Gamble</span></span></p>
+
+<p>P.S. Please continue to send me the Parallel. I will make it all right
+with you when on my way to Va.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">J.G.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Office Supt. Ind. Affairs Fort Smith</span>, Decr. 1861</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Jesse Chisholm</span></p>
+
+<p>Dear Sir: I have just returned from Richmond where I have been to see the
+President on Indian business. I wish you to go out immediately and see the
+bands of Comanches that are encamped above Fort Cobb and tell them that it
+is the wish of their great father at Richmond that they come in at once
+and settle on the reserve, that so soon as they do so they will be
+furnished with Beef&mdash;Flour, Salt, Sugar &amp; Coffee. And that the great
+father says that all the goods &amp; things that Commissioner Pike promised
+them will be furnished and given to them. That the Arkansas River has now
+too little water in it for Steam Boats to come up from the big Cities to
+bring goods, but as soon as the big water comes in the River and Boats
+come up their great father will send up to them many large wagons filled
+with nice goods that I want them to send four or five of their Chiefs and
+head men to Genl. Pikes head quarters, near Fort Gibson where he and
+myself will meet them and talk with them and give them a great many
+presents and satisfy them that the government will do all that
+Commissioner Pike promised them. I wish Buffalo Hump and his band now on
+the reserve to be told this, and for him and four or five of his principal
+men to come also. I will direct the Contractor at the Wichita Agency to
+furnish them with Rations to bring them over and I will furnish them with
+Rations to return home, tell them to bring, in all about twenty pack
+horses to carry back their presents. I want them to meet us at Genl Pikes
+Camp or head quarters near Fort Gibson, on the first of February if
+possible I have written a letter to T Caraway inviting him to come with
+some three or four of his men and I wish you to urge him to come,
+Commissioner Pike is now in Richmond with their great father making
+arrangements to get their goods and to do much for them he would have been
+up to see them at the falling of the leaves but he has been very sick and
+could not travel he is now well and will be here soon and will go from
+here to his head quarters.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">[<span class="smcap">Elias Rector</span>]</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Confederate States of America, War Department</span>,<br />
+Office of Indian Affairs, Richmond, Dec 2d, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Major Elias Rector</span>, Superintendent of Indian Affairs.</p>
+
+<p>Sir: I am instructed by the Secretary of War to say that three
+requisitions have been drawn by him on the Secretary of the Treasury<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> in
+your favor, as Superintendent of Indian Affairs &amp;c.,&mdash;One for nine
+thousand, six hundred and fifty dollars, dated Dec. 4th 1861, one for two
+thousand, one hundred and four dollars and fifty cents, dated December 5th
+1861, and the other for thirty thousand dollars, dated December 6th 1861.</p>
+
+<p>With the money received by you upon the first named requisition, you will
+pay Charles B. Johnson, the amount of his account against the Confederate
+States for Beef furnished certain Bands of Reserve Indians, from July 1st
+to August 16th under a verbal contract made by him with Albert Pike,
+Commissioner, &amp;c., and also pay the mounted escort of Creeks and
+Seminoles, engaged by General Pike to accompany him to the Comanche
+Country, &amp;c. In regard to this escort General Pike, in a letter to the War
+Department, of the 14th October, says that he had muster rolls regularly
+made out, and gave pay accounts to the officers, and slips showing the
+amount due each of the men.</p>
+
+<p>With the money received by you upon the second named requisition you will
+pay Charles B. Johnson the balance due him by the old United States
+Government prior to the 30th June, 1861, and which General Pike, at the
+time of making the verbal contract hereinbefore mentioned, agreed to pay
+or have paid him.</p>
+
+<p>And with the money received by you upon the third named requisition, you
+will pay such expenses of the Superintendency and different Agencies, as
+may be necessary, proper and legitimate. The balance of this money can be
+applied to the purchase of suitable clothing, if it can be bought at fair
+prices, for the Reserve Indians, which Commissioner Pike, in the Treaty of
+the 12th August, 1861, agreed should be speedily furnished them.</p>
+
+<p>You will forward a statement as to the disbursement of these several sums
+of money with the proper voucher, &amp;c. Very respectfully,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">S. S. Scott</span>, Act&#8217;g Commr. of Indian Affairs.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Treasury Department, C. S. A., Second Auditor&#8217;s Office</span><br />
+Richmond, Va, Dec 7th&mdash;1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: The Treasurer of the Confederate States will remit to you the sum of
+Thirty two thousand one hundred &amp; four 50/100 dollars &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;, being the
+amount of Requisition No. 1889 &amp; 1890 issued in your favor on the 6th
+Inst&mdash;, with which you are charged<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span> on the Books of this Office, on
+account of the following Appropriation, to wit:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;To meet the Incidental Expenses of the Public service within the Indian Tribes,&#8221; as per Act May 21, 1861, No. 232.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td>Requisition No. 1889. &mdash;&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right">$2,104.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Req. &mdash;&mdash;<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: .75em;">1890, Same as above &mdash;&mdash;</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right" class="botbor">30.000.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">$32.104.50</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The Treasurer will advise you when the same will be remitted for which you
+will please forward a Receipt to this Office, specifying therein the date,
+number and amount of said Requisition. I am, very respectfully, Your Ob&#8217;t
+Serv&#8217;t</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Auditor</span>.</span></p>
+
+<p>To Elias Rector, Esq, Supt. Ind. Affairs, Present</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Wichita Agency L. D.</span>, Decr. 12th 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: In all my official relations I have endeavored to be governed
+strictly by the instructions of my superior officers, and in reference to
+the alledged real or imaginary impropriety of my course towards Buffalo
+Hump in your letter of the 12th Oct. last, I must plead my instructions in
+mitigation which I followed strictly, not being in possession of any,
+except the verbal instructions of Commissioner Hubbard, which was in
+effect to exercise my best judgment in the management of the affairs of
+the Reserve, but in all things to be governed by strict rules of economy.
+In my report to you of the 12th Augst. I solicited written instructions, a
+copy of the Intercourse Laws and of the Contract for furnishing supplies
+for the Indians, but as yet, have not received even a reply to my
+communication. There is no Indian with whose character and habits I am
+more familiar than with Buffalo Humps; he is a fugitive from the Texas
+Agency of which I was placed in charge; the late Superintendent of that
+State worried with him for three years before he could induce him to
+settle, he would come in and make promises to do so, and the
+Superintendent would load him with presents, he would return to the
+prairies depredate upon the country until his blankets were worn out, then
+return with a plausible excuse for not coming in with his people, receive
+other presents return again to the prairies and repeat the same thing over
+again until the Superintendents patience became exhausted, and informed
+Buffalo Hump that he would not submit to any further trifling on the
+subject, that he had nothing more for him, but as he had come in peace, he
+might return in peace, but that afterwards he would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span> pursue and hunt him
+down with the troops; Buffalo Hump then changed his tone, begged to be
+permitted to have a certain length of time allowed him to bring in his
+people without renumeration or presents, at that time it was granted, and
+at the appointed time he brought in his people and settled on the Reserve,
+where he remained until a feud took place between him and the Chief of the
+band located previously, which caused him to abandon the Reserve and
+pursue his former predatory habits. I induced him to come in this time, in
+addition to the other wild chiefs, who met Commissioner Pike in Augst.
+last, and entered into an informal treaty with them, it was the result of
+a years negotiation, which was carried on by means of messengers from this
+Reserve; it was attempted years ago by Judge Rollins, one of the ablest
+Indian Agents perhaps the U. S. ever had, who spent eighteen months in
+attempting to accomplish the object; Agent Stemm lost his life in efforts
+of the kind; Major Neighbors a very ingenious and competent Agent exerted
+his influence for six or seven years to no purpose:&mdash;Dr. Hill, a most
+popular Indian Agent and influential man, labored four years without
+effect, and Capt. Ross&#8217; influence was equally ineffectual, yet I am
+informed in your letter of the 12th Oct. that both yourself and
+Commissioner Pike regret much that I did not hold out all the inducements
+which were in my power, and use all the forces and means at my command to
+provide him with such houses as were contemplated and provided by
+Commissioner Pike for the comfort of those Indians. In this matter I
+appear to be peculiarly unfortunate. You are fully aware that I have not
+received any means for the erection of houses or for any other purpose,
+and that the few employees who were induced to engage in the work with a
+hope of renumeration hereafter were all sick, which fact I made known in
+my report of the 15th Septr. last, therefore it will be perceived that I
+had no means in my power to build houses or any thing else, nor would I
+have employed them in building houses for Buffalo Hump in advance of his
+settlement, if I had possessed ever so much in the absence of positive
+instructions to that effect. The course I pursued with him induced him to
+come in with his people a week in advance of the time promised and settle,
+he has given me no further trouble, tells me he intends to remain here for
+life, that he does not wish houses built until such times as he can select
+a suitable place on the Reserve for his future home, and has employed as
+spies for me two of his sons who are with the wild tribes watching their
+movements and those of the northern<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span> troops, to give immediate notice in
+case of an advanced demonstration upon this part of the country.</p>
+
+<p>During a period of more than twenty years public service, I have received
+two rebukes only from my superior officers on account of my official
+conduct, yours in reference to Buffalo Hump and from the late
+Superintendent in Texas for failing to insert at the close of one of my
+official letters &#8220;your obt. Srvt.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>I infer from your letter of the 30th of Octr. that you conclude, I am
+disposed to interfere with your appointment of Commissary, I can assure
+you that such was not nor never has been my intention to disturb or meddle
+in the slightest degree with the appointment of Commissary or any other
+which it may be your pleasure to make; sending Sturm as messenger was a
+matter of necessity not of choice, I apprised you by him that I was not
+only sick myself, but that my family and almost every one on the Reserve
+were sick and without medicine, Sturm although sick, was the only person I
+could obtain as messenger who was willing to make the trip alone, and with
+the confident hope that by sending him I would obtain medicines which
+would afford my family relief; I was induced to do so with an
+understanding that he was to receive pay not only as Commissary during the
+time of his absence, but three dollars per day also for his services as
+messenger and I procured the assistance gratuitously of M<sup>r</sup> Bickel one of
+the interpreters to act as Commissary during his absence, whose name
+appears on the prevision checks for that quarter merely to prevent
+confusion of the accounts, but my most sanguine hopes were disappointed
+for the messenger returned without medicines, and my son has not recovered
+yet. Whilst upon this subject allow me most respectfully to direct your
+attention to the fact, and through you the Department, that the office of
+Commissary is a sinecure, and expense which is utterly useless to the
+Government and an injury to the public Service, the duty of Commissary
+simply being an impartial weigher and witness to the delivery of supplies
+agreably to the terms of the Contract; I, hold it to be the duty of the
+Agent where issues are made at the Agency to be present, and represent the
+interest of the Indians, and the Interpreters who are required to be
+present to witness the issues, such has been the case heretofore, no
+Commissary has ever been employed at other Agencies, except where issues
+were made at remote places or where it was impracticable for the Agent to
+be present; the Commissary is employed perhaps half a day once a week, the
+remainder of the time is spent in utter <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span>idleness, and in gossiping with
+the employees and Indians on the Reserve.</p>
+
+<p>I received a recent visit from the Chiefs who met Comr. Pike in Augst.
+last, after preparing to hold a Council or talk with them, their first
+demand was whiskey, they said they could not talk without having whiskey
+first, after a length of time however, I convinced them that I had no
+whiskey, and that whiskey was not allowed on the Reserve, they then
+informed me that they had approached this place at the appointed time &#8220;the
+falling of the leaves&#8221; and ascertained that the Commissioner was not here
+nor the presents agreably to promise, that now they were here long after
+the time and still there are no presents or Commissioner, I explained to
+them that the Comr. had delegated to me his authority for the time being,
+and that he was now purchasing goods to issue in accordance with his
+promise as soon as they would comply with their part of the agreement and
+settle with their people on the Reserve, that they would have the
+privilege of settling on any part of the Leased District that suited them
+best, and that I would issue provisions to them until such time as the
+goods would arrive, they informed me that they had been lied to a good
+deal, and that they wanted some greater and further evidence now of the
+sincerity of the Government, that as the goods were not here, which were
+intended for them, that they would take a few that the trader had, and be
+satisfied with those, until such time as the others would be forthcoming,
+and probably settle at the time the grass rises in the Spring, I told them
+that the traders goods did not belong to me or to the Government, and that
+I was consequently unauthorized to issue them, they then instantly rose up
+and told me they were going, I called back a Kioway Chief and told him as
+it was his first visit, that I would make him a present of some blankets,
+paint and tobacco, that I was glad to see him, that the Government desired
+to be on friendly terms with him and his people, and that if he thought
+proper to come here with his people and settle, that he could do so on the
+same terms as the others, he informed me that that was the object of his
+visit, that he would return and consult on the subject and at no distant
+day would make me another visit, and apprise me of the result of their
+deliberations; in the mean time the others returned in a better humor, and
+I told them that upon my own responsibility, I would make them a few
+little presents, of blankets, paints, &amp;c. which appeared to satisfy them,
+and when they finally left, declared their friendly intentions, and said
+they would ultimately settle here in compliance with the treaty.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span>In compliance with your letter of instructions of the 25th of Octr last, I
+have rendered H. L. Rodgers all the assistance in my power in the way of
+his building operations. Very Respectfully. Your obt. Servt.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">M. Leeper</span>, Ind. Agt. C. S. A.</span></p>
+
+<p>Elias Rector Esq., Supt. Indian Affairs.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith, Arks.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith, Ark.</span>, Dec. 27th, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Owing to the continued excitement in the Creek and Seminole Nations,
+and the dangers necessarily to be encountered by persons either residing
+in or travelling through the Indian Country, my return to the Agency has
+been delayed longer than I expected. Taking into consideration all the
+circumstances of the case I deemed it best and most prudent to await your
+return from Richmond and submit a report of the case to you. When I left
+the Agency early in November there seemed a unity of opinion and general
+profession of Loyalty to the Southern Confederacy; but since then there
+has been much disaffection and increase of excitement. The consequence has
+been that some of the Traders residing among the upper Creeks have
+left&mdash;narrowly escaping with their lives. Others are, as I learn,
+preparing to leave. Since my departure from the Agency there has been two
+engagements between the Confederate forces under command of Col. Cooper
+and the followers of Hopothleyoholo, in both engagements Col. Cooper was
+victorious. This, however, has only increased the vindictiveness of
+Hopothleyoholos Party and, consequently, magnified the dangers attendent
+on travelling through or residing in the Nation. My Agency is, as you are
+aware, situated two hundred miles west of this place, and wholy
+unprotected and exposed to depredation, it is very insecure. Parscofer and
+others as stated in my report to the Department as heading the disaffected
+party, were leaders, in the recent battles, on side of the enemy. But I am
+pleased to be able to state that Jumper, Short Bird, Cloud and Holatut
+Fixico were found with Col. Cooper doing their duty as faithful and Loyal
+allies. It will, probably, not be a great while before the excitement may
+subside, rendering travel and residence there more secure. When you deem
+it necessary and safe for me to return I will be ready. I await your
+orders on the subject. I am very Respectfully Your obt. Servt.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Sam&#8217;l M. Rutherford</span>, C. S. Agent for Seminoles.</span></p>
+
+<p>Maj. E. Rector, Sup. Ind. Affairs, C. S. A.,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith, Ark.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Richmond, Va.</span>, 29th December, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I send herewith, to your care, by a Special Messenger, packages for
+the Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Nations, which please forward to each immediately by express.</p>
+
+<p>Also a talk for the Comanches and Caiawas, which, if they are still near
+Fort Cobb, I wish sent to them by express. There is a letter to Chisholm,
+and it would perhaps be well to send the talk to him and get him to go up
+and see them.</p>
+
+<p>Also a letter for Major Dorn and one to his Indians. I want them to come
+down to Head Quarters and receive what is to be given them. I do not know
+how you will get his letter to him.</p>
+
+<p>The Treaties are all ratified, with two or three amendments that will cut
+no great figure. As to the <i>money</i> part, nothing has changed. Congress
+appropriated $681,000 and over, under the Treaties, including Charley
+Johnson&#8217;s money up to middle of February, of the whole sum, $265,000 and
+odd is to be paid in specie. I shall get the Treasury notes to-morrow, and
+the Specie in New Orleans, and shall bring it all to you. The Secretary
+agreed, indeed proposed, to send it out by me.</p>
+
+<p>Among them, they fixed my compensation at $3,750.</p>
+
+<p>I mean to be at Head Quarters by the 25th of January. I hope the different
+Tribes will ratify the amendments, so that you can pay them pretty soon
+after that time.</p>
+
+<p>I think you had better buy all the goods, of Cochran and others, for the
+Comanches, that you can. I want them to meet me at Head Quarters, and it
+will be necessary to have <i>some</i> goods for them. Congress would not agree
+to give them any arms.</p>
+
+<p>I hope when we pay the Indians their money, and I get some white troops in
+the Country, we shall settle the difficulties there. God knows.</p>
+
+<p>Give my kind regards to Mrs. Rector and the children. Always yours.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Albert Pike.</span></span></p>
+
+<p>I send Dr. Duval&#8217;s appointment, and Mr. Sandals&#8217;, by the Messenger.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Confederate States of America, War Department</span><br />
+Office of Indian Affairs, Richmond, December 30th, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Major Elias Rector</span>, Superintendent of Indian Affairs,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith, Arkansas.</span></p>
+
+<p>Sir: The first session of the Congress of the Confederate States<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span> will be
+held on the 18th February next; and it is important that the Report, from
+this Bureau, in regard to Indian Affairs, for the benefit of that Body,
+should be as full as possible. That this may be so, it is essential that
+information should be sent here, at least by the 15th of that month, of
+the true condition of affairs, in each of the several Agencies under your
+supervision.</p>
+
+<p>You will, therefore, write to all of the Agents, and state to them these
+facts. Advise them also to give you <i>full reports</i> of all matters
+connected with their respective charges, and forward them, when received
+to this office. Very respectfully,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">S. S. Scott</span>, Act&#8217;g Commr. of Ind. Affairs.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Confederate States of America, War Department</span><br />
+Office of Indian Affairs, Richmond, Jany. 1st, 1862.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Major Elias Rector</span>, Superintendent of Indian Affairs,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith, Arkansas.</span></p>
+
+<p>Sir: An Act was recently passed by the Congress of the Confederate States,
+and approved December 26th, 1861, &#8220;making appropriations to comply, in
+part, with Treaty stipulations made with certain Indian Tribes.&#8221; The whole
+amount appropriated by this Act was six hundred and eighty one thousand,
+eight hundred and sixty nine dollars, and fifteen cents.</p>
+
+<p>By sundry requisitions of the Secretary of War upon the Secretary of the
+Treasury, this sum has been placed in the hands of General Albert Pike,
+for delivery to you, as Superintendent of Indian Affairs.</p>
+
+<p>Herewith you will receive Tabular Statements, marked Numbers (1) and (2)
+for your information and guidance, as to the times manner, &amp;c., that this
+money is to be disbursed.</p>
+
+<p>You will perceive from these statements, that one hundred and nineteen
+thousand, three hundred and forty dollars can be used, for the purposes
+indicated immediately, or, whenever, it may be deemed essential by you;
+while the residue, amounting to five hundred and sixty two thousand, five
+hundred and twenty nine dollars and fifteen cents, is dependent, for its
+dusbursement, upon the ratification of the Treaties, as amended by the
+several Indian Tribes. Very respectfully,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">S. S. Scott</span>, Act&#8217;g Commr. of Indian Affairs.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Treasury Department, C. S. A., Second Auditor&#8217;s Office</span>,<br />
+Richmond, Va. Dec 31st 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>&mdash;The Treasurer of the Confederate States will remit to you the sum of
+six hundred and eighty one thousand, eight hundred <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span>&amp; sixty nine 15/100
+dollars&mdash;, being the amount of Requisitions Nos.
+2175-76-77-78-79-80-81-82-83 &amp; 84 issued in your favor on the 20th
+Instant&mdash;, with which you are charged on the Books of this Office, on
+account of the following Appropriation, to wit:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;An Act making Appropriations to comply in part with Treaty Stipulations
+made with certain Indian Tribes,&#8221; as per Act</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>Requisition</td>
+    <td>No.</td>
+    <td>2175</td>
+    <td>For</td>
+    <td colspan="4">Contingencies of superintending &amp; Agencies</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right">$   3,500.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Do</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>2176</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>Sundry</td>
+    <td>Appropriations</td>
+    <td>for</td>
+    <td>Cherokee Indians</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">237,944.36</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>2177</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">Do</td>
+    <td align="center">Do</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>Seminole Indians</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">61,050.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>2178</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>Choctaw &amp; Chickasaws</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">115,126.89</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>2179</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>Creek Indians</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">72,950.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>2180</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>Comanches</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">64,862.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>2181</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>Reserve Indians</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">82,905.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>2182</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>Seneca Indians</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">11,962.46</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>2183</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>Quapaw Indians</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">9,000.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>2184</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>Osage Indians</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="botbor" align="right">22,568.44</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">Total</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">$681,869.15</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The Treasurer will advise you when the same has been placed to your credit
+on his Books, or hand you a Draft&mdash;for which you will please forward a
+Receipt to this Office, specifying therein the date, number and amount of
+said Requisition. I am, very respectfully, your ob&#8217;t serv&#8217;t,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">W. H. S. Taylor</span>, Auditor.</span></p>
+
+<p>To Genl Albert Pike, Agent for the War Department for delivery of the
+above funds to Elias Rector, Supt. Ind. Affairs, now in Richmond, Va.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Confederate States of America, Treasurer&#8217;s Office</span>,<br />
+Richmond, Va., Jan<sup>y</sup> 23</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Elias Rector</span>, Fort Smith, Ark.</p>
+
+<p>Sir, I have this day placed to your credit 3,000 Dollars, amount of
+Warrant No. 23 Issued in your favor by War Department. Your checks on the
+Treasurer of the Confederate States will be honoured for that amount.
+Please acknowledge the receipt of this Notification, and enclose your
+official signature. Very Respectfully,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">E. C. Elmore</span>, Treasurer C. S.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Confederate States of America, War Department</span>,<br />
+Office of Indian Affairs, Richmond Jany 23d 1862.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Maj. E. Rector</span>, Superintendent &amp;c., Fort Smith, Arkansas.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: General Pike of date Dec. 30th 1861, writes to this Bureau, as
+follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In order to obtain the ratification, by the several Indian Tribes, of
+the amendments made by Congress to the Indian Treaties negotiated by
+me, and to effect a Treaty with the Caiowas, I have sent messages to
+the Creeks, Seminoles, Cherokees, Choctaws and Chickasaws, requesting
+that their national Councils may be convened; and to the Chiefs of the
+Osages, Quapaws, Senecas, Senecas and Shawnes, Comanches, Reserve
+Indians and Caiowas, requesting them to meet me at my head Quarters.</p>
+
+<p>It will be necessary to furnish provisions to the Creek and Seminole
+Councils, and to feed the more uncivilized Chiefs, while in Council,
+and on their return, and also perhaps to make some presents; for which
+purposes no funds are in the hands of the Superintendent or myself.</p></div>
+
+<p>In accordance with these suggestions and at the request of this Bureau a
+requisition was drawn by the Secretary of War, a few days ago, for the sum
+of three thousand dollars, which is to be placed to your credit in the
+Treasury.</p>
+
+<p>You will please use this money, or so much of it, as may be necessary, for
+the purposes, and in the manner, above indicated. Very respectfully,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">S. S. Scott</span>, Act&#8217;g Commr. of Ind. Affairs.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Little Rock, Ark.</span>, 28th January, 1862.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Rector</span>: I will leave here on Friday morning. It will take me, I
+suppose, six days to reach Fort Smith with the money. This will bring me
+to the 5th, 6th or 7th of February.</p>
+
+<p>I have $265.927.50 in specie, all in gold except $65.000 in silver. Of
+course I must stay with it. I think I can make the journey, though in six
+days.</p>
+
+<p>I think you had better go up to my head Quarters immediately, and arrange
+to feed the Comanches and others if they come there; and keep them there
+until I reach the place. I can take the money there, and send by the same
+messenger who takes this, to Colonel Cooper for an escort.</p>
+
+<p>The Treasurer of the Choctaws means to sell the coin his people get, buy
+Confederate paper, and put the difference in his pocket. We must stop
+that. I think the best way will be for you to notify the Chief, Hudson,
+the amount to be paid in coin, and that you will pay it to the Treasurer
+only in the presence of three Commissioners appointed by himself.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span>If you <i>can</i> pay the Choctaws and Chickasaws at my Head Quarters, it will
+of course be much better.</p>
+
+<p>I have had to ask the <i>immediate</i> removal of Leeper, and the appointment
+of Col. Pulliam in his place. This I have done to-day, sending extracts
+from your letter, Charley Johnson&#8217;s and Quesenbury&#8217;s.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary is also advised, now, of Garrett&#8217;s continual [illegible].</p>
+
+<p>Why do you not demand his removal, and name a person for his place?</p>
+
+<p>I don&#8217;t believe Col. Cooper will be removed. The President said in my
+presence, &#8220;Now that the Choctaws have a Delegate in Congress, what need of
+an Agent?&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>About 150 gamblers are here, following up the Indian moneys. I enclose an
+order requiring passports, that will keep them out of the Nation.</p>
+
+<p>I have the $150.000 advance for the Cherokees, the $12.000 due the Nation,
+and the $10.300 due the Treaty party or Stand Wade&#8217;s,&mdash;all in paper. Also
+the $50.000 advance for the Choctaws. In paper and specie, I have for you
+$631.000 and over.</p>
+
+<p>Have you received the money, (some $3.000) that I asked should be sent you
+to pay expenses of the new Indian Councils?</p>
+
+<p>If you cannot go to Head Quarters immediately, you will have to send some
+one, and let him and Colonel Cooper keep the Indians contented. Always
+yours,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Albert Pike</span>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Maj. E. Rector.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Office Supt. Ind. Affairs</span>, Fort Smith, Feby 1st, 1862.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to transmit herewith the Reports of Agents Leeper,
+Cooper, Rutherford and Crawford. No report has been received from Agent
+Dorn.</p>
+
+<p>Business of importance requires me to leave here to-day for Fort Gibson
+and the Creek Agency, it is important for me to take charge of the public
+property at the Creek Agency which I shall do on my arrival there and I
+will turn the same over to R P Pulliam who I have appointed Agent to act
+until the Department may make a permanent appointment and I hope Mr
+Pulliam may be the person appointed. I have also appointed to meet a
+delegation of Comanches and Kiawas at Fort Gibson where I expect Genl Pike
+and myself will effect treaties with them. I have sent a lot of goods to
+make<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span> some presents to them and to the wild bands with whom Genl Pike made
+treaties last fall and to whom he promised some goods; after meeting these
+delegation and ascertaining what can be effected with them I will make out
+and forward to you a report of Indian matters generally in this
+superintendency which I hope will reach you in time to be of some service
+to the Department. I could not, until after I meet those Indians and
+ascertain the condition of the Creek Agency, make a full and satisfactory
+report.</p>
+
+<p>In regard to Agent Crawfords report I must here state, that from the best
+information I can obtain of the condition of affairs among the Cherokees,
+I cannot concur with him, but I will inform myself fully in this regard
+during my present visit among them and will furnish my views fully in my
+report, Very Respectfully Your Obt. Servt.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">E. Rector</span>, Supt. Ind. Affairs</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">S. S. Scott</span> Esq Acting Comr. Ind. Affairs<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Richmond, Va</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Office Supt Ind Affair</span>, Fort Smith Feby 1st 1862</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Genl. Pike is here with $50.000 Dollars in Gold and Silver for the
+Choctaws, and as I am compelled to accompany him on important business to
+Fort Gibson, I have determined to take the above money with me to that
+place and pay it out there, which will be as convenent for you as to pay
+it here, and as Col Cooper will have to be present at the payment, it is
+necessary to make the payment when he can attend. I will be ready to pay
+over to your Treasurer the above money at Fort Gibson in&nbsp;<span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;days from
+this date, and I wish you to send with your Treasurer a delegation of
+three responsible persons to be selected by you to witness the payment.
+This I require, as it is a special case with our government to pay out
+Coins to the Indian tribes at this time, and to insure the payment by the
+Treasurer of the same funds to your people, that he receives from me. Our
+government is determined to use all precautions to prevent speculations
+out of the funds sent out to pay to Indian tribes. Very Respectfully Your
+Obt Servt.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">E. Rector</span>, Supt Ind Affrs</span></p>
+
+<p>Hon Hudson, Chief Choctaw Nation.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Confederate States of America, War Department</span><br />
+Office of Indian Affairs, Richmond, Feby 7th 1862.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Major E. Rector</span>, Superintendent of Ind. Affairs.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith, Arkansas.</span></p>
+
+<p>Sir: Your two letters, dated January 9th &amp; 10th, have been received. The
+former gave a brief statement of the facts, in relation to the arrest, by
+Agent Leeper, of one Meyer, supposed to be a spy, with $6.455.70, in
+Drafts and Specie upon his person, and enclosed copies of letters from
+Messrs Leeper and Shirley, bearing upon same subject. The latter simply
+covered the Affidavit of a Mr. Barnes, claiming the Drafts referred to,
+followed by affidavits of Meyer and one Jacob Mariner intended to
+substantiate it.</p>
+
+<p>The questions presented in this case should properly be investigated by
+Brig. Genl. Pike, who has command of the Department of the Indian
+Territory, where this person was arrested; and a letter has therefore been
+written to him from this Bureau, for the purpose of calling his attention
+to the fact.</p>
+
+<p>You will take the necessary steps to have the man Meyer turned over to
+him. Very respectfully,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">S. S. Scott</span>, Act&#8217;g Comr. of Ind. Affairs.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith</span>, 16th Feby 1862</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Elias Rector</span> Esq, Superintendent of Ind. Affairs</p>
+
+<p>Sir: As to the case of Fredrick Meyer, arrested as a spy, there is nothing
+beyond suspicion against him, except his possession of certain drafts
+drawn by a U. S. Quartermaster on the Assistant Treasurer at New York, and
+the Statements of Comanche Indians, who are not competent witnesses.</p>
+
+<p>I decline to place him in custody as a spy or to order a Miltary Court to
+try him. I cannot order his discharge or the return of the drafts and
+money taken from him, because the Military power is silent, within the
+limits of Arkansas, in the presence of the Court power, as to reports that
+may be asserted and remedies that may be pursued, in the Courts. If I had
+the power, I should make the order.</p>
+
+<p>If you continue to hold the property in question, or to detain the party,
+you will please consider that you do it on your own authority. I am very
+respectfully yours,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Albert Pike</span>, Brig. Genl. Commr. Ind. Dept.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Mouth of Canadian</span>, 23d Febr. 1862.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Major</span>: I reached this place last night, and leave this morning. The teams
+furnished me at Fort Smith are hardly able to go further, and our progress
+must be slow. I shall hardly reach Spaniard&#8217;s Creek before tomorrow night,
+and wish you to meet me there. I did think of sending the money, at least
+the specie, direct from this point to North Fork, but have determined to
+keep it with me until I meet you. If you will meet me at Spaniard&#8217;s Creek,
+we can then determine what disposition to make of it.</p>
+
+<p>Gen. Price is at Walnut Grove, eight miles south of Fayetteville; will
+take position near Cane Hill, and means to attack as soon as he gets
+5,000. men in addition to his present force. McCulloch is on the telegraph
+road, to his right. <i>They are not acting in harmony</i>, Col. Gatewood says.</p>
+
+<p>Our forces in Kentucky and Tennesse have had to fall back before 70,000 of
+the enemy. The new position, it is expected, will be at Stevenson and
+Charleston road. When the enemy took Fort Donelson, both Bowling Green and
+Columbus became of value to us. Each position was carried. But we have
+only taken a new position, losing no battle. The fort surrendered.
+Columbus is or will be evacuated and Nashville surrendered.</p>
+
+<p>There are no means of crossing the Arkansas here, except one boat, that
+must have a bottom put in it. I must bring at least part of the Choctaws
+to Gibson, to cross the river and move towards Cane Hill, and in order to
+be able to do it as soon as possible I wish to turn over the money to you.
+Truly yours</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Albert Pike</span></span></p>
+
+<p>Major Elias Rector.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Office Supt Ind. Aff&#8217;rs</span>, Fort Smith, Feb&#8217;y 28th, 1862.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of 23d
+ultimo notifying me that the sum of $3,000&mdash;had been placed to my credit
+in the Treasury on Requisition No. 23 from the War Department subject to
+my Draft and request my official signature which is hereto affixed. Very
+Respectfully your Ob&#8217;t Serv&#8217;t.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">E. Rector</span>, Sup&#8217;t Ind. Aff&#8217;rs.</span></p>
+
+<p>E. C. Elmore Esq., Treasurer of the Confederate States<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Richmond, Va.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Office Sup&#8217;t Ind. Affairs</span>, Fort Smith, Feb&#8217;y 28th, 1862.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of Jany
+1st accompanying Tabular Statements sent out by Gen&#8217;l Pike. On his arrival
+here I was absent in the Indian Country where I had been ordered by him to
+meet a Delegation of wild Comanches and Kiawas. Genl P&mdash; did not leave the
+money here to be paid over to me but tuck it in the Indian Country to his
+head quarters, where he will I presume pay it out to the Indians himself.
+Very Respectfully, your ob&#8217;t Serv&#8217;t.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">E. Rector</span>, Sup&#8217;t Ind Affairs.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">S. S. Scott</span> Esq. Acting Com&#8217;r Ind. Affairs, Richmond, Va.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">[<i>Rector to Scott</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Office Supt Ind. Affairs</span>, March 4th, 1862.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I deem it my duty, in justice to myself, as well as my duty to the
+government to notify you that Gen&#8217;l Pike has been paying over certain of
+the funds sent out by him to the Indians, one payment which he has made, I
+wish here to enter my protest against as not meeting with my approbation,
+it was in paying over to Agent A. J. Dorn the specie sent out for the
+Indians in his Agency. My objections to said payment are these: Agent Dorn
+has never executed a Bond to the Confederate government for the faithful
+accounting for of funds placed in his hands, and I should certainly not
+turn over large amounts of government funds to any Agent in my Department
+until he first gave a good and sufficient Bond and next; the Agency which
+Mr. Dorn fills is in the limits of the State of Kansas and has been in the
+possession of the Federals for six or seven months, Dorn cannot even get
+to it, he has no fixed locality for his Agency sometimes he is with the
+army, at others in the State and is now here at this place and has with
+him the money.</p>
+
+<p>I am clearly of the opinion that this money should have been kept in some
+safe place in this State until after our present troubles are over. The
+Federal army is now invading within fifty miles of this place and between
+him and the Indians for whom Dorn is Agent, which makes it impossible for
+him to pay it to them if he so intends.</p>
+
+<p>None of the Agents in this Superintendency have entered into Bond. Nor do
+I know whether they intend to do so except Agent Rutherford he came here
+from his Agency a few days since for the purpose of giving his Bond but is
+now on a bead of sickness from which it is doubtful if he ever
+recovers....</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Elias Rector</span>.<a name='fna_589' id='fna_589' href='#f_589'><small>[589]</small></a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span></p>
+<h2>APPENDIX B&mdash;THE LEEPER<a name='fna_590' id='fna_590' href='#f_590'><small>[590]</small></a> OR WICHITA AGENCY PAPERS</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Office Supt. Indian Affairs</span>, Fort Smith, Oct. 12th, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of 15th<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span> inst. by
+Expressman Sturm<a name='fna_591' id='fna_591' href='#f_591'><small>[591]</small></a> at Tahlequah C. N. while on public business at that
+place on the 2nd inst and in answer must say.</p>
+
+<p>Your requisition for Medicine I cannot comply with. I have no Medicines on
+hand for the Indian Service. Neither have I been instructed to furnish
+either Medicines or Medical assistance to the Indians, and if I were
+disposed to take the responsibility and advance the funds to purchase
+Medicines they could not be procured at this place.</p>
+
+<p>I am pleased to learn that Buffalo Hump came in to see you, but both
+myself &amp; Com<sup>r</sup>. Pike regret that you did not hold out to him all the
+inducements which were in your power, and use all the forces and means at
+your command to provide him with such houses as were contemplated and
+promised by Com<sup>r</sup>. Pike for the comfort of those Indians and to make them
+satisfied and anxious to come in.</p>
+
+<p>The Com<sup>r</sup>. has issued an order prohibiting Jim Ned from returning to or
+ever occupying any portion of the Leased District again, this order you
+will see carried out. He has also ordered the Military to kill Ned should
+they find him.</p>
+
+<p>No blanks have been furnished to the office as yet. Nor have even forms
+been purchased for the vouchers, abstracts etc. You must rule and arrange
+your papers as best you can for the present as I have to do myself.</p>
+
+<p>I have turned over to Mr. Sturm four mules turned over to me as mules
+taken from you by Gen<sup>l</sup> Burrow. I obtained them with great difficulty in
+bad condition, nearly on the lift. I have had them three or four weeks,
+these were all I could find and do not know whether they are all that were
+taken from you or not.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span>As stated above I have received no funds for the Indian Service from the
+Confederacy, in fact there has been no Indian Department organized
+consequently no appropriation has been made nor will any Indian business
+be done in the War Department until after the late Treaties are submitted
+and approved.</p>
+
+<p>I shall leave here in a short time for Richmond for the purpose of
+organizing the business of the Superintendency, procuring funds, goods
+etc. for the Indians in compliance with the Stipulations of the late
+Treaties.</p>
+
+<p>C. B. Johnson is absent at New Orleans and is expected back in a few days.</p>
+
+<p>Enclosed you will find Sutton &amp; Springs receipt for $200.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to Creek difficulties I send Mr. Sturm back by direct route for his
+safety and the safety of your property. Very Respectfully Your Ob&#8217;t.
+Servant</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">E. Rector</span>, Supt. Ind. Affairs.</span></p>
+
+<p>Col. M. Leeper, Ind. Agent, Wichita Agency, L. D.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Office Supt. Ind. Affairs, Fort Smith, Arks.</span><br />
+Oct. 30th, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 21st inst. by
+Expressman.</p>
+
+<p>On the 12th Inst, I wrote you by your expressman Mr. Sturm and as then,
+state I have no funds in my hands for the purchase of Medicines or for any
+other purpose for the Indian Service. Nor have I been authorized to
+provide the Indians with Medicines or Medical assistance; there has been
+no Indian Department regularly organized as yet, by our Government, nor
+will there be until after the Treaties lately made by Com<sup>r</sup> Pike are laid
+before the President and approved.</p>
+
+<p>I have purchased for you on your own account, all the medicines I can
+purchase in this place that would be useful to the Indians. I send them by
+your Expressman with the bills, you can charge the Government with them in
+your account.</p>
+
+<p>I am pleased to learn that the Kiowa Indians are likely to come in and
+make a treaty. Com<sup>r</sup> Pike cannot possibly be there to treat with them for
+some months to come, the treaties made by him with the Comanches places
+all of those Indians who may hereafter come in on the same footing with
+those who entered into treaty stipulations, and I hereby authorize you, as
+I have authority to do from Com<sup>r</sup> Pike, to make the same treaties and
+hold out the same inducements<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span> to the Kiowas as were made by him with the
+Comanches, do not, however, promise them blankets this winter as it would
+be impossible to procure them, the Government cannot procure a sufficiency
+of them for the Soldiers, not even at the most exorbitant prices. Agents
+are traveling over the States purchasing second hand blankets from
+families who take them off their beds to accomodate the Soldiers in the
+field.</p>
+
+<p>H. L. Rogers is now on his way to your agency with hands to build houses
+for the Indians, he is sent out by Com<sup>r</sup>. Pike on his responsibility. I
+wrote you by him.</p>
+
+<p>Gen&#8217;l Pike will have command of the Military Department of the Indian
+Country. He is now on his way to Richmond Va., when he will [return] I am
+not advised, it will be with him to direct what military force will be
+placed at Fort Cobb for the protection of your agency, when that
+protection will be furnished I am unable to advise you, of the importance
+of an efficient force being stationed there at an early day there can be
+no doubt.</p>
+
+<p>In regard to the Mail or Express arrangements you speak of, I must say I
+have neither power, authority, or means to establish mail or express
+routes to your agency or elsewhere. Our State and other States are
+suffering greatly for want of mail facilities, and I cannot involve myself
+pecuniarily in the matter, this matter must be brought regularly before
+the Department and its action had.</p>
+
+<p>In regard to the time when you may expect funds to close your accounts I
+can only say that you need not expect funds until after the treaties
+recently made are ratified and appropriations made in accordance with your
+estimates furnished Com<sup>r</sup> Pike, the Government will not, of course, send
+out funds for Indians until it is advised that it has some treaty
+relations with them, I will leave here on the 7th day of next month for
+Richmond for the purpose of assisting in the organization of our Indian
+business, and for the procurement of funds, goods, etc, to carry out the
+provisions of the late treaties, on my return you will be advised of the
+result of my mission.</p>
+
+<p>I learn from Mr. C. B. Johnson that you had advised him that Mr. Beckle is
+acting as Commissary, this is wrong and is calculated to produce confusion
+in the accounts. Mr. Sturm is the recognized commissary regularly
+appointed by me, he should not be sent away from his regular duties on any
+other business and I so informed him while here and notified him that his
+absence from his regular duties on another occasion would be sufficient
+cause for me to remove him and appoint his successor, the appointment of
+commissary belongs<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span> exclusively to me, and you are well aware of the
+importance of his being constantly at his post, as he is the check on the
+contractor in filling the requisitions of the agent. In future I hope he
+will not be detailed for any other duties. Mr. Sturm is and will continue
+to be Commissary until removed by me either upon charges or such cause as
+I may think requires his removal. Very respectfully, Your Ob&#8217;t. Serv&#8217;t,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">E. Rector</span>, Supt. Ind. Affairs.</span></p>
+
+<p>Col. M. Leeper, Indian Agent, Wichita Agency, L. D.</p>
+
+<p>The bearer of this letter, Capt. H. L. Rogers, has been employed and
+empowered by Gen<sup>l</sup> Pike Commissioner with plenary powers, to proceed to
+the Wichita Agency, with hands, to erect buildings necessary for the
+Commissary and cabins for the Indians, Commissioner Pike becomes
+responsible for the work....&mdash;<span class="smcap">Rector</span> to Leeper, dated Fort Smith, October
+25, 1861.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">SUBPOENA<a name='fna_592' id='fna_592' href='#f_592'><small>[592]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>Confederate States vs. Matthew Leeper, Indian Agt, Comanche, et al. State
+of Arkansas, The Confederate States of America.</p>
+
+<p>To J. J. Sturm&mdash;Greeting. You are hereby commanded, that laying all manner
+of excuses aside, you be and appear before the undersigned, special
+commissioner of C. S. A. at the Law Office of James P. Spring, in the City
+of Fort Smith, in the County of Sebastian, and State of Arkansas, on the
+10th day of January, 1862. Then and there to testify and the truth to
+speak in a certain matter before said Commissioner pending, wherein The
+Confederate States of America prefers certain charges against Matthew
+Leeper, Indian Agent of Comanche and other reserved Indians west of the
+State of Arkansas, and on behalf of the C. S. A.</p>
+
+<p>Herein fail not at your peril.</p>
+
+<p>In testimony whereof I, James P. Spring, Commissioner of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span>Examination,
+have hereunto set my hand and affixed my private seal [there being no
+public seal for such purposes provided] in the City of Fort Smith, this
+12th. day of November, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">James P. Spring</span>, [Seal], Commissioner of Examination, C. S. A.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">QUESENBURY<a name='fna_593' id='fna_593' href='#f_593'><small>[593]</small></a> TO LEEPER</p>
+
+<p>Gen. Pike is now in Richmond. I am engaged in building winter-quarters for
+his Brigade. The General will probably return about the 10th of December.</p>
+
+<p>I hope you will honour my requisitions for forage for the animals of the
+expedition for the blankets at Mr. Shirley&#8217;s. The trip will be a hard one,
+and I fear a long one.</p>
+
+<p>There is no news of import from my quarter. There was something of an
+occurrance in the Ho-poieth-le Yohola imbroglio the other day. Mr.
+Scrimpsher can give you the current particulars....</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith</span>, Dec 4, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Sir</span>:&mdash;We have no late news of importance. The Federal troops 30000
+strong came as far as Springfield and fearing to advance further returned
+to St. Louis &amp; Kansas; the Kansas party took from the vicinity of
+Springfield 600 negroes from Union men as well as Secessionists.</p>
+
+<p>A heavy battle was fought in Mo. opposite Columbus a few days since.
+Pillow commanded the Confederate forces 2500 strong, the Federals came
+down in their gun-boats 7000 strong &amp; landed. The fight lasted 4 hours
+with heavy losses on both sides. Pillow was then reinforced and drove the
+Federals back to their boats making a perfect slaughter of the Yankees.
+Our victory was complete and a very important one it was. Price has gone
+back to the Mo. River, McCulloch is bringing his army down here to go into
+winter quarters on the Arks. River.</p>
+
+<p>Hardin is marching on Louisville, Ky., with from 80 to 100,000 Confederate
+troops. We are expecting to hear of his having possession of that city
+soon.</p>
+
+<p>McClellan is said to be advancing slowly and continuously on Johnson and
+Boregard. They are anxious for him to pay them a visit.</p>
+
+<p>Our legislature has elected Bob Johnson &amp; Chas. Mitchell Senators, the
+Washington County District elected Batson over<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span> Thomason to Congress. G.
+D. Royston is elected in this District and Judge Hanley in the Helena
+District.</p>
+
+<p>Can&#8217;t think of anything else that would interest you. Your friend in
+haste,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">R. P. Pulliam</span>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Col. M. Leeper.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Office Supt. Ind. Affairs, Fort Smith</span>, Dec. 4th, &#8217;61.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I enclose herewith a Copy of a letter from Albert Pike Comr. etc. to
+Elias Rector, Supt. Ind. Aff., of date 21st. ultimo also two official
+letters.</p>
+
+<p>That portion of Comr. Pike&#8217;s letter relating to inviting the Indians to
+settle on the Reserve was anticipated by Supt. Rector&#8217;s letter of
+instructions to you of the 30th October last.</p>
+
+<p>The messages which Comr. Pike wishes given to the Indians you will, of
+course, deliver to them.</p>
+
+<p>Maj. Rector left here for Richmond about ten days ago. When he will return
+I am unable to say, as it seems from Pike&#8217;s letter he has to purchase and
+bring on the Indian goods. Very respectfully,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">R. P. Pulliam</span>, Clk.</span></p>
+
+<p>Col. M. Leeper, Wichita Agent.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Wichitaw Fed [Feed] House</span>, December 10th 1861</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Conl.</span> From what I can asertain the Dutchman supposed to be a spy is
+one of the party who of ten, (five Mexicans &amp; five whites) who prevented
+the wild Comanchees from coming in by telling them that we were fixing a
+<i>trap</i> to destroy the last one of them. when we got them here, and as an
+indusement to dispose of their Buffalo Robes this party told the Indians
+that we would take the last Robe from them with our troops.</p>
+
+<p>The [above] I was informed of by the Comanche Cheves several days ago Very
+truly</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">J. Shirley</span></span></p>
+
+<p>Col M. Leeper, Wichitaw Agency.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Wichita Agency L. D.</span>, Decr 10th 1861</p>
+
+<p>A memorandum of moneys and effects found on the person of a german who
+says his name is Frederick Myer, arrested and detained here, he being
+suspected of being a spy on the part of the United States in opposition to
+the Confederate States of America. The individual together with the moneys
+and property found upon his person<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span> is intended to be forwarded to the
+Superintendent of Indian Affairs Fort Smith at as early a day as
+practicable</p>
+
+<p>Four drafts on the U. S. Asst. Treasurer New York, dated at Santa Fe N. M.
+Sept. 17th 1861 and drawn by Jno P. Hatch Capt. Rm R. Actg C. S. in favor
+John Dold transferred to Frederick Myer, viz.&mdash;</p>
+
+<table style="margin-left: 20%;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="3" summary="table">
+<tr><td>No.</td><td>103.</td><td>Twelve Hundred &amp; fifty dollars</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>104.</td><td>Twelve Hundred &amp; fifty dollars</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>105.</td><td>Four Hundred &amp; Eighty four dollars</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>106.</td><td>Two Hundred &amp; nineteen 50/100 dollars.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Also five other drafts as above described dated on the 19th Sept. 1861.
+viz;&mdash;</p>
+
+<table style="margin-left: 20%;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="3" summary="table">
+<tr><td>No.</td><td>112.</td><td>Six Hundred dollars</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>113.</td><td>Five Hundred dollars</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>114.</td><td>Four Hundred dollars</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>115.</td><td>Three Hundred dollars</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>116.</td><td>Two Hundred dollars.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>One draft dated Sept. 18th 1861 drawn by J L Donnevhen P. M. favor Stephen
+Bryce or order transferred to Frederick Myer</p>
+
+<table style="margin-left: 20%;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="3" summary="table">
+<tr><td>No 1669. Nine Hundred &amp; eighty three 25/100 dollars.<br />
+Also in Gold One Hundred &amp; fifty five dollars<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Silver Seventy cents</span><br />
+One Colts Revolver, belt &amp; Scabbard<br />
+One large Pocket Knife<br />
+Also found in his possission two ponies one gray and one sorrel</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Four letters addressed as follows,</p>
+
+<table style="margin-left: 20%;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="3" summary="table">
+<tr><td>Mr. J. W. Gregory</td><td>Santa Fe N. M.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Mr B Seligman</td><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2.25em;">"</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Mr. Geo. T. Madison</td><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2.25em;">"</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Mr W. W. Griffin</td><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2.25em;">"</span></td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Received Wichita Agency L. D. Decr. 15 1861, all the above articles moneys
+&amp;c. excepting the two ponies bridle and saddle and saddle bags, large
+knife and ten dollars in gold which were forwarded by H. L. Rodgers
+accompanying the prisioner, all of which balance in my possession to be
+delivered to the Superintendent of Indian Affairs Fort Smith Arks.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">M. Grimes</span></span></p>
+
+<p>Received Fort Smith Dec. 9th 1861 from M Grimes the above monies &amp; Pistol
+as per his Recpt to Col Leeper</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">E. Rector</span>, Supt. Indian Affrs</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Wichita Agency</span> S. D., Decr. 12th 1861</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I forward to your charge by H. L. Rodgers, a german by the name of
+Frederick Myer, whom I arrested as a spy or smugler in behalf of the
+United States, and upon whose person was found Six Thousand three hundred
+dollars in drafts upon the Assistant Treasurer New York, one hundred and
+fifty five dollars in gold and seventy cents in silver, four private
+letters of unimportant import, two ponies and revolver pistol No 72,942
+belt and hoster, one riding saddle, one pack saddle and one pair saddle
+bags, all of which will be forwarded to you by Mr Marshall Grimes, with
+the exception of the two ponies bridle and saddle and saddle bags and ten
+dollars in gold, which I have placed in charge of Mr H. L. Rodgers and
+will accompany the prisoner.</p>
+
+<p>The principal evidence against Frederick Myer, was derived from the Trader
+Mr. John Shirley, whose written statement is herewith enclosed. Very
+Respectfully Your obt. sert.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">M. Leeper</span>, Ind. Agt. C. S. A.</span></p>
+
+<p>Elias Rector Esq, Supt. Ind. Affrs,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith Arks.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Wichita Agency</span>, L. D. December 15th 1861</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">To John Jumper</span>, and our brothers in the Seminole Nation,</p>
+
+<p>We have nothing particular to write you, we are all well and doing well
+here</p>
+
+<p>Since we had the talk we have <i>understood</i> that you had some difficulty
+among your people, but that does not have any bad effect upon us as we are
+friends the same as at the time we made the treaties&mdash;Our brothers the
+Comanches, and all the other tribes, are still friends with you, and are
+all very sorry that you are fighting one against another, brothers against
+brothers, and friends against friends. When Mode Cunard and you were here
+and had the talk with Genl Pike&mdash;we still hold to the talk we made with
+Genl Pike, and are keeping the treaty in good faith, and are looking for
+him back again soon.</p>
+
+<p>We look to you and Mode Cunard and Genl Pike as brothers&mdash;General Pike
+told us at the council that, there were but few of us here, and if
+anything turned up to make it necessary he would protect them. We are just
+as we were when Genl Pike was up here and keeping the treaty made with
+him&mdash;Our brothers the wild Comanches have been in and are friendly with
+us.</p>
+
+<p>All the Indians here have but one heart&mdash;our brothers, the Texans,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span> and
+the indians are away fighting the cold weather people we do not intend to
+go North to fight them but if they come down here, we will all unite to
+drive them away&mdash;Some of my people are one eyed and a little Crippled, but
+if the enemy comes here they will all jump out to fight him&mdash;Also that
+Pea-o-popicult has recently the principal Kiowa Chief has recently visited
+the reserve, and has expressed friendly intentions, and has gone back to
+consult the rest of his people and designs returning</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Hoseea Maria</span><span class="spacersig">&nbsp;</span><span class="smcap">Buffalo Hump</span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Ki-Kad-a-wah</span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 6em;">Chiefs of the Comanches</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Te-nah</span><span class="spacersig">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span class="spacer">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span class="smcap">Jim Pockmark</span>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Geo Washington</span></span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>The Confederate States of America</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">To <span class="smcap">M. Grimes</span></td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right">Dr.</td></tr>
+<tr><td valign="top">1861: Nov 30</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td>For Services rendered of negro man<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guss as Laborer from 1st Oct. to</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">30th Nov 1861, inclusive, 2 mos.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at $300.00 pr. an.</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right" valign="bottom">$ 50.00</td></tr></table>
+
+
+<p>Received at Wichita Agency L. D. Decr 31st 1861, of M. Leeper Ind. Agt.
+C. S. A. Fifty dollars in full of the above account.</p>
+
+<p>$50.00<span class="spacersig">&nbsp;</span><span class="smcap">M. Grimes</span>.</p>
+
+<p>I certify on honor that the above account is correct and just, and that I
+have actually this 31st day of Decr. 1861, paid the amount thereof.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Ind. Agt.</span> C. S. A.</span></p>
+
+<p>[Triplicates]</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>The Confederate States of America</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">To <span class="smcap">A. Outzen</span></td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right">Dr.</td></tr>
+<tr><td valign="top">1861: Decr 31</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td>For Services rendered as Wheelwright<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">etc. at Wichita Agency,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">L. D. from 1st Oct. to 31st Decr.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1861 inclusive, 3 months at</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">$600.00 pr an</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right" valign="bottom">$ 150.00</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Received at Wichita Agency L. D. Decr 31st 1861 of M. Leeper, Indian Agent,
+C. S. A. One Hundred &amp; fifty 00/100</p>
+
+<p>$150.00<span class="spacersig">&nbsp;</span><span class="smcap">A. Outzen</span> Wheelwright.</p>
+
+<p>I certify on honor that the above account is correct and just, and that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span> I
+have actually this 31st day of Decr 1861, paid the amount thereof,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Ind. Agt.</span> C. S. A.</span></p>
+
+<p>[Triplicates]</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>The Confederate States of America</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">To <span class="smcap">J. B. Bevell</span></td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right">Dr.</td></tr>
+<tr><td valign="top">1861: Decr 31</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td>For Services rendered as Laborer at<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wichita Agency L. D. June 1</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oct. to 15th Nov 1861&mdash;inclusive</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1 mo &amp; 15 days at $300.00 pr an</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right" valign="bottom">$ 37.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>And as Farmer from 16 Nov to 31<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Decr 1861 inclusive 1 mo &amp; 15</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">days at $600.00 pr an</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right" valign="bottom" class="botbor">75.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">$ 112.50</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Received at Wichita Agency L. D. Decr 31st 1861 of M. Leeper Ind. Agt.
+C. S. A. One Hundred &amp; twelve 50/100 Dollars in full of the above account.</p>
+
+<p>$112.50.<span class="spacersig">&nbsp;</span><span class="smcap">John Bevell</span> Farmer</p>
+
+<p>I certify on honor that the above account is correct and just, and that I
+have actually this 31st day of Decr 1861, paid the amount thereof,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Ind. Agt.</span>, C. S. A.</span></p>
+
+<p>[Triplicates]</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>The Confederate States of America</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">To <span class="smcap">D. Seals</span></td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right">Dr.</td></tr>
+<tr><td valign="top">1861: Decr. 31</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td>For Services rendered as Farmer at<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wichita Agency L. D. from 1st</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oct. to 31st Decr. 1861 inclusive,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">3 months at $600.00 per an</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right" valign="bottom">$ 150.00</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Received at Wichita Agency L. D. Decr. 31st 1861 of M Leeper Indian Agent
+C. S. A. One Hundred &amp; fifty 00/100 Dollars in full of the above account.</p>
+
+<p>$150.00<span class="spacersig">&nbsp;</span><span class="smcap">David Seals</span>, Farmer</p>
+
+<p>I certify that the above account is correct and just, and that I have
+actually this 31 day of Decr 1861, paid the amount thereof,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Ind. Agt.</span> C. S. A.</span></p>
+
+<p>[Triplicates]</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith</span>, January 13th, 1862.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: In compliance with your letter of instruction of the 10th inst. I
+have the honor to present in detail the condition of affairs <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span>connected
+with the Wichita Agency. In thus presenting my report I shall attempt to
+be governed by as much brevity as possible.</p>
+
+<p>In detailing the affairs of the people in my charge and of my action in
+reference to them it will become necessary to refer not only to the
+present but to their past history in Texas. There was a time in Texas when
+these people were in a prosperous and happy condition, and they advanced
+as rapidly in the arts of civilization during that time, perhaps, as any
+people ever did. But evil disposed persons in their vicinity and those not
+far distant on the frontiers of Texas became dissatisfied with their
+locality and determined to disperse and break them up. They continued
+their work of desolation until the indians were compelled to abandon their
+homes and seek a refuge west of the Chickasaw and Choctaw Nations on the
+Leased District. In doing so they suffered many and very severe losses and
+privations. Numbers of their horses and cattle were driven off by their
+enemies and many things useful to them, were necessarily abandoned.
+Estimates were prepared of the amount of damage and submitted to the
+original United States Government but before any action was taken, the
+government dissolved and their just claims consequently failed. Therefore
+permit me most respectfully to suggest the propriety of immediately
+calling the attention of our Government and of the proper Department to
+the fact, in order that these people may obtain adequate remuneration. In
+reference to their habitations, they have nothing to claim. They have more
+and better houses than they had in Texas. The Commanches have eight or ten
+neatly hewn log cabins with good chimneys. Three double log hewn houses
+with good chimneys, to each room for the chief&#8217;s in addition to a number
+of warm comfortable picket houses which they partly built themselves and
+covered with grass.</p>
+
+<p>In Texas they had but one house which belonged to the Chief, in the
+scramble for the spoils at the time of the abandonment of Fort Cobb by the
+federal troops they were not altogether behind for I have observed among
+them several new Sibley tents and a number of new common tents. The
+Tonkahwas have warm comfortable houses made of poles and grass such as
+they had in Texas. And for the chief I built a good double log house with
+chimneys to each room and a hall or passage in the centre, in which he now
+lives.</p>
+
+<p>The Anahdahkoes have quite a number of comfortable houses consisting of
+four double houses with chimneys to each room, passages in the centre and
+to some of them shed rooms attached. The <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span>remainder consist of hewn log
+cabins and Picket houses such as they had in Texas covered with grass. The
+Caddoes also have quite a number of houses consisting of various double
+houses, single houses and picket houses.</p>
+
+<p>The Witchitas have no houses except such as they have built for themselves
+consisting of a net work of sticks and grass but they are warm and
+comfortable. They are not decided upon a permanent location and
+consequently refuse to have houses built. The Tahwaccarroes, Wacoes,
+Ionies and Kechies inhabit the same kind of houses as the Witchitas and
+like them have not decided upon a permanent location. The Shawnees and
+Delawares all have good comfortable cabins.</p>
+
+<p>In February last whilst at Washington I closed all my former accounts with
+the department of the Interior of the United States Government and
+estimated for the first and second quarter of 1861 which estimates
+amounted to 13899 dollars and eighty-five cents. On my way to the Agency
+in the Indian Country prepared to carry out the designs and expectations
+of the government I was arrested by one Burrow who represented himself to
+be a general on the part of the State of Arkansas, who examined my papers
+and took from me one wagon four set of harness, one horse and seven mules,
+property which had been purchased by the United States government for the
+use and benefit of the Indians in my charge, all of which has been
+subsequently returned with the exception of two of the mules. After the
+wagon and mules were taken I hired transportation and proceeded to the
+Agency where I found the Indians in a high state of excitement and alarm;
+their fears having been excited by a Delaware Indian by the name of Jim
+Ned and other evil disposed persons, tattlers and tale bearers who are apt
+to be found loitering about Indian Reserves.</p>
+
+<p>In reference to the people of Texas, I succeeded in satisfying them that
+their apprehensions were groundless, let several contracts for breaking
+prairie and commenced to work generally in accordance with my estimates
+and the wishes of the Department. But soon afterwards my state (Texas)
+seceded from the Union and I determined no longer to act as a federal
+officer, and having no authority to act for the Confederate States, I
+delivered to the indians all the property in my possession which was held
+in trust for their benefit with the exception of two wagons which were
+used in my transportation, which together with one which had previously
+been loaned to the Commissary are now reported on my property rolls. With
+a hope to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span> satisfy the indians until an agent should be appointed by the
+Confederate States (which I assured them would soon take place) I expended
+the remainder of the money&#8217;s in my hands for blankets tobacco and clothing
+for them, they being in a destitute condition, occasioned principally on
+account of losses sustained by their goods being sunk in the Arkansas
+River and by the fire at Fort Smith. The goods were intended to be
+duplicated and money&#8217;s had been promised for that purpose in advance of
+their regular supply of goods of which the indians were apprised.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the withdrawal of Texas from the Union, they again became
+apprehensive of danger from the people of that State. I reminded them that
+I was a Texan, and in order that they might have a positive guaranty of
+safety, that they should have Texas troops to defend them. I made the
+application and Capt. Diamond&#8217;s company arrived on the day of my
+departure.</p>
+
+<p>During the whole course of my operations as Commanche Agent, and more
+particularly the past year, my best efforts have been employed with a hope
+to induce all the southern bands of Comanches to abandon their wandering
+habits become colonized and settle, that being the most effectual means,
+and by far the least expensive mode of checking their depredations on
+Texas, and finally by means of messengers and messages I induced them to
+come in on the first of August last and enter into treaty stipulations
+with Commissioner Pike. A train of untoward circumstances prevented the
+commissioner from complying strictly with his agreements with them which
+have cast a shade of discontent upon their minds, and they say that it is
+the cause of the non-compliance on their part, which was to settle on the
+reserve last fall and abandon their roving habits. This however I do not
+believe: if the commissioner had met them at the time appointed (the
+falling of the leaves) with all the goods promised I am of opinion they
+would have received the goods&mdash;made some excuse, and returned again to the
+prairies. Such has been the case of the other Comanches who have settled
+for several years and I think they would have done so too. Perhaps their
+stealing operations would not have been so extensive; but they say that
+that practice shall cease at any rate as long as they are friends with us.</p>
+
+<p>In November last I received a visit from a Kiowa chief by the name of
+&#8220;Big-head&#8221; who made many fine promises and agreed to settle on the reserve
+with his people, but in this I place but little reliance. The Kiowa&#8217;s are
+a very numerous band. They are northern<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span> indians and their principal range
+is from the sources of the Arkansas River to Bents Fort. Their principal
+chief originally contemptiously spoke of the United States government and
+troops, notwithstanding he annually received a large amount of presents
+from that government, consisting of blankets, clothing, tobacco, rifles,
+powder and lead, etc. They now have a federal agent at Bent&#8217;s Fort.</p>
+
+<p>During the past six months, but little has been done on the reserve&mdash;I
+have had no means to accomplish much. The employees who have been engaged
+have suffered considerably with sickness during the months of September
+and October last. They have built a very comfortable double log house with
+a gallery in front and a stable which is partly finished to which a room
+is attached for the benefit of employees. Without such protection and
+security there is no safety for the public animals necessary to carry on
+the farming operations of the reserve.</p>
+
+<p>No troops being stationed on the Leased District I have been unable to
+exercise the necessary control. The indians have been kept in a constant
+state of turmoil by false representations both in reference to myself and
+things affecting their individual interest. No indian reserve can be
+conducted in a satisfactory manner either to the government or indians
+without the co&ouml;peration of troops to enable the Agent to enforce the
+intercourse laws and eject disorderly persons from amongst them.</p>
+
+<p>No funds as yet have been received to meet the current expenses of the
+Agency, nor has any forage been furnished except twenty four bushels of
+corn and twelve of oats, which were received from Commissioner Pike. The
+remainder of the forage which was used in sustaining two government
+animals and four private animals employed in the public service from the
+first of August until the last of October and from that time till the 31st
+of December four additional public animals, was gathered up at the
+different corn houses which had been abandoned and were going to
+destruction at Fort Cobb, and a small amount purchased on my own
+responsibility from the contractor for supplying the indians.</p>
+
+<p>It is deemed useless to suggest additional plans of retrenchment and
+economy to the government as I am not advised as to the extent and nature
+of the design of its future operations in reference to the affairs of the
+reserve. With these facts submitted I have the honor to be Sir very
+respectfully Your obedient Servant</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">[<span class="smcap">M. Leeper</span>.]</span></p>
+
+<p>E. Rector, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Southern Superintendency</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Witchita Agency</span>, Jan. 31st., 1862.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Brig. Gen&#8217;l A. Pike</span>, Com&#8217;d&#8217;y Indian Territory.</p>
+
+<p>Sir:&mdash;Enclosed please find muster roll of Reserve Indians enlisted in the
+services of the Confederate Government under your authority of the 30th
+Aug&#8217;t, 1861 to M. Leeper, Indian Agent, to act as spies and for the
+protection of the Agency until relieved by Confederate forces.</p>
+
+<p>You will perceive that I enlisted them on the 9th Sept. last and have made
+up the roll to the 9th Feb&#8217;y, 1862, at which time I would respectfully
+suggest the disbandment of them as they have already served three months
+longer than they anticipated at the time of their enlistment and they are
+anxious to be disbanded at the expiration of this month.</p>
+
+<p>As much doubt has been expressed by the other Indians not enlisted, of
+these ever receiving pay for their services, I believe if they were paid
+off [it] would at once convince them of the integrity and honor of the
+Confederate Government and should any emergency hereafter arise they will
+more readily flock to the standard of our country.</p>
+
+<p>Having received special instructions from M. Leeper, Indian Agent, to
+remain at my post during his absence, I therefore forward these papers by
+Mr. John Shirley and authorize him to act for me in this matter.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">MUSTER ROLL OF RESERVE INDIANS MUSTERED INTO THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA<br />
+UNDER COMMAND OF LIEUT. GEN&#8217;L H. P. JONES, SEPT. 9, 1861.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center"><span class="smcap">Horse</span></td><td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center"><span class="smcap">Bridle&amp;Saddle</span></td><td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center"><span class="smcap">Rifle</span></td><td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center"><span class="smcap">Bow, etc.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">1.</td>
+    <td>Pinahontsama, Sergt.</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: -.25em;">$60.</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: -.5em;">$5.00</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: -1.25em;">$25.</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: -.5em;">$5.00</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">2.</td>
+    <td>Pive-ahope Corpl.</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: -.25em;">$60.00</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: -.5em;">$5.00</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: -1em;">do.</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">3.</td>
+    <td>Chick-a-poo</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">30.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">25.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">4.</td>
+    <td>Charley Chickapoo</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">30.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">25.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">5.</td>
+    <td>Somo</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">40.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">10.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">6.</td>
+    <td>Boo-y-wy-sis-ka</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">50.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">25.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">7.</td>
+    <td>Cu-be-ra-wipo</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">50.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">25.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">8.</td>
+    <td>Ca-na-with</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">40.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">25.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">9.</td>
+    <td>A-ri-ka-pap</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">55.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">25.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">10.</td>
+    <td>Pith-pa-wah</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">50.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">11.</td>
+    <td>Pe-ah-ko-roh</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">35.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">35.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span>12.</td>
+    <td>Jim Chickapoo</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">65.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: -4em;">six shooter 25.00</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">13.</td>
+    <td>Na-na-quathteh</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">40.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">14.</td>
+    <td>To-no-kah</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">80.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">25.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">15.</td>
+    <td>Ath-pah</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">25.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: -2em;">Pistol #5.00</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">16.</td>
+    <td>Pe-ba-rah</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">30.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">25.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">17.</td>
+    <td>Cur-su-ah</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">45.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">10.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">18.</td>
+    <td>Cow-ah-dan Sept. 23d.</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: -.25em;">$60.</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">15.00</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5.00</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Signed Sealed &amp; delivered in the presence of David Seals &amp; Dr. Bucket,
+Sept. 9, 1861.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Wichita Agency L. D.</span> Feby the 9th 1862</p>
+
+<p>I certify on honor that I have received from Messrs Johnson &amp; Grimes
+Seventeen hundred and fifty-four rations of Beef, Flour, Coffee, Sugar,
+Soap, and Salt for the use of my Spy Company raised for the protection of
+the Wichita Agency by authority of Commissioner A. Pike as per letter
+dated Augt. 30th 1861 to M. Leeper Indian Agent</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">H. P. Jones</span>, Lt. Com&#8217;d&#8217;y. and Act&#8217;g C. of S.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Head Quarters Dep&#8217;t of Ind&#8217;n Territory</span>,<br />
+<span class="smcap">Fort McCulloch</span>, 23rd April 1862.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Special Orders, No.</span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Lieut. Col. Harris, Commanding Chickasaw Battalion, will station four
+companies instead of two, of his Battalion, at Camp McIntosh, and two only
+at Fort Arbuckle. He will consult with the Agent for the Reserve Indians,
+Col. Matthew Leeper, and do everything in his power to protect the Agency
+and the <i>peaceful</i> Indians on the Reserve, placing, if necessary his
+troops at or near the Agency, and controlling the unruly Indians, by force
+of arms, if it becomes necessary. By order of Brig. Gen&#8217;l Com&#8217;d&#8217;g</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Fayette Hewitt</span> A. A. General</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>[Copy]</p>
+
+<p class="right">May 7, 1862.</p>
+
+<p>Hon. Comr. Indian Affairs, enclosing copies from Gen&#8217;l Pike.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Washita Agency, L. D.</span> May 7, 1862.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Enclosed herewith I have the honor to transmit for the information of
+the Department the copy of a letter addressed to Gen&#8217;l Pike on the 13th
+April last, and his reply thereto; the troops promised by the General have
+not arrived nor have I any tidings from them.</p>
+
+<p>There can be no question, if the Confederate States desire to keep up this
+Agency and to continue their friendly relations with the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span>Indians adjacent
+to the Reserve, that a strong garrison is necessary. The appearance of
+friendship could be maintained perhaps without it, but to put an entire
+stop to the depredations upon Texas, cannot be accomplished without the
+restraining influence of a military force; a small force at all times here
+is necessary to enable the Agent to enforce the Intercourse Laws, and to
+expell from the Reserve, disorderly persons and idlers, hovering around
+the Indian Camps without any legitimate business or employment. I would
+further respectfully suggest with all due deference to the military skill
+of Gen. Pike, that white troops would be infinitely better and far more
+available in every particular than Indians. It is well known that the
+people of Texas adjacent to the Reserve have no very kind feelings for
+Indians generally, and if it should become necessary to exercise military
+authority over a Texan no matter who he is or however worthless he might
+be, if it was done by Indian soldiers, it would engender deep-rooted
+malice in the minds of very many of the Texan people against the troops,
+which, in all probability would militate largely against the interest of
+the Government. White troops have a greater influence upon the Indians
+than Indian troops would have, and understand more perfectly the
+obligations of enlisted men.</p>
+
+<p>In my letter to Gen. Pike, I gave it as an opinion that it would be better
+to either drive the Indians off, who are not located, or to require them
+to settle on the Reserve. Various conversations had with them since that
+time has been the means of changing my opinion; I think by continuing the
+practice of giving them provisions and more supplies of presents when they
+visit the Agency will perhaps induce them to remain quiet and not disturb
+Texas, particularly if we present an array of troops sufficiently strong
+to chastise them in the event of their forfeiting their promises and
+acting a faithless part. To-day I held a Council with some of the wild
+chiefs, they made fair promises, and promised to bring to the Agency on
+the 20th of June next, the other wild chiefs who have never visited this
+place, for the purpose of entering into a general treaty of peace, and
+they say they will use all their influence with the Kioways to restore the
+horses lately stolen from the Reserve Indians and cause those to treat
+likewise. If it should be the desire of the Government for me to have them
+sign the Treaty with such amendments or alterations as may be suggested,
+there would not be the slightest difficulty in the way, it can be
+accomplished without any further parade or expense, except the ordinary
+supply of provision and a few small presents in the way of goods.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span>Allow me to direct the attention of the Department to the fact that the
+present Contract for furnishing rations to the Indians will expire, I am
+told, on the 16th August next, (I have never been furnished with a copy)
+and that it will be necessary in order to give satisfaction to the public
+to give at least a month&#8217;s notice of the time and place, a new one will be
+let and having been informed that the next Contract would be let at this
+agency, and that the local agent would be charged with the duty, I deem it
+necessary immediately to repair to Fort Smith to await instructions and
+other necessary papers in reference to my official station and to receive
+funds for the present and to forward an estimate for the ensuing fiscal
+year.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right">May 8th.</p>
+
+<p>To-day I was visited by quite a number of chiefs belonging to the wild
+Comanches who have never been here before. They say they are desirous of
+making a perpetual and ever-lasting peace with the Southern people, the
+fourth of July is appointed for a general gathering in Council of all the
+Chiefs and principal men belonging to the Comanches for the purpose of
+entering into a general and lasting peace upon the same terms and
+conditions which are offered those already settled. I appointed the 4th of
+July that I might have an opportunity in the mean time of consulting with
+and ascertaining the pleasure of the Government in reference to them. I am
+of the opinion that three or four thousand dollars worth of goods
+furnished upon that occasion and distributed to them as presents would
+have a beneficial effect.</p>
+
+<p>I learn from them that four white men and four Indians were recently
+killed on the Llano, Texas that the Indians were returning from Mexico &amp;
+without knowing anything of the friendly relations which now exist between
+our people and theirs, they stopped as usual, stole a parcel of horses,
+were pursued and the killing aforementioned was the consequence, they
+assert that they will control their people hereafter from depredating upon
+Texas, and that if any of their bad men should cross Red River that they
+will give immediate notice of the fact that they may be overtaken and
+killed, and if they should escape notice steal horses and return they will
+immediately take them from them, deliver them to the Agent with
+information in reference to the place from which they were taken, so the
+owners can recover them again.</p>
+
+<p>With these facts submitted, I have the honor to be very respectfully, Your
+Obedient Servant</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Sgd.) <span class="smcap">M. Leeper</span>, Indian Agent, C. S. A.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center">COPY TO BRIG. GEN&#8217;L A. PIKE, APR. 13, 1862. IN REFERENCE TO THE CONDUCTING
+OF THE RESERVE COMANCHES AND<br />WILD BANDS OF COMANCHES, ALSO REQUESTING A
+MILITARY FORCE TO BE STATIONED ON THE RESERVE</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Washita Agency</span>, L. D. April 13, 1862.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Brig. Gen&#8217;l A. Pike</span>, Com&#8217;d&#8217;g of Indian Terr&#8217;y</p>
+
+<p>Sir: It becomes my duty under official instructions to keep you advised of
+the feelings and bearings of the Indians on the Reserve and more
+particularly of the wild bands adjacent to it who profess friendship for
+us. The recent friendly relations which have been professed on the part of
+the Indians and attempted to be cultivated on our part have produced an
+opposite result upon the Comanche Reserve Indians from that which was
+anticipated, boys who have been partly reared upon the Reserve and who
+hitherto have conducted themselves with the greatest propriety are now
+unruly and are subject to the most unbridled passions and unheard of
+improprieties, they have destroyed pretty much all the poultry belonging
+to Dr. Shirley, have shot arrows into his milk cows, killed several of the
+beeves belonging to the contractor. They are in the habit of shooting
+beeves full of arrows in the beef pen before they are issued, killing some
+of them and rendering others unable to be driven to the different Indian
+encampments, this practice was repeated on yesterday in the presence of
+the chiefs, when one of the interpreters, Mr. H. P. Jones, admonished
+Buffalo Hump to check such outrages and reprove the boys for such
+improprieties, but was fiercely turned upon by the old Indian and abused
+in the most unmeasured terms, the boys then rode to the Agency, approached
+the horse lot and one of them was just in the act of shooting a horse, I
+succeeded in preventing him from doing so myself.</p>
+
+<p>Those wild fellows come in, hold war dances and scalp dances, speak of
+their agility in stealing horses and of their prowress in taking scalps of
+white men and Mexicans, and of the rapture with which they are received
+and amorous embraces of the young damsels on their return until the young
+men heretofore inclined to lead an idle but civil life on the Reserve are
+driven mad with excitement, some of them have left, others are going today
+with the wild Indians for the ostensible purpose I am told of depredating
+upon Mexico, but really, in my opinion upon Texas, many depredations have
+recently been <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span>committed upon that frontier, and lately an Anahdahko
+Indian and a negro belonging to that band crossed Red River, stole five
+horses, killed three of them and returned home on the other two, they
+alledge that it would not have taken place, but for the want of the
+restraining influence of the Chief who was absent at Fort Davis for
+presents (this is a mere subterfuge of course).</p>
+
+<p>The wild Indians are principally located within two days ride of this
+place and I suppose could muster two thousand warriors, when they come
+here they are rather impudent and insolent in their demands and upon one
+occasion threatened to force the doors of the Commissary and help
+themselves. A few days since three of their young men forcibly opened one
+of the doors of Dr. Shirley&#8217;s house and attempted to enter his wife&#8217;s bed
+chamber. They were met by the doctor at the door who, after a scuffle and
+slight altercation with one of them caused them to desist.</p>
+
+<p>Many horses have recently been stolen from the Reserve Indians, some of
+which are known to have been taken by the bands professing friendship, who
+promised to restore them.</p>
+
+<p>I am clearly of the opinion that this Reserve cannot be sustained without
+a strong military force, and that it would be much better to require those
+wild fellows either to settle on the Reserve or quit the country, at
+present they appear to make it a place of convenience, to rest, feed and
+recruit themselves, on their return from a stealing expedition, and to
+procure provisions and a suitable outfit, the better to enable them to
+prosecute their fiendish designs. Therefore permit me respectfully to
+solicit you to furnish at the shortest practicable period a strong mounted
+force, say one Regiment at least to be situated here to act in concert
+with the Civil Authorities in holding those Indians in check, preventing
+the forays in Texas and in regulating the affairs of the Reserve. I would
+also with due deference suggest the name of Col. Alexander of Sherman, as
+a gentleman eminently qualified for the service. Texas troops would be
+more available here at present than any others, for the Indians have an
+instinctive dread of them.</p>
+
+<p>In the event that it should become absolutely necessary in the absence of
+suitable protection to abandon the Reserve, a suggestion from you in
+reference to the proper course to be taken would be acceptable, my notion
+is to fall back upon Red River or into Texas with all the Indians who are
+true to the South and if overtaken by the way, defend to the last
+extremity.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span>All my official correspondence I report to the Department but before I
+could get an expression of opinion from that source, it would probably be
+too late to avail anything. I shall feel obliged for a reply by the
+messenger. Very respectfully, Your obedient servant.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">[<span class="smcap">M. Leeper</span>]</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">JONES<a name='fna_594' id='fna_594' href='#f_594'><small>[594]</small></a> TO PIKE</p>
+
+<p>I have the honor to inform you that the reserve Comanche indians enlisted
+in the service of the Confederate States by your authority of the 30th
+August 1861 were on the 9th April last disbanded with the consent and
+knowledge of Col. M. Leeper indian agent The reason for so doing was that
+latterly they would not remain at their encampment and their horses were
+never at hand when wanted.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">JONES<a name='fna_595' id='fna_595' href='#f_595'><small>[595]</small></a> TO PIKE</p>
+
+<p>The indians placed in my charge by your order for the protection of this
+agency finally proved uncontrollable and utterly useless, and were
+therefore with the knowledge and consent of the Agent discharged on the
+13th of April last....</p>
+
+<p>[On the 11th of August, 1862, Agent S. G. Colley transmitted to Dole from
+Fort Larned two documents,<a name='fna_596' id='fna_596' href='#f_596'><small>[596]</small></a> one of which he thought reflected upon the
+loyalty or honesty of Capt. Whittenhall, formerly commanding at Fort
+Larned.]</p>
+
+<p>(A) I have this day received of Lone Wolf a chief Kiowas a paper from
+Albert Pike of the so-called S. C. which I will give to him again and
+another to the said Albert Pike after the Indian agent shall distribute
+the goods to the Indians.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">D. S. Whittenhall</span>, Capt. Com&#8217;d&#8217;g Post.</span></p>
+
+<p>July 22, 1862<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">[Endorsement] A true copy.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><span class="smcap">J. H. Leavenworth</span>, Col. 2nd Reg&#8217;t C.V.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>(B)</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Wichita Agency</span> L. D., May 31st, 1862.</p>
+
+<p>The bearer E-sa-sem-mus Kiowa Chief has visited and promised on the part
+of their tribe to be friendly with the people of Texas and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span> ourselves it
+is hoped that so long as they carry out that promise they will be treated
+kindly.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">M. Leeper</span>, Ind. Agt. C. S. A.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">per <span class="smcap">C. A. Zichel</span></span></p>
+
+<p>[Endorsement] A true copy.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">J. H. Leavenworth</span> Col. 2nd Reg&#8217;t C.V.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">LEEPER TO PIKE</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Washita Agency</span>, L. D., June 26, 1862.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Brig. Gen&#8217;l. A. Pike</span>, Com&#8217;d&#8217;y Ind. Terr&#8217;y and Act&#8217;g Superintendent.</p>
+
+<p>Sir: Being desirous of keeping you advised of all my official operations,
+enclosed herewith you will please find a copy of requests made by Capts.
+Hart &amp; James. I found those officers courteous and prompt, and manifesting
+an unreserved degree of willingness to aid me in carrying out the designs
+of the Confederate States of America in sustaining the Reserve and giving
+satisfaction to the Indians located thereon.</p>
+
+<p>I learn that an annual festival or dance of the Kioways and the wild
+Comanche bands is expected to be held about this time, which may detain
+them beyond the 4th of July, and with a view to have reliable information
+in reference to the matter and ascertain the precise time they may be
+expected here, three or four days since I dispatched To-sha-hua and
+Pinahontsama to visit their encampments for the purpose; they will return
+in about six days. Upon the arrival of the Kioway Chiefs here, I shall
+have your excellent address carefully interpreted to them and get them to
+sign the Treaty. If it should be your pleasure they should do so, I
+apprehend that I can take all the Comanche Chiefs and the Kioway Chiefs to
+your Head Quarters, which I will cheerfully do, in that event however they
+would naturally expect in addition to their daily supply of food a few
+presents in the way of clothing and tobacco.</p>
+
+<p>The present fiscal year is now within a few days of being closed, the
+employees on the Reserve and the trader from whom small presents have been
+purchased for the Indians are unpaid, no funds have been furnished for the
+purpose except fifteen hundred dollars which was handed me by the late
+Superintendent and was in part used in liquidation of my own Salary and
+the remainder, say six or seven hundred dollars, in the payment of
+employees, for the want of funds I have been unable to close my account,
+they will all be ready, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span>however, on the first of July, and if you should
+be in possession of funds for the purpose, after the anticipated meeting
+of the Indians here, if it should meet your approbation, I will take the
+accounts to your Head Quarters and submit them to your inspection in order
+that they may be closed, provided it is inconvenient for you to transmit
+the money to me.</p>
+
+<p>I desire to call your attention particularly to the fact that the present
+Contract for supplying the Indians with rations on the Reserve will
+terminate I am told (I have never been favored with a copy) on the 16th of
+August next, and it therefore would seem proper that a new contract should
+be let in time for the Contractor to have his supplies in readiness for
+delivery at that time, and it is but justice to Mr. Chas. B. Johnson, the
+present Contractor to say that he has complied with his Contract to the
+entire satisfaction of all concerned, kept ample supplies at all times on
+hand, and disposed to be pleasant and obliging not only to the Indians,
+but to all other persons with whom he has had business to transact.</p>
+
+<p>When the Kioways arrive I apprehend they will have many horses and mules
+in their possession which will be identified by the Texas people here as
+the property of people living in Texas; the friendly relations and recent
+social intercourse of these Indians with those of the wild bands has been
+the cause of introducing here several horses and mules of that description
+already. My original instructions under the United States Government was
+to take possession of all such property and have them delivered to their
+proper owners, but if a course of that kind was now pursued it would at
+once defeat the Treaty with the wild bands and cause them to recommence
+their depredations with increased violence and renewed vigor. The 10th
+Article of the recent Treaty reads thus:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">It is distinctly understood by the said four bands of the Ne-um, the
+State of Texas is one of the Confederate States, and joins in this
+Convention, and signs it when the Commissioner signs it, and is bound
+by it; and that all hostilities and enmities between it and them are
+now ended, and are to be forgotten and forgiven forever on both sides.</p>
+
+<p>Also the 19th Article commencing at the 15th line reads thus:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">And the same things in all respects are also hereby offered to the
+Kioways and agreed to be given them, if they will settle in said
+Country, atone for the murders and robberies they have lately
+committed and show a resolution to lead an honest life; to which end
+the Confederate States send the Kioways with this talk, the wampum of
+peace and the bullet of war, for them to take their choice, now and for all time to come.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span>But the Treaty is silent in reference to the manner in which the owners of
+property lost in that manner are to be remunerated.</p>
+
+<p>In a consultation which I held with Capts Hart and James we determined to
+take proof in reference to the ownership of the property, place a fair
+valuation upon it and submit it to the Confederate Government for their
+approbation, approval, and allowance, provided, however, that it should
+meet your approbation in the first place.</p>
+
+<p>A short time since a delegation from all the tribes here except the
+Tonkahwas and Comanches visited the Kioways to obtain from them their
+horses which were stolen by the Kioways, one of the Waco Chiefs has
+returned and says they delivered to him ten of the stolen horses, were
+disposed to be friendly and said all of them should be given up, but after
+he left a Wichita stole from the Kioways twenty-one horses and a Caddo
+four and have brought them to the Reserve. I held a consultation with the
+Chiefs in reference to the matter in which it was determined that the
+horses should be taken from those who stole them and returned to the
+Kioways immediately after the return of the Wichita Chief La-sa-di-wah,
+who will report the facts as they are.</p>
+
+<p>In all my official relations I have avoided, as far as possible, incurring
+useless or unnecessary expenses, and now the troubled condition of the
+country would seem to render it doubly necessary, allow me therefore to
+suggest that the office of Commissiary is a sinecure, a useless
+expenditure of public money to the Government and an injury to the public
+service, it has never been allowed before at an Agency where an agent
+could be present and witness the issues himself, the Interpreters
+necessarily have to be present, and heretofore have witnessed the issues,
+the Commissary merely being an impartial weigher between the Contractor
+and the Indians which can be done just as well by one of the Interpreters
+without incurring any additional expense to the Government.</p>
+
+<p>One of the greatest injuries which I have met with during a term of more
+than five years service, has been experienced from officious meddlers,
+idlers and tale-bearers who are apt to hover round Indian encampments, and
+I have never found one more so than the present Commissary. J. J. Sturm
+who spends the principal part of his time at the Indian encampments
+pretends to know more than anyone else, palpably neglects the instructions
+given him and has produced more disquiet on the Reserve than has been
+produced from all other causes, he would have been suspended and reported
+long since, but I was <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span>apprehensive that it might be supposed that I was
+actuated from vindictive feelings towards him on account of an injury
+which he attempted to inflict upon me. At the close of the present
+Contract if you should deem it necessary to continue such an office, I
+hope a more suitable man will be appointed.</p>
+
+<p>At the close of the present fiscal year I shall report in detail
+everything connected with the Reserve and the Indians thereon, the
+expenses thereof and the reasons and necessities for so doing. I am sir,
+Very respectfully, Your obt. servant.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">[<span class="smcap">M. Leeper</span>]</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">LEEPER TO PIKE</p>
+
+<p>Copy to Brig. Gen&#8217;l Albert Pike, Acting Supt., Comr., Etc., in reference
+to making a treaty with the Kioway Indians and the signing of the
+amendments of Congress.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Washita Agency</span>, L. D., July 11, 1862.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Brig. Gen&#8217;l Albert Pike</span>, &amp; Act&#8217;g Superintendent, Commissioner, etc.,</p>
+
+<p>Sir: In compliance with your instructions and authority, I have this day
+entered into Treaty stipulations with the Kioway Indians and all the wild
+Comanche bands with the exception of the Kua-ha-ra-tet-sa-co-no who
+inhabit the western portion of the &#8220;Staked Plains,&#8221; and with those I am
+negotiating and shall probably conclude a treaty of peace in September or
+October next. Those who treated in August last have also signed and
+adopted amendments of Congress.</p>
+
+<p>They retired well satisfied with themselves, and with the action of the
+Confederate Government, consequently peace and quietness may be expected
+to prevail in future upon the frontier of Texas, provided, however, that a
+band of fugitives from the various clans who have congregated on the
+Pecos, numbering it is said one hundred and fifty or two hundred, governed
+by no law and disposed to spread desolation wherever they go, are
+destroyed or our troops can receive aid from the bands who have treated in
+hunting down and destroying those &#8220;fellows&#8221;. I am sir, Very respectfully,
+Your obt. ser&#8217;t</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">[<span class="smcap">M. Leeper</span>] Ind. Agency, C. S. A.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">NOTICE</p>
+
+<p>As Agent and Acting Commissioner on the part of the Confederate States of
+America, I have entered into Solemn Treaty stipulations of perpetual
+friendship and peace with the Kioway Indians and wild<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span> bands of Comanches
+except the Kna-ha-ra-tet-sa-co-no whose habitations are on the Western
+extremity of the &#8220;Staked Plains&#8221; and with those I am negotiating and will
+probably conclude a treaty some time in September next.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore perfect peace and quietness may soon be expected to prevail on
+the Texas frontier.</p>
+
+<p>In order to convince the Indians of our sincerity and punctuality, it is
+necessary to comply strictly with the Treaty, and to do that, the
+Government expects me to employ four or five farmers and twenty laborers
+which I desire to do; farmers with families would be preferred, to whom
+fifty dollars per month and rations will be given, and to laborers
+twenty-five dollars per month and rations, negro men would be preferred.</p>
+
+<p>At present there is not the slightest danger there, the agency is one of
+the most quiet and peaceful places within the limits of the Confederate
+Government.</p>
+
+<p>Apply to the undersigned who will remain a few days in Sherman and
+afterward at the Washita Agency.</p>
+
+<p>July 21st 1862.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">LEEPER [?] TO PARKS</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Sherman, Texas</span>, July 28th, 1862.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Robert W. Parks</span>,</p>
+
+<p>Sir,&mdash;Enclosed you will please find the copy of a letter of instructions
+to me from Gen&#8217;l Pike the Acting Superintendent of Indian Affairs
+(addressed to you) in reference to fifteen thousand dollars appropriated
+by the Government to purchase farming utensils, oxen, wagons and stock
+animals for Indians located on the Washita Reserve, which fund was handed
+to you. The direction of the expenditures of the fund legitimately belongs
+to the local Agent who is alone supposed to know the amount and
+description of articles necessary to be purchased for the Indians, hence
+Gen&#8217;l Pike&#8217;s letter. Before making any of the purchases indicated it would
+be well to see me in order to ascertain the amount and description
+required, the Indians already have been furnished with a few wagons, oxen
+and farming utensils, in fact in reference to farming implements they are
+well enough supplied with the exception of weeding hoes and axes; and in
+reference to the stock animals to be purchased I would like to have a
+distinct understanding with regard to the quality and the price; a
+responsible gentleman whom I met here is willing to furnish cows and
+calves,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span> the cows not to exceed six years old delivered at the agency at
+sixteen dollars; therefore I should be unwilling to receive on the part of
+the Government animals of that description at a higher price in the
+absence of positive instructions to that effect; the quantity also to be
+purchased is an important item.</p>
+
+<p>If you will take the trouble to visit the Agency, I will give you an exact
+description of the articles necessary to be purchased and will give you
+the preference as a contractor for furnishing the same.</p>
+
+<p>A copy of this letter will be furnished the Acting Superintendent Gen&#8217;l
+Pike, and the Department. Very respectfully, Your obt sevt.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">[<span class="smcap">M. Leeper</span>]</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Wash., Ark</span>., Aug. 19, 1862.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Colonel</span>: I have forwarded you letters to the Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs. Having resigned and been deprived of command in the Indian
+Country, I am also relieved of duty as Acting Superintendent, for which
+crowning mercy, God be thanked.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Parks returned on receiving your letter and refunded me $15,000 placed
+in his hands, except $200, paid for a mowing machine. I have deposited the
+residue, with all other Indian moneys, (Coin and paper), in a safe place,
+and so advised the Commissioner. As soon as a new Superintendent is
+appointed, I hope to get rid of it all.</p>
+
+<p>If you had written me, <i>before</i>, what you write now, in regard to
+McKusken[?], you would not have had to complain that I frustrated your
+efforts. You sent him to me it is true, but with no such charges, and
+consequently left me bound to pay him off. I had employed him, and no
+showing was made to me that he did not deserve his pay. I hear the charges
+<i>now</i> for the first time.</p>
+
+<p>As to the corn at Cobb, I think you are misinformed. When I returned there
+last fall I found it difficult to get a small quantity, because the
+officer in Command said they needed it all; although the troops were on
+the point of leaving. I know it had been so wasted that there was not much
+left and what <i>was</i> left, you needed, as you had none. I wonder you did
+not send your wagons and get it, as soon as the troops left, if there was
+any remaining, and account for it.</p>
+
+<p>I <i>was</i> sorry to hear that you had made unkind remarks in regard to
+myself, and though apparently my friend, were secretly my enemy&mdash;and I am
+truly glad to receive your flat contradiction. I have <i>never</i> had any
+unkind feelings towards you, and was glad to believe after<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span> meeting you
+this Summer, that you had none towards me. For any imputations against
+yourself in your official capacity, you are indebted in chief measure to
+Major Rector who made them openly, anywhere, and in the presence of many.
+What Mr. Sturm said was not said willingly, but drawn from him. He showed
+a great disinclination to say anything against you.</p>
+
+<p>Believe me, I would now, as always for years past, rather serve than
+injure you. And I sincerely hope our friendly relations may continue. I
+expect to settle not far from you and will always gladly aid in
+cultivating friendship with the Indians and enabling you to succeed with
+them. I am very truly yours</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Albert Pike</span></span></p>
+
+<p>Col. M. Leeper C. S. Agent Etc.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">DESHLER<a name='fna_597' id='fna_597' href='#f_597'><small>[597]</small></a> TO LEEPER</p>
+
+<p>Gen. Holmes in reply to your letter of 17th inst. just received, instructs
+me to say, that Gen. Hindman is going to take command of all the troops in
+the Indian country, he starts in a day or two. Col. W. P. Lane&#8217;s Reg&#8217;t has
+been ordered to Fort Arbuckle. The gen. com&#8217;d&#8217;g thinks these measures will
+be sufficient to insure quiet in your region, but instructs me to say that
+if he knew of any available force in Texas he would have no objection to
+sending 5 or 6 Companies to you, but there are no troops available other
+than Col. Lane&#8217;s Reg&#8217;t already ordered to Arbuckle.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span></p>
+<h2>SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2>
+
+
+<p class="title">I. GENERAL ACCOUNT OF DOCUMENTARY SOURCES.</p>
+
+<p>The material for this book has been drawn almost entirely from documentary
+sources and, in a very large measure, from unpublished documentary
+sources; namely, the manuscript records of the United States Indian
+Office. Those records to-day are in a very disorganized state, largely due
+to change of system and to the many removals to which they have been
+subjected within the last few years. At the time when they were examined
+for the purposes of the present work, such of them as were not included in
+<i>Registers</i>, <i>Letter Books</i>, and <i>Report Books</i> were classified as <i>Land
+Files</i>, <i>General Files</i>, <i>Special Files</i>, <i>Emigration Files</i>,
+<i>Miscellaneous Files</i>, <i>Star Files</i>, and the like, the basis of
+classification being, convenience in the current and routine work of the
+office. The individual files were arranged according to tribe, agency, or
+superintendency and every incoming letter had its own file mark. It had a
+letter to designate the transmitter, that letter being the initial of the
+transmitter&#8217;s surname or of the office he represented, and it had a number
+to indicate its rank in a series, all the papers of which bore the same
+initial letter and had been received in the same given year. Finally, it
+was rated as belonging to a particular tribe, agency, or superintendency
+and to a particular file.</p>
+
+<p>In the autumn of 1911, an attempt was made to consolidate the old <i>Land</i>
+and <i>General Files</i> with the result that now they are no longer distinct
+from each other; but it has seemed best not to change the reference in the
+citations. The year, the letter, and the number are permanent indices and,
+with them at hand, there ought to be no difficulty in the locating of a
+paper, except for the fact that nearly everything in the United States
+Indian Office seems, just now, rather transitory and chaotic. Had the
+inaugural ball for 1913 not been dispensed with, the plan was, to use the
+records as the base for the band-stand, a decidedly interesting
+reflection, one must admit, upon the popular notion of the value of the
+national archives.</p>
+
+<p>Among the manuscripts used in the preparation of the present<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span> work, were
+two collections of papers that came into the United States Indian Office
+out of the regular course of its official business. In the citations, one
+is noted as <i>Leeper Papers</i>, and the other as <i>Fort Smith Papers</i>. Their
+history, since they came into the Indian Office, proves how urgent is the
+need for a Hall of Records. Inasmuch as these papers were not required for
+the every-day business of the office, they were packed away, years and
+years ago, along with a lot of other commercially useless papers, in huge
+boxes and stored in the attic of the old Post-office Building. There they
+were left to be forgotten. In the course of time, the Office of Indian
+Affairs was moved from the old Post-office Building to the Pension
+Building; but the packing-boxes in the attic were inadvertently left
+behind. One day, however, the writer discovered that papers, found at the
+Wichita Agency at the time Agent Leeper was killed, October, 1862, had
+really come into the Indian Office; but the question was, where were they?
+A search high and low was totally without success until it developed that
+the packing-boxes in the attic were supposed to contain &#8220;useless&#8221; papers
+and were still in the old Post-office Building. Permission was obtained to
+have them examined and, for this purpose, they were transferred to the
+Pension Building. Among their contents was found a number of interesting
+and valuable documents which very likely would soon have been lost
+forever, destroyed by the General Land Office because abandoned by the
+Indian. The contents included, besides the <i>Leeper Papers</i> for which the
+search had been especially conducted, letter-books of Michigan territorial
+governors, file-boxes of all sorts, and a mass of Confederate stuff,
+brought from Fort Smith. The last-named proved a veritable mine of wealth.
+It comprised the occasional correspondence of Cooper, Cowart, Crawford,
+Drew, Dean, Rector, Pike, and many others whose official life had brought
+them into contact with the Indians. It was all very suggestive and
+remunerative.</p>
+
+<p>To supplement the manuscripts an exhaustive search of the <i>Official
+Records of the War of the Rebellion</i> has been made and with good results.
+It is a pity that the material in the <i>Official Records</i> is so badly
+arranged and so much of it duplicated and often triplicated. Had it been
+better edited and better indexed, the danger of over-looking important
+documents would have been minimized a hundredfold. The volumes found
+particularly useful for Indian participation in the Civil War were the
+following:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span>First Series, vols. i; iii; iv; viii; ix; xiii; xxii, parts 1 and 2;
+xxvi, parts 1 and 2; xxxiv, parts 1, 2, and 3; xli, parts 1, 2, 3, and
+4; xlviii, parts 1 and 2; liii, supplement.</p>
+
+<p>Third Series, vols. i; ii; iii.</p>
+
+<p>Fourth Series, vols. i; ii; iii.</p></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="title">II. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF SOURCES</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">American Annual Cyclopedia</span>, 1861-1865, inclusive (New York).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Arkansas.</span> Journal of the House of Representatives for the Thirteenth
+Session of the General Assembly, November 5, 1860-January 21, 1861 (Little
+Rock, 1861).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">&mdash;&mdash; Journal of the Convention, 1861.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">&mdash;&mdash; Messages of the Governors.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Buchanan, James.</span> Works, collected and edited by John Basset Moore
+(Philadelphia, 1908-1911), 12 vols.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Cairnes, J. E.</span> Slave Power: its character, career, and probable designs
+(New York, 1863), pamphlet.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Confederate States of America.</span> Journal of the Congress, 1861-1865. (United
+States Senate <i>Executive Documents</i>, 58th congress, second session, no.
+234).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">&mdash;&mdash; Provisional and permanent constitutions; and acts and resolutions of
+the first session of the Provisional Congress (Richmond, 1861).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">&mdash;&mdash; Special orders of the adjutant and inspector general&#8217;s office, 1862
+(Richmond, 1862).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Connelley, William E.</span>, editor. Provisional government of Nebraska
+Territory and the Journals of William Walker [Lincoln, Nebraska, 1899].</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Dean, Charles W.</span> Letter Book, May 26, 1855 to December 31, 1856
+(Manuscript in United States Indian Office).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Drew, Thomas S.</span> Letter Book, June 1, 1853 to June 1, 1854 (Manuscript in
+United States Indian Office).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith Papers.</span> A miscellaneous collection of manuscript materials,
+transmitted from Fort Smith, Arkansas, at the close of the Civil War.
+Among them is the fragment of one of Elias Rector&#8217;s <i>Letter Books</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">&mdash;&mdash; Minutes of the private meetings of the commissioners, 1865 (Land
+Files, Indian Talks, Councils, etc., Box 4).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Hagood, Johnson.</span> Memoirs of the War of Secession from the original
+manuscripts of Johnson Hagood (Columbia, S. C., 1912).<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Kappler, Charles J.</span>, compiler and editor. Indian affairs: Laws and
+Treaties (United States Senate Documents, 58th congress, Second session,
+no. 319), 2 vols.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Leeper Papers.</span> Manuscripts, chiefly letters written or received by Matthew
+Leeper, successively United States and Confederate States Indian Agent,
+brought from the Wichita Agency after the massacre of October, 1862.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Lincoln, Abraham.</span> Writings, edited by A. B. Lapsley (New York, 1905-1906),
+8 vols.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">&mdash;&mdash; Complete Works, edited by John G. Nicolay and John Hay (New York,
+1894), 2 vols.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">McPherson, Edward.</span> Political history of the United States of America
+during the Great Rebellion (Washington, 1864).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Mason, Emily V.</span> Southern poems of the war (Baltimore, 1867).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Matthews, James M.</span>, editor. Statutes at Large of the Confederate States of
+America from February 8, 1861 to February 18, 1862, together with the
+constitution of the provisional government and the permanent constitution
+of the Confederate States, and the treaties concluded by the Confederate
+States with the Indian tribes (Richmond, 1864).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">&mdash;&mdash; Statutes at Large of the first congress of the Confederate States of
+America (Richmond, 1862), pamphlet.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">&mdash;&mdash; Statutes at Large of the Confederate States of America, commencing
+the first session of the first congress and including the first session of
+the second congress (Richmond, 1864).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Missouri.</span> Adjutant-general&#8217;s report of the Missouri State Militia for 1861
+(St. Louis, 1862).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Moore, Frank</span>, editor. Diary, or Rebellion record (New York, 1868), 11
+vols. and a supplementary volume for 1861-1864.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Newspapers.</span> Arkansas Baptist (Little Rock).</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Arkansas Gazette (Little Rock).<br />
+Arkansas Intelligencer (Van Buren).<br />
+Arkansas True Democrat (Little Rock).<br />
+Chronicle, The (Little Rock).<br />
+Daily National Democrat (Little Rock).<br />
+Daily State Journal (Little Rock).<br />
+National Democrat (Little Rock).<br />
+State Rights Democrat, The (Little Rock).<br />
+Unconditional Union (Little Rock).<br />
+Weekly Arkansas Gazette (Little Rock).</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Phisterer, Frederick.</span> Statistical record of the armies of the United
+States (New York, 1890).</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Supplementary volume to the Campaigns of the Civil War Series.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Pike, Albert.</span> Poems, edited by his daughter, Mrs. Lillian Pike Roome
+(Little Rock, 1900).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Raines, C. W.</span>, editor. Six decades in Texas, or the memoirs of F. R.
+Lubbock (Austin, 1890).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Rector, Elias.</span> Letter Book.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">A Fragment. Ms. in United States Indian Office among the Fort Smith
+Papers. Many of the letters have been almost obliterated by exposure.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Richardson, James D.</span>, editor. Compilation of the messages and papers of
+the Confederacy, including the diplomatic correspondence (Nashville,
+1905), 2 vols.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">&mdash;&mdash; Compilation of the messages and papers of the presidents, 1789-1897
+(Washington, 1896-1899), 10 vols.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Seward, William H.</span> Works, edited by G. E. Baker (New York, 1853-1884), 5
+vols.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Smith, William R.</span> History and debates of the convention of the people of
+Alabama, January 7, 1861 (Montgomery, 1861).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Texas.</span> Ordinances and resolutions of the convention held in the city of
+Austin, January 28, 1861, to February 24, 1861 (Austin, 1861).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">United States of America.</span> Attorney-general, opinions, 1791-1908
+(Washington, 1852-).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">&mdash;&mdash; Report of Covode committee, 1860 (House <i>Reports</i>, 36th congress,
+first session, no. 648).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">&mdash;&mdash; Report of select committee to investigate abstraction of bonds held
+in trust by the United States government for the Indian tribes (House
+<i>Reports</i>, 36th congress, second session, no. 78).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">&mdash;&mdash; Department of the Interior, Reports of the Secretary, 1861-1865,
+inclusive.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">&mdash;&mdash; Office of Indian Affairs, Land Files, General Files, Miscellaneous
+Files, and Special Files.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">&mdash;&mdash; Office of Indian Affairs, Letter Books [letters sent]:</p>
+
+<table style="margin-left: 10%;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="3" summary="table">
+<tr><td>No.</td><td>50, August 28, 1854 to February 20, 1855.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>51, February 21, 1855 to June 12, 1855.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>52, June 13, 1855 to October 27, 1855.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>53, October 29, 1855 to March 19, 1856.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>54, March 20, 1856 to July 30, 1856.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>55, July 31, 1856 to December 31, 1856.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>56, January 2, 1857 to May 25, 1857.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span>"</td>
+    <td>57, May 26, 1857 to October 31, 1857.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>58, November 2, 1857 to April 30, 1858.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>59, May 1, 1858 to October 23, 1858.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>60, October 25, 1858 to April 29, 1859.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>61, April 30, 1859 to August 23, 1859.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>62, August 24, 1859 to February 9, 1860.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>63, February 10, 1860 to June 26, 1860.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>64, June 27, 1860 to December 7, 1860.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>65, December 8, 1860 to June 1, 1861.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>66, June 3, 1861 to October 23, 1861.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>67, October 24, 1861 to March 25, 1862.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>68, March 26, 1862 to August 7, 1862.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>69, August 8, 1862 to January 20, 1863.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>70, January 20, 1863 to June 5, 1863.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>71, June 5, 1863 to October 14, 1863.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>72, October 15, 1863 to January 8, 1864.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>73, January 9, 1864 to April 23, 1864.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>74, April 25, 1864 to July 28, 1864.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>75, July 28, 1864 to December 7, 1864.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>76, December 8, 1864 to April 4, 1865.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>77, April 4, 1865 to August 3, 1865.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>78, August 3, 1865 to December 8, 1865.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">United States of America.</span> Office of Indian Affairs, Registers (letters
+received):</p>
+
+<table style="margin-left: 10%;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="3" summary="table">
+<tr><td>No.</td><td>44, January 4, 1855 to July 31, 1855.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>45, August 1, 1855 to December 31, 1855.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>46, January 1, 1856 to June 30, 1856.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>47, July 1, 1856 to December 31, 1856.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>48, January 1, 1857 to June 30, 1857.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>49, July 1, 1857 to December 31, 1857.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>50, January 1, 1858 to June 25, 1858.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>51, June 25, 1858 to December 29, 1858.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>52, December 30, 1858 to June 27, 1859.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>53, June 28, 1859 to December 31, 1859.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>54, January 1, 1860 to June 1, 1860.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>55, June 1, 1860 to December 31, 1860.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>56, January 1, 1861 to June 30, 1861.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>57, July 1, 1861 to December 31, 1861.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>58, January 1, 1862 to July 1, 1862.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>59, July 1, 1862 to December 31, 1862.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>60, January 1, 1863 to June 30, 1863.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>61, July 1, 1863 to January 2, 1864.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>62, January 2, 1864 to May 30, 1864.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>63, June 1, 1864 to December 31, 1864.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>64, January 1, 1865 to June 30, 1865.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>65, July 1, 1865 to December 29, 1865.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">United States of America.</span> Office of Indian Affairs, Report Books:</p>
+
+<table style="margin-left: 10%;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="3" summary="table">
+<tr><td>No.</td><td>&nbsp; 8, May 1, 1854 to August 9, 1855.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>&nbsp; 9, August 10, 1855 to December 31, 1856.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>10, January 1, 1857 to March 31, 1858.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>11, April 1, 1858 to September 2, 1860.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>12, September 3, 1860 to December 9, 1862.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>13, December 12, 1862 to August 19, 1864.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>14, August 20, 1864 to December 12, 1865.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p class="hang">&mdash;&mdash; Department of War, Reports of the Secretary, 1861-1865, inclusive.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">&mdash;&mdash; Statutes at Large (Boston, 1850-).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">War of the Rebellion.</span> Compilation of the official records of the Union and
+Confederate armies (Washington), 129 serial volumes and an index volume.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Welles, Gideon.</span> Diary (Boston, 1911), 3 vols.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="title">III. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF AUTHORITIES</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Abbott, Luther J.</span> History and Civics of Oklahoma (Boston, 1910).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Abel, Annie Heloise.</span> Indians in the Civil War (<i>American Historical
+Review</i>, vol. xv, 281-296).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">&mdash;&mdash; Indian reservations in Kansas and the extinguishment of their titles
+(Kansas Historical Society, <i>Collections</i>, vol. viii, 72-109).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">&mdash;&mdash; History of events resulting in Indian consolidation west of the
+Mississippi River (American Historical Association, <i>Report</i>, 1906).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">&mdash;&mdash; Proposals for an Indian State in the Union, 1778-1878 (American
+Historical Association, <i>Report</i>, 1907, vol. i, 89-102).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Adams, Richard C.</span> Brief history of the Delaware Indians (Senate
+<i>Documents</i>, 59th congress, first session, no. 501).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Alexander, Gross.</span> History of the Methodist Church South (New York, 1894).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Bancroft, Frederic.</span> Life of William H. Seward (New York, 1900), 2 vols.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Baptist Home Missions</span> in North America, 1832-1882.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Published by the American Baptist Home Missionary Society, New York, 1883.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Bishop, Albert Webb.</span> Loyalty on the frontier, or sketches of union men of
+the southwest (St. Louis, 1863).</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Boudinot, Elias C.</span> Speech delivered before the House Committee on
+Territories, February 7, 1872 (Washington, 1872), pamphlet.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">&mdash;&mdash; Oklahoma, an argument before the House Committee on Territories,
+January 29, 1878 (Alexandria, 1878), pamphlet.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Brewerton, G. Douglas.</span> War in Kansas (New York, 1856).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Brigham, Johnson.</span> James Harlan (Iowa City, Ia., 1913).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Britton, Wiley.</span> Memoirs of the rebellion on the border, 1863 (Chicago,
+1882).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">&mdash;&mdash; Civil War on the border, 1861-1862 (New York, 1891).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Brough, Charles Hillman.</span> Historic battlefields (Arkansas Historical
+Society, <i>Publications</i>, vol. i, 278-285).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Brown, George W.</span> Reminiscences of Governor R. J. Walker, with the true
+story of the rescue of Kansas from slavery (Rockford, Ill., 1902).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Bruce, Henry.</span> Life of General Houston (New York, 1891).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Callahan, James Morton.</span> Diplomatic history of the southern confederacy
+(Baltimore, 1901).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Cherokee Indians.</span> Memorial of the delegates of the Cherokee Nation to the
+president and congress of the United States (Washington <i>Chronicle Print</i>,
+1886).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Cheshire, Joseph Blunt.</span> Church in the Confederate States (New York, 1912).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Connelley, William Elsey.</span> James Henry Lane (Topeka, 1899).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">&mdash;&mdash; Quantrill and the border wars (Cedar Rapids, 1910).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Cordley, Richard.</span> History of Lawrence (Lawrence, 1895).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Davis, Jefferson.</span> Rise and fall of the Confederate government (New York,
+1881), 2 vols.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Delaware Indians.</span> Report on the military service (United States Senate
+<i>Documents</i>, 61st congress, first session, no. 134).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Draper, J. W.</span> History of the American Civil War (New York, 1867-1870), 3
+vols.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Evans, General Clement A.</span>, editor. Confederate military history (Atlanta,
+1899), 10 vols.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Fite, Emerson David.</span> Presidential campaign of 1860 (New York, 1911).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Fleming, Walter L.</span> Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama (New York,
+1905).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Foulke, William Dudley.</span> Life of Oliver P. Morton (Indianapolis, 1899), 8
+vols.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Garrison, W. P.</span> and <span class="smcap">F. J. Garrison.</span> William Lloyd Garrison, 1805-1879
+(Boston, 1894), 4 vols.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Gihon, John H.</span> Geary and Kansas (Philadelphia, 1866).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Goodlander, C. W.</span> Memoirs and recollections of the early days of Fort
+Scott (Fort Scott, Kans., 1899).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Greeley, Horace.</span> American Conflict (Hartford, 1864-1867), 2 vols.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Hallum, John.</span> Biographical and pictorial history of Arkansas (Albany,
+1887).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Hill, Luther B.</span> History of the state of Oklahoma (Chicago, 1908), 8 vols.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Hodder, Frank Heywood.</span> The Genesis of the Kansas-Nebraska Act (Wisconsin
+State Historical Society, <i>Proceedings for 1912</i>, pp. 69-86), (Madison,
+1913), pamphlet.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Holloway, John N.</span> History of Kansas to 1861 (Lafayette, Ind., 1868).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Holst, Hermann von.</span> Constitutional and political history of the United
+States (Chicago, 1876-1892), 7 vols.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Johnson, Allen.</span> Stephen A. Douglas (New York, 1908).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Johnson, Thomas Cary.</span> History of the Southern Presbyterian Church (New
+York, 1894). American Church History Series, vol. xi.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Kaufman, Wilhelm.</span> Sigel und Halleck (<i>Deutsch-Am. Geschichtsbl&auml;tter</i>, Band
+x, 210-216).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Martin, George W.</span> First two years of Kansas (Topeka, 1907), pamphlet.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Meigs, W. M.</span> Life of Thomas Hart Benton (Philadelphia, 1904).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">North, Thomas.</span> Five years in Texas, 1861-1865 (Cincinnati, 1871).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Parker, Thomas Valentine.</span> Cherokee Indians (New York, 1907).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Paxton, William M.</span> Annals of Platte County, Missouri (Kansas City, Mo.,
+1897).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Phillips, Ulrich.</span> Georgia and state rights (Washington, 1902).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">&mdash;&mdash; The life of Robert Toombs (New York, 1913).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Ramsdell, Charles Wm.</span> Reconstruction in Texas (Columbia University
+<i>Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law</i>, vol. xxxvi, no. 1).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Ray, P. Orman.</span> Repeal of the Missouri Compromise, its origin and
+authorship (Cleveland, 1909).<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Reynolds, John H.</span> Makers of Arkansas (Story of the States series), (New
+York, 1905).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Rhodes, James Ford.</span> History of the United States from the Compromise of
+1850 (New York, 1893-1906), 7 vols.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Robinson, Charles.</span> Kansas Conflict (Lawrence, 1898).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Robley, T. F.</span> History of Bourbon County, Kansas, to the close of 1865
+(Fort Scott, 1894).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Ross, D. H.</span> and others. Reply of the delegates of the Cherokee Nation to
+the demands of the commissioner of Indian affairs, May, 1866 (Washington,
+1866), pamphlet.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Land Files, Treaties, Box 3, M392.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Ross, Mrs. Wm. P.</span> Life and times of William P. Ross (Fort Smith, 1893).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Schouler, James.</span> History of the United States under the Constitution (New
+York, 1899), 6 vols.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Schwab, John Christopher.</span> Confederate States of America, 1861-1865 (New
+York, 1901).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Shinn, Josiah.</span> Pioneers and makers of Arkansas (Little Rock, 1908).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Speck, Frank G.</span> Creeks of Taskigi Town. American Anthropological
+Association <i>Publications</i>, vol. ii, part 2.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Speer, John.</span> Life of James H. Lane (Garden City, Kans., 1897).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Spring, Leverett W.</span> Kansas: the prelude to the War for the Union (American
+Commonwealth series), (Boston, 1885).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Stephens, Alexander H.</span> Constitutional view of the late War between the
+States (Philadelphia, 1870), 2 vols.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Stovall, Pleasant A.</span> Robert Toombs (New York, 1892).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Tenney, W. J.</span> Military and naval history of the rebellion in the United
+States (New York, 1866).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Thompson, Robert Ellis.</span> History of the Presbyterian Churches in the United
+States (American Church History series, vol. vi), (New York, 1893).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Van Deventer, Horace.</span> Albert Pike, 1809-1891 (Knoxville, 1910).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Villard, Oswald Garrison.</span> John Brown, 1800-1859; biography fifty years
+after (Boston, 1910).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Walker, Williston.</span> History of the Congregational Churches in the United
+States (American Church History series, vol. iii), (New York, 1894).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Wilder, D. W.</span> Annals of Kansas (Topeka, 1875, 1885).</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Wilson, Henry.</span> Rise and fall of the slave power in America (Boston,
+1872-1877), 3 vols.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Wooten, Dudley G.</span> Comprehensive history of Texas (Dallas, 1898), 2 vols.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span></p>
+<h2>INDEX</h2>
+
+
+<p>
+Abbott, J. B: <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Abel, Annie Heloise: work cited, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_190">191</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Abolitionists: Indians&#8217; slaves enticed away, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">charges against Calhoun, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Quantrill in league with, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">desire Indian lands, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">among Cherokees, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cherokees repudiate idea that they are, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">charges against, <a href="#Page_291">291-294</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Adair, W. P: <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Address: of John Ross at Cherokee mass-meeting, <a href="#Page_220">220</a><br />
+<br />
+Agency system: under Confederacy, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br />
+<br />
+Alabama: Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws from, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote;</i><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Choctaws in, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote;</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">David Hubbard, commissioner from, <a href="#Page_107">108</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Alliance: Indians given political position in return for, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reasons for southern Indians entering into, with Confederacy, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Confederate State Department to effect, <a href="#Page_138">140</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">failure of Pike to effect, with Cherokees, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Choctaw General Council authorizes negotiation of treaty of, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Confederacy paid dearly for its Indian, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">nature of Seminole, with Confederacy, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">principles of active, inserted by Pike into treaties, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McCulloch to accept Drew&#8217;s regiment of Home Guards as soon as treaty of, be consummated, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">conditions of, between the Indians and Confederacy, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">result of Battle of Pea Ridge on Indian, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Allies: Indian, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hope of finding in Cherokees, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Allotment in severalty: suggested to Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+<br />
+American Baptist Missionary Union: <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br />
+<br />
+American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions: work among Cherokees and Choctaws, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">records of, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">missionaries among Choctaws remove themselves from patronage, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+American Civil War: [See <a href="#civilwar">Civil War</a>]<br />
+<br />
+American Historical Association: <i>Report</i>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+American Revolution: effect upon Cherokee emigration to Texas, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">work of Committees of Correspondence in connection with, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Amnesty: provided for, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br />
+<br />
+Annuities: negro and Indian half-breeds share Indian, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Choctaw, distinct from Chickasaw, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian, declared forfeited by Lincoln government, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Ross considers Indian, safe, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">payment of Indian, assumed by Confederacy, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian, diverted from regular channels, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to use, of hostile Indians, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crawford makes requisition for Cherokee, <a href="#Page_307">307</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Antelope Hills: <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_135">136</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Apucks-hu-nubbe: district of, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Arbuckle, General: <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Arkansas: Choctaws and Cherokees tarry in, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian Territory annexed to, for judicial purposes, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Indian patronage, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Indian participation in Civil War, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interest in Indian Territory, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Knights of Golden Circle active in, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interest in Indian alliance, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">affairs reach crisis, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hubbard, commissioner to, <a href="#Page_107">108</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends commission to Indian country, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends Albert Pike as delegate, <a href="#Page_132">132-133</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Arkansas Baptist</i>: <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Arkansas Convention: <i>Journal</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <i>footnotes</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <i>footnotes</i><br />
+<br />
+Arkansas Historical Association: <i>Publications</i>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Arkansas Legislature: <i>House Journal</i>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Arkansas River: <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br />
+<br />
+Arms: description of, needed for Indians, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Choctaw-Chickasaw regiment not furnished with, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">scarcity of, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cherokees in, at Tahlequah mass-meeting, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ross able to bear, <a href="#Page_135">137</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Creeks under, threaten hostilities, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fear, for Indians will be taken by secessionists, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Confederate difficulty in securing, <a href="#Page_253">253</a> and <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Armstrong Academy: <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Armstrong, William: <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Asbury Mission: Indian amity compact concluded at, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Assinneboin: suggested Territory of, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Atchison, David R: letter to, mentioned, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+<i>Austin State Gazette</i>: <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Averell, William W: <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Baker, George E: work cited, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Balentine, H: <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+<br />
+Ball-playing: connected with secret organization of &#8220;Pins,&#8221; <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Bancroft, Frederic: work cited, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Barnes, James K: <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Barnesville: <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a><br />
+<br />
+Beams&#8217;s Negroes: <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Beaver Creek: <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br />
+<br />
+Beening, S. T: <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Benjamin, Judah P: <a href="#Page_138">140</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Benton, Thomas H: plan for a national highway, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">request, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Big Chief: merit chief of Great Osages, <a href="#Page_238">238</a><br />
+<br />
+Billy Bowlegs: leaves Florida, <a href="#Page_20">20</a> <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">communications from, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">refuses to sign treaty with Confederate States, <a href="#Page_198">198-199</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">regarded as good commander, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Bird Creek: battle of, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_255">255-256</a><br />
+<br />
+Bishop, A. W: work cited, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Black Beaver: <a href="#Page_101">101</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a><br />
+<br />
+Black Dog: see <a href="#black"><i>Shon-tah-sob-ba</i></a><br />
+<br />
+Blackhoof, Eli: <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Blain, S. A: <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Blankets: furnished Indian refugees, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to be furnished Indian soldiers in U. S. A., <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians need, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leeper offers to give Kiowas, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rector urges Leeper not to promise, Kiowas, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kiowas receive from U. S. government, <a href="#Page_343">343</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Bloomfield Academy: <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Bob Deer: <a href="#Page_244">244</a><br />
+<br />
+Boggy Depot: <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Bonds: <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145-146</a><br />
+<br />
+Boone, A. G: <a href="#Page_209">210</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Boonsboro [Boonsborough]: <a href="#Page_111">111</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br />
+<br />
+Boudinot, E. C: <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Bourland, James: appointed commissioner, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">report, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Branch, Harrison B: <a href="#Page_182">182-183</a>, <a href="#Page_209">210</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232-233</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Brazos Agency: <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span><br />
+Bribery: William McIntosh guilty of, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of chiefs to induce secession, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Brigade: jayhawking character of Lane&#8217;s, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lane&#8217;s gives John Mathews his deserts, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hunter asks permission to muster, of friendly Indians, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kile, quartermaster in <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proportion of white troops in Pike&#8217;s, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Brooks, Preston: <a href="#Page_44">45</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Brown, James: <a href="#Page_217">217</a><br />
+<br />
+Buchanan, James: administration charged by free-state Kansans with bad faith, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">endorses pro-slavery policy, <a href="#Page_44">45</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">distrusted, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&#8220;no coercion&#8221; policy, <a href="#Page_86">87</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">patronage, given to southern men, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">work cited, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Buckner, H. S: <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br />
+<br />
+Buffalo Hump: <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a><br />
+<br />
+Bureau of Indian Affairs (Confederate): <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Burgevin, Edmund: <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Burleigh, Walter A: <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Burlington: <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Burroughs, B: <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br />
+<br />
+Burrow, N. B: <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a><br />
+<br />
+Bushwhackers: drive Caddoes out of Texas, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Butler, George: agent for Cherokees, <a href="#Page_44">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a><br />
+<br />
+Byington, Cyrus: <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Cache Creek: <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br />
+<br />
+Caddoes: from Louisiana, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike to meet, <a href="#Page_188">189</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">horses stolen by, <a href="#Page_353">353</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Calhoun, J. M: <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Calhoun, John C: report, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">motive, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">political heresy, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Cameron, Simon: <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Campbell, A. B: <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Canadian River: <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a><br />
+<br />
+Cane Hill: <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a><br />
+<br />
+Carolinas: Catawbas in, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Carroll, H. K: work cited, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Carruth, E. H: report, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appointed by Lane, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interviews Creek delegates, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tries to arrange for inter-tribal council, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Cass, Lewis: <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Catawbas: admitted to Choctaw citizenship, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in possession of northeastern part of Choctaw country, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in South Carolina fight with South, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Catron letter&#8221;: <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Chah-la-kee: suggested territory of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Chah-lah-ki: district of, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br />
+<br />
+Chah-ta: suggested territory of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Chahta Tamaha: <a href="#Page_188">189</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Chatterton, Charles W: <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Checote, Samuel: <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a><br />
+<br />
+Cherokee Declaration of Independence written by Pike, <a href="#Page_135">137</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Cherokee Executive Council, <a href="#Page_135">136</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Ross promises to call meeting of, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meeting of, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">communicates with McCulloch, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Cherokee Neutral Lands: location, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">size, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">intruded upon, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">project for selling, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McCulloch takes position opposite, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lane&#8217;s proposed camp in, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stand Watie ordered to take up a position in, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cowart sets out for, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Cherokee Outlet: <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+<br />
+Cherokee Proclamation of Neutrality: <a href="#Page_153">153-154</a><br />
+<br />
+Cherokee Strip: location, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">coveted by Kansans, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Cherokee Treaty: <a href="#Page_157">157</a> and <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">declares allegiance to C. S. A., <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">contains guarantee of autonomy, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">contains promise of representation in Congress <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">navigable waters, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">admission to military academy, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appointment of postmasters, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">considered by Provisional Congress, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiated, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ross&#8217;s characterization of, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Cherokees: from Tennessee and Georgia, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tarried in Arkansas, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">go to Texas, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">removal to Arkansas suggested by Jefferson, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in North Carolina fight with South, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&#8220;Eastern&#8221; in controversy with &#8220;Western,&#8221; <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">character of constitution, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visited by Sacs and Foxes, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">work of A.B.C.F.M. among, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">schools among, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">religious denominations among, <a href="#Page_39">39-40</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">desirable to have slaveholders settle among them, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">material progress due to slavery, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">search organization among, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">with Cooper as volunteers, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">antebellum relations with people of Arkansas, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">representatives at inter-tribal conference, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visited by commissioners from Texas, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in council with Creeks, Seminoles, Quapaws, and Sacs, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike&#8217;s negotiations with, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to be indemnified, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">made an exception, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Battle of Wilson&#8217;s Creek, <a href="#Page_214">214-215</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">secession of, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">resolutions of, <a href="#Page_221">223-225</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">secret organization among, <a href="#Page_291">291-293</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Chickasaw: district, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Chickasaw and Choctaw Herald</i>: <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Chickasaw Legislature: act, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">resolutions, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Chickasaw Manual Labor School: <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Chickasaws: from Alabama and Mississippi, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">character of constitution, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">domestic troubles, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">political connection with Choctaws, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">religious denominations among, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">construct government, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as volunteers, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">country, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">not represented at inter-tribal conference, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">convention of Choctaws and, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prevented from attending council at North Fork, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">take charge of property abandoned by Federals at Fort Arbuckle, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appeal of Burroughs to, <a href="#Page_120">120-121</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">resolutions of Choctaws and, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiations of Albert Pike with, <a href="#Page_135">136</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_196">196-197</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reported as anxious to join Southern Confederacy, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treaty with, considered by Provisional Congress, <a href="#Page_204">204-207</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. H. Carruth communicates with loyal portion of, <a href="#Page_246">246-247</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Chilton, William P: <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br />
+<br />
+Chippewas: from Michigan, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">warriors, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Chi-sho-hung-ka: <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Chisholm, Jesse: <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a><br />
+<br />
+Choctaw-Chickasaw Regiment: <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_209">210</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Choctaw-Chickasaw Treaty: <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, and <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">declares allegiance to C. S. A., <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">contains promise of representation in Congress, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">suggests ultimate statehood, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">recognizes Choctaw country as distinct from Chickasaw, <a href="#Page_160">161</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">transfers lease of Wichita Reserve to Confederate States, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">navigable waters, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">amnesty, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></span><br />
+<br /><a name="corn" id="corn"></a>
+Choctaw Corn Contract: scandal involves Pike, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Choctaw General Council: act, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">resolution, <a href="#Page_72">72-74</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">under authority of Chief Hudson declares Choctaw Nation &#8220;free and independent,&#8221; <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plan treaty of alliance and amity with Confederacy, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">communication from Pike, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Choctaw Light Horse: <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span><br />
+Choctaws: tarried in Arkansas, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Catawbas wish to unite with, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">intimacy with negroes, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Mississippi fight with South, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prepared to assent to territorial bill, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">domestic troubles, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">political connection with Chickasaws ended, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">religious denominations among, <a href="#Page_39">39-40</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">schools among, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">desirable to have slaveholders settle among them, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ask relief, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">country, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">antebellum relations with people of Arkansas and Texas, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">not represented at inter-tribal conference, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">delegation, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">affairs, <a href="#Page_75">75-79</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treaty with Confederate States, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">convention of Chickasaws and, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prevented from attending council at North Fork, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">resolutions of Chickasaws and, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiations of Pike with, <a href="#Page_135">136</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_196">196-197</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reported as anxious to join Confederacy, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">enlist in army, <a href="#Page_209">210</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Carruth in communication with loyal portion, <a href="#Page_246">246-247</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Chuahla: <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Chustenahlah: battle of, <a href="#Page_258">258</a><br />
+<br />
+Citizenship: U. S. recommended for Indians, <a href="#Page_31">31</a> and <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ottawas express preference for U. S., <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians to determine own tribal, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jim Ned&#8217;s right of, forfeited within Leased District, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></span><br />
+<br /><a name="civilwar" id="civilwar"></a>
+Civil War (American): no adequate history of American, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian allies of South in, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Choctaw-Chickasaw country threatened, <a href="#Page_34">34</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">delays Indian removal from Kansas, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">corrupt practices of Democratic Party just prior to American, <a href="#Page_44">45</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stand Watie on Southern side in, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">responsibility of Texas and Arkansas for participation of Indians in, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">early interest of Texas and Arkansas in Indian country, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">see also <a href="#enlistment"><i>Enlistment of Indians</i></a></span><br />
+<br />
+Civilization Fund: <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br />
+<br />
+Clark, George W: <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Clover, Seth: <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Cobb, Howell: <a href="#Page_44">45</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Cockrell, S. R: <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br />
+<br />
+Coe, Chas. H: work cited, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Coffin, William G: <a href="#Page_80">80</a> and <i>footnotes</i>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a><br />
+<br />
+Colbert, D: <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Colbert, Holmes: <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Colbert, Winchester: <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Colbert Institute: <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Coleman, Isaac: <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Collamore, George W: <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Colley, S. G: <a href="#Page_350">350</a><br />
+<br />
+Collin (Texas): exodus of non-secessionists from, <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br />
+<br />
+Colorado: indigenous tribe, in, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attempts to secure Indian co&ouml;peration, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Comanche Treaty: <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">amnesty, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Comanches: <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_188">189</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a><br />
+<br />
+Commission: from Texas to Indian nations, <a href="#Page_88">88</a> <i>et seq.</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">from Arkansas, <a href="#Page_107">108</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Concharta: <a href="#Page_255">255</a><br />
+<br />
+Confederate Contract: for supplying Indians of Leased District, <a href="#Page_301">301-303</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Confederate Military History</i>: work cited, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+<i>Congressional Globe</i>: work cited, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Connelley, W. E: work cited, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Connor, John: <a href="#f_544">544</a><br />
+<br />
+Cooley, D. N: <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a><br />
+<br />
+Cooper, Douglas H: citizen of Mississippi, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fears abolitionization of Indian country, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends note to Superintendent Dean, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sanguine as to slavery conditions among Indians, <a href="#Page_44">45</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">survey of Leased District, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Choctaw Corn Contract, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">becomes colonel in Confederate army, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">regiment of Choctaws to be under command of, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">absent from post, <a href="#Page_82">82</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">apparently disapproves of Texan interference, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives suggestions from Rector, <a href="#Page_106">106-107</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">instructions to, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">defection of, <a href="#Page_186">186-187</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">asked to continue as agent, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wishes to be agent and colonel, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">report concerning Indian enlistment, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in battle with Opoethleyohola, <a href="#Page_253">254</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">complains of not having more white troops, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Cooper, Samuel: <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br />
+<br />
+Corn Contract: see <a href="#corn"><i>Choctaw Corn Contract</i></a><br />
+<br />
+Council: Cherokee, in session at Tahlequah, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Choctaw at Doaksville, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">composition of Doaksville, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Fort Smith, <a href="#Page_226">226-227</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Tahlequah, <a href="#Page_237">237</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Coffin holds, with representatives of non-secession element of various tribes, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Agent Johnson holds, with Delaware chiefs, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian refugees hold, at Fort Roe, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Creek, demands payment of money, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cowart reports rumor of Cherokee, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cherokee, to meet, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of each tribe to consider amendments to treaties, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leeper holds with Indians of Leased District, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comanches propose, to effect everlasting peace with Southern people, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">see also <a href="#intertribal"><i>Inter-tribal Conference</i></a></span><br />
+<br />
+Covode, John: <a href="#Page_276">276</a><br />
+<br />
+Covode Committee: <a href="#Page_44">45</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Cowart, Robert J: <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a><br />
+<br />
+Cowetah: <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Cox, John T: <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Crawford, John: <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_184">184-185</a>, and <i>footnotes</i>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_221">223</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a><br />
+<br />
+Creek Country: Seminoles accommodated within, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proposal for giving southern Comanches home within, <a href="#Page_51">51</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proposal to allot lands in severalty, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Creek Light Horse: <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Creek National Council: rejects proposal for allotment of lands in severalty, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">approves draft of treaty with C. S. A., <a href="#Page_194">194</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Creek Treaty: <a href="#Page_157">157</a> and <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dole ignorant of existence, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">declares allegiance to C. S. A., <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">contains guarantee of autonomy, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">contains promise of representation in Congress, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">model on subject of recognizing slavery, <a href="#Page_166">166-167</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">extradition, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiation of, <a href="#Page_192">192-195</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">considered by Provincial Congress, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">clauses providing for active alliance, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Creeks: from Georgia and Alabama, <a href="#Page_19">19-20</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">assist in Seminole removal, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mixture with negroes, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">status of free negro among, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Presbyterians among, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">desirable to have slaveholders settle among, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">repent giving home to Seminoles, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">location, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">representatives at inter-tribal council, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visited by commissioners from Texas, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in council with Cherokees, Seminoles, Quapaws, and Sacs, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Crime: unjustly charged against missionaries, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">charged against Reserve Indians, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Crutchfield, Major P. T: <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br />
+<br />
+Culbertson, Alexander: <a href="#Page_209">210</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span><br />
+Cumberland Presbyterians: <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Curtis, Gen. S. R: <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Cushing, Caleb: opinion as attorney-general, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br />
+<br />
+Cutler, Abram: <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Cutler, George A: <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Davis, Jefferson: influences Cushing, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writes to Worcester, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">nominates Hubbard Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appoints Pike special commissioner to Indians, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">message, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marshall writes to, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Davis, John B: <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Davis, John D: <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Davis, William P: <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Dawson, J. L: <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Dean, Charles W: <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">work cited, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Debray, X. B: <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Decotah: suggested territory of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Deep Fork of Canadian: <a href="#Page_253">254</a><br />
+<br />
+Delawares: from Indiana, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tarry in Missouri, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">free state men among, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">anxious to avoid white man&#8217;s interference, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baptist school on reservation, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as refugees, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leeper to communicate with, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike hopes to meet, <a href="#Page_188">189</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wealth, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treaty with, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">employed as scouts, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appeal to, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">response of, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Shawnees attack Wichita Agency and kill Leeper, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Delegates: five great tribes should have, in Congress, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike sent as, <a href="#Page_132">132-133</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to be allowed in Confederate Congress, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">161</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Creek on way to Washington, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gamble to Confederate Congress, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Delegation: Choctaw and Chickasaw, gives assurance to Indian Office of neutrality, <a href="#Page_74">74</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">from non-secession element in various tribes, <a href="#Page_265">265-266</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">from Leased District visits Kiowas, <a href="#Page_353">353</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Denton: exodus from, <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br />
+<br />
+Denver, J. W: <a href="#Page_270">270</a><br />
+<br />
+Derrysaw, Jacob: <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Dickey, M. C: <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Dickinson, J. C: <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a><br />
+<br />
+Diplomacy: used to effect Indian alliance, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and intrigue to effect Seminole removal from Florida, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+District of Columbia: status of slavery in, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br />
+<br />
+Disunion: Pike&#8217;s poem on, <a href="#Page_133">133</a> and <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Doaksville: <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Choctaw constitution, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Council at, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Dole, William P: <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241-242</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a><br />
+<br />
+Dorn, Andrew J: <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">takes charge of Neosho Agency, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">absent from post, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">citizen of Arkansas, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tells Neosho River Agency Indians to attend Tahlequah meeting, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter of, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rector complains of conduct of, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Dred Scott Decision: effect upon Indian interests, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br />
+<br />
+Drew, John: <a href="#Page_135">137</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a><br />
+<br />
+Drew, Thomas: work cited, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">issues permits to peddle in Indian country, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Drouth: <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a><br />
+<br />
+Du Val, Ben T: <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Dwight: Cherokee school at, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Echo Harjo: <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a><br />
+<br />
+Edwards, John: <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span><br />
+Elder, Peter P: <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Elk Horn Tavern: battle of, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Ellis, Jo: <a href="#Page_244">244</a><br />
+<br />
+Emigration: of Indians voluntary, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Emissaries: <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">210</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a><br />
+<br />
+Emory, William H: <a href="#Page_96">96-102</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <i>footnotes</i><br />
+<br /><a name="enlistment" id="enlistment"></a>
+Enlistment of Indians: Pike favors, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McCulloch instructed to secure, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">no intention of Confederacy to use as Home Guards exclusively, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike objects to use outside of Indian country, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hyams urges, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chief Hudson authorizes, among Choctaws, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Federal attitude towards, <a href="#Page_227">227</a> <i>et seq.</i>,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">compulsory, illegal, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lane resolves upon, <a href="#Page_229">229-230</a> and <i>footnotes</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fr&eacute;mont favors, <a href="#Page_231">231-232</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Delaware chiefs oppose, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lane persists in urging, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">urged by Hunter, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to be resorted to by Federals in invading Indian Territory, <a href="#Page_270">270-271</a> and <i>footnotes</i>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">U. S. War Department reverses action respecting, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a> and <i>footnotes</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Coffin&#8217;s views on, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">muster roll showing, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">among Comanches abandoned, <a href="#Page_350">350</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Euchees: <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Factions: among Cherokees, <a href="#Page_49">49-50</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_221">223</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">among Creeks, <a href="#Page_192">192-194</a>, <a href="#Page_253">254</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">among Seminoles, <a href="#Page_198">198-199</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">among Comanches, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Fairfield: Cherokee school at, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Fall Leaf: <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a> and <i>footnotes</i>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Farnsworth, H. W: <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br />
+<br />
+Fayetteville: <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a><br />
+<br />
+Female seminaries: Indian girls attend, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Finch, John: <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Finley, C. A: <a href="#Page_270">270</a><br />
+<br />
+
+Fishback, William Meade: <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Fleming, Walter L: work cited, <a href="#Page_107">108</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Floyd, John B: <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a><br />
+<br />
+Folsom, George: <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Folsom, Israel: <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+<br />
+Folsom, Joseph P: <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+<br />
+Folsom, Peter: <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br />
+<br />
+Folsom, Sampson: <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br />
+<br />
+Food: Indian refugees need, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to destitute Delawares from Cherokee country, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Creek refugees destitute of, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">supposed fraudulent character of contract for supplying, <a href="#Page_285">285-289</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Confederate contract with Charles B. Johnson for supplying, <a href="#Page_301">301-303</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">for Comanches, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to be furnished Indians in council considering amendments to treaties, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receipt for, furnished, <a href="#Page_345">345</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Fort Arbuckle: <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_86">87</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a><br />
+<br />
+Fort Belknap: <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Fort Caleb: <a href="#Page_295">295</a><br />
+<br />
+Fort Cobb: <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, footnote, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_188">189</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a><br />
+<br />
+Fort Coffee Academy: <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Fort Davis: <a href="#Page_349">349</a><br />
+<br />
+Fort Gibson: abandoned as military post, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Major Emory and, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">distance from Fort Smith, <a href="#Page_107">108</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike returns to, <a href="#Page_135">137</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Armstrong to meet emigrating Creeks at, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cooper draws off in direction of, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">money at, <a href="#Page_325">325</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Fort Leavenworth: <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a><br />
+<br />
+Fort Lincoln: <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a><br />
+<br />
+Fort McCulloch: <a href="#Page_138">139</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a><br />
+<br />
+Fort Randall: <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span><br />
+Fort Roe: <a href="#Page_259">259</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Fort Scott: <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a><br />
+<br />
+Fort Smith: headquarters of southern superintendency, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">evacuated, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. G. Coffin fails to reach, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emory reaches, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emory tarries at, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hot-bed of sectionalism, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">distance from Fort Gibson, <a href="#Page_107">108</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. J. Gaines reaches, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike proceeds to, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McCulloch at, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">talk of confiscating Rector&#8217;s property at, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">distance from Scullyville, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fire at, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Fort Smith Council: <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_226">226-227</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Fort Smith Papers</i>: cited, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_285">285-328</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Fort Smith Times</i>: cited, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Fort Sumter: <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br />
+<br />
+Fort Towson: <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Fort Washita: <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_188">189</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a><br />
+<br />
+Fort Wise: <a href="#Page_209">210</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Forty-niners: covet land in Indian country, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+Frauds: William Walker, head chief of Wyandots, takes part in Kansas election, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Frazier, Jackson: <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, footnote<br />
+<br />
+Free negroes: status among Creeks and Seminoles, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">among Choctaws, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Leased District rendezvous for, <a href="#Page_56">56-57</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Free-soilers: <a href="#Page_44">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br />
+<br />
+Free-state expansion: charge that Calhoun intended to prevent, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+<br />
+Free-state men: intrenched among Delawares north of Kansas River, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br />
+<br />
+Fr&eacute;mont, John C: <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a><br />
+<br />
+Frontier: action along Missouri-Arkansas in Civil War, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">character of men of, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians exploited for sake of men of, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">trouble on, to be expected, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Frozen Rock: <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br />
+<br />
+Fugitive Slave Law: operative within Indian country, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Gaines, J. J: <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a><br />
+<br />
+Gamble, James: <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a><br />
+<br />
+Garland, Samuel: <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+<br />
+Garrett, William H: <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a> <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a><br />
+<br />
+Georgia: Creeks and Cherokees from, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">D. E. Twiggs from, <a href="#Page_86">87</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Grayton: exodus from, <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br />
+<br />
+Green, J. J: <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Greenwood, A. B: <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_44">45</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a><br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Grier letter&#8221;: <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Griffith, Samuel: <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_183">183-184</a><br />
+<br />
+Grimes, Marshal: <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Hagerstown (Md.): Quantrill, native of, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+<br />
+Half-breeds: status of, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">generally slaveholders, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">influence sought in holding Indian country for South, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">planter class in Indian Territory, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">white men and Choctaw, hold secession meeting, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">missionaries fear, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hated by &#8220;loyal&#8221; Cherokees, <a href="#Page_138">139</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attempt to force full-bloods into alliance with Confederacy, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Halleck, Henry W: <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a><br />
+<br />
+Hamilton, Charles A: appointed commissioner, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">report, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Harris, C. A: <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Harris, Cyrus: <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visited by commissioners from Texas, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Harris, Thomas A: <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span><br />
+Harrison, James E: appointed commissioner, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">report, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">referred to by Governor Clark, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Helena (Ark.): <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br />
+<br />
+Hemphill, John: <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Hester, G. B: <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Hicks, Charles: <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Hindman, Thomas C: <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a><br />
+<br />
+Hobbs, Reverend Doctor S. L: <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+<br />
+Hotchkin, Ebenezer: <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+<br />
+Houston, Sam: <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a><br />
+<br />
+Howard, O. O: work cited, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Hubbard, David: <a href="#Page_107">108</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter to Governor Moore, <a href="#Page_109">109-110</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">nominated as Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike hopes for co&ouml;peration, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives instructions from Walker, <a href="#Page_142">142-143</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ill-health, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writes to John Ross, <a href="#Page_144">144-145</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reply of John Ross to, <a href="#Page_146">146-147</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">instructed not to offer statehood, <a href="#Page_160">161</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">advice to Crawford, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">advises economy, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Hudson, George: <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">declares Choctaw Nation &#8220;free and independent,&#8221; <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dealings with Pike, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proclamation, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_209">210</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Humboldt: <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a><br />
+<br />
+Humphreys, John J: <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Hunter, David: <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a><br />
+<br />
+Hyams, S. M: <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Illinois: tribes from, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br />
+<br />
+Indian adoption: <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br />
+<br />
+Indian camp: Lane plans establishment to prevent foraging into Kansas, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to be located in Cherokee Neutral Lands, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cooper reaches, <a href="#Page_253">254</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Indian country: west of Arkansas and Missouri, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tribes within, indigenous and emigrant, <a href="#Page_19">19</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">population, <a href="#Page_20">20-21</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cut in two by Missouri Compromise line, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reservation system established, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">listed with District of Columbia as strictly federal soil, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fugitive Slave Law declared operative within, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">presence of free negroes sometimes source of grave danger, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">constantly beset by difficulties, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">likely to be greatly reduced in area by Manypenny treaties, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">intruders attracted by supposed mines of precious metals, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rivalry among churches, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">intruders to be removed by Agent Cowart, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">practically no U. S. troops within, <a href="#Page_52">52-53</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">northern tribes of less importance politically than southern, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">slaveholding politicians work through halfbreeds to hold for South, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">strategic importance of, appreciated by Arkansas, <a href="#Page_107">108</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">military necessity of securing, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike describes sojourn in, <a href="#Page_134">134</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McCulloch to give military protection to, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McCulloch lays plans for taking possession of, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">establishment of Confederate States courts promised by treaty with great tribes, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">postal system to be maintained throughout, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">U. S. War Department resolves upon expedition to, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Indian Home Guards: Pike in favor of Indians as, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">no evidence that Indians wanted exclusively as, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">individual Cherokees as, <a href="#Page_149">149-151</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">disposition to keep Indians as, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ross&#8217;s plan defeated by McCulloch, <a href="#Page_226">226-227</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">authorized by Cherokee Executive National Council, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Drew&#8217;s regiment tendered to McCulloch, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Drew&#8217;s regiment escorts Pike to Park Hill, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Indian Intercourse Law: difficulty in enforcing, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Greenwood&#8217;s exposition of, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leeper asks for copy, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leeper reports troops necessary to enforce law within Leased District, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Indian Property Rights: put in jeopardy by pioneer advance, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in trans-Missouri region, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rendered secure by treaty promises, chap. iii</span><br />
+<br />
+Indian Removal: policy, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">law for, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">indemnification for, <a href="#Page_164">164-166</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Indian States in Union: suggested by southern politicians, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">suggested by Texas newspapers, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Confederacy promises to Choctaws, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">no assurance of, to be given by Hubbard, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">promised in treaties made by Confederacy, <a href="#Page_160">160</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_160">161</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Davis calls attention to clauses in Indian treaties providing for, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Provisional Congress modifies treaty guarantee for, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Indian Territory: small tribes find their way to, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">annexed for judicial purposes to Western District of Arkansas, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in danger of being abolitionized,<a href="#Page_41">41-42</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">only home for Indians from Kansas, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">drouth in, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">political status of tribes in, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">position with respect to Texas and Arkansas, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">topographical description of, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">early interest of Texas and Arkansas in, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">halfbreeds of, a planter class, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Knights of Golden Circle active in, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians to be driven out of, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cut off from communication with U. S. Indian Office, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">agents within, all southern men, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Commissioner Dole urges reoccupation of, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">strategical importance of, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">included within Trans-Mississippi District of Department No. 2, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Indian trade: licenses for, <a href="#Page_59">59-60</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">regulations respecting, <a href="#Page_169">169-171</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Indiana: tribes from, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. G. Coffin from, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Indians: lands granted in perpetuity, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">participation in American Civil War inevitable, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as emigrants, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">number of colonized, <a href="#Page_20">20-21</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proportion of southern to northern, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">slaves enticed away by abolitionists, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">seized as fugitives by southern men, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interests militated indirectly against by Dred Scott decision, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">territorial form of government for, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treaty rights likely to be seriously affected by repeal of Missouri Compromise, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plan for colonizing Texas, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Knights of Golden Circle active among, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">condition of, reported by Texas commissioners, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Choctaw and Chickasaw friendly to Confederate States, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">enlistment, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147-149</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_209">210</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211-212</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treaties with Confederate States, <a href="#Page_157">157-158</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202-206</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">judicial rights under treaties with Confederate States, <a href="#Page_172">172-174</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">military support secured early by Confederacy, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">use of, by U. S. as soldiers uncertain, <a href="#Page_227">227</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">not subject to conscription, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reported arming themselves on southern border of Kansas, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">conference with Lane at Fort Lincoln, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">totally abandoned by U. S. government, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">see also under names of individual nations and tribes</span><br />
+<br />
+Interior Department: <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a><br />
+<br /><a name="interlopers" id="interlopers"></a>
+Interlopers: encourage slavery within Indian country, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">see also <a href="#intruders"><i>Intruders</i></a></span><br />
+<br /><a name="intertribal" id="intertribal"></a>
+Inter-tribal Conference: documents relating to, called by the Chickasaws, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">assembling of, at Creek Agency, <a href="#Page_69">70</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attendance, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">action, <a href="#Page_71">71-72</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">action not officially reported to U. S. government, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Motey Kennard and Echo Harjo in Washington at time, was planned, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians solicit, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lane arranges for, to meet at Fort Lincoln, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Coffin desires, at Humboldt, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plans for, at Leroy, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hunter instructed to hold, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">difference between, as planned by Lane and by Hunter, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John T. Cox gives account of, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Interview: of Pike and McCulloch with Cherokee Confederate sympathizers, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Lane with representatives of various tribes at Fort Lincoln proposed, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Coffin with Carruth, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Carruth with Creek delegation, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Intrigue: and diplomacy to effect Seminole removal from Florida, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike expected to succeed in, with Southern Indians, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br /><a name="intruders" id="intruders"></a>
+Intruders: to be removed by Agent Cowart, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interfere with slavery, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Confederate military authority to supplement tribal in expulsion of, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Agent Butler&#8217;s reports, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Greenwood discusses matter with Rector, <a href="#Page_290">290-291</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cowart reports progress in removal of, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cowart gives notice to John B. Jones to leave Cherokee Nation, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">see also <a href="#interlopers"><i>Interlopers</i></a></span><br />
+<br />
+Iowas: <a href="#Page_188">189</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Irish, O. H: <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Iyanubbi: Choctaw school at, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Jackson, Andrew: <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">inducements offered to Indians, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">procedure of, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">opposed to political tenets of John C. Calhoun, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Jayhawking: of Lane&#8217;s brigade, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a><br />
+<br />
+Jennison, C. R: <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Jesup, Thomas S: <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br />
+<br />
+Jim Ned: <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a><br />
+<br />
+Jim Pockmark: <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a><br />
+<br />
+John Chupco: <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a><br />
+<br /><a name="jumper" id="jumper"></a>
+John Jumper: and Seminole removal, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">favors boarding schools for youth of tribe, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">approached by Albert Pike, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">signs complaint against General Jesup, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">signs treaty with Confederate States, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">signature attached to Comanche treaties, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">doing duty faithfully, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter to, <a href="#Page_337">337</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Johnson, Charles, B: <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, footnote, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a><br />
+<br />
+Johnson, F: <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, footnote, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Johnson, James B: <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Johnson, Richard H: <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Johnson, Robert W: <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">correspondence with Albert Pike, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">motion, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crawford serves by request, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">elected senator, <a href="#Page_334">334</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Johnson, Thomas: slavery-propagation work among Indians, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+<br />
+Johnson, W. Warren: <a href="#Page_303">303</a><br />
+<br />
+Johnson: exodus from, <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br />
+<br />
+Jones, Evan: <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a><br />
+<br />
+Jones, H. P: <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a><br />
+<br />
+Jones, John: <a href="#Page_309">309</a><br />
+<br />
+Jones, John B: <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a><br />
+<br />
+Jones, R. M: <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344-345</a><br />
+<br />
+Journeycake, Charles: <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Jumper, John: see <a href="#jumper"><i>John Jumper</i></a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Ka-hi-ke-tung-ka: <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Kannady, J. R: <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br />
+<br />
+Kansa: indigenous to Kansas, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">suffering of, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Kansas: Indian tribes in, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">agitation for the opening up of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">compared with Choctaw country, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">suggested organization causes excitement among Indians, <a href="#Page_33">33-34</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">citizens encroach upon Cherokee Neutral Lands, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">drouth in, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">political status of tribes in, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Cherokee Outlet, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elder, citizen of, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike desires to raise Indian battalion, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians wish to fight, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Kansas Historical Society: <i>Collections</i>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Kansas-Nebraska Bill: effect upon Indian interests, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">settlers demand Indians to vacate territory covered by, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seward&#8217;s speech on, <a href="#Page_58">58-59</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Kansas Territory: first districting illegally included Indian lands, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">free-state settlers charge Buchanan government with bad faith, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Kappler, C. J: work cited, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Kaskaskias: from Illinois, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br />
+<br />
+Keitt, Lawrence M: <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br />
+<br />
+Kennedy, John C: <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Kickapoos: from Indiana, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tarry in Missouri, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">denominationalism among, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">refugees, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leeper to communicate with, in name of Albert Pike, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike hopes to meet, <a href="#Page_188">189</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Kile, William: <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a><br />
+<br />
+Kingsbury, Rev. Cyrus: <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+<br />
+Kingsbury Jr., Cyrus: <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+<br />
+Kiowas: <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Texans reported tampering with, <a href="#Page_209">210</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">messengers from, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">talk for, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treaty with, to be effected, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">delegation of, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Big-head, chief of, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lone Wolf, chief of, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E-sa-sem-mus, chief of, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">annual festival of, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treaty with, <a href="#Page_354">354</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Knights of Golden Circle: probable influence with Arkansas Legislature, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">evidence of activity among Indians, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">halfbreeds belong to, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Koonsha Female Seminary: <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Lands: plot to dispossess Indian of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pledged by U. S. government as Indian possession in perpetuity, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Cherokees extended north of thirty-seventh parallel, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Indians coveted by Forty-niners, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Indians in Kansas excluded from local governmental control, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">allotment in severalty proposed to Creeks, Choctaws and Chickasaws, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">violation of treaties to cost Indians their, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">property rights of Indians guaranteed by Confederacy, <a href="#Page_160">161</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians to have right to dispose of by will, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cherokee halfbreeds fear designs upon Indian, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Lane, James H: <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a><br />
+<br />
+Lane, W. P: <a href="#Page_357">357</a><br />
+<br />
+Laughinghouse, G. W: <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br />
+<br />
+Leased District: <a href="#Page_52">52</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a><br />
+<br />
+Lee, Robert E: <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br />
+<br />
+Lee, S. Orlando: letter, <a href="#Page_75">75-79</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Leeper, Matthew: <a href="#Page_57">57</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304-307</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315-319</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">removal of, asked for by Rector, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">charges against, <a href="#Page_333">333</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Leeper Papers</i>: cited, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_329">329-357</a><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span><br />
+Lee&#8217;s Creek: Cherokee school at, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Lefontaine, Louis: <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Leroy: <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a><br />
+<br />
+Lincoln, Abraham: <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a><br />
+<br />
+Little Captain: <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Little Rock: <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_107">108</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+London, John T: <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Long John: <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Love, Overton: <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Lower Creeks: <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a><br />
+<br />
+Lowrie, Walter: <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Loyal Creeks&#8221;: <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243-246</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_253">254</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sufferings, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">measures for relief of, <a href="#Page_260">260</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">annuities of &#8220;hostiles&#8221; to be applied to relief of, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Luce, John B: <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+McCarron, Thomas: <a href="#Page_311">311</a><br />
+<br />
+McClellan, George B: <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a><br />
+<br />
+McCulloch, Ben: <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143-144</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter of Hubbard to, <a href="#Page_144">144-145</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attempt to secure Cherokee help, <a href="#Page_149">149-153</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">communication with John Ross, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reply of John Ross to, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">correspondence with Secretary Walker, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reports Choctaws and Chickasaws as anxious to join Confederacy, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">accompanies Albert Pike, <a href="#Page_188">189</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gives authority for calling out six hundred rangers from Fort Cobb, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">objects to appointment of Garrett as colonel of Creek regiment, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">acts under direct orders from Richmond, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">promises to protect Cherokee borders, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">orders Stand Watie to take up position in Cherokee Neutral Lands, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">goes to Richmond, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+McCulloch, Henry E: <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br />
+<br />
+McCulloch, Thomas C: <a href="#Page_209">210</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+McDaniel, James: <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, and <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Machinations: secessionist sympathy of Indians not due to, of agents and others, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+McIntosh, Chilly: <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_138">140</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+McIntosh, D. N: <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br />
+<br />
+McIntosh, James: <a href="#Page_256">256</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+McIntosh, Rolly: <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+McIntosh, William: <a href="#Page_190">191</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attempts to bribe John Ross, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+McRae, John J: presents petition for removal of Choctaws, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+McWillie, M. H: <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Mails: insecurity, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">none in Indian country, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">irregularity, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">must be provided for in Leased District, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rector has no authority to establish, <a href="#Page_332">332</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Malfeasance: Rev. Thomas Johnson suspected of, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">few Indian Office officials free from, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washburn implicated in, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian agents guilty of, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Manassas Junction: battle of, <a href="#Page_216">216</a><br />
+<br />
+Mandan: suggested territory of, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Manypenny, George W: <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian treaties made by, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">promises to look into expediency of Comanche removal, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">suggests giving Indians control of trade, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Marcy, William L: <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Marshall, F. J: <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br />
+<br />
+Marysville: <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br />
+<br />
+Mass-meeting: of Cherokees at Tahlequah, <a href="#Page_217">217</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a><br />
+<br />
+Mathews, John: <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a><br />
+<br />
+Mayers, Abram G: <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a><br />
+<br />
+Mayes, Joel: <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span><br />
+Medicines: Texans seize, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leeper&#8217;s requisition can not be honored, <a href="#Page_330">330-331</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Memphis (Tenn.): <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Methodist Episcopal Church South: <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Methodists: <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br />
+<br />
+Mexican War: effect upon Indian interests, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">service of Pike in, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Miamies: from Indiana, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">charges against Agent Clover, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Michigan: tribes from, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br />
+<br />
+Mikko Hutke: <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a><br />
+<br />
+Military Board of Arkansas: <a href="#Page_190">190</a><br />
+<br />
+Minnesota: territory of Decotah to be carved out of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Mission: of Pike, <a href="#Page_134">134</a> <i>et seq.</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Hubbard, <a href="#Page_143">143</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Carruth, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246-247</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Missionaries: encourage slavery within Indian country, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">among Indians, <a href="#Page_39">39</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">suspected of attempting to abolitionize Indian country, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">charged with inciting to murder, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">search organization among Cherokees due to, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Missionary Herald</i>: cited, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, footnote<br />
+<br />
+Missions: <a href="#Page_39">39</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br />
+<br />
+Mississippi: Choctaws and Chickasaws from, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Choctaws in, fight on side of South, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cooper, citizen of, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Mississippi River: <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+<br />
+Missouri: Kickapoos, Shawnees, and Delawares tarry in, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interests herself in Indian alliance, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Missouri Compromise: line approximately boundary between northern and southern Indian immigrants, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">encroachment upon northern rights under, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as affected by Kansas-Nebraska bill, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Mitchell, Charles B: <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a><br />
+<br />
+Montgomery: <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_86">87</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a><br />
+<br />
+Moore, Andrew B: <a href="#Page_107">108</a><br />
+<br />
+Moore, Frank: work cited, <a href="#Page_44">45</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Moore, Thomas O: <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Moo-sho-le-tubbee: district of, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Moravians: <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br />
+<br />
+Morton, Jackson: <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br />
+<br />
+Motey Kennard: <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_190">191</a>, and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a><br />
+<br />
+Mound City: <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Munsees: from Ohio, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moravians among, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Murphy, J: <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br />
+<br />
+Mus-co-kee: territory of suggested, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Navajoe: suggested territory of, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Ne-a-math-la: <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Nebraska: indigenous tribes in, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">agitation for opening up of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">drouth in, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Ne-con-he-con: <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Negroes: Choctaws charged with mixing with, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Creeks almost completely mixed with, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Creeks possess no aversion to race mixture, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">no rights that white men are bound to respect, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Quantrill plans to rescue, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians agree to return fugitive, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">six hundred, seized by Kansans, <a href="#Page_334">334</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Neighbors, Robert S: <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Neosho: suggested territory of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Neosho River: <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Neosho River Agency: <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">invaded, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elder put in charge of, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians of, at Fort Smith Council, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Neutrality: McCulloch agrees to respect Cherokee, <a href="#Page_135">136</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Indians scarcely possible, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chief Ross gives reasons for preserving, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chief Ross objects to violation of, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">majority of Cherokees favor, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chief Ross&#8217;s Proclamation of, <a href="#Page_153">153-154</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">discussion in Cherokee meeting at Tahlequah, <a href="#Page_220">220</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McCulloch orders Stand Watie&#8217;s men not to interfere with Cherokee, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></span><br />
+<br />
+New Hope Academy: <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+<i>New Orleans Picayune</i>: <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Newspapers: <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+New York Indians: from Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reservation invaded, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">members of Neosha River Agency, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Refugees camp upon lands of, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></span><br />
+<br />
+North Carolina: Cherokees fight on side of South, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+North Fork Village: <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br />
+<br />
+North Fork of Canadian: <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_135">136</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_188">189</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_253">254</a><br />
+<br />
+Northern Baptists: <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+<br />
+Northern Indians: colonized within limits of great American desert, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">relative position of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike hoped to exert influence over, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reported organized into spy companies by Federals, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Oak Hills, or Wilson&#8217;s Creek: battle of, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Ochiltree, William B: <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br />
+<br />
+Office of Indian Affairs: plans for removal of Catawbas from Carolinas, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">takes measures for removal of Seminoles from Florida, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">refuses to remove Choctaws from Mississippi, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">unable to execute plan for removal of Texas Indians before 1859, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reply of Creeks to proposals, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">patronage of, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">out of communication with Indian Territory, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">complaint filed at, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in possession of documents incriminating D. H. Cooper, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">discontinues Indian allowances, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">supports War Department, <a href="#Page_271">271</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Ogden, John B: <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_107">108</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Ohio: people of, desire information about Manypenny treaties, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Okanagan: suggested territory of, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br /><a name="harjo" id="harjo"></a>
+Ok-ta-ha-hassee Harjo [Sands]: <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, and <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Old Choctaw Agency: <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Oldham, W. S: <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+<i>Old Scottish Gentleman</i>: <a href="#Page_107">107</a> and <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Old Settlers Party: <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br />
+<br />
+Omaha Mission School: youths from, enlist in army, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Omahas: <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la: <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_253">254</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a><br />
+<br />
+Oregon: occupied, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+Osage Manual Labor School: <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Osage Mission: <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Osage River Agency: <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Osage Treaty: <a href="#Page_157">157</a> and <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">lands, in Kansas guaranteed by, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">model on subject of rendition of slaves, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">navigable waters, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiated, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Osages: indigenous to Kansas, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Great and Little, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reservation invaded, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">determined to resist removal, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roman Catholicism among, 38 members of Neosho River Agency, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiations with Pike, <a href="#Page_135">137</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">described as &#8220;lazy,&#8221; <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter to, from John Ross, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bands of, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Otis, Elmer: <a href="#Page_209">210</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Otoes: <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Ottawas: from Michigan, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">regard removal as useless, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baptists among, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Ozark Mountains: <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Pacific Railroad Surveys: cited, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Pa-hiu-ska: <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Panola: county of, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Pape, Henry: <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Park Hill: Cherokee school at, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">residence of John Ross, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, footnote;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Ross at, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. S. Robertson retires to, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike invited to, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treaties negotiated at, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Parker, Eli S: <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Parker, Thomas Valentine: work cited, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Parks, Robert W: <a href="#Page_355">355</a><br />
+<br />
+Pas-co-fa: <a href="#Page_198">198</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a><br />
+<br />
+Pawnees: purchase from, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">offer to enlist in U. S. army declined, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Pea Ridge: battle of, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a><br />
+<br />
+Pearce, N. Bart: <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br />
+<br />
+Pegg, Major: <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a><br />
+<br />
+Peoria, Baptiste: <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Peorias: from Illinois, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br />
+<br />
+Petition: of Representative John J. McRae, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Phelps, J. S: <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <i>footnote</i>; <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Phillips, U. B: work cited, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_190">191</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Piankeshaws: from Illinois, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br />
+<br />
+Pickens: county of, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Pierce, Franklin: <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Pike, Albert: dislike of Van Dorn, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">concerned with Choctaw Corn Contract, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Choctaw commissioners, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writes to Seminole chief, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">telegram, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">poem in honor of Elias Rector, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">correspondence with Robert Toombs, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appointed by President Davis special commissioner to Indians west of Arkansas, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">correspondence with R. W. Johnson, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writings, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">unjust to John Ross, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">commissioner from Arkansas, <a href="#Page_190">190-191</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">views on use of Indians as soldiers, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">continues intercourse with Ridge Party, <a href="#Page_156">156</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">moderate in promises to strong tribes, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">assumes financial obligations in name of Confederacy, <a href="#Page_163">163-164</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">opens communication with Indian field service, <a href="#Page_180">180-181</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">offers post to Leeper, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiates with Creeks, <a href="#Page_192">192-195</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiates with Choctaws and Chickasaws, <a href="#Page_196">196-197</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiates with Seminoles, <a href="#Page_197">197-199</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiates with western Indians, <a href="#Page_200">200-202</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">report submitted by President Davis to Provisional Congress, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">invited to be present at consideration of Indian treaties, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">desires to raise an Indian battalion from Kansas, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">informed of Cherokee willingness to treat, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">assigned to command of Indian Territory, <a href="#Page_253">253-254</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Van Dorn&#8217;s plans for, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">retires to Fort McCulloch, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">continues Charles B. Johnson as contractor, <a href="#Page_301">301-303</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives Leeper&#8217;s apology, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Pike, W. L: <a href="#Page_194">194</a><br />
+<br />
+Pine Ridge: <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Pins: <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_135">137</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a><br />
+<br />
+Pioneers: <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Pitchlynn, P. P: <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+<br />
+Pitchlynn, W. B: <a href="#Page_197">197</a><br />
+<br />
+Policy: of U. S. government with respect to Indians, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Confederate States government, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Politicians: as influencing Indian policy of government, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">motives of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">demands of, for Indians, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reason for urging secession among Indians, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">unjust charges against Ross, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Polk, James K: work cited, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Pomeroy, Samuel C: <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</a></span><br />
+Pontotoc: county of, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Pope, John: <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Population: of Indian country, <a href="#Page_20">20-21</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of southern superintendency, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Creek Nation as estimated by Agent Garrett in report to Hubbard, <a href="#Page_252">252-253</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Postal system: to be maintained by Confederate States throughout Indian country, <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br />
+<br />
+Potawatomies: from Indiana, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roman Catholicism among, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Southern Baptists among, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Poteau River: <a href="#Page_107">108</a><br />
+<br />
+Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions: <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+<br />
+Presbyterians (Old School): <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br />
+<br />
+Price, Sterling: <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a><br />
+<br />
+Prince, J. E: <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Proclamation: of Ross pledging Cherokee neutrality, <a href="#Page_153">153-154</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Hudson announcing Choctaw independence, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_209">210</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Pro-slavery men: intrenched among Shawnees south of Kansas River, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">settled upon Cherokee Neutral Lands, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Protectorate: over Indian tribes suggested, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a><br />
+<br />
+Provisional Congress of Confederate States: act of, May 21, 1861, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a> and <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">considers treaties with Indian tribes, <a href="#Page_202">202-206</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Pulliam, Richard P: <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a><br />
+<br />
+Pushmataha: George Folsom, chief of district of, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">District of, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Quakers: <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+<br />
+Quantrill, Wm. Clarke: <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Quapaw Treaty: <a href="#Page_157">157</a> and <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Quapaws: <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in council with Creeks, Cherokees, Seminoles, and Sacs, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiations with Pike, <a href="#Page_135">136</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Quesenbury, William: <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Ray, P. Orman: work cited, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Reagan, J. H: <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Rector, Elias: superintends removal of Seminoles, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">demands for Indians, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cooper writes to, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">urges that Frozen Rock be converted into military post, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">enters into sort of private contract with Johnson and Grimes, <a href="#Page_56">56</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grimes and, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_285">285-289</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">relieved, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">seconds efforts of cousin, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">suggestion to Cooper, <a href="#Page_106">106-107</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gives letter of introduction to Gaines, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gives information concerning Choctaws and Chickasaws, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attempt of U. S. government to find successor to, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">uncertainty as to when entering Confederate service, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interview with Pike, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in company of Pike, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writes to Leeper, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">expense account of, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">complaint against Pike, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Rector, Henry M: <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a><br />
+<br />
+Red Fork of Canadian: <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a><br />
+<br />
+Red River: <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_107">108</a>, <a href="#Page_138">139</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a><br />
+<br />
+Refugees: Opoethleyohola, leader of, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Coffin prepares to meet, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">take up station between Verdigris and Arkansas Rivers, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">approximate number of, <a href="#Page_260">260</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sufferings of, <a href="#Page_260">260-261</a> and <i>footnotes</i>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">absolute destitution of, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dole furnishes supplies to, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">joint resolution for relief of, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[Pg 389]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">annuities of hostile Indians to be diverted to relief of, <a href="#Page_274">274</a> and <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Regiment: Colonel Cooper&#8217;s filled with Texans, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Choctaw-Chickasaw and Creek, <a href="#Page_209">210-211</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Creek, to elect its own officers, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Drew&#8217;s, organized, <a href="#Page_226">226-227</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">work and character of Drew&#8217;s, <a href="#Page_240">240</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Choctaw-Chickasaw Mounted Rifles, of Creeks, and of Cherokee Mounted Rifles, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Drew&#8217;s deserts Cooper, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">only one white, in whole Indian Department, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leeper asks for at least one, to keep order on Reserve, <a href="#Page_349">349</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Reid, Alexander: <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br />
+<br />
+Removal: of Indiana more or less compulsory, <a href="#Page_19">19</a> and <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">slavery advanced as objection to Indian, <a href="#Page_21">21-22</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">makes no difference in matter of slavery among Indians, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">difficulties within Indian country incident to, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Calhoun&#8217;s plan for, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">U. S. government slow to adopt policy of, <a href="#Page_27">27-28</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">settlers demand, of Indians from Kansas, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">certain tribes contemplating, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Indians from Kansas delayed on account of Civil War, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Missionary Herald</i> useful for history of, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reasons for, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">project for, of Cherokees causes dissensions within tribes, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Texas Indians, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wichitas ask for immediate, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">guarantee of territorial integrity in treaties arranging for, <a href="#Page_160">160-161</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">indemnification for, <a href="#Page_164">164-166</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Choctaw claims under treaty of, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Reservation: system, introduced into trans-Missouri region, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Creeks disgusted with idea of individual, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Reserve Indians: see <i>Indians of Leased District</i>, <i>Wichitas</i>, <i>Tonkawas</i>, <i>Euchees</i>, etc.<br />
+<br />
+Resolutions: of Choctaws, February 7, 1861, <a href="#Page_72">72-74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Chickasaw Legislature, May 25, 1861, <a href="#Page_122">122-124</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">offered by Chilton of Alabama, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">offered by Toombs for appointment of special agent to Indian tribes, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Choctaws and Chickasaws showing friendly disposition towards South, <a href="#Page_130">130</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">passed at Cherokee mass-meeting at Tahlequah, August, 1861, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_221">223-225</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">joint, for relief of Indian refugees in Kansas, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Rhodes, J. F: work cited, <a href="#Page_44">45</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Richardson, James D: work cited, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Ridge, John: <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Ridge, or Treaty Party: in favor of Cherokee removal, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">connives with Ben McCulloch to circumvent wishes of Chief Ross, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">minority party, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike&#8217;s intercourse with, continues, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attempts to develop public sentiment in favor of Confederacy, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">collision with Ross faction, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Robertson, W. S: <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Robinson, Charles: <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a><br />
+<br />
+Rock-a-to-wa: <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Rogers, H. L: <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a><br />
+<br />
+Rolla: W. S. Robertson fleeing from Indian country, reaches, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Roman Catholics: <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Ross, John: correspondence, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <i>footnote</i>, uncle of Wm. P. Ross, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">instructions of, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">influence, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">character, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter of Dole to, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">no one firmer friend to Union than, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">correspondence with John B. Ogden, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">called upon by commissioners from Texas, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter from Governor Rector, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter to Rector, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[Pg 390]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter from citizens of Boonsboro, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_123">124</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. R. Kannady communicates with, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">issues proclamation of neutrality, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153-154</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Albert Pike unjust to, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter of Hubbard to, <a href="#Page_144">144-145</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reply to Hubbard, <a href="#Page_146">146-147</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">correspondence with Ben McCulloch, <a href="#Page_149">149-151</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sincerity possibly doubted, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">declared shrewd, <a href="#Page_188">189</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ridge Party attempts to undermine popularity, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attends meeting of Cherokee Executive Council, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">address, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_221">223</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">suspected of not acting in good faith, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">notifies Pike of Cherokee willingness to treat, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">communicates with Creeks and Osages, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">called upon to rally Cherokees, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Ross, Lewis: <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Ross, Mrs. John: <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Ross, Mrs. William P: work cited, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Ross, William P: <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_135">137</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_138">139</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_221">223</a><br />
+<br />
+Ross, W. W: <a href="#Page_209">210</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Ross Party: opposed to removal, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">majority party, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Round Mountain: <a href="#Page_255">255</a><br />
+<br />
+Route: of Opoethleyohola&#8217;s retreat, <a href="#Page_261">261-262</a> and <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Rust, Albert: <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Rutherford, A. H: <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Rutherford, Samuel M: <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Sackett, Major: <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Sacs and Foxes: of Missouri, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+San Antonio: <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Sands: see <a href="#harjo"><i>Ok-ta-ha-hassee Harjo</i></a><br />
+<br />
+Schoenmaker, John: <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Scott, S. S: <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a><br />
+<br />
+Scott, Winfield: <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Scottish Songs</i>: work cited, <a href="#Page_107">108</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+<i>Screw Fly</i>: work cited, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Scullyville: Choctaw constitution of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Creek regiment forming at, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Sebastian, William K: <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a><br />
+<br />
+Secession: meeting held by white men and Choctaw half-bloods, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Presbyterian ordained missionaries favor, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian country threatened by advocates for, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian agents active for, <a href="#Page_82">82-83</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mercenary motives in urging, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sentiment in Arkansas, <a href="#Page_103">103</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike offers arguments for, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">secret organization of &#8220;Pins,&#8221; <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stand Watie&#8217;s party afraid to raise flag of, <a href="#Page_138">140</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">large element within Cherokee Nation favors, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Griffith appointed commissioner to interview Indians in interests of, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian opponents absent from Pike&#8217;s meeting at North Fork Village, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jones most prominent of Choctaw advocates, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">traces of influence of, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">August mass-meeting of Cherokees ending in, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Second Seminole War: <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_164">164-166</a><br />
+<br />
+Secret Society: purpose of organization, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Missouri, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">among full-blooded Cherokees, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&#8220;the Pins,&#8221; <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">among Cherokees for abolition purposes, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Greenwood orders its dissolution, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cowart&#8217;s views upon schemes of, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Sells, Elijah: <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Seminole Treaty: <a href="#Page_157">157</a> and <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">declares allegiance to C. S. A., <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">contains guarantee of autonomy, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">contains promise of representation in Congress, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[Pg 391]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiated, <a href="#Page_197">197-199</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">considered by Provisional Congress, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Seminoles: from Florida, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">removal in late fifties, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">status of free negro among, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Presbyterians among, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">manifest only slight interest in education, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">given home in Creek country, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">destitute, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">representatives at inter-tribal conference, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter to chief of, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">condition reported by Carruth, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in council with Creeks, Cherokees, Quapaws, and Sacs, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiations of Pike with, <a href="#Page_135">136</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">complaint against General Jesup, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rector&#8217;s transactions with, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Seneca and Shawnee Treaty: <a href="#Page_157">157</a> and <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Senecas: <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiations of Pike with, <a href="#Page_135">136</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">from Cattaraugus Reservation, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Senecas and Shawnees: <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiations of Pike with, <a href="#Page_135">136</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Settlers: in Kansas demand that Indians vacate territory, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br />
+<br />
+Seward, William H: reference to &#8220;higher law&#8221; speech, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chicago speech, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Senate speech, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Shawnee Manual Labor School, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br />
+<br />
+Shawnee Mission: work of Rev. Thomas Johnson at, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Shawnees: from Ohio, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tarry in Missouri, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pro-slavery men among, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reported by Agent Dorn as anxious to leave Kansas, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baptist school on reservation of, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Southern Methodists among, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as refugees, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">trouble over tribal elections, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attack Wichita Agency, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br /><a name="black" id="black"></a>
+Shon-tah-sob-ba [Black Dog]: <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Short Bird: <a href="#Page_319">319</a><br />
+<br />
+Shoshone: suggested territory of, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Siebert, W. H: work cited, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Sigel, Franz: <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Simon, Ben: <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Sioux: uprising, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">warriors, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Slaughter, Thomas C: <a href="#Page_208">208</a><br />
+<br />
+Slavery: in Kansas, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">encouraged, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">among Southern Indians, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">influence of churches upon, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">white men to prevent abolition among Indians, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">opposition among Choctaws and Chickasaws, <a href="#Page_44">45</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is being interfered with by intruders, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cause in jeopardy among Cherokees, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">North to exterminate among Indians, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">recognized as legal institution by treaties, <a href="#Page_166">166</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">offers easy solution of labor problem, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cowart reports complaints of interference with, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Slaves: <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144-145</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a><br />
+<br />
+Smith, Andrew J: charges against, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Smith, Caleb B: <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a><br />
+<br />
+Smith, E. Kirby: <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Smith, John G: <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br />
+<br />
+Smith, William R: work cited, <a href="#Page_107">108</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Snow, George C: <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Southern Baptist Convention: <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Southern Baptists: <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+<br />
+South Carolina: <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Southern Indians: <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br />
+<br />
+Southern Methodists: <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+<br />
+Southern Superintendency: <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Sparrow, Edward: <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[Pg 392]</a></span><br />
+Spencer Academy: <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br />
+<br />
+Springfield: <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a><br />
+<br />
+Spy companies: reported equipped by Federals, <a href="#Page_306">306</a><br />
+<br />
+Stand Watie: <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_135">137</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a><br />
+<br />
+Stanton, Edwin M: <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a><br />
+<br />
+Stanwood, Edward: work cited, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Stark, O. P: <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+<br />
+State Department (C. S. A.): Albert Pike, commissioner from, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bureau of Indian Affairs, part of, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Stephens, Alexander H: work cited, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Stevens, R. S: <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Stevens, Thaddeus: <a href="#Page_209">210</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Stidham, G. W: <a href="#Page_194">194</a><br />
+<br />
+Stocks: <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Stockton, G. B: <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Strain, J. H: <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a><br />
+<br />
+Sturm, J. J: <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a><br />
+<br />
+Sumner, Charles: <a href="#Page_44">45</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Sur-cox-ie: <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Surveyors: <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Tahlequah: <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a><br />
+<br />
+Tallise Fixico: <a href="#Page_194">194</a><br />
+<br />
+Tatum, Mark T: <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a><br />
+<br />
+Taylor, J. W: <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Taylor, N. G: <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Tennessee: Cherokees from, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John J. Humphreys from, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Tenney, W. J: work cited, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Tents: furnished to refugees, <a href="#Page_261">261</a><br />
+<br />
+Territorial expansion: <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+<br />
+Territorial form of government: <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+<br />
+Texas: indigenous tribes in, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians expelled from, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cherokees in, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">annexed, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">troops from, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian patronage, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian participation in Civil War, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interest in Indian Territory, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interest in securing alliance of Indians, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interest in amnesty provisions of Indian treaties, <a href="#Page_175">175-176</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">commissioners from, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attitude of northern countries of, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">desires Reserve Indians placed under her jurisdiction, <a href="#Page_297">297</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Texas Historical Association <i>Quarterly</i>: work cited, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Texas Superintendency: <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Thomason, Hugh F: <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a><br />
+<br />
+Thompson, Jacob: <a href="#Page_44">45</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Tishomingo: county of, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Tonkawas: <a href="#Page_52">52</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_188">189</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a><br />
+<br />
+Toombs, Robert: <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br />
+<br />
+Totten, James: <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br />
+<br />
+Traders: <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59-60</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_238">238-239</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a><br />
+<br />
+Trammel, Dennis: <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a><br />
+<br />
+Treat, S. B: <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Treaties: <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">made with Indians as with foreign powers, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ohio desires information as to Manypenny, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">relations to U. S. in, <a href="#Page_69">70</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">obligation to abide by, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reduction of forts violation of guaranties in, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">resulting from council at Tahlequah, <a href="#Page_237">237</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">with the Cherokees in part the result of intimidation, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">with the Neosho Agency Indians, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">money due the Creeks under, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike reports all ratified, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">amendments to, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">manuscript copies of, <a href="#Page_329">329-330</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[Pg 393]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">no Indian Department to be organized until ratification of, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">terms of the, with the wild Indians, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leeper makes a, with the Comanches, <a href="#Page_354">354-355</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Troops</span>:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Confederate</i>&mdash;in Cherokee country, <a href="#Page_135">136</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">no Arkansas, available, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Van Dorn&#8217;s erroneous surmise as to proportion of white, in Pike&#8217;s brigade, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Van Dorn&#8217;s plans as to disposition of, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Leeper inquires when, may be expected, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pike&#8217;s confidence in white, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lack of, in Leased District, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">non-arrival of, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Indian</i>&mdash;Confederacy secure before negotiation of treaties of alliance, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">plans for distribution of, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cherokee, under McCulloch, <a href="#Page_226">226-227</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Northern, offer to furnish U. S. with, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnotes</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">large and increasing number in Indian Territory, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">not possible to keep order, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>United States</i>&mdash;few within Indian country, <a href="#Page_52">52-53</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Secretary Floyd disposed to withdraw from Indian frontier, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">from Texas ordered to protect U. S. surveyors, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">number to be retained in Indian country queried, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Carruth reports all gone from Indian Territory, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ordered to leave, <a href="#Page_86">87</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">disposition, reported upon by Texas commissioners, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">under Emory ordered to Indian Territory, <a href="#Page_96">96</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">flee from Indian Territory, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dissatisfaction at reported change in disposition in Arkansas, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">to counteract influence of secessionists, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">method of warfare under Lane, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dole urges to re-occupy Indian Territory, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sudden withdrawal spreads alarm in Leased District, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<i>True Democrat</i>: work cited, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Tuckabatche Micco: <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Tuckabatchee Town: <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Tulsey Town: <a href="#Page_255">255</a><br />
+<br />
+Turnbull, John P: <a href="#Page_188">189</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Turner, J. W: <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Tusaquach: <a href="#Page_247">247</a><br />
+<br />
+Tush-ca-horn-ma: district of, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br />
+<br />
+Twiggs, D. E: <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_86">87</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Umatilla: suggested territory of, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Underground railroad: <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+<br />
+Upper Arkansas Agency: <a href="#Page_209">210</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Upper Creeks: <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_190">191</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a><br />
+<br />
+Usher, John P: <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Van Buren (Ark.): <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Van Dorn, Earl: <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a><br />
+<br />
+Vann, Joseph: <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_221">223</a><br />
+<br />
+Verdigris River: <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Wah-pa-nuc-ka Institute: <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Walker, David: <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a><br />
+<br />
+Walker, Leroy P: <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_160">161</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Walker, William: head chief of the Wyandots, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Walker, William: <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Wall, David: <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Walnut Creek: <a href="#Page_259">259</a><br />
+<br />
+War Department: C. S. A., <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_138">139</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_138">140</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">U. S. A., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_86">87</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264-265</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Washburn, J. W: <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, and <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Washita: Indians driven from country of, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Wattles, Augustus: <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Waul, Thomas N: <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br />
+<br />
+Weas: from Illinois, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br />
+<br />
+Weber&#8217;s Falls: <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Welch, George W: <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[Pg 394]</a></span><br />
+West Florida: seizure of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+West Point: <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Wheelock: Choctaw school, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+White, Joseph: <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+White, S. W: letter of, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+White Cloud: <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Whitney, Henry C: <a href="#Page_208">208</a> and <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Whittenhall, Daniel S: <a href="#Page_350">350</a><br />
+<br />
+Wichita Agency: site for, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_135">136</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attack upon, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Wichita Mountains: <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br />
+<br />
+Wichita Treaty: <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br />
+<br />
+Wichitas: <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">colonization of, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">subsistence given to, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leased District of, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">colonized on land claimed as their own, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike hopes to meet, <a href="#Page_188">189</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike fears hostility of, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">refuse to be cajoled or intimidated, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Wilson, Henry: work cited, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Wilson, William: <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Wilson&#8217;s Creek: battle of, <a href="#Page_225">225</a><br />
+<br />
+Winneconne: <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Wisconsin: tribes from, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br />
+<br />
+Wolcott, Edward: <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Worcester, Reverend S. A: <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">opposed to slavery, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Wyandots: from Ohio and Michigan, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Walker, head chief of, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">initiate movement for organization of Nebraska Territory, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interested in Kansas election troubles, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Methodism, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Yancton Sioux: Agent Burleigh suggests that garrison Fort Randall, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+<br />
+Young, William C: <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br />
+<br />
+Yulee, David L: <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <i>footnote</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><strong>Footnotes:</strong></p>
+
+<p><a name='f_1' id='f_1' href='#fna_1'>[1]</a> Confessedly much to its discredit, the United States government has
+never had, for any appreciable length of time, a well-developed and
+well-defined Indian policy, one that has made the welfare of the
+aborigines its sole concern. Legislation for the subject race has almost
+invariably been dictated by the needs of the hour, by the selfish and
+exorbitant demands of pioneers, and by the greed and caprice of
+politicians.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_2' id='f_2' href='#fna_2'>[2]</a> There were, of course, other indigenous tribes to the westward, in the
+direction of Colorado and Texas, and to the northward, in southern
+Nebraska; but only the latter were more than remotely affected, as far as
+local habitation was concerned, by the coming of the eastern emigrants and
+the consequent introduction of the reservation system.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_3' id='f_3' href='#fna_3'>[3]</a> Kansas Historical Society <i>Collections</i>, vol. viii, 72-109.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_4' id='f_4' href='#fna_4'>[4]</a> In scarcely a single case here cited was the old home of the tribe
+limited by the boundaries of a single state nor is it to be understood
+that the state here mentioned was necessarily the original habitat of the
+tribe. It was only the territorial headquarters of the tribe at the time
+of removal or at the time when the policy of removal was first insisted
+upon as a <i>sine qua non</i>. Some of the Indians emigrated independently of
+treaty arrangements with the United States government and some did not
+immediately direct their steps towards Kansas or Oklahoma; but made,
+through choice or through necessity, an intervening point a
+stopping-place. The Kickapoos, the Shawnees, and the Delawares tarried in
+Missouri, the Choctaws and the Cherokees, many of them, in Arkansas but
+that was before 1830, the date of the removal law. After 1830, there was
+no possible resting-place for weary Indians this side of the Ozark
+Mountains.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_5' id='f_5' href='#fna_5'>[5]</a> Some of the more insignificant southern Indians eventually found their
+way also to Oklahoma. In 1860 there were a few Louisiana Caddoes in the
+northwestern part of the Chickasaw country, most likely the same that, in
+1866, were reported to have been driven out of Texas in 1839 by
+bushwhackers and then out of the Washita country at the opening of the
+Civil War. They continued throughout the war loyal to the United States.
+In 1853 the Choctaw General Council passed an act admitting to the rights
+of citizenship several Catawba Indians; and from that circumstance, the
+Office of Indian Affairs surmised that the Choctaws would be willing to
+incorporate Catawbas yet in the Carolinas. In 1857 there were about
+seventy Catawbas in South Carolina on a tiny reservation. They expressed
+an ardent wish to go among the Choctaws. In 1860 the Catawbas were in
+possession of the northeastern part of the Choctaw country.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_6' id='f_6' href='#fna_6'>[6]</a> For the detailed history of events leading up to Indian removals,
+particularly the southern, see American Historical Association, <i>Report</i>,
+1906, 241-450.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_7' id='f_7' href='#fna_7'>[7]</a> Not all of the southern Indians had emigrated in the thirties and
+forties. A considerable number of Cherokees removed themselves from the
+country east of the Mississippi to Texas. This was immediately subsequent
+to and induced by the American Revolution [Texas Historical Association,
+<i>Quarterly</i>, July, 1897, 38-46 and October, 1903, 95-165]. Many Cherokees,
+likewise, took the suggestion of President Jefferson and moved to the
+Arkansas country prior to 1820. Moreover, there were &#8220;Eastern Cherokees&#8221;
+in controversy with the &#8220;Western Cherokees&#8221; for many years after the Civil
+War. Their endless quarrels over property proved the occasion of much
+litigation. In the late fifties active measures were taken by the Office
+of Indian Affairs to complete the removal of the Seminoles and to
+accomplish by intrigue and diplomacy what the long and expensive Second
+Seminole War had utterly failed to do. Elias Rector of Arkansas
+superintended the matter and the Seminole chief, John Jumper, gave
+valuable assistance, as did also the Creeks, who generously granted to the
+Seminoles a home within the Creek country west [Creek Treaty, 1856,
+Kappler&#8217;s <i>Indian Laws and Treaties</i>, vol. ii, 757]. Billy Bowlegs was the
+last Seminole chief of prominence to leave Florida [Coe&#8217;s <i>Red Patriots</i>,
+198]. In 1853 there were still some four hundred Choctaws reported as
+living in Alabama and there must have been even more than that in
+Mississippi. In 1854 steps were taken, but unsuccessfully, for their
+removal. In 1859 Representative John J. McRae presented a petition from
+citizens of various Mississippi counties asking that the Choctaws be
+removed altogether from the state because of their intimacy and
+intercourse with the negroes. The Office of Indian Affairs refused to act.
+Perchance, it considered the moment inopportune or the means at hand
+insufficient. It may even have considered the charge against the Choctaws
+a mere pretext and quite unfounded since it was commonly reported that the
+Choctaws had a decided aversion to that particular kind of race mixture.
+In that respect they differed very considerably from the Creeks who to-day
+are said to present a very curious spectacle of an almost complete
+mixture. Choctaws from Mississippi and Cherokees from North Carolina and
+Catawbas from South Carolina fought with the South in the Civil War.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_8' id='f_8' href='#fna_8'>[8]</a> Other Indians made trouble during the progress of the Civil War, as,
+for instance, the Sioux in the summer of 1862. The Sioux, however, were
+not fighting for or against the issues of the white man&#8217;s war. They were
+simply taking advantage of a favorable occasion, when the United States
+government was preoccupied, to avenge their own wrongs.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_9' id='f_9' href='#fna_9'>[9]</a> The existence of the &#8220;Cherokee Neutral Land&#8221; out of which the
+southeastern counties of Kansas were illegitimately formed was not exactly
+an exception to this. The Neutral Land, eight hundred thousand acres in
+extent, was an independent purchase, made by the Cherokees, and was not
+included in the exchange or in the original scheme that forced their
+removal from Georgia. It was a subsequent concession to outraged justice.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_10' id='f_10' href='#fna_10'>[10]</a> By far the best instance of missionary activity in behalf of slavery
+among the northern Indian immigrants is to be found in the case of the
+Reverend Thomas Johnson&#8217;s work at the Shawnee Mission [Ray&#8217;s <i>Repeal of
+the Missouri Compromise</i>, footnote 207]. Johnson, like William Walker,
+head chief of the Wyandots, was an ardent pro-slavery advocate [<i>ibid.</i>,
+footnote 205] and took a rather disgracefully prominent part in the
+notorious election frauds of early Kansas territorial days [House
+<i>Report</i>, 34th congress, first session, no. 200, pp. 14, 18, 94, 425].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_11' id='f_11' href='#fna_11'>[11]</a> Buchanan&#8217;s <i>Works</i>, vol. iii, 348, 350, 353.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_12' id='f_12' href='#fna_12'>[12]</a> Siebert&#8217;s <i>Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom</i>, 284.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_13' id='f_13' href='#fna_13'>[13]</a> The most interesting case that came up in this connection was that of
+the so-called Beams&#8217; Negroes, resident in the Choctaw country and
+illegally claimed as refugees by John B. Davis of Mississippi [Indian
+Office, <i>Special Files</i>, no. 277]. The Reverend S. A. Worcester interested
+himself in their behalf [Jefferson Davis to Worcester, October 7, 1854]
+and a decision was finally rendered in their favor. Another interesting
+case of similar nature was, &#8220;In re negroes taken from Overton Love and
+David Wall of the Chickasaw Nation by Citizens of Texas, 1848-&#8217;57&#8221;
+[<i>ibid.</i>, no. 278].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_14' id='f_14' href='#fna_14'>[14]</a> Under the Intercourse Law of 1834, the Indian Territory had been
+annexed for judicial purposes to the western district of Arkansas. The
+Indians were much dissatisfied. They felt themselves entitled to a federal
+court of their own, a privilege the United States government persistently
+denied to them but one that the Confederate government readily granted. As
+matters stood, prior to the Civil War, the red men seemed always at the
+mercy of the white man&#8217;s distorted conception of justice and were,
+perforce, quite beyond the reach of the boasted guaranties of theoretical
+Anglo-Saxon justice since the very location of the court precluded a trial
+by their peers of the vicinage. The journey to Arkansas, in those early
+days, was long and tiresome and expensive. Complications frequently arose
+and matters, difficult of adjustment, even under the best of circumstance.
+Among the Creeks and Seminoles, the status of the free negro was
+exceptionally high, partly due, with respect to the latter, to conditions
+growing out of the Second Seminole War. As already intimated, the Creeks
+had no aversion whatsoever to race mixtures and intermarriage between
+negroes and Indians was rather common. The half-breeds resulting from such
+unions were accepted as bona fide members of the tribe by the Indians in
+the distribution of annuities, but not by the United States
+courts&mdash;another source of difficulty and a very instructive one as well,
+particularly from the standpoint of reconstructionist exactions.</p>
+
+<p>Occasionally the presence of the free negro within the Indian country was
+a source of grave danger. The accompanying letters outline a case in
+point:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Head Quarters 7th. Mil: Dept. Fort Smith</span>, March 5th. 1852.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: By direction of the Colonel commanding the Department I transmit
+herewith copies of a communication from George Folsom, Chief of the
+Pushmataha District, to Colonel Wilson Choctaw Agent and one from
+Colonel William Wilson Choctaw Agent to Brevet Major Holmes commanding
+Fort Washita asking aid from the Military force.</p>
+
+<p>As the letter from the Choctaw Agent is not sufficiently explicit as
+to what he wishes done by the Military authority the subject is
+referred to you, and if on investigation it be found that Military
+interference is necessary to enforce the intercourse law, prompt
+assistance will be rendered for the purposes therein specified, under
+the direction and in presence of the Choctaw Agent. Respectfully Yr
+Obt. Servt.,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Francis N Page</span>, Asst. Adjt. Genl.</span></p>
+
+<p>Colonel John Drennen, Superintendent W. T.</p>
+
+<p><br /><i>Inclosure</i></p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Choctaw Agency</span>, February 9th 1852</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: The enclosed copy of a letter from Colonel George Folsom Chief of
+Pushmataha District of the Choctaw Nation will put you in possession
+of the facts and reasons why I address you at this time.</p>
+
+<p>As the position of the free Negros and Indians alluded to in the
+Chief&#8217;s letter seems to be of rather a hostile character, having built
+themselves a Fort doubtless for the purpose of defending themselves if
+interupted in their present location, it seems to me necessary that
+they should be driven away if necessary by Military authority; and, as
+your post is the most convenient to the place where the Negroes and
+Indians are Forted I have thought that a command could be sent with
+less trouble and at less expense to the government by you than any one
+else. I would therefore most respectfully call upon you to take such
+steps as you may think most advisable to remove from the Choctaw
+country the persons complained of by the Chief, and if necessary call
+upon Chief Folsom to aid you with his light horse, who may be of much
+service to you in the way of Guides. Very Respectfully Yr. Obt Servt.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Signed) <span class="smcap">William Wilson</span>, Choctaw Agent</span></p>
+
+<p>[Endorsement] A true Copy, Francis N Page, Asst. Adjt. Genl.</p>
+
+<p><br /><i>Inclosure</i></p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Pushmataha District</span>, January 23. 1852.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: I spoke to you about those free negroes upon the head waters
+of Boggy, when I last saw you, requesting to have something done with
+them. I have just learned that the negroes and some Indians are banded
+together and have built themselves a little Fort. There is no doubt
+but that they will be a great trouble to us. One of our country judges
+sent for the light-horse-men to go and seize the negroes, but I have
+forbid them going, and many of our people wish to go and see them. I
+have forbid any body to go there with intentions to take them. It will
+no doubt be hard to break them up. You have probably just returned
+home, and it may seem tresspassing upon you to write you about those
+negroes and Indians, but you are our agent and we have the right to
+look to you for help. It seems to me this affair wants an immediate
+action on it.</p>
+
+<p>I have simply stated to you how these negroes and Indians are Forted
+up that you may better know how to deal with them. In purforming your
+duties if I can in any way render you any assistance I shall always be
+happy to do so. Very respectfully Your friend</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Signed) <span class="smcap">George Folsom</span>, Chief Push: Dist:</span></p>
+
+<p>Col: William Wilson, Choctaw Agent [Endorsement] a true Copy, Francis
+N Page, Asst. Adjt. Genl.</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_15' id='f_15' href='#fna_15'>[15]</a> Buchanan&#8217;s <i>Works</i>, vol. x, &#8220;the Catron letter,&#8221; 106; &#8220;the Grier
+letter,&#8221; 106-107.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_16' id='f_16' href='#fna_16'>[16]</a> This was as it appeared to N. G. Taylor, Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs, as he looked back, in 1867, upon events of the past few years. He
+was then of the opinion that the very existence of slavery among the
+southern tribes had most probably saved their country from being coveted
+by emigrants going westward.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_17' id='f_17' href='#fna_17'>[17]</a> One agency under the Southern Superintendency, the Neosho River
+Agency, was, however, included in the scheme preliminary to the
+organization of Kansas and Nebraska. See the following letters found in
+Thomas S. Drew&#8217;s <i>Letter Press Book</i>:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>(a) <span class="smcap">Office Supt. Ind. Affairs Fort Smith, Arks.</span>, Dec. 21, 1853.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Inclosed herewith you will receive letters from Agent Dorn, dated
+the 1st and 2nd instant; the former in relation to the disposition of
+the Indians within his agency to meet Commissioners on the subject of
+selling their lands, or having a Territorial form of Government extend
+over them by the United States: and the latter nominating John Finch
+as Blacksmith to the Great and Little Osages. Very respectfully Your
+obt. servt.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">A. H. Rutherford</span>, Clerk for Supt.</span></p>
+
+<p>Hon. Geo. W. Manypenny, Com<sup>r</sup> Ind. Affairs<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Washington City.</span></p>
+
+<p>(b) <span class="smcap">Office Supt. Indian Affairs Fort Smith, Arks.</span> Dec. 29, 1853.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: ... I have also to acknowledge the receipt of letters from you of
+the 2nd instant to the Commissioner of Ind. Affrs. upon the subject of
+the Indians within your Agency being willing to meet Commissioners on
+the part of the U. S. preparatory to selling their lands, or to take
+into consideration the propriety of admitting a Territorial form of
+Government extended over them &amp;. ...</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">A. H. Rutherford</span>, Clerk for Supt.</span></p>
+
+<p>A. J. Dorn, U. S. Indian Agt., Crawford Seminary.</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_18' id='f_18' href='#fna_18'>[18]</a> In this connection, the following are of interest:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">(a) The Choctaws, it is understood, are prepared to receive and assent
+to the provisions of a bill introduced three years since into the
+Senate by Senator Johnson of Arkansas, for the creation of the
+Territories of Chah-la-kee, Chah-ta, and Muscokee, and it is greatly
+to be hoped that that or some similar bill may be speedily enacted....
+Their country, a far finer one than Kansas.... The Choctaws have
+adopted a new constitution, vesting the supreme executive power in a
+governor.... It is understood that this change has been made
+preparatory to the acceptance of the bill already mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>The foregoing is taken from the <i>Annual Report</i> of the southern
+superintendent for 1857 and in that report, Elias Rector who was then the
+superintendent, having taken office that very year, argued that all the
+five great tribes ought to be allowed to have delegates on the floor of
+Congress and to be made citizens of the United States; for the
+constitutions of the Cherokees, Choctaws, and Chickasaws would compare
+favorably, said he, with those of any of the southwestern states [Senate
+<i>Documents</i>, 35th congress, first session, vol. ii, 485].</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>(b) The Fort Smith <i>Times</i> of February 3, 1859 printed the following:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sam Houston and the Presidency</span></p>
+
+<p>The following we take from a printed slip sent to us by our Doaksville
+correspondent, who informs us that it was sent to that office just as
+he sends it. We presume that it is the programme laid down by some of
+the Texas papers, friendly to the election of Sam Houston to the
+Presidency....</p>
+
+<p><i>Re-organization of the Territories</i></p>
+
+<p>1. The organization of the Aboriginal Territory of Decotah, from that
+part of the late Territory of Minnesota, lying west of the State of
+Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p>2. To fix the western boundaries of Kansas and Nebraska, at the
+Meridian 99 or 100; and to establish in those Territories, Aboriginal
+counties, for the exclusive and permanent occupation of the Aboriginal
+tribes now located east of that line and within those Territories;
+also to provide, that said Territories shall not be admitted into the
+Union as States unless their several Constitutions provide for the
+continuation of the Federal regulations adopted for better government
+and welfare of the Aboriginal tribes inhabiting the same.</p>
+
+<p>3. To organize the Indian territory lying west of Arkansas, as &#8220;the
+Aboriginal Territory of Neosho,&#8221; under regulation similar to those
+proposed by Hon. Robert W. Johnson of Arkansas in 1854 for the
+organization of the Indian territory of Neosho.</p>
+
+<p>4. To purchase from the State of Texas all that portion of the State
+lying north of the Red river and include the same in the Aboriginal
+territory of Comanche or Ouachita.</p>
+
+<p>5. The territory of New Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>6. From the western portion of New Mexico to take the Aboriginal
+territory of Navajoe.</p>
+
+<p>7. From the western portion of Utah, to take the Aboriginal territory
+of Shoshone.</p>
+
+<p>Re-organize the eastern part of Utah, (the Mormon country), as an
+Aboriginal territory.</p>
+
+<p>Organize the western territory of Osage.</p>
+
+<p>From Nebraska, west of the M.100, and south of the 45th parallel take
+the Aboriginal territory of Mandan.</p>
+
+<p>Organize the eastern half of Oregon, as the Aboriginal territory of
+Umatilla.</p>
+
+<p>Washington east of the M.118 to be the Aboriginal territory of
+Okanagan.</p>
+
+<p>Nebraska, north of the 45th parallel to be the Aboriginal territory of
+Assinneboin. Emigration into these territories to be prohibited by law
+of Congress, until the same shall have been admitted into the Union as
+States.</p>
+
+<p>In each territory, a resident Military Police to preserve order....</p>
+
+<p>(c) Henry Wilson, in the <i>Rise and Fall of the Slave Power</i>, vol. ii,
+634-635 says,</p>
+
+<p>In the Indian Territory there were four tribes of Indians&mdash;Cherokees,
+Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Creeks. Under the fostering care of their
+governments slavery had become so firmly established that slaveholders
+thought them worthy of political fellowship, and articles in favor of
+their admission began to appear in the southern press. &#8220;The progress
+of civilization,&#8221; said the New Orleans &#8220;Picayune,&#8221; &#8220;in several of the
+Indian tribes west of the States will soon bring up a new question for
+the decision of Congress.... It cannot fail to give interest to this
+question that each of the Indian tribes has adopted the social
+institutions of the South.&#8221; To concentrate and give direction to such
+efforts, a secret organization was formed to encourage Southern
+emigration, and to discourage and prevent the entrance into the
+Territory of all who were hostile to slaveholding institutions. It was
+hoped thus to guard against adverse fortune which had defeated their
+purposes and plans for Kansas....</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_19' id='f_19' href='#fna_19'>[19]</a> With reference to the proposed organization the subjoined documents
+are of interest:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">C. Street</span>, July 2.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Mix</span>,</p>
+
+<p>Dear Sir, Please have the western boundary of Mis. laid down on this
+map, and the <i>outline</i> of the Pawnee, Kanzas &amp; Osage purchases, and
+the reservations, as they now stand within that <i>outline</i>. You need
+not show each purchase, but the <i>outline</i> of the whole. Yours truly</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Thomas H. Benton</span>.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>Letter of July 2, 1853, Indian Office <i>Miscellaneous Files, 1851-1854</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Washington City</span>, August 5th, 1854.</p>
+
+<p>Hon. <span class="smcap">G. W. Manypenny</span> Esq., Com Indian Department, Washington City.</p>
+
+<p>Dear Sir, Many people of Ohio, as well as of the states west of it,
+have for a long time been most anxious to learn through your
+Department, the nature of the several treaties made by yourself in
+behalf of the Government, with the several tribes of Indians occupying
+the Territories of Nebraska &amp; Kansas: particularly as to the
+<i>reservation</i> of <i>land</i> made by such Tribes, <i>its extent</i>, <i>where</i>,
+<i>when</i>, &amp; how to be <i>located</i>, &amp; <i>within what time</i>,&mdash;and also what
+lands in both of said Territories by virtue of said treaties <i>are now
+subject to location</i>?</p>
+
+<p>I regret to inform you that much censure has attached to your
+Department, in consequence of the delay which has attended the
+promulgation of the above information, but which from my long
+knowledge of you personally, and of the very prompt manner in which
+you have invariably discharged your public duties, I believe to be
+most unjust.</p>
+
+<p>I seek the above information, not only for myself (contemplating a
+removal to Kansas) but also in behalf of many persons in the western
+states, who have solicited my intervention in that matter on my visit
+to this City. Very respectfully your friend</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">S. W. White</span></span></p></div>
+
+<p>Indian Office <i>Miscellaneous Files, 1851-1854</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">C. Street</span>, Aug. 19, &#8217;53.</p>
+
+<p>To <span class="smcap">Geo. W. Manypenny Esq.</span>, Com. of Indian Affairs,</p>
+
+<p>Sir, I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your note of
+yesterday with the accompanying copy of a letter to the Hon. Mr.
+Atchison, and make my thanks to you for this mark of your attention.
+The reply will be immediately forwarded to Meas Ami, to be published
+in the same paper in which your note to me covering the map on which
+the Indian&#8217;s cessions &amp; reserves west of Missouri, was published. Very
+respectfully, Sir, Yr. obt. servant,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Thomas H. Benton</span>.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>Indian Office <i>Miscellaneous Files, 1851-1854.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name='f_20' id='f_20' href='#fna_20'>[20]</a> Ray, <i>op. cit.</i>, 86; Connelley, in Kansas Historical Society,
+<i>Collections</i>, vol. vi, 102; Connelley, <i>Provincial Government of Nebraska
+Territory</i>, pp. 24, 30 <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>The Wyandots took an active part in the Kansas election troubles. For some
+evidence of that, see, House <i>Reports</i>, 34th congress, first session, no.
+200, pp. 22, 266.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_21' id='f_21' href='#fna_21'>[21]</a> By the treaty of 1837 [Kappler, <i>op. cit.</i>, vol. ii, 486], the
+Choctaws, for a money consideration as was natural, agreed to let the
+Chickasaws occupy their country jointly with themselves and form a
+Chickasaw District within it that should be on a par with the other
+districts (Moo-sho-le-tubbee, Apucks-hu-nubbe, and Push-ma-ta-ha), or
+political units, of the Choctaw Nation. The arrangement meant political
+consolidation, one General Council serving for the two tribes, but each
+tribe retaining control of its own annuities. The boundaries of the
+Chickasaw District proved the subject of a contention, constant and
+bitter. Civil war was almost precipitated more than once. Finally, in
+1855, the political connection was brought to an end by the terms of the
+Treaty of Washington [Kappler, <i>op. cit.</i>, vol. ii, 706], negotiated in
+that year.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_22' id='f_22' href='#fna_22'>[22]</a> See Report of C. C. Copeland to Cooper, August 27, 1855.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_23' id='f_23' href='#fna_23'>[23]</a> A secret society is said to have been formed in Missouri for the
+express purpose of gaining the Shawnee land for slavery.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_24' id='f_24' href='#fna_24'>[24]</a> Dean wrote to Butler, November 29, 1855 [<i>Letter Press Book</i>] saying
+that the disturbed state of things in Kansas was having a very serious
+effect upon the Cherokee Neutral Land. Early in 1857, Butler reported that
+he had given notice that if intruders had not removed themselves by spring
+he would have them removed by the military [Butler to Dean, January 9,
+1857]. Manypenny approved Butler&#8217;s course of action which is quite
+significant, considering that the federal administration was supposed to
+be unreservedly committed to the pro-slavery cause and the intruders were
+pro-slavery men from across the border.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_25' id='f_25' href='#fna_25'>[25]</a> Andrew Dorn took charge of the Neosho Agency, to which these
+reservations as well as the Quapaw, Seneca, and Seneca and Shawnee
+belonged, in 1855 and regularly had occasion to complain of intruders.
+White people seem to have felt that they could with impunity encroach upon
+the New York Indian lands because they were only sparsely settled and
+because the Indian title was in dispute.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_26' id='f_26' href='#fna_26'>[26]</a> Apart from any sectional desire to obtain the Indian country,
+would-be settlers seem to have been attracted thither from a mistaken
+notion that there were mines of precious metals west of Missouri
+[Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1858].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_27' id='f_27' href='#fna_27'>[27]</a> As early as 1857, the Sacs and Foxes of Missouri were reported as
+looking for a new home to the southward, in a less rigorous climate, and,
+with that purpose in mind, they visited the Cherokees. When the Delaware
+treaty of 1860 was being negotiated, the Delawares expressed themselves as
+very anxious to get away from white interference, to leave Kansas. The
+Ottawas thought and thought rightly, forsooth, judging from the experience
+of the past, that removal would do no good. They declared a preference for
+United States citizenship and tribal allotment [Jotham Meeker, Baptist
+missionary, to Agent James, September 4, 1854, also Agent James&#8217;s
+<i>Report</i>, 1857]. At this same period, Agent Dorn reported that the Kansas
+River Shawnees were desirous of joining those of the Neosho Agency.
+Greenwood replied, January 18, 1860, that the subject of allowing the
+northern Indians to go south was then under consideration by the
+department [Letter to Superintendent Rector].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_28' id='f_28' href='#fna_28'>[28]</a> The evidence of this is to be found in a letter from W. G. Coffin to
+Dole, June 17, 1861 [<i>Neosho Files, 1838-1865</i>, C1223].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_29' id='f_29' href='#fna_29'>[29]</a> For information on this subject, see Carroll&#8217;s <i>American Church
+History</i>, 19, 93, 253-254, 302.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_30' id='f_30' href='#fna_30'>[30]</a> Feeling that, under the treaty of 1854, they were free to choose
+whatever denomination they pleased to reside among them, the Kickapoos
+expressed a preference for the Methodist Episcopal Church South, but the
+Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions was already established among their
+neighbors of the Otoe and Missouria and Great Nemaha Agencies, their own
+agent, Mr. Baldwin, was a Presbyterian, and so, before long, in some
+almost unaccountable way, they found that the Presbyterians (Old School)
+had obtained an entry upon their reserve and had established a mission
+school there. The Kickapoos were indignant, as well they had a right to
+be, and made as much trouble as they possibly could for the Presbyterians.
+In 1860, the Presbyterian Board vacated the premises and the Methodist
+Episcopal Church South took possession, Agent Badger favoring the change.
+The change was of but short duration, however; for, in 1861, the Southern
+Methodists, finding the sympathy of the Kickapoos was mainly with the
+federal element, took their departure.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_31' id='f_31' href='#fna_31'>[31]</a> Ray, <i>op. cit.</i>, 86, footnote 107.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_32' id='f_32' href='#fna_32'>[32]</a> The most flourishing schools seem to have been the Roman Catholic.
+The Roman Catholics did not greatly concern themselves, as a church
+organization, with the slavery agitation, and St. Mary&#8217;s Mission and the
+Osage Manual Labor School were scarcely affected by the war and not at all
+by the troubles that presaged its approach.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_33' id='f_33' href='#fna_33'>[33]</a> The Baptist school among the Potawatomies closed in 1861. See
+Appendix.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_34' id='f_34' href='#fna_34'>[34]</a> House <i>Report</i>, 34th congress, first session, no. 200, pp. 14, 18,
+94, 425.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_35' id='f_35' href='#fna_35'>[35]</a> See Indian Office, <i>Special File, no. 220</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_36' id='f_36' href='#fna_36'>[36]</a> The work of the American Board among the Cherokees was discontinued
+just before the war [<i>Missionary Herald</i>, 1861, p. 11; American Board
+<i>Report</i>, 1860, p. 137].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_37' id='f_37' href='#fna_37'>[37]</a> The four were: &#8220;Park hill, five miles south from Tahlequah; Dwight,
+forty-two miles south-southwest from Tahlequah; Fairfield, twenty-five
+miles southeast from Tahlequah; Lee&#8217;s creek, forty-three miles southeast
+from Tahlequah&#8221;&mdash;Commissioner of Indian Affairs [<i>Report</i>, 1859, p. 173].
+There had been a fifth, an out station.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_38' id='f_38' href='#fna_38'>[38]</a> The Congregational schools among the Choctaws were: Iyanubbi, near
+the Arkansas line; Wheelock, eighteen miles east of Doaksville; and
+Chuahla, one mile from Doaksville.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_39' id='f_39' href='#fna_39'>[39]</a> The Southern Baptist Convention had not been long in the county prior
+to the Civil War. The Methodist Episcopal Church South had no schools but
+several missionaries. The American Baptist Missionary Union had a number
+of meeting-houses.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_40' id='f_40' href='#fna_40'>[40]</a> The Presbyterians (Old School) established Wah-pa-nuc-ka Institute
+for young women, forty miles north of Red River and one and one-eighth
+miles west of the Choctaw and Chickasaw line; but differences arose
+between the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions and the Chickasaw
+authorities, neither institutional nor sectional, but purely financial,
+which caused the Presbyterians to abandon the school in 1860 [C. H.
+Wilson, attorney for the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, to
+Cooper, April 16, 1860]. The Presbyterian schools among the Choctaws were:
+Spencer Academy, &#8220;located on the old military road leading from Fort
+Towson to Fort Smith, about ten miles north of Fort Towson,&#8221; and Koonsha
+Female Seminary. Both of them were under the Presbyterian Board. A third
+institution, Armstrong Academy, belonged to the Cumberland Presbyterians.
+The Southern Methodists had Bloomfield Academy, Colbert Institute, and the
+Chickasaw Manual Labor School among the Chickasaws; and the Fort Coffee
+and New Hope academies, for boys and girls respectively, among the
+Choctaws.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_41' id='f_41' href='#fna_41'>[41]</a> The Seminoles were late in manifesting an interest in education, and,
+when interest did arise among them, John Jumper, the chief, declared for
+boarding-schools and asked that such be established under the Presbyterian
+Board, the same that had influence among their near neighbors, the Creeks.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_42' id='f_42' href='#fna_42'>[42]</a> The American Board itself was inclined to be non-committal and
+temporizing [Garrison, op. cit., vol. iii, 30]. The <i>Missionary Herald</i>,
+so valuable an historical source as it proved itself to be for Indian
+removals, is strangely silent on the great subject of negro slavery among
+the Indians. Its references to it are only very occasional and never more
+than incidental.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_43' id='f_43' href='#fna_43'>[43]</a> Kingsbury was superintendent of the Chuahla Female Seminary.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_44' id='f_44' href='#fna_44'>[44]</a> Worcester died, April, 1859 [<i>Missionary Herald</i>, 1859, p. 187; 1860,
+p. 12].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_45' id='f_45' href='#fna_45'>[45]</a> <i>Missionary Herald</i>, 1859, pp. 335-336; 1860, p. 12; The American
+Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, <i>Report</i>, 1856, p. 195.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_46' id='f_46' href='#fna_46'>[46]</a> Report of C. C. Copeland, 1860.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_47' id='f_47' href='#fna_47'>[47]</a> Cooper was also Chickasaw agent. On the fifth of October, 1854, some
+of the principal men of the Chickasaw Nation, Cyrus Harris, James Gamble,
+Sampson Folsom, Jackson Frazier, and D. Colbert, petitioned President
+Pierce for the removal of Agent Andrew J. Smith on charges of official
+irregularity and gross immorality. A year later, Superintendent Dean
+reiterated the charges. Smith&#8217;s commission was revoked, November 9, 1855;
+and, in March, 1856, Cooper was assigned the Chickasaws as an additional
+charge. Henceforth, the two tribes had an agent in common.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_48' id='f_48' href='#fna_48'>[48]</a> This note itself bore no date but there is documentary proof that it
+was received at Fort Smith, November 27, 1854. It is to be found in the
+Indian Office among the <i>Fort Smith Papers</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_49' id='f_49' href='#fna_49'>[49]</a> The allusion is, of course, to the &#8220;higher law&#8221; doctrine expressed in
+Seward&#8217;s Senate Speech of March 11, 1850.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_50' id='f_50' href='#fna_50'>[50]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1859, pp. 190-191.</p>
+
+<p>The letter of Dr. Treat referred to by Agent Cooper is herewith given. It
+is accompanied by the letter that covered it and that letter, as it is
+found among the <i>Fort Smith Papers</i> in the United States Indian Office,
+bears a record to the effect that the copy of it was transmitted by the
+southern superintendent to Washington, November 28, 1855.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Towson</span> Nov. 16, 1855</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the pleasure to forward a copy of letter, addressed to the
+Rev<sup>d</sup> S. B. Treat, Corresponding Secretary of the American Board of
+Commissioners for Foreign Missions, by C. Kingsbury and
+others&mdash;Missionaries among the Choctaws&mdash;and request the same may be
+transmitted to the Hon Comr of Indian Affairs for the information of
+the Government of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The letter as you will perceive refers to an exciting and highly
+important subject&mdash;in which the States adjoining the Indian Territory
+are deeply &amp; directly interested, as well as the Choctaw People.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot refrain from the expression of my gratification at the
+position assured in this letter by the old and valued Missionaries
+among the Choctaws. The copy was handed to me by Rev<sup>d</sup> Cyrus
+Kingsbury, one of the signers to the original letter. Respectfully</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Douglas H. Cooper</span>, U. S. Agent for Choctaws</span></p>
+
+<p>Hon. C. M. Dean, Supt. Indian Affairs,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ft Smith.</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>[<i>Inclosure</i>]&mdash;<i>Copy</i></p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Pine Ridge, Choc. Na.</span> Nov. 15, 1855.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rev. S. B. Treat</span>, Cor. Secretary of the A.B.C.F.M.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. &amp; Dear Brother, When the Rev. G. W. Wood visited us as a
+deputation from the Prudential Committee, he treated us, our views,
+and <i>our practice</i> so kindly, and spoke to us so many encouraging
+words, that we were constrained to meet him in a similar spirit of
+concilliation. We were willing to re-examine the difference in views
+on the subject of slavery, which for a long time had existed between
+the Committee and ourselves, and to see if there was not common ground
+on which we could stand together.</p>
+
+<p>At the opening of the meeting at Good Water, Mr. Wood laid aside the
+letter of June 22nd &#8217;/48. This was a subject we were not to discuss.
+He then introduced, by way of compromise, as we understood it, certain
+articles to show that there were principles, or modes of expression,
+in relation to slavery, in which there was substantial agreement. To
+these articles, though not expressed in every particular as we could
+have wished, (and after some of them had been modified by oral
+explanations,) we gave our assent, for the sake of peace. We hoped it
+would put an end to agitation on a subject which had so long troubled
+us, and hindered us in our work. We took it for granted that the
+Committee had yielded certain important points, insisted on in the
+letter of June 22nd &#8217;/48. This gladdened our hearts, and disposed us
+to meet Mr. Wood&#8217;s proposal in a spirit of concilliation and
+confidence. We are not skilled in diplomacy, and had no thought that
+we were assenting to articles which would be considered as covering
+the whole ground of the letter of June 22nd. The first intimation that
+we had been mistaken, was from a statement made by Mr. Wood, in New
+York, that the result of the meeting at Good Water &#8220;<i>involved no
+change of views or action</i> on the part of the Prudential Committee and
+Secretaries.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In Mr. Wood&#8217;s report to the Pru. Com. which was read at Utica, the
+Good Water document was placed in such a relation on to other
+statements, as to make the impression that we had given our full and
+willing assent to the entire letter of June 22d. The Com. on that
+Report, of which Dr. Beman was chairman, say, &#8220;The great end aimed at
+by the Pru. Com. in their correspondence with these missions for
+several years; and by the Board at their last annual meeting; has been
+substantially accomplished.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>This is a result we had not anticipated. We can not consent to be thus
+made to sanction principles and sentiments which are contrary to our
+known, deliberate, and settled convictions of right, and to what we
+understand to be the teachings of the word of God. We are fully
+convinced that we can not go with the Committee and the Board, as to
+the manner in which as Ministers of the Gospel and Missionaries we are
+to deal with slavery. We believe the instructions of the Apostles, in
+relation to this subject, are a sufficient guide, and that if followed
+the best interests of society, as well as of the Church, will be
+secured.</p>
+
+<p>We have no wish to give the Com. or the Board farther trouble on this
+subject. As there is no prospect that our views can be brought to
+harmonize, we must request that our relations to the A.B.C.F.M. may be
+dissolved in a way that will do the least harm to the Board, and to
+our Mission.</p>
+
+<p>We have endeavored to seek Divine guidance in this difficult matter,
+and we desire to do that which shall be most for the glory of our
+Divine Master, and the best interests of his cause among this people.
+We regret the course we feel compelled to take, but we can see no
+other relief from our present embarassment. Fraternally and truly
+yours,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Signed) <span class="smcap">C. Kingsbury</span><span class="spacersig">&nbsp;</span><span class="smcap">C. C. Copeland</span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">C. Byington</span><span class="spacersig">&nbsp;</span><span class="smcap">O. P. Stark</span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">E. Hotchkin</span></span></p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_51' id='f_51' href='#fna_51'>[51]</a> That the Buchanan administration did endorse pro-slavery policy and
+actions requires no proof today. The findings of the Covode committee of
+investigation, 1860, are in themselves sufficient evidence, were other
+evidence lacking, of the intensely partisan and corrupt character of the
+Democratic r&eacute;gime just prior to the Civil War. Of the officials, having
+Indian concerns in charge, the Secretary of the Interior and the
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs are, for present purposes, alone important.
+Buchanan&#8217;s Secretary of the Interior was Jacob Thompson, who had formerly
+been a representative in Congress from Mississippi and had thrown all the
+weight of his influence in favor of the Lecompton constitution for Kansas
+[Rhodes, J. F. <i>History of the United States</i>, vol. ii, 277]. After his
+retirement from Buchanan&#8217;s cabinet, Thompson served as commissioner from
+Mississippi, working in North Carolina for the accomplishment of secession
+[Moore&#8217;s <i>Rebellion Record</i>, vol. i, 5]. A. B. Greenwood of Arkansas was
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs in Buchanan&#8217;s time. He also had been in
+Congress and, while there, had served on the House Committee of
+Investigation into Brooks&#8217;s attack upon Sumner. He formed with Howell Cobb
+of Georgia the minority element [Von Holst, vol. v, 324].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_52' id='f_52' href='#fna_52'>[52]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1860, p. 129.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_53' id='f_53' href='#fna_53'>[53]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1859, p. 172.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_54' id='f_54' href='#fna_54'>[54]</a> Greenwood to Rector, March 14, 1860 [Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>,
+no. 63, p. 128]; Greenwood to Cowart, March 14, 1860 [<i>ibid.</i>, 125].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_55' id='f_55' href='#fna_55'>[55]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1860. See also additional
+documents in <a href="#Page_329">Appendix B</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_56' id='f_56' href='#fna_56'>[56]</a> The following extract from the <i>Fort Smith Times</i> of February 3, 1859
+makes particular mention of the Reverend Evan Jones:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In the <i>True Democrat</i> of the 19th inst., we find an article credited
+to the <i>Fort Smith Times</i>, in which the Rev. Evan Jones, a Baptist
+Missionary, residing near the State line, Washington county, is
+handled rather roughly so far as words are concerned. He is said to be
+an abolitionist, and a very dangerous man, meddling with the affairs
+of the Cherokees, and teaching them abolition principles.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;As such reports will be circulated to the prejudice of the Southern
+Baptists, we hereby request some of our Brethren in the northwest part
+of the State to write us the grounds for such reports.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Is the &#8216;Rev. Evan Jones&#8217; connected with any Missionary Society and if
+so, what one?</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We hope shortly to hear more concerning this matter.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The above notice is from the first number of the <i>Arkansas Baptist</i>, a
+new paper just published in Little Rock, P. S. G. Watson, Editor. It
+was not our intention to cast any reflections on the Baptist Church by
+noticing the Rev. gentleman named above, as we have great respect for
+the Church. We deny, however, that Mr. Jones &#8220;is handled roughly so
+far as words are concerned,&#8221; for there are no harsh words or epithets
+in the article referred to; but he is <i>handled roughly</i> so far as
+<i>facts</i> are concerned. He is a Missionary Baptist, and the society by
+which he is supported, has, we believe, its headquarters in Boston,
+Mass. Mr. Jones&#8217; conduct has been fully reported to the Indian office,
+at Washington, by a number of the Cherokees, and by their Agent, Mr.
+George Butler, to whom we refer the editor of the <i>Baptist</i>, for the
+truth of the charges we have made against him; and, if they are not
+satisfactory we can give a full history of Evan Jones&#8217; conduct for a
+number of years, well known among the Cherokees.</p></div>
+
+<p>In connection with the foregoing newspaper extract, it is well to note
+that Richard Johnson was the editor of the <i>True Democrat</i>. Richard was a
+brother of Robert W. Johnson who represented one faction of the Democratic
+party in Arkansas while Thomas C. Hindman represented another. This was
+before their devotion to the Confederate cause had made them friends.
+Robert W. Johnson served in the United States Congress, first as
+representative, then as senator. He was later a senator in the Confederate
+States Congress. The Johnson family, although not so numerous as the
+Rector family, was, like it, strongly secessionistic.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_57' id='f_57' href='#fna_57'>[57]</a> Greenwood to Thompson, June 4, 1860 [Indian Office, <i>Report Book</i>,
+no. 12, pp. 323-324].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_58' id='f_58' href='#fna_58'>[58]</a> Connelley, <i>Quantrill and the Border Wars</i>, 147-149, 152.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_59' id='f_59' href='#fna_59'>[59]</a> Siebert, <i>Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom</i>, 284.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_60' id='f_60' href='#fna_60'>[60]</a> This party came to be known, almost exclusively, as the Treaty Party.
+After the murder of John Ridge, from whom the party took its name, his
+nephew, Stand Watie, became its leader. Stand Watie figured conspicuously
+on the southern side in the Civil War.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_61' id='f_61' href='#fna_61'>[61]</a> A good general account of these Cherokee factional disputes may be
+found in Thomas Valentine Parker&#8217;s <i>Cherokee Indians</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_62' id='f_62' href='#fna_62'>[62]</a> Kappler, <i>op. cit.</i>, vol. ii, 561; Polk&#8217;s <i>Diary</i> (Quaife&#8217;s edition),
+vol. ii, 80.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_63' id='f_63' href='#fna_63'>[63]</a> George Butler to Dean, January 9, 1857.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_64' id='f_64' href='#fna_64'>[64]</a> &#8220;... The Cherokee Council is in session, tho they do not seem to be
+doing much. It will hold about four weeks yet. I will stay till it breaks.
+I think the Councilmen seem to be split on some questions. It seems as if
+there are two parties. One is called the land selling party &amp; those
+opposed to selling the land (that is Neutral lands). They passed a bill
+last council to sell it. Congress would not have anything to do with it &amp;
+in fact they got up a protest against selling it &amp; sent it to Washington
+City &amp; they did not sell the land.&#8221;&mdash;Extract from J. C. Dickinson to
+Captain Mark T. Tatum, dated Tahlequah, October 16, 1860 [<i>Fort Smith
+Papers</i>].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_65' id='f_65' href='#fna_65'>[65]</a> Kappler, <i>op. cit.</i>, vol. ii, 388.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_66' id='f_66' href='#fna_66'>[66]</a> Rector to Greenwood, June 14, 1860.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_67' id='f_67' href='#fna_67'>[67]</a> Tuckabatche Micco and other Creek chiefs wished the southern
+Comanches to be located somewhere between the Red and Arkansas Rivers.
+That might or might not have meant a settlement upon the actual Creek
+reservation. Manypenny promised to look into the matter and find out
+whether there were any vacant lands in the region designated [Manypenny to
+Dean, May 25, 1855, Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 51, pp. 444-445].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_68' id='f_68' href='#fna_68'>[68]</a> Dean to Manypenny, November 24, 1856, and related documents [General
+Files, <i>Chickasaw</i>, 1854-1858, D304, I400].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_69' id='f_69' href='#fna_69'>[69]</a> For Choctaw political disturbances in 1858, see General Files,
+<i>Choctaw</i>, 1859-1866, I933 and R1004.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_70' id='f_70' href='#fna_70'>[70]</a> Some of the Tonkawas most probably went back to their old Texan
+hunting-grounds upon the breaking out of the war and were found encamped,
+in 1866, around San Antonio [Cooley to Sells, February 15, 1866, Indian
+Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 79, p. 293].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_71' id='f_71' href='#fna_71'>[71]</a> The Leased District was designed to accommodate any Indians that the
+United States government might see fit to place there, exclusive of New
+Mexican Indians, who had caused the Wichitas a great deal of trouble, and
+those tribes &#8220;whose usual ranges at present are north of the Arkansas
+River, and whose permanent locations are north of the Canadian....&#8221;
+[Kappler, <i>op. cit.</i>, vol. ii, 708].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_72' id='f_72' href='#fna_72'>[72]</a> The treatment of the Indians by Texas will be made the subject of a
+later publication. The story is too long a one to be told here.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_73' id='f_73' href='#fna_73'>[73]</a> Mix to Rector, March 30, 1859 [Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 60,
+pp. 386-388].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_74' id='f_74' href='#fna_74'>[74]</a> <i>Annual Report</i>, 1857.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_75' id='f_75' href='#fna_75'>[75]</a> Samuel Cooper, the New York man, who was now in United States employ
+but later became adjutant-general of the Confederacy [Crawford, <i>Genesis
+of the Civil War</i>, 310], made, about this time, a very significant inquiry
+as to how many Indian warriors there were in the vicinity of the various
+settlements [Cooper to Mix, January 29, 1856, Indian Office,
+<i>Miscellaneous Files, 1858-1863</i>].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_76' id='f_76' href='#fna_76'>[76]</a> J. Thompson to J. B. Floyd, March 12, 1858 [Indian Office,
+<i>Miscellaneous Files</i>].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_77' id='f_77' href='#fna_77'>[77]</a> By this treaty, the Choctaws had surrendered to the United States all
+their claims to land beyond the one hundredth degree of west longitude.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_78' id='f_78' href='#fna_78'>[78]</a> Cooper to Rector, June 23, 1858.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_79' id='f_79' href='#fna_79'>[79]</a> Cooper to Rector, June 30, 1858.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_80' id='f_80' href='#fna_80'>[80]</a> Some of the Chickasaws came to Cooper under the lead of the United
+States interpreter, James Gamble, later Chickasaw delegate in the
+Confederate Congress.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_81' id='f_81' href='#fna_81'>[81]</a> The Cherokees soon deserted Cooper, no cause assigned. Why they were
+with him at all can not very easily be explained unless they were looking
+out for the interests of the &#8220;Cherokee Outlet&#8221;. They may, indeed, have
+been some refugee Cherokees who, in 1854, were reported as living in the
+Chickasaw country and consorting with horse thieves and other desperadoes.
+Under ordinary circumstances, Cooper had no authority to command the
+actions of Cherokees and his call was to Choctaws and Chickasaws whose
+agent he was and whose interests were directly involved in the survey then
+being made.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_82' id='f_82' href='#fna_82'>[82]</a> On the question of the proposed site, see Rector&#8217;s <i>Report</i>, 1859,
+pp. 307, 309. For Emory&#8217;s familiarity with the region, note his report of
+a military reconnaissance undertaken by him in 1846 and 1847 [Pacific
+Railroad <i>Surveys</i>, vol. ii].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_83' id='f_83' href='#fna_83'>[83]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1859, and accompanying
+documents.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_84' id='f_84' href='#fna_84'>[84]</a> It would seem that Van Dorn had been ordered by General Twiggs,
+commanding in Texas, to explore the country between the one hundredth and
+the one hundred and fourth meridians as far north as the Canadian River.
+He was to do it quite irrespective of department jurisdictional lines. Van
+Dorn had the Texan&#8217;s unrelenting hatred for all Indians and, as was to
+have been expected, considering the latitude of his orders, soon got
+himself into trouble. It is interesting to note in connection with this
+affair and in view of all that followed when Van Dorn and Albert Pike were
+both serving under the Confederacy, that their dislike of each other dated
+from Pike&#8217;s condemnation of Van Dorn&#8217;s cruel treatment of the Comanches.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_85' id='f_85' href='#fna_85'>[85]</a> The contractor was Charles B. Johnson of Fort Smith. Under the firm
+name of Johnson &amp; Grimes, this man and Marshal Grimes, also of Arkansas,
+were able again and again to secure subsistence contracts from Rector and
+always with the suspicion of fraud attaching. Whenever possible, Rector
+and his friends eliminated entirely the element of competition. Abram G.
+Mayers of Fort Smith seems to have been the chief informer against Rector.
+As a matter of fact, and this must be admitted in extenuation of Rector&#8217;s
+conduct, the Indian field service was so grossly mismanaged, officials
+from the highest to the lowest were so corrupt, that it is not at all
+surprising that each one [unless by the merest chance he were strong
+enough morally to resist temptation] took every opportunity he could get
+to enrich himself at the Indian&#8217;s expense; for, of course, all such
+ill-gotten gains came sooner or later out of the Indian fund. Very few
+Indian officials seem to have been able to pass muster in matters of
+probity during these troublous times. Secretary Thompson and even
+Ex-president Pierce were not above suspicion in the Indian&#8217;s estimation
+[Article, signed by &#8220;Screw Fly&#8221; in the <i>Chickasaw and Choctaw Herald</i>,
+February 11, 1859]. Mix was accused of dishonesty, so were Commissioner
+Dole, Commissioner Cooley, and Secretary Usher, to say nothing of a host
+of lesser officials.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_86' id='f_86' href='#fna_86'>[86]</a> Supervising agent, Robert S. Neighbors, who had always befriended the
+Indians when he conveniently could against unfounded charges, was killed
+soon after the removal by vindictive Texans. S. A. Blain was then given
+charge of the Texas superintendency in addition to his own Wichita Agency.
+The consolidation of duties gave the Texans, apparently, a fresh
+opportunity to lodge complaints against the Wichitas.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_87' id='f_87' href='#fna_87'>[87]</a> These refugees were mostly Delawares and Kickapoos. There were other
+&#8220;strays,&#8221; or &#8220;absentees,&#8221; scattered here and there over the Indian
+country. There were Shawnees near the Canadian, Delawares among the
+Cherokees, and Shawnees and Kickapoos on the southwestern border of the
+Creek lands.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_88' id='f_88' href='#fna_88'>[88]</a> Matthew Leeper was appointed to succeed S. A. Blain as agent, July,
+1860. He had previously been special Indian agent in Texas.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_89' id='f_89' href='#fna_89'>[89]</a> Among the <i>Leeper Papers</i> is found the following:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Notice: All free negroes are notified to leave the Wichita Reserve or
+Leased District forthwith, except an old negro who is in charge of
+Messrs. Grimes &amp; Rector, who will be permitted to remain a few days.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">[<span class="smcap">M. Leeper</span>], U. S. Ind. Agt.</span></p>
+
+<p>Wichita Agency, L. D. Sept. 26, 1860.</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_90' id='f_90' href='#fna_90'>[90]</a> The suffering among the Indians must have been very great. There was
+a complete failure of crops everywhere. Subsistence had to be continued to
+the Wichitas, the Seminoles were reported absolutely destitute, and even
+the provident Choctaws were obliged to memorialize Congress for relief on
+the basis of the Senate award under their treaty of 1855 [General Files,
+<i>Choctaw, 1859-1866</i>]. Out of this application of Choctaw funds to the
+circumstances of their own pressing needs, came the great scandal of the
+Choctaw Corn Contract, in which Agent Cooper and many prominent men of the
+tribe were implicated. In some way Albert Pike was concerned in it also;
+but it must have been practically the only time a specific charge of
+anything like peculation could possibly have been brought against any of
+his transactions. His character for honesty seems to have been impeccable.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_91' id='f_91' href='#fna_91'>[91]</a> In January, 1860, Agent Garrett asked the Creeks in their National
+Council to consent to the apportionment of the tribal lands. Motty Cunard
+[Motey Kennard] and Echo Mayo [Echo Harjo] sent the reply of the Council
+to Garrett, January 19, 1860. It was an unqualified and absolute refusal.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_92' id='f_92' href='#fna_92'>[92]</a> Cooper to Greenwood, March 31, 1860 [General Files, <i>Choctaw,
+1859-1866</i>, C445].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_93' id='f_93' href='#fna_93'>[93]</a> George E. Baker, <i>Works of W. H. Seward</i> (edition of 1884), vol. iv,
+363; Bancroft&#8217;s <i>Seward</i>, vol. ii, 460-470.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_94' id='f_94' href='#fna_94'>[94]</a> <i>Congressional Globe</i>, 33rd congress, first session, Appendix, p.
+155.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_95' id='f_95' href='#fna_95'>[95]</a> Dean to Manypenny, October 24, 1855 [Dean&#8217;s <i>Letter Book</i>].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_96' id='f_96' href='#fna_96'>[96]</a></p>
+
+<p class="center">INDIAN TRUST FUND</p>
+<p class="center"><i>List of stocks held by the Secretary of the Interior in trust for Indian tribes</i></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td align="center"><span class="smcap">State</span></td><td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center"><span class="smcap">Per cent</span></td><td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center"><span class="smcap">Amount</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Arkansas</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">$ 3,000.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Florida</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">7</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">132,000.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Georgia</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">6</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">3,500.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Indiana</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">70,000.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Kentucky</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">183,000.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Louisiana</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">6</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">37,000.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Maryland*</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">6</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">131,611.82</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Missouri</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .75em;">5&#189;</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">63,000.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Missouri</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">6</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">484,000.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>North Carolina</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">6</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">562,000.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Ohio</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">6</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">150,000.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pennsylvania*</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">96,000.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>South Carolina</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">6</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">125,000.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tennessee</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">5</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">218,000.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tennessee</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">6</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">143,000.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>United States</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">6</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">251,330.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Virginia</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">6</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right" class="botbor">796,800.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">3,449,241.82</td></tr></table>
+
+<p class="tablenote">*Taxed by the State.</p>
+
+<p>Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1859, p. 452.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_97' id='f_97' href='#fna_97'>[97]</a> David Hubbard to Ross and McCulloch, June 12, 1861 [<i>Official
+Records</i>, first ser., vol. xiii, 497].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_98' id='f_98' href='#fna_98'>[98]</a> The position of the tribes in the northern part of the Indian
+country, in Kansas, was considerably different from that of the tribes in
+the southern part, in Oklahoma. Each of the great tribes to the southward
+had a government of its own that was modelled very largely upon that of
+the various states. The tribes to the northward had retained, unchanged in
+essentials, their old tribal community government. Moreover, they had
+already been obliged to allow themselves to be circumscribed by
+territorial lines, soon to be state lines; their integrity had been broken
+in upon; and now they were not of sufficient importance to have, either
+individually or collectively, anything to say about the sectional
+affiliation of Kansas. As a matter of fact, they never so much as
+attempted to take general tribal action in the premises. Neither their
+situation nor their political organization permitted it.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_99' id='f_99' href='#fna_99'>[99]</a> An interruption to this came in the shape of the indefinitely defined
+&#8220;Cherokee Outlet,&#8221; which lay north of Texas and in addition occupied the
+northern part of Indian Territory.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_100' id='f_100' href='#fna_100'>[100]</a> The subjoined map will illustrate the relative position of the
+individual Indian reservations. Although published in 1867, it is not
+correct for that date but is fairly correct for 1861. The &#8220;reconstruction
+treaties&#8221; of 1866 made various changes in the Indian boundaries but the
+map takes no account of them.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_101' id='f_101' href='#fna_101'>[101]</a> Van Buren had a short time previously been the headquarters of the
+Southern Superintendency.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_102' id='f_102' href='#fna_102'>[102]</a> We find that this intimate intercourse extended even to things
+scholastic; for, though there were plenty of female seminaries, so-called,
+within Indian Territory, Indian girls regularly attended similar
+institutions in Fayetteville [Bishop, A. W., <i>Loyalty on the Frontier</i>,
+143].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_103' id='f_103' href='#fna_103'>[103]</a> Bishop [<i>Loyalty on the Frontier</i>, 20] says that to the zeal of the
+Knights of the Golden Circle, or &#8220;Knaves of the Godless Communion,&#8221; was
+mainly attributable &#8220;the treasonable complexion&#8221; of the Arkansas
+legislature that organized in November of 1860.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_104' id='f_104' href='#fna_104'>[104]</a> The following documents include the act of the Chickasaw Legislature
+and related correspondence:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Be it enacted by Legislature of the Chickasaw Nation, That the
+Governor of the Chickasaw Nation, be and he is hereby authorized to
+appoint four Commissioners, one from each county, namely:&mdash;Panola,
+Pickens, Tishomingo, and Pontotoc County, on the part of the Chickasaw
+Nation, to meet a like set of Commissioners appointed respectively by
+the Choctaw, Creek, Cherokee, and Seminole Nations, to meet in General
+Convention at such time and place That the Chief of the Creek Nation,
+may set, for the purpose of entering into some compact, not
+inconsistent with the Laws and Treaties of the United States, for the
+future security and protection of the rights and Citizens of said
+nations, in the event of a change in the United States, and to renew
+the harmony and good feeling already established between said Nations
+by a compact concluded &amp; entered into on the 14th of Nov. 1859, at
+Asbury Mission Creek Nation.</p>
+
+<p>Be it further enacted That said Commissioners shall receive for their
+services the sum of One hundred dollars each, and shall report the
+proceedings of said Convention to the next session of the Chickasaw
+Legislature for its approval or disapproval....</p>
+
+<p>Passed the House Repts as amended Jany 5th 1861.</p>
+
+<p>Passed Senate Jan. 5, 1861. Approved Jan. 5, 1861.</p></div>
+
+<p>Indian Office General Files&mdash;<i>Cherokee 1859-1865</i>, C515.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Enclosed please find an Act of the called Session of the Chickasaw
+Legislature, the object of which you will readily understand. Your
+co&ouml;peration, and union of action of the Cherokee people in effecting
+the object therein expressed is hereby respectfully solicited.</p>
+
+<p>It will be left to the Principal Chiefs of the Creek Nation to appoint
+the time and place of meeting, of which you will have timely notice.&mdash;
+<span class="smcap">Cyrus Harris</span>, governor of the Chickasaw Nation, to John Ross,
+principal chief of the Cherokees, dated Tishomingo, C. N. January 5th,
+1861 [<i>ibid.</i>].</p>
+
+<p>You will please find enclosed a communication from the Gov<sup>r</sup> of the
+Chickasaw Nation &amp; an Act of the Chickasaw Legislature calling upon
+their Brethren the Creeks to appoint a time &amp; place for a General
+Convention of the Chickasaws, Choctaws, Cherokees, and Creeks. We
+therefore appoint the 17th inst. to meet at the General Council Ground
+of the Creek Nation&mdash;At which time &amp; place we will (be) happy to meet
+our Brethren the Cherokees.&mdash; <span class="smcap">Jacob Derrysaw</span>, acting chief of the
+Creek Nation, to John Ross, dated Cowetah, Creek Nation, February 4,
+1861 [ibid.].</p>
+
+<p>I was much surprised to receive a proposition for taking action so
+formal on a matter so important, without having any previous notice or
+understanding about the business, which might have afforded
+opportunity to confer with our respective Councils and People.</p>
+
+<p>Although I regret most deeply, the excitement which has arisen among
+our White brethren: yet <i>by us</i> it can only be regarded as a family
+misunderstanding among themselves. And it behooves us to be careful,
+in any movement of ours, to refrain from adopting any measures liable
+to be misconstrued or misrepresented:&mdash;and in which (at present at
+least) we have no direct and proper concern.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot but confidently believe, however, that there is wisdom and
+virtue and moderation enough among the people of the United States, to
+bring about a peaceable and satisfactory adjustment of their
+differences. And I do not think we have the right to anticipate any
+contingency adverse to the stability and permanence of the Federal
+Union.</p>
+
+<p>Our relations to the United States, as defined by our treaties, are
+clear and definite. And the obligations growing out of them easily
+ascertained. And it will ever be our wisdom and our interest to adhere
+strictly to those obligations, and carefully to guard against being
+drawn into any complications which may prove prejudicial to the
+interests of our people, or imperil the security we now enjoy under
+the protection of the Government of the United States as guaranteed by
+our Treaties. In the very worst contingency that can be thought of,
+the great National Responsibilities of the United States must and will
+be provided for. And should a catastrophe as that referred to in
+(your) communication, unhappily occur, then will be the time for us to
+take proper steps for securing the rights and interests of our people.</p>
+
+<p>Out of respect to the Chiefs of neighboring Nations, and from the deep
+interest I feel for the peace and welfare of our red brethren, I have
+deemed it proper to appoint a Delegation to attend the Council
+appointed by the Creek Chiefs at your request, on the 17th inst. at
+the Gen<sup>l</sup> Council Ground of the Creek Nation, for the purpose of a
+friendly interchange of the views &amp; sentiments on the general
+interests of our respective Nations.</p>
+
+<p>In the language of our Fathers, I am your</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">&#8220;Elder Friend and Brother&#8221;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><span class="smcap">John Ross</span>, Principal Chief, Cherokee Nation.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>Extract from letter to Cyrus Harris, February 9, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>].</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Previous to the receipt of your Communication enclosing the
+proceedings of the Chickasaw Authorities, I had received similar
+papers from the &#8220;Governor of the Chickasaw Nation.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>And I herewith enclose for the information of yourself &amp; people a copy
+of my reply. I will appoint a Delegation to attend your Council for
+the purpose therein stated.&mdash;Ross to Derrysaw, February 9, 1861
+[<i>ibid.</i>].</p>
+
+<p>I have received a communication from the Gov. of the Chickasaw Nation,
+with a copy of an Act of their Legislature. And I presume a similar
+communication has been received by you. Deeming it important that much
+prudence and caution should be exercised by us in regard to the object
+of the Governor&#8217;s communication, I have thought it proper to address
+him a letter, giving a brief expression of my views on the subject, a
+copy of which I enclose for your information.&mdash;Ross to the principal
+chief of the Choctaw Nation, February 11, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>].</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_105' id='f_105' href='#fna_105'>[105]</a> See <a href="#fna_104">preceding note</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_106' id='f_106' href='#fna_106'>[106]</a> The Creek Agency was probably chosen because of its convenient
+situation. It was at the junction of the North Fork and the Canadian and,
+consequently, in close proximity to three of the reservations and not far
+distant from the other two.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_107' id='f_107' href='#fna_107'>[107]</a> See Mrs. W. P. Ross, <i>Life and Times of William P. Ross</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_108' id='f_108' href='#fna_108'>[108]</a> <i>American Historical Review</i>, vol. xv, 282.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_109' id='f_109' href='#fna_109'>[109]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>... On your deliberations it will [be] proper for you to advise
+discretion, and to guard against any premature movement on our part,
+which might produce excitement or be liable to misrepresentation. Our
+duty is very plain. We have only to adhere firmly to our respective
+Treaties. By them we have placed ourselves under the protection of the
+United States, and of no other sovereign whatever. We are bound to
+hold no treaty with any foreign Power, or with any individual State or
+combination of States nor with Citizens of any State. Nor even with
+one another without the interposition and participation of the United
+States....</p>
+
+<p>Should any action of the Council be thought desirable, a resolution
+might be adopted, to the effect, that we will in all contingencies
+rest our interests on the pledged faith of the United States, for the
+fulfilment of their obligations. We ought to entertain no apprehension
+of any change, that will endanger our interests. The parties holding
+the responsibilities of the Federal Government will always be bound to
+us. And no measures we have it in our power to adopt can add anything
+to the security we now possess. Relying on your intelligence &amp;
+discretion I will add no more.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Chief Ross&#8217;s</span> instructions to the
+Cherokee Delegation, February 12, 1861 [Indian Office General File;
+<i>Cherokee 1859-1865</i>, C515].</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_110' id='f_110' href='#fna_110'>[110]</a> The Indian Office files are full of testimony proving John Ross&#8217;s
+wisdom, foresight, sterling worth generally, and absolute devotion to his
+people. Indeed, his whole biography is written large in the records. His
+character was impeccable. Judged by any standard whatsoever, he would
+easily rank as one of the greatest of Indian half-breeds.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_111' id='f_111' href='#fna_111'>[111]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. i, 682.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_112' id='f_112' href='#fna_112'>[112]</a> The evidence of this is to be found in an official letter from
+Commissioner W. P. Dole to Secretary Caleb B. Smith, under date of April
+30, 1861, which reads as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I have the honor to enclose herewith a copy of a letter, dated 17th.
+Inst. from Elias Rector, Esq., Supt. Indian Affairs ... together with
+copy of its enclosure, being one addressed to <i>Col. W. H. Emory</i> by
+<i>M. Leeper</i>, Agent for the Indians within the &#8220;Leased District,&#8221;
+having reference to the removal of the troops from Fort Cobb.</p>
+
+<p>The Government being bound by treaty obligations to protect the
+Indians from the incursions of all enemies, I would respectfully ask
+to be informed, if it is not its intention to keep in the country a
+sufficient force for the purpose.</p>
+
+<p>The Choctaw and Chickasaw delegation&mdash;composed of the principal men of
+those Nations&mdash;while recently in this City expressed great
+apprehensions of attack upon their people, by Citizens of Texas and
+Arkansas; and these delegations having assured me of their
+determination to maintain a neutral position in the anticipated
+difficulties throughout our Country, I would recommend that a depot
+for arms be established within the Southern Superintendency in order
+that the Indians there may be placed in the possession of the means to
+defend themselves against any attack....&mdash;Indian Office <i>Report Book</i>,
+no. 12, p. 152.</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_113' id='f_113' href='#fna_113'>[113]</a> General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, L632.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_114' id='f_114' href='#fna_114'>[114]</a> The letter can be found in manuscript form in Indian Office, <i>Letter
+Book</i>, no. 65, pp. 447-449, and in printed form in Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1861, p. 34.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_115' id='f_115' href='#fna_115'>[115]</a> <i>John Ross</i>, principal chief of the Cherokee Nation; <i>Cyrus Harris</i>,
+governor of the Chickasaw Nation; <i>M. Kennard</i>, principal chief of the
+Lower Creeks; <i>Echo Hadjo</i> [Echo Harjo], principal chief of the Upper
+Creeks; <i>George Hudson</i>, principal chief of the Choctaw Nation; and the
+unnamed principal chief of the Seminoles west of Arkansas.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_116' id='f_116' href='#fna_116'>[116]</a> It would seem that the letter was not given to Coffin immediately
+but was held back on account of the insecurity of the mails [Dole to Creek
+and Seminole chiefs, November 16, 1861, Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no.
+67, pp. 78-79].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_117' id='f_117' href='#fna_117'>[117]</a> The delay was not entirely due to the military situation. Coffin
+went from Washington to his home in Indiana. He was there on the
+twentieth, at Annapolis, Parke County, when Dole wrote urging him to
+hasten on his way,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I herewith enclose a slip taken from the National Intelligencer of
+this date, being an extract from the Austin [Texas] State Gazette of
+the 4th Instant, by which you will perceive that efforts are being
+made to tamper with the Indians within your Superintendency.</p>
+
+<p>By this you will perceive the urgent necessity, that you should
+proceed at the earliest moment practicable to the vicinity of the
+duties in your charge, that from your personal knowledge of the views
+of the Government in relation to these Indians as well as by the
+instructions and communications in your possession, you may be able to
+thwart the endeavors of any and all who have or shall attempt to
+tamper with these tribes and array them in hostility to the
+Government.</p>
+
+<p>I deem it of the utmost importance that no time be lost in this
+matter, as delay may be disastrous to the public service.&mdash;Indian
+Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 65, p. 473.</p></div>
+
+<p>By the nineteenth of June, Coffin had managed to reach Crawford Seminary,
+from which place he reported to Dole,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>We have at length reached the Indian Territory propper.... I find Mr.
+Elder the Agent absent. I learned on my way down here that he had gone
+to Fort Scott with the view of locating the Agency there for the
+present which I supposed when I wrote you from the Catholic Mission
+might be propper from its close proximity to Missouri but as Mr.
+Phelps district is opposit here and he a good Union man and has been
+Stumping the district and I learn that the Union cause is growing fast
+in that part of the State I think there is now at least no Sort of
+excuse for removing, the buildings here are ample for a large family,
+watter good....&mdash;General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>,
+C1229.</p></div>
+
+<p>The sequel showed that Agent Elder was right and Superintendent Coffin
+wrong about the security of the region. Coffin never reached Fort Smith at
+all and was soon compelled to vacate the Indian Territory. Indian Office,
+<i>Letter Book</i>, no. 66, which covers the period from June, 1861 to October,
+1861, contains scarcely a letter to prove that the Indian Office was in
+communication with Indian Territory. Official connection with the country
+had been completely cut off. Military abandonment and dilatory officials
+had done their work.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_118' id='f_118' href='#fna_118'>[118]</a> Official instructions were issued to Coffin, then in Washington, on
+the ninth, and gave him permission to change his headquarters at
+discretion. The following is an excerpt of the instructions:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>You having been appointed by the President to be Superintendent of
+Indian Affairs for the Southern Superintendency in place of <i>Elias
+Rector</i>, Esq. ... You will repair to Fort Smith, Arkansas, as early as
+practicable, for the purpose of relieving <i>Elias Rector</i>, Esq.</p>
+
+<p>In your progress from Indiana to Fort Smith, should you deem it
+expedient and advisable to pass down the Kansas line and among the
+Indians in that section, you will make it your business to inquire as
+to their sentiments and disposition with reference to the present
+disturbances in the neighboring countries, so far as time and
+opportunity will enable you to do so. On reaching Fort Smith you will
+also inform yourself as to the condition of Affairs there and
+surrounding country, and as to the prospect of the business of the
+Superintendency being carried on without molestation or other
+inconvenience, and should you find it necessary from the circumstances
+that may surround you to remove the office of Superintendent from Fort
+Smith you are authorized to do so, selecting some eligible point in
+the proximate Indian Territory, or if required some point northwardly
+among the Indians in Kansas as your best discretion may dictate. I
+trust however that this discretionary authority may prove unnecessary
+and that in the legitimate discharge of your duties, you may suffer no
+interruption from any cause or source whatever. In a report from this
+Office of the 30th Ultimo, with reference to anticipated Indian
+troubles in your Superintendency consequent upon the removal of the
+troops from Fort Cobb, the attention of the <i>Hon. Secretary of the
+Interior</i> was called to the subject, and the enquiry as to the policy
+of the Government to keep in the country a sufficient force for the
+purpose of proper protection; and further calling his attention to the
+expression of friendship and loyalty made by the Choctaw and Chickasaw
+delegates lately in this City, recommended that a depot for arms be
+established within the Southern Superintendency, in order that the
+Indians there may be placed in possession of the means to defend
+themselves against any attack. As yet no response to this report has
+been received....&mdash;Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 65, pp. 442-443.</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_119' id='f_119' href='#fna_119'>[119]</a> Douglas H. Cooper, agent for the Choctaws and Chickasaws, was from
+Mississippi; William H. Garrett, agent for the Creeks, was from Alabama;
+Robert J. Cowart, agent for the Cherokees, was from Georgia; Matthew
+Leeper, agent for the Indians of the Leased District, was from Texas; and
+Andrew J. Dorn, agent at the Neosho River Agency, was from Arkansas.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_120' id='f_120' href='#fna_120'>[120]</a> Telegram, Greenwood to Rector, January 19, 1861 [Indian Office,
+<i>Letter Book</i>, no. 65, p. 104].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_121' id='f_121' href='#fna_121'>[121]</a> For information showing what Indian agents became adherents of the
+Confederate cause, see, among other things, an extract from a report of
+Albert Pike to be found in Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 130, pp.
+237-238; and a letter from R. W. Johnson to L. P. Walker, published in
+<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 598.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_122' id='f_122' href='#fna_122'>[122]</a> The evidence on this point is not very convincing, either one way or
+the other. A number of documents might be cited bearing some brief, vague,
+or indefinite reference to the steps the Indians took from the beginning.
+The closing paragraph of the following report from E. H. Carruth, under
+date of July 11, 1861, is a typical case:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I know not that any person has given information to any of the
+United States officers in regard to the position of the Indian Tribes
+connected with the Southern Superintendency.</p>
+
+<p>I am just arrived from the Seminole Country where for a year I have
+been employed as [illegible] to induce the Seminoles to establish
+schools. In Sept. last the chiefs applied to the Department to set
+aside $5000 for this purpose, but never heard from their application,
+and their Ag&#8217;t soon became too deeply interested in the politics of
+the Country to pay much attention to the affairs of the tribe.</p>
+
+<p>From the time the secession movement began to ripen into treason, the
+Chief of the Seminoles has constantly sought information on the
+subject, and whenever I rec&#8217;d a mail he would bring an Interpreter &amp;
+remain with me until all had been read and explained.</p>
+
+<p>After the Forts west were taken possession of by the Texans, the
+tribes living under the protection of Government around Fort Cobb came
+into the Seminole Country, seeking the counsel of the Seminoles as to
+what they should do, hostility to the Texans, being with them
+strengthened by the recollection of recent wrongs. The Seminoles gave
+them permission to reside on their lands, and advised them to
+interfere with neither party, should both be represented in the
+country.</p>
+
+<p>The Texan officers sent several letters among them &amp; left
+Commissioners at Cobb to treat with them offering to them the same
+protection before enjoyed while the Government of the U. S. was
+represented among them. A letter was also sent to the Seminoles signed
+by Geo. W. Welch, &#8220;Capt-Commanding the Texan troops in the service of
+the Southern Confederacy&#8221; which asserted that the <i>Northern people
+were determined to take away their lands &amp; negroes</i>, that the old
+Gov&#8217;t would never be able to fulfill her treaty stipulations and wound
+up by asking them to place their interests under the protection of the
+Southern Confederacy.</p>
+
+<p>Very soon afterwards Capt. Albert G. Pike &#8220;Commissioner for the
+Confederate States of America&#8221; wrote to the Seminole Chief from the
+Creek Agency, asking that he should meet him at that place with six of
+his best men fully authorized to treat with him. He also asked for a
+body of Seminole warriors, &amp; promised as &#8220;good perhaps better treaty&#8221;
+than their old one. His letter was backed up by one from Washburn
+(formerly Seminole Ag&#8217;t) who gave a glowing description of treason,
+representing to the Indians that the U. S. could never pay one dollar
+of the moneys due them, that European Nations were committed to the
+cause of the Rebels, and entreated, prayed, almost commanded them to
+take the step so essential to their political salvation. This Washburn
+had once been engaged in a money transaction with two of the Chiefs
+which swindled the nation out of many thousands of dollars, and while
+they came near losing their heads in the operation, he escaped, &amp;
+still enjoys great personal popularity with the tribe. No man knows
+better how to approach Indians. He was born among them of missionary
+parents, &amp; like all southern men, who regret their northern parentage,
+he is the most rabid of violent traitors. The day after these letters
+were rec&#8217;d the Chief (John Jumper) spent at my house. He felt true to
+the treaties, &amp; said that all his people were with the Government,
+but, the Forts west were in possession of its enemies, their Agent
+would give them no information on the subject, &amp; he feared that his
+country would be overrun, if he did not yield.</p>
+
+<p>I told him plainly that Government was shamefully misrepresented, that
+the treaties bound him to all the states alike, that the U. S. could
+not fall with all the Army &amp; Navy at her disposal, &amp; that should the
+South ever succeed in gaining her own independence the free States
+would fight till not a man, woman or child was left, before yielding
+one inch of Territory to the rebels. The war being entered into not so
+much either for or against slavery in the states, as to protect the
+Constitutional rights of Government in the Territories. The Chief told
+me that all the full Indians everywhere were with the Gov&#8217;t, that he
+did not wish to fight, nor did his people, they had hoped to be left
+to themselves untill the whites settled their quarrels, his people had
+enough of war in Florida, &amp; were now anxious for peace. He would
+however go to the Creek Agency &amp; tell Capt. Pike &amp; Ben McCulloch their
+determination. I believe the object of Pike in drawing the Seminoles
+to the Creek country was that he could thus bring Creek influence to
+bear upon them. When Pike&#8217;s letter came, the Bearer sent word to the
+Chief to meet him ten miles below, where they were read, but this
+caution did not keep them out of sight, as the Chief immediately
+brought them to me, to whom as clerk they should have come at first,
+but a &#8220;white man&#8221; was declared to be the adviser of the Seminoles, for
+whom a black jack limb would soon suffice. I knew it dangerous to
+await the arrival of my ranger friends, &amp; with my wife I left on
+horseback, traveling in a Kickapoo trail, coming in above the Creek
+country, as they had seceded&mdash;I was questioned a good deal in the
+Cherokee Nation, but not interfered with as I was personally
+acquainted with their leading half breeds, and my wife being fortunate
+enough to have a Virginia birth and a brother in Missouri.</p>
+
+<p>When within a half hour&#8217;s travel of the Neosho River, my shot gun was
+taken by a company of men, organized that day&mdash;the 2d after Seymour
+was killed&mdash;they said &#8220;to clean out Kansas Jay hawkers.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The influence of Capt. Pike the Rebel Commissioner is second to no
+man&#8217;s among the Southern Indians &amp; I fear that he may succeed in his
+intrigues with the other tribes, the Creeks, Chickasaws, &amp; Choctaws
+having already gone. The Cherokees refuse to go as a Nation, &amp; no one
+is a firmer friend to the Union than John Ross, their Chief, but
+traitors are scheming, and the half breeds in favor of the South, want
+an army to come in, in which event they promise to be &#8220;forced in&#8221; to
+the Arms of Jeff. Davis, &amp; the select crowd of traitors at Montgomery.</p>
+
+<p>There are many true &amp; loyal men even among the half breeds, some of
+the Judges of their courts I know to be so, while all the full blood
+element is with the Gov&#8217;t.</p>
+
+<p>The half breeds belong to the K. G. C. a society whose sole object is
+to increase &amp; defend slavery and the full bloods have&mdash;not to be
+outdone&mdash;got up a secret organization called the &#8220;pins&#8221; which meets
+among mountains, connecting business with Ball-playing, and this is
+understood to be in favor of Gov&#8217;t, at least when a half breed at
+Webers falls raised a secession flag, the &#8220;pins&#8221; turned out to haul it
+down &amp; were only stopped by a superior force, they retired swearing
+that &#8220;it should yet be done &amp; its raiser killed&#8221; and now Sir, let me
+say a word in behalf of the full Indians who make up in devotion to
+our Gov&#8217;t what they lack in knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>I sometimes hear rejoicing on the part of Northern people, that these
+tribes are seceding, because they say such violation of their treaties
+will lose them their lands, whose beauty &amp; fertility have long been
+admired by western farmers. I have been twelve years among these
+tribes &amp; I know the full bloods to be loyal to the Gov&#8217;t. That Gov&#8217;t
+is bound by treaties to protect these nations, to keep up Forts for
+that purpose. The forts are deserted, the soldiers are gone. The
+Agents are either resigned or, working under &#8220;confederate&#8221;
+commissions. The Indians are told that the old Gov&#8217;t is bankrupt, that
+it must die, that England &amp; France will help the South, That they are
+southern Indians &amp; own slaves, &amp; have interests only with &amp; in the
+south, That the war is waged by the North for the sole purpose of
+killing slavery, &amp; stealing the Indian lands etc. etc. What have the
+Indians with which to disprove this? The &#8220;Confederate&#8221; Gov&#8217;t is
+represented there by an army &amp; Commissioners, but the United States
+have not been heard from for six months. Every battle is believed to
+be against the old Gov&#8217;t &amp; those who control the news know in what
+shape it should go to have influence. The Seminole Agent, Col.
+Rutherford, has never lifted his finger to give information or advice
+to the Indians under his charge&mdash;He said before Mr. Lincoln took his
+seat as President that he would not receive a reappointment from him,
+but would serve until it should come, which means that his love of
+money would enable him to make an occasional visit to the Agency
+buildings, but his fear for &amp; sympathy with Ark. rebels, would keep
+him from doing anything to endanger their interests. A proper officer
+could have kept the Seminoles from sending a delegation to Capt. Pike,
+as well as in the Creek country one could have kept the Creeks loyal.
+That there has been the most culpable neglect on the part of its
+officers to the interests of the Genl Gov&#8217;t needs no
+demonstration&mdash;The cry has been: &#8220;More favorable treaties can now be
+made with the South than after the war, as it will show that the
+Indians are at heart with the South&#8221;&mdash;No doubt is allowed to be felt
+as to the issue of the war. The agents who hold Commissions from Mr.
+Lincoln &amp; go to Montgomery to have Jeff. Davis endorse them, show a
+faith in the issue, that is not lost upon the Indians.</p>
+
+<p>A Capt. Brown of the Chickasaw tribe was commanding at Arbuckle, in
+the absence of Col. McKing who was at Tishimingo where the legislature
+was in session. He informed me that the Texans would not come over
+until the Choctaws &amp; Chickasaws had given them to understand that &#8220;it
+would be all right&#8221;&mdash;At the time these nations did not wish to invite
+them, it would have been too palpable a violation of treaties, tho&#8217;
+they took command of the Fort, whether under their national
+authorities, or the &#8220;Confederate&#8221; I do not know which.</p>
+
+<p>Letters now in possession of the Seminole Chief will prove much herein
+stated. I told the chief to preserve those letters &amp; all others which
+he might receive of a like nature....&mdash;General Files, <i>Southern
+Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, C1348.</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_123' id='f_123' href='#fna_123'>[123]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. i, 513.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_124' id='f_124' href='#fna_124'>[124]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 515-516.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_125' id='f_125' href='#fna_125'>[125]</a> The order was one of the many, dictated by the policy of &#8220;no
+coercion,&#8221; that issued in the last days of Buchanan&#8217;s administration and
+the first of Lincoln&#8217;s. A few of them, affecting or designed to affect the
+frontier, may as well be listed in chronological order. On the thirteenth
+of February, an abandonment of Fort Smith was ordered [<i>Official Records</i>,
+first ser., vol. i, 654]. The citizens protested and the order was
+countermanded [<i>ibid.</i>, 655]. On the fifteenth of the same month, General
+Scott ordered, in the event of secession, all United States troops from
+Texas, via Fort Belknap and the Indian country, to Fort Leavenworth
+[<i>ibid.</i>, 589]. On the eighteenth of March, a similar abandonment of
+Arkansas and the Indian country was arranged for [<i>ibid.</i>, 667].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_126' id='f_126' href='#fna_126'>[126]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. liii, supplement, pp. 626, 628,
+629.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_127' id='f_127' href='#fna_127'>[127]</a> General Twiggs was then waiting to be relieved of his command,
+having personally requested to be relieved, his sense of embarrassment
+being strong and his unwillingness to take responsibility, extreme. Robert
+E. Lee, brevet colonel, Second United States Cavalry, was relieved from
+duty in Texas and ordered to repair to Washington, by orders of February
+4, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. i, 586].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_128' id='f_128' href='#fna_128'>[128]</a> Commissioners of some sort had been sent to the Indians even before
+this. They do not seem to have been, in any sense, agents of Texas,
+indeed, the ones particularly in mind were from Arkansas; but Texas may
+have taken her cue from their appointment. Their presence in the Indian
+country is sufficiently attested by the following correspondence:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I have been informed today that persons purporting to act in the
+capacity of Commissioners are now visiting the Indian nations on our
+frontier&mdash;preparatory to forming an alliance with them to furnish them
+with arms and munitions of war, in violation of subsisting treaties
+and the laws of the United States. Occupying the position I do as a
+Civil officer of the Government in discharge of my duty as well as
+instructions, It is my duty to make inquiry and report such a state of
+facts as may exist in relation to the same. And having no authentic
+information in relation to this matter other than public rumor, I have
+believed it my duty to address you knowing that if such projects are
+in embryo or consummation that they cannot escape your vigilance; and
+that from you I shall be informed of the same, that, they may be
+communicated from a reliable official source to the authorities at
+Washington for their action.&mdash;<span class="smcap">John B. Ogden</span>, United States
+commissioner, to John Ross, dated Van Buren, February 15, 1861 [Indian
+Office, General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, O32].</p>
+
+<p>I have received your communication of the 15th inst.&mdash;stating that you
+have been informed that persons purporting to act in the capacity of
+commissioners are now visiting the Indian Nations on the frontier
+preparatory to forming an alliance....</p>
+
+<p>It is currently rumored in the Country that Mr. R. J. Cowart&mdash;the U.
+S. Agent&mdash;is officially advocating the secession policy of the
+Southern States and that he is endeavoring to influence the Cherokees
+to take sides and act in concert with the seceded States&mdash;At the same
+time uttering words of denunciation against all the distinguished
+Patriots who are exerting their efforts, to devise measures of
+reconciliation in Congress as well as those in the Peace Convention at
+Washington for the Preservation of the Union.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Cowart brought out with him from the State of Georgia a man
+named&mdash;Solomon&mdash;who is a notorious drunken brawling disunionist. He is
+strolling about Tahlequah under the permission of the socalled &#8220;U. S.
+Agent&#8221;&mdash;and is creating strife &amp; getting into difficulties with
+citizens of the Nation&mdash;a perfect nuisance to the peace and good order
+of society.</p>
+
+<p>The conduct and general deportment of this man, also of the Agent
+being in direct violation of the laws and Treaties of the United
+States&mdash;they should be removed out of the Cherokee Country.</p>
+
+<p>For further information as to such facts relating to the subjects of
+your enquiry, I have to refer you at present to Mr. W. P. Ross for
+what he may be in possession of....&mdash;<span class="smcap">John Ross</span> to John B. Ogden,
+February 28, 1861 [Indian Office, General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, O32].</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_129' id='f_129' href='#fna_129'>[129]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, 322.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_130' id='f_130' href='#fna_130'>[130]</a> Tenney, W. J. <i>Military and Naval History of the Rebellion in the
+United States</i>, 134.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_131' id='f_131' href='#fna_131'>[131]</a> Letter to the Alabama commissioner, J. M. Calhoun, January 7, 1861
+[<i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, 74].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_132' id='f_132' href='#fna_132'>[132]</a> &#8220;Report of a Committee of the Convention, being an address to the
+people of Texas, March 30, 1861.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 199.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_133' id='f_133' href='#fna_133'>[133]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, 322-325.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_134' id='f_134' href='#fna_134'>[134]</a> Leeper to Greenwood, February 12, 1861 [General Files, <i>Wichita,
+1860-1861</i>, L373].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_135' id='f_135' href='#fna_135'>[135]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. i, 656.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_136' id='f_136' href='#fna_136'>[136]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name='f_137' id='f_137' href='#fna_137'>[137]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 660.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_138' id='f_138' href='#fna_138'>[138]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 648.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_139' id='f_139' href='#fna_139'>[139]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. i, 656.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_140' id='f_140' href='#fna_140'>[140]</a> The Indian Office protested against a reduction of the forts because
+of treaty guaranties to the Indians [Dole to Smith, April 30, 1861, Indian
+Office, <i>Report Book</i>, no. 12, p. 152].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_141' id='f_141' href='#fna_141'>[141]</a> Townsend to Emory, March 21, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser.,
+vol. i, 659].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_142' id='f_142' href='#fna_142'>[142]</a> Same to same, <i>ibid.</i>, 660.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_143' id='f_143' href='#fna_143'>[143]</a> Emory to Townsend, April 2, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>, 660].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_144' id='f_144' href='#fna_144'>[144]</a> At the time, when it was intended to remove all the troops from Fort
+Cobb for purposes of concentration farther south and nearer to the source
+of danger, instructions were issued that the Reserve Indians, whose
+peculiar protection Fort Cobb was, might remove within the limits of Fort
+Washita; but the Choctaws and the Chickasaws objected and, in deference to
+their wishes, Emory suspended the permission [<i>Official Records</i>, first
+ser., vol. i, 663], his excuse being that Fort Cobb was not to be
+abandoned anyway. The contractors, Johnson and Grimes, whom Superintendent
+Rector had so much favored, had a good deal to do with the forming of this
+decision. They told Emory that the Reserve Indians were not free to move;
+for they had no means and that they were &#8220;hutted and planting at Fort
+Cobb.&#8221; Quite naturally the food contractors did not wish the Indians to be
+taken out of their reach within the limits of a military reservation.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_145' id='f_145' href='#fna_145'>[145]</a> Matthew Leeper was very insistent. He not only wrote letters to
+Emory arguing his case but travelled from his agency to Fort Smith to
+interview him.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_146' id='f_146' href='#fna_146'>[146]</a> Emory refused to grant the appeal of Major Sackett and Captain
+Prince not to abandon Fort Arbuckle [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol.
+i, 666].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_147' id='f_147' href='#fna_147'>[147]</a> This circumstance ought not, however, to be cited to the prejudice
+of Colonel Emory; for it was while he was yet at Fort Smith that he
+manifested some of the spirit that inspired Robert E. Lee, who, by the
+way, was in command of the 2nd regiment of United States cavalry and had
+been stationed, like Emory, in Texas, and who, whether he believed in the
+doctrine of secession or not, put, as many another high-minded Southerner
+did, the state before the nation in matters of pride, of allegiance, and
+of personal honor. Such men as Lee belonged to quite another class from
+what the self-seeking politicians did who, in isolated cases at least,
+engineered the secession movement from hope of gain. Many of the Indian
+agents and employees belonged to this latter class. Emory was unlike Lee
+in the final result; for he did not ultimately conclude to go with his
+state. It was he who later on commanded, as a Union brigadier-general, the
+defences of New Orleans.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_148' id='f_148' href='#fna_148'>[148]</a> See <a href="#Page_329">Appendix B</a>, <i>Leeper Papers</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_149' id='f_149' href='#fna_149'>[149]</a> Very early, as has already been commented upon, the Texans bethought
+them of securing the Indian alliance. Additional evidence is to be found
+in such a request as Henry E. McCulloch made of Secretary Walker, on the
+occasion of his brother Ben&#8217;s having passed over to him the charge
+originally conferred upon himself of raising a regiment of mounted troops
+for the defence of the frontier. Henry E. McCulloch requested Secretary
+Walker to permit him</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">To use some of the friendly Indians in the Indian Territory, if I can
+procure their services, in my scouting parties and expeditions against
+the hostile Indians. These people can be made of great service to us,
+and can be used without any great expense to the
+Government.&mdash;<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. i, 618.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_150' id='f_150' href='#fna_150'>[150]</a> Letter of Carruth, July 11, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_151' id='f_151' href='#fna_151'>[151]</a> As proof that the Texans regarded the Choctaws and the Chickasaws as
+friends, the two following letters may be cited:</p>
+
+<p>A letter from John Hemphill and W. S. Oldham, two of the representatives
+from Texas in the Provisional Congress, to Secretary Walker, March 30,
+1861, outlining a scheme of defence for Texas in which the admission was
+made that, from the southwest corner of Arkansas to Preston on the Red
+River, Texas needed no defense as her neighbors on that side were, &#8220;the
+highly-civilized and agricultural tribes of Choctaws and Chickasaws, who
+are in friendship with Texas and the Confederate States.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Official
+Records</i>, first ser., vol. i, 619.</p>
+
+<p>A letter from E. Kirby Smith, major, Artillery, Confederate States of
+America, to Walker, April 20, 1861, to the effect that,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In considering the defense of the line of the western frontier of
+Texas our relations with the civilized Indians north of Red River are
+of the utmost importance. Numbering some eight thousand rifles, they
+form a strong barrier on the north, forcing the line of operations of
+an invading army westward into a region impracticable to the passage
+of large bodies of troops. Regarding them as our allies, which their
+natural affinities make them, the line of the western frontier reduces
+itself to the country between the Rio Grande and Red River.&mdash;<i>Official
+Records</i>, first ser., vol. i, 628.</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_152' id='f_152' href='#fna_152'>[152]</a> Between Fort Washita and Fort Arbuckle, Colonel Emory was overtaken
+by William W. Averell, second lieutenant, Regiment Mounted Rifles, with
+additional despatches from Townsend, ordering him, upon their receipt,
+immediately to repair to Fort Leavenworth, &#8220;with all the troops in the
+Indian country west of Arkansas&#8221; [<i>ibid.</i>, 667]. Lieutenant Averell&#8217;s own
+account of his experiences on the journey between Washington City and Fort
+Washita, the hardships, difficulties, and delays, also the frenzied
+excitement of the Arkansas people over the prospect of secession, forms an
+interesting narrative [<i>ibid.</i>, vol. liii, supplement, 488, 493-496].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_153' id='f_153' href='#fna_153'>[153]</a> Black Beaver had served creditably as United States interpreter for
+the Wichitas and recently Leeper had turned to him for help in allaying
+their fears [Leeper to Rector, dated Wichita Agency, March 28, 1861,
+<i>Leeper Papers</i>]. For services rendered on this expedition northward to
+Fort Leavenworth [Letter of W. S. Robertson, September 30, 1861, General
+Files, <i>Southern Superintendency</i>, <i>1859-1862</i>, R1615], Black Beaver
+brought a claim against the United States [E. S. Parker to J. D. Cox, July
+1, 1869, Indian Office, <i>Report Book</i>, no. 18, pp. 417-418; and same to
+same, April 25, 1870, <i>ibid.</i>, no. 19, p. 321]. Evidently Black Beaver
+served also in the Mexican War. He was then head of a company of mounted
+volunteers, Shawnees and Delawares [George W. Manypenny to Drew, August 8,
+1854], which had been called and mustered into the service by Harney [P.
+Clayton, 2nd auditor, to A. K. Parris, 2nd comptroller, October 26, 1850].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_154' id='f_154' href='#fna_154'>[154]</a> Emory to Townsend, May 19, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser.,
+vol. i, 648].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_155' id='f_155' href='#fna_155'>[155]</a> Captain S. T. Benning to Walker, May 14, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>,
+first ser., vol. i, 653.]</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_156' id='f_156' href='#fna_156'>[156]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name='f_157' id='f_157' href='#fna_157'>[157]</a> Leeper to Rector, January 13, 1862 [<i>Leeper Papers</i>].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_158' id='f_158' href='#fna_158'>[158]</a> A note, communicated by X. B. Debray, aide-de-camp to the Governor
+of Texas, to Walker and dated, Richmond, August 28, 1861, says,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The governor of Texas being convinced that the integrity of the soil
+of Texas greatly depends upon the success of the Southern cause in
+Missouri, and moved by an appeal to the people of Arkansas and Texas
+(published at the beginning of July by General Ben. McCulloch) ordered
+on the 25th ultimo the raising and concentration on Red River of 3,000
+mounted men, besides the regiment commanded by Col. W. C. Young, which
+has been occupying for several months Forts Arbuckle, Cobb, and
+Washita, under authority of Texas, and at the request of the Chickasaw
+Indians.&mdash;<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iv, 98.</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_159' id='f_159' href='#fna_159'>[159]</a> House <i>Journal</i>, Arkansas, 1861, p. 304.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_160' id='f_160' href='#fna_160'>[160]</a> <i>Confederate Military History</i>, vol. x, 4.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_161' id='f_161' href='#fna_161'>[161]</a> <i>Confederate Military Hillary</i>, vol. x, 7.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_162' id='f_162' href='#fna_162'>[162]</a> Two letters found among the <i>Fort Smith Papers</i> may serve, in a
+measure, to illustrate the point:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Little Rock, Arks</span>, Jan<sup>y</sup> 6, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr Thad</span>: I received your letter a few days ago.... I am thankful that
+there are a few righteous men left and particularly gratified that you
+and Henry Lewis are true and faithful to the South.</p>
+
+<p>I will endeavor to keep you posted so that you may hold your own with
+the Union savers&mdash;in sober truth the question is not whether the Union
+ought or can be saved but whether Arkansas shall go with the North or
+adhere to the South. Neither Fishback or anybody can preserve the
+Union&mdash;it now becomes us as wise men to put our house in order for the
+impending crisis. I wrote to Porter last night&mdash;the Senate have not
+passed the Convention bill and will not in anything like a right
+shape....</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Ben T. Du Val</span>.</span></p>
+
+<p>[Addressed to Capt. M. T. Tatum, Greenwood, Arks.].</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Little Rock Ark</span>, January 7th 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Thad</span>. I enclose you a copy of the printed bill now before our
+House to arm and equip the Militia of this State and to appropriate
+100,000$ for that purpose.... We have passed a bill through the House
+appropriating five hundred dollars to Porter to cover his losses to
+some extent in money which he has paid out in recovering fugitives, it
+ought to have been a good deal more, but I never worked harder for
+anything in my life to get what we did. I think it will pass the
+Senate. The news from South Carolina indicate a Tea party at
+Charleston before many days. From the general signs of the times I
+think a Compromise will be effect between the North and the South and
+the <i>Union saved</i>. The Convention bill has not passed the Senate yet
+but will in a few days I think. Give my respects to the boys generally
+Your obt Servt</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">John T. London</span></span></p>
+
+<p>[Addressed to Capt. M. T. Tatum, Greenwood, Sebastian County, Arkansas.]</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_163' id='f_163' href='#fna_163'>[163]</a> An interesting series of telegrams has a bearing upon that event.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right">February 1, 1861</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. J. Green, William Walker</span>, Van Buren, Ark.:</p>
+
+<p>Not possible to leave here. Southern confederacy certain. Arkansas
+must save her children by joining it. Write by mail to-day.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Johnson</span> and <span class="smcap">Hindman</span>,</span></p></div>
+
+<p><i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. liii, supplement, 617.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Washington</span>, February 7, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Pope, Esq.</span>, Little Rock, Ark.:</p>
+
+<p>For God&#8217;s sake do not complicate matters by an attack. It will be
+premature and do incalculable injury. We cannot justify it. The
+reasons that existed elsewhere for seizure do not exist with us.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Albert Pike</span>, <span class="smcap">R. W. Johnson.</span></span></p></div>
+
+<p>&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, 682.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">U. S. Senate, Washington</span>, February 7, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">His Excellency H. M. Rector</span>, Little Rock, Ark.:</p>
+
+<p>The motives which impelled capture of forts in other States do not
+exist in ours. It is all premature. We implore you prevent attack on
+arsenal if Totten resists.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">R. W. Johnson</span>, <span class="smcap">W. K. Sebastian.</span></span></p></div>
+
+<p>&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 681.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Washington</span>, February 7, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">R. H. Johnson</span>, <span class="smcap">James B. Johnson</span>, Little Rock:</p>
+
+<p>Southern States which captured forts were in the act of seceding, were
+threatened with troops, and their ports and commerce endangered. Not
+so with us. If Totten resists, for God&#8217;s sake deliberate and go stop
+the assault.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">R. W. Johnson.</span></span></p></div>
+
+<p>&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 681-682.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Washington</span>, February 7, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Governor Rector</span>, Little Rock, Ark.:</p>
+
+<p>For God&#8217;s sake allow no attack to be made on Fort Totten.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">A. Rust.</span></span></p></div>
+
+<p>&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, vol. liii, supplement, 617.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right">February 7, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E. Burgevin</span>, Little Rock:</p>
+
+<p>For God&#8217;s sake do not attack the arsenal. It can do no good and will
+be productive of great harm.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">C. B. Johnson.</span></span></p></div>
+
+<p>&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Little Rock</span>, February 8, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">C. B. Johnson</span>, Washington:</p>
+
+<p>Spoke too late, like Irishman who swallowed egg. Arsenal in hands of
+Governor.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Edmund Burgevin</span>.</span></p></div>
+
+<p><i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. liii, supplement, 617.</p>
+
+<p>The senders and recipients of the telegraphic dispatches were, with one or
+two exceptions, all relatives of each other, and all in public life.
+Robert Ward Johnson and William K. Sebastian were, at the time, United
+States senators from Arkansas; Thomas C. Hindman and Albert Rust were
+Arkansas representatives in Congress; Albert Pike was in Washington,
+prosecuting the Choctaw Indian claim; Edmund Burgevin was the
+attorney-general of Arkansas and a brother-in-law of Governor Rector;
+Richard H. Johnson and James Johnson were brothers of Robert W. Johnson,
+the former being proprietor and editor of the Little Rock <i>Democrat</i> and
+the latter, in future years, a colonel in the Confederate army. In 1868,
+R. W. Johnson moved to Washington City and became the law partner of
+Albert Pike. [Arkansas Historical Association, <i>Publications</i>, vol. ii,
+268.] Hindman was the man who sneered at the precautions taken to insure
+President-elect Lincoln&#8217;s safety [Stanwood, <i>History of Presidential
+Elections</i>, 235]. Sebastian was expelled from the Senate because of his
+southern sympathies; but, as he really took no active part in the
+Confederate movements, the resolution of expulsion was rescinded in 1878.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_164' id='f_164' href='#fna_164'>[164]</a> It would be interesting to know whether Elias Rector had as yet
+formulated any such plan for personal aggrandizement such as must have
+been in his mind when he wrote the letter to Douglas H. Cooper that called
+forth from Cooper the following response:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center"><i>Private &amp; Confidential</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Copy</i></p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith</span> May 1st 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Major Elias Rector</span></p>
+
+<p>Dr. Sir: I have concluded to act upon the suggestion yours of the 28th
+Ultimo contains.</p>
+
+<p>If we work this thing shrewdly we can make a fortune each, satisfy the
+Indians, stand fair before the North, and revel in the unwavering
+confidence of our Southern Confederacy.</p>
+
+<p>My share of the eighty thousand in gold you can leave on deposite with
+Meyer Bro, subject to my order. Write me soon. <span class="smcap">Cooper.</span> Indian Office,
+General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1863-1864</i>, I435.</p></div>
+
+<p>The foregoing letter of Cooper&#8217;s was one of those referred to in the
+following telegraphic communication from Special Agent G. B. Stockton to
+Secretary Usher, dated Fort Smith, Arkansas, February 20, 1864:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">I have just found &amp; have now in this office a large desk containing
+indian papers treaties correspondence of Cooper Rector &amp; others,
+correspondence of W. P. Dole as late as May fifteenth 1861 vouchers
+abstracts &amp; correspondence convicting Rector &amp; Cooper of enticing the
+various tribes to become enemies of the U. S. The papers extend back
+as far as 1834 will you please direct me what disposition to make of them.</p>
+
+<p>Secretary Usher referred the matter to the Office of Indian Affairs and
+Mix instructed Stockton to send the papers on to Washington [Letter of
+February 20, 1864]. This Stockton did and notified the Commissioner of
+Indian Affairs in this wise, by telegraph:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">I have boxed the Indian Papers which I found at this place, and this
+day send them by wagons to Leavenworth City, Kansas, to be thence
+forwarded by the American Express Company.</p>
+
+<p>There seems to have been considerable delay in their transmittal after
+they had passed into the custodianship of the express company but they
+eventually reached the Indian Office and to-day form part of the Fort
+Smith collection.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_165' id='f_165' href='#fna_165'>[165]</a> The melodious refrain of this,</p>
+
+<p class="poem">That fine Arkansas gentleman,<br />
+Close to the Choctaw line.</p>
+
+<p>unconsciously brings our one of the very ideas sought to be conveyed by
+the present chapter; namely, the extremely close connection between
+Arkansas and Indian Territory.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_166' id='f_166' href='#fna_166'>[166]</a> This old, old song, &#8220;written on the model and to the air of &#8216;The Old
+Country Gentleman&#8217;,&#8221; runs thus:</p>
+
+<p class="poem">The song I&#8217;ll sing, though lately made, it tells of olden days,<br />
+Of a good old Scottish gentleman, of good old Scottish ways;<br />
+When our barons bold kept house and hold, and sung their olden lays<br />
+And drove with speed across the Tweed, auld Scotland&#8217;s bluidy faes,<br />
+Like brave old Scottish gentlemen, all of the olden time.</p>
+
+<p><i>Scottish Songs</i>, printed by W. G. Blackie and Company (Glasgow).</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_167' id='f_167' href='#fna_167'>[167]</a> The commissioners to whom Ogden referred in his letter of February
+15, 1861, may have been the tangible evidence of Governor Rector&#8217;s first
+attempt to influence the Indians.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_168' id='f_168' href='#fna_168'>[168]</a> Fleming, <i>Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama</i>, 46, footnote 1.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_169' id='f_169' href='#fna_169'>[169]</a> Smith, <i>Debates of the Alabama Convention</i>, 443-444; <i>Official
+Records</i>, fourth ser., vol i, 3.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_170' id='f_170' href='#fna_170'>[170]</a> Governor Moore had appointed the commissioners, including Hubbard,
+on his own initiative before the convention met. See his address, Smith&#8217;s
+<i>Debates</i>, 35.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_171' id='f_171' href='#fna_171'>[171]</a> House <i>Journal</i>, Arkansas, 38.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_172' id='f_172' href='#fna_172'>[172]</a> House <i>Journal</i>, Arkansas, 314, 445.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_173' id='f_173' href='#fna_173'>[173]</a> January 12, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_174' id='f_174' href='#fna_174'>[174]</a> The resolution is found in House <i>Journal</i>, Arkansas, 167 and in
+<i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, 307. Its text is as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Resolved</i>, That no money or property of any kind whatever, now in the
+hands of the Superintendent of Indian Affairs, or of any Indian agent,
+being placed there, or designed for the Indians on the western
+frontier of Arkansas, shall be seized, but that the same shall so
+remain to be applied to and for the use of the several Indian Nations,
+faithfully, as was designed when so placed in their hands for
+disbursement.</p>
+
+<p>And the people of the State of Arkansas, here in sovereign convention
+assembled, do hereby pledge the sovereignty of the State of Arkansas,
+that everything in their power shall be done to compel a faithful
+application of all money and property now in the hands of persons or
+agents designed and intended for the several Indian tribes west of
+Arkansas.</p>
+
+<p>Adopted in and by the convention May 9, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">David Walker</span>, President of the Arkansas State Convention.</span></p>
+
+<p>Attest. <span class="smcap">Elias C. Boudinot</span>, Secretary of the Convention.</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_175' id='f_175' href='#fna_175'>[175]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Boonsborough, Ark.</span>, May 9, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hon. John Ross</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Dear Sir: The momentous issues that now engross the attention of the
+American people cannot but have elicited your interest and attention
+as well as ours. The unfortunate resort of an arbitrament of arms
+seems now to be the only alternative. Our State has of necessity to
+co-operate with her natural allies, the Southern States. It is now
+only a question of North and South, and the &#8220;hardest must fend off.&#8221;
+We expect manfully to bear our part of the privations and sacrifices
+which the times require of Southern people.</p>
+
+<p>This being our attitude in this great contest, it is natural for us to
+desire, and we think we may say we have a right, to know what position
+will be taken by those who may greatly conduce to our interests as
+friends or to our injury as enemies. Not knowing your political status
+in this present contest as the head of the Cherokee Nation, we request
+you to inform as by letter, at your earliest convenience, whether you
+will co-operate with the Northern or Southern section, now so
+unhappily and hopelessly divided. We earnestly hope to find in you and
+your people true allies and active friends; but if, unfortunately, you
+prefer to retain your connection with the Northern Government and give
+them aid and comfort, we want to know that, as we prefer an open enemy
+to a doubtful friend.</p>
+
+<p>With considerations of high regard, we are, your obedient servants,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Mark Bean</span>,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">W. B. Welch</span>,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">E. W. Macclure</span>,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">John Spencer</span>,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">J. A. McColloch</span>,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">J. M. Lacy</span>,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">J. P. Carnahan</span>,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>And many others</i>.</span></p></div>
+
+<p><i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. xiii, 493-494; Indian Office, General
+Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, C515.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_176' id='f_176' href='#fna_176'>[176]</a> Indian Office, General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, C515; <i>Official
+Records</i>, first ser., vol. i, 683-684; vol. xiii, 490-491.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_177' id='f_177' href='#fna_177'>[177]</a> Indian Office, General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, C515; <i>Official
+Records</i>, first ser., vol. i, 683.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_178' id='f_178' href='#fna_178'>[178]</a> In a letter to A. B. Greenwood, dated Fort Smith, February 13, 1861,
+he says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>On the 11th Inst. I sent a dispatch to you asking for Troops and
+yesterday rec&#8217;d an answer making enquiries as to the Object for which
+they are wanted, and asking if the Governor&#8217;s Commissioner was here &amp;
+what was his Object.</p>
+
+<p>I have just replyed in a Dispatch, that the Gov. has no Com. here and
+has had none. I suppose you have been Tehlegraphed that there was a
+Com. and that for mischief. Now the following are the facts in the
+case as far as I have been able to learn them. On Saturday or Sunday
+last there came a young man by the name of Gains called Dr. Gains from
+Little Rock. He stated his object was to visit the Indian Tribes west
+of this to cultivate with them friendly Relations and stated moreover
+that he was authorized to do so by the Gov. of Arkansas. When I
+returned your Dispatch I went to Dr. Gains and asked him in the
+presents of witnesses if he was acting as Com. for the Gov. of
+Arkansas he replyed that he was not, and now Sir I am sorry to learn
+to day that a rumor is afloat that I am here to aid in taking this
+post &amp; that by having Troops sent from here to weaken the forces.
+Nothing can be more false. In the first place, the Citizens have no
+Disposition to interfere with this post in any way and the truth is I
+see no persons but the Officers and I will not judge of their motives.</p>
+
+<p>Them and myself are all friendly as far as I know except it may be
+they object to a Speach I made here on Monday night last. I can say
+and prove by all the best citizens of the Place that my remarks were
+mild and conciliatory and could not be objectionable to any true
+Southern man this the citizens of the City will bare me out, the truth
+is the only objection they could make to my speech was that it was
+unanswerable. I told you the same when in Washington. I appeal to the
+Citizens for the truth of what I say. I desire troops to protect the
+Cherokees from Abolition forays from Kansas &amp; the Neutral land. I am
+told that there are three times the No. of Intruders now that there
+was there last fall and that violent threats have been made by Kansas.</p>
+
+<p>In the next place I can do nothing without Troops there and a No. of
+lawless murderers in the Nation that cannot without Troops, and I told
+you those things when with you last and in addition to the above facts
+the Troops can live and support quite as comfortable and for less
+money out there than they can here.&mdash;Indian Office, General Files,
+<i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_179' id='f_179' href='#fna_179'>[179]</a> The proof appeared in the correspondence of John B. Ogden,
+commissioner of the district court of the United States for the western
+district of Arkansas. On March 4, 1861, Ogden wrote from Van Buren to the
+Secretary of the Interior the following letter:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Having learned on the 15th of Feb<sup>y</sup> last from rumor the person
+appointed as Com<sup>r</sup> had been sent by Gov. Rector of the State of
+Arkansas to the Indian tribes upon our frontier for co-operation in
+secession movements, and the same being in violation of treaty
+stipulations and the laws enacted by Congress regulating trade and
+Intercourse, I addressed a letter of inquiry to John Ross principal
+chief of the Cherokee Nation in relation to the same, which letter
+accompanies this with his reply&mdash;The letter to me I think was intended
+to be confidential from its language and from my conversation with the
+messenger who was the bearer of it to me, of this however I cannot
+positively judge and have thought best to forward the same. John Ross
+was unable to give me an imediate answer as he was not personally
+advised of the subject matter. But upon the return of Mr W. P. Ross
+who was a delegate from the Cherokees to a General Council being held
+of the tribes West of Arkansas in relation to their own international
+policy, he became advised of the matter of inquiry and for the purpose
+of furnishing the required information sent Mr W. P. Ross the bearer
+of this letter to Van Buren that he might fully communicate with me in
+the matter. I learn from him that one Dr J. J. Gains late editor of a
+secession sheet at Little Rock, did attend the said Council held by
+the Indian tribes west of Ark<sup>s</sup> in the Choctaw Nation, and that said
+Gains announced to the Council his mission to be that of a Com<sup>r</sup> from
+Arkansas accredited by the Gov<sup>r</sup> to consult with them in relation to
+co-operation with the seceding States&mdash;That he submitted a written
+Statement to them in reference to their interests and future relations
+in the event of a dissolution of the Union&mdash;but that he was guarded in
+his propositions&mdash;You will learn from M<sup>r</sup> John Ross&#8217; letter that he
+informs me officially that the present (agent) of the Cherokees &#8220;is
+officiously advocating the secession policy of the southern States and
+that his endeavoring to influence the Cherokees to take sides and act
+in Concert with the Seceding States.&#8221;&mdash;I can state from my own
+information that when said Agent is in Ark<sup>s</sup> he is invariably to be
+found upon the stump &#8220;open-mouthed and&mdash;&#8221; for disunion, to the great
+anoyance of the good people of the Country. These people should be
+heard and their grievances redressed and the causes removed, and some
+man of correct constitutional morals appointed in his stead. We have
+hosts of such men in this State, and as the Incoming Administration
+are not advised of persons in this country, allow me to suggest that
+on application to the Hon. A. B. Greenwood now of Washington the
+selection of a suitable person could be named. I have no doubt, that
+would be satisfactory&mdash;pardon this apparent officiousness&mdash;At this
+time my great anxiety for the preservation of the Union must be my
+apology for what I have said.</p>
+
+<p>I also enclose you a copy of a permit furnished me by M<sup>r</sup> Ross issued
+by said agent.&mdash;Indian Office, General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>,
+O32.</p>
+
+<p><i>Inclosures</i></p>
+
+<p>1. John Ogden to John Ross, February 15, 1861.</p>
+
+<p>2. John Ross to John B. Ogden, February 28, 1861.</p>
+
+<p>3. <span class="smcap">Cherokee Agency</span>, near Tahlequah, C. N.</p>
+
+<p>Isaac G. Freeman, a citizen of what was formerly the United States and
+a farmer by occupation has permission to remain with J. C. Cunningham
+near Park Hill in said Nation and labor for the said Cunningham for
+twelve months from this date subject to be removed by the Agent at any
+time for cause.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">R. J. Cowart</span>, U. S. Cherokee Agent.</span></p>
+
+<p>[Endorsement] A true copy from the original as taken by me March 1st
+1861</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Will P. Ross</span></span></p>
+
+<p>4. Newspaper clippings, one containing the Choctaw resolutions of
+February 7, 1861, and the other this:</p>
+
+<p>Dr. J. J. Gains, (an old editor) dropped in upon us, last week, on his
+way to Little Rock, from the Indian country. His mission was one of
+peace, and not to &#8220;<i>incite rebellion</i>&#8221; as was telegraphed to
+Washington City, by some officious person. We were glad to learn from
+him, that our border friends are all right.</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_180' id='f_180' href='#fna_180'>[180]</a> General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, C515; <i>Official Records</i>,
+first ser., vol. xiii, 491-492.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_181' id='f_181' href='#fna_181'>[181]</a> Stephens says they were almost equally divided on the question of
+secession [<i>Constitutional View of the Late War between the States</i>, vol.
+ii, 363].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_182' id='f_182' href='#fna_182'>[182]</a> On April 20, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_183' id='f_183' href='#fna_183'>[183]</a> Stephens, <i>op. cit.</i>, vol. ii, 375; <i>Official Records</i>, first ser.,
+vol. i, 674, 687.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_184' id='f_184' href='#fna_184'>[184]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. i, 686.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_185' id='f_185' href='#fna_185'>[185]</a> <i>Journal</i>, Arkansas Convention, 369.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_186' id='f_186' href='#fna_186'>[186]</a> The importance of such an alliance seems never to have been lost
+sight of. In his message of May 6, 1861, Governor Rector called attention
+to the fact that Arkansas was the most exposed state in the Union, because
+of the Indians on the west [<i>Journal</i>, 153]. In various ways, he
+emphasized the strategical value of Indian Territory [<i>ibid.</i>, 156].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_187' id='f_187' href='#fna_187'>[187]</a> <i>Journal</i>, Arkansas Convention, 183.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_188' id='f_188' href='#fna_188'>[188]</a> See <a href="#Page_183">page 183</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_189' id='f_189' href='#fna_189'>[189]</a> <i>Journal</i>, Arkansas Convention, 189.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_190' id='f_190' href='#fna_190'>[190]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 295.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_191' id='f_191' href='#fna_191'>[191]</a> N. Bart Pearce had just been created by the convention
+&#8220;brigadier-general of Arkansas, to command the Western frontier.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_192' id='f_192' href='#fna_192'>[192]</a> On the thirteenth of May, the Confederate War Department had
+assigned Ben McCulloch to the command of the district embracing Indian
+Territory.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_193' id='f_193' href='#fna_193'>[193]</a> <i>Journal</i>, Arkansas Convention, 369.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_194' id='f_194' href='#fna_194'>[194]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. i, 691.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_195' id='f_195' href='#fna_195'>[195]</a> These resolutions are found in the <i>Official Record</i>, first ser.,
+vol. iii, 585-587 and are as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Resolutions of the Senate and House of Representatives of the
+Chickasaw Legislature assembled</i>, May 25, 1861: Whereas the Government
+of the United States has been broken up by the secession of a large
+number of States composing the Federal Union&mdash;that the dissolution has
+been followed by war between the parties; and whereas the destruction
+of the Union as it existed by the Federal Constitution is irreparable,
+and consequently the Government of the United States as it was when
+the Chickasaw and other Indian nations formed alliances and treaties
+with it no longer exists; and whereas the Lincoln Government,
+pretending to represent said Union, has shown by its course towards
+us, in withdrawing from our country the protection of the Federal
+troops, and withholding, unjustly and unlawfully, our money placed in
+the hands of the Government of the United States as trustee, to be
+applied for our benefit, a total disregard of treaty obligations
+toward us; and whereas our geographical position, our social and
+domestic institutions, our feelings and sympathies, all attach us to
+our Southern friends, against whom is about to be waged a war of
+subjugation or extermination, of conquest and confiscation&mdash;a war
+which, if we can judge from the declarations of the political
+partisans of the Lincoln Government, will surpass the French
+Revolution in scenes of blood and that of San Domingo in atrocious
+horrors; and whereas it is impossible that the Chickasaws, deprived of
+their money and destitute of all means of separate self-protection,
+can maintain neutrality or escape the storm which is about to burst
+upon the South, but, on the contrary, would be suspected, oppressed,
+and plundered alternately by armed bands from the North, South, East,
+and West; and whereas we have an abiding confidence that all our
+rights&mdash;tribal and individual&mdash;secured to as under treaties with the
+United States, will be fully recognized, guaranteed, and protected by
+our friends of the Confederate States; and whereas as a Southern
+people we consider their cause our own: Therefore,</p>
+
+<p><i>Be it resolved by the Chickasaw Legislature assembled</i>, 1st. That the
+dissolution of the Federal Union, under which the Government of the
+United States existed, has absolved the Chickasaws from allegiance to
+any foreign government whatever; that the current of the events of the
+last few months has left the Chickasaw Nation <i>independent</i>, the
+people thereof free to form such alliances, and take such steps to
+secure their own safety, happiness, and future welfare as may to them
+seem best.</p>
+
+<p>2d. <i>Resolved</i>, That our neighboring Indian nations&mdash;Choctaws,
+Cherokees, Creeks, Seminoles, Osages, Senecas, Quapaws, Comanches,
+Kiowas, together with the fragmentary bands of Delawares, Kickapoos,
+Caddoes, Wichitas, and others within the Choctaw and Chickasaw country
+who are similarly situated with ourselves, be invited to co-operate,
+in order to secure the independence of the Indian nations and the
+defense of the territory they inhabit from Northern invasion by the
+Lincoln hordes and Kansas robbers, who have plundered and oppressed
+our red brethren among them, and who doubtless would extend towards us
+the protection which the wolf gives to the lamb should they succeed in
+overrunning our country; that the Chickasaws pledge themselves to
+resist by all means and to the death any such invasion of the lands
+occupied by themselves or by any of the Indian nations; and that their
+country shall not be occupied or passed through by the Lincoln forces
+for the purpose of invading our neighbors, the States of Arkansas and
+Texas, but, on the contrary, any attempt to do so will be regarded as
+an act of war against ourselves, and should be resisted by all the
+Indian nations as insulting to themselves and tending to endanger
+their Territorial rights.</p>
+
+<p>3d. <i>Resolved</i>, That it is expedient, at the very earliest day
+possible, that commissioners from other Indian nations for the purpose
+of forming a league or confederation among them for mutual safety and
+protection, and also to the Confederate States in order to enter into
+such alliance and to conclude such treaties as may be necessary to
+secure the rights, interest, and welfare of the Indian tribes, and
+that the co-operation of all the Indian nations west of the State of
+Arkansas and south of Kansas be invited for the attainment of these
+objects.</p>
+
+<p>4th. <i>Resolved</i>, That the Chickasaws look with confidence especially
+to the Choctaws (whose interests are an closely interwoven with their
+own, and who were the first through their national council to declare
+their sympathy for, and their determination, in case of a permanent
+dissolution of the Federal Union, to adhere to the Southern States),
+and hope they will speedily unite with us in such measures as may be
+necessary for the defense of our common country and a union with our
+natural allies, the Confederate States of America.</p>
+
+<p>5th. <i>Resolved</i>, That while the Chickasaw people entertain the most
+sincere friendship for the people of the neighboring States of Texas
+and Arkansas, and are deeply grateful for the prompt offer from them
+of assistance in all measures of defense necessary for the protection
+of our country against hostile invasion, we are desirous to hold
+undisputed possession of our lands and all forts and other places
+lately occupied by the Federal troops and other officers and persons
+acting under the authority of the United States, and that the governor
+of the Chickasaw Nation be, and he is hereby, instructed to take
+immediate steps to obtain possession of all such forts and places
+within the Choctaw and Chickasaw country, and have the same
+garrisoned, if possible, by Chickasaw troops, or else by troops acting
+expressly under and by virtue of the authority of the Chickasaw or
+Choctaw nations, until such time as said forts, Indian agencies, etc.,
+may be transferred by treaty to the Confederate States.</p>
+
+<p>6th. <i>Resolved</i>, That the governor of the Chickasaw Nation be, and he
+is hereby, instructed to issue his proclamation to the Chickasaw
+Nation, declaring their <i>independence</i>, and calling upon the Chickasaw
+warriors to form themselves into volunteer companies of such strength
+and with such officers (to be chosen by themselves) as the governor
+may prescribe, to report themselves by filing their company rolls at
+the Chickasaw Agency, and to hold themselves, with the best arms and
+ammunition, together with a reasonable supply of provisions, in
+readiness at a minute&#8217;s warning to turn out, under the orders of the
+commanding general of the Chickasaws, for the defense of their country
+or to aid the civil authorities in the enforcement of the laws.</p>
+
+<p>7th. <i>Resolved</i>, That we have full faith and confidence in the justice
+of the cause in which we are embarked, and that we appeal to the
+Chickasaw people to be prepared to meet the conflict which will
+surely, and perhaps speedily, take place, and hereby call upon every
+man capable of bearing arms to be ready to defend his home and family,
+his country and his property, and to render prompt obedience to all
+orders from the officers set over them.</p>
+
+<p>9th [8th]. <i>Resolved</i>, That the governor cause these resolutions to be
+published in the National Register, at the Boggy Depot, and copies
+thereof sent to the several Indian nations, to the governors of the
+adjacent States, to the President of the Confederate States, and to
+Abraham Lincoln, President of the Black Republican Party.</p>
+
+<p>Passed the House of Representatives May 25, 1865.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">A. Alexanan</span>, Speaker House Representatives.</span></p>
+
+<p>Attest: <span class="smcap">C. Carter</span>, Clerk House Representatives</p>
+
+<p>Passed the Senate.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">John E. Anderson</span>, President of Senate.</span></p>
+
+<p>Attest: <span class="smcap">James N. McLish</span>, Clerk of Senate.</p>
+
+<p>Approved, Tishomingo, May 25, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">C. Harris</span>, Governor.</span></p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_196' id='f_196' href='#fna_196'>[196]</a> See <a href="#fna_175"><i>footnote</i> 175</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_197' id='f_197' href='#fna_197'>[197]</a> General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, C515; <i>Official Records</i>,
+first ser., vol. xiii, 492.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_198' id='f_198' href='#fna_198'>[198]</a> General Files, <i>ibid.</i>; <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. xiii,
+492-493.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_199' id='f_199' href='#fna_199'>[199]</a> The text of this is to be found in various places. The most
+convenient of such places are, <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. xiii,
+489-490 and Moore&#8217;s <i>Rebellion Record</i>, vol. ii, 145-146. A manuscript
+copy of the proclamation may be found in General Files, <i>Cherokee,
+1859-1865</i>, C515; and a synopsis of its contents in Moore&#8217;s <i>Rebellion
+Record</i>, vol. ii, 1-2.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_200' id='f_200' href='#fna_200'>[200]</a> Ross gave the citizens of Boonsboro their direct answer, May 18,
+1861 [General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, C515; <i>Official Records</i>,
+first ser., vol. xiii, 494-495].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_201' id='f_201' href='#fna_201'>[201]</a> The official list of members of the Confederate congresses can be
+found in <i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser., vol. iii, 1185-1191.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_202' id='f_202' href='#fna_202'>[202]</a> Provisional Congress of the Confederate States, <i>Journal</i>, vol. i,
+70.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_203' id='f_203' href='#fna_203'>[203]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 81.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_204' id='f_204' href='#fna_204'>[204]</a> Under the second section of the law of February 21, 1861, Indian
+affairs had been left for general supervision to the War Department
+[<i>Provisional and Permanent Constitutions of the Confederate States and
+Acts and Resolutions of the First Session of the Provisional Congress</i>,
+48]. The Bureau of Indian Affairs, created by the law of March 15, 1861,
+was made a bureau of the War Department.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_205' id='f_205' href='#fna_205'>[205]</a> Provisional Congress <i>Journal</i>, vol. i, 142; Richardson, <i>Messages
+and Papers of the Confederacy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_206' id='f_206' href='#fna_206'>[206]</a> <i>Provisional and Permanent Constitutions</i>, 133-134.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_207' id='f_207' href='#fna_207'>[207]</a> Provisional Congress <i>Journal</i>, vol. i, 154.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_208' id='f_208' href='#fna_208'>[208]</a> Hubbard had occupied other and earlier positions of importance; but
+it must certainly have been upon the basis of the experience gained in
+filling this one that his nomination for commissioner of Indian affairs
+was made. Hubbard had been a state senator, a representative in the
+twenty-sixth and in the thirty-first United States congresses, and
+presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1844 and on the
+Breckinridge and Lane ticket in 1860 [<i>Biographical Congressional
+Directory</i>, <i>1774-1903</i>, 608].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_209' id='f_209' href='#fna_209'>[209]</a></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The Bureau of Indian Affairs ... has been organized.... So far this
+Bureau has found but little to do. The necessity for the extension of
+the military arm of the Government toward the frontier, and the
+attitude of Arkansas, without the Confederacy, have contributed to
+circumscribe its action. But this branch of the public service
+doubtless will now grow in importance in consequence of the early
+probable accession of Arkansas to the Confederacy; of the friendly
+sentiments of the Creeks, Cherokees, Choctaws, and Chickasaws, and
+other tribes west of Arkansas toward this Government; of our
+difficulties with the tribes on the Texas frontier; of our hostilities
+with the United States, and of our probable future relations with the
+Territories of Arizona and New Mexico.&mdash;Extract from the Report of
+Secretary Walker to President Davis, April 27, 1861 [<i>Official
+Records</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, 248].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_210' id='f_210' href='#fna_210'>[210]</a> Davis would have preferred to have had Toombs for secretary of the
+treasury [Rhodes, <i>History of the United States</i>, vol. iii, 295, <i>note</i> 7].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_211' id='f_211' href='#fna_211'>[211]</a> <i>Journal</i>, vol. i, 105.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_212' id='f_212' href='#fna_212'>[212]</a> Both Pike and Toombs reached in time the thirty-second degree, or
+Scottish Rite. Note Pike&#8217;s glowing tribute to Toombs, quoted in
+Richardson, <i>Messages and Papers of the Confederacy</i>, vol. ii, 142.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_213' id='f_213' href='#fna_213'>[213]</a> <i>Journal</i>, vol. i, 205.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_214' id='f_214' href='#fna_214'>[214]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 225.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_215' id='f_215' href='#fna_215'>[215]</a> Just what particular sets of resolutions those were I have no means
+of knowing. The most important set of Chickasaw resolutions, those issued
+under date of May 25, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii,
+585-587] had not yet been passed. The Choctaw resolutions presented may
+have been and very probably were those of February 7, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_216' id='f_216' href='#fna_216'>[216]</a> On the twenty-first of May, President Davis approved &#8220;An Act for the
+protection of the Indian Tribes&#8221; [<i>Journal</i>, 263], it having gone through
+its various stages of amendment and having passed Congress, May
+seventeenth [<i>ibid.</i>, 244]. Adjutant-general G. W. Andrews reports,
+November 4, 1912, that nothing additional concerning the text of this law
+is to be found in the Confederate archives.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_217' id='f_217' href='#fna_217'>[217]</a> <i>Journal</i>, vol. i, 244.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_218' id='f_218' href='#fna_218'>[218]</a> Governor Clark of Texas, also, at this time displayed great interest
+in the matter. On the fifteenth of May, he wrote to President Davis that
+he was constituting James E. Harrison, a man thoroughly conversant with
+the whole subject, &#8220;the duly accredited agent of Texas to convey&#8221; the
+Report of April 23, 1861 to Richmond [<i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser.,
+vol. i, 322].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_219' id='f_219' href='#fna_219'>[219]</a> See letter from Pearce to President Davis, May 13, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>,
+first ser., vol. iii, 576].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_220' id='f_220' href='#fna_220'>[220]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, 572-574.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_221' id='f_221' href='#fna_221'>[221]</a> Pike was appointed under authority of a resolution passed by
+Congress, March 5, 1861. See Message of President Davis, December 12, 1861
+[<i>ibid.</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, 785].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_222' id='f_222' href='#fna_222'>[222]</a> To-day he is, perhaps, best known by his parody on &#8220;Dixie&#8221; and by
+his singularly beautiful and pathetic &#8220;Every Year&#8221; [<i>Poems</i>, Roome&#8217;s
+edition, 31-34].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_223' id='f_223' href='#fna_223'>[223]</a> See <i>Journal of Proceedings</i>, no. 273 of Johns Hopkins University
+Civil War Pamphlets.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_224' id='f_224' href='#fna_224'>[224]</a> Bishop, <i>Loyalty on the Frontier</i>, 148-151.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_225' id='f_225' href='#fna_225'>[225]</a> The poem is printed entire in Bishop&#8217;s <i>Loyalty on the Frontier</i>,
+149-150. The first two stanzas are here given:</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><span style="margin-left: 5em;">DISUNION</span><br />
+Ay, shout! &#8217;Tis the day of your pride,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ye despots and tyrants of earth;</span><br />
+Tell your serfs the American name to deride,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And to rattle their fetters in mirth.</span><br />
+Ay, shout! for the league of the free<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Is about to be shivered to dust,</span><br />
+And the rent limbs to fall from the vigorous tree,<br />
+Shout! shout! for more firmly established, will be<br />
+Your thrones and dominions beyond the blue sea.<br />
+<br />
+Laugh on! for such folly supreme,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The world has yet never beheld;</span><br />
+And ages to come will the history deem,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A tale by antiquity swelled;</span><br />
+For nothing that time has upbuilt<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And set in the annals of crime,</span><br />
+So stupid and senseless, so wretched in guilt,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Darkens sober tradition or rhyme.</span><br />
+<i>It will be like the fable of Eblis&#8217; fall,<br />
+A by-word of mockery and horror to all.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name='f_226' id='f_226' href='#fna_226'>[226]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 580-581.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_227' id='f_227' href='#fna_227'>[227]</a> In a letter to Commissioner D. N. Cooley, under date of February 17,
+1866, Pike said that Toombs requested him in May of 1861 to visit the
+Indian country as commissioner. I have not been able to find out whether
+Toombs made his request in writing or verbally. The correspondence of
+Toombs recently edited by U. B. Phillips does not furnish any additional
+information on this point.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_228' id='f_228' href='#fna_228'>[228]</a> On one very important occasion, Albert Pike was not strictly fair to
+the Indians. That occasion was after the war when the United States Indian
+Office was endeavoring to make a settlement with the Cherokees on the
+basis of their adherence to the Confederate cause. Pike was appealed to
+and threw the weight of his influence against John Ross, but most unjustly
+as it would seem. The letter embodying his views is a narrative of the
+events of 1861 as they happened in the Indian country under his scrutiny,
+and may as well be inserted here in full. It is to be found in the Indian
+Office in a bundle labeled, &#8220;Loyalty of John Ross, Principal Chief of the
+Cherokees: Letter of Albert Pike (original), Feb. 17, 1866&mdash;and <i>Copies</i>
+of several of Ross&#8217; letter&mdash;relative to his <i>loyalty</i> in 1861 &amp; 1862,
+etc.&#8221;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>5. <i>Albert Pike to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs</i></p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Memphis, Tennessee</span>, 17th February 1866.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have received, to-day, a copy of the &#8220;Memorial&#8221; of the
+&#8220;Southern Cherokees,&#8221; to the President, Senate and House of
+Representatives, in reply to the Memorial of other Cherokees claiming
+to be &#8220;loyal.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It is not for me to take any part in the controversy between the two
+portions of the Cherokee People, nor have I any interest that could
+lead me to side with one in preference to the other. Nor am I much
+inclined, having none of the rights of a Citizen, to offer to testify
+in any matter, when my testimony may not be deemed worthy of credit,
+as that of one not yet restored to respectability and creditability by
+a pardon.</p>
+
+<p>But, as I know it to be contemptible as well as false, for Mr. John
+Ross and the &#8220;loyal&#8221; Memorialists to pretend that they did not
+voluntarily engage themselves by Treaty Stipulations to the
+Confederate States, and as you have desired my testimony, I have this
+to say, and I think no man will be bold enough to deny any part of it.</p>
+
+<p>In May, 1861, I was requested by Mr. Toombs, Secretary of State of the
+Confederate States, to visit the Indian Country as Commissioner, and
+assure the Indians of the friendship of those States. The Convention
+of the State of Arkansas, anxious to avoid hostilities with the
+Cherokees, also applied to me to act as such Commissioner. I
+accordingly proceeded to Fort Smith, where some five or six Cherokees
+called upon General McCulloch and myself, representing those of the
+Cherokees who sympathized with the South, in order to ascertain
+whether the Confederate States would protect them against Mr. Ross and
+the Pin Indians, if they should organize and take up arms for the
+South. We learned that some attempts to raise a Secession flag in the
+Cherokee Country on the Arkansas had been frustrated by the menace of
+violence; and those who came to meet us represented the Pin
+Organization to be a Secret Society, established by Evan Jones, a
+Missionary, and at the service of Mr. John Ross, for the purpose of
+abolitionizing the Cherokees and putting out of the way all who
+sympathized with the Southern States.</p>
+
+<p>The truth was, as I afterwards learned with certainty, the Secret
+Organization in question, whose members for a time used as a mark of
+their membership a <i>pin</i> in the front of the hunting shirt, was really
+established for the purpose of depriving the half-breeds of all
+political power, though Mr. Ross, himself a Scotchman and a McDonald
+by the father and the mother, was shrewd enough to use it for his own
+ends. At any rate, it was organized and in <i>full</i> operation, long
+before Secession was thought of.</p>
+
+<p>General McCulloch and myself assured those who met us at Fort Smith,
+that they should be protected; and agreed to meet, at an early day
+then fixed, at Park Hill, where Mr. Ross resided. Upon that I sent a
+messenger with letters to five or six prominent members of the
+Anti-Ross party, inviting them to meet me at the Creek Agency, two
+days after the day on which General McCulloch and I were to meet at
+Park Hill.</p>
+
+<p>I did not expect to effect any arrangement with Mr. Ross, and my
+intention was to treat with the heads of the Southern party, Stand
+Watie and others.</p>
+
+<p>When we met Mr. Ross at Park Hill, he refused to enter into any
+arrangement with the Confederate States. He said that his intention
+was to maintain the neutrality of his people; that they were a small
+and weak people, and would be ruined and destroyed if they engaged in
+the war; and that it would be a cruel thing if we were to engage them
+in our quarrel. But, he said, all his interests and all his feelings
+were with us, and he knew that his people must share the fate and
+fortunes of Arkansas. We told him that the Cherokees <i>could</i> not be
+neutral. We used every argument in our power to change his
+determination, but in vain; and finally General McCulloch informed him
+that he would respect the neutrality of the Cherokees, and would not
+enter their Country with troops, or place troops in it, unless it
+should become necessary in order to expel a Federal force, or to
+protect the Southern Cherokees.</p>
+
+<p>So we separated. General McCulloch kept his word, and no Confederate
+troops ever were stationed in or marched into the Cherokee Country,
+until after the Federal troops invaded it.</p>
+
+<p>Before leaving the Nation I addressed Mr. Ross a letter, which I
+afterwards printed, and circulated among the Cherokee people. In it I
+informed him that the Confederate States would remain content with his
+pledge of neutrality, although he would find it impossible to maintain
+that neutrality; that I should not again offer to treat with the
+Cherokees, and that the Confederate States would not consider
+themselves bound by my proposition to pay the Cherokees for the
+neutral land, if they should lose it in consequence of the war. I had
+no further communication with Mr. Ross until September.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, he had persuaded Opoth le Yahola, the Creek leader, not to
+join the Southern States, and had sent delegates to meet the Northern
+and other Indians in Council near the Antelope Hills, where they all
+agreed to be neutral. The purpose was, to take advantage of the war
+between the States, and form a great independent Indian
+Confederation&mdash;I defeated all that, by treating with the Creeks at the
+very time that their delegates were at the Antelope Hills in Council.</p>
+
+<p>When I had treated with them and with the Choctaws and Chickasaws, at
+the North Fork of the Canadian, I went to the Seminole Agency and
+treated with the Seminoles. Then I went to the Wichita Agency, having
+previously invited the Reserve Indians to return there, and invited
+the prairie Comanches to meet me. After treating with these, I
+returned by Fort Arbuckle, and before reaching there, met a nephew of
+Mr. Ross, and a Captain [Keld? <i>sic</i>] in the prairie, bearing a letter
+to me from Mr. Ross and his Council, with a copy of the resolutions of
+Council, and an invitation in pressing terms to repair to the Cherokee
+Country and enter into a Treaty.</p>
+
+<p>I consented, fixed a day for meeting the Cherokees, and wrote Mr. Ross
+to that effect, requesting him also to send messengers to the Osages,
+Quapaws, Shawnees, Senecas, &amp;c. and invite them to meet me at the same
+time. He did so, and at the time fixed I went to Park Hill, and there
+effected Treaties.</p>
+
+<p>When I first entered the Indian Country, in May, I had as an escort
+one company of mounted men. I went in advance of them to Park Hill;
+General McCulloch went there without an escort. At the Creek Agency I
+sent the Company back: I then remained without escort or guard, until
+I had made the Seminole Treaty, camping with my little party and
+displaying the Confederate flag. When I went to the Wichita Country, I
+took an escort of Creeks and Seminoles. These I discharged at Fort
+Arbuckle on my return, and went, accompanied only by four young men,
+through the Creek Country to Fort Gibson, refusing an escort of Creeks
+offered me on the way.</p>
+
+<p>From Fort Gibson eight or nine companies of Colonel Drew&#8217;s Regiment of
+Cherokees, chiefly full-bloods and Pins, escorted me to Park Hill.
+This regiment was raised by order of the National Council, and its
+officers appointed by Mr Ross, his nephew William P. Ross, Secretary
+of the Nation, being Lieut. Colonel, and Thomas Pegg, President of the
+National Committee, being its Major.</p>
+
+<p>I encamped, with my little party near the residence of the Chief,
+unprotected even by a guard, and with the Confederate flag flying. The
+terms of the Treaty were fully discussed and the Cherokee authorities
+dealt with me on equal terms. Mr. John Ross had met me as I was on my
+way to Park Hill, escorted by the National Regiment, and had welcomed
+me to the Cherokee Nation, in an earnest and enthusiastic speech; and
+seemed to me throughout to be acting in perfect good faith. I acted in
+the same way with him.</p>
+
+<p>After the treaties were signed, I presented Colonel Drew&#8217;s Regiment a
+flag, and the chief in a speech exhorted them to be true to it: and
+afterwards, <i>at his request, I wrote the Cherokee Declaration of
+Independence</i> which is printed with the Memorial of the Southern
+Cherokees. I no more doubted, then, that Mr. Ross&#8217; whole heart was
+with the South, than that mine was. <i>Even in May he said to General
+McCulloch and myself, that if Northern troops invaded the Cherokee
+Country, he would head the Cherokees and drive them back.</i> &#8220;<i>I have
+borne arms</i>&#8221; he said, &#8220;<i>and though I am old I can do it again</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>At the time of the treaty there were about nine hundred Cherokees of
+Colonel Drew&#8217;s Regiment encamped near, and fed by me, and Colonel
+Watie, who had almost abandoned the idea of raising a regiment, had a
+small body of men, not more, I think, than eighty or ninety, at
+Tahlequah. When the flag was presented, Col. Watie was present, and
+after the ceremony the chief shook hands with him and expressed his
+warm desire for union and harmony in the Nation.</p>
+
+<p>The gentlemen whom I had invited to meet me in June at the Creek
+Agency did not do so. They were afraid of being murdered, they said,
+if they openly sided with the South. In October they censured me for
+treating with Mr. Ross, and were in an ill humour, saying that the
+regiment was raised in order to be used to oppress <i>them</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The same day that the Cherokee Treaty was signed, the Osages, Quapaws,
+Shawnees and Senecas signed treaties, and the next day they had a talk
+with Mr. Ross at his residence, smoked the great pipe and renewed
+their alliance, being urged by him to be true to the Confederate
+States.</p>
+
+<p>I protest that I believed Mr. John Ross, at this time and for long
+after, to be as sincerely devoted to the Confederacy as I myself was.
+He was frank, cheerful, earnest, and evidently believed that the
+independence of the Confederate States was an accomplished fact. I
+should dishonour him if I believed that he then dreamed of abandoning
+the Confederacy or turning the arms of the Cherokees against us in
+case of a reverse.</p>
+
+<p>Before I left the Cherokee Country, part of the Creeks, under
+Opoth-le-Yaholo left their homes, under arms and threatened
+hostilities. Mr. Ross, at my request, invited the old Chief to meet
+him, and urged him to unite with the Confederate States. Colonel
+Drew&#8217;s regiment was ordered into the Creek Country, and afterwards, on
+the eve of the action at Bird Creek, abandoned Colonel Cooper, rather
+than fight against their neighbours. But after the action, the
+regiment was again reorganized. The men were eager to fight, they
+said, against the Yankees; but did not wish to fight their own
+brethren, the Creeks.</p>
+
+<p>When General Curtis entered North Western Arkansas, in February 1862,
+I sent orders from Fort Smith to Colonel Drew to move towards
+Evansville and receive orders from General McCulloch. Colonel Watie&#8217;s
+Regiment was already under General McCulloch&#8217;s command. Colonel Drew&#8217;s
+men moved in advance of Colonel Watie, with great alacrity, and showed
+no want of zeal at Pea Ridge.</p>
+
+<p>I do not <i>know</i> that any one was scalped at that place or in that
+action, except from information. None of my officers knew it at the
+time. I heard of it afterwards. I cannot say to which regiment those
+belonged who did it. But it has been publicly charged on some of the
+same men who afterwards abandoned the Confederate cause and enlisting
+in the Federal Service were sent into Arkansas to ravage it.</p>
+
+<p>After the actions at Pea Ridge and Elk Horn, the Regiment of Colonel
+Drew was moved to the mouth of the Illinois, where I was able, after a
+time, to pay them $25 cash, the commutation for six months&#8217; clothing,
+in Confederate money. Nothing more, owing to the wretched management
+of the Confederate government, was ever paid them; and the clothing
+procured for them was plundered by the commands of Generals Price and
+Van Dorn. The consequence was that when Colonel Weer entered the
+Cherokee Country, the Pin Indians joined him <i>en masse</i>.</p>
+
+<p>I had procured at Richmond, and paid Mr. Lewis Ross, Treasurer of the
+Cherokee Nation, about the first of March 1862, in the Chief&#8217;s house
+and in the Chief&#8217;s presence, the moneys agreed to be paid them by
+Treaty, being about $70,000 (I think) in coin, and among other sums
+$150,000 in Confederate Treasury notes, loaned the Nation by way of
+advance on the price expected to be paid for the Neutral land. This
+sum had been promised in the Treaty at the earnest solicitation of Mr.
+John Ross; and it was generally understood that it was desired for the
+special purpose of redeeming scrip of the Nation issued long before,
+and much of which was held by Mr. Ross and his relatives. That such
+<i>was</i> the case, I do not know. I only know that the moneys were paid,
+and that I have the receipts for them, which, with others, I shall
+file in the Indian Office.</p>
+
+<p>In May, 1862, Lieut. Colonel William P. Ross visited my camp at Fort
+McCulloch, near Red River, and said to me that &#8220;the Chief&#8221; would be
+gratified if he were to receive the appointment of Brigadier General
+in the Confederate Service. I did not ask him if he was authorized by
+the Chief to say so; but I did ask him if he were <i>sure</i> that the
+appointment would gratify him; and being so assured, I promised to
+urge the appointment. I did so, more than once, but never received a
+reply. It was not customary with the Confederate War Department to
+exhibit any great wisdom; and in respect to the Indian Country its
+conduct was disgraceful. Unpaid, unclothed, uncared for, unthanked
+even, and their services unrecognized, it was natural the Cherokees
+should abandon the Confederate flag.</p>
+
+<p>When Colonel Weer invaded the Cherokee Country, Mr. Ross refused to
+have an interview with him, declaring that the Cherokees would remain
+faithful to their engagements with the Confederate States. There was
+not then a Confederate soldier in the Cherokee Nation, to overawe Mr.
+Ross or Major Pegg or any other &#8220;loyal&#8221; Cherokee. Mr. Ross sent me a
+copy of his letter to Colonel Weer, and I had it printed and sent over
+Texas, to show the people there that the Cherokee Chief was &#8220;loyal&#8221; to
+the Confederate States.</p>
+
+<p>Afterwards, when Stand Watie&#8217;s Regiment and the Choctaws were sent
+over the Arkansas into the Cherokee Country, and Mr. Ross considered
+his life in danger from his own people, in consequence of their
+ancient feud, he allowed himself to be taken prisoner by the Federal
+troops. At the time, I believed that if white troops had been sent to
+Park Hill, who would have protected him against Watie&#8217;s men, he would
+have remained at home and adhered to the Confederacy: for either he
+was true to his obligations to the Confederate States, voluntarily
+entered into,&mdash;true at heart and in his inmost soul,&mdash;or else he is
+falser and more treacherous than I can believe him to be.</p>
+
+<p>The simple truth is, Mr. Commissioner, that the &#8220;loyal&#8221; Cherokees
+hated Stand Watie and the half-breeds and were hated by them. They
+were perfectly willing to kill and scalp Yankees, and when they were
+hired to change sides, and twenty two hundred of them were organized
+into regiments in the <i>Federal</i> Service, they were just as ready to
+kill and scalp when employed against us in Arkansas. <i>We</i> did <i>not</i>
+pay and clothe them, and the United States <i>did</i>. They scalped for
+those who paid for and clothed them. As to &#8220;loyalty&#8221; they had none at
+all.</p>
+
+<p>I entered the Indian Country in May, and left it in October. For five
+months I travelled and encamped in it, unprotected by white troops,
+alone with the four young men, treating with the different tribes. If
+there had been any &#8220;loyalty&#8221; among the Indians, I could not have gone
+a mile in safety. Opoth-le-Yaholo was not &#8220;loyal.&#8221; He feared the
+McIntoshes, who had raised troops, and who, he thought, meant to kill
+him for killing their father long years before. He told me that he did
+not wish to fight against the Southern States, but only that the
+Indians should all act together. If Mr. Ross had treated with us at
+first, <i>all</i> the Creeks would have done the same. If Stand Watie and
+his party took <i>one</i> side, John Ross and his party were sure, in the
+end, to take the other, <i>especially when that other proved itself the
+stronger</i>.</p>
+
+<p>So far from the Watie party overawing the party which upheld Mr. Ross,
+I <i>know</i> it to be true that they were <i>afraid</i> to actively co&ouml;perate
+with the Confederate States, to organize, to raise Secession flags, or
+even to meet me and consult with me. They feared that Colonel Drew&#8217;s
+Regiment would be used to harrass them, and they never dreamed of
+<i>forcing</i> the authorities into a Treaty.</p>
+
+<p>After the action at Elkhorn, murders were continually complained of by
+Colonels Watie and Drew, and the Chief solicited me to place part of
+Colonel Drew&#8217;s Regiment at or near Park Hill, to protect the
+government and its records. I did so. There never a time when the
+&#8220;loyal&#8221; Cherokees had not the power to destroy the Southern ones.</p>
+
+<p>As to myself, I dealt fairly and openly with all the Indians. I used
+no threats of force or compulsion, with any of them. The &#8220;loyal&#8221;
+Cherokees joined us because they believed we should succeed, and left
+us when they thought we should not. At their request I wrote their
+declaration of Independence and acceptance of the issues of war; and
+if any men voluntarily, and with their eyes open, and of their own
+motion acceded to the Secession movement, it was John Ross and the
+people whom he controlled. I am, Sir, Very res<sup>py</sup>, Your obt Svt</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Albert Pike</span></span></p>
+
+<p>D. N. Cooley Esq, Commissioner of Ind. Aff.</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_229' id='f_229' href='#fna_229'>[229]</a> In writing this letter, Pike most certainly addressed himself to
+Toombs officially and with the idea in mind that he was holding his
+commission under the Confederate State Department. That he was serving
+under that department and that he did not get his appointment until May
+seem scarcely to admit of a doubt, notwithstanding the fact that Judah P.
+Benjamin, Secretary of War later in the year, December [14?], 1861, in
+reporting to President Davis, could make the following statement:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">At the first session of the Congress an act was passed providing for
+the sending of a commissioner to the Indian tribes north of Texas and
+west of Arkansas, with the view of making such arrangements for an
+alliance with and the protection of the Indians as were rendered
+necessary by the disruption of the Union and our natural succession to
+the rights and duties of the United States, so far as these Indians
+were concerned. The supervision of this important branch of
+administrative duty was confided to the State Department, by which
+Brig.-Gen. Albert Pike was selected as commissioner. At a later period
+of the same session a Bureau of Indian Affairs was created by law and
+attached to this Department, charged with the management of our
+relations with the Indian tribes....&mdash;<i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, 792.</p>
+
+<p>Now, if Benjamin was correct in his chronology, the appointment of Pike
+must have antedated that of Hubbard, a very unlikely state of affairs
+unless, indeed, the Confederate government from the start, taking
+cognizance of the very advanced condition of the Indians under discussion
+and of the very extreme delicacy of the situation, concluded it would be
+wisest to act upon the assumption that the great tribes were independent
+enough to be dealt with almost as foreign powers and so left everything to
+the discretion of the State Department.</p>
+
+<p>In November, 1861, the Provisional Congress considered the advisability of
+transferring the whole Indian Bureau to the Department of State
+[<i>Journal</i>, November 28, 1861, vol. i, 489]. The transfer was probably
+suggested by the fact that the relations to date of the Confederate States
+with the Indians had been conducted altogether upon a basis of diplomacy.
+An added reason might have been, that the ordinary business of the War
+Department was sufficiently onerous without the details of Indian
+complications being made a part of it. Yet the transfer was never made.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_230' id='f_230' href='#fna_230'>[230]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 576-578.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_231' id='f_231' href='#fna_231'>[231]</a> Hubbard&#8217;s ill-health, however, seems to have made it incumbent upon
+Pike to assume much the larger share of official responsibility and
+practically to do Hubbard&#8217;s work as well as his own; that is, so much of
+it as was not transacted in Richmond.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_232' id='f_232' href='#fna_232'>[232]</a> Adjutant and Inspector-General S. Cooper to McCulloch, May 13, 1861
+[<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 575-576].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_233' id='f_233' href='#fna_233'>[233]</a> Hubbard to Walker, June 2, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>, 589-590].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_234' id='f_234' href='#fna_234'>[234]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. xiii, 497-498; General Files,
+<i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, C515.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_235' id='f_235' href='#fna_235'>[235]</a> Rhodes, <i>op. cit.</i>, vol. iii, 237-238; also <i>Report</i> of the Select
+Committee to Investigate the Abstraction of Bonds Held by the United
+States Government in Trust for Indian Tribes, being House <i>Report</i>, 36th
+congress, second session, no. 78. Dole, in his <i>Annual Report</i> for 1861,
+p. 27, urged that the government make the loss good to the Indians and
+also appropriate money &#8220;to meet the unpaid interest on those trust bonds
+of the revolted States yet in custody of the Secretary of the Interior.&#8221;
+There ought never, either from the standpoint of national faith or of that
+of political expediency, to have been any hesitation in the matter.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_236' id='f_236' href='#fna_236'>[236]</a> The entire letter is to be found in <i>Official Records</i>, first ser.,
+vol. xiii, 498-499; also in General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1850-1865</i>, C515.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_237' id='f_237' href='#fna_237'>[237]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">War Department, C. S. Army, Montgomery</span>, May 13, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Major Douglas H. Cooper</span>, Choctaw Nation:</p>
+
+<p>Sir: The desire of this Government is to cultivate the most friendly
+relations and the closest alliance with the Choctaw Nation and all the
+Indian tribes west of Arkansas and south of Kansas. Appreciating your
+sympathies with these tribes, and their reciprocal regard for you, we
+have thought it advisable to enlist your services in the line of this
+desire. From information in possession of the Government it is deemed
+expedient to take measures to secure the protection of these tribes in
+their present country from the agrarian rapacity of the North, that,
+unless opposed, must soon drive them from their homes and supplant
+them in their possessions, as, indeed, would have been the case with
+the entire South but for our present efforts at resistance. It is well
+known that with these unjust designs against the Indian country the
+Northern movement for several years has had its emissaries scheming
+among the tribes for their ultimate destruction. Their destiny has
+thus become our own, and common with that of all the Southern States
+entering this Confederation.</p>
+
+<p>Entertaining these views and feelings, and with these objects before
+us, we have commissioned General Ben. McCulloch, with three regiments
+under his command, from the States of Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana,
+to take charge of the military district embracing the Indian country,
+and I now empower you to raise among the Choctaws and Chickasaws a
+mounted regiment, to be commanded by yourself, in co-operation with
+General McCulloch. It is designed also to raise two other similar
+regiments among the Creeks, Cherokees, Seminoles, and other friendly
+tribes for the same purpose. This combined force of six regiments will
+be ample to secure the frontiers upon Kansas and the interests of the
+Indians, while to the south of the Red River three regiments from
+Texas, under a different command, have been already assigned to the
+Rio Grande and western border.</p>
+
+<p>It will thus appear, I trust, that the resources of this Government
+are adequate to its ends, and assured to the friendly Indians. We have
+our agents actively engaged in the manufacture of ammunition and in
+the purchase of arms, and when your regiment has been reported
+organized in ten companies, ranging from 64 to 100 men each, and
+enrolled for twelve months, if possible, it will be received into the
+Confederate service, and supplied with arms and ammunition. Such will
+be the course pursued also in relation to the two other regiments I
+have indicated.</p>
+
+<p>The arms we are purchasing for the Indians are rifles, and they will
+be forwarded to Fort Smith. Respectfully,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">L. P. Walker</span>, Secretary of War.</span></p></div>
+
+<p><i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 574-575.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_238' id='f_238' href='#fna_238'>[238]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 572-574.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_239' id='f_239' href='#fna_239'>[239]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 583.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_240' id='f_240' href='#fna_240'>[240]</a> See McCulloch to Walker, May 28, 1861, <i>ibid.</i>, 587; also same to
+same, June 12, 1861, <i>ibid.</i>, 590-591.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_241' id='f_241' href='#fna_241'>[241]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 591-592; also vol. xiii, 495.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_242' id='f_242' href='#fna_242'>[242]</a> General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, C515; <i>Official Records</i>,
+first ser., vol. iii, 596-597 and vol. xiii, 495-497.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_243' id='f_243' href='#fna_243'>[243]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 590-591.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_244' id='f_244' href='#fna_244'>[244]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Headquarters McCulloch&#8217;s Brigade</span>,<br />
+Fort Smith, Ark., June 22, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hon. L. P. Walker</span>, Secretary of War:</p>
+
+<p>Sir: I have the honor to transmit the inclosed copy of a communication
+from John Ross, the principal chief of the Cherokee Nation.</p>
+
+<p>Under all the circumstances of the case I do not think it advisable to
+march into the Cherokee country at this time unless there is some
+urgent necessity for it. If the views expressed in my communication to
+you of the 14th instant are carried out, it will, I am satisfied,
+force the conviction on the Cherokees that they have but one course to
+pursue&mdash;that is, to join the Confederacy. The Choctaw and Chickasaw
+regiment will be kept on the south of them; Arkansas will be to the
+east; and with my force on the western border of Missouri no force
+will be able to march into the Cherokee Nation, and surrounded as they
+will be by Southern troops, they will have but one alternative at all
+events. From my position to the north of them, in any event, I will
+have a controlling power over them. I am satisfied from my interview
+with John Ross and from his communication that he is only waiting for
+some favorable opportunity to put himself with the North. His
+neutrality is only a pretext to await the issue of events.</p>
+
+<p>I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Ben. McCulloch</span>, Brigadier-General Commanding.</span></p></div>
+
+<p><i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 595-596.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_245' id='f_245' href='#fna_245'>[245]</a> See Pike to Toombs, May 20, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser.,
+vol. iii, 580-581].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_246' id='f_246' href='#fna_246'>[246]</a> On the twenty-ninth of May, Pike wrote to Toombs again and informed
+him that he was leaving for Tahlequah that very morning [<i>Ibid.</i>, fourth
+ser., vol. i, 359].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_247' id='f_247' href='#fna_247'>[247]</a> See McCulloch to Walker, May 28, 1861 [<i>Ibid.</i>, first ser., vol.
+iii, 587-588].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_248' id='f_248' href='#fna_248'>[248]</a> See Pike to Cooley, February 17, 1866 [Indian Office, <i>Miscellaneous
+Files</i>].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_249' id='f_249' href='#fna_249'>[249]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name='f_250' id='f_250' href='#fna_250'>[250]</a> McCulloch to Walker, June 12, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser.,
+vol. iii, 591].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_251' id='f_251' href='#fna_251'>[251]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. xiii, 489-490.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_252' id='f_252' href='#fna_252'>[252]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 585-587.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_253' id='f_253' href='#fna_253'>[253]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 589.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_254' id='f_254' href='#fna_254'>[254]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 587.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_255' id='f_255' href='#fna_255'>[255]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 593-594.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_256' id='f_256' href='#fna_256'>[256]</a> See Albert Pike to John Ross, June 6, 1861 and John Ross to Albert
+Pike, July 1, 1861 in General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, C515.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_257' id='f_257' href='#fna_257'>[257]</a> It would appear that, failing with John Ross, Pike tried to
+negotiate with the disaffected Cherokees under the control of Stand Watie,
+Boudinot, and others. See <i>Office Letter</i> to President Johnson, February
+25, 1866. Pike himself says that he invited some of these men to meet him
+at the Creek Agency. See Pike to Cooley, February 17, 1866.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_258' id='f_258' href='#fna_258'>[258]</a> The text of the treaties is to be found in the <i>Confederate
+Statutes</i> and also in <i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, as follows:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>Creek Treaty, 426-443</td><td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td>Comanche Treaty, 548-554</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty, 445-466</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Osage Treaty, 636-646</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Seminole Treaty, 513-527</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Seneca and Shawnee Treaty, 647-658</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wichita Treaty, 542-548</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Quapaw Treaty, 659-666</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Cherokee Treaty, 669-687</td></tr></table>
+
+<p><a name='f_259' id='f_259' href='#fna_259'>[259]</a> Although the Creek Treaty was negotiated July tenth and was the
+first to be negotiated, Dole was ignorant of its existence as late as
+October second [<i>Report</i>, 1861, 39], which only goes to prove how very
+slight was the Federal communication with Indian Territory through all
+that critical time.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_260' id='f_260' href='#fna_260'>[260]</a> President Davis, in his message of December 12, 1861, said,</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Considering this act as a declaration by Congress of our future policy
+in relation to those Indians, a copy of that act was transmitted to
+the commissioner and he was directed to consider it as his
+instructions in the contemplated negotiation. [Richardson, <i>Messages
+and Papers of the Confederacy</i>, vol. i, 149; <i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, 785.]</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_261' id='f_261' href='#fna_261'>[261]</a> All the treaties of the First Class contain a <i>Preamble</i>, lacking in
+the others, which specifically outlines the assumption of the
+protectorate. In addition, those same treaties have a special clause
+accepting the full force of the Act of May twenty-first.</p>
+
+<p>All references to these treaties, unless otherwise noted, will be page
+references to the treaties as found in the <i>Statutes at Large</i> of the
+Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_262' id='f_262' href='#fna_262'>[262]</a> See Creek Treaty, Articles <span class="smcaplc">II</span> and <span class="smcaplc">IV</span>, pp. 289, 290; Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty, Articles <span class="smcaplc">II</span> and <span class="smcaplc">VII</span>, pp. 312, 313; Seminole Treaty,
+Articles <span class="smcaplc">II</span> and <span class="smcaplc">IV</span>, Pp. 332, 333; Cherokee Treaty, Articles
+<span class="smcaplc">II</span> and <span class="smcaplc">V</span>, pp. 395, 396.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_263' id='f_263' href='#fna_263'>[263]</a></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="smcap">Article viii</span> (Creek Treaty). The Confederate States of America do
+hereby solemnly agree and bind themselves that no State or Territory
+shall ever pass laws for the government of the Creek Nation; and that
+no portion of the country hereby guaranteed to it shall ever be
+embraced or included within or annexed to any Territory or Province;
+nor shall any attempt ever be made, except upon the free, voluntary
+and unsolicited application of the said nation, to erect the said
+country, by itself or with any other, into a State or any other
+territorial or political organization, or to incorporate it into any State previously created [p. 291].</p>
+
+<p>Compare with similar articles in the other treaties; viz., Article <span class="smcaplc">X</span> of
+the Choctaw and Chickasaw, p. 314; Article <span class="smcaplc">VIII</span> of the Seminole, p. 334;
+Article <span class="smcaplc">VIII</span> of the Cherokee, p. 397; Articles <span class="smcaplc">VIII</span> and <span class="smcaplc">XXVI</span> of the Osage,
+pp. 364, 367; Articles <span class="smcaplc">VIII</span> and <span class="smcaplc">XIX</span> of the Seneca and Shawnee, pp. 376,
+377; Article <span class="smcaplc">VII</span> of the Quapaw, p. 367.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_264' id='f_264' href='#fna_264'>[264]</a></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="smcap">Article xl</span> (Creek Treaty). In order to enable the Creek and Seminole
+Nations to claim their rights and secure their interests without the
+intervention of counsel or agents, and as they were originally one and
+the same people and are now entitled to reside in the country of each
+other, they shall be jointly entitled to a delegate to the House of
+Representatives of the Confederate States of America, who shall serve
+for the term of two years, and be a member of one of the said nations,
+over twenty-one years of age, and labouring under no legal disability
+by the law of either nation; and each delegate shall be entitled to
+the same rights and privileges as may be enjoyed by delegates from any
+territories of the Confederate States to the said House of
+Representatives. Each shall receive such pay and mileage as shall be
+fixed by the Congress of the Confederate States. The first election
+for delegate shall be held at such time and places, and be conducted
+in such manner as shall be prescribed by the agent of the Confederate
+States, to whom returns of such election shall be made, and he shall
+declare the person having the greatest number of votes to be duly
+elected, and give him a certificate of election accordingly, which
+shall entitle him to his seat. For all subsequent elections, the
+times, places, and manner of holding them and ascertaining and
+certifying the result shall be prescribed by law of the Confederate States [p. 297].</p>
+
+<p>Compare with Article <span class="smcaplc">XXVII</span> of Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty [p. 318], the
+chief point of difference between the two being that, in the latter treaty
+the delegate to which the two tribes, parties to the treaty, were entitled
+jointly, was to be elected from them alternately. The Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty also stipulated that the delegate was to be a member by
+birth or blood on either the father&#8217;s or the mother&#8217;s side. The
+corresponding provision in the Cherokee Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XLIV</span> [pp.
+403-404], said that the delegate should be a native born citizen. The
+Seminole arrangement, Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXVII</span> [p. 339], was, as might be expected,
+exactly the same as the Creek.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_265' id='f_265' href='#fna_265'>[265]</a> The Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty was the only one that developed
+this idea. We might presume that the Creeks were even opposed to it. This
+is how it appears in Articles <span class="smcaplc">XXVIII</span>, <span class="smcaplc">XXIX</span>, and
+<span class="smcaplc">XXX</span>, of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty [pp. 318-319]:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Article xxviii.</span> In consideration of the uniform loyalty and good
+faith, and the tried friendship for the people of the Confederate
+States, of the Choctaw and Chickasaw people, and of their fitness and
+capacity for self-government, proven by the establishment and
+successful maintenance, by each, of a regularly organized republican
+government, with all the forms and safe-guards to which the people of
+the Confederate States are accustomed, it is hereby agreed by the
+Confederate States, that whenever and so soon as the people of each
+nation shall, by ordinance of a convention of delegates, duly elected
+by majorities of the legal voters, at an election regularly held after
+due and ample notice, in pursuance of an act of the Legislature of
+each, respectively, declare its desire to become a State of the
+Confederacy, the whole Choctaw and Chickasaw country, as above
+defined, shall be received and admitted into the Confederacy as one of
+the Confederate States, on equal terms, in all respects, with the
+original States, without regard to population; and all the members of
+the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations shall thereby become citizens of the
+Confederate States, not including, however, among such members, the
+individuals of the bands settled in the leased district aforesaid.</p>
+
+<p><i>Provided</i>, That, as a condition precedent to such admission, the said
+nations shall provide for the survey of their lands, the holding in
+severalty of parts thereof by their people, the dedication of at least
+one section in every thirty-six to purposes of education, and the sale
+of such portions as are not reserved for these, or other special
+purposes, to citizens of the Confederate States alone, on such terms
+as the said nation shall see fit to fix, not intended or calculated to
+prevent the sale thereof.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article xxix.</span> The proceeds of such sales shall belong entirely to
+members of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations, and be distributed among
+them or invested for them in proportion to the whole population of
+each, in such manner as the Legislatures of said nations shall
+provide; nor shall any other persons ever have any interest in the
+annuities or funds of either the Choctaw or Chickasaw people, nor any
+power to legislate in regard thereto.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article xxx.</span> Whenever the desire of the Creek and Seminole people and
+the Cherokees to become a part of the said State shall be expressed,
+in the same manner and with the same formalities, as is above provided
+for in the case of the Choctaw and Chickasaw people, the country of
+the Creeks and Seminoles, and that of the Cherokees, respectively, or
+either by itself, may be annexed to and become an integral part of
+said State, upon the same conditions and terms, and with the same
+rights to the people of each, in regard to citizenship and the
+proceeds of their lands.</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_266' id='f_266' href='#fna_266'>[266]</a> Abel, &#8220;Proposals for an Indian State in the Union, 1778-1878,&#8221; in
+the American Historical Association, <i>Report</i>, 1907, pp. 89-102.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_267' id='f_267' href='#fna_267'>[267]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 577.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_268' id='f_268' href='#fna_268'>[268]</a> Articles <span class="smcaplc">V</span> and <span class="smcaplc">VI</span>.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_269' id='f_269' href='#fna_269'>[269]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">VIII</span>.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_270' id='f_270' href='#fna_270'>[270]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XI</span>.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_271' id='f_271' href='#fna_271'>[271]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XII</span>.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_272' id='f_272' href='#fna_272'>[272]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">VII</span> of the Seminole Treaty [p. 334], and Article <span class="smcaplc">VII</span>
+likewise of the Creek Treaty [p. 291].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_273' id='f_273' href='#fna_273'>[273]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">IV</span> of the Cherokee Treaty [pp. 395-396].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_274' id='f_274' href='#fna_274'>[274]</a> In the matter of the guarantee of territorial integrity, the
+treaties of the Second Class were strictly on a par with those of the
+First Class. See Article VIII of the Osage Treaty [p. 364], Article <span class="smcaplc">XIX</span> of
+the Seneca and Shawnee Treaty [p. 378], Article <span class="smcaplc">VII</span> of the Quapaw [p.
+387].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_275' id='f_275' href='#fna_275'>[275]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XLVII</span> [pp. 407-408].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_276' id='f_276' href='#fna_276'>[276]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">V</span> [p. 348].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_277' id='f_277' href='#fna_277'>[277]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">III</span> [pp. 374-375].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_278' id='f_278' href='#fna_278'>[278]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">V</span> [p. 291].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_279' id='f_279' href='#fna_279'>[279]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">I</span> [p. 354].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_280' id='f_280' href='#fna_280'>[280]</a> For an illustration of how the Seminoles had been preferring the
+claim, see the following affidavit:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Be it known that on this 22d day of January, A.D. 1856, personally
+appeared before me, J. W. Washbourne, United States&#8217; Agent for
+Seminoles, in open Council, the following named Chiefs and Head men of
+the Seminole tribe of Indians, and deposed to the subsequent
+statement.</p>
+
+<p>That sometime during the war between the United States and the
+Seminoles, Gen. Thomas S. Jessup, then commanding the U. S. troops in
+Florida, issued a proclamation to the effect that all negroes
+belonging to the hostile Seminoles who should come in and take service
+under the Government against their masters, or in any way render
+service to the United States against the Seminoles, or induce them to
+sue for peace and emigrate west, they, the negroes, should be declared
+free: That many negroes took advantage of said illegal proclamation
+and did take service in Florida under Government, but that, by far the
+larger number of negro slaves who took refuge under said proclamation
+and thereby claimed their freedom, did so after the immigration west
+was determined or consummated: That said negro slaves, in great
+numbers and to the great injury of their owners, and against their
+orders, took refuge within the United States&#8217; post, Fort Gibson,
+Cherokee Nation, where they were for upwards of three years protected
+by the United States officers at that Post, although the Seminoles
+claimed them, the negroes, as their lawful slaves, and protested
+against this procedure of the U. S. officers: That while these negro
+slaves were thus protected by military officers, it was impossible to
+keep their slaves at home who were continually flying to Fort Gibson,
+where they were beyond the reach of their masters: That this occurred
+during the years 1845-&#8217;6-&#8217;7: That through the instrumentality of their
+former Sub Agent and attornies employed by them, they after long delay
+and at great expense and loss of slaves, presented the matter to the
+attention of the Secretary of War, Hon. Wm. L. Marcy, and that finally
+from him, as such Secretary of War, there issued an order bearing date
+the 5th of August 1848, directed to the commanding officer at Fort
+Gibson, enjoining him to protect no longer said negro slaves at that
+Post and commanding him to deliver all of said slaves to the Seminoles
+their rightful owners: That even after this order the nuisance did not
+abate, for another order dated July 31st 1850 required the commanding
+officer of Fort Gibson to give no further protection to these
+&#8220;Seminole negroes&#8221;: That by this order of the Secretary of War, as was
+just and right, the United States recognised the ownership of these
+said slaves as being in the Seminoles, and that they were entitled by
+law and right to said slaves and their service: That in consequence of
+the withdrawal of the protection afforded them at Fort Gibson and from
+their having so long considered themselves free, said slaves in great
+numbers escaped, some of whom reached Mexico, some were killed by the
+wild Indians, and the remainder were only captured at great and
+ruinous expense: That the owners of these said negro slaves are justly
+and equitably entitled to the service of said slaves, while unlawfully
+and against the power and protests of the Seminoles, detained at Fort
+Gibson for the space of more than three years, by U. S. officers: That
+the number of said negro slaves so unlawfully detained and kept from
+the service due their masters, as near as now can be estimated was Two
+Hundred and Thirty-four or thereabouts: That the services of these
+said slaves for these three years and upwards were amply worth at the
+time Seventy five dollars each per annum, making the sum of Fifty two
+Thousand Six hundred and fifty dollars ($52.650.00,) to which the
+Seminole owners of said slaves are fully and fairly, in law and
+equity, entitled, and which ought to be paid to them by the Government
+of the United States.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">John Jumper, P.</span> Chief Seminoles X his mark</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Pah suc ah yo ho lah</span>, Speaker Council X his mark</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Chitto-Tusto-muggee</span> X his mark</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Arhah-lock-Tusto-muggee</span> X his mark</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Noke-su-kee</span> X his mark</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Pars-co-fer</span> X his mark</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Tesi-ki-ah</span> X his mark</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Alligator</span> X his mark</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Talla-hassa</span> X his mark</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">George Cloud</span> X his mark</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Ho-tul-gee-Harjo</span> X his mark</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Tar-hah Fixico</span> X his mark</span></p>
+
+<p>Sworn to and subscribed before me, in open Council Jany 22d 1856.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">J. W. Washbourne</span> U. S. Agent for Seminoles.</span></p>
+
+<p>Witnesses: <span class="smcap">George M. Aud</span></p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_281' id='f_281' href='#fna_281'>[281]</a> President Polk seems to have been of the opinion that negro slaves
+could not be freed by military proclamation [<i>Diary</i> (Quaife&#8217;s edition),
+vol. iii, 504].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_282' id='f_282' href='#fna_282'>[282]</a> Slavery was not completely ignored even in the treaties of the Third
+Class. In Article <span class="smcaplc">IX</span> of their treaty [p. 348], the Wichitas promised to do
+all in their power to take and return any negroes, horses, or other
+property stolen from white men or from Indians of the great tribes. The
+corresponding article in the Comanche Treaty [p. 355], was to like
+purpose.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_283' id='f_283' href='#fna_283'>[283]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXVII</span> of the Osage Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XXVIII</span> of the Seneca and
+Shawnee Treaty, and Article <span class="smcaplc">XXVII</span> of the Quapaw Treaty.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_284' id='f_284' href='#fna_284'>[284]</a> The following are the Creek clauses and the Choctaw and Chickasaw,
+Articles <span class="smcaplc">XLV</span> and <span class="smcaplc">XLVII</span>, the Seminole, Articles
+<span class="smcaplc">XXIX</span> and <span class="smcaplc">XXXIII</span>, and the
+Cherokee, Articles <span class="smcaplc">XXXIV</span> and <span class="smcaplc">XXXVII</span>, are similar:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Article xxix.</span> The provisions of all such acts of Congress of the
+Confederate States as may now be in force, or may hereafter be
+enacted, for the purpose of carrying into effect the provision of the
+constitution in regard to the re-delivery or return of fugitive
+slaves, or fugitives from labour and service, shall extend to, and be
+in full force within the said Creek Nation; and shall also apply to
+all cases of escape of fugitive slaves from the said Creek Nation into
+any other Indian nation or into one of the Confederate States, the
+obligation upon each such nation or State to re-deliver such slaves
+being in every case as complete as if they had escaped from another
+State, and the mode of procedure the same [p. 296].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article xxxii.</span> It is hereby declared and agreed that the institution
+of slavery in the said nation is legal and has existed from time
+immemorial; that slaves are taken and deemed to be personal property;
+that the title to slaves and other property having its origin in the
+said nation, shall be determined by the laws and customs thereof; and
+that the slaves and other personal property of every person domiciled
+in said nation shall pass and be distributed at his or her death, in
+accordance with the laws, usages and customs of the said nation, which
+may be proved like foreign laws, usages &amp; customs, and shall
+everywhere be held valid and binding within the scope of their
+operation [p. 296].</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_285' id='f_285' href='#fna_285'>[285]</a> P. 369.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_286' id='f_286' href='#fna_286'>[286]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XVII</span> of the Cherokee Treaty [p. 399].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_287' id='f_287' href='#fna_287'>[287]</a></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="smcap">Article xv</span> (Creek Treaty). The Confederate States shall protect the
+Creeks from domestic strife, from hostile invasion, and from
+aggression by other Indians and white persons not subject to the
+jurisdiction and laws of the Creek Nation, and for all injuries
+resulting from such invasion or aggression, full indemnity is hereby
+guaranteed to the party or parties injured, out of the Treasury of the
+Confederate States, upon the same principle and according to the same
+rules upon which white persons are entitled to indemnity for injuries
+or aggressions upon them committed by Indians [p. 293].</p>
+
+<p>See also Article <span class="smcaplc">XXI</span> of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty and Article <span class="smcaplc">XV</span> of
+the Seminole Treaty.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_288' id='f_288' href='#fna_288'>[288]</a> Manypenny to Dean, November 30, 1855 [Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>,
+no. 53, pp. 94-95]. Dean to Manypenny, December 25, 1855 [<i>Letter Press
+Book</i>].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_289' id='f_289' href='#fna_289'>[289]</a> Compare Article <span class="smcaplc">XX</span> of the Cherokee Treaty and Article <span class="smcaplc">XXIV</span> of the
+Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty with Article <span class="smcaplc">XVI</span> of the Creek Treaty and all
+of these with Article <span class="smcaplc">XVI</span> of the Seminole Treaty.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_290' id='f_290' href='#fna_290'>[290]</a> See, for example, Article <span class="smcaplc">XVIII</span> of the Seminole Treaty [p. 336].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_291' id='f_291' href='#fna_291'>[291]</a> One other important right was conceded and that was the right of
+free transit. The concession is well stated in the Creek Treaty and occurs
+in connection with a prohibition against the pasturing of stock by
+outsiders within the Creek country.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Article xxii.</span> No citizen or inhabitant of the Confederate States shall
+pasture stock on the lands of the Creek Nation, under the penalty of
+one dollar per head for all so pastured, to be collected by the
+authorities of the nation; but their citizens shall be at liberty at
+all times, and whether for business or pleasure, peaceably to travel
+the Creek country; and to drive their stock to market or otherwise
+through the same, and to halt such reasonable time on the way as may
+be necessary to recruit their stock, such delay being in good faith
+for that purpose.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article xxiii</span>. It is also further agreed that the members of the Creek
+Nation shall have the same right of travelling, driving stock and
+halting to recruit the same in any of the Confederate States as is
+given citizens of the Confederate States by the preceding article [p.
+295].</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_292' id='f_292' href='#fna_292'>[292]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">LXV</span> of the Creek Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XXVI</span> of the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXI</span> of the Seminole Treaty, and Article <span class="smcaplc">XXII</span> of
+the Cherokee Treaty.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_293' id='f_293' href='#fna_293'>[293]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XVIII</span> of the Creek Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XXV</span> of the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XIX</span> of the Seminole Treaty, and Article <span class="smcaplc">XXI</span> of
+the Cherokee Treaty.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_294' id='f_294' href='#fna_294'>[294]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">LXV</span> of the Creek Treaty and Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXI</span> of the Seminole
+Treaty.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_295' id='f_295' href='#fna_295'>[295]</a> Tush-ca-hom-ma at Boggy Depot and Cha-lah-ki at Tahlequah.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_296' id='f_296' href='#fna_296'>[296]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XXX</span> of the Creek Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XLIII</span> of the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XXX</span> of the Seminole Treaty, and Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXV</span> of
+the Cherokee Treaty.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_297' id='f_297' href='#fna_297'>[297]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XXVIII</span> of the Creek Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XLIV</span> of the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XXVIII</span> of the Seminole Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXIII</span> of
+the Cherokee Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXVI</span> of the Osage Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XXVII</span> of
+the Seneca and Shawnee Treaty, and Article <span class="smcaplc">XXVII</span> of the Quapaw Treaty.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_298' id='f_298' href='#fna_298'>[298]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XXIX</span> of the Cherokee Treaty and Article <span class="smcaplc">XXIII</span> of the Choctaw
+and Chickasaw Treaty.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_299' id='f_299' href='#fna_299'>[299]</a></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="smcap">Article xxxi</span> (Cherokee Treaty). Any person duly charged with a
+criminal offence against the laws of either the Creek, Seminole,
+Choctaw or Chickasaw Nations, and escaping into the jurisdiction of
+the Cherokee Nation, shall be promptly surrendered upon the demand of
+the proper authority of the nation within whose jurisdiction the
+offence shall be alleged to have been committed; and in like manner,
+any person duly charged with a criminal offence against the laws of
+the Cherokee Nation, and escaping into the jurisdiction of either of
+the said nations, shall be promptly surrendered upon the demand of the
+proper authority of the Cherokee Nation [pp. 401-402].</p>
+
+<p>Note the development from the corresponding extradition clause in the
+earlier treaties of the series. In the Creek and Seminole treaties,
+extradition was as between Creeks and Seminoles exclusively. In the
+Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty, it was as between Choctaws and Chickasaws
+exclusively. In this treaty of the Cherokees, all the tribes were to be
+sharers in the extradition privilege; but it is difficult to understand
+how a clause in the Cherokee Treaty could be made legally binding upon
+other Indians than Cherokee.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_300' id='f_300' href='#fna_300'>[300]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XXVI</span>.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_301' id='f_301' href='#fna_301'>[301]</a> It was also a one-sided affair in the treaties of the Second Class.
+See Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXIV</span> of the Osage Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XXV</span> of the Seneca and
+Shawnee Treaty, and Article <span class="smcaplc">XXV</span> of the Quapaw Treaty.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_302' id='f_302' href='#fna_302'>[302]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXVII</span> of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty [p. 320], and
+Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXII</span> of the Cherokee Treaty [p. 402].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_303' id='f_303' href='#fna_303'>[303]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXI</span> of the Creek Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XLVI</span> of the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXII</span> of the Seminole Treaty, and Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXVI</span>
+of the Cherokee Treaty. Note that the enjoyment of the privilege by the
+Seminole Nation was to be conditioned upon its own establishment of
+regular courts.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_304' id='f_304' href='#fna_304'>[304]</a> There were also secret articles to some of the treaties. The
+indications are that such secret articles entailed the customary bribery
+of chiefs and influential men upon whose support depended successful
+negotiation.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_305' id='f_305' href='#fna_305'>[305]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">VII</span> of the Osage Treaty [p. 364].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_306' id='f_306' href='#fna_306'>[306]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XIII</span> of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty [p. 315].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_307' id='f_307' href='#fna_307'>[307]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">IX</span> of the Cherokee Treaty [p. 397].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_308' id='f_308' href='#fna_308'>[308]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">LXVI</span> of the Creek Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XLIV</span> of the Seminole,
+Article <span class="smcaplc">LIII</span> of the Cherokee.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_309' id='f_309' href='#fna_309'>[309]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">LXIV</span> [p. 330].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_310' id='f_310' href='#fna_310'>[310]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XL</span> of the Wichita Treaty and Article <span class="smcaplc">X</span> of the Comanche.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_311' id='f_311' href='#fna_311'>[311]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XI</span> of the Creek Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XVI</span> of the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XI</span> of the Seminole Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XIII</span> of the
+Cherokee Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">IV</span> of the Osage Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">V</span> of the Seneca
+and Shawnee Treaty, and Article <span class="smcaplc">IV</span> of the Quapaw Treaty.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_312' id='f_312' href='#fna_312'>[312]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XII</span> of the Creek Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XVII</span> of the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XII</span> of the Seminole Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XIV</span> of the
+Cherokee Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">V</span> of the Osage Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">VI</span> of the Seneca
+and Shawnee Treaty, and Article <span class="smcaplc">V</span> of the Quapaw Treaty. After the war the
+posts in certain specified cases were to be garrisoned by native troops.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_313' id='f_313' href='#fna_313'>[313]</a> The reference is the same as the foregoing with two exceptions;
+viz., Article <span class="smcaplc">XXVIII</span> of the Osage Treaty and Article <span class="smcaplc">XX</span> the Quapaw Treaty.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_314' id='f_314' href='#fna_314'>[314]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XIII</span> of the Creek Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XVIII</span> of the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty, and Article <span class="smcaplc">XIII</span> of the Seminole Treaty.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_315' id='f_315' href='#fna_315'>[315]</a> The provision in the Osage Treaty was one exception to this. It was
+definitely said there that there should be no compensation.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_316' id='f_316' href='#fna_316'>[316]</a> The details of this will come out in the chapter following.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_317' id='f_317' href='#fna_317'>[317]</a></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="smcap">Article xxxviii</span> (Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty). In order to secure the
+due enforcement of so much of the laws of the Confederate States in
+regard to criminal offences and misdemeanors as is or may be in force
+in the said Choctaw and Chickasaw country, and to prevent the Choctaws
+and Chickasaws from being further harassed by judicial proceedings had
+in foreign courts and before juries not of the vicinage, the said
+country is hereby erected into and constituted a judicial district of
+the Confederate States to be called the Tush-ca-hom-ma District, for
+the special purposes and jurisdiction hereinafter provided; and there
+shall be created and semi-annually held, within such district, at
+Boggy Depot, a district court of the Confederate States, with the
+powers of a circuit court, so far as the same shall be necessary to
+carry out the provisions of this treaty, and with jurisdiction
+co-extensive with the limits of such district, in such matters, civil
+and criminal, to such extent and between such parties as may be
+prescribed by law, and in conformity to the terms of this treaty [p. 320].</p>
+
+<p>Articles <span class="smcaplc">XXXIX</span>, <span class="smcaplc">XL</span>, <span class="smcaplc">XLI</span>,
+and <span class="smcaplc">XLII</span> more specifically define the jurisdiction.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_318' id='f_318' href='#fna_318'>[318]</a> See Article <span class="smcaplc">XXIII</span> of the Cherokee Treaty, and, for the jurisdiction
+of the court, see Articles <span class="smcaplc">XXIV</span>, <span class="smcaplc">XXV</span>, and <span class="smcaplc">XXVI</span>.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_319' id='f_319' href='#fna_319'>[319]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXV</span>.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_320' id='f_320' href='#fna_320'>[320]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XXVI</span>.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_321' id='f_321' href='#fna_321'>[321]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XXVI</span>.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_322' id='f_322' href='#fna_322'>[322]</a> In other ways than this, the treaties with the minor tribes stressed
+the &#8220;peculiar institution.&#8221; Consider, for instance, in the matter of
+extradition, how it was not the criminal generally, but only the fugitive
+slave that was to be reciprocally extradited. Moreover, as a rule, the
+weak tribes all pledged themselves to try to return negroes and other
+property and were assured that negroes should come under the jurisdiction
+of tribal laws.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_323' id='f_323' href='#fna_323'>[323]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">II</span> [p. 395].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_324' id='f_324' href='#fna_324'>[324]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">LII</span> [p. 410].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_325' id='f_325' href='#fna_325'>[325]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXIX</span> [p. 403].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_326' id='f_326' href='#fna_326'>[326]</a> Without doubt some preliminary sounding of Leeper must have preceded
+the accompanying document. Pike would hardly have written with such
+assurance or given such instructions unless he had been very sure of his
+ground.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith, Arkansas</span>, 26th May 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have been appointed by the President of the Confederate States
+of America Commissioner to the Indian Tribes West of Arkansas, with
+discretionary powers, for the purpose of making treaties of alliance
+with them, and of enlisting troops to act with the forces of the
+Confederate States.</p>
+
+<p>In the exercise of the powers entrusted to me, I hereby authorize and
+request you to exercise the powers of Agent for the Wichitas and other
+Indians in the Country leased from the Choctaws and Chickasaws, until
+you shall receive a regular commission therefor. Your compensation
+will be the same as that received from the United States, to commence
+from the day when you resigned as agent of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>And you are hereby instructed forthwith to repair to your agency, and
+to inform the Indians under your charge that the Confederate States of
+America will take you themselves and fully comply with all the
+obligations entered into by the United States in their behalf;
+securing and paying all that may be due them from injury; and
+especially that they will continue to supply them with rations, as it
+has heretofore been done, until they shall no longer need to be
+supplied.</p>
+
+<p>You will also please inform them that I shall in a short time be among
+them, to enter into a treaty with them, on the part of the Confederate
+States.</p>
+
+<p>You will impress upon them that the people of Texas are now a part of
+the Confederate States, and must no longer be looked upon as enemies:
+and if any troops from Texas should come within your jurisdiction, you
+will particularly warn them against doing any harm to the Indians
+under your charge.</p>
+
+<p>You will make known to the Delawares, and if practicable to the
+Kickapoos, that it is my desire, and I have authority, to enlist a
+battalion of 350 men, of the Delawares, Kickapoos, and Shawnees, and
+will especially assure the Kickapoos, that if they have any cause of
+complaint against any of the people of Texas, it will be inquired
+into, and reparation made, and that they must in no case commit any
+act of hostility against Texas.</p>
+
+<p>I shall be greatly obliged to you for all assistance you can render in
+securing the services in arms of the Kickapoos and Delawares. They
+will be paid like other mounted men, receiving 40 cents a day for use
+and risk of their horse, in addition to their pay, rations, and
+clothing.</p>
+
+<p>I need not say that I place much reliance on your zeal and
+intelligence and assure you that your services will not fail to be
+appreciated by the Government of the Confederate States. Most
+respectfully yours</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Albert Pike</span>, Comm<sup>r</sup>, C. S. A. to the</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Indian Tribes, West of Arkansas.</span></p>
+
+<p>Matthew Leeper Esq.</p></div>
+
+<p><i>Leeper Papers.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name='f_327' id='f_327' href='#fna_327'>[327]</a> It is not clear as to just when Elias Rector left the United States
+service or when he entered the Confederate. The Indian Office in
+Washington was communicating with him officially for some little time
+after Griffith had been notified of his appointment. There seems no reason
+to doubt that Rector was working in the interests of the Southern
+Confederacy all through the spring of 1861; and, when he went over openly
+to the South, he did not close his accounts with the United States Indian
+Office. He was accordingly regarded as a defaulter and there was talk of
+confiscating his property at Fort Smith [W. G. Coffin to Dole, January 29,
+1864, General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1863-1864</i>, I640; Dole to
+Usher, February 2, 1864, Indian Office, <i>Report Book</i>, no. 13, p. 297].</p>
+
+<p>In the course of his official connection with the United States government
+Elias Rector had frequently been accused of irregularities and even of
+crookedness [General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, C1222].
+As touching the Seminole removal from Florida, he had much that was
+peculiar to explain away. Apparently he quite frequently made queer
+contracts, was given to making over-charges for mileage and to favoring
+his friends at the expense of the Indians and of the government. In 1861,
+he rendered a voucher showing he had paid a certain Henry Pape $6000.00
+for building the Wichita Agency house. On various matters connected with
+his official record, see Rector&#8217;s <i>Letter Press Book</i> and Indian Office,
+<i>Letter Books</i>, no. 64, p. 342; no. 65, P. 49; no. 66, p. 26. In 1865,
+Rector made application to be allowed to straighten out his accounts [J.
+B. Luce to Cooley, November 2, 1865].</p>
+
+<p>Returning, however, to the subject of Rector&#8217;s incumbency: on the twelfth
+of June, 1861, he wrote quite frankly to John Schoenmaker, principal of
+the Osage Mission,</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">... I have no connection at this time with the Indian Department under
+the old U. S. Government. I am now acting as Superintendent under the
+Government of the Confederate States, and as no treaties have as yet
+been concluded between the Southern confederacy and the tribes of
+Indians with whom you are engaged I of course can say nothing to you
+on the subject matter of your letter....&mdash;General Files, <i>Southern
+Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Confederate southern superintendency had not at the time been filled,
+but Rector seems to have been considered the most competent candidate.
+Johnson, in recommending various men to Walker for various positions,
+recommended Rector in strong terms of implied commendation,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Dr. Griffith wants to be appointed superintendent in place of E.
+Rector. Do not allow this to be done. Hold everything as it is until
+peace and unity are attained, and then make all the changes you think
+proper; but not now&mdash;not now, by all manner of means.</p>
+
+<p>I do earnestly beg you to keep your agencies as they were. They are
+good and true men, and popular and qualified with the tribes and their
+business. Restore and commission Elias Rector, superintendent; John
+Crawford, Cherokee agent; William Quesenbury, Creek agent; Samuel M.
+Rutherford, Seminole agent; and Matthew Leeper, Wichita agent; and if
+Cooper has resigned (which I fear is the case), appoint Richard P.
+Pulliam (who is the next best living man on earth for the place, I
+believe) as agent of the Choctaws. With this programme you will have
+peace and success; without it, no one can tell your troubles or our
+misfortunes on this frontier....&mdash;<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol.
+iii, 598.</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_328' id='f_328' href='#fna_328'>[328]</a> Dole to Robinson, April 9, 1861 [Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no.
+65, 323].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_329' id='f_329' href='#fna_329'>[329]</a> Dole to Rector, April 6, 1861 [&mdash;<i>ibid.</i>, p. 317].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_330' id='f_330' href='#fna_330'>[330]</a> General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, G463.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_331' id='f_331' href='#fna_331'>[331]</a> General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, G463.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_332' id='f_332' href='#fna_332'>[332]</a> Smith to Dole, May 4, 1861; Dole to Rector, May 9, 1861 [Indian
+Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 65, p. 440].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_333' id='f_333' href='#fna_333'>[333]</a> Johnson to Walker, June 25, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser.,
+vol. iii, 598].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_334' id='f_334' href='#fna_334'>[334]</a> Caleb B. Smith to Dole, April 6, 1861 [General Files, <i>Southern
+Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_335' id='f_335' href='#fna_335'>[335]</a> Dole to Quesenbury [Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 65, p. 330].
+In the middle of the summer, George A. Cutler became United States agent
+for the Creeks [<i>ibid.</i>, no. 66, p. 200].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_336' id='f_336' href='#fna_336'>[336]</a> Dole to Crawford [<i>ibid.</i>, no. 65, p. 331].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_337' id='f_337' href='#fna_337'>[337]</a> Rector to Greenwood, August 31, 1860 [<i>Letter Press Book</i>].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_338' id='f_338' href='#fna_338'>[338]</a> November 27, 1860, he voted in the affirmative on a resolution
+against Lincoln&#8217;s election and against the advisability of Arkansas
+members of Congress taking their seats during his administration [Arkansas
+House <i>Journal</i>, thirteenth session, 1860-1861, p. 234].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_339' id='f_339' href='#fna_339'>[339]</a> On the thirteenth of June, when Crawford wrote, resigning his
+commission, he said in extenuation of his conduct,</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">I only accepted through the influence of friends knowing then the
+Cherokee Indians was Southern in their feelings and did not wish a
+Northern man sent among them to act as Agent &amp; as the Government of
+the Southern Confederacy has in their wisdom thought best to take
+charge of all the Indian Tribes south of Kansas and the Indians all
+being anxious to join in with the South and oppose to the bitter end
+the course now pursued by the Northern Government&mdash;I most respectfully
+decline acting as agent for the Cherokee Indians under the
+Administration of A. Lincoln.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Crawford</span> to Dole, June 13, 1861
+[General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, C1376].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_340' id='f_340' href='#fna_340'>[340]</a> Crawford to Dole, May 20, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_341' id='f_341' href='#fna_341'>[341]</a></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The excitement here is at an alarming pitch for the last few days I
+trust to God that those in power will do something to settle this
+interruption in the government and something must be done soon or War
+will ensue troops were drilling here last night at ten oclock, State
+troops, strong talk of attacking Fort Smith the President of the
+Convention has called the Convention to meet on the 6th day of May and
+the State will seceed if there is not something done immediately
+perhaps war will be commenced before you receive my letter though I
+trust not. I should very much to know that the North and South were
+engaged in a war, if you can do anything to have those troubles
+settled use your influence with the President in calling a national
+convention or something else to have peace....&mdash;<span class="smcap">Crawford</span> to Dole,
+dated Van Buren, April 21, 1861 [General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, C1044].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_342' id='f_342' href='#fna_342'>[342]</a> Smith to Dole, April 20, 1861 [General Files, <i>Wichita, 1860-1861</i>,
+I320].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_343' id='f_343' href='#fna_343'>[343]</a> Some slight account of the Wichita Agency and of Agent Leeper&#8217;s
+defection has already been narrated. A number of documents elucidating the
+subject are to be found in the &#8220;Appendix.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_344' id='f_344' href='#fna_344'>[344]</a> Dole to Elder, April 29, 1861 [Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 65,
+pp. 390-391]; Mix to Elder, August 22, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>, no. 66, pp.
+283-284].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_345' id='f_345' href='#fna_345'>[345]</a> See, for instance, Stockton to Usher, February 20, 1864 [General
+Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1863-1864</i>].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_346' id='f_346' href='#fna_346'>[346]</a> See Isaac Coleman, United States Indian agent, to Superintendent
+Elijah Sells, a copy of which letter is retained in the Office of Indian
+Affairs, the original having been sent to the office of the United States
+attorney-general, October 10, 1865.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_347' id='f_347' href='#fna_347'>[347]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1865, pp. 310, 345.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_348' id='f_348' href='#fna_348'>[348]</a> The reference is, presumably, to a portion of the money that the
+United States government had allowed the Choctaws in satisfaction of
+claims arising under the treaties of 1830 and 1855 [Act of March 2, 1861,
+U. S. <i>Statutes at Large</i>, vol. xii, 238]. The episode of the Corn
+Contract was directly connected with the expenditure of the money. For
+documents bearing upon it, see Land Files, <i>Choctaw, 1874-1876</i>, Box 39,
+C1078, particularly documents labelled &#8220;N,&#8221; &#8220;O,&#8221; and &#8220;P.&#8221; Document &#8220;N&#8221; is
+a communication from Albert Pike to the General Council of the Choctaw
+Nation, received at the June session, 1861, and is most interesting as
+showing how Pike mixed up private and public business and, indeed, gave to
+private the preference.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Friends and Brothers</span>: You are aware that since the year 1854 M<sup>r</sup> John
+T. Cochrane and myself, aided by Col. Cooper your agent and by your
+delegates, have been engaged at Washington in prosecuting the just
+claims of your people under the treaty of 1830 before the Government
+of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>We have succeeded in procuring a final award of the Senate, giving you
+the net proceeds of all the lands which you ceded by that treaty, and
+
+a Report from the Committee of Indian Affairs, estimating the sum due
+you at over two millions three hundred thousand dollars.</p>
+
+<p>At the last session of Congress, we succeeded in procuring an
+appropriation on account of this debt of $250,000 in money and
+$250,000 in bonds of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the unfortunate difficulties between the Northern and
+Southern States, one hundred and thirty-eight thousand dollars, only,
+of the sums, has been paid, $135,000 of which was placed in your
+Agent&#8217;s hands, ostensibly to purchase corn; and most of it remains
+unexpended.</p>
+
+<p>Towards my expenses while prosecuting your claims and towards my fee,
+I have received the sum of sixteen hundred dollars. My expenses alone,
+in four years have been five thousand dollars.</p>
+
+<p>I have had to abandon my other business, to attend to yours: and
+unless some part of my compensation is paid, or my expenses repaid me,
+my property will have to be sold to pay my debts. I am entirely
+without money, and have you only to look to.</p>
+
+<p>I have labored for you very faithfully; and am sure your Delegates
+will tell you that, but for me your claims would never have been
+allowed; and but for me, after they were allowed, the appropriation
+would not have been obtained.</p>
+
+<p>The whole of the claims will be paid whenever peace is restored,
+either by the United States, or by the Confederate Southern States. I
+shall take it in charge and never desert you until all is paid.</p>
+
+<p>I respectfully and earnestly request you to cause to be paid to me,
+out of the moneys now in the Agent&#8217;s hands, for my expenses, and on
+account of my fee, such sum of money as you may think just and right;
+and which I hope will not be less than seven thousand five hundred
+dollars.</p>
+
+<p>I also desire to inform you that I have been appointed by the
+President of the Confederate States, a Commissioner to your Nation,
+and all the other Nations and Tribes west of Arkansas; that I shall at
+the proper time come among you to counsel with you, and that I shall
+take your interests in charge, and see that your title to your lands,
+and all annuities, and other moneys due you by the United States are
+assumed and guaranteed by the Confederate States. On this you may
+implicitly rely; as it is the promise of one who never breaks his
+word.</p>
+
+<p>Let your people therefore, and the Chickasaws remain perfectly quiet
+until the proper time arrives, and look to me for advice. If any
+emissaries from Arkansas come among you, hear them and say nothing. So
+it is that wise men do. The State of Arkansas has nothing whatever to
+do with you, and cannot protect you. The Confederate States are both
+able and willing to do so; and when they have guaranteed your rights,
+it will be time enough for you to act. Your friend</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">(signed) <span class="smcap">Albert Pike</span>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Office of the National Secretary of the Choctaw Nation.</p>
+
+<p>[Endorsement] I hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy from
+the original letter from Albert Pike on file in the National
+Secretary&#8217;s Office.</p>
+
+<p>Given under my hand and official seal. Done at Chahta Tamaha, November
+1<sup>st</sup> A.D. 1873.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">(signed) <span class="smcap">Jno. P. Turnbull</span>, National Secretary Choctaw Nation.</span></p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_349' id='f_349' href='#fna_349'>[349]</a> Pike&#8217;s programme of operations is outlined in his letter to Toombs
+of May 29, 1861:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I leave this morning for Tahlequah, the seat of government of the
+Cherokee Nation, and Park Hill, the residence of Governor Ross, the
+principal chief. Since 1835 there have always been two parties in the
+Cherokee Nation, bitterly hostile to each other. The treaty of that
+year was made by unauthorized persons, against the will of the large
+majority of the nation and against that of the chief, Mr. Ross.
+Several years ago Ridge, Boudinot, and others, principal men of the
+treaty party, were killed, with, it was alleged, the sanction of Mr.
+Ross, and the feud is today as bitter as it was twenty years ago. The
+full-blooded Indians are mostly adherents of Ross, and many of
+them&mdash;1,000 to 1,500 it is alleged&mdash;are on the side of the North. I
+think that number is exaggerated. The half-breeds or white Indians (as
+they call themselves) are to a man with us. It has all along been
+supposed, or at least suspected, that Mr. Ross would side with the
+North. His declarations are in favor of neutrality. But I am inclined
+to believe that he is acting upon the policy (surely a wise one) of
+not permitting his people to commit themselves until he has formal
+guarantees from an authorized agent of the Confederate States. These I
+shall give him if he will accept them. General McCulloch will be with
+me, and I strongly hope that we shall satisfy him, and effect a formal
+and firm treaty. If so, we shall have nearly the whole nation with us,
+and those who are not will be unimportant. If he refuses he will learn
+that his country will be occupied; and I shall then negotiate with the
+leaders of the half-breeds who are now raising troops, and who will
+meet me at the Creek Agency on Friday of next week. Several of those
+living near here I have already seen.</p>
+
+<p>On Wednesday of next week I will meet the chiefs of the Creeks at the
+North Fork of the Canadian. I will then fix a day for a council of the
+Creeks, and go on to meet the Choctaws at Fort Washita. When I shall
+have concluded an arrangement with them I will go to the Chickasaw
+Country, and thence to the Seminoles.</p>
+
+<p>I hope to meet the heads of the Wichitas, Caddos, Iowas, Toncawes,
+Delawares, Kickapoos, and Reserve Comanches at Fort Washita. I have
+requested their agent to induce them to meet me there. The Creek
+chiefs have a council with the wild Indians, Comanches and others,
+high up on the North Fork of the Canadian, on the 10th proximo. I
+shall endeavor, through the Creek chiefs, to have an interview with
+the heads of the wild tribes at Fort Washita and induce them to come
+in and settle on the reserve upon the False Washita River near Fort
+Cobb.</p>
+
+<p>As I shall be absent from this post some six weeks or more, it is not
+likely that I shall be able to give you frequent advice of my
+movements. There are no mails in the Indian country and I shall have
+to employ expresses when I desire to send on letters.</p>
+
+<p>We shall have no difficulty with the Creeks, Seminoles, Choctaws, and
+Chickasaws, either in effecting treaties or raising troops. The
+greatest trouble will be in regard to arms. Not one in ten of either
+of the tribes has a gun at all, and most of the guns are indifferent
+double-barreled. I do not know whether the Bureau of Indian Affairs is
+a part of the Department of State, and of course whether this is
+properly addressed to you. I do not address the Commissioner because I
+understand he is on his way hither. The suggestions I wish to make are
+important and I venture to hope that you will give them their proper
+direction. I have already spoken of arms for the Indians. Those arms,
+if possible, should be the plain muzzle-loading rifle, large bore,
+with molds for conical bullets hollowed at the truncated end, which I
+suppose to be the minie-ball. Revolvers, I am aware, cannot be had,
+and an Indian would not pick up a musket if it lay in the road.</p>
+
+<p>Our river is falling and will soon be low, when steam-boats will not
+be able to get above Little Rock, if even there. To embody the Indians
+and, collecting them together, keep them long without arms would
+disgust them, and they would scatter over the country like partridges
+and never be got together again. The arms should, therefore, be sent
+here with all speed.</p>
+
+<p>No funds have been remitted to me, nor have I any power to procure or
+draw for any, for my expenses or for those of the councils I must
+hold. It has always been customary for the Indians to be fed at such
+councils, and they will expect it. I have borrowed $300 of Mr. Charles
+B. Johnson, giving him a draft on the Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+for incidental expenses, and if I have a council at Fort Washita shall
+contract with him to feed the Indians. I have seen Elias Rector, late
+superintendent of Indian affairs at Fort Smith, and William
+Quesenbury, appointed agent for the Creeks by the Government at
+Washington, but who did not accept, and Samuel M. Rutherford, agent
+for the Seminoles, who forwards his resignation immediately; and have
+written to Matthew Leeper, agent for the Wichitas and other Reserve
+Indians; and have formally requested each to continue to exercise the
+powers of his office under the Confederate States. They are all
+citizens of Arkansas and Texas and have readily consented to do so.</p>
+
+<p>If we have declared a protectorate over these tribes and extended our
+laws over them we have, I suppose, continued in force there the whole
+system. Even if we have not we cannot dispense with the superintendent
+and agents. I shall also see Mr. Crawford, agent for the Cherokees,
+and request him to continue to act, as I have requested Colonel Cooper
+to do as agent for the Choctaws and Chickasaws. Unless all this were
+done there would be both discontent and confusion, and I therefore
+earnestly request that my action may be immediately confirmed and
+these officers assured that they shall be continued, and that their
+compensation shall be the same as under the United States and date
+from the day of the resignation of each or of his acceptance of office
+under the Confederate States. And I also strenuously urge that no
+changes be made in these offices. The incumbents are all good men and
+true, competent, and honest, and are, or will be, very acceptable to
+the Indians. To make changes will be to make mischief.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Charles B. Johnson is feeding the Wichitas and other Reserve
+Indians under a contract which ends on the 30th of June. I have
+instructed him to continue feeding them during the present season
+under the same contract, <i>i.e.</i>, on the same terms, which I know to be
+reasonable.</p>
+
+<p>It is very important that some funds should be at my disposition. The
+State of Arkansas has furnished me an escort of a company and General
+McCulloch has procured me transportation. To meet contingent expenses
+it is necessary that at least $1000 should be placed here subject to
+my draft; and, as I have several times urged, money should be placed
+in the proper hands to pay a bounty to each Indian that enlists.</p>
+
+<p>I wish I had more definite instructions and power more distinctly
+expressed, especially power in so many words to make treaties and give
+all necessary guarantees. For without giving them nothing can be done,
+and I am [not] sure that John Ross will be satisfied with my statement
+or assurance that I have the power, or with anything less than a
+formal authority from the Congress. He is very shrewd. If I fail with
+him it will not be my fault.</p>
+
+<p>I have the honor to be, sir, very truly and respectfully, yours,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Albert Pike</span>, Commissioner, &amp;c.</span></p></div>
+
+<p><i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, 359-361.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_350' id='f_350' href='#fna_350'>[350]</a> Pike to Cooley, February 17, 1866.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_351' id='f_351' href='#fna_351'>[351]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. liii, supplement, 688.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_352' id='f_352' href='#fna_352'>[352]</a> A military escort had also been furnished by the Arkansas Military
+Board to General McCulloch [<i>ibid.</i>, 687].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_353' id='f_353' href='#fna_353'>[353]</a> Motey, or Moty, Kennard is occasionally spoken of, in the records,
+as the principal chief of the entire Creek Nation. The tribe was, however,
+very sharply divided into the Lower and the Upper Creeks. Their
+differences had been accentuated by the unpleasant and even dishonorable
+and tragic circumstances of their removal from Georgia and Alabama. The
+Lower Creeks represented the faction that had stood back of William
+McIntosh and that had consented to the fraudulent treaty of Indian
+Springs, the Upper Creeks were the dissenters [Abel, <i>History of Indian
+Consolidation</i>, chapters vi and vii; Phillips, <i>Georgia and State Rights</i>,
+56-57].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_354' id='f_354' href='#fna_354'>[354]</a> Letter from Greenwood to the Delegation, February 4, 1861 [Indian
+Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 65, pp. 140-141].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_355' id='f_355' href='#fna_355'>[355]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1861. Note that as early
+as March 18, 1861, Secretary Smith had ordered the suspension of the
+issuance of all requisitions to ordinary disbursing officers in the
+seceding states. This order probably affected indirectly even the Indian
+Territory [Smith to commissioner of Indian affairs, March 18, 1861,
+<i>Miscellaneous Files, 1858-1863</i>].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_356' id='f_356' href='#fna_356'>[356]</a> Governor Thomas O. Moore of Louisiana to President Davis, May 31,
+1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 588].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_357' id='f_357' href='#fna_357'>[357]</a> See letter of W. S. Robertson to the Secretary of the Interior
+[General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, R1664].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_358' id='f_358' href='#fna_358'>[358]</a> See statement of the &#8220;Loyal&#8221; Creek Delegation at the Fort Smith
+Council, September, 1865 [Land Files, <i>Indian Talks, Councils, etc.,
+1865-1866</i>, Box 4; Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1865, pp.
+328-329].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_359' id='f_359' href='#fna_359'>[359]</a> Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la was nevertheless a very prominent man among the
+Upper Creeks and had been prominent even before the exodus from Georgia
+and Alabama. At all events he was sufficiently prominent to protest with
+others against the transportation contracts that had been made by the War
+Department [Lewis Cass to Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la and other Creek chiefs, dated
+Tuckabatchytown, Alabama, January 27, 1836]. Again in 1838,
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la headed a party of protest, that time against the
+selling of certain Creek lands left unsold at the time of emigration
+[<i>Creek Reservation Papers</i>, 25].</p>
+
+<p>Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la seems to have been one of the assassins of William
+McIntosh; that is, if the subjoined statement of Acting-superintendent
+William Armstrong is to be trusted:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Choctaw Agency</span> August 31, 1836</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">C. A. Harris</span> Esqr, Com<sup>r</sup> of Ind Affairs,</p>
+
+<p>Sir: The first party of emigrating Creeks are now on the opposite side
+of the river Arkansas, on their way up. I shall leave tomorrow so as
+to meet them at Gibson; while there, I will see the McIntosh party and
+endeavor to learn the state of feelings amongst the several parties.
+Many threats have been made; and much dissatisfaction manifested by
+both Chilly &amp; Rolly McIntosh, the latter has sworn to kill
+A-po-the-ho-lo who was concerned in taking the life of his Father.
+Rolly McIntosh and the other Chiefs now over, are opposed to
+Ne-a-math-la the Chief who is with the party emigrating, upon the
+ground mainly that they may probably be superseded, or their authority
+abridged. I will however report to you, fully, after I shall have
+informed myself, of the state of feeling &amp;c., and will endeavor with
+Gen<sup>l</sup> Arbuckle, to bring about a reconciliation. Respectfully Your
+Obt Servt</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Wm Armstrong</span> Act Supt West<sup>n</sup> Ter<sup>y</sup></span></p></div>
+
+<p><i>War Department Files</i>, A37.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the forties, Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la posed as a trader in the Creek
+country. He was the partner of J. W. Taylor, a white man. The company so
+composed failed, in 1843, &#8220;to give bond and license&#8221; and so Agent J. L.
+Dawson closed its store [Communication of J. L. Dawson, September 5, 1843,
+<i>War Department Files</i>, I1537].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_360' id='f_360' href='#fna_360'>[360]</a> G. W. Stidham was probably a half-breed. Naturally, being the
+official interpreter, he signed as the interpreter and not as a member of
+the tribe.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_361' id='f_361' href='#fna_361'>[361]</a></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">We the loyal Creek Indians represented by the Delegation now present,
+solemnly declare that the Treaty of July 10, 1861 was alone made by
+the rebel portion of the Creek Indians, and never was executed or
+assented to by the Union portion of the Nation, and is, not now, and
+never has been, obligatory upon them and the names to said treaty, of
+the loyal party, was a forgery&mdash;Land Files, <i>Indian Talks, Councils,
+etc.</i>, Box 4, 1865-1866; Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1865, p. 330.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_362' id='f_362' href='#fna_362'>[362]</a> The document herewith given presents one view of the case:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The undersigned Delegates from the Creek Nation would respectfully ask
+to make the following statement concerning the alliance between the
+said Creek Nation and the so-called Confederate States of America. To
+the end that the Creek Nation may be put upon a proper footing in the
+estimation of your honorable body and that there may be no
+misapprehension on the part of the Government you here represent we
+beg leave to state:</p>
+
+<p>1st. The Alliance entered into by the Creek Nation with the
+Confederate Government was entered into voluntarily, and without the
+interference of any person or persons other than members of our tribe.
+In taking that step the assembled wisdom of the Nation in council,
+thought they were acting for the best interests of the Nation and of
+their posterity.</p>
+
+<p>2d. Hopoethle Yoholo the far-famed leader of those members of our
+tribe who battled against us, was not at the time of the making of the
+treaty with Albert Pike Commissioner on the part of the Confederate
+States, a Chief, counsellor or head man in said tribe and had no voice
+in the council, he was however present at the making of said Treaty
+and give said Pike to understand that he fully concurred in the result
+of our deliberations. After the making of the Treaty Hopoethle Yoholo
+collected together his adherents, and for reasons entirely of a
+domestic character and in no wise connected with the National question
+at issue, withdrew from the country and assumed a hostile attitude.
+With this exception the Creeks were united as one man in action and
+were ever united as one man in principle on the National question then
+agitated.</p>
+
+<p>3d. Although the Nation we represent would not attempt at this time to
+urge anything in palliation of the course of conduct they adopted in
+this matter, other than to ask your honorable body to esteem the error
+as one of the &#8220;head and not of the heart&#8221;&mdash;but we beg leave to state
+that at the time of the forming of the Alliance above refered to
+circumstances over which we could not possibly exercise control seemed
+to <i>demand</i> an adoption of the course taken. The protection always
+borne with the idea of allegiance, was taken from our Nation by the
+withdrawal of the United States forces from the Indian Territory. This
+movement left the Nations entirely without the support of the United
+States government, and had they desired to remain neutral or to take
+active measures on the side of the United States they could not
+possibly have done so without having their Country desolated, or by
+abandoning their homes. Surrounded by States, in a tumult of angry
+excitement attendant upon a dissolution of their connection with the
+United States, they were completely in the power of those States,
+without having United States forces to call to their aid or
+assistance. An alliance under such circumstances were [was]
+indispensible to the safety of the country. Viewing the matter in this
+light the Treaty was made, and once having linked our destiny with
+those of the Confederacy, we could not in honor betray our trust. In
+conclusion we beg leave to say that as long as events cannot be
+controlled by human wisdom and foresight and until an honorable
+adherence to promises made voluntarily, is dishonorable so long must
+we deem ourselves in one sense at least&mdash;guiltless of any criminality
+in this matter.&mdash;Land Files, <i>Indian Talks, Councils, etc., Box 4,
+1865-1866.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_363' id='f_363' href='#fna_363'>[363]</a> They were also worried over rumors of sequestration:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Statements having found their way into some of the public prints, to
+the effect that supplies purchased for the use of the Choctaws, have
+been detained by citizens of the Northern States, which statements if
+uncontradicted may engender hostile feelings between those Indians and
+the Government, I have thought proper to forward to you the enclosed
+copies of official correspondence in relation to this subject, that
+you may be able authoritatively to contradict such statements and
+satisfy the Choctaws that the Government intends faithfully to
+preserve and perpetuate the amicable relations subsisting between
+itself and those people.&mdash;Dole to Rector and same to Coffin, May 16,
+1861 [Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 65, p. 458].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_364' id='f_364' href='#fna_364'>[364]</a> Particularly by means of the resolutions of the National Council,
+June 10, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_365' id='f_365' href='#fna_365'>[365]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 593.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_366' id='f_366' href='#fna_366'>[366]</a> For evidence of this and for the fullest extant account of the
+progress of secession among the Choctaws, see letter of S. Orlando Lee to
+Dole, March 15, 1862.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_367' id='f_367' href='#fna_367'>[367]</a> The following is found in the <i>Fort Smith Papers</i>:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right">Tishomingo, C. N. Nov. 26, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gen. A. G. Mayers</span></p>
+
+<p>Sir: Having been appointed as a Delegate from this Nation (the
+Chickasaw) to the Southern Congress, am at a loss (to know) when the
+Congress does meet. I have all along understood from newspaper
+accounts that it was to be on the 22d of February, but some seems to
+think it is sooner. Will you please inform me at your earliest
+convenience at what time the S. Congress does meet. Your attention to
+the above is respectfully requested. I am yours very Respectfully</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">James Gamble</span>.</span></p>
+
+<p>P.S. Please continue to send me the Parallel, I will make it all right
+with you when on my way to Va.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">J. G.</span></p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_368' id='f_368' href='#fna_368'>[368]</a> In the list of members of the Confederate congresses, given in
+<i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser., vol. iii, 1184-1191, no Indian delegate
+is specified until 1863.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_369' id='f_369' href='#fna_369'>[369]</a> Cooper to President Davis, July 25, 1861 [<i>ibid</i>., first ser., vol.
+iii, 614].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_370' id='f_370' href='#fna_370'>[370]</a> E. H. Carruth, in a letter to General Hunter of November 26, 1861
+[Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1861, p. 47], would have us
+understand that the Seminoles as a tribe did not negotiate with Pike, but
+that the whole affair was as between Pike and Jumper, Jumper being
+assisted by four chosen friends. The five were probably bribed. That Pike
+was not averse to the use of money for such ends, his letter to Walker of
+June twelfth would lead us to suspect [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser.,
+vol. iii, 590]. We have, however, no definite proof of the same. John
+Jumper was early rewarded by the Confederate government. By act of the
+Provisional Congress, January 16, 1861 [<i>Statutes at Large</i>, p. 284], he
+was made an honorary lieutenant-colonel of the army of the Confederate
+States. Carruth further says that the family influence of Jumper &#8220;enabled
+him to raise forty-six men, not all Seminoles, and Ben McCulloch
+authorized him to call to his aid six hundred rangers from Fort Cobb, that
+he might crush out the Union feeling in his tribe.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_371' id='f_371' href='#fna_371'>[371]</a> It is just possible that Rector had been with him all the time. At
+all events Rector subsequently entered an expense account against the
+C. S. A. for services from July tenth to August twenty-fourth inclusive. See
+<a href="#Page_285">Appendix A</a>, <i>Fort Smith Papers</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_372' id='f_372' href='#fna_372'>[372]</a> See letter of Agent Snow, dated March 10, 1864, and its enclosures,
+one of which is a speech of Long John, who became principal chief when the
+aged Billy Bowlegs died, and another, a speech of Pas-co-fa, who, provided
+his signature to the treaty be genuine, eventually must have repented of
+his Confederate alliance. He was soon, with Bowlegs and Chup-co, in the
+ranks of Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la [General Files, <i>Seminole, 1858-1867</i>, S291].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_373' id='f_373' href='#fna_373'>[373]</a> The report of the United States commissioner of Indian affairs for
+1863 estimates the loyal Seminoles at about two-thirds of the tribe [House
+<i>Executive Documents</i>, 38th congress, first session, vol. iii, 143], that
+of the Confederate States commissioner of Indian affairs as fully one-half
+[S. S. Scott to Secretary Seddon, January 12, 1863, <i>Official Records</i>,
+fourth ser., vol. ii, 353].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_374' id='f_374' href='#fna_374'>[374]</a> While at the Creek Agency, Pike had communicated, so it seems, with
+John Jumper and had asked him to meet him there with six others competent
+and authorized to make a treaty. Up to the time of hearing from Pike, John
+Jumper seems to have been inclined to adhere faithfully to the United
+States government. The excellent report of E. H. Carruth, July 11, 1861
+gives full particulars of this whole affair.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_375' id='f_375' href='#fna_375'>[375]</a> See supplementary Article [<i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser., vol. i,
+525].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_376' id='f_376' href='#fna_376'>[376]</a> See communications from Bowlegs [So-nuk-mek-ko] to Commissioner of
+Indian Affairs, March 2, 1863 and May 13, 1863 [General Files, <i>Seminole,
+1858-1869</i>, B131, B317]. See also Dole to Coffin, March 24, 1863 [Indian
+Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 70, pp. 208-209].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_377' id='f_377' href='#fna_377'>[377]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Report, 1869 [House <i>Executive
+Documents</i>, 41st congress, second session, vol. iii, part 3, p. 521].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_378' id='f_378' href='#fna_378'>[378]</a> See letter of E. H. Carruth.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_379' id='f_379' href='#fna_379'>[379]</a> William P. Davis of Indiana had been given the United States
+Seminole Agency but he never reached his post [Dole to John D. Davis,
+April 5, 1862, Indian Office <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 68, p. 39]. Consequently,
+the Confederate States agent, Rutherford, had sole influence there. Not
+until George C. Snow of Indiana became United States Seminole agent, did
+the non-secessionist Indians get the encouragement and support they ought
+to have had all along.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_380' id='f_380' href='#fna_380'>[380]</a> See <a href="#Page_329">Appendix B</a>&mdash;<i>Leeper Papers</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_381' id='f_381' href='#fna_381'>[381]</a> The <i>Leeper Papers</i>, printed in the Appendix, furnish convincing
+proof of this. Note also that July 4, 1861, Rector wrote to Leeper from
+Fort Smith as follows:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">In the 3rd section of the law of the Confederate Congress, regulating
+the Indian service connected with said government, and making
+provision for the continuance in office of the Superintendent and
+Agents heretofore connected with the original U. S. government, you
+will be continued upon the same terms and at the same salary, as
+heretofore received from the federal government, and before entering
+upon your duties as such it will be your duty to take an oath before a
+proper officer of a State of the Confederate States, to support the
+Constitution of and accept a Commission from the Confederate States of
+America....&mdash;<i>Leeper Papers.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name='f_382' id='f_382' href='#fna_382'>[382]</a> Pike to Walker, dated Seminole Agency, July 31, 1861 [<i>Official
+Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 624]. Writing to Benjamin, December 25,
+1861 [<i>ibid.</i>, vol. viii, 720], Pike said he had &#8220;64 men.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_383' id='f_383' href='#fna_383'>[383]</a> These two treaties are interesting in various particulars. They
+contained fewer concessions, fewer departures from established practice
+than any others of the nine. They were made primarily for the maintenance
+of peace on the Texan frontier. That fact is only too evident from their
+contents and from the circumstances of their negotiation. One of the chief
+reasons, cited by Texas, for her withdrawal from the Union was the failure
+of the United States to protect her from Indian ravages. It seems never to
+have occurred to her to mention the fact that her citizens, by their
+aggressions, had constantly provoked the ravages, if such we can call
+them. The northern counties of Texas were not &#8220;Southern&#8221; in climate or
+industries, so it was especially necessary to enlist their sympathy in the
+Confederate cause by keeping the Indians of the plains quiet and peaceful.</p>
+
+<p>The Comanche treaties were also interesting in the matter of their
+signatures and of their schedules. The signatures included that of Rector,
+of the Creek chiefs, Motey Kennard and Chilly McIntosh, and of the
+Seminole chief, John Jumper. The schedules promised such things as the
+following to the Indians but in amounts that were beautifully indefinite:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Blue drilling, warm coats, calico, plaid check, regatta cotton shirts,
+socks, hats, woolen shirts, red, white and blue blankets, red and blue
+list cloth, shawls and handkerchiefs, brown domestic, thread, yarn and
+twine, shoes, for men and women, white drilling, ribbons, assorted
+colors, beads, combs, camp kettles, tin cups and buckets, pans, coffee
+pots and dippers, needles, scissors and shears, butcher knives, large
+iron spoons, knives and forks, nails, hatchets and hammers, augers,
+drawing knives, gimlets, chopping axes, fish-hooks, ammunition,
+including powder, lead, flints and percussion caps, tobacco.</p>
+
+<p>Two of a kind would have satisfied most of the requirements of these
+schedules. The list of things is interesting from the standpoint of
+domesticity and general utility and also from the standpoint of the things
+that the same Indians had previously seemed to need in such immense
+quantities. For illustration it would be well to note that when Agent
+Leeper handed in his last accounts to the United States government, he
+claimed to have issued during the second quarter of 1861 to the Indians at
+the Wichita Agency, 550 pounds of coffee, 550 pounds of sugar, 650 pounds
+of soap, 600 pounds of tobacco, etc.</p>
+
+<p>In conclusion, with respect to these Comanche treaties, we may say that,
+since the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty had put the Leased District under
+the jurisdiction of the C. S. A., there was very little for the reservees
+themselves to do, except take the protection and other things offered by
+the Confederacy (the Comanches of the Prairie and Staked Plain had
+promised to become reservees on the Leased District) and be content. Pike
+did not bother about promising to make them citizens eventually or about
+making them admit the legality of the institution of slavery. Their
+political status had never been high and it was no higher under the
+Confederacy than it had been under the Union.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_384' id='f_384' href='#fna_384'>[384]</a> The Tonkawas seem to have been the ones who were the most completely
+persuaded of all to adhere to the South and they continued unwaveringly
+loyal thereafter to its failing fortunes [S. S. Scott to Governor
+Winchester Colbert, dated Fort Arbuckle, November 10, 1862; Colbert to
+Scott, same date; Moore&#8217;s <i>Rebellion Record</i>, vol. vi, 6; Commissioner of
+Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1863, House <i>Executive Documents</i>, 38th
+congress, first session, vol. iii, 143; Indian Office, <i>Report Book</i>, no.
+19, pp. 186-188]. Apparently the Confederacy was rather careful in
+carrying out its obligations to the Tonkawas. Among the <i>Leeper Papers</i>
+are various documents proving this, such as an unsigned receipt for money
+received from Pike, July 19, 1862, to carry out the terms of Articles <span class="smcaplc">XVI</span>
+and <span class="smcaplc">XVII</span> of the treaty of August 12, 1861; and a copy of a letter, from
+Leeper probably, to J. J. Sturm, commissary, dated November 30, 1861,
+complaining that Sturm had not followed &#8220;instructions in making issues to
+Tonkahua Indians.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_385' id='f_385' href='#fna_385'>[385]</a> <i>Journal</i>, vol. i, 565.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_386' id='f_386' href='#fna_386'>[386]</a> Message of Dec. 12, 1861 [Richardson, <i>op. cit.</i>, vol. i, 149-151;
+<i>Official Register</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, 785-786].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_387' id='f_387' href='#fna_387'>[387]</a> This report I have been unable to find.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_388' id='f_388' href='#fna_388'>[388]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The pecuniary obligations of these treaties are of great importance.
+Apart from the annuities secured to them by former treaties, and which
+we are to assume by those now submitted, these tribes have large
+permanent funds in the hands of the Government of the United States as
+their trustee. These funds may be divided into three classes: First.
+Money which the Government of the United States stipulated to invest
+in its own stocks or stocks of the States, and which has been partly
+invested in its own stocks and partly uninvested, remains in its
+Treasury, but upon which it is bound to pay interest. Second. Funds
+invested in the stocks of States not members of this Confederacy.
+Third. Money invested in stocks of States now members of this
+Confederacy.... By the treaties now submitted to you the first and
+second class are absolutely assumed by this Government; but this
+Government only undertakes as trustee to collect the third class from
+the States which owe the money and pay over the amounts to the Indians
+when collected. It is fortunate for the Indians and ourselves that the
+amounts embraced in classes one and two are relatively small, and the
+obligations incurred by their assumption cannot be onerous, as the
+amount due by States of the Confederacy on account of investments in
+the funds of Northern Indians considerably exceeds the amount to be
+assumed under this provision of the treaties. We thereby have the
+means to compel the Government of the United States to do justice to
+the Indians within the jurisdiction of the Confederate States, or to
+indemnify ourselves for its breach of faith.</p>
+
+<p>... I also submit to you the report of Albert Pike, the commissioner,
+which contains a history of his negotiations and submits his reasons
+for a departure from his instructions in relation to the pecuniary
+obligations to be incurred. [The reference here is to a letter from
+Pike to Toombs, May 20, 1861, <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol.
+iii, 581.] In view of the circumstances by which we are surrounded,
+the great importance of preserving peace with the Indians on the
+frontier of Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri, and not least, because of
+the spirit these tribes have manifested in making common cause with us
+in the war now existing, I recommend the assumption of the stipulated
+pecuniary obligations, and, with the modifications herein suggested,
+that the treaties submitted be ratified.&mdash;<i>Official Records</i>, fourth
+ser., vol. i, 786.</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_389' id='f_389' href='#fna_389'>[389]</a> <i>Official Record</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, 785-786.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_390' id='f_390' href='#fna_390'>[390]</a> <i>Journal</i>, vol. i, 564, 565.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_391' id='f_391' href='#fna_391'>[391]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 590-596.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_392' id='f_392' href='#fna_392'>[392]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 590-591.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_393' id='f_393' href='#fna_393'>[393]</a> <i>Statutes at Large</i>, 330.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_394' id='f_394' href='#fna_394'>[394]</a> <i>Journal</i>, vol. i, 591-592.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_395' id='f_395' href='#fna_395'>[395]</a> <i>Statutes at Large</i>, 331.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_396' id='f_396' href='#fna_396'>[396]</a> <i>Journal</i>, vol. i, 597.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_397' id='f_397' href='#fna_397'>[397]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 593.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_398' id='f_398' href='#fna_398'>[398]</a> <i>Statutes at Large</i>, 367.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_399' id='f_399' href='#fna_399'>[399]</a> <i>Journal</i>, 601.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_400' id='f_400' href='#fna_400'>[400]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 598.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_401' id='f_401' href='#fna_401'>[401]</a> <i>Statutes at Large</i>, 331.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_402' id='f_402' href='#fna_402'>[402]</a> <i>Statutes at Large</i>, 331.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_403' id='f_403' href='#fna_403'>[403]</a> <i>Journal</i>, vol. i, 610.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_404' id='f_404' href='#fna_404'>[404]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name='f_405' id='f_405' href='#fna_405'>[405]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 632-633.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_406' id='f_406' href='#fna_406'>[406]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 634.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_407' id='f_407' href='#fna_407'>[407]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 635.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_408' id='f_408' href='#fna_408'>[408]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 574.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_409' id='f_409' href='#fna_409'>[409]</a> Chief Justice M. H. McWillie of La Mesilla, Arizona, was among the
+number. See his letter to President Davis, June 30, 1861, quoted in
+<i>Official Records</i>, vol. iv, 96.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_410' id='f_410' href='#fna_410'>[410]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 578-579.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_411' id='f_411' href='#fna_411'>[411]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, 618.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_412' id='f_412' href='#fna_412'>[412]</a> Letter to Johnson, May 11, 1861, <i>ibid.</i>, vol. iii, 572.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_413' id='f_413' href='#fna_413'>[413]</a> Letter to Toombs, May 20, 1861, <i>ibid.</i>, 581.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_414' id='f_414' href='#fna_414'>[414]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1861, p. 14.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_415' id='f_415' href='#fna_415'>[415]</a> Act of March 2, 1861, U. S. <i>Statutes at Large</i>, vol. xii, 239.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_416' id='f_416' href='#fna_416'>[416]</a> On the twenty-second of May, Whitney reported, generally, on the
+condition of several tribes:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Owing to the extremely dangerous state of political affairs in
+Missouri especially along the line of the H. &amp; St. Jo. RR., I have
+refrained from writing to you.... Although the <i>Delawares</i> were not
+especially refered to in my instructions yet I visited the Mission &amp;
+Agent as it was quite convenient ... and ascertained to my complete
+satisfaction ... that they were a wealthy tribe and that although many
+of their individual members were <i>necessitous</i> yet they were not of
+the <i>destitute</i> kind contemplated by your department: 2d. that the new
+agent who had heard of this movement towards relief was very anxious
+to make it appear that his tribe was very needy &amp; to have large
+amounts of relief furnished at his residence on the Missouri River
+away from the agency &amp; also from a central point....</p>
+
+<p>I next visited the Osage River Agency and ascertained that all of the
+tribes belonging to that Agency were in rather a destitute condition,
+they having used and still (are) using their school fund in buying
+provisions: the Miamis of that agency I found to be the most needy &amp;
+it might be said that they were <i>suffering</i> to some extent....</p>
+
+<p>... In reference to the Neosho Agency, as that was such a long
+distance I engaged three trains of wagons before leaving
+Leavenworth....</p>
+
+<p>Whitney speaks harshly of the Osages as lazy vagabonds and continues,</p>
+
+<p>... The general famine throughout Kansas had but little to do with
+their sufferings as they cultivate nothing of consequence ... and
+therefore ... they are not morally &amp; strictly proper objects of
+government charity....</p>
+
+<p>... Systematic and well planned solicitations had been and are being
+made by Missourians to them to take up arms against the borderers to
+which the people throughout this entire section feared they might be
+induced on account of the neglect of Government [and because the
+whites steal their ponies]&mdash;Land Files, <i>Central Superintendency,
+1852-1869</i>, W223.</p></div>
+
+<p>Note that Whitney thought the reports of border ruffian inducements,
+though true in a measure, had been exaggerated. On the eighth of June, he
+reported again,</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">When I got within reach of the H. &amp; St. J. R. R. it became apparent
+that my produce would be at best somewhat exposed to seizure by the
+secessionists and that such hazard would be very greatly enhanced if
+it was known to be government property and especially if it should be
+known to be going to the Indians whom the Missourians were even then
+as was reported upon authority endeavoring to excite against the
+borderers....&mdash;Land Files, <i>Central Superintendency, 1852-1869</i>, W223.</p>
+
+<p>Slaughter had less to report; but even he, on the twenty-first of June,
+said, while insisting that the reports had been exaggerated,</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">I have no doubt overtures have been held out to them [the more
+northern tribes], but whether from authorized parties from [the] South
+no one can tell. It is all matter of conjecture. A general council of
+the tribes it is understood has been solicited by some of the Southern
+Indians, but I doubt whether it will be held.&mdash;General Files, <i>Central
+Superintendency, 1860-1862</i>, S404.</p>
+
+<p>Slaughter further surmised, from personal observations, that the northern
+tribes would remain loyal to the United States. See his letter to Dole,
+June 15, 1861. Other people were of the same opinion, although, in early
+1861, the various tribes had much to complain of, much to make them
+discontented and therefore very susceptible to bad influences. Some of the
+Miamis were preferring charges against Agent Clover for misapplication of
+funds and other things [Louis Lefontaine, etc. to Greenwood, January 13,
+1861, Land Files, <i>Osage River, 1860-1866</i>]; the Kaws were suffering and
+R. S. Stevens slowly working out the details of his preposterous graft in
+the construction of houses for them [M. C. Dickey to Greenwood, February
+26, 1861, General Files, <i>Kansas, 1855-1862</i>, D250, and same to same,
+March 1, 1861, <i>ibid.</i>, D251]; the Shawnees were having the usual troubles
+over their tribal elections, Joseph White having recently been elected
+second chief in place of Eli Blackhoof [Robinson to Greenwood, February
+19, 1861, Land Files, <i>Shawnee, 1860-1865</i>]; and then, even farther north,
+from among the Otoes, came additional complaints; for Agent Dennison, who
+by the way, became a secessionist and a defaulter [Dole to Thaddeus
+Stevens, May 26, 1862, Indian Office, <i>Report Book</i>, no. 12, pp. 388-386],
+was withholding annuities and an uprising was threatening in consequence
+[General Files, <i>Otoe, 1856-1862</i>].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_417' id='f_417' href='#fna_417'>[417]</a> The alien influence extended itself even to the wild Indians of the
+Plains. On the sixth of August, 1861 [General Files, <i>Pottawatomie,
+1855-1861</i>, B704], Branch reported bad news that he had received from
+Agent Ross regarding the hostile approach of these Indians and remarked,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I think there can be little doubt but what emissaries of the Rebels
+have been and are actively engaged in creating dissatisfaction against
+the government with every tribe of Indians that they dare approach on
+that subject.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as I can get the business of this office in a shape so I can
+conveniently leave my office duties I propose visiting the most of the
+tribes under this superintendency with a view to reconciling them and
+enjoining peace....</p></div>
+
+<p>Similarly Captain Elmer Otis from Fort Wise, August 27, 1861, and A. G.
+Boone from the Upper Arkansas Agency, September 7, 1861, reported the
+Texans&#8217; tampering with the Kiowas [Land Files, <i>Upper Arkansas,
+1855-1865</i>, O40, B772], who seem successfully to have resisted their
+threats and their blandishments. The Comanches of Texas were also
+approached but they fled rather than yield [Boone to Mix, October 19,
+1861, <i>ibid.</i>, B361]. They, however, importunately demanded a treaty from
+the United States government in return for their loyalty. They were poor,
+they said, and had lost their hunting-grounds. Boone made good use of them
+as scouts and spies against the Texans [Letter of December 14, 1861,
+<i>ibid.</i>, B1006]. They were of the Comanches who had treated with Pike and
+who had solemnly pledged themselves, under duress and temporary
+excitement, to amity and allegiance. Secret agents from the South went
+also among the Blackfeet and Agent Thomas G. McCulloch sent an ex-employee
+of the American Fur Company, named Alexander Culbertson and married to the
+daughter of the Blackfeet chief, as a secret agent to counteract their
+influence [General Files, <i>Central Superintendency, 1860-1862</i>].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_418' id='f_418' href='#fna_418'>[418]</a> Letter to Walker, July 18, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser.,
+vol. iii, 611].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_419' id='f_419' href='#fna_419'>[419]</a> The scarcity of arms proved to be a serious matter. On the thirtieth
+of July, the assistant-quartermaster general, George W. Clark, telegraphed
+to Walker that arms had not yet arrived and that the Indians, encamped at
+the Old Choctaw Agency, were, in consequence, showing signs of discontent
+[<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 620].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_420' id='f_420' href='#fna_420'>[420]</a> Cooper probably spoke the truth, for the Choctaws and Chickasaws
+together had a population of twenty-three thousand.</p>
+
+<p>In 1861, the Indian population of the Southern Superintendency was, as
+reported by Dole upon inquiry from Hon. J. S. Phelps of Missouri [John C.
+G. Kennedy, of the Census Office, to Dole, August 9, 1861]:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>Chickasaws</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right">5,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Choctaws</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">18,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cherokees</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">21,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Creeks</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">13,550</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Seminoles (of which 1,247 were males)</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">2,267</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>[Dole&#8217;s answer, August 10, 1861].</p>
+
+<p>In April, the report from the Indian Office had been:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>Choctaws</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right">18,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Chickasaws</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right" class="botbor">5,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">Total</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">23,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Creeks</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">13,550</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cherokees</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">17,530</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Seminoles</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">2,267</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Neosho Agency</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">4,863</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Leased District</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right" class="botbor">2,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">Total</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">63,710</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>[Indian Office, <i>Report Book</i>, no. 12].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_421' id='f_421' href='#fna_421'>[421]</a> Letter to President Davis [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii,
+614].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_422' id='f_422' href='#fna_422'>[422]</a> Identical with Article I of both the Cherokee and the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw, but different from the Seminole in that the Seminole provided
+simply for &#8220;perpetual peace and friendship.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_423' id='f_423' href='#fna_423'>[423]</a> The corresponding Choctaw and Chickasaw Article [<span class="smcaplc">XLIX</span>] stipulated
+that the colonel of the regiment should be appointed by the president. Of
+course, Douglas H. Cooper, was at this time, the one and only candidate
+for the place and there is no doubt that the exception was made for his
+especial benefit. However, Pike objected to his holding, in addition to
+the colonelcy, the office of Indian agent [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser.,
+vol. iii, 614].</p>
+
+<p>Agent Garrett wanted the position of colonel in the Creek regiment and
+Pike recommended him, but McCulloch objected saying,</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">I hope the appointment will not be made, for Colonel Garrett is in no
+way qualified for the position, and from what I know of his habits, I
+am satisfied that a worse appointment could not be made.&mdash;<i>Official
+Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 597.</p>
+
+<p>This was before the treaty had been negotiated and, after it had been
+negotiated, Pike wrote to Walker as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>When I recommended the appointment of William H. Garrett, the present
+agent for the Creeks, to be colonel of the Creek regiment, I had not
+sufficiently estimated the ambition and desire for distinction of the
+leading men of that nation, and I also supposed that Mr. Garrett,
+popular with them as an agent, would be acceptable as colonel of their
+regiment; but when I concluded with them the very important treaty of
+July 10, instant, they strenuously insisted that the colonel of the
+regiment to be raised should be elected by the men. As the public
+interest did not require I should insist upon a contrary provision, by
+which I might have jeoparded the treaty, I yielded, and the
+consequence is that by the treaty, as signed and ratified by the Creek
+council, the field officers are all to be elected by the men of the
+regiment.</p>
+
+<p>This being the case, I have this day written Colonel Garrett,
+requesting him to inform the Creeks immediately, as I have already
+done, that notwithstanding his appointment they will elect their
+colonel. If he should not do so he will cause much mischief, and would
+deserve severe censure; but I do not doubt he will promptly do
+it....&mdash;<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 623-624.</p></div>
+
+<p>On the twenty-fourth of August, the matter was settled at Richmond by
+Walker&#8217;s writing to Pike,</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">In order that there shall be no misunderstanding with the friendly
+Indians west of Arkansas, this Department is anxious that the article
+in the treaty made by you, guaranteeing to them the right of selecting
+their own field officers, shall be carried out in good faith. The name
+of Mr. Garrett will therefore be dropped as colonel of the Creek
+regiment, and that regiment will proceed to elect its own officers.
+The regiment being formed among the Seminoles will exercise the same
+right. Reassure the tribes of the perfect sincerity of this Government
+toward them.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 671.</p>
+
+<p>The corresponding Cherokee Article [<span class="smcaplc">XL</span>] differed slightly from the Creek.
+It seems to have taken certain things, like the choice of officers, both
+company and field, for granted. It reads thus:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">In consideration of the common interest of the Cherokee Nation and the
+Confederate States, and of the protection and rights guaranteed to the
+said nation by this treaty, the Cherokee Nation hereby agrees that it
+will raise and furnish a regiment of ten companies of mounted men,
+with two reserve companies, if allowed, to serve in the armies of the
+Confederate States for twelve months; the men shall be armed by the
+Confederate States, receive the same pay and allowances as other
+mounted troops in the service, and not be moved beyond the limits of
+the Indian country west of Arkansas without their consent.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_424' id='f_424' href='#fna_424'>[424]</a> Identical with Article <span class="smcaplc">LI</span> of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty and
+with Article <span class="smcaplc">LXI</span> of the Cherokee.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_425' id='f_425' href='#fna_425'>[425]</a> Identical with Article <span class="smcaplc">L</span> of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty, with
+Article <span class="smcaplc">XLII</span> of the Cherokee, and with Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXVI</span> of the Seminole.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_426' id='f_426' href='#fna_426'>[426]</a> Identical with Article <span class="smcaplc">LII</span> of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty and
+with Article <span class="smcaplc">XLIII</span> of the Cherokee.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_427' id='f_427' href='#fna_427'>[427]</a> Fr&eacute;mont reported to Townsend, August 13, 1861, that Cherokee
+half-breeds, judging from the muster roll and from the corroborating
+testimony of prisoners, were with McCulloch in this battle, fought about
+ten miles south of Springfield, August 10, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first
+ser., vol. iii, 54]. Connelley says, in 1861, Quantrill, returning from
+Texas, lingered in the Cherokee Nation with a half-breed Cherokee, Joel
+Mayes,</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Who, many years after the war, was elected Head Chief of the Nation.
+Mayes espoused the cause of the Confederacy and was captain of a
+company or band of Cherokees who followed General Ben McCulloch to
+Missouri.&mdash;<i>Quantrill and the Border Wars</i>, 198.</p>
+
+<p>A letter, written by McCulloch to Colonel John Drew, September 1, 1861,
+seems to indicate that individual Cherokees had joined him [<i>Official
+Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 691].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_428' id='f_428' href='#fna_428'>[428]</a> The Federal defeat was believed by contemporaries to have been due
+to mismanagement, to army friction, to the incompetency and sloth of
+Sigel, and to Fr&eacute;mont&#8217;s failure to reinforce the redoubtable Lyon, who
+fell in the engagement. An investigation into Sigel&#8217;s conduct was
+subsequently made by Halleck, Sigel&#8217;s bitter enemy. Halleck hated Sigel,
+because Sigel so greatly admired Fr&eacute;mont, whom Halleck supplanted; and
+because Sigel was the hero of the Germans, and one of them. For the
+Germans, Halleck had a great antipathy. Many of them were
+&#8220;pf&auml;lzisch-badischen Revolution&auml;re&#8221; and Halleck regarded them as
+adventurers or as refugees from justice. They in turn referred to Halleck
+as one of the West Point &#8220;bunglers&#8221; who were so numerous in the northern
+army, the really efficient and capable West Pointers, so they said, having
+all gone with the South [Kaufmann&#8217;s &#8220;Sigel und Halleck&#8221; in
+<i>Deutsch-Amerikanische Geschichtsbl&auml;tter</i>, Band, 210-216, October 1910].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_429' id='f_429' href='#fna_429'>[429]</a> Even in the latter part of May, these were so serious as to threaten
+a Cherokee civil war [Letter of John Crawford, May 21, 1861, General
+Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>; Mix to Crawford, June 4, 1861, Indian
+Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 66, pp. 15-16].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_430' id='f_430' href='#fna_430'>[430]</a> Ben McCulloch to Walker, September 2, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>,
+first ser., vol. iii, 692]; Pike to Benjamin, December 25, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>,
+vol. viii, 720].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_431' id='f_431' href='#fna_431'>[431]</a> &#8220;Meetings and Proceedings of the Executive Council of the Cherokee
+Nation, July 2, 1861&#8221; [General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, C515].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_432' id='f_432' href='#fna_432'>[432]</a> See &#8220;Meetings and Proceedings of the Cherokee Executive Council,
+August 1, 1861&#8221; [General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, C515].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_433' id='f_433' href='#fna_433'>[433]</a> Pike to Ross, August 1, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_434' id='f_434' href='#fna_434'>[434]</a></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">A general meeting of the Cherokee people was held at Tahlequah on
+Wednesday, the 21st day of August, 1861. It was called by the
+executive of the Cherokee Nation for the purpose of giving the
+Cherokee people an opportunity to express their opinions in relation
+to subjects of deep interest to themselves as individuals and as a
+nation. The number of persons in attendance, almost exclusively adult
+males, was about 4,000, whose deportment was characterized by good
+order and propriety, and the expression of whose opinions and feelings
+was frank, cordial, and of marked unanimity.&mdash;<i>Report of the
+Proceedings at Tahlequah, August 21, 1861</i>, transmitted to General
+McCulloch by the Executive Council, August 24, 1861 [<i>Official
+Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 673].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_435' id='f_435' href='#fna_435'>[435]</a> Evan Jones of the Baptist Mission, Cherokee Nation, to Dole, dated
+Lawrence, Kansas, November 2, 1861 [General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>,
+J503].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_436' id='f_436' href='#fna_436'>[436]</a> W. S. Robertson, who for twelve years had been &#8220;teaching in the
+Tullahassee Manual Labor School in the Creek Nation under the care of the
+Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions&#8221; [Robertson&#8217;s Letter of September
+30, 1861, General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, R1615].</p>
+
+<p>Robertson says, that</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Having witnessed the whole struggle between the Loyal &amp; War parties,
+when the latter prevailed, I was on the 25<sup>th</sup> of August ordered by a
+party of the &#8220;Creek Light Horse&#8221; acting under the written orders of
+Moty Kenard and Jacob Derrysaw, Chief of the Creeks, to leave within
+twenty-four hours from the Creek country. I retired to my friends at
+Park Hill in the Cherokee where the same struggle was going on.</p>
+
+<p>At Park Hill I enjoyed every facility for knowing the feelings of the
+people, the designs of the Executive.</p>
+
+<p>When at last the Rebel flag flaunted over the council ground at
+Tahlequah, I left the Cherokee country with my family, and after
+encountering many dangers, succeeded in reaching Rolla, on the 23<sup>rd</sup>
+Sept. without giving any pledge to the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Having written to the Sec. of the Interior (from St. Louis, Oct.
+1<sup>st</sup>) stating my long residence among the Creeks and Cherokees, my
+means of information, and my desire to give any information that would
+benefit our Gov&#8217;t or my loyal friends among the Indians&mdash;and having
+forwarded all the printed correspondence between the Rebels and Chief
+Ross (except the last letter of the Rebel commissioner, Albert Pike)
+together with Chief Ross&#8217; speech at the Cherokee Convention at
+Tahlequah, on the 21<sup>st</sup> of Aug. and the resolutions passed at said
+Convention, without receiving any answer, I concluded that Col.
+Humphrey&#8217;s (of Tenn.) mysterious movements were all right, that he was
+loyal, and kept our Gov&#8217;t well informed as to the Rebel doings among
+the Indians. That I had redeemed my pledge to loyal Creeks &amp;
+Cherokees.</p>
+
+<p>Recent letters from St. Louis, &amp; New York stating that &#8220;Gov&#8217;t agents
+are seeking information everywhere,&#8221; and urging me to write to &#8220;Gen.
+Hunter&#8221; &amp; Washington, induce me to send you my address, to urge you in
+the name of humanity and justice not to take decisive measures against
+the betrayed and oppressed people, until you have heard all that can
+be said in their behalf.&mdash;Letter to Department of the Interior and
+referred to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, dated January 7, 1862
+[General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, R1664].</p></div>
+
+<p>Mix answered it February 14, 1862 [Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 67,
+P. 357].</p>
+
+<p>In a somewhat earlier letter, the one from which the extract, in the body
+of the text was taken, Robertson had said,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I am ... deeply interested in their welfare, acquainted with the
+feelings of the people, well informed as to the men and measures which
+have detached these nations from their allegiance to the U. S.</p>
+
+<p>Chief among the traitors were not only the Superintendent of that
+District, and the Agents under him appointed by the late
+Administration but others claiming to have received commissions as
+Indian Agents &#8220;since the 4<sup>th</sup> of March last&#8221; from the U. S. Gov&#8217;t.</p>
+
+<p>On the 21<sup>st</sup> of Aug. last I was in Tahlequah, the capital of the
+Cherokee Nation, at a convention of the Cherokee people called by
+their Chief Jno. Ross....&mdash;<span class="smcap">Robertson</span> to President Lincoln, dated
+Winneconne, Wisconsin, December 12, 1861 [General Files, <i>Southern
+Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, R1658].</p></div>
+
+<p>Concerning the responsibility attaching to government agents for Indian
+defection, E. C. Boudinot and W. P. Adair wrote, January 19, 1866, to
+Cooley,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Southern Indians have repeatedly repudiated the idea that they
+were induced by the machinations of any persons to ally themselves
+with the rebellion, but accept the full responsibility of their acts
+without such excuse.</p>
+
+<p>The passage above quoted [meaning one from Coffin&#8217;s report of
+September 24, 1863&mdash;&#8220;They resisted the insidious influences which were
+brought to bear upon them by Rector, Pike, Cooper, Crawford and other
+rebel emissaries for a long time.&#8221;] however does great injustice to
+all the parties named, particularly to Genl Cooper, who had no earthly
+connection with the Cherokees until several months after. Mr. John
+Ross made the treaty with the so-called Confederate States.&mdash;General
+Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, B60.</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_437' id='f_437' href='#fna_437'>[437]</a> &#8220;Ross was overborne. It is said that his wife was more staunch than
+her husband and held out till the last. When an attempt was made to raise
+a Confederate flag over the Indian council house, her opposition was so
+spirited that it prevented the completion of the design.&#8221;&mdash;Howard, <i>My
+life and experiences among our hostile Indians</i>, 100.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_438' id='f_438' href='#fna_438'>[438]</a> For the entire address of John Ross, see <i>Official Record</i>, first
+ser., vol. iii, 673-675.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_439' id='f_439' href='#fna_439'>[439]</a> <i>Official Record</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 675-676. A slightly
+incorrect copy of these same resolutions is to be found in vol. xiii,
+499-500.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_440' id='f_440' href='#fna_440'>[440]</a> John Ross and others to McCulloch, August 24, 1861 [<i>Official
+Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 673].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_441' id='f_441' href='#fna_441'>[441]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1865. The Report of the
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs to President Johnson, February 25, 1866, in
+answer to the Cherokee protest against Chief Ross&#8217;s deposition contains
+this statement:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">As early as June or July, the exact date is not known, John Ross
+authorized the raising of Drew&#8217;s Regiment, for the Southern army....</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_442' id='f_442' href='#fna_442'>[442]</a> McCulloch to Ross, September 1, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first
+ser., vol. iii, 690].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_443' id='f_443' href='#fna_443'>[443]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>; McCulloch to John Drew, September 1, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>, 691].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_444' id='f_444' href='#fna_444'>[444]</a> In the course of the war, both inside and outside of Kansas, many
+instances occurred of Indians&#8217; expressing a wish to fight or of their
+services being earnestly solicited. In late April of 1861, a deputation,
+headed by White Cloud, came east and tendered to the United States
+government the services of some three hundred warriors, Sioux and
+Chippewas [Moore&#8217;s <i>Rebellion Record</i>, vol. i, 43].</p>
+
+<p>Agent Burleigh, in charge of the Yancton Sioux, asked permission to
+garrison Fort Randall with Indians [Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+<i>Report</i>, 1861, p. 118]. The Omahas manifested great interest in the war,
+so their agent, O. H. Irish, reported [<i>ibid.</i>, p. 65]. Towards the end of
+the struggle a young recruiting officer, who went among them, persuaded
+about thirty youths, mostly students at the Mission School, to enlist.
+Their terms had not expired when the war closed, so they were sent out as
+scouts to protect the Union Pacific Railroad, in course of construction
+from Denver to Salt Lake City, against the Sioux who were attacking
+workmen and emigrants. Even Senecas from the far away Cattaraugus
+Reservation, New York, offered to enlist [Dole to Strong, December 7,
+1861, Indian Office <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 67, p. 129]; and so did the Pawnees
+from the great plains. The United States government, however, refused to
+accept the Pawnees for anything but scouts and, in that capacity, they
+proved exceedingly useful [Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1869,
+p. 472]. Winnebagoes were in the United States employ [Indian Office,
+<i>Report Book</i>, no. 13, pp. 276-277], as were also many individuals from
+other tribes. Some Indians became commissioned officers and a number were
+at the head of companies. Captain Dorion of Company B, Regiment Fourteenth
+Kansas Volunteers was an Iowa [<i>ibid.</i>, 261] and Eli S. Parker on General
+Grant&#8217;s staff was a Seneca.</p>
+
+<p>After the Enrollment Act of March 3, 1863 [United States <i>Statutes at
+Large</i>, vol. xii, 731-737] was passed, several attempts were made to force
+the Indians to serve in the army but Mix, the Acting Commissioner of
+Indian Affairs, declared they were exempt from the draft [Letter to Agent
+D. C. Leach, September 4, 1863, Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 71, p.
+354]. On the sixteenth of July, 1863, the United States War Department
+inquired very particularly as to the Indian eligibility for enrollment and
+Secretary Usher took occasion to instruct Mix that the respective agents
+should be</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Directed to offer no resistance to the enrolling officers, after
+notifying said officers of the fact, that the tribe or tribes under
+their charge are composed of Indians who have not acquired the rights
+of Citizenship, but immediately upon being informed of the drafting of
+any member of his tribe, he will report the case to the Com<sup>r</sup> of
+Indian Affairs, for such action as may be necessary to procure the
+exemption of the Indians from military service.&mdash;Letter of Secretary
+Usher, September 12, 1863, <i>Miscellaneous Files</i>, 1858-1863.</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_445' id='f_445' href='#fna_445'>[445]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The bearer has a train of goods at this point en route for the Indians
+on the western border of the State, containing quite a quantity of
+arms &amp; ammunition.</p>
+
+<p>There is great excitement in the community with reference to arming
+the Indians at the present time, as for several days past reports have
+come to us that our frontier settlements are in danger of attack from
+hostile Indians who are collecting in the neighborhood. I am daily
+importuned to send them aid. Also, report says, and it seems very
+reliable, that the Indians on our southern border are arming
+themselves against our citizens. In addition to these Indian rumors it
+is believed by many that these arms are in danger of falling into the
+hands of secessionists, before reaching their destination. Quite a
+number of that class of men have recently passed up this way (Topeka)
+and through Riley County. In this condition of affairs I do not think
+these arms &amp; ammunition can be taken west without an escort, as the
+rabble will be almost certain to waylay them as soon as they get on
+the Pottawatomie Reserve. I can protect them while in this county &amp;
+will do so, but cannot follow them. Would it not be well, if you have
+the authority, to direct the bearer to leave that part of his freight
+in charge of the U. S. Marshal, or in my charge, until there shall be a
+change of circumstances, or until further orders from Washington?</p>
+
+<p>Although I would not undertake to oppose the action of Government in
+the matter and would not interfere unless it should be to prevent the
+property from falling into the hands of a mob, yet I do think under
+the circumstances it is very bad policy to arm the Indians on the
+border. I feel very sure from what I learn, they will be used against
+our citizens within three months time. I am ready to co-operate at all
+times with the U. S. authorities....&mdash;General Files, <i>Central
+Superintendency, 1860-1862</i>, B479. See also Branch&#8217;s reply, May 23,
+<i>ibid.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_446' id='f_446' href='#fna_446'>[446]</a> H. B. Branch to Mix, September 16, 1861, transmitting a letter from
+Agent Farnsworth of September 16, 1861, enclosing communications from
+Senator Lane, Captain Price, and others, &#8220;relative to organizing the
+Indians for the defense of the Government&#8221; [General Files, <i>Kansas,
+1855-1862</i>, B774].</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right">Headquarters K.B. Ft. Lincoln, Aug. 22<sup>d</sup> 1861.</p>
+
+<p>To Indian Agents Sac and Foxes&mdash;Shawnees&mdash;Delawares&mdash;Kickapoos&mdash;Potawatomies&mdash;and Kaws&mdash;Tribes
+of Indians</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gents</span>: For the defence of Kansas I have determined to use the loyal
+Indians of the Tribes above named. To this end I have appointed
+Augustus Wattles, Esq to confer with you and adopt such measures as
+will secure the early assembling of the Indians at this point.</p>
+
+<p>If you have the means within your control I would like to have you
+supply them when they march with a sufficient quantity of powder, lead
+&amp; subsistence for their march to this place, where they will be fed by
+the Government.</p>
+
+<p>You can assure them for the Govt that they will not be marched out of
+Kansas without their consent&mdash;that they will be used only for the
+defence of Kansas.</p>
+
+<p>I enjoin each of you to be prompt and energetic that an early
+assembling of said Indians at this point may thereby be secured.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">J. H. Lane</span>, Commanding Kansas Brigade.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">By <span class="smcap">Abram Cutler</span>, Acting assistant Adgt-Gen.</span></p>
+
+<p>The danger is imminent. Hordes of whites &amp; half breeds in the Indian
+country are in arms driving out &amp; killing Union men. They threaten to
+overrun Kansas and exterminate both whites &amp; Indians. It it rumored
+that John Ross, the Cherokee Chief is likely to be overcome unless he
+is assisted.</p>
+
+<p>The Osages also need assistance. Gen. Lane intends to establish a
+strong Indian camp near the neutral lands as a guard to prevent forage
+into Kansas. He is very solicitous that you should come if possible
+with the Chiefs &amp; see him at Ft. Lincoln on the Little Osage 10 miles
+south of Mound City.</p>
+
+<p>If you do come, please bring all the fighting men you can, of all
+Kinds. Men are needed.</p>
+
+<p>If you do not come, please authorise some responsible man to lead the
+Indians as far as Ft. Lincoln where Gen. Lane will receive them and
+give them a big war talk. Bring an interpreter. Expenses will be paid.</p>
+
+<p>Congress will undoubtedly make suitable acknowledgements to the Kaws,
+as an independent nation, for any valuable services which they may
+render....</p>
+
+<p>P.S. A Captain&#8217;s wages will be given to any competent man whom you may
+appoint to take the lead of the band, provided there are fifty or
+more.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Augustus Wattles</span> to Major Farnsworth, dated Sac and Fox Agency,
+Kansas, August 25, 1861.</p></div>
+
+<p>Wattles had evidently not yet heard of the Tahlequah mass-meeting. Postal
+connections with Indian Territory were, of necessity, very poor. Dole had
+recommended, May 29, 1861, to Secretary Smith a new postal route through
+southwest Missouri or southern Kansas instead of the old route through
+Arkansas [Indian Office, <i>Report Book</i>, no. 12, p. 170].</p>
+
+<p>The Confederates were similarly embarrassed. On the twenty-seventh of May,
+the postmaster at Fort Smith had complained to the postmaster-general J.
+H. Reagan,</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Enclosed please find letter of G. B. Hester (a Choctaw who was made
+quarter-master and commissary in the First Choctaw Regiment and, in
+1865, &#8220;cotton agent for the Creek Indians who were at that time
+squatting in the Chickasaw Nation.&#8221; See O&#8217;Beirne&#8217;s <i>Leaders and
+Leading Men of the Indian Territory</i>) at Boggy Depot, C. N. You will
+see they are without mails in that country. For three weeks the mails
+for the Indian country have been accumulating in this office. I sent
+forward all the mail that could be packed on a single horse.... I
+cannot get men to carry the mail. They say they are afraid of being
+robbed or murdered.... Our neighbours, the Indians must suffer great
+inconvenience on account of the stoppage of mail facilities. All
+tribes are in favor of the South except the Cherokees. A little good
+talk would do them good, perhaps a little powder and lead might help
+the cause. Ross and his party are not to be relied on.&mdash;<i>Fort Smith Papers</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mayers wrote Reagan in a similar vein a month later, on June 26, 1861,</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Our mails throughout the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw &amp; Creek nations
+have all been stopped by the old mail carriers....&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name='f_447' id='f_447' href='#fna_447'>[447]</a> On August 26, 1861, Wattles wrote Farnsworth from Lawrence,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I wrote you a few days ago concerning the employment of the Indians in
+the defence of our frontier.</p>
+
+<p>The necessity seemed imperative. But on hearing that the Commissioner
+of Indian Affairs was in Kansas and will probably see you&mdash;I think it
+best to say nothing to the Indians till he is consulted in the matter.</p>
+
+<p>Gen. Lane has 60 miles of the Missouri border to guard, and an army of
+at least double his to hold in check, which employs all his force
+night &amp; day.</p>
+
+<p>Besides this, he has the Indian frontier on the south of about 100
+miles. This he intends to intrust to the loyal Indians&mdash;I will add, if
+the Commissioner agrees to it.</p></div>
+
+<p>The stay of execution was not of long duration, however; for, September
+10, 1861, J. E. Prince sent Farnsworth from Fort Leavenworth a circular
+requesting immediate enrollment and an estimate of the strength of the
+loyal Indians.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_448' id='f_448' href='#fna_448'>[448]</a> The conduct of Lane was presumptuous, arrogant, dictatorial; but he
+had interfered in yet other ways in Indian concerns. He must have had
+quite a hold, political or otherwise, over several of the agents and they
+appealed to him in matters that ought, in the first instance, to have been
+referred to the Indian Office and left there. Thus, in July, Agent F.
+Johnson had approached Lane on the subject of having Charles Journeycake
+appointed Delaware chief in place of Rock-a-to-wa deceased. Both Pomeroy
+and Lane endorsed the appointment but it was unquestionably entirely out
+of their province to do so. Tribal politics were assuredly no concern of
+the Kansas delegation in Congress.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_449' id='f_449' href='#fna_449'>[449]</a> Dole had gone to Kansas in the latter part of August &#8220;to submit in
+person the amendments, made by the Senate at its last session, to the
+Delaware treaty of May 30, 1860&#8221; [Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+<i>Report</i>, 1861, p. 11].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_450' id='f_450' href='#fna_450'>[450]</a></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">I find here your letter to the Agent of the Delaware, requesting <i>Fall
+Leaf</i> to organize a party of 50 men for the service of your
+Department. <i>Mr. Johnson</i> the Agent called the tribe together before I
+arrived here, and found the Chiefs unwilling that their young men
+should enter the service as you desired. Since my arrival I have seen
+the Chiefs and stated to them that the Government was not asking them
+to enter the war as a tribe but that we wished to employ some of the
+tribe for Special Service and wished the Chiefs to make no objection.
+I could not however get their consent even to acquiesce in their men
+Volunteering for the service as you desired, &amp; <i>Fall Leaf</i> and several
+of the tribe are here and determined to tender you their Services,
+with my consent. I have advised them that they are at Liberty to join
+you if they choose. <i>Fall Leaf</i> says he will be able to report at Fort
+Leavenworth in a very few days with twenty to twenty five men. Should
+you require more men, you will have probably to call on some other
+tribe. Those men who volunteer against the advice of their Chiefs
+should be particularly remembered by the Gov&#8217;t.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dole</span> to Fr&eacute;mont,
+dated Leavenworth City, September 13, 1861 [Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 66, p. 485].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_451' id='f_451' href='#fna_451'>[451]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name='f_452' id='f_452' href='#fna_452'>[452]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I am instructed to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 13th
+inst., and to state that the Commanding General will accept with
+pleasure the services of Fall Leaf and his men.</p>
+
+<p>Other tribes will be applied to immediately. I have written to the
+same effect to Mr. Johnson, at the Deleware Agency.&mdash;<span class="smcap">John R. Howard</span>,
+captain and secretary, to William P. Dole, dated Headquarters, Western
+Department, at St. Louis, September 20, 1861 [General Files, <i>Central
+Superintendency, 1860-1862</i>].</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_453' id='f_453' href='#fna_453'>[453]</a> F. Johnson to Dole, June 6, 1862 [General Files, <i>Delaware,
+1862-1866</i>].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_454' id='f_454' href='#fna_454'>[454]</a> Dole to Captain Fall Leaf, November 22, 1863 [Indian Office, <i>Letter
+Book</i>, no. 72, p. 109].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_455' id='f_455' href='#fna_455'>[455]</a> Report to Dole, October 22, 1861 [Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+<i>Report</i>, 1861, p. 50]; Report to Dole, September 17, 1862 [Commissioner
+of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, p. 98].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_456' id='f_456' href='#fna_456'>[456]</a></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">I send you a letter to <i>General Fremont open</i> that you may read and
+understand its object. <i>Fall Leaf</i> will call upon you probably this
+afternoon and receive from you such information as you see proper to
+give him. I am disinclined to encourage the Indians to engage in this
+war except in extreme cases, as guides. I have in this case used my
+influence in favor of the formation of this Company, without any
+knowledge of the views of Gov&#8217;t, supposing Gen<sup>l</sup> Fremont was a
+special need of them or he would not have made the request....&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dole</span>
+to Captain Price, dated Leavenworth, September 13, 1861 [Indian
+Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 66, pp. 485-486].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_457' id='f_457' href='#fna_457'>[457]</a> Letter of August 15, 1861 [Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>,
+1861, p. 39].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_458' id='f_458' href='#fna_458'>[458]</a> General Orders, no. 23 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii,
+539].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_459' id='f_459' href='#fna_459'>[459]</a> Villard says, as early as 1856, rivalry had developed between
+Robinson and Lane [<i>John Brown</i>, 108].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_460' id='f_460' href='#fna_460'>[460]</a> Thomas to Fr&eacute;mont, October 14, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser.,
+vol. iii, 533].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_461' id='f_461' href='#fna_461'>[461]</a> Lane to Lincoln, October 9, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>, 529].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_462' id='f_462' href='#fna_462'>[462]</a> It would seem as if Lane were remotely responsible for the division
+of the Western Department into the Department of Kansas and the Department
+of Missouri. In his letter to President Lincoln of October 9, 1861, he
+described the good work that his Kansas Brigade had done and asked that,
+in order that it might be enabled to continue to do effective work, a new
+military department be created, one that should group together Kansas,
+Indian Territory, and so much of Arkansas and the territories as should be
+advisable [<i>ibid.</i>].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_463' id='f_463' href='#fna_463'>[463]</a> Ross&#8217;s Address to Drew&#8217;s Regiment, December 19, 1861 [Commissioner
+of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1865, p. 355]; Letter of Albert Pike to D. N.
+Cooley, February 17, 1866.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_464' id='f_464' href='#fna_464'>[464]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Chisholm&#8221; the well known interpreter has been sent to the Comanches,
+Creeks to the Osages&mdash;Matthews to the Senecas Quapaws
+&amp;c. ...&mdash;<span class="smcap">Robertson</span> in a letter, dated St. Louis, September 30, 1861
+[General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, R1615].</p>
+
+<p>... In the fall of the same year Albert Pike called a General Council
+of the same tribes to meet at Talloqua and in order to secure their
+attendance stated that John Ross was to make a speech ... he sent Dorn
+late U. S. Indian Agent to notify the Osages, Quapaws Senecas &amp;
+Shawnees that there was to be a Council at Talloqua and that Ross was
+going to talk at the same time to tell them that the U. S. Government
+was breaking up&mdash;that they would get no more money and that they were
+about to send an Army to take their Negroes and drive them from the
+country and pointed to Missouri in proof of it, when the Council met
+at Talloqua instead of Ross the council was opened by Pike who told
+them &#8220;We are here to protect our property and to save our
+Country.&#8221;...&mdash;<span class="smcap">Baptiste Peoria.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>Baptiste Peoria, in the spring and summer of 1862, went around as a secret
+agent of the United States government among the southern Indians finding
+out their real sentiments respecting the war. The report from which the
+above extract is taken is dated May 1, 1862, and is in General Files,
+<i>Osage River, 1855-1862</i>, B1430.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_465' id='f_465' href='#fna_465'>[465]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith, Arkansas</span>, September 19<sup>th</sup> 1865.</p>
+
+<p>In a talk held at the rooms of the Commission, with Commissioners
+Sells and Parker, the following statement was this day voluntarily
+made by Shon-tah-sob-ba (&#8220;Black Dog&#8221;) the Chief of the Black Dog band
+of the Osage Indians, relating to a treaty with the so-called
+Confederate States. In answer to a question by Commissioner Sells,
+&#8220;How did you happen to be in this Southern Country?&#8221; Shon-tah-sob-ba
+(Black Dog) replied &#8220;I am glad you have asked that question, for I
+wish to make some statements in explanation. We came down here upon
+the invitation of John Ross, Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation,
+who sent us a letter asking us to attend a Council for the purpose of
+making a treaty with Albert Pike&#8221;&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Comm<sup>r</sup> Sells</span>&mdash;Have you that letter now in your possession?</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Answer</span>: We don&#8217;t know where the letter is. It was sent to Clermont,
+whose son had it in his possession when he died &amp; we suppose it was
+buried with him. But I have it here in my head &amp; will never forget it.
+John Ross, the Cherokee Chief, said in that letter, &#8220;My Bros. the
+Osages, there is a distinguished gentleman sent by the Confederate
+States who is here to make treaties with us. He will soon be ready to
+treat, and I want you to come here in order that we may all treat
+together with him. My Brothers, there is a great black cloud coming
+from the North, about to cover us all, and I want you to come here so
+that we can counsel each other &amp; drive away the black cloud.&#8221; This is
+all that he said &amp; signed his name. All the Osages went. We were all
+there together, Pike, John Ross and I, sitting as you are. Pike told
+us he was glad that we had come to make peace &amp; a treaty. All your
+other brothers have made treaties &amp; shook hands, &amp; if <i>you</i> want to,
+you can do so too. I will tell you what John Ross said at the time.
+John Ross told us, &#8220;My Red Bros. you have come here as I asked you &amp; I
+am glad to see you &amp; hope you will do what the Commissioner wants you
+to do. The talk the Commissioner has made is a good talk &amp; I want you
+to listen to it &amp; make friends with the Confederate States. You can
+make a treaty or not, but I advise you, as your older brother, to make
+a treaty with them. It is for your interest &amp; your good.&#8221; After he
+finished talking, John Ross told us we could consult among ourselves
+over there (pointing to our camp near his residence) &amp; decide among
+ourselves. We consulted on the matter, &amp; on the request of John Ross
+we signed the treaty. He asked us to do it. He was the man that made
+us make that treaty, and that&#8217;s how we came to be away from our
+country.</p>
+
+<p>The above statement was endorsed by Wah-tah-in-gah, Chief Counselor of
+the Black Dog &amp; Clermont bands of the Osage Indians.</p>
+
+<p>The above is a correct statement as interpreted.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">E. S. Parker</span> Com<sup>r</sup></span><span class="spacersig">&nbsp;</span><span class="smcap">Geo. L. Cook</span> Ass&#8217;t Sec<sup>y</sup>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Elijah Sells</span> Com<sup>r</sup></span></p></div>
+
+<p>Papers relating to the Council at Fort Smith, September, 1865, <i>Indian
+Office Files</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_466' id='f_466' href='#fna_466'>[466]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1865, pp. 353-354.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_467' id='f_467' href='#fna_467'>[467]</a> These Creeks, of course, were the Upper Creeks, the anti-McIntosh
+Creeks, the following of Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la. Some of the confidence that
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la seems to have had in John Ross, in his discretion and
+in his integrity, may have dated from the days when John Ross had refused,
+as he must have refused, to share in the plan for a betrayal of his
+country, at the instance of William McIntosh. The following document will
+explain that circumstance:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Newtown</span> 21th October 1823</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My Friend</span>: I am going to inform you a few lines as a friend. I want
+you to give me your opinion about the treaty wether the chiefs will be
+willing or not. If the chiefs feel disposed to let the United States
+have the land part of it, I want you to let me know. I will make the
+United States commissioner give you two thousand dollars, A. McCoy the
+same and Charles Hicks $3000 for present, and no body shall know it,
+and if you think the land wouldent sold, I will be satisfied. If the
+land should be sold, I will get you the amount before the treaty sign,
+and if you got any friend you want him to Receive it, they shall recd
+the same. nothing moore to inform you at present. I remain your
+affectionate Friend</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Wm McIntosh</span></span></p>
+
+<p>John Ross&mdash;an answer return</p>
+
+<p>NB. the whole amount is $12000. you can divide among your friends.
+exclusive $7000.</p></div>
+
+<p>This letter is on file in the United States Indian Office and bears the
+following endorsement:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>rec<sup>d</sup> on the 23<sup>rd</sup> Oct. 1823.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">M<sup>r</sup> John Ross</span> President <i>N. Committee</i></p>
+
+<p>Letter from Wm McIntosh to Mr John Ross read &amp; exposed in open Council
+in the presence of Wm McIntosh Oct 24<sup>th</sup> 1823</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">J Ross</span></span></p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_468' id='f_468' href='#fna_468'>[468]</a> Letters to Dole, October 31, 1861 [Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+<i>Report</i>, 1861, p. 42] and November 2, 1861 [General Files, <i>Cherokee,
+1859-1865</i>, J503].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_469' id='f_469' href='#fna_469'>[469]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1865, pp. 353, 354.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_470' id='f_470' href='#fna_470'>[470]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, 669-687.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_471' id='f_471' href='#fna_471'>[471]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 636-646.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_472' id='f_472' href='#fna_472'>[472]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 659-666.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_473' id='f_473' href='#fna_473'>[473]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 647-658.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_474' id='f_474' href='#fna_474'>[474]</a> The Senecas of the mixed band of Senecas and Shawnees were not
+originally parties to the treaty, but provision was duly made for their
+becoming so.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_475' id='f_475' href='#fna_475'>[475]</a> Ka-hi-ke-tung-ka for Clermont&#8217;s Band, Pa-hiu-ska for White Hair&#8217;s,
+Shon-tas-sap-pe for Black Dog&#8217;s, and Chi-sho-hung-ka for the Big Hill.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_476' id='f_476' href='#fna_476'>[476]</a> For information concerning Washbourne [Washburne or Washburn] and
+charges against him, see Dean to Manypenny, December 28, 1855, December
+31, 1855 [Dean&#8217;s <i>Letter Book</i>, Indian Office]; and Elias Rector to
+Secretary Thompson, October 1, 1859 [Rector&#8217;s <i>Letter Book</i>, Indian
+Office]. Rector&#8217;s letter was as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>An important sense of my duty as Superintendent of Indian Affairs for
+the Southern Superintendency compells me to recommend, most earnestly,
+the immediate removal of the present incumbent of the Seminole Agency,</p>
+
+<p>The performance of this unpleasant duty is forced upon me by the
+following consideration,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1st The neglect of duty and disregard of the orders and Regulations of
+the Department in absenting himself repeatedly and for protracted
+periods, from his Agency without authority for so doing; to the
+prejudice of the public interests entrusted to him,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>On this point I presume it is not necessary for me to enlarge, or to
+urge upon the Department my views of the paramount necessity of Indian
+Agents residing at their Agencies and being at all times present at
+their Stations as well to cultivate the respect and confidence, and a
+just knowledge of the character and wants of the people entrusted to
+their care, as to be in position to execute promptly the orders, and
+to promote the views of the Department,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>2nd I consider him unworthy of the trust reposed in him from certain
+facts connected with the late payment of money to the Indians under
+his charge, which have come to my knowledge&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Of the $90,000 recently paid to those Indians, appropriated by
+Congress expressly to pay such of them as should remove under the late
+Treaty; for their improvements and to assist in defraying their
+removal expences I have ascertained, and it is notorious, that
+thirteen thousand Dollars or more passed into the hands of Mr
+Washbourne, through Collusion with the principal Chiefs, $5000 of
+which he received under a private Contract with Senator Yulee of
+Florida for services in obtaining the consent of the Chiefs to the
+payment of thirty thousand dollars of this money to Senator Yulee on
+an old claim presented by him of long standing in behalf of one Gov
+Humphreys of Florida. The balance of the $13000 received by Mr
+Washbourne was probably awarded him in consideration of his permitting
+the Chiefs to appropriate certain portions of the money they paid over
+to them in trust for the legetimate claimants, to their own use and
+benefit,</p>
+
+<p>I have informed you in a late letter of the pains I took to make the
+Chiefs acquainted with the true object of the appropriations. Having
+been instructed to pay over the whole amount to the authorities of the
+Nation, this was all I could do in furtherance of the intentions of
+Congress; my efforts to accomplish which were thus frustrated by Mr
+Washbourne and his advances.&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>3d The breach of good faith in the Chiefs towards the Indians,
+prompted by Mr Washbourne in the distribution of this $90.000 as
+explained in my late letter, has incensed the Indians to such degree
+that bloodshed has been threatened and is seriously to be
+apprehended,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>4th The influence of Mr Washbourne over the Chiefs acquired through
+his Collusion with them in this swindling the intended legal
+recipients of this money is such that, the Chiefs have intimated that
+they will not send a delegation to Florida unless Mr Washbourne shall
+accompany them, and I have reason to believe that in case he is not
+permited to accompany them, he is prepared to throw every obstacle in
+the way of the accomplishment of this, so much desired measure of the
+Government,</p>
+
+<p>The conduct of the Chiefs and their Agent in the distribution of the
+$90000 and the enclosed letter from Mr Jacoway U S Marshal of this
+District, whose acquaintance you have made, taken in connection with
+the declarations of the Chiefs, that they will not go without him (or
+that they desire that he should go with and have charge of them)
+justifies the apprehension that there is another scheme in embryo
+between them to perpetrate another swindle. Should circumstances
+favour its accomplishment; and if it is the intention of the
+Department to charge me with conducting the negotiations of a
+Delegation to Florida, I must decline the performance of this duty if
+one in whom I have so little confidence is permited to accompany the
+Delegation in the capacity of Agent; for I hesitate not to say, that
+if disappointed in his hopes of making a profitable employment of his
+influence he would exert himself to defeat any negotiations that might
+be set on foot, and there is good reason to fear that he might be
+successful,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>For these reasons I beg leave respectfully to urge upon the Department
+the immediate removal of Mr Washbourne and the appointment in his
+stead of some gentleman who will perform the duties of the office with
+a high appreciation of the trust confided to him and with a view,
+rather to the honest discharge of this trust, than to his own profit,</p>
+
+<p>I make this communication direct to the Sec&#8217;t of Interior instead of
+sending it through the Indian office for the reason that I learn that
+the Comr Ind Affrs is absent on official acct.</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_477' id='f_477' href='#fna_477'>[477]</a> Agent Elder to Coffin, September 30, 1861 [Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1861, p. 37]; Coffin to Dole, October 2, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>,
+p. 38]; Moore&#8217;s <i>Rebellion Record</i>, vol. iii, 33.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_478' id='f_478' href='#fna_478'>[478]</a> We the loyal Cherokee Delegation acknowledge the execution of the
+treaty of Oct. 7, 1861. But we solemnly declare that the execution of the
+Treaty was procured by the coercion of the rebel army [Land Files, <i>Indian
+Talks, Councils, etc.</i>, Box 4, 1865-1866].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_479' id='f_479' href='#fna_479'>[479]</a> Hon. J. S. Phelps to C. B. Smith, dated Rolla, Mo., October 3, 1861
+[General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, P44].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_480' id='f_480' href='#fna_480'>[480]</a> A difference of opinion seems to exist as to the original object of
+the organization of Drew&#8217;s regiment. When Ross wrote his despatches to
+McCulloch concerning the proceedings at Tahlequah, he sent them for
+transmission to the C. S. A. quartermaster at Fort Smith, Major George W.
+Clark, to whom he imparted the information that the Cherokees were going
+to raise a regiment of mounted men immediately and place it under the
+command of Colonel John Drew, &#8220;to meet any emergency that may arise.&#8221;
+&#8220;Having espoused,&#8221; said he, &#8220;the cause of the Confederate States, we hope
+to render efficient service in the protracted war which now threatens the
+country, and to be treated with a liberality and confidence becoming the
+Confederate States.&#8221;&mdash;Moore&#8217;s <i>Rebellion Record</i>, vol. iii, 155, Document
+63&#189;.</p>
+
+<p>Those, who afterwards wanted to put the Cherokee position in the best
+possible light, declared repeatedly that Drew&#8217;s regiment had no sectional
+bias in the work mapped out for it, that it was nothing more than a home
+guard. Writing to Dole, January 21, 1862, the Reverend Evan Jones said,</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">A regiment of Cherokees was raised for home protection, composed of
+one company for each of eight Districts, and either two or three
+companies for the District of Tahlequah. But these were altogether
+separate and distinct from the rebel force.... The great majority of
+officers and men, in this case, being decidedly loyal Union men Four
+of the Captains and four hundred men, gave evidence of their loyalty,
+in the part they acted, at the battle in which Opothleyoholo was
+attacked by the Texan rangers &amp; rebel Creeks &amp; Choctaws, under
+Cooper....&mdash;General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, J556.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_481' id='f_481' href='#fna_481'>[481]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1865, p. 355.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_482' id='f_482' href='#fna_482'>[482]</a> Cooley&#8217;s Report to President Johnson, February 25, 1866. This letter
+was found in the loose files of the Indian Office and is not to be found
+in Indian Office, <i>Report Book</i>, no. 15, where it would properly belong.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_483' id='f_483' href='#fna_483'>[483]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1865, p. 321.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_484' id='f_484' href='#fna_484'>[484]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1861, p. 35: Indian
+Office, <i>Report Book</i>, no. 12, p. 176.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_485' id='f_485' href='#fna_485'>[485]</a></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Enclosed pleaz find a coppy of a Commission given by General Lane to
+E. H. Carruth together with coppies of Letters sent by him to the
+various Tribes in the Indian Territory. I had an interview with Mr.
+Carruth yesterday. I find him a very Inteligent man and thougherly
+posted as to all matters relating to the Southern Indians he is very
+confident that most if not all the Southern Indians written to will
+Send deligations to Fort Scott as requested there ware three Creek
+Indians came up to se General Lane who came to Iola for Caruthe to go
+with them to General Lane which he did and they ware the barers of
+letters of which the enclosed are coppies. I am going to Fort Scott
+today and will make arrangements with Agent Elder to give the notice
+imediately on their arrival or Bring them to Humboldt. I shall try to
+secure the assistance of Mr. Caruthe tho he is now a voluntear in the
+Home Guards for protection. I very much feer the service required of
+me at the Sacks &amp; Fox and Kaw agencies will take me to far off but
+will try to attend to all if possible&mdash;General Files, <i>Southern
+Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, C1348.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_486' id='f_486' href='#fna_486'>[486]</a> Manypenny to Dean, April 9, 1855 [Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no.
+51, pp. 232-233].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_487' id='f_487' href='#fna_487'>[487]</a> Extract from commission, dated Fort Scott, August 30, 1861, issued
+to Carruth by authority of J. H. Lane, Commanding the Kansas Brigade
+[<i>ibid.</i>].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_488' id='f_488' href='#fna_488'>[488]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1865, p. 328.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_489' id='f_489' href='#fna_489'>[489]</a> The loyal Creeks testified, in 1865, that they sent their &#8220;chief&#8221;
+and others to Washington and leave the reader to infer that the chief
+meant was &#8220;Sands;&#8221; but the accredited delegates were most certainly Mik-ko
+Hut-kee, Bob Deer, and Jo Ellis. These three men signed their names, or
+rather attached their mark, to an address to the president of which the
+following is a certified copy:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Shawnee Agency, Lexington</span>, September 18, 1861.</p>
+
+<p>Sir, we the Chiefs, Head Men, and Warriors, of the Creek Nation of
+Indians, in the Indian Territory, through our delegates, the
+undersigned desire to state to your excellency the condition of our
+people. Owing to the want of correct information as to condition of
+the Country and Government our people are in great distress. Men have
+come among us, who claim to represent a New Government, who tell us
+that the Government represented by Our Great Father at Washington, has
+turned against us and intends to drive us from our homes and take away
+our property, they tell us that we have nothing to hope from our old
+Father and that all the Friends of the Indian have joined the New
+Government. And that the New Government is ready to make treaties with
+the Indians and do all and more for them than they can claim under
+their old treaties. they ask us to join their armies and help sustain
+the Government that is willing to do so much for us. But we doubted
+their statements and promises and went to talk with the Agent and
+Superintendent which Our father has always kept among us but they were
+both gone and then some of our people began to think that Our Great
+Father had forsaken us and a very few joined the Army of the New
+Government and our people were in great trouble and we called a Grand
+Council of the Chiefs of Creeks, Cherokees, Chickasaws, Shawnees,
+Senecas, Quapaws, Kickapoos, Delawares, Weas, Peankeshaws, Witchetaws
+Tribes and bands of Comanches, Seminoles, and Cadoes. And after a long
+discussion of the source of their troubles, decided to remain loyal to
+our Government and if possible neutral. The Chiefs went among their
+people (and as a general thing) counteracted the influence of the
+emissaries of the New Government. But these emissaries are still among
+us giving us great trouble, while our Government has no one who can
+officially represent itself. And we most earnestly ask that some
+person shall be sent here who shall meet the Chiefs of the above
+mentioned tribes in Council at some suitable place, and then make
+known to them the condition, policy and wishes of the Government so
+far as the interests of the Indians are concerned. If your Excellency
+should deem it best to comply with our request, we would suggest that
+Humboldt Allen County Kansas be the place for holding the Council. A
+notice sent to the Agent of the Shawnees, will immediately be
+forwarded by a messinger to the Chiefs. Very Respectfully, your
+Obedient Servants</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">White Chief</span> X his mark</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Bobb Deer</span> X his mark</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Joseph Ellis</span> X his mark Interpreter</span></p>
+
+<p>P.S. The Choctaws were not present at the Council and we have reason
+to feer that they have gone with the Southern Confederacy. It will
+take near forty days to notify the Chiefs and get them together after
+the notice gets at this place.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">White Chief</span> X his mark</span></p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_490' id='f_490' href='#fna_490'>[490]</a> They also saw Agent Abbot [Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>,
+1865, p. 330] and received new assurances from him.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_491' id='f_491' href='#fna_491'>[491]</a> Perchance the same letter, either the original or a copy of which,
+Superintendent Branch transmitted to Dole along with an explanatory letter
+from Agent Abbott. The &#8220;talk&#8221; of the Creek chiefs was accompanied by a
+sort of Seminole and Chickasaw endorsement. Dole replied to the Creek and
+Seminole delegate appeals, November 16, 1861 [Indian Office, <i>Letter
+Book</i>, no. 67, pp. 78-79]. This is what the Creek chiefs said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Creek Nat.</span> Aug 15, 1861.</p>
+
+<p>Now I write to the President our Great Father who removed us to our
+present homes, &amp; made a treaty, and you said that in our new homes we
+should be defended from all interference from any people and that no
+white people in the whole world should ever molest us unless they come
+from the sky but the land should be ours as long as grass grew or
+waters run, and should we be injured by anybody you would come with
+your soldiers &amp; punish them, but now the wolf has come, men who are
+strangers tread our soil, our children are frightened &amp; the mothers
+cannot sleep for fear. This is our situation now. When we made our
+Treaty at Washington you assured us that our children should laugh
+around our houses without fear, &amp; we believed you. Then our Great
+Father was strong. And now we raise our hands to him we want his help
+to keep off the intruder &amp; make our homes again happy as they used to
+be....</p>
+
+<p>I was at Washington when you treated with us, and now White People are
+trying take our people away to fight against us and you. I am alive. I
+well remember the treaty. My ears are open &amp; my memory is good. This
+is the letter of Your Children by</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Opothlehoyola</span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Ouktahnaserharjo</span></span></p>
+
+<p>The Seminoles also send the same word &amp; the full Indians of the
+Chickasaws too send to the P&mdash;</p></div>
+
+<p>The reply to this letter was made by Dole, November 56, 1862. See Indian
+Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 67, pp. 79-80.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Pascofar the chief of Seminoles was present, he was not able to come
+with us now but sent word. And if our Great Father want us we will
+come to see him.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Miceo Hulka</span></span><span class="spacersig">&nbsp;</span><span class="smcap">Jo Ellis</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Rob Deer</span></span></p></div>
+
+<p>General Files, <i>Creek, 1860-1869</i>, B787.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_492' id='f_492' href='#fna_492'>[492]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>There is a delegation of the Creeks now at Gen&#8217;l Lanes Head Quarters.</p>
+
+<p>We wish to see delegations from the tribes loyal to the U. S.
+Government. You will send us a delegation who will report to the Head
+Quarters of the Kansas Brigade where commissioners of the Government
+will meet and confer with them.</p>
+
+<p>You are probably aware of the falsehoods resorted to by the enemies of
+the U. S. to induce the Indians to withdraw their allegiance from the
+Government. Could you come in person it would be grattifying to the
+Commissioners.&mdash;Letter of September 11, 1861 [General Files, <i>Southern
+Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, C1348].</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_493' id='f_493' href='#fna_493'>[493]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Your letter by Micco Hutka is received. You will send a delegation of
+your best men to meet the Commissioners of the United States
+Government in Kansas.</p>
+
+<p>I am authorized to inform you that the President will not forget you.
+Our armies will soon go south and those of your people who are true
+and loyal to the Government will be treated as friends&mdash;Your rights &amp;
+property will be respected. The Commissioners from the Confederate
+States have deceived you they have two tongues.</p>
+
+<p>They wanted to get the Indians to fight and they will rob and plunder
+you if they can get you into trouble. But the President is stil alive
+his soldiers will soon drive these men who have treacherously violated
+your homes from the land they have entered. When your Delegates Return
+to you they will be able to inform you when and where your monies will
+be paid those who stole your orphan funds will be punished and you
+will learn that the people who are tru to the Government which has so
+long protected you are your Friends.&mdash;Letter to Opoth-le-ho-yo-ho,
+Ho-so-tau-hah-sas Hayo, dated Barnesville, September 11,
+1861.&mdash;General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, C1348.</p></div>
+
+<p>The author&#8217;s opinion is that the mistakes in spelling were made by the
+illiterate Coffin, who probably made a copy of Carruth&#8217;s letters for
+transmission to the Indian Office. He may also have made a slight
+alteration in the date of the letter to the Creeks; for the original of
+the letter, bearing the date of September 10, 1861, was found in
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la&#8217;s camp after the Battle of Chustenahlah, December 26,
+1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. viii, 25].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_494' id='f_494' href='#fna_494'>[494]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. viii, 26.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_495' id='f_495' href='#fna_495'>[495]</a> In his letter to the Seminole chiefs and headmen, Carruth reminds
+them that he was with them when letters came from Pike and that Pike &#8220;is
+the man who has tried so hard to get your lands sectionalized&#8221; and asks,
+&#8220;who brought up a bill in Congress to bring your tribes under Territorial
+laws, Johnson of Arkansas....&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_496' id='f_496' href='#fna_496'>[496]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 26.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_497' id='f_497' href='#fna_497'>[497]</a> Coffin to Dole, October 2, 1861 [Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+<i>Report</i>, 1861, pp. 38-39].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_498' id='f_498' href='#fna_498'>[498]</a> Evan Jones wrote, October 31, 1861 [Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+<i>Report</i>, 1861, pp. 41-43] that he had found it impossible to get anyone
+who would undertake to carry a message to John Ross. The risk was too
+great.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_499' id='f_499' href='#fna_499'>[499]</a> Dole to Hunter, November 16, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>, p. 44].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_500' id='f_500' href='#fna_500'>[500]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>On consultation with Gen&#8217;l Jas. H. Lane he thinks an auxiliary
+Regiment of Indians are necessary to the service and could be used to
+great advantage in this department. If it meets with your approbation
+I would like and ask the privilege of Raising such Regt which I think
+I could do in thirty days. I have made my estimate of the number of
+men which I think would be furnished by each tribe as follows</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td>Iowas &amp; Kickapoos</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right">225</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Delawares</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">125</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Potawatomies</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">250</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Shawnees, Miamies, &amp; Weas</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sacks &amp; Foxes</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">250</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Senecas &amp; Wyandotts</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right" class="botbor">125</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">1075</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>This will be laid before you by Gen<sup>l</sup> Lane in person I hope it will
+meet with your approval and that you will grant the permission to
+raise the Regt and if necessary I have no doubt but a Brigade of
+Indians could be organized by embracing the Osages and Loyal Creeks
+and Cherokees.&mdash;Letter of October 10, 1861 [General Files, <i>Delaware,
+1855-1861</i>].</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_501' id='f_501' href='#fna_501'>[501]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 553.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_502' id='f_502' href='#fna_502'>[502]</a> I am not certain of the exact date of Lane&#8217;s departure for
+Washington. Spring says [<i>Kansas</i>, 279] that he went there in November.
+When an Indian delegation reached Fort Scott, seeking him, some time about
+the middle of the month, he had already handed over his command to Colonel
+James Montgomery and &#8220;had gone to Washington&#8221; [Cutler to Coffin, September
+30, 1862, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, p. 138]. Yet
+Dole&#8217;s letter to General Hunter would convey the impression that Lane was
+still in Kansas the middle of the month and expected to be there on the
+twenty-fourth. I am also in doubt as to when Hunter reached his post. He
+communicated with Agent Cutler from St. Louis, November 20, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>,
+1861, p. 44]. Hunter and Lane may very well have met even outside of
+Kansas and have exchanged views and opinions that would have given a basis
+for the representations that Lane must have made to Lincoln and Cameron
+regarding Hunter&#8217;s approval of the &#8220;Jayhawking Brigade.&#8221; McClellan seems
+to have advised the forward movement in the direction of the Indian
+Territory; for he says, when writing to Hunter, December 11, 1861
+[<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. viii, 428]:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Immediately after you were assigned to your present department I
+requested the Adjutant-General to inform you that it was deemed
+expedient to organize an expedition under your command to secure the
+Indian territory west of Arkansas, as well as to make a descent upon
+Northern Texas, in connection with one to strike at Western Texas from
+the Gulf. The general was to invite your prompt attention to this
+subject, and to ask you to indicate the necessary force and means for
+the undertaking.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is only fair to say that Lane had always advocated a more southern
+concentration of forces. He more than any other northern man seems to have
+appreciated fully the importance of Indian Territory. He continually
+recommended using Fort Scott as a base for such military operations as had
+the protection of Kansas as their main object.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_503' id='f_503' href='#fna_503'>[503]</a> Hunter to Thomas, dated Leavenworth, January 15, 1862 [General
+Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_504' id='f_504' href='#fna_504'>[504]</a> In January, 1862, Hunter deplored the fact that his request had not
+been acceded to and said,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Had this permission been promptly granted, I have every reason to
+believe that the present disastrous state of affairs, in the Indian
+country west of Arkansas, could have been avoided. I now again
+respectfully repeat my request&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_505' id='f_505' href='#fna_505'>[505]</a> Dole to Hunter, November 16, 1861 [Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no.
+67, PP. 80-82; Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1861, pp. 43-44].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_506' id='f_506' href='#fna_506'>[506]</a> Lane&#8217;s proposed conference called for the assembling of
+representatives of Kansas tribes as well as of Indian Territory tribes.
+Judging from Hunter&#8217;s letter to Agent Cutler of November 20, 1861
+[Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1861, pp. 44-45], I infer that
+Hunter&#8217;s conference was to be confined to the southern Indians. The
+purpose of Lane&#8217;s must have been represented to the Kansas Indians as
+Creek needs [Shawnee &#8220;talk&#8221; to the Creeks, November 15, 1861, <i>ibid.</i>, p.
+45]. Hunter intended to hold his conference at his headquarters, Fort
+Leavenworth, which was making the southern Indians come a pretty long way
+[Hunter to Cutler, November 20, 1861, <i>ibid.</i>, p. 44; Dole to Cutler,
+December 3, 1861, Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 67, p. 107].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_507' id='f_507' href='#fna_507'>[507]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 567.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_508' id='f_508' href='#fna_508'>[508]</a> Major-general H. W. Halleck was to command the sister department of
+Missouri.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_509' id='f_509' href='#fna_509'>[509]</a> <i>Abraham Lincoln</i>, vol. v, 81-82.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_510' id='f_510' href='#fna_510'>[510]</a></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">I earnestly request and recommend the establishment of a new military
+department, to be composed of Kansas, the Indian country, and so much
+of Arkansas and the Territories as may be thought advisable to include
+therein.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Lane</span> to Lincoln, dated Leavenworth City, Kansas, October 9,
+1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 529].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_511' id='f_511' href='#fna_511'>[511]</a> By the end of July, the First Regiment of Choctaw and Chickasaw
+Mounted Rifles had been completely organized [<i>Official Records</i>, first
+ser., vol. iii, 620, 624] and eight companies of a prospective Creek
+regiment [<i>ibid.</i>, 624]. By October twenty-second, when McCulloch ordered
+him [<i>ibid.</i>, 721] to take up a position in the Cherokee Neutral Lands,
+Stand Watie&#8217;s battalion had apparently reached the proportions of a
+regiment, the First Cherokee Mounted Rifles. On the twenty-seventh of
+November, Pike who was then in Richmond informed Benjamin,</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">We have now in the service four regiments, numbering in all some 3,500
+men, besides the Seminole troops and other detached companies,
+increasing the number to over 4,000. An additional regiment has been
+offered by the Choctaws and another can be raised among the Creeks. If
+I have the authority I can enlist even the malcontents among that
+people. I can place in the field (arms being supplied) 7,500 Indian
+troops, not counting the Comanches and Osages, whom I would only
+employ in case of an invasion of the Indian country....&mdash;<i>Official
+Records</i>, first ser., vol. viii, 697.</p>
+
+<p>A supposed report of Agent Garrett, sent to the United States Indian
+Office under the following endorsement, is not without interest as bearing
+upon the strength of the Confederacy within the Indian country:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The copy of a letter herewith, is without signature, but is said to be
+in the handwriting of the late Col. Garret, who at that date, was U.
+S. Indian Agent of the Creeks. It is not of much importance, but yet,
+as historical and statistical, is nor without some interest. I
+obtained it a few weeks ago, found among other papers at the Agency,
+and I presume is a retained copy of the original.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Creek Agency</span> C. N. Dec. 16th 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the
+2d ultimo, requiring certain information from me in regard to the
+number of Creek Indians; and their relations or feelings towards the
+Confederate States. Owing to the great irregularity of the mails, I
+did not receive your communication as soon as I ought. The difficulty
+at the time I received your letter in regard to answering it properly,
+caused me to delay a few days, so that I might answer it definitely.
+Incidental to the confusion here, I could not state to you who were
+reliable, and who were not, for I did not know myself, and believing
+that a battle would be fought in a few days where every one would have
+to show his hand, I thought I could give you more reliable
+information: and from the valor and fidelity of the Creeks engaged
+then I can give you reliable information.</p>
+
+<p>The Creeks number in all 14630, a portion of whom reside in Alabama,
+Texas and Missouri, leaving about 13000 within the limits of the Creek
+Nation:&mdash;From the best information I can get, there are among the
+lower Creeks 1650 warriors, 375 of them are unfriendly&mdash;Among the
+Upper Creeks there are 1600 warriors&mdash;only 400 of them are
+friendly&mdash;to sum up the whole matter there are 1675 Creek warriors
+friendly to the Confederate States and 1575 unfriendly&mdash;Of those
+friendly there are in the service of the Confederate States 1375&mdash;One
+Regiment is commanded by Col. Chilly McIntosh, numbering 400&mdash;and an
+independent company commanded by Capt. J. M. C. Smith numbering 75
+men, all in the service, and armed with a very few exceptions, and I
+think from recent indications are willing to do service wherever
+ordered, and circumstances justify it.</p>
+
+<p>The Regiment, Battalion and Company were all mustered into service for
+twelve months. This comprises nearly all the friendly warriors in the
+Nation. I cannot answer you in regard to the number that are willing
+to serve during the war. My opinion is, though, that the number now in
+the service, and perhaps more, are willing to remain in the service as
+long as they may be wanted. The Hostiles are headed by Ho path ye ho
+lo who has engaged in his cause portions of several tribes viz a
+portion of the Seminoles, Kickapoos, Shawnees, Delawares, Wichitas,
+Comanches, and Cherokees&mdash;400 of whom deserted a few days before the
+recent battle from Col. John Drews Regiment Cherokee Volunteers and
+joined Hopathyeholo who is in communication with the federal forces in
+Kansas, and has received goods and ammunition from them: His force is
+estimated from 2500 to 3000&mdash;I would give you a more detailed account
+of the battle, but I do nor think it proper in this communication and
+I presume the commanding officer Col. Cooper has made his report of
+the Battle to the Secretary of War&mdash;I may be mistaken to some extent,
+in regard to the friendly and hostile Creeks, but I think I am not,
+and it is correct from the best information I can get, and my own
+knowledge of the facts. It will afford me much pleasure, to
+communicate to you at any time anything of importance to the
+Confederate States. Very Respectfully Your Obt Servt.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hon. David Hubbard, Com. Indian Affairs</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Richmond Va.</span></p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_512' id='f_512' href='#fna_512'>[512]</a> Therein lay the whole difficulty. It was simply impossible for the
+Confederate government to honor all requisitions for arms.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_513' id='f_513' href='#fna_513'>[513]</a> The matter must have been even earlier under advisement; for, on the
+twenty-sixth of October, J. P. Benjamin, Acting Secretary of War, sent
+this notion to &#8220;General Albert Pike, Little Rock, Ark.:&#8221;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">I cannot assign to your command any Arkansas troops at this moment.
+Governor Rector is applying for return of the regiments in
+Tennessee.&mdash;<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 727.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_514' id='f_514' href='#fna_514'>[514]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, vol. viii, 690.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_515' id='f_515' href='#fna_515'>[515]</a> <i>Daily State Journal</i> (Little Rock), Nov. 8, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_516' id='f_516' href='#fna_516'>[516]</a> Colonel D. H. Cooper&#8217;s &#8220;Report&#8221; [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser.,
+vol. viii, 5].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_517' id='f_517' href='#fna_517'>[517]</a> Colonel D. H. Cooper&#8217;s &#8220;Report&#8221; [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser.,
+vol. viii, 7, 709].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_518' id='f_518' href='#fna_518'>[518]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1865, pp. 355-357.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_519' id='f_519' href='#fna_519'>[519]</a> Extract from John Ross&#8217;s address to Drew&#8217;s regiment [Commissioner of
+Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1865, p. 356].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_520' id='f_520' href='#fna_520'>[520]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1865, p. 357.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_521' id='f_521' href='#fna_521'>[521]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name='f_522' id='f_522' href='#fna_522'>[522]</a> McIntosh, at the time, was in charge of McCulloch&#8217;s brigade,
+McCulloch having gone to Richmond to explain to the authorities there why
+he had persistently laid himself open to the charge of refusing to
+co&ouml;perate with Sterling Price in his many Missouri ventures, planned
+subsequent to the Battle of Wilson&#8217;s Creek. McCulloch&#8217;s orders from the
+Confederate War Department were that he should guard the Indian Territory.
+Price&#8217;s great idea was to occupy the Missouri River country. Had McCulloch
+gone northward with Price, he would, as he ably argued, have removed
+himself altogether from his base.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_523' id='f_523' href='#fna_523'>[523]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. viii, 11.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_524' id='f_524' href='#fna_524'>[524]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 22.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_525' id='f_525' href='#fna_525'>[525]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. viii, 23-24.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_526' id='f_526' href='#fna_526'>[526]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, p. 136.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_527' id='f_527' href='#fna_527'>[527]</a> The agents were, George A. Cutler, Creek, Charles W. Chatterton,
+Cherokee, Isaac Coleman, Choctaw and Chickasaw, G. C. Snow, Seminole, and
+Peter P. Elder, Neosho River. Agent Elder did not report for duty.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_528' id='f_528' href='#fna_528'>[528]</a> The Indian agents usually referred to it as &#8220;Fort Roe&#8221; but the
+military men, with a few possible exceptions, when meaning identically the
+same locality, spoke of &#8220;Roe&#8217;s Fork.&#8221; There is no such place as Fort Roe
+given in the <i>Lists of Military Posts, etc., established in the United
+States from its earliest settlement to the present time</i>, published by the
+United States War Department, 1902. That list, however, is far from being
+complete.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_529' id='f_529' href='#fna_529'>[529]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, p. 138.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_530' id='f_530' href='#fna_530'>[530]</a></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">In compliance with instructions from Major-General Hunter, contained
+in your order of the 22d. ultimo, I left this place on the 22d. and
+proceeded to Burlington, where I learned that the principal part of
+the friendly Indians were congregated, and encamped on the Verdigris
+river, near a place called Roe&#8217;s Fork, from twelve to fifteen miles
+south of the town of Belmont. I proceeded there without delay. By a
+census of the tribes taken a few days before my arrival, there was
+found to be of the Creeks, 3,168; slaves of the Creeks, 53; free
+negroes, members of the tribe, 38; Seminoles, 777; Quapaws, 136;
+Cherokees, 50; Chickasaws, 31; some few Kickapoos and other tribes,
+about 4,500 in all. But the number was being constantly augmented by
+the daily arrival of other camps and families....&mdash;<span class="smcap">A. B. Campbell</span>,
+surgeon, U. S. A., to James K. Barnes, surgeon, U. S. A., medical
+director, Department of Kansas, dated Fort Leavenworth, February 5, 1862.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_531' id='f_531' href='#fna_531'>[531]</a> These were purchased by Coffin, acting under the advice of Hunter
+[Dole to Smith, June 5, 1862, Indian Office, <i>Report Book</i>, no. 12, pp.
+392-396].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_532' id='f_532' href='#fna_532'>[532]</a> Extracts from Agent Cutler&#8217;s <i>Report</i>, September 30, 1862. Various
+reports, more or less detailed, descriptive of the intense sufferings of
+Indian refugees in the first weeks of their sojourn in Kansas may be found
+in the <i>Annual Report</i> of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1862, pp.
+135-175. Those of Turner, Campbell, Cutler, and George W. Collamore are
+particularly good. Some of the reports originally accompanied Dole&#8217;s
+<i>Report</i> of June 5, 1862 [Indian Office, <i>Report Book</i>, no. 12, pp.
+392-396; Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, pp. 147-149;
+House <i>Executive Documents</i>, 37th congress, second session, vol. x, no.
+132], which was prepared in answer to a House resolution, calling for
+information on the southern refugee Indians.</p>
+
+<p>Collamore&#8217;s <i>Report</i> of April 21, 1862 is to be found in manuscript form
+in General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, C1602. Another
+report, most excellent in character, issued from the pen of special agent,
+William Kile, February 21, 1862. It is in Land Files, <i>Southern
+Superintendency, 1855-1870</i>, K107. There are also a few good accounts of
+the Creek exodus of 1861. One of them is a sworn statement, presented by
+Holmes Colbert in a letter, dated March 25, 1868, and authoritatively
+cited by Mix in an office letter to Secretary Browning, June 8, 1868
+[Indian Office, <i>Report Book</i>, no. 17, p. 308].</p>
+
+<p>Another account came from John T. Cox to W. G. Coffin under date of March
+28, 1864, and, while not in the least detailed, is worth quoting because
+of its tribute of respect to the loyal Indians. It runs thus:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Herewith I enclose a map of the route of retreat of the early Loyal
+Refugee Indians, under Apoth yo-ho-lo, in the Winter of 1861.</p>
+
+<p>With the facilities within my reach, for obtaining facts connected
+with that remarkable exodus, I am fully warrented in saying, that the
+history of the War does not furnish a parallel of patriotic devotion
+to the Union.</p>
+
+<p>The Rebels had managed so adroitly during the administration of
+Buchanan, as to secure the appointment of, or favor of every
+Government Official, or Employee, within the limits of the South
+Indian Country, all sources of information were corrupted or poisoned.
+Postmasters deplored the fall of the Old Government, as already taken
+place, Indian Agents, and all others holding business relations with
+the several tribes, used every means in their power to discourage them
+and destroy their confidence in the Old Government, resorting to the
+grossest Misrepresentations, Bribery of Chiefs, Headmen, &amp;c.,
+Malfeasance and Robbery&mdash;Military Posts, Government Stores, Ordnance
+&amp;c. &amp;c. were surrendered or abandoned under color of the most dire
+military necessity, and the apparent tardiness of the Old Government
+to render them timely assistance, or in any way counteract those
+influences, left them without counsel, and without friends, and
+implied a total abandonment of the Indians. Yet under all the
+discouraging surroundings a large portion of the Creeks, Cherokees,
+Seminoles and others maintained their loyalty. The Chickasaws were
+divided in their Councils, and the Choctaws went over almost entirely
+to the Rebel Government.</p>
+
+<p>In the month of March 1861, international councils were held, first at
+the Creek Agency, next at North Fork, without affecting very
+materially the fidelity of the Indians. But in the latter part of
+April, the Choctaws and Chickasaws gave in full adhesion to the
+Confederate Government. The remaining tribes were alternating between
+the Counsels of Apoth-yo-ho-lo, McDaniel and others on the one hand,
+and a swarm of Rebel Commissioners on the other.</p>
+
+<p>The Rebel Government was pushing forward the organization of Indian
+Regiments, under the McIntoshes, Stan Watie, Adair, Jumper, Smith and
+others, while the Conservative element, forming a Cherokee Regiment
+under Col. Drew, for armed neutrality, but in truth loyal to the
+Union, while Apoth-yo-ho-lo headed the hostiles, as they were termed
+by the Rebels.</p>
+
+<p>In a Report dated Creek Agency C. N. Dec. 16th., 1861, addressed to the
+Hon. David Hubbard, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Richmond, Va., the
+Creek Agent, Col. Garrett says, See Copy marked &#8220;A&#8221; (Garrett&#8217;s report
+to Hubbard appears in another connection in the present work. It seems
+to have come into the Indian Office from two independent sources). I
+have noted this to show the attitude of the several tribes at the
+beginning of the Rebellion.</p>
+
+<p>The principal object of this report is to call attention to the real
+claims of the Indians upon the Government, not only to sympathy, but
+compensation for services from the time they abandoned their homes and
+all they possessed, and took up arms in support of the Government.</p>
+
+<p>Although they claim nothing of the kind, yet the moral effect of such
+a tangible recognition of their early services, would insure fidelity
+of all other tribes against any other future rebellion or disaffection
+against our Government.</p>
+
+<p>The history of their destitution, and terrible sufferings in their
+pilgrimage of three hundred miles in mid-winter, is familiar to you
+and not necessary here to relate [General Files, <i>Southern
+Superintendency, 1863-1864</i>, C824].</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_533' id='f_533' href='#fna_533'>[533]</a> Others had reached that decision likewise. On the tenth of December,
+McClellan had written to Halleck, &#8220;I shall send troops to Hunter to enable
+him to move into the Indian Territory west of Arkansas and upon Northern
+Texas. That movement should relieve you very materially&#8221;&mdash;<i>Official
+Records</i>, first ser., vol. viii, 419. See also the letter of December 11,
+1861 [<i>ibid.</i>, 428].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_534' id='f_534' href='#fna_534'>[534]</a> It was to this delegation, I have no doubt, that the Shawnees sent
+their note of encouragement. It bears date November 15, 1861 and was
+issued from the Shawnee Agency, Johnson County, Kansas. Its inspiring
+passages are these:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Brothers, hold fast to the Union! Hold to your treaties! And now call
+upon the United States government to fulfill their treaty stipulations
+with you by protecting you in this your time of need, and save your
+country to you first, and then, by so doing, save the whole of the
+Indian country to the Union.</p>
+
+<p>... And now our advice to you is, go immediately to Washington City,
+lay your case before President Lincoln, state everything, and we
+assure you that he will protect you, and that immediately; we think
+that delay on your part will be ruinous to your people; we believe
+that your agent ought to conduct you there. Put your confidence only
+in the Union and you will be safe....&mdash;Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+<i>Report</i>, 1861, p. 45.</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_535' id='f_535' href='#fna_535'>[535]</a> Report of Agent Cutler, September 30, 1862 [Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, p. 138].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_536' id='f_536' href='#fna_536'>[536]</a> Montgomery to Lincoln, November 19, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>, 1861, p. 461].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_537' id='f_537' href='#fna_537'>[537]</a> Hunter to Dole, December 1, 1861 [Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+<i>Report</i>, 1861, p. 49].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_538' id='f_538' href='#fna_538'>[538]</a> Note that Hunter, when writing to McClellan, December 19, 1861
+[<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. viii, 450], professed that, previous
+to the receipt of McClellan&#8217;s letter of the eleventh, he had not known
+that it was expected of him that he should undertake an expedition for the
+defense of Indian Territory. He declared that Thomas&#8217; communication of
+November twenty-sixth, touching the matter, had been vague in the extreme.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_539' id='f_539' href='#fna_539'>[539]</a> Extract from letter of Carruth to Hunter, November 26, 1861
+[Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1861, p. 49].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_540' id='f_540' href='#fna_540'>[540]</a> It seems a little surprising that they did depart from Fort
+Leavenworth in such good spirits; for, while there, they surely must have
+heard rumors of the final attack upon Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la. Agent Cutler
+tells us that he heard of the exodus a few days after his return to Kansas
+with the delegation. He had then left Leavenworth, however, for he says
+farther on in his letter that he went back there to confer with Coffin as
+to what should be done.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_541' id='f_541' href='#fna_541'>[541]</a> Extract from letter of Coffin to Dole, December 28, 1861 [General
+Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_542' id='f_542' href='#fna_542'>[542]</a> See letter of Mix to F. Johnson at the Delaware Agency, Quindaro,
+Kansas, dated January 22, 1862, acknowledging Johnson&#8217;s letter of January
+fourth, which enclosed</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">A copy of the reply of the Delaware Chiefs in Council to the letter of
+the Creek Chief O-poeth-lo-yo-ho-la, inviting their co&ouml;peration
+against the rebel States....&mdash;Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 67,
+pp. 271-272.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_543' id='f_543' href='#fna_543'>[543]</a></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">On the 1st inst., I mailed you the letter of Opoth-la-yar-ho-la
+Muscogee Chief to the Delawares asking for men and ammunition. On the
+2nd inst. the Delaware chiefs in Council returned the following letter
+in answer to Opoth-la-ho-la....&mdash;<span class="smcap">F. Johnson</span> to Dole, dated Quindaro,
+Kansas, January 4, 1862 [General Files, <i>Delaware, 1862-1866</i>, J543].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_544' id='f_544' href='#fna_544'>[544]</a></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">John Connor, Head Chief, Ne-con-he-con, Sur-cox-ie, Chas. Journeycake,
+Assistant Chiefs, to Oputh-la-yar-ho-la, Muscogee Chief Warrior and
+our loyal Grand Children dated Delaware Nation, Kansas Jan. 3rd 1861.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_545' id='f_545' href='#fna_545'>[545]</a> James McDaniel seems to have been a Cherokee. On April 2, 1862,
+Agent Johnson reported to Dole that forty-one Delaware Indians had
+returned destitute from the Cherokee country and that he had given them
+assistance and also &#8220;a refugee Cherokee chief, James McDaniel.&#8221; This idea
+is further borne out by the following letter:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right">Office of U. S. Agent for Cherokees<br />
+Tahlequah, Ind. Ter. April 7, 1873</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hon. H. R. Clum</span>, Acting Commissioner of Indian Affs</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I beg leave to call your attention to the fact that in the fall
+and winter of 1861 Opothleyoholo a Creek and James McDaniel a Cherokee
+placed themselves at the head of the loyal Creeks, Seminoles,
+Cherokees &amp; others. Unsustained by any U. S. forces they gathered on
+Bird Creek, in this Nation, to resist rebel conscription into their
+army. They tried to avoid a fight, to make their way peacably to the
+union army in Kansas, by a far western route. But Gen. Douglas H.
+Coopper, &amp; Gen. Stand Watie, with troops from Texas, &amp; Arkansas, &amp;
+with rebel Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws &amp;c. pressed upon them, &amp;
+attempted to bring them into subjection to the Southern Confederacy.
+They adhered to their loyalty. Fought the rebel forces in three or
+four battles. At first vanquishing the rebel forces, but finally were
+overcome, &amp; compelled to flee to Kansas in mid-winter, with women &amp;
+children. In Kansas these men were organized into regiments, &amp; on
+arriving in the Cherokee Nation were largely reinforced by their
+friends here, &amp; in the Creek &amp; Seminole Nations.</p>
+
+<p>I have made this statement so that you may see the situation in which
+these men are placed, &amp; judge intelligently.</p>
+
+<p><i>Now I wish to know if men wounded in those engagements, under
+Opothleyoholo &amp; James McDaniel, while fighting against the rebels, &amp;
+the widows of those who were killed, &amp; those who were otherwise
+disabled in those fights, &amp; in the subsequent flight, are entitled to
+the benefits of pension laws. Can they be pensioned under existing
+laws?</i></p>
+
+<p>If not, can you, through the Secretary of the Interior, prevail on the
+President to have the matter presented to the next Congress, with a
+view to having these persons placed on the rolls of the pension
+office. I need say nothing of the propriety of the Government
+rewarding as far as possible, such acts of loyalty &amp; voluntary
+fighting for the Government by full blood Indians&mdash;when all the
+influence &amp; power of faithless Indian Agents, &amp; Superintendants, &amp; the
+Southern army from Texas &amp; Arkansas, &amp; the more wealthy &amp; educated
+mixed blood Indians, were arrayed against them. It should be rewarded,
+as far [as] practicable, as an incentive to like faithfulness in any
+emergency that may arise in the future. I have the honor to be Very
+Respectfully Your Obdt. Servant</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">John B. Jones</span>, U. S. Agent for Cherokees</span></p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_546' id='f_546' href='#fna_546'>[546]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. viii, 576.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_547' id='f_547' href='#fna_547'>[547]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Washington, D. C.</span> January 3, 1862.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Major-general Hunter</span>, Commanding Kansas Department:</p>
+
+<p>It is the intention of the Government to order me to report to you for
+an active winter&#8217;s campaign. They have ordered General Denver to
+another department. They have ordered to report to you eight regiments
+cavalry, three of infantry, and three batteries, in addition to your
+present force. They have also ordered you, in conjunction with the
+Indian Department, to organize 4,000 Indians. Mr. Doles, Commissioner,
+will come out with me.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">J. H. Lane</span>.</span></p></div>
+
+<p><i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. viii, 482.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_548' id='f_548' href='#fna_548'>[548]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>It being the intention of the Gov&#8217;t of the United States to take into
+its military service 4000 Indians from the borders of Kansas and
+Missouri, to be organized under Major Gen<sup>l</sup> Hunter, you are hereby
+made acquainted therewith. The different Agents in your
+superintendency will be instructed direct from this Office to use
+their best endeavors to engage the above number of Indians, taking
+care that those so engaged are capable of good service and are well
+affected towards this Government.</p>
+
+<p>All the operations in this behalf should be conducted with dispatch
+and as much secrecy as the nature of the measure will admit of.</p>
+
+<p>I understand that the Government proposes to equalize the pay of these
+Indian volunteers with that of other volunteers, but giving the chiefs
+an additional compensation. Each man will receive a blanket, and those
+not having arms of their own will be provided by the Government. Their
+subsistence will be the same as that provided in Revised Regulations
+No. 5, Section 39 of this Bureau, or the army subsistence, whatever
+that may be. Where any of the Indians, thus engaged, shall die or be
+killed whilst in service, their pay will be given over to their
+families&mdash;Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 67, pp. 211-212.</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_549' id='f_549' href='#fna_549'>[549]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 215-216.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_550' id='f_550' href='#fna_550'>[550]</a> Farnsworth wrote on the 21st, acknowledging Dole&#8217;s letter of the
+sixth and saying,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Its contents has been explained to two trusty Indians, who will keep
+the matter entirely secret until the time for public action comes. I
+have sent for the Indians to come in. I think they will all be here by
+the 30th or 31st of this month. I will enroll them as soon as
+possible. I think I shall be able to enlist about 150 vigorous
+warriors....&mdash;General Files, <i>Kickapoo, 1855-1862</i>, F335.</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_551' id='f_551' href='#fna_551'>[551]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Your communication to this office of the 31st December last has been
+received enclosing a letter which was brought to you by a messenger
+from the South, as you were holding a Council with the Delaware Chiefs
+of your Agency, and which letter you desired to be laid before the
+President of the United States. Your communication also represented
+the readiness of the Delawares and all the other Western tribes to
+engage in military service on the side of the Government against the
+rebel States.</p>
+
+<p>With reference to all these Subjects, you will have an opportunity of
+conferring with the Commissioner of Indian Affairs (who has perused
+your letter in person) at Leavenworth City, for which destination he
+left this City on Sunday last on public business.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Charles E. Mix</span>,
+acting commissioner, to F. Johnson, January 21, 1862 [Indian Office,
+<i>Letter Book</i>, no. 67, p. 268].</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_552' id='f_552' href='#fna_552'>[552]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, pp. 26, 147-148.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_553' id='f_553' href='#fna_553'>[553]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I have the honor to inform you that Capt. J. W. Turner, Chief
+Commissary of Subsistence of the Department, has just returned from
+the encampments of the loyal Indians, on the Verdigris river, and in
+its vicinity. Having made arrangements for subsisting these
+unfortunate refugees until the 15th day of the present month.</p>
+
+<p>In the neighborhood of Belmont and Roe&#8217;s Fort, there were, at the time
+Capt. Turner left, about four thousand five hundred Indians, chiefly
+Creeks and Seminoles. But their number was being constantly augmented
+by the arrival of fresh camps, tribes and families.</p>
+
+<p>Their condition is pictured as most wretched&mdash;destitute of clothing,
+shelter, fuel, horses, cooking utensils and food. This last named
+article was supplied by Capt. Turner in quantities sufficient to last
+until the 15th instant after which time, I doubt not, you will have
+made further arrangements for their continued subsistence.</p>
+
+<p>In taking the responsibility of supplying their wants until the Indian
+Department could make provision for their necessities I but fulfilled
+a duty due to our common humanity and the cause in which the Indians
+are suffering. I now trust and have every confidence that under your
+energetic and judicious arrangements these poor people may be supplied
+with all they need after the 15th instant, on which day the supplies
+furnished by Capt. Turner will be exhausted.</p>
+
+<p>I make no doubt that provision should be made for feeding, clothing
+and sheltering not less than six thousand Indians, and possibly as
+high as ten thousand, on this point however, you are doubtless better
+prepared to judge than myself. I only wish to urge upon you the
+necessity for prompt measures of relief.</p>
+
+<p>P.S. Copies of the reports made by Capt. Turner and Brigade Surgeon
+Campbell will be furnished to you by tomorrow&#8217;s post, in view of the
+urgency of this case, and the fact that these Indians cannot be
+supplied any further than have been done from the supplies of the
+army, I send one copy of this letter to Topeka and the other to
+Leavenworth City. Fearful suffering must ensue amongst the Indians
+unless the steps necessary are promptly taken.</p></div>
+
+<p>This letter was forwarded by Edw. Wolcott, at Dole&#8217;s request, to the
+Indian Office [General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>,
+W513].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_554' id='f_554' href='#fna_554'>[554]</a> Coffin to Dole, dated Fort Roe, Verdigris River, Kansas, February
+13, 1862 [General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, C1526];
+Snow to Coffin, February 13, 1862 [General Files, <i>Seminole, 1858-1869</i>].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_555' id='f_555' href='#fna_555'>[555]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, p. 148.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_556' id='f_556' href='#fna_556'>[556]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name='f_557' id='f_557' href='#fna_557'>[557]</a> Dole to Dr. Kile, February 10, 1862. [Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>,
+no. 67, pp. 450-452].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_558' id='f_558' href='#fna_558'>[558]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, p. 148.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_559' id='f_559' href='#fna_559'>[559]</a> <i>Congressional Globe</i>, 37th congress, second session, p. 815.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_560' id='f_560' href='#fna_560'>[560]</a> United States <i>Statutes at Large</i>, vol. xiii, 562.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_561' id='f_561' href='#fna_561'>[561]</a> It was, however, the beginning of a great deal of graft and misuse
+of government funds. Citizens of Kansas, otherwise reputable, prepared to
+reap a rich harvest, and government officials were not at all behindhand
+in the undertaking. Presumably, immediately upon the departure of Hunter&#8217;s
+commissary from Fort Roe, the Indians began to get into the debt of the
+settlers and the sum of the indebtedness soon mounted up tremendously.
+Coffin again and again urged payment [Coffin to Dole, May 12, 1862], so
+did Colonel C. R. Jennison of the Seventh Regiment Kansas Volunteers, and
+so did General Blunt.</p>
+
+<p>The act of March 3, 1862, reinforced by that of July 5, 1862 [United
+States <i>Statutes at Large</i>, vol. xii, 528] was re-enacted, in whole or in
+part, each year of the war [Act of March 3, 1863, United States <i>Statutes
+at Large</i>, vol. xii, 793; Act of June 25, 1864, <i>ibid.</i>, vol. xii, 180].
+In addition, special appropriations were made, like that of May 3, 1864,
+for the refugees.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_562' id='f_562' href='#fna_562'>[562]</a> Hunter to Thomas, December 11, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser.,
+vol. viii, 428]; McClellan to Hunter, December 11, 1861, [<i>ibid.</i>].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_563' id='f_563' href='#fna_563'>[563]</a> Halleck to McClellan, January 20, 1862 [<i>ibid.</i>, 509-510].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_564' id='f_564' href='#fna_564'>[564]</a> Thomas to Hunter, January 24, 1862 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser.,
+vol. viii, 525-526].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_565' id='f_565' href='#fna_565'>[565]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, 529-530.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_566' id='f_566' href='#fna_566'>[566]</a> &mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name='f_567' id='f_567' href='#fna_567'>[567]</a> Stanton had become Secretary of War, January 15, 1862. On the real
+reasons for Cameron&#8217;s retirement, see Welles&#8217; <i>Diary</i>, vol. i, 57.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_568' id='f_568' href='#fna_568'>[568]</a> Lincoln to Stanton, January 31, 1862 [<i>Official Records</i>, first
+ser., vol. viii, 538].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_569' id='f_569' href='#fna_569'>[569]</a> Lincoln to Hunter and Lane, February 10, 1862 [<i>ibid.</i>, 551].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_570' id='f_570' href='#fna_570'>[570]</a> Hunter to Halleck, February 8, 1862 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser.,
+vol. viii, 829-831]; Halleck to Hunter, February 13, 1862 [<i>ibid.</i>,
+554-555]; McClellan to Halleck, February 13, 1862 [<i>ibid.</i>, 555].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_571' id='f_571' href='#fna_571'>[571]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>My object more particularly in writing to you to-night is on account
+of the orders that we learn here to-night from General Gennison to
+General Hunter that no Indians are to be mustered into the Service we
+have taken greate paines and have made flattering progress in
+enrooling them according to the orders of your Selfe and General
+Hunter nearly all of them set apart 10 Dollars out of their wages pr
+month for their families and many that have no families leave it in
+the hands of the Agents for their benefit after the war is over and
+they are burning with revenge and spiling for a fight and I have no
+dout at all but they would doo good Service there are two amongst them
+at least perhaps many more that I think would make good Commanders
+Billy Bowlegs &amp; Little Captain the latter a Creek that commands in all
+the Late Battles and they suposed that he was killed but he got in a
+few days sinc Billy has also recently arivd I am fully of the opinion
+that these Indians at least two Thousand of them for such a campaigne
+as they are designed for or the one is suposed to be that is to go
+South from here are as well calculated for as any Troops that could be
+selected and it will make great trouble with them as they have their
+harts set upon it and will be most cruelly disappointed if not
+permettd to go and they should be got back as soon as posabl to their
+homes as the planting season is near and if they do not get there in
+time for putting in a crop the present Spring it looks like they will
+have to be suportd by the Government til August 1863 or til a crop can
+be maturd nex year which could not be sooner than August this would
+entail a heavy expense upon the Indian department that I would like to
+be avoidd I have had an Interview with General Gennison and he is very
+sure that if they would arm these Indians and give him three thousd
+other Troops he could put those Indians into their homes in time for a
+crop this year all here are very much disappointed and mortified at
+the course things are for their families will be no small Item in
+lessening the expense of Subsisting them which with all the Economy we
+can use will be very large.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Coffin</span> to Dole, dated Humboldt, Kansas,
+February 28, 1862 [General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency,
+1859-1862</i>, C1541].</p>
+
+<p>Since writing you from Humboldt Dr. Kile &amp; my selfe have visited Fort
+Roe to make arrangements for moving the Indians to the Neosho on
+getting there we found that about 1500 of them had left for this place
+they left Saturday noon it turned cold Saturday night and commenced
+snowing and snowed hard most of the day Sunday and last night was the
+coldest of the season the Indians all got to timber Saturday night to
+camp and remained in camp Sunday but most of them ware on the Road to
+day tho it was too coald to travel in the fix they are in I saw many
+of them barefooted and many more that the feett was a small part of
+them that was bare, these people realy seem to be doomd to suffer for
+this Loyalty beyond measure, the goods and shoes ordered by Dr. Kile
+and an order sent by myselfe before Kile&#8217;s arival have not yet reached
+here. Kile remained at Fort Roe to Settle and close up business there
+and assist in the araingements for starting them from there and I came
+on to se to those on the way and make araengments for taking care of
+them when they get here I found many of them Sick and not able to
+leave camp till teams are sent to them to aid them. We find that we
+cannot move them with less than about three Teams to the Hundred and
+it may overrun that the weather is moderating now and we shall make a
+vigorous effort to move them as quick as possible, we find it very
+dificult to get Teams on government vouchers and may not be able to
+move them in a reasonable time on that account the funds I brot down
+three Thousand Dollars was nearly exausted before Kile arived we are
+now nearly destitute of money if I find it as dificult around here to
+get teams as I have between here and the fort I shall make an effort
+to raise some funds for that purpose tomorrow with what success
+remains to be seen we have kept them pretty well suplied with
+Something to eat so far but that is all we can bost of, iff we ware to
+say they ware well clothed there would be ten thousand square ft of
+nakedness gaping forth its contradiction; they have been out of
+Tobacco for Several days and I doo think one days experience in camp
+would convince the most skeptical that with Indians at least the weed
+is a necessity, the Indians of all tribs held a grand council last
+Thursday at Fort Roe in regard to the war, at which they determined
+with great unanimity to gather up and arm as best they could, all
+there able bodied men and go down with the army on their own hook and
+aid in driving out the Rebels from their homes in time to plant a crop
+for this season and then gather all the Ponies they can and they think
+they can capture enough from the Rebels with what they have to come up
+for their families. <i>Cannot the Government aid so Laudible an
+enterprise as that at least with a few guns and some amunition</i> they
+appear to be in good earnest and are feeding up the best of their
+Ponies for the Trip....&mdash;<span class="smcap">Coffin</span> to Dole, dated Leroy, March 3, 1862
+[General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, C1544].</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_572' id='f_572' href='#fna_572'>[572]</a> Letter of January 28, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol.
+viii, 534].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_573' id='f_573' href='#fna_573'>[573]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I have a despatch from Secretary Smith saying that the Secretary of
+War is opposed to mustering the Indians into the service, and that he
+would see the President and settle the matter that day (Feb. 6).</p>
+
+<p>This as you will see disarranges all my previous arrangements, and
+devolves upon me the necessity of revoking my orders to you to proceed
+with the agents, to organize the loyal Indians in your Superintendency
+into companies preparatory to their being mustered into the service by
+Gen. Hunter. I have now to advise that you explain fully to the Chiefs
+that no authority has yet been received from Washington authorizing
+their admission into the army of the United States; but I would, at
+the same time advise that you proceed to ascertain what number are
+able and willing to join our army, and that you so far prepare them
+for the service as you can consistently do, without committing the
+Government to accept them, as I still hope for the power to get these
+refugees if no others, into the service, it being one, and as I think,
+the best means of providing for their necessities....&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dole</span> to Coffin,
+February 11, 1862 [Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 67, p. 448].</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_574' id='f_574' href='#fna_574'>[574]</a> Coffin had not been written to, Jan. 6, because the original plan
+did not contemplate the employment of southern Indians. Not until he heard
+of their presence, as refugees in Kansas, did Dole include them in his
+list of possible soldiers.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_575' id='f_575' href='#fna_575'>[575]</a> Superintendent Branch may have had something to do with the
+opposition that grew up in Washington after Dole&#8217;s departure; for he was
+there the last days of the month. Lane asked for his immediate return to
+the west [<span class="smcap">Mix</span> to Lane, January 27, 1862, Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no.
+67, p. 293].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_576' id='f_576' href='#fna_576'>[576]</a> Special Orders, no. 8, Jan. 10, 1862 [<i>Official Records</i>, vol. viii,
+734].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_577' id='f_577' href='#fna_577'>[577]</a> Van Dorn to Price, February 7, 1862 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser.,
+vol. viii, 749].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_578' id='f_578' href='#fna_578'>[578]</a> Cooper to Pike, February 10, 1862 [<i>ibid.</i>, vol. xiii, 896].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_579' id='f_579' href='#fna_579'>[579]</a> Walker to Cooper, May 13, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol.
+iii, 574-575].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_580' id='f_580' href='#fna_580'>[580]</a> Report of Albert Pike, dated Fort McCulloch, May 4, 1862 [<i>ibid.</i>,
+vol. xiii, 819].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_581' id='f_581' href='#fna_581'>[581]</a> Van Dorn, Report to Bragg, March 27, 1862 [<i>Official Records</i>, first
+ser., vol. viii, 283].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_582' id='f_582' href='#fna_582'>[582]</a> Van Dorn to Mackall, February 27, 1862 [<i>ibid.</i>, 755].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_583' id='f_583' href='#fna_583'>[583]</a> Maury to Pike, March 3, 1862 [<i>ibid.</i>, 763-764].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_584' id='f_584' href='#fna_584'>[584]</a> Maury to Pike, March 3, 1862 [<i>ibid.</i>, 764].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_585' id='f_585' href='#fna_585'>[585]</a> Maury to Drew, McIntosh, and Stand Watie, March 3, 1862 [<i>Official
+Records</i>, first ser., vol. viii, 764].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_586' id='f_586' href='#fna_586'>[586]</a> This will be discussed fully in a later volume.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_587' id='f_587' href='#fna_587'>[587]</a> <i>Journal</i>, vol. i, 640, 743; vol. ii, 19, 20, 51, 52; vol. v, 47,
+115, 116, 151, 167, 210.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_588' id='f_588' href='#fna_588'>[588]</a> The act was passed April 8, 1862 [Confederate <i>Statutes at Large</i>
+(edition of 1864), 11-25].</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_589' id='f_589' href='#fna_589'>[589]</a> The writer of this letter was evidently Elias Rector, although the
+document from which this copy was made is in the handwriting of Albert
+Pike.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_590' id='f_590' href='#fna_590'>[590]</a> The history of the collection that I have designated for convenience
+of reference, the <i>Leeper Papers</i>, is outlined in the following letter
+from F. Johnson, Delaware Indian Agent, to Dole, January 20, 1863 [Indian
+Office, General Files, <i>Wichita, 1862-1871</i>, J62].</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>On or about the first of September last a company of Delaware &amp;
+Shawnee Indians numbering ninety-six, seventy Delawares and twenty-six
+Shawnees, left Kansas on an expedition southwest from Kansas under the
+leadership of Ben Simon a Delaware Indian.</p>
+
+<p>He reports that the expedition traveled to the Neosho River in
+southern Kansas where they halted a few days. From thence they marched
+in a southwest direction seventeen days to the leased district in
+Texas, they then traveled up the Wichita River, one day to the
+neighbourhood of the Wichita Agency. Simon then sent Spies and Scouts
+to the Agency who reported two hundred Indians well armed at the
+Agency in the Service of the Southern Confederacy. On receiving this
+intelligence the Delawares &amp; Shawnees immediately proceded to the
+Agency which they reached about sundown. On arriving at the Agency
+they surrounded the buildings when the Agent a man large sized with
+black hair came out of the house and asked them what was wanting.
+Simon replied to him that he was his prisoner. At the same instant the
+Indians rushed into the house when one of the Delawares was shot dead
+and a Shawnee wounded&mdash;there was four white men at the Agency; when
+the Indians saw their comrades killed and wounded they killed the
+three men in the House and Agent Leeper who Simon had hold of at the
+door&mdash;the Indians then took possession of the Property and papers
+belonging to the Agency and burned the buildings. On the next morning
+they found the trail of the Indians who had escaped from the Agency
+and followed it to a grove of timber and found as they supposed about
+one hundred &amp; fifty Indians a part of whom was women and children whom
+they attacked and report they killed about one hundred the Ballance
+making their escape. The Delawares and Shawnees then turned homewards
+with their Booty which consisted of about One hundred Ponies, Twelve
+hundred Dollars in Confederate Money, the papers correspondence etc.
+which is wrapped in a rebel Flag taken at the Agency Among the papers
+taken I would respectfully call your attention to the treaties in
+manuscript entered into between Albert Pike Commissioner on the part
+of the Confederate States and the diferent Tribes of Southern Indians
+as also the commission of Mathew Leeper Indian Agent from James
+Buchanan President of the United States dated 1st of February 1861.</p>
+
+<p>These Indians few in numbers marching upon a point more than five
+hundred miles distant furnishing their own transportation forage and
+provisions without cost to the Government certainly exhibits a great
+degree of Loyalty daring and hardihood.</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_591' id='f_591' href='#fna_591'>[591]</a> J. J. St&uuml;rm, commissary for the Indians of the Leased District
+[Rector to St&uuml;rm, July 1, 1861]. On Oct. 3, 1861, St&uuml;rm reported to
+Leeper:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">I arrived here over a week ago, and have been waiting for Maj. Rector,
+who is absent making a Treaty with the Cherokees, and other Tribes at
+Telequa.... No talk of anything but war here. Price has taken
+Lexington, Mo., he took and killed over four thousand of Abe&#8217;s men,
+with a great deal of war material....</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_592' id='f_592' href='#fna_592'>[592]</a> These two brief communications have a bearing upon Leeper&#8217;s case:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>You are hereby ordered to remain at Fort Smith Arkansas from 10th.
+January 1862 untill further ordered by the undersigned, as a witness
+in the case of the Confederate States of America against M. Leeper,
+Ind. Agt. on certain charges preferred.&mdash;<span class="smcap">James P. Spring</span>,
+commissioner, to J. J. St&uuml;rm; dated Fort Smith, Ark., December 22, 1861.</p>
+
+<p>Spring may not be able to begin on Leeper&#8217;s case before Jan. 20&mdash;Is
+obliged to leave city. If Leeper wants while Spring is away, [to go]
+to Fayetteville, he may &amp; Spring will telegraph him upon his
+return.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Spring</span> to Leeper, dated Fort Smith, Ark., December 23, 1861.</p></div>
+
+<p><a name='f_593' id='f_593' href='#fna_593'>[593]</a> William Quesenbury to Leeper, dated Fort Gibson, C. N., Nov. 28, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_594' id='f_594' href='#fna_594'>[594]</a> H. P. Jones, late lieutenant-commanding to Brigadier-general A.
+Pike, commanding Indian Territory, dated Washita Agency L. D., May 8, 1862.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_595' id='f_595' href='#fna_595'>[595]</a> H. P. Jones to Pike, dated Washita Agency, May 8, 1862.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_596' id='f_596' href='#fna_596'>[596]</a> Indian Office, Land Files, <i>Upper Arkansas, 1855-1865</i>, C1749.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_597' id='f_597' href='#fna_597'>[597]</a> James Deshler to Leeper, dated Little Rock, Sept. 28, 1862.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The American Indian as Slaveholder and
+Seccessionist, by Annie Heloise Abel
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+</body>
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@@ -0,0 +1,17988 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The American Indian as Slaveholder and
+Seccessionist, by Annie Heloise Abel
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The American Indian as Slaveholder and Seccessionist
+       An Omitted Chapter in the Diplomatic History of the Southern Confederacy
+
+Author: Annie Heloise Abel
+
+Release Date: November 30, 2011 [EBook #38173]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN INDIAN AS SLAVEHOLDER ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Slaveholding Indians
+
+  (1) As Slaveholder and Secessionist
+  (2) As Participants in the Civil War
+  (3) Under Reconstruction
+
+Vol. I
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: INDIAN TERRITORY, 1861 [_From General Land Office_]]
+
+
+
+
+  The American Indian as
+  Slaveholder and Secessionist
+
+  AN OMITTED CHAPTER IN
+  THE DIPLOMATIC HISTORY OF THE
+  SOUTHERN CONFEDERACY
+
+
+  BY ANNIE HELOISE ABEL, PH.D.
+
+
+  THE ARTHUR H. CLARK COMPANY
+  CLEVELAND: 1915
+
+
+
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY
+  ANNIE HELOISE ABEL
+
+
+
+
+TO MY FATHER AND MOTHER
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+      PREFACE                                                         13
+
+    I GENERAL SITUATION IN THE INDIAN COUNTRY, 1830-1860              17
+
+   II INDIAN TERRITORY IN ITS RELATIONS WITH TEXAS AND ARKANSAS       63
+
+  III THE CONFEDERACY IN NEGOTIATION WITH THE INDIAN TRIBES          127
+
+   IV THE INDIAN NATIONS IN ALLIANCE WITH THE CONFEDERACY            207
+
+      APPENDIX A--FORT SMITH PAPERS                                  285
+
+      APPENDIX B--THE LEEPER OR WICHITA AGENCY PAPERS                329
+
+      SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY                                          359
+
+      INDEX                                                          369
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+  INDIAN TERRITORY, 1861                                  _Frontispiece_
+
+  MAP SHOWING FREE NEGRO SETTLEMENTS IN THE CREEK COUNTRY             25
+
+  PORTRAIT OF COLONEL DOWNING, CHEROKEE                               65
+
+  PORTRAIT OF JOHN ROSS, PRINCIPAL CHIEF OF THE CHEROKEES            112
+
+  PORTRAIT OF COLONEL ADAIR, CHEROKEE                                221
+
+  MAP SHOWING THE RETREAT OF THE LOYAL INDIANS                       263
+
+  FORT MCCULLOCH                                                     281
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+This volume is the first of a series of three dealing with the
+slaveholding Indians as secessionists, as participants in the Civil War,
+and as victims under reconstruction. The series deals with a phase of
+American Civil War history which has heretofore been almost entirely
+neglected or, where dealt with, either misunderstood or misinterpreted.
+Perhaps the third and last volume will to many people be the most
+interesting because it will show, in great detail, the enormous price that
+the unfortunate Indian had to pay for having allowed himself to become a
+secessionist and a soldier. Yet the suggestiveness of this first volume is
+considerably larger than would appear at first glance. It has been
+purposely given a sub-title, in order that the peculiar position of the
+Indian, in 1861, may be brought out in strong relief. He was enough inside
+the American Union to have something to say about secession and enough
+outside of it to be approached diplomatically. It is well to note, indeed,
+that Albert Pike negotiated the several Indian treaties that bound the
+Indian nations in an alliance with the seceded states, under the authority
+of the Confederate State Department, which was a decided advance upon
+United States practice--an innovation, in fact, that marked the tremendous
+importance that the Confederate government attached to the Indian
+friendship. It was something that stood out in marked contrast to the
+indifference manifested at the moment by the authorities at Washington;
+for, while they were neglecting the Indian even to an extent that
+amounted to actual dishonor, the Confederacy was offering him political
+integrity and political equality and was establishing over his country,
+not simply an empty wardship, but a bona fide protectorate.
+
+Granting then that the negotiations of 1861 with the Indian nations
+constitute a phase of southern diplomatic history, it may be well to
+consider to what Indian participation in the Civil War amounted. It was a
+circumstance that was interesting rather than significant; and the
+majority will have to admit that it was a circumstance that could not
+possibly have materially affected the ultimate situation. It was the
+Indian country, rather than the Indian owner, that the Confederacy wanted
+to be sure of possessing; for Indian Territory occupied a position of
+strategic importance, from both the economic and the military point of
+view. The possession of it was absolutely necessary for the political and
+the institutional consolidation of the South. Texas might well think of
+going her own way and of forming an independent republic once again, when
+between her and Arkansas lay the immense reservations of the great tribes.
+They were slaveholding tribes, too, yet were supposed by the United States
+government to have no interest whatsoever in a sectional conflict that
+involved the very existence of the "peculiar institution." Thus the
+federal government left them to themselves at the critical moment and left
+them, moreover, at the mercy of the South, and then was indignant that
+they betrayed a sectional affiliation.
+
+The author deems it of no slight advantage, in undertaking a work of this
+sort, that she is of British birth and antecedents and that her
+educational training, so largely American as it is, has been gained
+without respect to a particular locality. She belongs to no section of
+the Union, has lived, for longer or shorter periods in all sections, and
+has developed no local bias. It is her sincere wish that no charge of
+prejudice can, in ever so small a degree, be substantiated by the
+evidence, presented here or elsewhere.
+
+  ANNIE HELOISE ABEL.
+    Baltimore, September, 1914
+
+
+
+
+I. THE GENERAL SITUATION IN THE INDIAN COUNTRY, 1830-1860
+
+
+Veterans of the Confederate service who saw action along the
+Missouri-Arkansas frontier have frequently complained, in recent years,
+that military operations in and around Virginia during the War between the
+States receive historically so much attention that, as a consequence, the
+steady, stubborn fighting west of the Mississippi River is either totally
+ignored or, at best, cast into dim obscurity. There is much of truth in
+the criticism but it applies in fullest measure only when the Indians are
+taken into account; for no accredited history of the American Civil War
+that has yet appeared has adequately recognized certain rather interesting
+facts connected with that period of frontier development; viz., that
+Indians fought on both sides in the great sectional struggle, that they
+were moved to fight, not by instincts of savagery, but by identically the
+same motives and impulses as the white men, and that, in the final
+outcome, they suffered even more terribly than did the whites. Moreover,
+the Indians fought as solicited allies, some as nations, diplomatically
+approached. Treaties were made with them as with foreign powers and not in
+the farcical, fraudulent way that had been customary in times past. They
+promised alliance and were given in return political position--a fair
+exchange. The southern white man, embarrassed, conceded much, far more
+than he really believed in, more than he ever could or would have
+conceded, had he not himself been so fearfully hard pressed. His own
+predicament, the exigencies of the moment, made him give to the Indian a
+justice, the like of which neither one of them had dared even to dream. It
+was quite otherwise with the northern white man, however; for he,
+self-confident and self-reliant, negotiated with the Indian in the
+traditional way, took base advantage of the straits in which he found him,
+asked him to help him fight his battles, and, in the selfsame moment,
+plotted to dispossess him of his lands, the very lands that had, less than
+five and twenty years before, been pledged as an Indian possession "as
+long as the grass should grow and the waters run."
+
+From what has just been said, it can be easily inferred that two distinct
+groups of Indians will have to be dealt with, a northern and a southern;
+but, for the present, it will be best to take them all together.
+Collectively, they occupied a vast extent of country in the so-called
+great American desert. Their situation was peculiar. Their participation
+in the war, in some capacity, was absolutely inevitable; but, preparatory
+to any right understanding of the reasons, geographical, institutional,
+political, financial, and military, that made it so, a rapid survey of
+conditions ante-dating the war must be considered.
+
+It will be remembered that for some time prior to 1860 the policy[1] of
+the United States government had been to relieve the eastern states of
+their Indian inhabitants and that this it had done, since the first years
+of Andrew Jackson's presidency, by a more or less compulsory removal to
+the country lying immediately west of Arkansas and Missouri. As a result,
+the situation there created was as follows: In the territory comprehended
+in the present state of Kansas, alongside of indigenous tribes, like the
+Kansa and the Osage,[2] had been placed various tribes or portions of
+tribes from the old Northwest[3]--the Shawnees and Munsees from Ohio,[4]
+the Delawares, Kickapoos, Potawatomies, and Miamies from Indiana, the
+Ottawas and Chippewas from Michigan, the Wyandots from Ohio and Michigan,
+the Weas, Peorias, Kaskaskias, and Piankashaws from Illinois, and a few
+New York Indians from Wisconsin. To the southward of all of those northern
+tribal immigrants and chiefly beyond the later Kansas boundary, or in the
+present state of Oklahoma, had been similarly placed the great[5] tribes
+from the South[6]--the Creeks from Georgia and Alabama, the Cherokees
+from Tennessee and Georgia, the Seminoles from Florida, and the Choctaws
+and Chickasaws from Alabama and Mississippi.[7] The population of the
+whole country thus colonized and, in a sense, reduced to the reservation
+system, amounted approximately to seventy-four thousand souls, less than
+seven thousand of whom were north of the Missouri-Compromise line. The
+others were all south of it and, therefore, within a possible slave belt.
+
+This circumstance is not without significance; for it is the colonized, or
+reservation, Indians[8] exclusively that are to figure in these pages and,
+since this story is a chapter in the struggle between the North and the
+South, the proportion of southerners to northerners among the Indian
+immigrants must, in the very nature of things, have weight. The relative
+location of northern and southern tribes seems to have been determined
+with a very careful regard to the restrictions of the Missouri Compromise
+and the interdicted line of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes was
+pretty nearly the boundary between them.[9] That it was so by accident may
+or may not be subject for conjecture. Fortunately for the disinterested
+motives of politicians but most unfortunately for the defenceless Indians,
+the Cherokee land obtruded itself just a little above the thirty-seventh
+parallel and formed a "Cherokee Strip" eagerly coveted by Kansans in later
+days. One objection, be it remembered, that had been offered to the
+original plan of removal was that, unless the slaveholding southern
+Indians were moved directly westward along parallel lines of latitude,
+northern rights under the Missouri Compromise would be encroached upon.
+Yet slavery was not conscientiously excluded from Kansas in the days
+antecedent to its organization as a territory. Within the Indian country,
+and it was all Indian country then, slavery was allowed, at least on
+sufferance, both north and south of the interdicted line. It was even
+encouraged by many white men who made their homes or their living there,
+by interlopers, licensed traders, and missionaries;[10] but it flourished
+as a legitimate institution only among the great tribes planted south of
+the line. With them it had been a familiar institution long before the
+time of their exile. In their native haunts they had had negro slaves as
+had had the whites and removal had made no difference to them in that
+particular. Since the beginning of the century refuge to fugitives and
+confusion of ownership had been occasions for frequent quarrel between
+them and the citizens of the Southern States. Later, when questions came
+up touching the status of slavery on strictly federal soil, the Indian
+country and the District of Columbia often found themselves listed
+together.[11] Moreover, after 1850, it became a matter of serious import
+whether or no the Fugitive Slave Law was operative within the Indian
+country; and, when influenced apparently by Jefferson Davis,
+Attorney-general Cushing gave as his opinion that it was, new
+controversies arose. Slaves belonging to the Indians were often enticed
+away by the abolitionists[12] and still more often were seized by southern
+men under pretense of their being fugitives.[13] In cases of the latter
+sort, the Indian owners had little or no redress in the federal courts of
+law.[14]
+
+In point of fact, during all the years between the various dates of Indian
+removal and the breaking out of the Civil War, the Indian country was
+constantly beset by difficulties. Some of the difficulties were
+incident to removal or to disturbances within the tribes but most of them
+were incident to changes and to political complications in the white man's
+country. Scarcely had the removal project been fairly launched and the
+first Indian emigrants started upon their journey westward than events
+were in train for the overthrow of the whole scheme.
+
+
+[Illustration: MAP SHOWING FREE NEGRO SETTLEMENTS IN THE CREEK COUNTRY
+[_From Office of Indian Affairs_]]
+
+
+When Calhoun mapped out the Indian country in his elaborate report of
+1825, the selection of the trans-Missouri region might well have been
+regarded as judicious. Had the plan of general removal been adopted then,
+before sectional interests had wholly vitiated it, the United States
+government might have gained and, in a measure, would have richly deserved
+the credit of doing at least one thing for the protection and preservation
+of the aborigines from motives, not self-interested, but purely
+humanitarian. The moment was opportune. The territory of the United States
+was then limited by the confines of the Louisiana Purchase and its
+settlements by the great American desert. Traders only had penetrated to
+any considerable extent to the base of the Rockies; but experience already
+gained might have taught that their presence was portentous and
+significant of the need of haste; that is, if Calhoun's selection were to
+continue judicious; for traders, as has been amply proved in both British
+and American history, have ever been but the advance agents of settlers.
+
+Unfortunately for the cause of pure philanthropy, the United States
+government was exceedingly slow in adopting the plan of Indian removal;
+but its citizens were by no means equally slow in developing the spirit of
+territorial expansion. Their successful seizure of West Florida had fired
+their ambition and their cupidity. With Texas annexed and lower Oregon
+occupied, the selection of the trans-Missouri region had ceased to be
+judicious. How could the Indians expect to be secure in a country that was
+the natural highway to a magnificent country beyond, invitingly open to
+settlement! But this very pertinent and patent fact the officials at
+Washington singularly failed to realize and they went on calmly assuring
+the Indians that they should never be disturbed again, that the federal
+government would protect them in their rights and against all enemies,
+that no white man should be allowed to intrude upon them, that they should
+hold their lands undiminished forever, and that no state or territorial
+lines should ever again circumscribe them. Such promises were decidedly
+fatuous, dead letters long before the ink that recorded them had had time
+to dry. The Mexican War followed the annexation of Texas and its conquests
+necessitated a further use of the Indian highway. Soldiers that fought in
+that war saw the Indian land and straightway coveted it. Forty-niners saw
+it and coveted it also. Prospectors and adventurers of all sorts laid
+plans for exploiting it. It entered as a determining factor into Benton's
+great scheme for building a national road that should connect the Atlantic
+and Pacific shores and with the inception of that came a very sudden and a
+very real danger; for the same great scheme precipitated, although in an
+indirect sort of way, the agitation for the opening up of Kansas and
+Nebraska to white settlement, which, of course, meant that the recent
+Indian colonists, in spite of all the solemn governmental guaranties that
+had been given to them, would have to be ousted, for would not the
+"sovereign" people of America demand it? Then, too, the Dred Scott
+decision, the result of a dishonorable political collusion as it was,[15]
+militated indirectly against Indian interests. It is true that it was only
+in its extra-legal aspect that it did this but it did it none the less;
+for, if the authority of the federal government was not supreme in the
+territories and not supreme in any part of the country not yet organized
+into states, then the Indian landed property rights in the West that
+rested exclusively upon federal grant, under the Removal Act of 1830, were
+virtually nil. It is rather interesting to observe, in this connection,
+how inconsistent human nature is when political expediency is the thing at
+stake; for it happened that the same people and the same party,
+identically, that, in the second and third decades of the nineteenth
+century, had tried to convince the Indians, and against their better
+judgment too, that the red man would be forever unmolested in the western
+country because the federal government owned it absolutely and could give
+a title in perpetuity, argued, in the fourth and fifth decades, that the
+states were the sole proprietors, that they were, in fact, the joint
+owners of everything heretofore considered as national. Inferentially,
+therefore, Indians, like negroes, had no rights that white men were bound
+to respect.
+
+The crucial point has now been reached in this discussion. From the date
+of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, the sectional affiliation of the Indian
+country became a thing of more than passing moment. Whatever may have been
+John C. Calhoun's ulterior and real motive in urging that the
+trans-Missouri region be closed to white settlement forever, whether he
+did, as some of his abolitionist enemies have charged, plan thus to block
+free-state expansion and so frustrate the natural operations of the
+Missouri Compromise, certain it is, that southern politicians, after his
+time, became the chief advocates of Indian territorial integrity, the ones
+that pleaded most often and most noisily that guaranties to Indians be
+faithfully respected. They had in mind the northern part of the Indian
+country and that alone; but, no doubt, the circumstance was purely
+accidental, since at that time, the early fifties, the northern[16] was
+the only part likely to be encroached upon.[17] Their interest in the
+southern part took an entirely different direction and that also may have
+been accidental or occasioned by conditions quite local and present. For
+this southern part, by the way, they recommended American citizenship and
+the creation of American states[18] in the Union, also a territorial
+organization immediately that should look towards that end. Such advice
+came as early as 1853, at least, and was more natural than would at first
+glance appear; for the southern tribes were huge in population, in land,
+and in resources. They were civilized, had governments and laws modelled
+upon the American, and more than all else, they were southern in origin,
+in characteristics, and in institutions.
+
+The project for organizing[19] the territories of Kansas and Nebraska
+caused much excitement, as well it might, among the Indian immigrants,
+even though the Wyandots, in 1852, had, in a measure, anticipated it by
+initiating a somewhat similar movement in their own restricted
+locality.[20] Most of the tribes comprehended to the full the ominous
+import of territorial organization; for, obviously, it could not be
+undertaken except at a sacrifice of Indian guaranties. At the moment some
+of the tribes, notably the Choctaw and Chickasaw,[21] were having domestic
+troubles that threatened a neighborhood war and the new fear of the white
+man's further aggrandizement threw them into despair. The southern
+Indians, generally, were much more exercised and much more alarmed than
+were the northern.[22] Being more highly civilized, they were better able
+to comprehend the drift of events. Experience had made them unduly
+sagacious where their territorial and treaty rights were concerned, and
+well they knew that, although the Douglas measure did not in itself
+directly affect them or their country, it might easily become the
+forerunner of one that would.
+
+The border strife, following upon the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska
+Bill, disturbed in no slight degree the Indians on the Kansas
+reservations, which, by-the-by, had been very greatly reduced in area by
+the Manypenny treaties of 1853-1854. Some of the reserves lay right in the
+heart of the contested territory, free-state men intrenching themselves
+among the Delawares and pro-slavery men among the Shawnees,[23] the former
+north and the latter south of the Kansas River. But even remoteness of
+situation constituted no safeguard against encroachment. All along the
+Missouri line the squatters took possession. The distant Cherokee Neutral
+Lands[24] and the Osage and New York Indian reservations[25] were all
+invaded.[26] The Territorial Act had expressly excluded Indian land from
+local governmental control; but the Kansas authorities of both parties
+utterly ignored, in their administration of affairs, this provision. The
+first districting of the territory for election purposes comprehended, for
+instance, the Indian lands, yet little criticism has ever been passed
+upon that grossly illegal act. Needless to say, the controversy between
+slavocracy and freedom obscured and obliterated, in those years, all other
+considerations.
+
+As the year 1860 approached, appearances assumed an even more serious
+aspect. Kansas settlers and would-be settlers demanded that the Indians,
+so recently the only legal occupants of the territory, vacate it
+altogether. So soon had the policy of granting them peace and undisturbed
+repose on diminished reserves proved futile. The only place for the Indian
+to go, were he indeed to be driven out of Kansas, was present Oklahoma;
+but his going there would, perforce, mean an invasion of the property
+rights of the southern tribes, a matter of great moment to them but
+seemingly of no moment whatsoever to the white man. Some of the Kansas
+Indians saw in removal southward a temporary refuge--they surely could not
+have supposed it would be other than temporary--and were glad to go,
+making their arrangements accordingly.[27] Some, however, had to be
+cajoled into promising to go and some had to be forced. A few held out
+determinedly against all thought of going. Among the especially obstinate
+ones were the Osages,[28] natives of the soil. The Buchanan government
+failed utterly to convince them of the wisdom of going and was, thereupon,
+charged by the free-state Kansans with bad faith, with not being sincere
+and sufficiently persistent in its endeavors to treat, its secret purpose
+being to keep the free-state line as far north as possible. The breaking
+out of the Civil War prevented the immediate removal of any of the tribes
+but did not put a stop to negotiations looking towards that end.
+
+All this time there was another influence within the Indian country, north
+and south, that boded good or ill as the case might be. This influence
+emanated from the religious denominations represented on the various
+reserves. Nowhere in the United States, perhaps, was the rivalry among
+churches that had divided along sectional lines in the forties and fifties
+stronger than within the Indian country. There the churches contended with
+each other at close range. The Indian country was free and open to all
+faiths, while, in the states, the different churches kept strictly to
+their own sections, the southern contingent of each denomination staying
+close to the institution it supported. Of course the United States
+government, through its civilization fund, was in a position to show very
+pointedly its sectional predilections. It will probably never be known,
+because so difficult of determination, just how much the churches aided or
+retarded the spread of slavery.[29]
+
+Among the tribes of Kansas, denominational strength was distributed as
+follows: The Kickapoos[30] and Wyandots[31] were Methodists; but, while
+the former were a unit in their adherence to the Methodist Episcopal
+Church South, the latter were divided and among them the older church
+continued strong. The American Baptist Missionary Union had a school on
+the Delaware reservation and, previous to 1855, had had one also on the
+Shawnee, which the political uproar in Kansas had obliged to close its
+doors. These same Northern Baptists were established also among the
+Ottawas, as the Moravians were among the Munsees and the Roman
+Catholics[32] among the Osages and the Potawatomies. The Southern Baptists
+were likewise to be found among the Potawatomies[33] and the Southern
+Methodists among the Shawnees. The Shawnee Manual Labor School, under the
+Southern Methodists, was, however, only very grudgingly patronized by the
+Indians. Its situation near the Missouri border was partly accountable for
+this as it was for the selection of the school as the meeting-place of the
+pro-slavery legislature in 1855. The management of the institution was
+from time to time severely criticized and the superintendent, the
+Reverend Thomas Johnson, an intense pro-slavery agitator,[34] was strongly
+suspected of malfeasance,[35] of enriching himself, forsooth, at the
+expense of the Indians. The school found a formidable rival, from this and
+many another cause, in a Quaker establishment, which likewise existed on
+the Shawnee Reserve but independently of either tribal or governmental
+aid.
+
+If church influences and church quarrels were discernible among the
+northern tribes, they were certainly very much more so among the southern.
+The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Congregational)
+that had labored so zealously for the Cherokees, when they were east of
+the Mississippi, extended its interest to them undiminished in the west;
+and, in the period just before the Civil War,[36] was the strongest
+religious force in their country. There it had no less than four mission
+stations[37] and a flourishing school in connection with each. The same
+organization was similarly influential among the Choctaws[38] or, in the
+light of what eventually happened, it might better be said its
+missionaries were. Both Southern and Northern Baptists and Southern
+Methodists likewise were to be found among the Cherokees;[39]
+Presbyterians[40] and Southern Methodists among the Chickasaws and
+Choctaws; and Presbyterians only among the Creeks and Seminoles. In every
+Indian nation south, except the Creek and Seminole,[41] the work of
+denominational schools was supplemented, or maybe neutralized, by that of
+public and neighborhood schools.
+
+True to the traditions and to the practices of the old Puritans and of the
+Plymouth church, the missionaries of the American Board,[42] so strongly
+installed among the Choctaws and the Cherokees, took an active interest in
+passing political affairs, particularly in connection with the slavery
+agitation. On that question, they early divided themselves into two camps;
+those among the Choctaws, led by the Reverend Cyrus Kingsbury,[43]
+supporting slavery; and those among the Cherokees, led by the Reverend S.
+A. Worcester,[44] opposing it. The actions of the former led to a
+controversy with the American Board and, in 1855, the malcontents, or
+pro-slavery sympathizers, expressed a desire to separate themselves and
+their charges from its patronage.[45] When, eventually, this separation
+did occur, 1859-1860, the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions (Old
+School) stepped into the breach.[46]
+
+The rebellious conduct of the Congregational missionaries met with the
+undisguised approval of the Choctaw agent, Douglas H. Cooper,[47] formerly
+of Mississippi. It was he who had already voiced a nervous apprehension,
+as exhibited in the following document,[48] that the Indian country was in
+grave danger of being abolitionized:
+
+    If things go on as they are now doing, in 5 years slavery will be
+    abolished in the whole of your superintendency.
+
+    (_Private_) I am convinced that something must be done speedily to
+    arrest the systematic efforts of the Missionaries to abolitionize the
+    Indian Country.
+
+    Otherwise we shall have a great run-away harbor, a sort of
+    Canada--with "underground rail-roads" leading to & through
+    it--adjoining Arkansas and Texas.
+
+    It is of no use to look to the General Government--its arm is
+    paralized by the abolition strength of the North.
+
+    I see no way except secretly to induce the Choctaws & Cherokees &
+    Creeks to allow slave-holders to settle among their people & control
+    the movement now going on to abolish slavery among them.
+
+        C--
+
+Cooper sent this note, in 1854, as a private memorandum to the southern
+superintendent, who at the time was Charles W. Dean. In 1859, it was
+possible for him to write to Dean's successor, Elias Rector, in a very
+different tone. The missionaries had then taken the stand he himself
+advocated and there was reason for congratulation. Under such
+circumstances, Cooper wrote,
+
+    I cannot close this report without calling your attention to the
+    admirable tone and feeling pervading the reports of superintendents of
+    schools and missionaries among the Choctaws, and particularly to that
+    of the Rev. Ebenezer Hotchkin, one of the oldest missionaries among
+    the Choctaws, who, in referring to past political disturbances, says:
+    "We have looked upon our rulers as the 'powers that be, are ordained
+    of God,' and have respected them for this reason. 'Whomsoever,
+    therefore, resisteth the power resisteth the ordinance of God'
+    (Romans, xiii, 2). This has been our rule of action during the
+    political excitement. We believe that the Bible is the best guide for
+    us to follow. Our best citizens are those most influenced by Bible
+    truth."
+
+    I rejoice to believe the above sentiments are entertained by most, if
+    not all, the missionaries now among the Choctaws and Chickasaws, and
+    that they entirely repudiate the higher-law doctrine[49] of northern
+    and religious fanatics. It is but lately, as I learn, that the Choctaw
+    mission, for many years under the control of the American Board of
+    Commissioners for Foreign Missions (whose headquarters are at Boston)
+    has been cut off, because they preferred to follow the teachings of
+    the Bible, as understood by them, rather than obey the dogmas
+    contained in Dr. Treat's letter and the edicts of the parent board.
+
+    It is a matter of congratulation among the friends of the old Choctaw
+    missionaries, who have labored for thirty years among them, and intend
+    to die with armor on, that all connection with the Boston board has
+    been dissolved. If it had been done years ago, when their freedom of
+    conscience and of missionary action was attempted to be controlled by
+    the parent board, much of suspicion, of ill-feeling, and diminished
+    usefulness, which attached to the Choctaw missionaries in consequence
+    of their connection with and sustenance by a board avowedly and openly
+    hostile to southern institutions, would have been prevented.[50]
+
+In the next year, 1860, Cooper was still sanguine as to affairs among the
+Indians of his agency and he could report to Rector, unhesitatingly, as
+if confident of official endorsement both at Forth Smith and at
+Washington,[51]
+
+    Great excitement has prevailed along the Texas border, in consequence
+    of the incendiary course pursued in that State by horse thieves and
+    religious fanatics; but I am glad to say, as yet, so far as I am
+    informed, no necessity has existed in this agency for the organization
+    of "vigilance committees" ... No doubt we have among us
+    _free-soilers_; perhaps abolitionists in sentiment; but, so far as I
+    am informed, persons from the North, residing among the Choctaws and
+    Chickasaws, who entertain opinions unfriendly to our system of
+    domestic slavery, keep their opinions to themselves and attend to
+    their legitimate business.[52]
+
+George Butler, the United States agent for the Cherokees, seems to have
+been, no less than Cooper, an adherent of the State Rights Party and an
+upholder of the institution of slavery. In 1859, he ascribed the very
+great material progress of the Cherokees to the fact that they were
+slaveholders.[53] Slavery, in Butler's opinion, had operated as an
+incentive to all industrial pursuits. To an extent this may have been
+true, since all Indians, no matter how high their type, have an aversion
+for work. As Professor Shaler once said, they are the truest aristocrats
+the world has ever known. But the slaveholders among the great tribes of
+the South were, for the most part, the half-breeds, the cleverest and
+often, much as we may regret to have to admit it, the most unscrupulous
+men of the community.
+
+Butler's commission as Indian agent expired in March, 1860, and he was not
+reappointed, Robert J. Cowart of Georgia[54] being preferred. This man,
+illiterate and unprincipled, immediately set to work to perform a task to
+which his predecessor had proved unequal. The task was the removal of
+white intruders from the Cherokee country. For some time past, the
+southern superintendent and the agents under him, to say nothing of
+Commissioner Greenwood and Secretary Thompson, the one a citizen of
+Arkansas and the other of Mississippi, had resented most bitterly the
+invasion of the Cherokee Neutral Lands by Kansas free-soilers and the
+division of it into counties by the unlawfully assumed authority of the
+Kansas legislature. The resentment was thoroughly justifiable; for the
+whole proceeding of the legislature was contrary to the express enactment
+of Congress; but no doubt, enthusiasm for the strict enforcement of the
+federal law came largely from political predilections, precisely as the
+Kansan's outrageous defiance of it came from a deep-rooted distrust of
+the Buchanan administration.
+
+There were, however, other intruders that Cowart and Rector and Greenwood
+designed to remove and they wanted to remove them on the ground that they
+were making mischief within the tribe and interfering with its
+institutions, or, more specifically, with slavery. The intruders meant
+were principally the missionaries against whom Greenwood had even the
+audacity to lay the charge of inciting to murder. Newspapers of bordering
+slave states were full of criticism,[55] just before the war, of these
+same men and, notably, of the Reverend Evan[56] and John Jones, the
+reputed ringleaders. The official excuse for removing them is rather
+interesting because it is so similar to that given, some thirty years
+earlier, in connection with the removal from Georgia. Ulterior motives can
+so easily be hidden under cold official phrase.
+
+That the cause of slavery within the Cherokee country was in jeopardy in
+the spring and summer of 1860 can not well be denied. To the men of the
+time the evidence was easily obtainable. Almost as if by magic, a "search
+organization" started up among the full-bloods, an organization profoundly
+secret in its membership and in its purposes, but believed to be for no
+other object than the overthrow of the "peculiar institution." Its
+existence was promptly reported to the United States government and, as
+was to be expected, the missionaries were held responsible for both its
+inception and its continuance. It was then that Greenwood made[57] his
+most serious charge against these men and prepared, under color of law, to
+have them removed. Later, in this same year of 1860, Quantrill, the
+Hagerstown, Maryland man of Pennsylvania Dutch origin, who afterwards
+became such a notorious frontier guerrilla in the interests of the
+Confederate cause, leagued himself with some abolitionists for the sake
+of making an expedition to the Cherokee country and rescuing negroes,
+there held in bondage.[58] The timely distrust of Quantrill, however,
+caused the enterprise to be abandoned even before its preliminaries had
+been thoroughly well arranged; yet, had the rescue been carried to
+completion, it would not have been entirely without precedent[59] and its
+very contrivance indicated an uncertainty and a precariousness of
+situation south of the Kansas line.
+
+Ever since their compulsory removal from Georgia under circumstances truly
+tragic, the Cherokees had been much given to factional strife. This was
+largely in consequence of the underhand means taken by the state and
+federal authorities to accomplish removal. The Cherokees had, under the
+necessities of the situation, divided themselves into the Ross, or
+Anti-removal Party, and the Ridge, or Treaty Party.[60] Removal took place
+in spite of the steady opposition of the Rossites and the Cherokees went
+west, piloted by the United States army. Once in the west a new division
+arose in their ranks; for, as newcomers, they came into jealous contact
+with members of their tribe who had emigrated many years previously and
+who came to figure, in subsequent Cherokee history, as the Old Settlers'
+Party.[61] In 1846, the United States government attempted to assume the
+role of mediator in a settlement of Cherokee tribal differences but
+without much success.[62] The old wrongs were unredressed, so the old
+divisions remained and formed nuclei for new disintegrating issues. Thus,
+in 1857, there were no less than three factions created in consequence of
+a project for selling the Cherokee Neutral Lands[63]. Each faction had its
+own opinion how best to dispose of the proceeds, should a sale take place.
+In 1860, there were two factions, the selling and the non-selling[64].
+This tendency of the Cherokees perpetually to quarrel among themselves and
+to bear long-standing grudges against each other is most important;
+inasmuch as that marked peculiarity of internal politics very largely
+determined the unique position of the tribe with reference to the Civil
+War.
+
+The other great tribes had also occasions for quarrel in these same
+critical years. The disgraceful circumstances of their removal had widened
+the gulf, once simply geographical, between the Upper and the Lower
+Creeks. They were now almost two distinct political entities, in each of
+which there were a principal and a second chief. In 1833, provision had
+been made for the accommodation of the Seminoles within a certain definite
+part of the Creek country[65]--just such an arrangement, forsooth, as
+worked so ill when applied to the Choctaws and Chickasaws; but it took
+several years for the Seminoles to be suited. At length, when their
+numbers had been considerably augmented by the coming of the new
+immigrants from Florida, they took up their position, for good and all,
+in the southwestern corner of the Creek Reserve, a politically distinct
+community. By that time, the Creeks seem to have repented of their
+generosity,[66] so, perhaps, it was well that the United States government
+had not yielded to their importunity and consented to a like settlement of
+the southern Comanches.[67] It had taken the Chickasaws a long time to
+reconstruct their government after the political separation from the
+Choctaws; but now they had a constitution,[68] all their own, a
+legislature, and a governor. The Choctaws had attempted a constitution,
+likewise, first the Scullyville, then the Doaksville, set up by a minority
+party; but they had retained some semblance of the old order of things in
+the persons of their chiefs.[69]
+
+There were other Indians within the southern division of the Indian
+country that were to have their part in the Civil War and in events
+leading up to it or resulting from it. In the extreme northeastern corner,
+were the Quapaws, the Senecas, and the confederated Senecas and Shawnees,
+all members, with the Osages and the New York Indians of Kansas, of the
+Neosho River Agency which was under the care of Andrew J. Dorn. In the far
+western part, at the base of the Wichita Mountains, were the Indians of
+the Leased District, Wichitas, Tonkawas,[70] Euchees, and others,
+collectively called the "Reserve Indians." Most of them had been brought
+from Texas,[71] because of Texan intolerance of their presence, and placed
+within the Leased District, a tract of land west of the ninety-eighth
+meridian, which, under the treaty of 1855, the United States had rented
+from the Choctaws and Chickasaws. It was a part of the old Chickasaw
+District of the Choctaw Nation. Outside of the Wichita Reserve and still
+wandering at large over the plains were the hostile Kiowas and Comanches,
+against whom and the inoffensive Reserve Indians, the Texans nourished a
+bitter, undying hatred. They charged them with crimes that were never
+committed and with some crimes that white men, disguised as Indians, had
+committed. They were also suspected of manufacturing evidence that would
+incriminate the red men and of plotting, in regularly-organized meetings,
+their overthrow.[72]
+
+Although the plan for colonizing some of the Texas Indians had been
+completed in 1855, the Indian Office found it impossible to execute it
+until the summer of 1859. This was principally because the War Department
+could not be induced to make the necessary military arrangements.[73] In
+point of fact, the southern Indian country was, at the time, practically
+without a force of United States troops, quite regardless of the promise
+that had been made to all the tribes upon the occasion of their removal
+that they should _always be protected_ in their new quarters and,
+inferentially, by the regular army. Even Fort Gibson had been virtually
+abandoned as a military post on the plea that its site was unhealthful;
+and all of Superintendent Rector's recommendations that Frozen Rock, on
+the south side of the Arkansas a few miles away, be substituted[74] had
+been ignored, not so much by the Interior Department, as by the War.
+Secretary Thompson thought that enough troops should be at his disposal to
+enable him to carry out the United States Indian policy, but Secretary
+Floyd demurred. He was rather disposed to dismantle such forts as there
+were and to withdraw all troops from the Indian frontier,[75] a course of
+action that would leave it exposed, so the dissenting Thompson
+prognosticated, to "the most unhappy results."[76]
+
+It happened thus that, when the United States surveyors started in 1858 to
+establish the line of the ninety-eighth meridian west longitude and to run
+other boundary lines under the treaty of 1855,[77] they found the country
+entirely unpatrolled. Troops had been ordered from Texas to protect the
+surveyors; but, pending their arrival, Agent Cooper, who had gone out to
+witness the determination of the initial point on the line between his
+agency and the Leased District, himself took post at Fort Arbuckle and
+called upon the Indians for patrol and garrison duty.[78] It would seem
+that Secretary Thompson had verbally authorized[79] Cooper to make this
+use of the Indians; but they proved in the sequel very inefficient as
+garrison troops. On the thirtieth of June, Lieutenant Powell, commanding
+Company E, First United States Infantry, arrived at Fort Arbuckle from
+Texas and relieved Cooper of his self-imposed task. The day following,
+Cooper set out upon a sixteen day scout of the Washita country, taking
+with him his Indian volunteers, Chickasaws[80] and a few Cherokees;[81]
+and for this act of using Indian after the arrival of white troops, he was
+severely criticized by the department. One thing he accomplished: he
+selected a site for the prospective Wichita Agency with the recommendation
+that it be also made the site[82] of the much-needed military post on the
+Leased District. The site had originally been occupied by a Kechie village
+and was admirably well adapted for the double purpose Cooper intended. It
+lay near the center of the Leased District and near the sources of Cache
+and Beaver Creeks. It was also, so reported Cooper, "not very distant from
+the Washita, & Canadian" (and commanded) "the Mountain passes through the
+Wichita Mountains to the Antelope Hills--to the North branch of Red River
+and also the road on the South side of the Wichita Mountains up Red
+River."
+
+The colonization of the Wichitas and other Indians took place in the
+summer of 1859 under the excitement of new disputes with Texas, largely
+growing out of an unwarranted and brutal attack[83] by white men upon
+Indians of the Brazos Agency. That event following so closely upon the
+heels of Van Dorn's[84] equally brutal attack upon a defenceless Comanche
+camp brought matters to a crisis and the government was forced to be
+expeditious where it had previously been dilatory. The Comanches had come
+in, under a flag of truce, to confer in a friendly way with the Wichitas.
+Van Dorn, ignorant of their purpose but supposing it hostile, made a
+forced march, surprised them, and mercilessly took summary vengeance for
+all the Comanches had been charged with, whether justly or unjustly, for
+some time past. After it was all over, the Comanches, with about sixty of
+their number slain, accused the Wichitas of having betrayed them.
+Frightened, yet innocent, the Wichitas begged that there be no further
+delay in their removal, so the order was given and arrangements made.
+Unfortunately, by the time everything was ready, the season was pretty far
+advanced and the Indians reached their new home to find it too late to put
+in crops for that year's harvest. Subsistence rations had, therefore, to
+be doled out to them, the occasion affording, as always, a rare
+opportunity for graft. Instead of calling for bids, as was customary,
+Superintendent Rector entered into a private contract[85] with a friend
+and relative of his own, the consequence being that the government was
+charged an exorbitant price for the rations. Soon other troubles[86] came.
+The Leased District proved to be already occupied by some northern Indian
+refugees[87] and became, as time went on, a handy rendezvous for free
+negroes; but, as soon as Matthew Leeper[88] of Texas became agent, the
+stay of such was extremely short.[89]
+
+Such were the conditions obtaining among the Indians west of Missouri and
+Arkansas in the years immediately antedating the American Civil War; and,
+from such conditions, it may readily be inferred that the Indians were
+anything but satisfied with the treatment that had been and was being
+accorded them. They owed no great debt of gratitude to anybody. They were
+restless and unhappy among themselves. Their old way of living had been
+completely disorganized. They had nothing to go upon, so far as their
+relations with the white men were concerned, to make them hopeful of
+anything better in the future, rather the reverse. Indeed at the very
+opening of the year 1860, a year so full of distress to them because of
+the great drouth[90] that ravaged Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma, the
+worst that had been known in thirty years, there came occasion for a new
+distrust. Proposals were made to the Creeks,[91] to the Choctaws,[92] and
+to the Chickasaws to allot their lands in severalty, notwithstanding the
+fact that one of the inducements offered by President Jackson to get them
+originally to remove had been, that they should be permitted to hold their
+land, as they had always held it, in common, forever. The Creeks now
+replied to the proposals of the Indian Office that they had had experience
+with individual reservations in their old eastern homes and had good
+reason to be prejudiced against them. The Indians, one and all, met the
+proposals with a downright refusal but they did not forget that they had
+been made, particularly when there came additional cause for apprehension.
+
+The cause for apprehension came with the presidential campaign of 1860 and
+from a passage in Seward's Chicago speech,[93] "The National Idea; Its
+Perils and Triumphs," expressive of opinions, false to the national trust
+but favorable to expansion in the direction of the Indian territory, most
+inopportune, to say the least, and foolish. Seward probably spoke in the
+enthusiasm of a heated moment; for the obnoxious sentiment, "The Indian
+territory, also, south of Kansas, must be vacated by the Indians," was
+very different in its tenor from equally strong expressions in his great
+Senate speech[94] on the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, February 17, 1854. It soon
+proved, however, easy of quotation by the secessionists in their arguments
+with the Indians, it being offered by them as incontestable proof that the
+designs of the incoming administration were, in the highest degree,
+inimical to Indian treaty rights. At the time of its utterance, the
+Indians were intensely excited. The poor things had had so many and such
+bitter experiences with the bad faith of the white people that it took
+very little to arouse their suspicion. They had been told to contract
+their domain or to move on so often that they had become quite
+super-sensitive on the subject of land cessions and removals. Seward's
+speech was but another instance of idle words proving exceedingly fateful.
+
+Two facts thus far omitted from the general survey and reserved for
+special emphasis may now be remarked upon. They will show conclusively
+that there were personal and economic reasons why the Indians, some of
+them at least, were drawn irresistibly towards the South. The patronage of
+the Indian Office has always been more or less of a local thing.
+Communities adjoining Indian reservations usually consider, and with just
+cause because of long-established practice, that all positions in the
+field service, as for example, agencies and traderships, are the
+perquisites, so to speak, of the locality. It was certainly true before
+the war that Texas and Arkansas had some such understanding as to Indian
+Territory, for only southerners held office there and, from among the
+southerners, Texans and Arkansans received the preference always. It
+happened too that the higher officials in Washington were almost
+invariably southern men.
+
+The granting of licenses to traders rested with the superintendent and
+everything goes to show that, in the fifties and sixties, applications for
+license were scrutinized very closely by the southern superintendents with
+a view to letting no objectionable person, from the standpoint of southern
+rights, get into the territory. The Holy See itself could never have been
+more vigilant in protecting colonial domains against the introduction of
+heresy. The same vigilance was exercised in the hiring of agency
+employees, blacksmiths, wheelwrights, and the like. Having full
+discretionary power in the premises, the superintendents could easily
+interpret the law to suit themselves. They could also evade it in their
+own interests and frequently did so. One notorious case[95] of this sort
+came up in connection with Superintendent Drew, who gave permits to his
+friends to "peddle" in the Indian country without requiring of them the
+necessary preliminary of a bond. Traders once in the country had
+tremendous influence with the Indians, especially with those of a certain
+class whom ordinarily the missionaries could not reach. Then, as before
+and since, Indian traders were not men of the highest moral character by
+any means. Too often, on the contrary, they were of degraded character,
+thoroughly unscrupulous, proverbial for their defiance of the law, general
+illiteracy, and corrupt business practices. It stands to reason that such
+men, if they had themselves been selected with an eye single to the cause
+of a particular section and knew that solicitude in its interests would
+mean great latitude to themselves and favorable reports of themselves to
+the department at Washington, would spare no efforts and hesitate at no
+means to make it their first concern, provided, of course, that it did not
+interfere with their own monetary schemes.
+
+To cap the climax, the last and greatest circumstance to be noted, if only
+because of the great weight it carried with the Indians when it was
+brought into the argument by the secessionists, is that practically all of
+the Indian money held in trust for the individual tribes by the United
+States government was invested in southern stocks;[96] in Florida 7's, in
+Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, South Carolina, Missouri,
+Virginia, and Tennessee 6's, in North Carolina and Tennessee 5's, and the
+like. To tell the truth, only the merest minimum of it was secured by
+northern bonds. The southerners asserted for the Indians' benefit, that
+all these securities would be forfeited[97] by the war. Sufficient is the
+fact, that the position of the Indians[98] was unquestionably difficult.
+With so much to draw them southward, our only wonder is, that so many of
+them stayed with the North.
+
+
+
+
+II. INDIAN TERRITORY IN ITS RELATIONS WITH TEXAS AND ARKANSAS
+
+
+For the participation of the southern Indians in the American Civil War,
+the states of Texas and Arkansas were more than measurably responsible.
+Indian Territory, or that part of the Indian country that was historically
+known as such, lay between them. Its southern frontage was along the Red
+River; and that stream, flowing with only slight sinuosity downward to its
+junction with the Mississippi, gave to Indian Territory a long diagonal,
+controlled, as far as situation went, entirely by Texas. Texas lay on the
+other side of the river and she lay also on almost the whole western
+border of Indian Territory.[99] She was, consequently, in possession of a
+rare opportunity, geographically, for exercising influence, should need
+for such ever arise. Running parallel with the Red River and northward
+about one hundred miles, was the Canadian. Between the two rivers were
+three huge Indian reservations, the most western was the Leased District
+of the Wichitas and allied bands, the middle one was the Chickasaw, and
+the eastern, the Choctaw.[100] The Indian occupants of these three
+reservations were, therefore, and sometimes to their sorrow, be it said,
+the very next door neighbors of the Texans. The Choctaws were, likewise,
+the next door neighbors of the Arkansans who joined them on the east; but
+the relations between Arkansans and Choctaws seem not to have been so
+close or so constant during the period before the war as were the
+relations between the Choctaws and the Texans on the one hand and the
+Cherokees and the Arkansans on the other.
+
+The Cherokees dwelt, like the Choctaws, over against Arkansas but north of
+the Canadian River and in close proximity to Fort Smith, the headquarters
+of the Southern Superintendency.[101] Their territory was not so compactly
+placed as was the territory of the other tribes; and, in its various
+parts, it passes, necessarily, under various designations. There was the
+"Cherokee Outlet," a narrow tract south of Kansas that had no definite
+western limit. It was supposed to be a passage way to the hunting grounds
+of the great plains beyond. Then there was the "Cherokee Strip," the
+Kansas extension of the outlet, and for most of its extent originally and
+legally a part of it. The territorial organization of Kansas had made the
+two distinct. Finally, as respects the more insignificant portions of the
+Cherokee domain, there were the "Cherokee Neutral Lands," already
+sufficiently well commented upon. They were insignificant, not in point of
+acreage but of tribal authority operating within them. They lay in the
+southeastern corner of Kansas and constituted, against their will and
+against the law, her southeastern counties. They were separated, to their
+own discomfiture and disadvantage, from the Cherokee Nation proper by the
+reservation of the Quapaws, of the Senecas, and of the confederated
+Senecas and Shawnees. This Cherokee Nation lay, as has already been
+indicated, over against Arkansas and north of the northeastern section of
+the Choctaw country. The Arkansas River formed part of the boundary
+between the two tribal domains. So much then for the location of the
+really great tribes, but where were the lesser?
+
+
+[Illustration: COLONEL DOWNING, CHEROKEE [_From Smithsonian Institution,
+Bureau of American Ethnology_]]
+
+
+The Quapaws, the Senecas, and the confederated Senecas and Shawnees, the
+most insignificant of the lesser, occupied the extreme northeastern corner
+of Indian Territory and, therefore, bordered upon the southwestern corner
+of Missouri. The Creeks lived between the Arkansas River, inclusive of its
+Red Fork, and the Canadian River, having the Cherokees to the east and
+north of them, the Choctaws and Chickasaws to the south, and the Seminoles
+to the southwest, between the Canadian and its North Fork. The Indians of
+the Leased District have already been located.
+
+In the years preceding the Civil War, the interest of Texas and of
+Arkansas in Indian Territory manifested itself, not in a covetous desire
+to dispossess the Indians of their lands, as was, unfortunately for
+national honor, the case in Kansas, but in an effort to keep the actual
+country true to the South, settled by slaveholders, Indian or white, as
+occasion required or opportunity offered. When sectional affairs became
+really tense after the formation of the Republican Party, they redoubled
+their energies in that direction, working always through the rich,
+influential, and intelligent half-breeds, some of whom had property
+interests and family connections in the states operating upon them.[102]
+The half-breeds were essentially a planter class, institutionally more
+truly so than were the inhabitants of the border slave states. It is
+therefore not surprising that, during the excitement following Abraham
+Lincoln's nomination and election, identically the same political agencies
+worked among them as among their white neighbors and events in Indian
+Territory kept perfect pace with events in adjoining states.
+
+The first of these that showed strong sectional tendencies came in
+January, 1861, when the Chickasaws, quite on their own initiative
+apparently, met in a called session of their legislature to consider how
+best the great tribes might conduct themselves with reference to the
+serious political situation then shaping itself in the United States.
+There is some evidence that the Knights of the Golden Circle had been
+active among the Indians as they had been in Arkansas[103] during the
+course of the late presidential campaign. At all events, the red men knew
+full well of passing occurrences among their neighbors and they certainly
+knew how matters were progressing in Texas. There the State Rights Party
+was asserting itself in no doubtful terms. For the time being, however,
+the Chickasaws contented themselves with simply passing an act,[104]
+January 5, suggesting an inter-tribal conference and arranging for the
+executive appointment of a Chickasaw delegation to it. The authorities of
+the other tribes were duly notified[105] and to the Creek was given the
+privilege of naming time and place.
+
+The Inter-tribal Council assembled at the Creek Agency,[106] February 17,
+but comparatively few delegates were in attendance. William P. Ross, a
+graduate[107] of Princeton and a nephew of John Ross, the principal chief
+of the Cherokees, went as the head of the Cherokee delegation. It was he
+who reported the scanty attendance,[108] saying that there were no
+Chickasaws present, no Choctaws, but only Creeks, Seminoles, and
+Cherokees. Why it happened so can not now be exactly determined but to it
+may undoubtedly be ascribed the outcome; for the council did nothing that
+was not perfectly compatible with existing friendly relations between the
+great tribes and the United States government. John Ross, in instructing
+his delegates, had strictly enjoined caution and discretion[109]. William
+P. Ross and his associates seem to have managed to secure the observance
+of both. Perchance it was Chief Ross's[110] known aversion to an
+interference in matters that did not concern the Indians, except very
+indirectly, and the consciousness that his influence in the council would
+be immense, probably all-powerful, that caused the Chickasaws to draw back
+from a thing they had themselves so ill-advisedly planned. It is, however,
+just possible that, between the time of issuing the call and of assembling
+the council, they crossed on their own responsibility the boundary of
+indecision and resolved, as most certainly had the Choctaws, that their
+sympathies and their interests were with the South. It might well be
+supposed that in this perilous hour their thoughts would have travelled
+back some thirty years and they would have remembered what havoc the same
+state-rights doctrine, now presented so earnestly for their acceptance,
+although it scarcely fitted their case, had then wrought in their
+concerns. Strangely enough none of the tribes seems to have charged the
+gross injustice of the thirties exclusively to the account of the South.
+On the contrary, they one and all charged it against the federal
+government, against the states as a whole, and so, rightly or wrongly, the
+nation had to pay for the inconsistency of Jackson's procedure, a
+procedure that could so illogically recognize the supremacy of federal law
+in one matter and the supremacy of state law in another matter that was
+precisely its parallel.
+
+The decision of the Choctaws had found expression in a series of
+resolutions under date of February 7. They are worthy of being quoted
+entire.
+
+    February 7, 1861.
+
+    RESOLUTIONS _expressing the feelings and sentiments of the General
+    Council of the Choctaw Nation in reference to the political
+    disagreement existing between the Northern and Southern States of the
+    American Union._
+
+    _Resolved by the General Council of the Choctaw Nation assembled_,
+    That we view with deep regret and great solicitude the present unhappy
+    political disagreement between the Northern and Southern States of the
+    American Union, tending to a permanent dissolution of the Union and
+    the disturbance of the various important relations existing with that
+    Government by treaty stipulations and international laws, and
+    portending much injury to the Choctaw government and people.
+
+    _Resolved further_, That we must express the earnest desire and ready
+    hope entertained by the entire Choctaw people, that any and all
+    political disturbances agitating and dividing the people of the
+    various States may be honorably and speedily adjusted; and the example
+    and blessing, and fostering care of their General Government, and the
+    many and friendly social ties existing with their people, continue for
+    the enlightenment in moral and good government and prosperity in the
+    material concerns of life to our whole population.
+
+    _Resolved further_, That in the event a permanent dissolution of the
+    American Union takes place, our many relations with the General
+    Government must cease, and we shall be left to follow the natural
+    affections, education, institutions, and interests of our people,
+    which indissolubly bind us in every way to the destiny of our
+    neighbors and brethren of the Southern States upon whom we are
+    confident we can rely for the preservation of our rights of life,
+    liberty, and property, and the continuance of many acts of friendship,
+    general counsel, and material support.
+
+    _Resolved further_, That we desire to assure our immediate neighbors,
+    the people of Arkansas and Texas, of our determination to observe the
+    amicable relations in every way so long existing between us, and the
+    firm reliance we have, amid any disturbance with other States, the
+    rights and feelings so sacred to us will remain respected by them and
+    be protected from the encroachments of others.
+
+    _Resolved further_, That his excellency the principal chief be
+    requested to inclose, with an appropriate communication from himself,
+    a copy of these resolutions to the governors of the Southern States,
+    with the request that they be laid before the State convention of each
+    State, as many as have assembled at the date of their reception, and
+    that in such as have not they be published in the newspapers of the
+    State.
+
+    _Resolved_, That these resolutions take effect and be in force from
+    and after their passage.
+
+    Approved February 7, 1861.[111]
+
+These resolutions of the Choctaw Council are in the highest degree
+interesting in the matter both of their substance and of their time of
+issue. The information is not forthcoming as to how the Choctaws received
+the invitation of the Chickasaw legislature to attend an inter-tribal
+council; but, later on, in April, 1861, the Choctaw delegation in
+Washington, made up of P. P. Pitchlynn, Samuel Garland, Israel Folsom, and
+Peter Folsom, assured the Commissioner of Indian Affairs that the Choctaw
+Nation intended to remain neutral,[112] which assurance was interpreted
+to mean simply that the Choctaws would be inactive spectators of events,
+expressing no opinion, in word or deed, one way or the other. The
+Chickasaw delegation gave the same assurance and at about the same time
+and place. Now what is to be concluded? Is it to be supposed that the Act
+of January 5, 1861 in no wise reflected the sentiments of a tribe as a
+whole and similarly the Resolutions of February 7, 1861, or that the
+tribal delegations were, in April, utterly ignorant of the real attitude
+of their respective constituents? The answer is to be found in the
+following most interesting and instructive letter, written by S. Orlando
+Lee to Commissioner Dole from Huntingdon, Long Island, March 15,
+1862:[113]
+
+    Thinking you and the government would like to hear something about the
+    state of affairs among the Choctaws last summer and the influences
+    which induced them to take their present position I will write you
+    what I know. I was a missionary teacher at Spencer Academy for two
+    years and refer you to Hon. Walter Lowrie Gen. Sec. of the Pres. Board
+    of Foreign Missions for information as to my character &c. I left
+    Spencer June 13th & the nation June 24th but have heard directly from
+    there twice since, the last time as late as Sept 6th. So that I can
+    speak of occurrences as late as that.
+
+    After South Carolina passed her secession ordinance in Dec. 1860 there
+    was a public attempt to excite the Choctaws and Chickasaws as a
+    beginning hoping to bring in the other tribes afterwards. Many of the
+    larger slaveholders (who are nearly all half breeds) had been gained
+    before and Capt. R. M. Jones was the leader of the secessionists. The
+    country was full of lies about the intentions of the new
+    administration. The border papers in Arkansas & Texas republished from
+    the New York & St. Louis papers a part of a sentence from Hon. W. H.
+    Seward's speech at Chicago during the election campaign of 1860 to
+    this effect "And Indian Territory south of Kansas must be vacated by
+    the Indian" (These words do occur in the report of Mr. Seward's
+    Chicago speech as published in New York Evening Post Weekly for I
+    read it myself). This produced intense excitement of course and to add
+    to the effect the Secessionist Journals charged that another prominent
+    republican had proposed to drive the indians out of Indian Ter. in a
+    speech in congress. "This" they were told "is the policy of the new
+    administration. The abolitionists want your lands--we will protect
+    you. Your only safety is to join the South." Again they were told
+    "that the South must succeed in gaining their independence and the
+    money of the indians being invested in the stocks of Southern states
+    the stocks would be cancelled & the indians would lose their money
+    unless they joined the south, if they did that the stocks would be
+    reissued to the Confederate States for them." Their special
+    commissioners Peter Folsom &c, who came to Washington to get the half
+    million of dollars for claims, reported that they got along very well
+    until they were asked if they had slaves after that they said they
+    could do nothing. Sampson Folsom said however that he thought they
+    would have succeeded had it not been for the attack on Sumpter--He
+    said President Lincoln then told them "He would not give them a dollar
+    until the close of the war." An interesting fact in relation to these
+    commissioners is that they came to Washington by way of _Montgomery_ &
+    were when they reached Washington probably all, except Judge Garland,
+    secessionists. Thus all influences were in favor of the rebels--Where
+    could the indians go for light--The former indian agent Cooper was a
+    Col. in the rebel service. The oldest missionary who has undoubtedly
+    more influence with the Choctaws than any other white man is an ardent
+    secessionist believing firmly both in the right & in the final success
+    of the rebel cause--He (Dr. Kingsbury) prays as earnestly & fervently
+    for the success of the rebels as any one among us does for the success
+    of the Union cause. The son of another, Mr. Hodgkin, is a captain in
+    the rebel service--another Mr. Stark actively assisted in organizing a
+    company acted as sec. of secessionist meetings &c. Even Mr. Reid
+    superintendant of Spencer was confident the rebels could never be
+    subdued and thought when the treaty should be made they ought in
+    justice to have Ind. Territory. Again when Fort Smith was evacuated
+    the rebel forces were on the way up the Ark. river to attack it & the
+    garrison evacuated it in the night which looked to the Indians (if
+    not to the white men) as if the northerners were afraid. The same was
+    true of Fort Washitaw where our forces left in the night and were
+    actually pursued for several days by the Texans. Thus matters stood
+    when Col. Pitchlynn the resident Com. of the Choctaws at Washington
+    returned home. He gave all his influence to have the Choctaws take a
+    neutral position. The chief had called the council to meet June 1st. &
+    Col. P. so far succeeded as to induce him to prepare a message
+    recommending neutrality. Col. P. was promptly reported as an
+    _abolitionist_ and _visited_ & _threatened_ by a Texas Vigilance
+    committee.
+
+    The Council met at Doaksville seven miles from Red River & of course
+    from Texas. It was largely attended by white men from Texas our
+    Choctaw neighbors who attended said the place was full of white men.
+
+    The Council did not organize until June 4th or 5th (I forget which).
+    In the meanwhile the white men & half bloods had a secession meeting
+    when it leaked out through Col. Cooper that the Chief Hudson had
+    prepared a message recommending neutrality at which Robert M. Jones
+    was so indignant that he made a furious speech in which he declared
+    that "any one who opposed secession ought to be hung" "and any
+    suspicious persons ought to be hung." Hudson was frightened and when
+    the Council was organized sent in a message recommending that
+    commissioners be appointed to negotiate a treaty with the Confederates
+    and that in the meantime a regiment be organized under Col. Cooper for
+    the Confed. army.
+
+    This was finally done but not for a week for the Choctaws were
+    reluctant. They feared that their action would result in the
+    destruction of the nation. Said Joseph P. Folsom, a member of the
+    council & a graduate of Dartmouth College New Hampshire, "We are
+    choosing in what way we shall die." Judge Wade said to me, "We expect
+    that the Choctaws will be buried. That is what we think will be the
+    end of this." Judge W. is a member of the Senate (for the Choctaw
+    Council is composed of a Senate & lower house chosen by the people in
+    districts & the constitution is modeled very much after those of the
+    states.) & he has been a chief. Others said to me "If the north was
+    here so we could be protected we would stand up for the north but now
+    if we do not go in for the south the Texans will come over here and
+    kill us." Mr. Reid told me a day or two before we left that he had
+    become convinced during a trip for two or three days through the
+    country that the _full bloods_ were strongly for the north. I am sure
+    it _was so then_ & it was the opinion of the missionaries that if we
+    had all taken the position, that we would not leave, some of us had
+    been warned to do so by Texan vigilance committees, we could have
+    raised a thousand men who would have armed in our defence--Our older
+    brethren told us that this would hasten the destruction of the indians
+    as they would be crushed before any help could come.--We thought this
+    would probably be the case and the missionaries who were most strongly
+    union in sentiment left.
+
+    One of the number Rev. John Edwards had been hiding for his life from
+    Texan & half blood ruffians for two weeks & we at Spencer had had the
+    _honor_ to be visited by a Texas committee searching for arms.
+
+    I continue my narrative from a letter from one of our teachers who was
+    detained when we left by the illness of his wife & who left Spencer
+    Sept. 5th & the Nation Sept. 9th. He says Col. Coopers regiment was
+    filled up with Texans "The half breeds after involving the full bloods
+    in the war have rather drawn back themselves and but few of them have
+    enlisted & gone to the war." This indicates that the full bloods have
+    at last yielded to the pressure and joined the rebels. The
+    missionaries who remained would generally advise them to do this.
+
+    The Choctaw commissioners met Albert Pike rebel commissioner & made a
+    treaty with him, with reference to this he says "The Choctaws rec'd
+    quite a bundle of promises from the rebel government. Their treaty
+    gives their representative a seat in the rebel congress, acknowledges
+    the right of the Choctaws to give testimony in all courts in the C.
+    S., exempts them from the expences of the war, their soldiers are to
+    be paid 20$ a month by the C. S. during the war, the C. S. assume the
+    debts due the Choctaws by the U. S., they have the privilege of coming
+    in as a state into the Confederacy with equal rights if they wish it,
+    or remain as they are, the C. S. to sustain their schools _after the
+    war_, they guarantee them against all intrusion on their lands by
+    white men, allow them to garrison the forts in their territory with
+    their own troops if they wish it said troops to be paid by the C.
+    S."--Here is a list of promises and when I think of these, of the
+    belief of their oldest missionaries in the final success of the
+    rebels, of the fact that all the old Officers of the U. S. government
+    were in the service of the rebels, of the occupation of the forts
+    there by rebels, of the activity of a knot of bitter disunionists led
+    by Capt. Jones, who has long been a very influential man, of the Texas
+    mob law which considered it a crime for a young man to refuse to
+    volunteer, of the fact that there was no way for them to hear the
+    truth as to the designs of the U. S. government concerning them,
+    except through Col. Pitchlyn who was soon silenced & of the falsehoods
+    told them as to the designs of the Government, I do not wonder that
+    they have joined the rebels.
+
+    I saw strong men completely unmanned even to floods of tears by the
+    leaving of Dr. Hobbs and the thoughts of what was before them. I heard
+    men say they did not want to fight but expected to be forced to do it.
+
+    I trust the government will consider the circumstances of the case &
+    deal gently, considerately with the indians. I do not like to write
+    such things of my brother missionaries but they are I believe facts &
+    though I love some of them very much I still must say that, except
+    Rev. Mr. Byington who was doubtful & Rev. Mr. Balantine a missionary
+    to the Chickasaws who was union, all the ordained missionaries
+    belonging to the Choctaw & Chickasaw Mission of the Presbyterian Board
+    who remain there were victims of the madness which swept over the
+    South, were secessionists--One or two of the three Laymen who remained
+    were union men--Cyrus Kingsbury son of Rev. Dr. K. being one....
+
+The failure of the United States government to give the Indians, in
+season, the necessary assurance that they would be protected, no matter
+what might happen, can not be too severely criticized. It indicated a very
+short-sighted policy and was due either to a tendency to ignore the
+Indians as people of no importance or to a lack of harmony and cooperation
+among the departments at Washington. Such an assurance of continued
+protection was not even framed until the second week in May and then the
+Indian country was already threatened by the secessionists. Moreover, it
+was framed and intended to be given by one department, the Interior, and
+its fulfilment left to another, the War. It went out from the Indian
+Office in the form of a circular letter,[114] addressed by Commissioner
+William P. Dole to the chief executive[115] in each of the five great
+tribes. It assured the Indians that President Lincoln had no intention of
+interfering with their domestic institutions or of allowing government
+agents or employees to interfere and that the War Department had been
+appealed to to furnish all needed defense according to treaty guaranties.
+The new southern superintendent, William G. Coffin of Indiana, was made
+the bearer of the missive; but, unfortunately, quite a little time
+elapsed[116] before the military situation[117] in the West would allow
+him to assume his full duties or to reach his official headquarters,[118]
+and, in the interval, he was detailed for other work. The Indians,
+meanwhile, were left to their own devices and were obliged to look out for
+their own defense as best they could.
+
+To all appearances neither the legislative action of the Chickasaws and of
+the Choctaws nor the work of the inter-tribal council was, at the time of
+occurrence, reported officially to the United States government or, if
+reported officially, then not pointedly so as to reveal its real bearings
+upon the case in hand. All the agents within Indian Territory were as
+usual southern men;[119] but may not have been directly responsible or
+even cognizant of this particular action of their charges. The records
+show that practically all of them, Cooper, Garrett, Cowart, Leeper, and
+Dorn, were absent[120] from their posts, with or without leave, the first
+part of the new year and that every one of them became or was already an
+active secessionist.[121]
+
+It has been authenticated and is well understood today that, as the
+Southern States, one by one, declared themselves out of the Union or were
+getting themselves into line for so doing, they prepared to further the
+cause of secession among their neighbors and, for the purpose, sent agents
+or commissioners to them, who organized the movement very much as the
+Committees of Correspondence did a similar movement prior to the American
+Revolution. In short, in the spring of 1861, the seceding states entered
+upon active proselytism and at least two of them extended their labors to
+and among the Indians. Those two were Texas and Arkansas. Missouri also
+worked with the same end in view, so did Colorado, but apparently not so
+much with the great tribes of Oklahoma as with the politically less
+important of Kansas. Colorado, it is true, did operate to some extent upon
+the Cherokees of the Outlet and upon the Wichitas, but mostly upon the
+Indians of the western plains. No one can deny that, in the interests of
+the Confederate cause, the project of sending emissaries even to the
+Indians was a wise measure or refuse to admit that the contrasting
+inactivity and positive indifference of the North was foolhardy in the
+extreme. It indicated a self-complacency for which there was no
+justification. More than that can with truth be said; for, from the
+standpoint of political wisdom and foresight, the inactivity where the
+Indians were concerned was conduct most reprehensible.
+
+While Chickasaws and Choctaws, unsolicited,[122] were expressing
+themselves, the secessionist sentiment was developing rapidly in Texas.
+By the middle of February, conditions were such that steps might be taken
+to order the evacuation of the state by Federal troops. This was finally
+done under authority of the Committee of Public Safety[123] and the
+general in command, D. E. Twiggs of Georgia, compliantly yielded. His
+small show of resistance seemed, under the circumstances, a mere pretense,
+although he had his reasons, and good ones too, perfectly satisfactory to
+himself, for doing what he did. Two main conditions were attached to the
+agreement of surrender;[124] one, exacted by General Twiggs, to the effect
+that his men be allowed to retain their arms, commissary stores, camp and
+garrison equipage, and the means of transportation; the other, exacted by
+the Texan commissioners, that the troops depart by way of the coast and
+not overland, as the United States War Department had designed when, a
+short time before, it had ordered a similar removal.[125] The precaution
+of forcing a coastwise journey[126] was taken by the Texan commissioners
+to consume time and to prevent the troops being retained in states or
+territories through which transit lay for possible future use against
+Texas. The easy compliance of General Twiggs[127] undoubtedly merits some
+censure and yet was perfectly well justified to his own conscience by the
+exigencies of the situation and by the fact that he had repeatedly asked
+for orders as to what he should do in the event of an emergency and had
+received none. The circumstance of his surrender and the resulting triumph
+of the secessionist element could not fail to have its effect upon the
+watchful Indians to whom the exhibition of present power was everything.
+
+That the Texan secessionists fully appreciated the strategic position of
+the Indian nations and the absolute necessity of making some sort of terms
+with them was brought out by the action of the convention at its first
+session. An ordinance was passed "to secure the friendship and
+co-operation of the Choctaw, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole
+Nations of Indians;" and three men, James E. Harrison, James Bourland, and
+Charles A. Hamilton, were appointed as commissioners[128] "to proceed to
+said nations and invite their prompt co-operation in the formation of a
+Southern Confederacy."[129]
+
+Now before following these men in the execution of their mission, it may
+be advisable, for breadth of view, to illustrate how Texas still further
+made Indian relations an issue most prominent in all the earlier stages of
+her secession movement; but at the very outset it must be admitted that,
+in so doing, she differentiated carefully between the civilized and the
+uncivilized tribes. With the one group she was ready to seek an alliance,
+offensive and defensive, but with the other to wage a relentless,
+exterminating war. The failure of the United States central government to
+protect her against the aggressions and the atrocities so-called of the
+wild tribes was cited by her as one principal justification for withdrawal
+from the Union,[130] her obvious purpose being to gain thereby the
+adherence of the northern counties, non-slaveholding but frontier. Almost
+conversely, on the other hand, Governor Houston gave as one good and
+sufficient reason for not withdrawing from the Union, the fear that should
+the Union be dissolved the wild tribes, who were now, in a measure,
+restrained from committing depredations and enormities by the very nature
+of their treaty guaranties, would be literally let loose upon Texas.[131]
+As far as the civilized tribes were concerned, however, all were of one
+mind and that took the form of the conviction that so great was the
+necessity of gaining and holding the confidence of the Indians, that Texas
+must not procrastinate in joining her fortunes with those of her sister
+states in the Confederacy.[132]
+
+James E. Harrison and his colleagues started out upon the performance of
+the duties assigned them, February 27, 1861. Their report[133] of
+operations and of observations being somewhat difficult of access and its
+contents not easily summarized, is herewith appended. Its fullness of
+detail is especially to be commended.
+
+    We ... crossed Red River and entered the Chickasaw Nation about thirty
+    miles southwest of Fort Washita; visited and held a private conference
+    with His Excellency Governor C. Harris and other distinguished men of
+    that nation, who fully appreciated our views and the object of our
+    mission. They informed us that a convention of the Chickasaws and
+    Choctaws was in a few days to convene at Boggy Depot, in the Choctaw
+    Nation, to attend to some municipal arrangements. We, in company with
+    Governor Harris and others, made our way to Boggy Depot, conferring
+    privately with the principal men on our route. We arrived at Boggy
+    Depot on the 10th day of March. Their convention or council convened
+    on the 11th. Elected a president of the convention (Ex-Governor
+    Walker, of the Choctaw Nation); adopted rules of decorum. On the 12th
+    we were waited on by a committee of the convention. Introduced as
+    commissioners from Texas, we presented our credentials and were
+    invited to seats. The convention then asked to hear us, when Mr. James
+    E. Harrison addressed them and a crowded auditory upon the subject of
+    our mission, setting forth the grounds of our complaint against the
+    Government of the United States, the wrongs we had suffered until our
+    patience had become exhausted, endurance had ceased to be a virtue,
+    our duty to ourselves and children demanded of us a disruption of the
+    Government that had ceased to protect us or to regard our rights;
+    announced the severance of the old and the organization of a new
+    Government of Confederate Sovereign States of the South, with a
+    common kindred, common hopes, common interest, and a common destiny;
+    discussed the power of the new Government, its influence, and wealth;
+    the interest the civilized red man had in this new organization;
+    tendering them our warmest sympathy and regard, all of which met the
+    cordial approbation of the convention.
+
+    The Choctaws and Chickasaws are entirely Southern and are determined
+    to adhere to the fortunes of the South. They were embarrassed in their
+    action by the absence of their agents and commissioners at Washington,
+    the seat of Government of the Northern Confederacy, seeking a final
+    settlement with that Government. They have passed resolutions
+    authorizing the raising of a minute company in each county in the two
+    nations, to be drilled for actual service when necessary. Their
+    convention was highly respectable in numbers and intelligence, and the
+    business of the convention was dispatched with such admirable decorum
+    and promptness as is rarely met with in similar deliberative bodies
+    within the States.
+
+    On the morning of the 13th, hearing that the Creeks (or Maskokys) and
+    Cherokees were in council at the Creek agency, on the Arkansas River,
+    140 miles distant, we immediately set out for that point, hoping to
+    reach them before their adjournment. In this we were disappointed.
+    They had adjourned two days before our arrival. We reached that point
+    on Saturday evening. On Sunday morning, hearing that there was a
+    religious meeting five miles north of the Arkansas River, in the Creek
+    Nation, Mr. James E. Harrison attended, which proved to be of the
+    utmost importance to our mission. The Reverend Mr. H. S. Buckner was
+    present, with Chilly McIntosh, D. N. McIntosh, Judge Marshall, and
+    others, examining a translation of a portion of the Scriptures, hymn
+    book, and Greek grammar by Mr. Buckner into the Creek language. Mr.
+    Buckner showed us great kindness, and did us eminent service, as did
+    also Elder Vandiven, at whose house we spent the night and portion of
+    the next day with these gentlemen of the Creek Nation, and through
+    them succeeded in having a convention of the five nations called by
+    Governor Motey Kinnaird, of the Creeks, to meet at North Fork (Creek
+    Nation) on the 8th of April.
+
+    In the intermediate time we visited the Cherokee Nation, calling on
+    their principal men and citizens, conversing with them freely until
+    we reached Tahlequah, the seat of government. Near this place Mr. John
+    Ross resides, the Governor of the nation. We called on him officially.
+    We were not unexpected, and were received with courtesy, but not with
+    cordiality. A long conference was had with him, conducted by Mr.
+    Harrison on the part of the commissioners, without, we fear, any good
+    result. He was very diplomatic and cautious. His position is the same
+    as that held by Mr. Lincoln in his inaugural; declares the Union not
+    dissolved; ignores the Southern Government. The intelligence of the
+    nation is not with him. Four-fifths, at least, are against his views,
+    as we learned from observation and good authorities. He, as we
+    learned, had been urged by his people to call a council of the nation
+    (he having the only constitutional authority to do so), to take into
+    consideration the embarrassed condition of political affairs in the
+    States, and to give some expression of their sentiments and
+    sympathies. This he has persistently refused to do. His position in
+    this is that of Sam. Houston in Texas, and in all probability will
+    share the same fate, if not a worse one. His people are already
+    oppressed by a Northern population letting a portion of territory
+    purchased by them from the United States, to the exclusion of natives,
+    and we are creditably informed that the Governors of some two or more
+    of the Western free-soil States have recommended their people
+    emigrating to settle the Cherokee country. It is due Mr. John Ross, in
+    this connection, to say that during our conference with him he
+    frequently avowed his sympathy for the South, and that, if Virginia
+    and the other Border States seceded from the Government of the United
+    States, his people would declare for the Southern Government that
+    might be formed. The fact is not to be denied or disguised that among
+    the common Indians of the Cherokees there exists a considerable
+    abolition influence, created and sustained by one Jones, a Northern
+    missionary of education and ability, who has been among them for many
+    years, and who is said to exert no small influence with John Ross
+    himself.
+
+    From Tahlequah we returned to the Creek Nation, and had great
+    satisfaction in visiting their principal men--the McIntoshes,
+    Stidhams, Smiths, Vanns, Rosses, Marshalls, and others too numerous to
+    mention. Heavy falls of rain occurred about the time the convention
+    was to meet at North Fork, which prevented the Chickasaws and Choctaws
+    from attending the council, the rivers and creeks being all full and
+    impassable. The Creeks, Cherokees, Seminoles, Quapa, and Socks (the
+    three latter dependencies of the Creeks) met on the 8th of April.
+    After they had organized by calling Motey Kinnaird, the Governor of
+    the Creeks, to the chair, a committee was appointed to wait on the
+    commissioners present, James E. Harrison and Capt. C. A. Hamilton, and
+    invite them to appear in the convention, when, by invitation, Mr.
+    Harrison addressed the convention in a speech of two hours. Our views
+    were cordially received by the convention. The Creeks are Southern and
+    sound to a man, and when desired will show their devotion to our cause
+    by acts. They meet in council on the 1st of May, when they will
+    probably send delegates to Montgomery to arrange with the Southern
+    Government.
+
+    These nations are in a rapid state of improvement. The chase is no
+    longer resorted to as means of subsistence, only as an occasional
+    recreation. They are pursuing with good success agriculture and stock
+    raising. Their houses are well built and comfortable, some of them
+    costly. Their farms are well planned and some of them extensive and
+    all well cultivated. They are well supplied with schools of learning,
+    extensively patronized. They have many churches and a large membership
+    of moral, pious deportment. They feel themselves to be in an exposed,
+    embarrassed condition. They are occupying a country well suited to
+    them, well watered, and fertile, with extensive fields of the very
+    best mineral coal, fine salt springs and wells, with plenty of good
+    timber, water powers which they are using to an advantage. Pure slate,
+    granite, sandstone, blue limestone, and marble are found in abundance.
+    All this they regard as inviting Northern aggression, and they are
+    without arms, to any extent, or munitions of war. They declare
+    themselves Southerners by geographical position, by a common interest,
+    by their social system, and by blood, for they are rapidly becoming a
+    nation of whites. They have written constitutions, laws, etc., modeled
+    after those of the Southern States. We recommend them to the fostering
+    care of the South, and that treaty arrangements be entered into with
+    them as soon as possible. They can raise 20,000 good fighting men,
+    leaving enough at home to attend to domestic affairs, and under the
+    direction of an officer from the Southern Government would deal
+    destruction to an approaching army from that direction, and in the
+    language of one of their principal men:
+
+    "Lincoln may haul his big guns about our prairies in the daytime, but
+    we will swoop down upon him at night from our mountains and forests,
+    dealing death and destruction to his army."
+
+    No delay should be permitted in this direction. They cannot declare
+    themselves until they are placed in a defensible position. The
+    Administration of the North is concentrating his forces at Fort
+    Washita, about twenty-four miles from the Texas line, and within the
+    limits of the Chickasaw Nation. This fort could easily be taken by a
+    force of 200 or 300 good men, and it is submitted as to whether in the
+    present state of affairs a foreign government should be permitted to
+    accumulate a large force on the borders of our country, especially a
+    portion containing a large number of disaffected citizens who
+    repudiate the action of the State.
+
+    In this connection it may not be improper to state that from North
+    Fork to Red River we met over 120 wagons, movers from Texas to Kansas
+    and other free States. These people are from Grayton, Collin, Johnson,
+    and Denton, a country beautiful in appearance, rich in soil, genial in
+    climate, and inferior to none in its capacity for the production of
+    the cereals and stock. In disguise, we conversed with them freely.
+    They had proposed by the ballot box to abolitionize at least that
+    portion of the State. Failing in this, we suppose at least 500 voters
+    have returned whence they came.
+
+    All of which is respectfully submitted this April 23, 1861....
+
+Presumably, the suggestions, contained in the closing paragraphs of the
+commissioners' report, in so far as they concerned Texas, were immediately
+acted upon by her. It was very true, as the commissioners had reported,
+that a change was taking place in the disposition of Federal troops within
+the Indian country. About the middle of February, a complaint[134] had
+been filed at the Indian Office by the Wichita agent, Matthew Leeper, to
+the effect that men, claiming to be Choctaws and Chickasaws, were
+trespassing upon the Leased District. The Reserve Indians asked for relief
+and protection at the hands of their guardian, the United States
+government. Shortly afterwards, perhaps in a measure in response to the
+appeal or more likely, to a hint that everything was not quite as it
+should be on the Texan border, Colonel William H. Emory, First United
+States Cavalry, was ordered, March 13,[135] to take post at Fort Cobb. He
+was then in Washington and, immediately upon his departure thence, was
+ordered, March 18,[136] to form his regiment at Fort Washita instead, word
+having come from the commander at that post,[137] in a report of the third
+instant, of a threatened attack by Texans. In explanation of a policy so
+vacillating, Emory was given to understand that the change of destination
+was really made at the solicitation of the agent and delegation of the
+Chickasaws. Those men were in Washington, out of reach of and apparently
+out of sympathy with, the events transpiring at home. Agent Cooper,
+secessionist though he was, probably did not altogether approve of the
+interference of the Texans. At any rate, he shared the representations of
+the Chickasaw delegation that Fort Washita stood in need of
+reenforcement,[138] and the War Department acceded to their request on the
+ground that, "The interests of the United States are paramount to those
+of the friendly Indians on the reservation near Fort Cobb."[139]
+
+Emory's orders further comprehended a concentration of all the troops at
+Fort Washita that were then at that place and at Forts Cobb and
+Arbuckle;[140] but the orders were discretionary in their nature and
+permitted his leaving a small force at the more northern posts should
+circumstances warrant or demand it. On the nineteenth, General Scott had
+had a conference with Senator Charles B. Mitchell of Arkansas and, in
+deference to Mitchell's opinion, still further modified his orders to
+Emory so that, while leaving him the bulk of his discretionary power, he
+recommended that, if advisable, Emory retain one company at Fort
+Cobb.[141] In any event, one company of infantry was to move in advance
+from Fort Arbuckle to Fort Washita.[142]
+
+Up to the twenty-fourth of March, at which time he left Memphis, Colonel
+Emory made pretty good time in his attempt to reach his destination; but
+from Memphis on his movements were unavoidably and considerably hampered.
+Low water in the Arkansas detained him for several days so that he deemed
+it prudent to send his orders on ahead to the commanding officer at Fort
+Arbuckle "to commence the movement upon Fort Washita, and, in the event of
+the latter place being threatened, to march to its support with his whole
+force."[143] On reaching Fort Smith, Emory found that matters had come to
+a crisis in Arkansas and, touching the disposition of his force and the
+objects of his mission, allowed himself to be unduly influenced in his
+judgment by men of local predilections.[144] It was upon their advice and
+upon the urgent pleadings of Matthew Leeper,[145] Indian agent on the
+Leased District, that he exercised his discretionary power as to the
+disposal of troops, without listening to his military subordinates[146] or
+having viewed the locality for himself. In the interests of these local
+petitioners,[147] he even enlarged upon Mitchell's recommendation and
+concluded to leave two companies at Fort Cobb as one was deemed altogether
+inadequate to the protection of so isolated a post. It never seems to
+have occurred to him that the attack would have to come from the south,
+from the direction of Fort Washita, and that a force large enough to be
+efficient at either Fort Washita or Fort Arbuckle would necessarily
+protect Fort Cobb and the Indians of the Leased District.
+
+The position of the Indians in the Leased District was serious in the
+extreme. They lived in mortal terror of the Texans and their agent, the
+man placed over them by the United States government, was now an avowed
+secessionist. He was a Texan and declared, as so many another southerner
+did from General Lee down, that honor and loyalty compelled him to go with
+his state. In February, he had been in Washington City, settling his
+accounts with the government and estimating for the next two quarters in
+accordance with the rulings and established usage of the Indian Office. On
+his way west and back to his agency, he was waylaid by a man of the name
+of "Burrow," very probably Colonel N. B. Burrow, acting under authority
+from the state of Arkansas, who despoiled him of part of his travelling
+equipment and then suffered him to go on his way.[148] Leeper reached his
+agency to find the Indians greatly excited. He endeavored to allay their
+fears, assuring them that the Texans would do them no harm. Soon, however,
+came his own defection and he thenceforward made use of every means,
+either to make the way easy for the Texans or to induce the Indians to
+side with them against the United States.
+
+While Emory was dilly-dallying at Fort Smith, the Texans made their
+preparations[149] for invading the Indian country and a regiment of
+volunteers under William C. Young, once a planter of Braganza County and
+now state regimental colonel, moved towards the Red River. There is
+something to show that they came at the veiled invitation[150] of the
+Indians. At any rate they seem to have felt pretty sure of a welcome[151]
+and were close at hand when Colonel Emory reached Fort Washita. He reached
+Fort Washita to find that the concentration of troops, even of such as his
+ill-advised orders would permit, had not yet fully taken place, that his
+supplies had been seized by the Texans, and that a general attack by them
+upon the poorly fortified posts was to be hourly expected. Emory,
+thereupon, resolved to withdraw from Fort Washita towards Arbuckle and
+Cobb. The day after he did so, April 16, Young's troops entered in force.
+Emory hurried forward to strengthen Fort Cobb and, indeed, to relieve it,
+taking, in his progress, the open prairie road that his cavalry might be
+more available. On the way,[152] he was joined by United States troops
+from Fort Arbuckle, the Texans in close pursuit. Fort Arbuckle was
+occupied by them in turn and then Fort Cobb, Emory never so much as
+attempting to enter the place; for he found its garrison in flight to the
+northeast. Fugitives all together, the Federal troops, piloted by a
+Delaware Indian, Black Beaver,[153] hurried onwards towards Fort
+Leavenworth. They seem to have made no lengthy stop until they were safe
+across the Arkansas River[154] and their flight may well be said to have
+been a precipitous one. Behind them, at Fort Arbuckle, Colonel Young took
+possession of abandoned property and placed it in the care of the
+Chickasaw Indians,[155] who had materially aided him in his attack. His
+next move was to negotiate,[156] unauthoritatively, a treaty with the
+Reserve Indians, gaining the promise of their alliance upon the
+understanding that the Confederacy, in return, would feed and protect
+them. Fort Cobb was rifled and the Indians made rich, in their own
+estimation, with booty.[157] Colonel Young seems then to have drawn back
+towards the Red River; but for several months he continued to occupy with
+his forces,[158] under the authority of Texas and with the consent of the
+Chickasaw Indians, the three frontier posts that Emory had been instructed
+to guard; viz., Forts Washita, Arbuckle, and Cobb.
+
+If Texas took time by the forelock in her anxiety to secure the Indian
+country and its inhabitants, Arkansas most certainly did the same; and, in
+the undertaking, various things told to her advantage, among which, not
+the least important was the close family relationship existing between her
+secessionist governor, Henry M. Rector, and the southern superintendent.
+They were cousins and, to all appearances, the best of friends. It is
+doubtful if in any state the executive authority thereof worked more
+energetically for secession or with greater consistency and promptitude
+than in Arkansas. Governor Rector had been elected, in the autumn of 1860,
+by the Democrats and old-line Whigs. He belonged to a numerous and most
+influential family, land-surveyors most of them, seemingly by inheritance,
+and, although from northern or border states originally, strongly
+committed to the doctrine of state sovereignty. The family connections
+were also powerful socially and politically. The gubernatorial
+inauguration came in November, 1860, and from that moment Henry M. Rector
+and his host of relations and friends worked for secession.
+
+At the outset, Governor Rector identified the Indian interests with those
+of Arkansas. Even in his message[159] of December 11, 1860 he gave it as
+his opinion that the two communities must together take measures to
+prevent anti-slavery migration. It was rather late in the day, however, to
+intimate that men of abolitionist sentiments must not be allowed to cross
+the line, and a man of the political acumen of Henry M. Rector must have
+known it. Immediately after the general election there were evidences of
+great excitement in Arkansas and, when news[160] came that the disused
+arsenal at Little Rock was to be occupied by artillery under Captain James
+Totten from Fort Leavenworth, it broke out into expressions of public
+dissent. Little Rock was scarcely less radical and secessionist in its
+views than was Fort Smith and Fort Smith was regarded as a regular hot-bed
+of sectionalism. The legislature, too, was filled with state-rights
+advocates and some of the actions taken there were almost revolutionary in
+their trend. With the new year came new alarms and false reports of what
+was to be. Harrell records[161] that the first message over the newly
+completed telegraph line between Memphis and Little Rock was a repetition
+of the rumor, quite without foundation, that Major Emory had been ordered
+from Fort Gibson to reinforce Totten at Little Rock, and that the effect
+upon Helena was electrical. It is no wonder that the newspapers and
+personal communications[162] of the time showed great intensity of
+feeling and a tendency to ring the changes on a single theme.
+
+The public indignation following the receipt of the unsubstantiated rumor
+that Totten was to be reenforced seems to have compelled the action of
+Governor Rector in taking possession,[163] on February eighth, in the name
+of the state of Arkansas, of the United States arsenal at Little Rock;
+but, as a matter of fact, Rector needed only an excuse, and a very slight
+one at that, for doing more than he had already done to prove his
+sectional bias. Nor had he forgotten or neglected the Indians. Indeed,
+never at any time did he leave a single stone unturned in his search for
+inside and outside support; and, notwithstanding the fact that the
+Arkansas Ordinance of Secession was not passed until the sixth of May,
+Governor Rector conducted himself, for months before that, as though the
+state were a bona fide member of the Confederacy. In all his audacious
+venturings, proposals, and acts, he had the full and unquestioning
+support, not only of his cousin, Elias Rector,[164] in whose honor Albert
+Pike had written the well-known parody[165] on "The Old Scottish
+Gentlemen;"[166] but of the leading citizens of Fort Smith and Little
+Rock, particularly of those whose previous occupations, residence,
+inclinations, or interests had made them conversant with Indian affairs
+and, therefore, unusually appreciative of the strategic value of the
+Indian country. Under such circumstances, it is not at all surprising that
+Governor Rector seized, as he did, the earliest[167] opportunity to
+approach the Cherokees. Fort Smith at the junction of the Arkansas and
+Poteau Rivers was only eighty miles from Fort Gibson.
+
+Before taking up for special comment Governor Rector's negotiations with
+the Cherokees through their principal chief, John Ross, it might be well
+to retrace our steps a little in order to show how, in yet other ways,
+Arkansas interested herself more than was natural in the concerns of the
+Indians and made some of her citizens, in the long run, more than
+ordinarily responsible for the development of secessionist sentiment among
+the southern tribes.
+
+When David Hubbard, journeying westward as special secessionist
+commissioner[168] from Alabama to Arkansas, reached Little Rock--and that
+was in the early winter of 1861--he soon discovered that many Arkansans
+were not willing for their state to go out of the Union unless she could
+take Indian Territory with her. Hubbard's letter,[169] descriptive of the
+situation, is very elucidating. It is addressed to Andrew B. Moore,[170]
+governor of Alabama, and bears date Kinloch, Alabama, January third.
+
+    MY DEAR SIR: On receipt of your letter and appointment as commissioner
+    from Alabama to Arkansas, I repaired to Little Rock and presented my
+    credentials to the two houses, and also your letter to Governor
+    Rector, by all of whom I was politely received. The Governor of
+    Arkansas was every way disposed to further our views, and so were many
+    leading and influential members of each house of the Legislature, but
+    neither are yet ready for action, because they fear the people have
+    not yet made up their minds to go out. The counties bordering on the
+    Indian nations--Creeks, Cherokees, Choctaws, and Chickasaws--would
+    hesitate greatly to vote for secession, and leave those tribes still
+    under the influence of the Government at Washington, from which they
+    receive such large stipends and annuities. These Indians are at a spot
+    very important, in my opinion, in this great sectional controversy,
+    and must be assured that the South will do as well as the North before
+    they could be induced to change their alliances and dependence. I have
+    much on this subject to say when I get to Montgomery, which cannot
+    well be written. The two houses passed resolutions inviting me to meet
+    them in representative hall and consult together as to what had best
+    be done in this matter. When I appeared men were anxious to know what
+    the seceding States intended to do in certain contingencies. My
+    appointment gave me no authority to speak as to what any State would
+    do, but I spoke freely of what, in my opinion, we ought to do. I took
+    the ground that no State which had seceded would ever go back without
+    full power being given to protect themselves by vote against
+    anti-slavery projects and schemes of every kind. I took the position
+    that the Northern people were honest and did fear the divine
+    displeasure, both in this world and the world to come, by reason of
+    what they considered the national sin of slavery, and that all who
+    agreed with me in a belief of their sincerity must see that we could
+    not remain quietly in the same Government with them. Secondly, if they
+    were dishonest hypocrites, and only lied to impose on others and make
+    them hate us, and used anti-slavery arguments as mere pretexts for the
+    purpose of uniting Northern sentiment against us, with a view to
+    obtain political power and sectional dominion, in that event we ought
+    not to live with them. I desired any Unionist present to controvert
+    either of these positions, which seemed to cover the whole ground. No
+    one attempted either, and I said but little more. I am satisfied, from
+    free conversations with members of all parties and with Governor
+    Rector, that Arkansas, when compelled to choose, will side with the
+    Southern States, but at present a majority would vote the Union
+    ticket. Public sentiment is but being formed, but must take that
+    direction....
+
+What, in addition to that just cited, Hubbard had to say about the Indians
+or about the profit accruing from close contact with them, we have no way
+of knowing; but we have a right to be suspicious of the things that have
+to be communicated by word of mouth only, especially in this instance,
+when we remember that white men have always made the Indians subjects of
+exploitation and that Hubbard was the man whom the southern Confederacy
+chose for its first commissioner of Indian affairs, also that Hubbard's
+first outline of work, as commissioner, in truth, his only outline,
+comprehended an extended visit to the Indians before whom he proposed to
+expatiate on the financial advantages of an adherence to the Confederacy
+and the inevitable financial ruin that must come from continued loyalty to
+the Union. All things considered, it would surely seem that in Hubbard's
+mind the money question was always uppermost.
+
+But there were others to whom the Indian income was a thing of interest.
+At the earlier meeting of the Arkansas convention, a resolution[171] had
+been passed, March 9, 1861, authorizing an inquiry to be made into the
+annual cost to the United States government of the Indian service west of
+Arkansas. The state administration had already seized[172] the Indian
+funds on hand, an opportunity to do so having offered itself upon the
+occasion of the death[173] of the United States disbursing officer, Major
+P. T. Crutchfield. But, later, for fear that this might work prejudice
+with the Indians a resolution[174] was passed providing that the money
+should not be diverted from its proper uses. Because of such actions and
+others of like direction, it is certainly safe to assume that pecuniary
+considerations made the frontiersmen of 1861 vitally interested in Indian
+affairs. The same influences that moved Hubbard to write his letter to
+Governor Moore with special mention of the Indians unquestionably moved
+the citizens of Boonsboro to try,[175] without much further ado, the
+temper of the Cherokees.
+
+Returning now to Governor Rector and to a recital of his endeavors with
+the same Indian people, it is seen that his approach to the Cherokees was
+made, as has been already intimated, through their principal chief, John
+Ross, and by means of the following most excellently worded letter:
+
+    THE STATE OF ARKANSAS, EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT,
+      Little Rock, January 29, 1861.
+
+    TO HIS EXCELLENCY JOHN ROSS,
+      Principal Chief Cherokee Nation:
+
+    SIR: It may now be regarded as almost certain that the States having
+    slave property within their borders will, in consequence of repeated
+    Northern aggressions, separate themselves and withdraw from the
+    Federal Government.
+
+    South Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Georgia, and Louisiana
+    have already, by action of the people, assumed this attitude.
+    Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, North Carolina, and
+    Maryland will probably pursue the same course by the 4th of March
+    next. Your people, in their institutions, productions, latitude, and
+    natural sympathies, are allied to the common brotherhood of the
+    slaveholding States. Our people and yours are natural allies in war
+    and friends in peace. Your country is salubrious and fertile, and
+    possesses the highest capacity for future progress and development by
+    the application of slave labor. Besides this, the contiguity of our
+    territory with yours induces relations of so intimate a character as
+    to preclude the idea of discordant or separate action.
+
+
+[Illustration: JOHN ROSS, PRINCIPAL CHIEF OF THE CHEROKEES [_From
+Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology_]]
+
+
+    It is well established that the Indian country west of Arkansas is
+    looked to by the incoming administration of Mr. Lincoln as fruitful
+    fields, ripe for the harvest of abolitionism, free-soilers, and
+    Northern mountebanks.
+
+    We hope to find in your people friends willing to co-operate with the
+    South in defense of her institutions, her honor, and her firesides,
+    and with whom the slaveholding States are willing to share a common
+    future, and to afford protection commensurate with your exposed
+    condition and your subsisting monetary interests with the General
+    Government.
+
+    As a direct means of expressing to you these sentiments, I have
+    dispatched my aide-de-camp, Lieut. Col. J. J. Gaines, to confer with
+    you confidentially upon these subjects, and to report to me any
+    expressions of kindness and confidence that you may see proper to
+    communicate to the governor of Arkansas, who is your friend and the
+    friend of your people. Respectfully, your obedient servant,
+
+        HENRY M. RECTOR, Governor of Arkansas.[176]
+
+Lieutenant Gaines duly started out upon his mission and upon reaching Fort
+Smith interviewed Superintendent Rector and received from him a letter of
+introduction[177] to John Ross, which was, in effect, a hearty endorsement
+of the governor's project. An inkling of what Gaines was about soon came
+to the ears of A. B. Greenwood, an Arkansan, a state-rights man, and
+United States commissioner of Indian affairs. At the moment he was the
+official, intent upon doing his duty, nothing more. It was then in his
+official capacity that he straightway demanded of Agent Cowart an
+explanation of Gaines's movements; but Cowart was privy to Governor
+Rector's plans undoubtedly, a Georgian, a secessionist, and one of those
+illiterate, disreputable, untrustworthy characters that frontier or
+garrison towns seem always to produce or to attract, the kind,
+unfortunately for its own reputation and for the Indian welfare, that the
+United States government has so often seen fit to select for its Indian
+agents. More than that, Cowart was a man of such base principles that he
+could commercialize with impunity a great cause and calmly continue to
+hold office under and to draw pay from one government while secretly
+plotting against it in the interests of another. On this occasion he
+attempted a denial[178] of the presence of Rector's commissioner at Fort
+Smith; but the Indian Office had soon good proof[179] that a commissioner
+had been there and that he had proceeded thence to the Cherokee country.
+It was no other than Gaines, of course, who, when once he had delivered
+the Rector letters to Ross, saw fit, in the further interests of his
+mission, to attend the inter-tribal council at the Creek Agency.
+
+John Ross did not reply to Governor Rector's communication until the
+anniversary of George Washington's birthday and he then expressed the same
+ideas of concern, of sympathy, but also those of positive neutrality that
+had characterized his advice to the Indian conferees. He scouted, though,
+the very idea of the incoming administration's planning to abolitionize
+the Indian country while at the same time he manifested his utter
+disapproval of it. This is what he said:
+
+    TAHLEQUAH, CHEROKEE NATION, February 22, 1861.
+
+    HIS EXCELLENCY HENRY M. RECTOR, Governor of Arkansas:
+
+    Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of Your Excellency's
+    communication of the 29th ultimo, per your aide-de-camp, Lieut. Col.
+    J. J. Gaines.
+
+    The Cherokees cannot but feel a deep regret and solicitude for the
+    unhappy differences which at present disturb the peace and quietude of
+    the several States, especially when it is understood that some of the
+    slave States have already separated themselves and withdrawn from the
+    Federal Government and that it is probable others will also pursue the
+    same course.
+
+    But may we not yet hope and trust in the dispensation of Divine power
+    to overrule the discordant elements for good, and that, by the counsel
+    of the wisdom, virtue, and patriotism of the land, measures may
+    happily be adopted for the restoration of peace and harmony among the
+    brotherhood of States within the Federal Union.
+
+    The relations which the Cherokee people sustain toward their white
+    brethren have been established by subsisting treaties with the United
+    States Government, and by them they have placed themselves under the
+    "protection of the United States and of no other sovereign whatever."
+    They are bound to hold no treaty with any foreign power, or with any
+    individual State, nor with the citizens of any State. On the other
+    hand, the faith of the United States is solemnly pledged to the
+    Cherokee Nation for the protection of the right and title in the
+    lands, conveyed to them by patent, within their territorial
+    boundaries, as also for the protection of all other of their national
+    and individual rights and interests of persons and property. Thus the
+    Cherokee people are inviolably allied with their white brethren of
+    the United States in war and friends in peace. Their institutions,
+    locality, and natural sympathies are unequivocally with the
+    slave-holding States. And the contiguity of our territory to your
+    State, in connection with the daily, social, and commercial
+    intercourse between our respective citizens, forbids the idea that
+    they should ever be otherwise than steadfast friends.
+
+    I am surprised to be informed by Your Excellency that "it is well
+    established that the Indian country west of Arkansas is looked to by
+    the incoming administration of Mr. Lincoln as fruitful fields ripe for
+    the harvest of abolitionism, free-soilers, and Northern mountebanks."
+    As I am sure that the laborers will be greatly disappointed if they
+    shall expect in the Cherokee country "fruitful fields ripe for the
+    harvest of abolitionism," &c., you may rest assured that the Cherokee
+    people will never tolerate the propagation of any obnoxious fruit upon
+    their soil.
+
+    And in conclusion I have the honor to reciprocate the salutation of
+    friendship.
+
+    I am, sir, very respectfully, Your Excellency's obedient servant,
+
+        JNO. ROSS, Principal Chief Cherokee Nation.[180]
+
+The Arkansas state convention, sanctioned by popular vote, met, by
+authority of the governor's proclamation, March fourth. Its members were
+inclined to temporize, however; for, as Harrell says, they were
+cooperationists[181] rather than secessionists and their policy of
+temporizing they carried out even in the provision made for reassembling
+after adjournment. David Walker, the president of the convention, was out
+of sympathy with this; and, at the first news of the attack upon Fort
+Sumter and while passion and excitement were still at fever heat,
+called[182] an extra session for the sixth of May. The regular session was
+not to come until the nineteenth of August. Coincidently Governor Rector
+again showed where his sympathies lay by refusing[183] President Lincoln's
+call for troops.
+
+The Arkansas Ordinance of Secession was passed on the sixth of May. S. R.
+Cockrell had proved himself a good prophet; for, writing jubilantly to L.
+P. Walker, on the twenty-first of April, on the progress of secession, he
+had said,[184] "Arkansas will go out 6th of May before breakfast. The
+Indians come next." His closing remark had some foundation for its
+utterance. Intelligent and prominent Indians were to be found in the very
+ranks of the Arkansas secessionists. E. C. Boudinot, a Cherokee, an enemy
+and rival of John Ross, and later Cherokee delegate in the Confederate
+Congress, was secretary[185] of the convention. M. Kennard, a leading and
+a principal Creek chief, seems also to have been influential. The alliance
+of the Indians was yet being sought.[186]
+
+The secession ordinance once safely launched, the Arkansas convention
+turned its attention without equivocation to Indian concerns. On the tenth
+of May, for instance, it followed the example set by Texas and passed a
+resolution,[187] authorizing the president of the convention to appoint
+three delegates to visit Indian Territory. The men appointed were, S. L.
+Griffith of Sebastian County (the same man, interestingly enough to whom
+the United States government had recently offered[188] the Southern
+Superintendency), J. Murphy of Madison County, and G. W. Laughinghouse of
+St. Francis County. Two of these counties were on or near the border.
+Sebastian was on the border and Madison not far inland, so Griffith and
+Murphy very probably realized the full significance of their mission. On
+the eleventh of May, the convention tried to pass another resolution,[189]
+indicative of a community of interests between Arkansas and the Indian
+country. This resolution failed, but, had it passed, it would have prayed
+the president of the Confederate States to erect a military department or
+division out of Arkansas and Indian Territory. As it was, the convention
+contented itself, on this occasion, with empowering[190] Brigadier-general
+Pearce[191] to cooperate with Brigadier-general McCulloch.[192] It took
+this action on the twenty-first of May and on the twenty-eighth it
+received a communication[193] from Elias Rector concerning the Choctaws
+and Chickasaws.
+
+Almost simultaneously with this legislative activity, solicitation of the
+Indians came from yet other directions. On the eighth of May,
+Brigadier-general B. Burroughs of the Arkansas militia took it upon
+himself to make an appeal to the Chickasaws, which he did in this wise:
+
+    HEADQUARTERS EIGHTH BRIGADE, FIRST DIVISION, ARKANSAS MILITIA,
+      Fort Smith, Ark., May 8, 1861.
+
+    GOV. C. HARRIS: To-day we have information that Arkansas, in
+    Convention, has seceded, by a vote 69 to 1. Tennessee has also
+    seceded, and made large appropriations and ordered an army of 50,000
+    men.
+
+    Arkansas has for several days past been in arms on this frontier for
+    the protection (of) citizens, and the neighboring Indian nations whose
+    interests are identical with her own.
+
+    I have news through my scouts that the U. S. troops have abandoned the
+    forts in the Chickasaw country.
+
+    Under my orders from the commander-in-chief and governor of Arkansas,
+    I feel authorized to extend to you such military aid as will be
+    required in the present juncture of affairs to occupy and hold the
+    forts.
+
+    I have appointed Col. A. H. Word, one of the State senators, and
+    Captain Sparks, attached to this command, commissioners to treat and
+    confer with you on this subject. These gentlemen are fully apprised of
+    the nature of the powers intrusted to myself by the governor of this
+    State, and are authorized to express to you my views of the subject
+    under consideration. I ask, therefore, that you express to them your
+    own wishes in the premises, and believe, my dear sir, that Arkansas
+    cherishes the kindest regards for your people.
+
+    I have the honor to subscribe myself, with sentiments of regard, your
+    excellency's friend and servant,
+
+        B. BURROUGHS, Brigadier-General, Commanding.[194]
+
+The impudence and calm effrontery of this has its humorous side and would
+seem even ridiculous were it not for the fact that we are bound to
+remember that the Indians took it all so very seriously. It was true
+enough, as Burroughs said, that the Federal troops had abandoned the
+Indian country; but against whom were the forts to be held? Surely not
+against the Federals. Furthermore, what need was there for Arkansas to
+interest herself in the Chickasaw forts, since the Texan troops were
+already in possession? Is it possible to suppose that Burroughs's scouts,
+who had found out so much about the withdrawal of the Federal forces, had
+not discovered the work of the Texans in contributing thereto? The
+Chickasaws were particularly friendly to the secessionists and, in this
+same month of May, passed, by means of their legislature, those eight
+resolutions[195] in which they gave such strong expression to their
+views, at the same time, however, giving the Southern States clearly to
+understand that they knew the extent of their own rights and were
+determined to hold fast to them. They also declared that they wished to
+hold their forts themselves.
+
+On the ninth of May, the Indians were still further addressed and this
+time by the citizens of Boonsboro, Arkansas, whose appeal has already been
+referred to and quoted.[196] The appeal was made through the medium of a
+letter to John Ross and of him the citizens of Boonsboro inquired where he
+intended to stand; inasmuch as they much preferred "an open enemy to a
+doubtful friend." They earnestly hoped, they said, to find in him and his
+people "true allies and active friends." On the fifteenth of May, J. R.
+Kannady, lieutenant-colonel, commanding at Fort Smith, also
+communicated[197] with Ross and on the same subject, his immediate
+provocation being the report that Senator James H. Lane was busy raising
+troops in Kansas to be used against Missouri and Arkansas. Of the Kannady
+letter, John B. Luce was the bearer and, to it, Ross replied[198] on the
+seventeenth, the very day that he published his great proclamation[199] of
+neutrality; for the otherwise most sensible John Ross labored under the
+delusion that the Indians would be allowed to figure as silent witnesses
+of events. In this respect, he was, however, on slightly firmer ground
+than were the citizens of such a state as Kentucky; but, none the less, he
+labored under a delusion as he soon found out to his sorrow. His
+proclamation of neutrality was intended as a final and conclusive
+answer[200] to all interrogatories like that from Boonsboro.
+
+
+
+
+III. THE CONFEDERACY IN NEGOTIATION WITH THE INDIAN TRIBES
+
+
+The provisional government of the Confederate States showed itself no less
+anxious and no less prompt than the individual states in its endeavor to
+secure the Indian country and the Indian alliance. On the twenty-first of
+February, 1861, the very same day that the law was passed for the
+establishment of a War Department of which Leroy P. Walker of Alabama took
+immediate charge, William P. Chilton, member[201] of the Provisional
+Congress from Alabama, offered in that body a resolution to the effect,
+that the Committee on Indian Affairs be instructed to inquire into the
+expediency of opening up negotiations with the Indian tribes of the West
+in relation to all matters concerning the mutual welfare of said tribes
+and the people of the Confederate States.[202] The resolution was adopted.
+Four days later, Edward Sparrow of Louisiana asked that the same committee
+be instructed to consider the advisability of appointing agents to those
+same Indian tribes.[203] The Indian committee, at the time, was composed
+of Jackson Morton of Florida, Lawrence M. Keitt of South Carolina, and
+Thomas N. Waul of Texas. Robert W. Johnson became a member after Arkansas
+had seceded and had been admitted to the Confederacy.
+
+Preliminary steps such as these led naturally to a comprehension of the
+need for a Bureau of Indian Affairs[204] and, on the twelfth of March,
+President Davis recommended[205] that one be organized and a commissioner
+of Indian affairs appointed. His recommendations were acted upon without
+delay and a law[206] in conformity with them passed. This happened on the
+fifteenth of March and on the day following, the last of the session,
+Davis nominated David Hubbard,[207] ex-commissioner[208] from Alabama to
+Arkansas, for the Indian portfolio. For some time, however, Hubbard had
+little to do.[209] It is wise therefore to leave him for a while and
+resume the examination of congressional work.
+
+The journal entries through February and March show that the Provisional
+Congress had, not infrequently, Indian matters placed before it and, at
+times presumably, communications direct from the tribes. On the fourth of
+March, Robert Toombs, himself on the Finance Committee and at the same
+time Secretary of State,[210] offered the following resolution:[211]
+
+    _Resolved_, That the President be, and he is hereby authorized to send
+    a suitable person as special agent of this Government to the Indian
+    tribes west of the State of Arkansas.
+
+Whether this was called forth by the investigations of the Committee on
+Indian Affairs under the Chilton resolution of the twenty-first of
+February or whether it grew out of a correspondence between Toombs and
+Albert Pike does not appear. Toombs and Pike were friends, brother
+Masons[212] in fact, and then or soon afterwards in intimate
+correspondence on the subject of Indian relations. The resolution passed,
+but there the matter seems to have rested for a time. On the tenth of May,
+William B. Ochiltree proposed[213] that the Committee on Indian Affairs
+consider the condition of Reserve Indians in Texas; and, on the fifteenth,
+a most important measure was introduced[214] in the shape of a bill,
+reported by Keitt from the Committee on Indian Affairs, "for the
+protection of certain Indian tribes." This opened up the whole subject of
+prospective relations with the great tribes of Indian Territory and,
+taken in connection with the provision for a special commissioner, was
+fruitful of great results.
+
+On the seventh of May, Thomas A. Harris of Missouri had made the
+Provisional Congress acquainted with some Choctaw and Chickasaw
+resolutions,[215] which, in themselves, seemed indicative of a friendly
+disposition towards the South. This fact lent to the bill for the
+assumption of a protectorate a large significance. Congress considered it,
+for the most part, in secret session. The text of the act as finally
+passed does not appear in any of the published[216] statutes of the
+Confederate States; but, under the act, Albert Pike, special commissioner
+for the purpose appointed by President Davis, negotiated all his
+remarkable treaties with the western tribes. Three sections of the law,
+those added to the original bill by way of amendment, appear in the
+Provisional Congress _Journal_.[217] They are strictly financial in their
+nature and are as follows:
+
+    _Sec. 6._ And be it further enacted, That the Confederate States do
+    hereby assume the duty and obligation of collecting and paying over as
+    trustees to the several Indian tribes now located in the Indian
+    Territory south of Kansas, all sums of money accruing, whether from
+    interest or capital of the bonds of the several States of this
+    Confederacy now held by the Government of the United States as
+    trustees for said Indians or any of them; and the said interest and
+    capital as collected shall be paid over to said Indians or invested
+    for their account, as the case may be, in accordance with the several
+    treaties and contracts now existing between said Indians and the
+    Government of the United States.
+
+    _Sec. 7._ That the several States of this Confederacy be requested to
+    provide by legislation or otherwise that the capital and interest of
+    the bonds issued by them respectively, and held by the Government of
+    the United States in trust for said Indians, or any of them, shall not
+    be paid to said Government of the United States, but shall be paid to
+    this Government in trust for said Indians.
+
+    _Sec. 8._ That it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Indian
+    Affairs to obtain and publish, at as early a period as practicable, a
+    list of all the bonds of the several States of this Confederacy now
+    held in trust by the Government of the United States as aforesaid, and
+    to give notice in said publication that the capital and interest of
+    said bonds are to be paid to this Government and to no other holder
+    thereof whatever.
+
+Before this bill for the protection of the Indians had come up for
+discussion or had even emerged from the rooms of the Committee on Indian
+Affairs, Albert Pike, in letters to Toombs and R. W. Johnson, had pointed
+out most emphatically the military necessity of securing[218] the Indian
+country. His conviction was strong that the United States had no idea of
+permanently abandoning the same but would soon replace the regular troops,
+it had withdrawn from thence, by volunteers. Pike discussed the matter
+with N. Bart Pearce and the two agreed[219] that there was no time to lose
+and that something must be done forthwith to prevent the possibility of
+Federal emissaries gaining a foothold among the great tribes; for, if they
+did gain such a foothold, their influence was likely to be very great,
+especially among the Cherokees who might be regarded as predisposed to
+favor them, they having many abolitionists on their tribal rolls. Whether,
+at so early a date, Pike thought formal negotiation, as had been
+customary, the preferable method of procedure, we are not prepared to say,
+positively. Formal negotiation was scarcely consistent with the southern
+argument of Jackson's time or consonant with present state-rights
+doctrine. When writing[220] to Johnson on the eleventh of May, Pike seems
+to have been thinking simply of Indian enlistment and of the use of white
+and red troops in the defense of the Indian country. At that date his own
+appointment[221] as diplomatic agent for the negotiation of treaties of
+amity and alliance was certainly not prominently before him. He expressed
+himself to Johnson in such a way, indeed, as would lead us to suppose that
+the position he half expected to get, and did not altogether want, was
+that of commander of an Indian Department which he hoped would be created.
+
+For such a position Pike was not entirely unfitted. He had served in the
+Mexican War and had attained the rank of captain; but his tastes were
+certainly not what one would call military. He was a poet[222] of
+acknowledged reputation and a lawyer of eminence. Arkansas had recognized
+him as one of her foremost citizens by sending him as her one and only
+delegate to the Commercial Convention[223] of Southern and Western
+States, held at Charleston, South Carolina, April, 1854. Just recently, at
+the time when the question of secession was before the people of Arkansas,
+he had issued a pamphlet, entitled, _State or Province, Bond or Free_,
+described by a contemporary as, "a most specious argument for secession,
+but a re-production of the political heresies, that thirty years ago
+called down on John C. Calhoun, the anathema maranatha of Andrew
+Jackson."[224] To the men of his time, it seemed all the more astonishing
+that Albert Pike should take such a pronounced stand on the subject of
+state rights, not because he was a New Englander by birth, for there were
+many such in Arkansas and in the ranks of the secessionists, but because
+he was the author of that stirring poem against the idea of national
+disintegration, published some time before under the title of,
+"Disunion."[225]
+
+On the twentieth of May, Pike wrote[226] again to Toombs and by that time
+he certainly knew[227] of his commission to treat with the Indian tribes,
+but had apparently not received any very definite instructions as to the
+scope of his authority. One little passage in the letter brings out very
+clearly the essential fair-mindedness of the man, a marked characteristic
+in all[228] his dealings with the Indians, but at once his strength and
+his weakness. He succeeded with the red man for the very same reason that
+he failed with the white, because he gave to the Indians the
+consideration and the justice which were their due. This is the
+significant passage from his letter to Toombs:[229]
+
+    I very much regret that I have not received distinct authority to give
+    the Indians guarantees of all their legal and just rights under
+    treaties. It cannot be expected they will join us without them, and it
+    would be very ungenerous, as well as unwise and useless, in me to ask
+    them to do it. Why should they, if we will not bind ourselves to give
+    them what they hazard in giving us their rights under treaties?
+
+    As you have told me to act at my discretion, and as I am not directed
+    not to give the guarantees, I shall give them, formal, full, and
+    ample, by treaty, if the Indians will accept them and make treaties.
+    General McCulloch will join me in this, and so, I hope and suppose,
+    will Mr. Hubbard, and when we shall have done so we shall, I am sure,
+    not look in vain to you, at least, to affirm these guarantees and
+    insist they shall be carried out in good faith.
+
+There was an implied doubt of Hubbard in Pike's reference to him and a
+single future declaration almost justified the doubt, notwithstanding the
+fact that Hubbard was supposed to have been chosen as commissioner of
+Indian affairs because of his "well known sympathy for the Indian tribes
+and the deep concern" he had ever "manifested in their welfare."
+Hubbard's official position was that of Commissioner of Indian Affairs;
+but the unorganized character of the Confederate administration in early
+1861 is well attested by the way Secretary Walker confounded the name and
+functions of that office with those of an ordinary superintendent. On the
+fourteenth of May, he addressed Hubbard as "Superintendent of Indian
+Affairs" and instructed him
+
+    To proceed to the Creek Nation, and to make known to them, as well as
+    to the rest of the tribes west of Arkansas and south of Kansas ... the
+    earnest desire of the Confederate States to defend and protect them
+    against the rapacious and avaricious designs of their and our enemies
+    at the North.... You will, in an especial manner, impress upon the
+    Creek Nation and surrounding Indian tribes the imperious fact that
+    they will doubtless recognize, that the real design of the North and
+    the Government at Washington in regard to them has been and still is
+    the same entertained and sought to be enforced against ourselves, and
+    if suffered to be consummated, will terminate in the emancipation of
+    their slaves and the robbery of their lands. To these nefarious ends
+    all the schemes of the North have tended for many years past, as the
+    Indian nations and tribes well know from the character and conduct of
+    those emissaries who have been in their midst, preaching up abolition
+    sentiments under the disguise of the holy religion of Christ, and
+    denouncing slaveholders as abandoned by God and unfit associates for
+    humanity on earth.
+
+    You will be diligent to explain to them, under these circumstances,
+    how their cause has become our cause, and themselves and ourselves
+    stand inseparably associated in respect to national existence and
+    property interests; and in view of this identification of cause and
+    interests between them and ourselves, entailing a common destiny, give
+    to them profound assurances that the Government of the Confederate
+    States of America, now powerfully constituted through an immense
+    league of sovereign political societies, great forces in the field,
+    and abundant resources, will assume all the expense and responsibility
+    of protecting them against all adversaries....
+
+    Give them to understand, in this connection, that a brigadier-general
+    of character and experience has been assigned to the military district
+    embracing the Indian Territories south of Kansas, with three regiments
+    under his command, while in Texas another military district has been
+    formed....
+
+    In addition to these things, regarded of primary importance, you will,
+    without committing the Government to any especial conduct, express our
+    serious anxiety to establish and enforce the debts and annuities due
+    to them from the Government at Washington, which otherwise they will
+    never obtain, as that Government would, undoubtedly, sooner rob them
+    of their lands, emancipate their slaves, and utterly exterminate them,
+    than render to them justice. Finally, communicate to them the abiding
+    solicitude of the Confederate States of America to advance their
+    condition in the direction of a proud political society, with a
+    distinctive civilization, and holding lands in severalty under
+    well-defined laws, by forming them into a Territorial government; but
+    you will give no assurance of State organization and independence, as
+    they still require the strong arm of protecting power, and may
+    probably always need our fostering care; and, so far as the agents of
+    the late Government of the United States may be concerned, you will
+    converse with them, and such of them as are willing to act with you in
+    the policy herein set forth you are authorized to substantiate in the
+    employment of this Government at their present compensation....[230]
+
+Hubbard's mission to the west was quite independent[231] of Pike's,
+although both missions were undoubtedly part of the one general plan of
+securing as quickly, as surely, and as easily as possible the friendly
+cooperation of the Indians. At about the same moment that they were
+devised, the Confederacy took yet another means of accomplishing the same
+object and one referred to in the letter of Secretary Walker just quoted.
+On the thirteenth of this same month of May, 1861, it assigned
+Brigadier-general Ben McCulloch "to the command of the district embracing
+the Indian Territory lying west of Arkansas and south of Kansas."
+McCulloch's orders[232] were "to guard that Territory against invasion
+from Kansas or elsewhere," and, for the purpose, in addition to three
+regiments of white troops, "to engage, if possible, the service of any of
+the Indian tribes occupying the Territory referred to in numbers equal to
+two regiments."
+
+Hubbard's part in the prosecution of this great endeavor may as well be
+disposed of first. It was of short duration and seemingly barren of direct
+results. Hubbard was long in reaching the western boundary of Arkansas. On
+the way out he was seized with pneumonia and otherwise delayed by wind and
+weather. On the second of June he was still in Little Rock, apparently
+much more interested[233] in the local situation in Arkansas than in the
+real object of his mission. His intention was to "go up the river to Fort
+Smith," June third. From that point, on the twelfth, he addressed the
+Cherokee chief, John Ross, and the Confederate general, Ben McCulloch. The
+letter was more particularly meant for the former.
+
+    As Commissioner of Indian Affairs of the Confederate States it was my
+    intention to have called upon you and consulted as to the mutual
+    interests of our people. Sickness has put it out of my power to
+    travel, and those interests require immediate consideration, and
+    therefore I have determined to write, and make what I think a plain
+    statement of the case for your consideration, which I think stands
+    thus: If we succeed in the South--succeed in this controversy, and I
+    have no doubt of the fact, for we are daily gaining friends among the
+    powers of Europe, and our people are arming with unanimity scarcely
+    ever seen in the world before--then your lands, your slaves, and your
+    separate nationality are secured and made perpetual, and in addition
+    nearly all your debts are in Southern bonds, and these we will also
+    secure. If the North succeeds you will most certainly lose all. First
+    your slaves they will take from you; that is one object of the war, to
+    enable them to abolish slavery in such manner and at such time as they
+    choose. Another, and perhaps the chief cause, is to get upon your rich
+    lands and settle their squatters, who do not like to settle in slave
+    States. They will settle upon your lands as fast as they choose, and
+    the Northern people will force their Government to allow it. It is
+    true they will allow your people small reserves--they give chiefs
+    pretty large ones--but they will settle among you, overshadow you, and
+    totally destroy the power of your chiefs and your nationality, and
+    then trade your people out of the residue of their lands. Go North
+    among the once powerful tribes of that country and see if you can find
+    Indians living and enjoying power and property and liberty as do your
+    people and the neighboring tribes from the South. If you can, then say
+    I am a liar, and the Northern States have been better to the Indian
+    than the Southern States. If you are obliged to admit the truth of
+    what I say, then join us and preserve your people, their slaves, their
+    vast possessions in land, and their nationality.
+
+    Another consideration is your debts, annuities, &c., school funds due
+    you. Nearly all are in bonds of Southern States and held by the
+    Government at Washington, and these debts are nearly all forfeited
+    already by the act of war made upon the States by that Government.
+    These we will secure you beyond question if you join us. If you join
+    the North they are forever forfeited, and you will have no right to
+    believe that the Northern people would vote to pay you this forfeited
+    debt. Admit that there may be some danger take which side you may, I
+    think the danger tenfold greater to the Cherokee people if they take
+    sides against us than for us. Neutrality will scarcely be possible. As
+    long as your people retain their national character your country
+    cannot be abolitionized, and it is our interest therefore that you
+    should hold your possessions in perpetuity.[234]
+
+The effect that such a communication as the foregoing might well have had
+upon the Indians can scarcely be overestimated. Time out of number they
+had been over-reached in dealings financial. Only the year before, bonds
+in which Indian trust funds were invested had been abstracted[235] from
+the vaults of the Interior Department; and, for this cause and other
+causes, Indian money had not been readily forthcoming for the much needed
+relief of Indian sufferers from the fearful drought that devastated Indian
+Territory, Kansas, and other parts of the great American desert in 1860.
+
+Comment upon Hubbard's letter from the standpoint of historical inaccuracy
+seems hardly necessary here. Suffice it to say that the distortion of
+facts and the shifting of responsibility for previous Indian wrongs from
+the shoulders of Southern States to those of a federal government made up
+entirely of northern states must have seemed preposterous in the extreme
+to the Indians. One can not help wondering how Hubbard dared to say such
+things to the Indian exiles from Southern States and particularly to John
+Ross who like all of his tribe and of associated tribes was the victim of
+southern aggression and not in any sense whatsoever of northern.
+
+To Hubbard's gross amplification and even defiance of his instructions,
+also to his extravagant utterances touching the repudiation of debts and
+southern versus northern justice and generosity, Chief Ross replied,[236]
+by way of strong contrast, in terms dignified and convincing:
+
+    It is not the province of the Cherokees to determine the character of
+    the conflict going on in the States. It is their duty to keep
+    themselves, if possible, disentangled, and afford no grounds to either
+    party to interfere with their rights. The obligations of every
+    character, pecuniary and otherwise, which existed prior to the present
+    state of affairs between the Cherokee Nation and the Government are
+    equally valid now as then. If the Government owe us, I do not believe
+    it will repudiate its debts. If States embraced in the Confederacy owe
+    us, I do not believe they will repudiate their debts. I consider our
+    annuity safe in any contingency.
+
+    A comparison of Northern and Southern philanthropy, as illustrated in
+    their dealings toward the Indians within their respective limits,
+    would not affect the merits of the question now under consideration,
+    which is simply one of duty under existing circumstances. I therefore
+    pass it over, merely remarking that the "settled policy" of former
+    years was a favorite policy with both sections when extended to the
+    acquisition of Indian lands, and that but few Indians now press their
+    feet upon the banks of either the Ohio or the Tennessee....
+
+Judging from all the instructions that Secretary Walker sent out on Indian
+matters in May of 1861, it would seem that he had very much at heart the
+enlistment of the Indians and their actual participation in the war.
+Mention has already been made of how General McCulloch was told by
+Adjutant-general Cooper to add, if possible, two Indian regiments to his
+brigade and of how Walker had written Hubbard urging him to persuade the
+Indians to join forces and raising the number of Indian regiments desired
+from two to three. In a similar strain Walker wrote[237] to Douglas H.
+Cooper on the occasion of definitely asking him to give his services to
+the South. In all these letters no special stress was laid upon an
+intention to use the Indians as home guards exclusively. On the contrary,
+one might easily draw, from the letters, a quite opposite inference and
+conclude that the Indian troops, if raised, were to be used very generally
+and exactly as any other volunteers might be used. This is important in
+view of the stand, and a very positive one it was, that Albert Pike took
+some time afterwards. In his own letter[238] to Johnson of May 11, 1861,
+he does not specifically say that the Indian soldiers, whose mustering he
+has in contemplation, are not to be used outside of the Indian country;
+but he does insist that that country be occupied by them and by a certain
+number of white regiments--another important point as subsequent events
+will divulge.
+
+General McCulloch took up his part of the task of securing the Indians in
+his own characteristic way. He had great energy and great enthusiasm and
+both qualities were displayed to the fullest extent on the present
+occasion. He first laid his plans for taking possession forthwith of the
+Indian country, it having come to his knowledge that Colonel Emory with
+the Federal forces had abandoned it.[239] Apparently, it had never
+occurred to McCulloch that the Indians themselves might be averse to such
+a proceeding on his part but he was soon made aware of it; for when he
+consulted[240] with John Ross, he found, to his discomfiture and deep
+chagrin, that the desire and the determination of this greatest of all the
+Indians was to remain strictly neutral. On the twelfth of June, McCulloch
+still further communicated[241] with Ross and informed him that he would
+respect his wishes in so far as expediency justified but that he would
+have to insist upon the inherent right of the individual Cherokees to
+organize themselves into a force of Home Guards should they feel so
+inclined. Then he closed his letter by this note of warning:
+
+    Should a body of men march into your Territory from the North, or if I
+    have an intimation that a body is in line of march for the Territory
+    from that quarter, I must assure you that I will at once advance into
+    your country, if I deem it advisable.
+
+Once again the forbearance of Chief Ross had been put to a severe test,
+but he none the less replied to McCulloch with his customary dignity. Ross
+was then at Park Hill, McCulloch at Fort Smith, where he had halted hoping
+that the permission would be forthcoming for him to cross the line. Ross's
+reply[242] came by return mail, so to speak, and was dated the
+seventeenth. It was largely a reiteration of the reasons he had already
+given for preserving neutrality, but it was also a positive refusal to
+allow the individual Cherokees to organize a Home Guard. The concluding
+paragraph gives the lie direct to those intriguing and self-interested
+politicians who, in later years, endeavored to impugn Ross's sincerity:
+
+    Your demand that those people of the nation who are in favor of
+    joining the Confederacy be allowed to organize into military companies
+    as Home Guards, for the purpose of defending themselves in case of
+    invasion from the North, is most respectfully declined. I cannot give
+    my consent to any such organization for very obvious reasons: First,
+    it would be a palpable violation of my position as a neutral; second,
+    it would place in our midst organized companies not authorized by our
+    laws but in violation of treaty, and who would soon become efficient
+    instruments in stirring up domestic strife and creating internal
+    difficulties among the Cherokee people. As in this connection you have
+    misapprehended a remark made in conversation at our interview some
+    eight or ten days ago, I hope you will allow me to repeat what I did
+    say. I informed you that I had taken a neutral position, and would
+    maintain it honestly, but that in case of a foreign invasion, old as I
+    am, I would assist in repelling it....
+
+It will develop later how Ross's wishes with respect to the enrollment of
+Home Guards were successfully and adroitly circumvented, with the
+connivance of General McCulloch, by men of the Ridge faction in Cherokee
+politics. From the beginning, McCulloch seemed determined not to take Ross
+seriously, yet he duly informed Secretary Walker of the turn events were
+taking. On the twelfth of June, for instance, he wrote[243] to him and
+gave an account of his recent interview with the Cherokee chief. It was
+rather a misleading account, however; for it conveyed to Walker the idea
+that Ross was only waiting for provocation from the North to throw in his
+lot with the Confederacy. On the twenty-second of June, McCulloch
+wrote[244] to Walker again and to the same effect as far as his belief
+that Ross was not sincere in his professions of neutrality was concerned,
+even though, in the interval between the two letters, he had been
+carefully corrected by Ross himself and even though he was, at the very
+time, sending on to Richmond, the correspondence that denied the truth of
+his own statement. He did, however, add that his belief now was that Ross
+was awaiting a favorable moment to join forces with the North.
+
+Albert Pike, special commissioner from the State Department of the
+Confederate States to the Indian tribes west of Arkansas, had accompanied
+General McCulloch on his visit to Ross, the latter part of May, and had
+been present at the resulting interview. He had told[245] Toombs that he
+would leave Little Rock for Fort Smith the twenty-second and go at
+once[246] to the Cherokee country. At Fort Smith, Pike met McCulloch and
+the two, seeking the same object, agreed to go forward together,[247]
+having already been approached by an anti-Ross element of the Cherokee
+Nation.[248] Ross, as has been shown, insisted upon maintaining an
+attitude of strict neutrality, which probably did not surprise his
+interviewers, since, according to Pike's own testimony, he and McCulloch
+had not gone to Park Hill expecting to be able to effect any arrangement
+with Chief Ross.[249] Ross, however, did go so far as to promise[250]
+that within a short while he would call a meeting of the Cherokee
+Executive Council and confer with it further on the policy to be pursued.
+Ross doubtless felt that it was a part of political wisdom to do this. His
+was an exceedingly difficult position; for, within the nation, there was a
+large element in favor of secession. It was a minority party, it is true;
+but, none the less, it represented for the most part, the intelligence and
+the property and the influence of the tribe. Opposed to it and in favor of
+neutrality, was the large majority, not nearly so influential because made
+up of the full-bloods and of those otherwise poverty-stricken and obscure.
+In the light of previous tribal discords, the minority party was the old
+Ridge, or Treaty, Party, now headed by Stand Watie and E. C. Boudinot,
+while the majority party was the Ross, or Non-treaty Party. Ross himself,
+his nephew, William P. Ross, and a few others were the great exceptions to
+the foregoing characterization of their following. Of sturdy Scotch
+extraction and honest to the core, they personally stood out in strong
+contrast to the rank and file of the non-secessionists and it was they who
+so guided public sentiment that John Ross had the nation back of him when,
+on May 17, 1861, he issued his memorable Proclamation of Neutrality:[251]
+
+    _Proclamation to the Cherokee people_
+
+    Owing to the momentous state of affairs pending among the people of
+    the several States, I, John Ross, Principal Chief, hereby issue this
+    my proclamation to the people of the Cherokee Nation, reminding them
+    of the obligations arising under their treaties with the United
+    States, and urging them to the faithful observance of said treaties
+    by the maintenance of peace and friendship toward the people of all
+    the States.
+
+    The better to obtain these important ends, I earnestly impress upon
+    all my fellow-citizens the propriety of attending to their ordinary
+    avocations and abstaining from unprofitable discussions of events
+    transpiring in the States and from partisan demonstrations in regard
+    to the same.
+
+    They should not be alarmed by false reports thrown into circulation by
+    designing men, but cultivate harmony among themselves and observe in
+    good faith strict neutrality between the States threatening civil war.
+    By these means alone can the Cherokee people hope to maintain their
+    rights unimpaired and to have their own soil and firesides spared from
+    the baleful effects of a devastating war. There has been no
+    declaration of war between the opposing parties, and the conflict may
+    yet be averted by compromise or a peaceful separation.
+
+    The peculiar circumstances of their condition admonish the Cherokees
+    to the exercise of prudence in regard to a state of affairs to the
+    existence of which they have in no way contributed; and they should
+    avoid the performance of any act or the adoption of any policy
+    calculated to destroy or endanger their territorial and civil rights.
+    By honest adherence to this course they can give no just cause for
+    aggression or invasion nor any pretext for making their country the
+    scene of military operations, and will be in a situation to claim and
+    retain all their rights in the final adjustment that will take place
+    between the several States. For these reasons I earnestly impress upon
+    the Cherokee people the importance of non-interference in the affairs
+    of the people of the States and the observance of unswerving
+    neutrality between them.
+
+    Trusting that God will not only keep from our own borders the
+    desolations of war, but that He will in infinite mercy and power stay
+    its ravages among the brotherhood of States.
+
+    Given under my hand at the executive office at Park Hill this 17th day
+    of May, 1861.
+
+        JNO. ROSS, Principal Chief Cherokee Nation.
+
+The discretion of the Cherokees, their wily diplomacy if, under the
+circumstances, you should please to call it such, was more than
+counterbalanced by the indiscretion and the impetuosity of some of their
+neighbors. It has already been noted how the Chickasaws expressed their
+southern sympathies in the legislative resolves[252] of the twenty-fifth
+of May, but not as yet how the Choctaws took an equally strong stand. Both
+tribes were so very pronounced in their show of affection for the
+Confederacy that they gave a secessionist color to the whole of the Indian
+Territory, so much so, in fact, that Lieutenant-colonel Hyams could
+report[253] to Governor Moore of Louisiana, on the twenty-eighth of May,
+and upon information given him by some Indian agent.
+
+    ... That the nations on the borders of this State (Arkansas) are
+    anxious and desirous to be armed; that they can and will muster into
+    the service 25,000 men; that they have immense supplies of beeves,
+    sufficient to supply the meat for the whole Confederate service. All
+    they ask is arms and enrollment. If within your power to forward their
+    views with the President, it would be a great step in the right
+    direction, and erect a more effectual barrier against the Kansas
+    marauders than any force that could be sent against them, and thereby
+    protect the northern boundary of both Arkansas and Louisiana. The
+    reasons why every effort should be made to arm these people (now heart
+    and soul with us) to defend themselves and us are so palpable, that I
+    do not attempt to urge them upon you, but do solicit your attention,
+    so far as is compatible with your high position, to this matter, to
+    impress its importance on the President, and use your well-known
+    influence to effect this much desirable result....
+
+General McCulloch, in a letter[254] also of the twenty-eighth of May, more
+particularly specified the tribes that were friendly to the South, but he
+too mentioned some of them, the Choctaw and the Chickasaw, as "anxious to
+join the Southern Confederacy." It should not be a matter of surprise then
+to find that on the fourteenth of June, George Hudson, principal chief of
+the Choctaw Nation, acting in accordance with the will of the General
+Council, which had met four days before, publicly declared[255] the
+Choctaw Nation, "free and _independent_." The chief's proclamation was, in
+effect, a conscription act and provided for the enrollment, for military
+service in the interests of the Confederacy, of all competent males
+between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years. The General Council had
+authorized this and had further arranged for the appointment of
+commissioners "to negotiate a treaty of alliance and amity" with the
+Confederate States.
+
+Under such conditions, the work of Albert Pike must have seemed all plain
+sailing when once he was safely beyond the Cherokee limits; but his
+efforts,[256] vain though they were, to persuade that tribe into an
+alliance did not end[257] with the first recorded interview with Ross. He
+kept up his intercourse with the Ridge faction; but finally decided that
+as far as Ross and the nation as a whole were concerned it would be best
+to await the issue of events. It was only too apparent to all the southern
+agents and commissioners that Ross would never yield his opinion unless
+compelled thereto by one of three things or a combination of any or all of
+them. The three things were, pressure from within the tribe; some
+extraordinary display of Confederate strength that would presage ultimate
+success for southern arms; and encroachment by the Federals. It was the
+combination that eventually won the day. Pike, meanwhile, had passed on
+to the Creek country.
+
+At the North Fork Village, in the Creek country, the work of negotiating
+Indian treaties in the interests of the Confederacy really began and it
+did not end until a rather long series of them had been concluded. The
+series consisted of nine main treaties[258] and the nine group themselves
+into three distinct classes. The basis of classification is the relative
+strength or power of the tribe, or better, the degree of concession which
+the Confederacy, on account of that strength or that power or under stress
+of its own dire needs, felt itself obliged to make. This is the list as
+classified:
+
+    FIRST CLASS
+
+    1. Creek, negotiated at North Fork, Creek Nation, July[259] 10, 1861
+
+    2. Choctaw and Chickasaw, negotiated at North Fork, July 12, 1861
+
+    3. Seminole, negotiated at the Seminole Council House, August 1, 1861
+
+    4. Cherokee, negotiated at Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation, October 7, 1861
+
+
+    SECOND CLASS
+
+    1. Osage, negotiated at Park Hill, Cherokee Nation, October 2, 1861
+
+    2. Seneca and Shawnee, negotiated at Park Hill, October 4, 1861
+
+    3. Quapaw, negotiated at Park Hill, October 4, 1861
+
+
+    THIRD CLASS
+
+    1. Wichita, etc., negotiated at the Wichita Agency near the False
+    Washita River, August 12, 1861
+
+    2. Comanche, negotiated at the Wichita Agency, August 12, 1861
+
+Although all the treaties, made in 1861 by Albert Pike, were negotiated
+under authority[260] of the Act of the Provisional Congress of the
+Confederate States, approved May 21, 1861, by which the Confederacy
+offered and agreed to accept the protectorate of the Indian tribes west of
+Arkansas and Missouri, only those made with the great tribes contained a
+statement,[261] definitely showing that the protectorate had been formally
+offered, formally accepted and formally assumed. Thus, in a very
+unequivocal way, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Seminoles, and Cherokees,
+all signified[262] their willingness to transfer their allegiance from the
+United to the Confederate States. The smaller tribes seem not to have been
+asked to make the same concession and their nationality was, in no sense,
+recognized. They acted more or less under duress or compulsion, and the
+very negotiation of treaties with them was taken as a full compliance with
+the confederate scheme.
+
+The nationality of the great tribes, or more properly speaking, their
+political importance, was still further recognized by clauses
+guaranteeing territorial and political integrity,[263] representation by
+delegates[264] in the Confederate Congress, and the prospect[265] of
+ultimate statehood. The guarantee of territorial integrity was, of a
+certainty, not new. It had been inserted into various removal treaties as
+a safeguard against a repetition of the injustice that had been meted out
+to the Indians by the Southern States in Jackson's day. It comprised, in
+effect, a solemn promise that no state or territorial lines should ever
+again circumscribe the particular domain of the Indian nation securing the
+guarantee; and that state or territorial laws, as the case might be,
+should have no operation within the Indian country. The idea of
+congressional representation[266] was also not new, but where it had
+previously been but a promise or a mere contingency, it was now an assured
+fact, a thing definitely provided for. Ultimate statehood had, however,
+attached to it the old time elements of uncertainty, which is not at all
+surprising, considering that Walker, in his instructions[267] to Hubbard,
+had positively spoken against it.
+
+All the treaties, without distinction of class, recognized the land rights
+of the Indians and their existing territorial limits, but with the usual
+restriction upon alienation to foreign powers. A sale or cession to a
+foreign state, without the consent of the Confederate States, was to
+result in forfeiture and reversion to the Confederate States. By the
+Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty, the arrangement,[268] already satisfactorily
+reached, for a Chickasaw country distinct from a Choctaw was continued,
+the Indians of both tribes being given the privilege of having their
+particular land surveyed and sectionized whenever they might so please,
+provided it be done by regular legislative process.[269] The same treaty
+transferred[270] the lease of the Wichita Reserve from the United to the
+Confederate States and limited it to ninety-nine years. Practically the
+same bands of Indians were to be accommodated in this Leased District as
+before; namely, those whose permanent ranges were south of the Canadian or
+between it and the Arkansas. The New Mexican Indians were still to be
+absolutely excluded. The Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians reserved the right
+to pass upon the accommodation of any other Indians than those
+specifically mentioned in the treaty. The individual bands, so
+accommodated in the Leased District, were to be settled upon reserves and
+to hold the same in fee. Finally, the treaty placed,[271] for the time
+being, the Wichitas and their fellow reservees exclusively under the
+control of the Confederate States with a limited jurisdiction resting in
+the Choctaw Nation and a full right of settlement in Choctaws and
+Chickasaws.
+
+In regard to special features of the land rights of tribes other than
+those already mentioned, it is well to observe, perhaps, that the title to
+the reservation then occupied by the Seminoles was admitted to be
+dependent upon Creek sufferance;[272] that the United States patent of
+December 31, 1838, was recognized[273] as protecting the Cherokee; and
+that the Osage lands in Kansas were inferentially covered by the
+Confederate guarantee, given that tribe, of title in perpetuity.[274] The
+Confederate States, moreover, agreed to indemnify[275] the Cherokees
+should their Neutral Lands be lost to them through the misfortune of the
+war. It is rather interesting to see that this new government, in
+promising the insignificant tribes a permanent occupancy of their present
+holdings, made use of the same high-flown, meaningless language that the
+United States had so long used; but Albert Pike knew better than to assure
+the truly powerful tribes that they should hold their lands themselves and
+in common "as long as the grass should grow and the waters run." That
+language could yet be made appealing and effective, though, in official
+dealings with weak Wichitas,[276] Senecas, and Shawnees,[277] and, strange
+as it may seem, even with Creeks.[278] In reciprocal fashion, the wild
+Comanches could most naively promise[279] to hold the Confederate States
+"by the hand, and have but one heart with them always."
+
+Speaking of indemnification, we are reminded of other very important
+financial obligations assumed by the Confederacy when it made its famous
+treaties with the Indians west of Arkansas. Those financial obligations
+comprised the payment of annuities due the tribes from the United States
+in return for land cessions of enormous extent. They also comprised the
+interest on various funds, such as the Orphan Creek fund, education funds,
+and the like. Albert Pike had been given no specific authority to do this
+but he knew well that no treaties could possibly be made without it. It
+was not very likely that the slaveholding tribes would surrender so much
+wealth for nothing, and so Pike argued, when justifying himself and his
+actions later on. In his capacity as commissioner with plenary powers, he
+also promised the Indians that the Confederacy would see to it that their
+trust funds, secured by southern bonds, should be rendered safe and
+negotiable. Over and above all this, the government of the Confederate
+States made itself responsible for claims for damages of various sorts
+that the different tribes had brought or were to bring against the United
+States. Three good instances of the same are the following: the claim of
+the Cherokees for losses, personal and national, incident to the removal
+from Georgia; the claim[280] of the Seminoles for losses sustained by
+reason of General Thomas S. Jesup's emancipation[281] order during the
+progress of the Second Seminole War; and the claim of the Wichitas against
+the United States government for having granted to the Choctaws the land
+that belonged by hereditary preemption to them and had so belonged from
+time out of mind. It is exceedingly interesting to know that these
+Wichitas had been colonized on the very land they claimed as indisputably
+their own.
+
+In all the treaties, negotiated by Pike, except the two of the Third
+Class,[282] the Wichita and the Comanche, the institution of slavery was
+positively and particularly recognized, recognized as legal and as having
+existed from time immemorial. Property rights in slaves were guaranteed.
+Fugitive Slave Laws were declared operative within the Indian country, and
+the mutual rendition of fugitives was promised throughout the length and
+breadth of the Confederacy. The First Class of treaties differs from the
+Second in this matter but only in a very slight degree. The latter
+condenses in one clause[283] all that bears upon slavery in its various
+aspects, the former separates the discussion of the legality of the
+institution from that of the rendition of slaves. Of the First Class, the
+Creek Treaty[284] constituted the model; of the Second, the Osage.[285]
+
+Aside from the things to which reference has already been made, the
+Confederate Indian treaties were, in a variety of ways and to the same
+extent that the Confederate constitution itself was, a reflection upon
+past history. To avoid the friction that had always been present between
+the red men and their neighbors, an attempt was now made to redefine and
+to readjust the relations of Indians with each other both within and
+without the tribe; their relations with white men considered apart from
+any political organization; their relations, either as individuals or as
+tribes, with the several states of the Confederacy; and their relations
+with the central government. In general, their rights, civil, political,
+and judicial, as men and as semi-independent communities were now
+specified under such conditions as made for what in times past would have
+been regarded as full recognition, and even for enlargement. Indian rights
+were at a premium because Indian alliances were in demand.
+
+The relations of Indians with Indians need not be considered at length.
+Suffice it to say that many clauses were devoted to the regulation of the
+affairs of those tribes that were, either politically or ethnologically,
+closely connected with each other; as, for example, the Choctaws and
+Chickasaws on the one hand and the Creeks and Seminoles on the other.
+Still other clauses assured the tribes of protection against hostile
+invasion from red men and from white, and assured all the great tribes,
+except the Cherokees,[286] of similar protection against domestic
+violence.[287] The Cherokees, very possibly, were made an exception
+because of the known intensity of their factional strife and hatred,
+which, purely for its own selfish ends, the Confederacy had done so much
+to augment. There may also have been some lingering doubt of John Ross's
+sincerity in the matter of devotion to the Confederacy. The time had been
+and might come again when the Confederacy would find it very expedient to
+play off one faction against another. Injuries coming to the Indians from
+a failure to protect were to be indemnified out of the Confederate
+treasury. Could the United States, throughout the more than a hundred
+years of its history have had just such a law, its national treasury would
+have been saved millions and millions of dollars paid out in claims, just
+and unjust, of white men against the Indians.
+
+As affecting their relations with white men, the Indians were conceded the
+right to determine absolutely, by their own legislation, the conditions of
+their own tribal citizenship. This would mean, of course, the free
+continuance of the custom of adoption, a custom more pernicious in Indian
+history than even the principle of equal apportionment in Frankish;
+because it was the entering wedge to territorial encroachment. The white
+man, once adopted into the tribe as a citizen, was to be protected against
+unjust discrimination or against the forfeiture of his acquired status.
+The provisions against intruders were legitimately severe, those of the
+United States had never been severe enough. The executive power had always
+been very weak and very lax but now it was to reside in the tribal Council
+and would bid fair to be firm because interested, or, perhaps, we should
+say disinterested. The Confederacy, on its part, promised that the aid of
+the military should be forthcoming for the expulsion of intruders on
+application by the agent, should the tribal authority prove inadequate.
+The Indians might compel the removal of obnoxious men from agency and
+military reserves. Unauthorized settlement within the Indian country by
+citizens of the Confederate States was absolutely forbidden under pain of
+punishment by the tribe encroached upon.
+
+With respect to Indian trade, there was considerable innovation and
+considerable modification of existing laws. For years past, the Indians of
+the great tribes had chafed under the restrictions which the United States
+government had placed upon their trade and, unquestionably, no other
+single thing had irritated them more than the very evident monopoly right
+which the United States had given to a few white men over it. Indian
+trade, under federal regulations, was nothing more nor less than an
+extension of the protective policy, a policy that was destructive of all
+competition and that put the Indian, often to the contempt of his
+intelligence, at the mercy of the white sharper. Indian commissioner after
+Indian commissioner had protested against it, but all in vain. George W.
+Manypenny, particularly, had tried[288] to effect a change; for he was
+himself convinced that, if the Indians were capable of self-government,
+they were certainly capable of conducting their own trade. Needless to
+say, Manypenny's efforts were entirely unavailing. The Indian trade in the
+hands of the licensed white trader, although a pernicious thing for the
+Indian, was an exceedingly lucrative business for enterprising American
+citizens, white men who were, unfortunately, in possession of the elective
+franchise but of little else that was honorable and the government,
+controlled by constituents with local interests, dared not surrender it to
+the unenfranchised Indians no matter how highly competent they might be.
+Thus the Indian country, throughout its entire extent, was exploited for
+the sake of the frontiersman. Moreover, the annuity money, a just tax upon
+a government that had received so much real estate from the aborigines,
+instead of being spent judiciously to meet the ends of civilization and in
+such a way as to reflect credit upon the donor, who after all was a
+self-constituted guardian, went right back into the pockets of United
+States citizens but, of necessity, into those of only a very limited
+number of them.
+
+Because it was a matter of expediency and not because it was a principle
+that it believed in, otherwise it would have given it to the weak tribes
+as well as to the strong, the Confederacy gave to the Indians of the great
+tribes, but not to all in exactly the same measure,[289] the control of
+their own trade. It did not do away with the post trader, as it ought to
+have done in order to make its reform complete, but it did deprive him of
+his monopoly privileges. It hedged his license about with
+restrictions,[290] made it subject, on complaint of the Indian and in the
+event of arrearages, to revocation; and, to all of the great tribes except
+the Seminoles, it gave the power of taxing his goods, his stock in trade,
+usually a rather paltry outfit. No better precaution could have possibly
+been devised against exorbitant charging. An ad valorem tax would most
+certainly have quite eliminated the fifty, the one hundred, and the two
+hundred per cents of profit. As a matter of fact, the extravagantly high
+prices of the ordinary Indian trader would be, for most persons,
+positively prohibitive. The Confederacy further bound itself to pay to the
+Indians an annual compensation for the land and timber used by the trader.
+
+The questions settled as between the several states and the Indian tribes
+were chiefly[291] of property rights and of civil and criminal rights and
+procedure. In addition to their property right in slaves, the Indians were
+at last admitted to have a possible right in other things, in land, for
+instance, that might lie within the limits of a state. This they were
+henceforth to hold, dispose of as they pleased, and bequeath by will.[292]
+Restrictions, likewise, upon their power freely to dispose of their
+chattels,[293] were removed, a coordinate concession, but one that did not
+so much affect their relations with a given individual state as their
+relations with the central government. To such[294] of the Indians as were
+not to be brought within the jurisdiction of the Confederate States
+District Courts[295] that were to be created within the Indian country,
+the right was given to sue and to implead in any of the courts of the
+several states. To Indians generally of the great tribes was given the
+right to be held competent as witnesses[296] in state courts, and, if
+indicted there themselves, to subpoena witnesses and to employ
+counsel.[297] The Cherokees, the Choctaws, and the Chickasaws were also
+granted the right of recovery[298] as against citizens of the Confederate
+States. Should recovery not be possible, the Confederacy was to stand the
+loss. But more than anything else reciprocal right of extradition was
+henceforth to be accorded. This was to exist as between tribe and
+tribe[299] and, with some slight exceptions, as between tribe and state.
+An examination of the various treaties reveals a steady development in the
+matter of this concession. The Creek Treaty,[300] which was the first to
+be negotiated, made extradition a rather one-sided[301] affair. The tribe
+was to yield the criminal to the state, but, not reciprocally, the state
+to the tribe. This verbal inequality would not have so much mattered had
+there been a possibility that in the sequel it would have been
+interpreted, as in the states, in terms of executive courtesy and
+discretion; but the chances were that a state would have made it a matter
+of absolute obligation with the tribe. Reciprocity[302] found its way into
+the second treaty, however, and also into all the later ones of the First
+Class. Finally, be it remarked, that as a climax to this series of
+judicial concessions, full faith and credit[303] were to be given by the
+one Indian nation or Confederate state, as the case might be, to all legal
+processes, decisions, and acts of the other.
+
+There yet remain two provisions[304] of importance that were intended to
+put the Indian nations on a basis of equality with the states. They are
+provisions rather particular in their nature, however, and, in their full
+operation, would have affected Texas and Arkansas much more nearly than
+any other members of the Southern Confederacy. The first of these
+provisions is to be found, as a grant of mutual rights, only in treaties
+of the First Class and in two only of those, the Choctaw and Chickasaw and
+the Cherokee. The omission from the Creek and Seminole treaties was due,
+most likely, to geographical conditions; but the lack of reciprocity in
+the Osage, the one treaty of the Second Class in which a suggestion of the
+provision occurs, was just as surely due to the weakness of the tribe from
+which the privilege was exacted. The provision comprehended the use of
+navigable streams within the limits of the Confederacy and the Indians
+specified were to have the same rights in the premises as the citizens of
+the Confederate States. Osage[305] streams and water courses were,
+however, to be open to white people but not conversely Confederate waters
+to the Osages. The clauses in treaties of the First Class, embodying this
+provision, comprehended all navigable streams whatsoever but had
+particular application to the Red and Arkansas Rivers, the Choctaw[306]
+and Chickasaw to the former and the Cherokee[307] to the latter. The
+rights of ferrying on these streams were to be open alike to white and red
+men living upon their banks.
+
+The second provision was couched in terms of general amnesty. The Indians
+were to forgive wholesale the citizens of the individual Confederate
+states for their past offences and, reciprocally, the states were to
+forgive and pardon the Indians for theirs, or, rather, the government of
+the Confederate States was to use its good offices to persuade and induce
+them to do so.[308] The Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty contained, in
+addition to this general clause, a particular one bringing out again the
+close connection with Texas and Arkansas. It reads thus:
+
+    ... And the Confederate States will especially request the States of
+    Arkansas and Texas to grant the like amnesty as to all offences
+    committed by Choctaw or Chickasaw against the laws of those States
+    respectively, and the Governor of each to reprieve or pardon the same,
+    if necessary.[309]
+
+Some evidence of the special interest Texas might have in the matter came
+out rather prominently in the treaties of the Third Class, the amnesty in
+them was particular while the amnesty in the treaties of the other two
+classes was general. This is what the Wichita and Comanche say:
+
+    It is distinctly understood by the said several tribes and bands, that
+    the State of Texas is one of the Confederate States, and joins this
+    Convention, and signs it when the Commissioner signs it, and is bound
+    by it; and all hostilities and enmities between it and them are now
+    ended and are to be forgotten and forgiven on both sides.[310]
+
+It soon developed that Texas was not pleased to find her consent so
+thoroughly taken for granted and that the Reserve Indians were no better
+satisfied. The enmity between the two continued as before.
+
+As regarded the relations between the Indian tribes and the Confederate
+States proper, the Pike treaties were old law in so far as they duplicated
+the earlier United States treaty arrangements and new law only in so far
+as they met conditions incident to the war. United States laws and
+treaties were specifically continued in force wherever possible, and, in
+most cases, the name of the one government was simply substituted for that
+of the other. Considerable emphasis was laid upon the right of eminent
+domain. The Indians conceded to the Confederacy the power to establish
+agency reserves,[311] military posts[312] and fortifications, to maintain
+post and military roads,[313] and to grant the right of way,[314] upon
+payment of an indemnity,[315] to certain corporations for purposes of
+internal improvement, mainly railway and telegraph lines. Most of this
+would have contributed very materially to the good of the southern cause
+in guarding one of the approaches to Texas and in increasing the
+convenience of communication. The Confederate States assumed the wardship
+of the tribes, exacted a pledge of loyalty from the weaker and one of
+alliance,[316] offensive and defensive, but without the entail of
+pecuniary responsibility, from the stronger. In its turn, the Confederacy
+promised to the Indians many things, deserving of serious mention and far
+too important for mere enumeration. As a matter of fact, the South paid
+pretty dearly, from the view-point of historical consistency, for its
+Indian alliance. In the light of Indian political history, it yielded far
+more than at first glance appears and, as a consequence, the great tribes
+gained nearly everything that they had been contending for for half a
+century.
+
+As has just been intimated, the concessions made by the Confederacy to the
+Indians were somewhat significant. In addition to the things noted a few
+paragraphs back, congressional delegates, control of trade, and others of
+like import, Pike, the lawyer commissioner and the man of justice,
+promised the establishment of Confederate States courts within the Indian
+country. There were to be two of them, one in the Choctaw country[317]
+and one in the Cherokee.[318] They were to be District Courts with a
+limited Circuit Court jurisdiction. The importance of the concession
+cannot well be over-estimated; for it struck at the root of one of the
+chief Indian grievances. The territorial extent of the districts was left
+a little vague and the jurisdiction was not fairly distributed. Here again
+we have an illustration of might conditioning right. The Osages,[319] the
+Senecas and Shawnees,[320] and the Quapaws[321] were all brought within
+the limits of the Cha-lah-ki, or Cherokee district, but it is not clear
+that, as far as they were concerned, any other offences than those against
+the Fugitive Slave[322] laws, were to come within the purview of the
+court. The Wichitas and Comanches were left entirely unassigned, although
+naturally, they would have come within the Tush-ca-hom-ma, or Choctaw
+district.
+
+The Confederacy reinstituted the agency system and continued it with
+modifications. These modifications were in line with reiterated complaints
+of the Indians. They restricted the government patronage to some extent
+and, in certain instances, allowed a good deal of tribal control. As a
+general thing, to each tribe was allowed one agent and to each language,
+one interpreter. An exception to the first provision was to be found
+wherever it had been found under the earlier regime. Thus there was a
+single agent for the Choctaws and Chickasaws, another for the fragmentary
+tribes of the Leased District, and another for those of the Neosho River
+country. In the minor treaties, it was stipulated, for very evident and
+very sound reasons, most of them based upon experiences of past neglect,
+that the agent should be faithful in the performance of his duties, that
+he should reside at his agency continually, and never be absent for long
+at a time or without good and sufficient cause.
+
+There were also certain things the Indians were forbidden to do, many of
+them familiar to us in any ordinary Bill of Rights and having reference to
+ex-post facto laws, laws impairing the obligation of contracts, due
+process of law, and the like. The Confederacy, in turn, bound itself not
+to allow farming on government reserves or settlement there except under
+certain conditions and not to treat[323] with Cherokee factions. It
+inserted into the treaties with the minor tribes the usual number of
+civilization clauses, promising agricultural and industrial support; and
+into the Cherokee some things that were entirely new, notably a provision
+that the congressional delegation from each of the great tribes should
+have the right to nominate a youth to membership in any military academy
+that might be established.[324] It also promised to maintain a postal
+system throughout the Indian country, one that should be, in every
+particular, a part of the postal system of the Confederate States with the
+same rates, stamps, and so on. To the Cherokees, it promised the
+additional privilege[325] of having the postmasters selected and appointed
+from among their own people. From the foregoing analysis of the treaties,
+it is clearly seen that the characteristic feature of them all was
+conciliation and conciliation written very, very large. Of the great
+tribes, the Confederacy asked an alliance full and complete; of the middle
+tribes, such as the Osage, it asked a limited alliance and peace; and of
+the most insignificant tribes it asked simply peace but that it was
+prepared, not only to ask, but, if need be, to demand. Between the
+Cherokees and the Wichitas, there was a wide, wide gulf and one that could
+be measured only in terms of political and military importance.
+
+So much for the contents of the treaties but what about the detailed
+history of their negotiation? When Albert Pike first came within reach of
+the Indian country, he communicated[326] officially or semi-officially
+with the men belonging or recently belonging to the Indian field service,
+agents and agency employees, or, at least, with those of them that were
+known as Confederate sympathizers. A few very necessary changes had been
+made in the service with the inauguration of President Lincoln but the
+changes were not always such as could, in any wise, have strengthened the
+Federal position. First, as regards the southern superintendency, an
+attempt had been made to find a successor to Elias Rector[327] at about
+the same time that Harrison B. Branch[328] of Missouri had been appointed
+central superintendent in the stead of A. M. Robinson. The man chosen was
+Samuel L. Griffith[329] of Fort Smith to whom the new Secretary of the
+Interior, Caleb B. Smith, telegraphed on the fifth of April, tendering the
+position. Similarly by wire, on the ninth, Griffith accepted; and, on the
+tenth, explained[330] the delay in the following letter:
+
+    Being a member of our State Convention on the Union side, I hesitated
+    a day or two, as to the propriety of accepting, fearing it might
+    affect the union cause, but on mature deliberation and counsel with
+    union friends, and on the receipt of a memorial signed by a large
+    number of names of men of all parties, I concluded to accept....
+
+    Col. W. H. Garret Agt. for the Creeks, passed through this place on
+    the 8th....
+
+    Col. S. Rutherford left here this morning for his agency (the
+    Seminole). I desired him to ascertain on his way through the Creek and
+    Choctaw Nations, the facts, as to the rumor that two men from Texas
+    were in the Creek Nation for the purpose of meeting the several
+    nations in Council &c. and to report to me immediately....
+
+Dr. Griffith's solicitude for the Union interests apparently soon
+vanished. On the twentieth of April, he wrote[331] that, "under the
+circumstances," he could not hold office. Coffin of Indiana was then
+selected[332] for the place of southern superintendent and, in a very
+little while, Griffith was among the applicants[333] for the corresponding
+position in the Confederate States. Between the dates of the two
+activities, moreover, he had been appointed by the Arkansas Convention one
+of the three special agents to interview the Indian tribes in the
+interests of secession. That was on the tenth of May.
+
+The changes in the agency incumbents proved equally temporary and
+unfortunate. Particularly was this the case with two determined[334] upon
+on the sixth of April. Four days later, William Quesenbury[335] of
+Fayetteville, Arkansas was notified that he had been appointed to succeed
+William H. Garrett as agent for the Creeks, and John Crawford[336] of the
+same place that he had been appointed to succeed Robert J. Cowart as agent
+for the Cherokees. Both went over to the Confederacy. Nothing else could
+well have been expected of Crawford, or of Quesenbury either for that
+matter, and it is rather surprising that their past records were not more
+thoroughly examined. Quesenbury, like Richard P. Pulliam, was a sort of
+protege of Elias Rector. Pulliam had been Rector's clerk in the office
+and Quesenbury his clerk in the field.[337] Crawford had been very
+prominent[338] in the Arkansas legislature the preceding winter in the
+expression of ideas and sentiments hostile to Abraham Lincoln. He accepted
+the office of Cherokee agent under Lincoln, notwithstanding, and he
+subsequently said[339] that he did so because the Indians would not have
+liked a northern man to come among them. Before Crawford's commission
+arrived, Cowart had departed[340] and Cherokee affairs were in dire
+confusion.[341] John J. Humphreys[342] of Tennessee had meanwhile been
+offered the Wichita Agency[343] and Peter P. Elder[344] of Kansas, the
+Neosho River. The Choctaw and Chickasaw Agency seems to have been left
+vacant. Truth to tell, there was no longer any such agency under United
+States control. Cooper had thrown in his lot with the secessionists and
+was already working actively in their cause.
+
+The defection of Douglas H. Cooper, United States agent for the Choctaws
+and the Chickasaws, can not be passed by so very lightly; for it had such
+far reaching effects. The time came during and after the war, when the
+United States Indian Office came to have in its possession various
+documents[345] that proved conclusively that Douglas H. Cooper had been
+most instrumental in organizing the secession movement among the Indians
+of at least his own agency. It was even reported[346] that material was
+forthcoming to show how he "was engaged in raising troops for the Rebel
+Army, during the months of April, May, and June, 1861, while holding the
+office of U. S. Indian Agent." His successor had been appointed
+considerably before the end of that time, however, and, when the war was
+over, the Indians themselves exonerated him from all responsibility in the
+matter of their own defection.[347] Notwithstanding, he most certainly did
+manifest unusual activity in behalf of the slaveholding power. Even his
+motives for manifesting activity are, in a sense, impugned as instanced by
+the following most extraordinary letter, which, written by Cooper to
+Rector privately and in confidence and later transmitted to Washington out
+of the ordinary course of official business, has already been quoted once
+for the purpose of forming a correct estimate of the recipient's
+character. It is gratifying to know that such letters are very rare in
+connection with the history of the American Civil War.
+
+    _Private & Confidential_
+
+    [_Copy_]
+
+    FORT SMITH May 1st 1861.
+
+    MAJOR ELIAS RECTOR
+
+    Dr. Sir: I have concluded to act upon the suggestion yours of the 28th
+    Ultimo contains.
+
+    If we work this thing shrewdly we can make a fortune each, satisfy the
+    Indians, stand fair before the North, and revel in the unwavering
+    confidence of our Southern Confederacy.
+
+    My share of the eighty thousand in gold[348] you can leave on deposite
+    with Meyer Bro. subject to my order. Write me soon.
+
+        COOPER.
+
+When Captain Pike[349] reached the North Fork Village, very probably
+still attended by the escort that the Military Board of Arkansas had
+graciously--or perhaps officially since Pike, according to his own
+confession, was acting as commissioner from Arkansas[350] as well as from
+the Confederacy--furnished[351] him,[352] he found the Creeks awaiting his
+approach with some anxiety. Among them were Motey Kennard,[353] principal
+chief of the Lower Creeks, and Echo Harjo, principal chief of the Upper
+Creeks, both of whom had been absent[354] in Washington at the time the
+inter-tribal council of the spring had been planned. They had gone to
+Washington, in company with John G. Smith, as a delegation, greatly
+concerned about the prospect of Creek finances and the continuance of
+Creek integrity should the quarrel between the North and the South
+continue. Greenwood had tried to reassure them; but, when shortly
+afterwards, all Indian allowances were suspended[355] by the United States
+Indian Office for fear that remittances might fall, en route, into the
+hands of the disaffected, the distrust and the dissatisfaction of the
+Indians revived and increased, thus rendering them peculiarly susceptible
+to the plausible secessionist arguments of men like Agent Garrett.
+Sometime in May, therefore, a delegation was sent to Montgomery[356] to
+confer with authorities of the Confederate States, who by the time of the
+arrival of the Creeks had moved on to Richmond.
+
+At the North Fork Village, everything seemed to be working in Pike's
+favor. There was scarcely a white man[357] around who was willing to say a
+word for the North; and leading Indians, who were known to be
+anti-secessionists, were away[358] treating with the Indians of the
+Plains. Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la, who was to become the stanch leader of the
+opposition, was not with the absentees, it would seem; but then that, at
+the time, did not so much signify because he was not a ranking chief and
+so had little influence.[359] On the tenth of July, the treaty that Pike
+and the Creek commissioners had been working on for days was finally
+submitted for signature and the names of Motey Kennard, Echo Harjo, Chilly
+McIntosh, Samuel Checote and many other less prominent Creeks were
+attached to it. On the twentieth, the general council approved it and more
+names were attached, that of Jacob Derrysaw being among them. On one or
+the other occasion, several white men signed. William Quesenbury, who was
+acting as Pike's secretary, Agent Garrett, Interpreter G. W. Stidham,[360]
+and W. L. Pike. Soon came the return of the travellers and much subsequent
+commotion. They expressed themselves as opposed to the whole proceeding,
+yet three of them found that, in their absence, their names had been
+forged[361] to the document that was passing as a treaty between the
+Creeks and the Confederate States. The three whose names were forged were,
+Ok-ta-ha-hassee Harjo (better known subsequently as "Sands" and who became
+in reconstruction days the great rival of Samuel Checote for the office of
+principal chief), Tallise Fixico, and Mikko Hutke. It is a matter of
+dispute what course Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la had taken[362] in the treaty
+conference but not what he did afterwards; for he became the intrepid
+leader of the so-called "Loyal Creeks" and the foremost of the "Refugees."
+
+If the Creeks were disturbed about their national finances, the
+Choctaws[363] were even more so. There were many suspicious circumstances
+connected with a certain corn contract and with the expenditure generally
+of the huge sum of money that the United States Congress had appropriated
+in satisfaction of claims arising under the treaty of removal, payment on
+which it had recently suspended to the displeasure of the Indians and the
+discomfiture of the speculators. Wherever suspicion rested, Pike attempted
+elaborate explanations and, wherever affairs could be turned to the
+account of the Confederacy, he labored with redoubled zeal. His task was
+an easy one comparatively-speaking, though, for the Choctaws were already
+committed[364] to the southern cause. The two Folsoms, Peter and Sampson,
+who were among the special commissioners sent to Washington to inquire
+about the money and who had lingered at Montgomery, were his eager
+coadjutors. Just how far George Hudson, principal chief, was readily
+compliant, it is difficult to say. It is supposed that he issued his
+proclamation[365] of June 14, announcing independence and calling for
+troops, under compulsion and, in July, he may still have been secretly in
+favor of neutrality. The joint treaty for the Choctaws and Chickasaws was
+completed on the twelfth of July and again prominent men, the most
+prominent in the tribes, no doubt, endorsed the action by affixing their
+signatures. R. M. Jones, the chief[366] of the secessionists, W. B.
+Pitchlynn, Winchester Colbert, and James Gamble,[367] who was soon
+afterwards selected as the first delegate[368] to the Confederate
+Congress, were among the signers; but Agent Cooper was not. Perchance, he
+and Pike had already begun to dispute over the propriety of an Indian
+agent's holding a colonelcy in the Confederate army. Cooper[369] wanted to
+be both agent and colonel.
+
+Having disposed satisfactorily of the Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws,
+Pike passed on, with his group of white and red friends, to the Seminoles
+and met them in council[370] at their own agency. Rector was now[371] one
+of his assistants. The poor Seminoles, according to their own story of
+what happened, were taken completely unawares;[372] and, after some
+skilful maneuvering, Pike succeeded in inducing about half[373] of them,
+headed by one of their principal chiefs, John Jumper,[374] and a town
+chief, Pas-co-fa, to agree to "perpetual peace and friendship" with the
+Confederate States. There was nothing specifically said about an alliance,
+offensive and defensive, but it was understood and was immediately
+provided for.[375] The head chief, Billy Bowlegs,[376] and other chiefs of
+present and future importance, like John Chup-co,[377] refused[378] to
+sign the treaty and, before many days had elapsed, joined the party of the
+"Loyal Creeks." Various ones of the "Southern" Creeks, notably Motey
+Kennard, were present at the treaty-making and used their influence to
+strengthen that of Pike, Rector, Agent Rutherford,[379] Contractor Charles
+B. Johnson, and a host of minor enthusiasts, like J. J. Sturm and H. P.
+Jones, all of whom had formerly been in the United States employ and were
+now, or soon to be, in the Confederate.[380]
+
+Pike's military escort had surely left him by this time and had returned
+to Arkansas and yet never had it been more needed; for the Confederate
+commissioner and his party were about to go into the western country to
+confer with the tribes of the Leased District whose friendship as yet
+could scarcely be counted upon, notwithstanding the fact that their agent
+had openly thrown in his fortunes with the South[381] and was using every
+form of persuasive art to induce them to do the same. Fearing, perhaps,
+some show of hostility from the Wichitas, Comanches, and Tonkawas, and
+hoping that a show of force on his part would intimidate them, Pike
+gathered together, before proceeding to the Leased District, a company of
+fifty-six[382] mounted men, friendly Creeks and Seminoles, and with them
+left the Seminole Council House. The Leased District once reached, some of
+the hardest work of the whole negotiation began and two treaties[383] were
+ultimately concluded, one with some of the legitimate residents of the
+locality and one with wandering bands who came in for the purpose. It is
+well to note at the outset, however, that the Wichitas proper refused to
+be either cajoled or intimidated and that, in consequence, they who had
+always, under United States control, been the most important of the
+reservees, the ones to give the name to the entire group, were now reduced
+to a subordinate position and some of the Comanches[384] elevated to the
+first rank. The first treaty then, the one made with reservees, was thus
+designated, "Treaty with Comanches and Other Tribes and Bands." The second
+treaty, made with Indians belonging outside the Leased District was
+designated, "Treaty with the Comanches of the Prairies and Staked Plain."
+
+The negotiation of the remaining treaties of the Pike series came as an
+immediate effect of Confederate military successes and belongs, in its
+description, to the next chapter. It is proper now to return to a
+consideration of the work of the Confederate Congress, in so far, at
+least, as that work had a bearing upon the alliance with the tribes. On
+the twenty-eighth of August, Hugh F. Thomason of Arkansas, offered the
+following resolution:
+
+    _Resolved_, That the Committee on Indian Affairs be instructed to
+    inquire whether any, and if so what, treaties have been made with any
+    of the Indian tribes, and if so, with which of them; and whether any,
+    and if so, what legislation is necessary in consequence thereof; and
+    that they have leave to report at such time and in such manner as to
+    them shall seem proper.[385]
+
+There the matter rested until after the whole series of treaties had been
+completed which was in ample time for President Davis to submit[386]
+Pike's report[387] and the tangible evidence of his successful work to the
+Provisional Congress at its winter session.
+
+President Davis's message of December 12, 1861, transmitting the Pike
+treaties to the Provisional Congress, summarized their merits and their
+defects and gave direction to the consideration and discussion that ended
+in their ratification. It called particular attention to the pecuniary
+obligations[388] assumed and to the contemplated change of status.
+Regarding the latter, Davis said,
+
+    Important modifications are proposed in favor of the respective local
+    governments of these Indians, to which your special attention is
+    invited. That their advancement in civilization justified an
+    enlargement of their power in that regard will scarcely admit of a
+    doubt; but whether the proposed concessions in favor of their local
+    governments are within the bounds of a wise policy may well claim your
+    serious consideration. In this connection your attention is specially
+    invited to the clauses giving to certain tribes the unqualified right
+    of admission as a State into the compact of the Confederacy, and in
+    the meantime allowing each of these tribes to have a delegate in
+    Congress. These provisions are regarded not only as impolitic but
+    unconstitutional, it not being within the limits of the treaty-making
+    power to admit a State or to control the House of Representatives in
+    the matter of admission to its privileges. I recommend that the former
+    provision be rejected, and that the latter be so modified as to leave
+    the question to the future action of Congress; and also do recommend
+    the rejection of those articles in the treaties which confer upon
+    Indians the right to testify in the State courts, believing that the
+    States have the power to decide that question, each for itself,
+    independently of any action of the Confederate Government.[389]
+
+Again Arkansas was in the lead in the exhibition of interest and, on the
+motion[390] of one of her delegation, Robert W. Johnson, the president's
+message and the documents accompanying it were referred to the Committee
+on Indian Affairs. This was on the thirteenth of December and Johnson was
+the chairman of the committee. On the nineteenth, the treaties began to be
+considered[391] in executive session. The first to be so considered was
+the Choctaw and Chickasaw, and interest concentrated on its twenty-seventh
+article,[392] the one giving to the two tribes jointly a delegate in the
+Confederate Congress. This provision was finally amended[393] so as to
+leave the delegate's status, his rights and his privileges, just as Davis
+had recommended, to the House of Representatives. Then came the
+consideration of the twenty-eighth article,[394] which promised ultimate
+statehood, and that also was amended in such a way as to leave the final
+determination to Congress,
+
+    By whose act alone, under the Constitution, new States can be
+    admitted and whose consent it is not in the power of the President or
+    the present Congress to guarantee in advance....[395]
+
+In the afternoon of December twenty-first, the Provisional Congress
+resumed[396] its consideration of the Indian treaties. The day previous,
+it had decided upon this order of procedure and had agreed[397] that the
+Comanche treaties, being of the least importance, should be left to the
+last. The work of the twenty-first was on the judicial clauses and, on the
+question of the qualification of the Indians to be competent witnesses in
+civil and criminal suits. Article XXXVI[398] of the Osage Treaty, dealing
+with the right to subpoena witnesses and to have counsel, seemed likely to
+create prejudice.[399] At length Waul of Texas suggested[400] that
+Commissioner Pike be invited to be present at future sessions in order
+that some very necessary explanations of scope, of motives, and of reasons
+might be forthcoming. In the end, the only changes made in the grant of
+judicial privileges were along the line of safe-guarding the existing
+rights of the individual states. In illustration of this, take the Choctaw
+and Chickasaw Treaty as typical of all of the treaties of the First Class.
+Articles XLIII and XLIV were amended. To the former was added,
+
+    And the Confederate States will request the several States of the
+    Confederacy to adopt and enact the provisions of this article, in
+    respect to suits and proceedings in their several courts.[401]
+
+From the latter, the phrase, "or of a State," was stricken out and this
+substitution made; "or of a State, subject to the laws of the State."[402]
+
+On the whole, the Indian treaties took up a very large share of the
+attention of the Confederate Congress throughout the month of December;
+and, after debate, President Davis's advice in every particular was
+followed, even to the assumption of the pecuniary obligations. On the
+twenty-third of December, Johnson reported[403] back the treaty with the
+Cherokees and some of its clauses were then considered. On the same day,
+Johnson offered[404] a resolution of ratification for the Seminole Treaty
+and it was unanimously adopted, the same changes identically having been
+made in the treaty as had been made in the Choctaw and Chickasaw in so far
+as the two treaties corresponded originally with each other. Congress also
+ratified a supplementary article to the Seminole Treaty. The last of the
+month, the Comanche treaties were reached[405] and soon pushed through
+with only very slight modifications. Then came the final consideration of
+the treaty with the Creek Indians. It was ratified[406] with the customary
+amendments the same day. The Quapaw Treaty came[407] next and with its
+congressional ratification, the work of diplomatically securing the
+Indians was practically done. The later Indian ratification was more or
+less perfunctory.
+
+
+
+
+IV. THE INDIAN NATIONS IN ALLIANCE WITH THE CONFEDERACY
+
+
+The work of soliciting the military support of the Indians and, to a large
+extent, that of securing it, antedated very considerably the formal
+negotiation of treaties with their constituted authorities. Whether it be
+true or not, that Douglas H. Cooper, United States agent for the Choctaws
+and the Chickasaws, did, as early as April, 1861, begin to enroll his
+Indians for the service of the Confederate States, it is indisputable
+that, immediately upon receiving Secretary Walker's communication[408] of
+May thirteenth, he began to do it in real earnest and, from that time
+forward, gained his recruits with astonishing ease. There were many[409]
+to recommend the employment of the Indians and some to oppose it. A
+certain F. J. Marshall, writing[410] to Jefferson Davis from Marysville,
+Kansas, on the twentieth of May, mapped out a tremendous programme of
+activities in which Indians were to play their part and to help secure
+everything of value between the Missouri line and the Pacific coast. Henry
+McCulloch thought[411] they might be used advantageously in Texas and on
+her borders. Pike believed[412] not more than thirty-five hundred could be
+counted upon, maybe five thousand, but whatever the number, he would
+engage them quickly and provide them with the necessary equipment. He
+wanted also to employ[413] a battalion of those Indians that more strictly
+belonged to Kansas. Presumably, then, he would not have confined
+Confederate interest to the slaveholding tribes. Others besides Pike were
+doubtless of the same mind. Marshall was, for instance, and southern
+emissaries were frequently heard of, north of the Neosho River. Henry C.
+Whitney, one of two United States special agents (Thomas C. Slaughter was
+the other), sent[414] out to Kansas to investigate and with a view to
+relieve under congressional appropriation[415] the distress among the
+Indians, caused by the fearful and widespread drouth of 1860, met[416]
+with many traces of secessionist influence.[417]
+
+The efforts of Cooper, coupled with those of Pike and McCulloch, in this
+matter of the enlistment of Indian troops, were soon rewarded. Chief
+Hudson's proclamation of June fourteenth, besides being a declaration of
+independence, was a call for troops and a call that was responded to by
+the Choctaws with alacrity. A little more than a month later, the
+enlistment of Indians had so far advanced that McCulloch was able to
+speak[418] positively as to his intended disposition of them. It was to
+keep them, both the Choctaw-Chickasaw regiment, which was then well under
+way towards organization, and the Creek, which was then forming, at
+Scullyville, situated fifteen miles, or thereabouts, from Fort Smith, as a
+check upon the Cherokees. Evidently the peace-loving element among the
+Cherokees was yet the dominant one. On the twenty-fifth of July, Cooper
+furnished further information,
+
+    The organization of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Regiment of Mounted
+    Rifles will be completed this week, but as yet no arms[419] have been
+    furnished at Fort Smith for them. I hope speedy and effectual measures
+    will be taken to arm the people of this (Indian) Territory--the
+    Creeks, Seminoles, Cherokees.... The Choctaws and Chickasaws can
+    furnish 10,000 warriors[420] if needed. The Choctaws and Chickasaws
+    are extremely anxious to form another regiment.
+
+    There seems to be a disposition to keep the Indians at home. This
+    seems to me bad policy. They are unfit for garrison duty, and would be
+    a terror to the Yankees.[421]
+
+All this time, of course, Pike had been making progress with his treaties
+and undoubtedly simplifying Cooper's task by embodying in those treaties
+the principles of an active alliance. These clauses from the Creek Treaty
+will illustrate the point:
+
+    ARTICLE I. There shall be perpetual peace and friendship, and an
+    alliance offensive and defensive, between the Confederate States of
+    America, and all of their States and people, and the Creek Nation of
+    Indians, and all its towns and individuals.[422]
+
+    ARTICLE XXXVI. In consideration of the common interests of the Creek
+    Nation and the Confederate States, and of the protection and rights
+    guaranteed to the said nation by this treaty, the Creek Nation, hereby
+    agrees that it will, either by itself or in conjunction with the
+    Seminole Nation, raise and furnish a regiment of ten companies of
+    mounted men to serve in the armies of the Confederate States for
+    twelve months, the company officers whereof shall be elected by the
+    members of the company, and the field officers by a majority of the
+    votes of the members of the regiment. The men shall be armed by the
+    Confederate States, receive the same pay and allowances as other
+    mounted troops in the service, and not be moved beyond the limits of
+    the Indian country west of Arkansas without their consent.[423]
+
+    ARTICLE XXXVII. The Creek Nation hereby agrees and binds itself at any
+    future time to raise and furnish, upon the requisition of the
+    President, such number of troops for the defence of the Indian
+    country, and of the frontier of the Confederate States as he may fix,
+    not out of fair proportion to the number of its population, to be
+    employed for such terms of service as the President may fix; and such
+    troops shall always receive the same pay and allowances as other
+    troops of the same class in the service of the Confederate
+    States.[424]
+
+    ARTICLE XXXVIII. It is further agreed by the said Confederate States
+    that the said Creek Nation shall never be required or called upon to
+    pay, in land or otherwise, any part of the expenses of the present
+    war, or of any war waged by or against the Confederate States.[425]
+
+    ARTICLE XXXIX. It is further agreed that, after the restoration of
+    peace, the Government of the Confederate States will defend the
+    frontiers of the Indian country, of which the Creek country is a part,
+    and hold the forts and posts therein, with native troops, recruited
+    among the several Indian Nations included therein, under the command
+    of officers of the army of the Confederate States, in preference to
+    other troops.[426]
+
+Although John Ross had positively forbidden the recruiting of any force
+within the limits of the Cherokee country, that while nominally for home
+defense, should be in reality a reserve force for the Confederacy, he was
+unable to prevent individuals from going over, on their own responsibility
+entirely, to McCulloch; and many did go and are believed to have
+fought[427] with his brigade at the Battle of Oak Hills, or Wilson's
+Creek. That battle proved the determining point in this period of Cherokee
+history. It was a Confederate victory, and a victory gained under such
+circumstances[428] that the watchful Indians had every reason to think
+that the southern cause would be triumphant in the end.
+
+The dissensions[429] among the Cherokee and the constant endeavors of the
+Ridge Party to develop public sentiment in favor of the Confederacy, to
+undermine the popularity of John Ross, and to destroy his influence over
+the full-bloods were, and there is no gainsaying it, the real causes of
+the ultimate Cherokee defection. The Battle of Wilson's Creek was only the
+occasion, only the immediate cause, the excuse, if you please, and of
+itself could never have brought about a decision. Yet its effect[430] upon
+Cherokee opinion was unquestionably great and immediate, and that effect
+was noticeably strengthened and intensified by the memory of other
+Federal reverses along the Atlantic seaboard, especially the more recent
+and more serious one of Manassas Junction, on the twenty-first of July.
+
+Up to about that time, the neutral policy of John Ross seems to have
+received the endorsement of a majority of the Cherokee people. In the last
+days of June, the Executive Council had been called together and had,
+after a session of several days, publicly and officially approved[431] of
+the stand the principal chief had taken to date. But events were already
+under way that were to make this executive action in no sense a true index
+to popular feeling. The secessionists were secretly organizing themselves,
+ready to seize the first opportunity that might appear. The full-bloods,
+or non-secessionists, were also organized and, under the name of "Pins,"
+were holding meetings of mutual encouragement among the hills. Encounters
+between the two factions were not infrequent and the half-breeds resorted
+to all sorts of expedients for persuading, or that failing, of frightening
+the full-bloods into a compliance with their wishes. They told them that
+the Kansas people had designs upon their lands (which was not altogether
+untrue), and that the Federal government would free their slaves and
+otherwise dispossess, degrade, and humiliate them. Such arguments had
+their effect and there was little at hand to counteract it, none in the
+memory of the past, none in the neglect and embarrassment of the present,
+none in the prospect of the future. There were no Federal troops, no new
+Federal assurances of protection. Agent Crawford, who was the only agent
+within reach, added his threats and his Confederate promises to those of
+the half-breeds. Then came the Battle of Wilson's Creek with its
+disastrous Federal showing, and the exhausted resisting power of the Pins
+went down before the renewed secessionist ardor.
+
+A meeting of the Cherokee Executive Council had been called for August
+first, and John Ross, Joseph Vann, James Brown, John Drew, and William P.
+Ross, all prominent non-secessionists, had attended it. On this occasion,
+a general, or mass, meeting of the Cherokee people was arranged for, in
+response to a public appeal, and the date for it was fixed for the
+twentieth of August.[432] In the interval came the news from Springfield
+and another communication from Albert Pike.[433]
+
+The convention which met at Tahlequah in August of 1861 ended in the
+secession of the Cherokee Nation. While it was in progress, the events of
+the last few months were gone over in thorough review and emphasis placed
+upon those of recent occurrence. The attendance at the convention was
+large.[434] Both political factions were well represented and there seems
+to have been only a slight show of force, if any, from the secessionists.
+The Reverend Evan Jones is our authority for thinking that some "seventy
+or eighty of them appeared there in arms with the intention to break up
+the meeting;" but that only two of them succeeded in making any
+disturbance.[435] In the course of the meeting, Agent Crawford put in an
+appearance and again asserted himself in behalf of the Confederacy. He
+"appeared on the platform," says an eyewitness,
+
+    And stated that although for some time past he had been among the
+    Cherokees acting as U. S. Agent, it had been by the advice and consent
+    of the Confederate authorities, and with the understanding that when
+    the proper time arrived he should declare himself the Agent of the C.
+    S. A. That time had now come making this the proudest day of his
+    life.[436].
+
+Such a confession of baseness seems hardly credible. The secessionist was
+entitled to his opinions touching the doctrine of state rights, for which
+a difference of view found its justification both in fact and in theory.
+He might even conscientiously believe in the righteousness of negro
+enslavement, inasmuch as it really did offer an easy solution of a labor
+problem; and moreover, would work under a benign paternalism, for the
+thorough, because so gradual, development of an inferior race; but by no
+standard of personal honor, or of moral rectitude could conduct such as
+Crawford's be condoned.
+
+John Ross had opened the meeting with an address in which he had defined
+its purposes and his own good intentions, both past and present.
+Personally, he seemed still inclined to maintain a neutral attitude but
+designing persons had made his position most difficult.[437]
+
+    ... Our soil has not been invaded, our peace has not been molested,
+    nor our rights interfered with by either Government. On the contrary,
+    the people have remained at home, cultivated their farms in security,
+    and are reaping fruitful returns for their labors. But for false
+    fabrications, we should have pursued our ordinary vocations without
+    any excitement at home, or misrepresentations and consequent
+    misapprehensions abroad, as to the real sentiments and purposes of the
+    Cherokee people. Alarming reports, however, have been pertinaciously
+    circulated at home and unjust imputations among the people of the
+    States. The object seems to have been to create strife and conflict,
+    instead of harmony and good-will, among the people themselves, and to
+    engender prejudice and distrust, instead of kindness and confidence,
+    towards them by the officers and citizens of the Confederate
+    States....
+
+    ... The great object with me has been to have the Cherokee people
+    harmonious and united in the full and free exercise and enjoyment of
+    all their rights of person and property. Union is strength; dissension
+    is weakness, misery, ruin. In time of peace, enjoy peace together; in
+    time of war, if war must come, fight together. As brothers live, as
+    brothers die. While ready and willing to defend our firesides from the
+    robber and murderer, let us not make war wantonly against the
+    authority of the United or Confederate States, but avoid conflict with
+    either, and remain strictly on our own soil. We have homes endeared to
+    us by every consideration, laws adapted to our condition of our own
+    choice, and rights and privileges of the highest character. Here they
+    must be enjoyed or nowhere else. When your nationality ceases here, it
+    will live nowhere else. When these homes are lost, you will find no
+    others like them. Then, my countrymen, as you regard your own rights,
+    as you regard the welfare of your posterity, be prudent how you act.
+    The permanent disruption of the United States is now probable. The
+    State on our border and the Indian nations about us have severed their
+    connection from the United States and joined the Confederate States.
+    Our general interests are inseparable from theirs, and it is not
+    desirable that we should stand alone. The preservation of our rights
+    and of our existence are above every other consideration. And in view
+    of all the circumstances of our situation I do say to you frankly that
+    in my opinion the time has now come when you should signify your
+    consent for the authorities of the nation to adopt preliminary steps
+    for an alliance with the Confederate States upon terms honorable and
+    advantageous to the Cherokee Nation.[438]
+
+
+[Illustration: COLONEL ADAIR, CHEROKEE [_From Smithsonian Institution,
+Bureau of American Ethnology_]]
+
+
+After having received this most solemn of warnings, "and a few pertinent
+and forcible remarks from Colonel Crawford," the meeting organized with
+Joseph Vann as president and William P. Ross as secretary. To effect a
+reconciliation between the contending factions and to decide upon some
+national policy that should be acceptable to the majority of the people,
+were, undoubtedly, the objects sought and so, after much discussion, a
+series of resolutions was adopted in which these ideas were given
+prominence as well as some of kindred importance. The resolutions asserted
+the legal and constitutional right of property in slaves and, in no
+doubtful terms, a friendship for the Confederacy. Yet the convention
+itself took no definite action towards consummating an alliance but left
+everything to the discretion of the constituted authorities of the nation,
+in whom it announced an unwavering confidence.
+
+    Whereas we, the Cherokee people, have been invited by the executive of
+    the Cherokee Nation, in compliance with the request of many citizens,
+    to meet in general meeting, for the purpose of drawing more closely
+    the bonds of friendship and sympathy which should characterize our
+    conduct and mark our feelings towards each other in view of the
+    difficulties and dangers which have arisen from the fearful condition
+    of affairs among the people of the several States, and for the purpose
+    of giving a free and frank expression of the real sentiments we
+    cherish towards each other, and of our true position in regard to
+    questions which affect the general welfare, and particularly on that
+    of the subject of slavery: Therefore be it hereby
+
+    _Resolved_, That we fully approve the neutrality recommended by the
+    principal chief in the war pending between the United and the
+    Confederate States, and tender to General McCulloch our thanks for the
+    respect he has shown to our position.
+
+    _Resolved_, That we renew the pledges given by the executive of this
+    nation of the friendship of the Cherokees towards the people of all
+    the States, and particularly towards those on our immediate border,
+    with whom our relations have been harmonious and cordial, and from
+    whom they should not be separated.
+
+    _Resolved_, That we also take occasion to renew to the Creeks,
+    Choctaws, Seminoles, Chickasaws, and Osages, and others, assurances of
+    continued friendship and brotherly feeling.
+
+    _Resolved_, That we hereby disavow any wish or purpose to create or
+    perpetuate any distinctions between the citizens of our country as to
+    the full and mixed blood, but regard each and all as our brothers, and
+    entitled to equal rights and privileges according to the constitution
+    and laws of the nation.
+
+    _Resolved_, That we proclaim unwavering attachment to the constitution
+    and laws of the Cherokee Nation, and solemnly pledge ourselves to
+    defend and support the same, and as far as in us lies to secure to
+    the citizens of the nation all the rights and privileges which they
+    guarantee to them.
+
+    _Resolved_, That among the rights guaranteed by the constitution and
+    laws we distinctly recognize that of property in negro slaves, and
+    hereby publicly denounce as calumniators those who represent us to be
+    abolitionists, and as a consequence hostile to the South, which is
+    both the land of our birth and the land of our homes.
+
+    _Resolved_, That the great consideration with the Cherokee people
+    should be a united and harmonious support and defense of their common
+    rights, and we hereby pledge ourselves to mutually sustain our
+    nationality, and to defend our lives and the integrity of our homes
+    and soil whenever the same shall be wantonly assailed by lawless
+    marauders.
+
+    _Resolved_, That, reposing full confidence in the constituted
+    authorities of the Cherokee Nation, we submit to their wisdom the
+    management of all questions which affect our interests growing out of
+    the exigencies of the relations between the United and Confederate
+    States of America, and which may render an alliance on our part with
+    the latter States expedient and desirable.
+
+    And which resolutions, upon the question of their passage being put,
+    were carried by acclamation. JOSEPH VANN, President.
+
+        Wm. P. Ross, Secretary.
+          Tahlequah, C. N., August 21, 1861.[439]
+
+In making his plans, prior to the Battle of Wilson's Creek, for effecting
+a junction with Price and cooperating with him and others in southwest
+Missouri, McCulloch acted, not under direct orders from Richmond, but from
+his own desire to take such a position opposite the Cherokee Neutral
+Lands, once so outrageously intruded upon by Kansas settlers and now being
+made the highway of marauders entering Missouri, as would make it appear
+to the Cherokees that he was there as their friend and as the protector of
+their interests. After the battle, he refused, and rightly in view of his
+own special commission, to accompany Price in his forward march towards
+the Missouri River. Instead he drew back into the neighborhood of the
+Cherokee boundary and there developed his plans for attacking Kansas,
+should such a course be deemed necessary in order to protect Indian
+Territory.
+
+It was at this juncture that the Cherokees as a nation expressed their
+preference for the South and for the southern cause, moved thereto,
+however, by the peculiarities and the difficulties of their situation. The
+Executive Council lost no time in communicating[440] to McCulloch the
+decision of the Tahlequah mass-meeting and their own determination to
+carry out its wishes by effecting an alliance with the Confederacy "as
+early as practicable." They realized very clearly that this might "give
+rise to movements against the Cherokee people upon their northern border"
+and were resolved to be prepared for such an emergency. They, therefore,
+authorized the raising of a regiment of mounted men, home guards they were
+to be and to be so designated, officered by appointment of the principal
+chief, Colonel John Drew being made the colonel. It would appear that the
+nucleus of this regiment, and with a strong southern bias, had made[441]
+its appearance prior to the Tahlequah meeting and the circumstance gave
+rise to the suspicion that the Cherokees had not been acting in good
+faith. After the war, the suspicion concentrated, very unjustly, upon John
+Ross and was made the most of by Commissioner Cooley at the Fort Smith
+conference; in order to accomplish, for reasons dishonorable to the United
+States government, the aged chief's deposition.
+
+Drew's regiment of home guards was tendered to McCulloch and he agreed to
+accept it[442] but not until after a treaty of alliance should have been
+actually consummated between the Cherokees and the Confederate States.
+Pending the accomplishment of that highly desirable object, McCulloch
+promised to protect the Cherokee borders with his own troops and
+confessed[443] that he had already authorized the enlistment of another
+force of Cherokees under the command of Stand Watie, which had been
+designed to protect that same northern border but "not to interfere with
+the neutrality of the Nation by occupying a position within its limits."
+
+It is not easy to decide just when or by whom the use of Indians by the
+Federals in the border warfare[444] was first suggested. As late as May
+twenty-second, Governor Charles Robinson of Kansas, in a letter[445] to
+Superintendent Branch, protested against even so much as arming them,
+which would certainly indicate that a general use of their services had
+not yet been thought of or resorted to; but, in August, when Senator James
+H. Lane was busy organizing his brigade of volunteers for the defense of
+Kansas, he resolved,[446] rather officiously, one might think, upon using
+some of the Kansas River tribes in establishing "a strong Indian camp near
+the neutral lands to prevent forage into Kansas" and arranged for a
+conference with the Indians at Fort Lincoln, his headquarters. Soon,
+however, a stay of execution was ordered[447] until the matter could be
+discussed, in its larger aspects, with Commissioner Dole, to whom
+courtesy,[448] at least, would have demanded that the whole affair should
+have been first submitted.
+
+Dole was then in Kansas[449] and before long became aware[450] that
+General Fremont was also favoring the enlistment of Indians, or, at all
+events, their employment by the army in some capacity. He had approached
+Agent Johnson on the subject, his immediate purpose being to request Fall
+Leaf, a Delaware, "to organize a party of 50 men for the service of" his
+department. Agent Johnson called the tribe together and discovered that
+the chiefs were much averse to having their young men enlist. Dole
+inquired into the matter and assured[451] the chiefs that a few braves
+only were needed and those simply for special service and that there was
+no intention of asking the tribe, as a tribe, to give its services. The
+chiefs refused consent, notwithstanding; but Fall Leaf and a few others
+like him did enlist.[452] They were probably among the fifty-three
+Delawares, subsequently reported[453] as having been employed by Fremont
+to act as scouts and guides. Fall Leaf attained the rank of captain.[454]
+Superintendent Branch,[455] be it said, and also Commissioner Dole,[456]
+at this stage of the war, were strongly opposed to a general use of the
+Indians for purposes of active warfare. They knew only too well what it
+was likely to lead to. Indeed, the most that Dole had, up to date,
+agreed[457] to, was the supplying the Indians with the means of their own
+defense when United States troops had shown themselves quite unavailable.
+
+Dole's opinion being such, it is scarcely to be supposed that he could
+have considered favorably Senator Lane's idea of an Indian camp in the
+Cherokee Neutral Lands or the one, developed later, of an Indian patrol
+along the southern boundary of Kansas. Lane's troubles, quite apart from
+his Indian projects, were daily increasing; and, considering the method of
+warfare indulged in by him and encouraged in his white troops, the same
+one that pro-slavery and free-state men had equally experimented with in
+squatter-sovereignty days, it would have been simply deplorable to have
+permitted him the free use of Indian warriors. Complaints[458] of Lane and
+of his brigade, of their jayhawking and of their marauding were being made
+on every hand. Governor Robinson[459] reported these complaints and
+endorsed them. Secretary Cameron, while making his western tour of
+investigation, heard[460] them and reported them also. Lane
+attributed[461] them to personal dislike of him, to envy, to everything,
+in fact, except their true cause; but we know now that they were all
+well-grounded. Yet, remarkable to relate, Lane's influence with Lincoln
+and with the War Department suffered no appreciable decline. His
+suggestions[462] were acted upon; and, as we shall presently see, he was
+even permitted to organize a huge jayhawking expedition at the beginning
+of the next year.
+
+The mention of Lane's jayhawking expedition calls to mind the conditions
+that made it seem, at the time, an acceptable thing and takes us back in
+retrospect to Indian Territory and to the events occurring there after the
+Tahlequah mass-meeting of the twenty-first of August. As soon as the
+meeting had broken up, John Ross despatched[463] a messenger to Albert
+Pike to inform him of all that had happened and of the Cherokee
+willingness, at last, to negotiate with the Confederacy. It was arranged
+that Pike should come to the Cherokee country, taking up his quarters
+temporarily at Park Hill, the home of Ross near Tahlequah, and that a
+general Indian council should be called. A special effort was made to have
+the fragmentary bands of the northeast represented and Pike sent out
+various agents[464] to urge an attendance. John Ross was also active in
+the same interest. He, personally, communicated with the Osages[465] and
+with the Creeks[466] by letter; but the Creeks,[467] like Evan
+Jones,[468] seem to have been incredulous as to Cherokee defection. They
+seem to have doubted the genuineness of the letter sent to them and made
+inquiries about it, only to be assured[469] again and again by Ross that
+all was well and that he wished the Indians en masse to join the Southern
+States.
+
+The council at Tahlequah, viewed in the light of its immediate object, was
+unusually successful. Four treaties were negotiated, one[470] at Tahlequah
+itself, October seventh, with the Cherokees and three at Park Hill. Of
+these three, one[471] was with four bands of the Great Osages, Clermont's,
+White Hair's, Black Dog's, and the Big Hill, October second; another[472]
+with the Quapaws, October fourth; and the third,[473] on the same day,
+with the Senecas[474] (once of Sandusky) and the Shawnees (once of
+Lewistown and now of the mixed band of Senecas and Shawnees).
+Hereditary[475] chiefs alone signed for the Great Osages, the merit chief,
+Big Chief, being, apparently, not present. The notorious ex-United States
+agent, J. W. Washbourne,[476] was very much in evidence as would most
+likely also have been the equally notorious and disreputable Indian
+trader, John Mathews,[477] had he not recently received his deserts at
+the hands of Senator Lane's brigade.
+
+An accurate and connected account of the occurrences at the Tahlequah
+council, it is well nigh impossible to obtain. Some intimidation[478]
+seems to have been used, and there was a report of a collision[479]
+between the Ross and Ridge factions some days previous to the meeting.
+Drew's regiment, which, when organized, had been placed as a guard[480] on
+the northern border, escorted[481] Commissioner Pike to Park Hill and
+later took up its station on the treaty ground. Some of Stand Watie's
+Confederate forces were also in the neighborhood.[482] In 1865, at the
+Fort Smith Council, held for the readjustment of political relations with
+the United States government, the Indians of the Neosho Agency gave[483] a
+rather picturesque description of the way they had been prevailed upon to
+sign the treaty with the Confederate States. The real object of the
+Tahlequah meeting was evidently not revealed to them until they had
+actually reached the treaty ground. Agent Dorn had told them that they had
+to go to the meeting. They went and were there taken in hand by Pike who
+said,
+
+    If you don't do what we lay before you, we can't say you shall live
+    happy.
+
+The Indians
+
+    feeling badly, just looked on, and the white man went to work, got up
+    a paper and said I want you to sign that. The Indian did not want to,
+    but he compelled him. You know yourself that, under such
+    circumstances, he would do anything to save his life....
+
+Now that the history of the diplomatic relations between the Indian tribes
+and the Confederacy has been brought thus far, nothing seems more fitting
+than to return to the consideration of the Federal government and its
+representatives, its purposes, and its plans, beginning the account with
+the Indian Office and Commissioner Dole. Dole's early attempt to prevail
+upon the War Department to resume its occupation of Indian Territory was
+followed up by the convincing letter of the thirtieth of May in which he
+likened the Indians to the Union element in some of the border states and
+ended by throwing the full responsibility for any disloyalty that might
+appear among them upon the Federal authorities; inasmuch as they had
+neglected and were still neglecting to give the support and protection
+that any ordinary guardian is bound in honor to give to his wards. Dole
+said in writing to Secretary Smith,
+
+    ... Experience has shown that the presence of even a small force of
+    federal troops located in the disaffected States has had the effect to
+    preserve the peace, encourage the friends of the Union, and induce the
+    people to return to their allegiance.
+
+    That this same result would be produced in the Indian country I cannot
+    doubt, as they can have no inducement to unite with the enemies of the
+    United States unless we fail as a nation to give them that protection
+    guaranteed by our treaty stipulations, and which is necessary to
+    prevent designing and evil-disposed persons from having free
+    intercourse with them, to work out their evil purposes....[484]
+
+Nothing came of Dole's application and thus was exemplified, as often
+before and often since, a very serious defect in the American
+administrative system by which the duty of doing a certain thing rests
+upon one department and the means for doing it with quite another. It is
+surely no exaggeration to say that hundreds and hundreds of times the
+Indians have been the innocent victims of friction between the War and
+Interior Departments.
+
+But if the authorities at Washington were indifferent to the Indian's
+welfare, Senator Lane was neither indifferent to nor ignorant of the
+strategical importance of Indian Territory. With him the defence of Kansas
+and the means of procuring that defence were everything. Indian Territory
+and the Indian tribes came within the scope of the means. And so it
+happened that, while he was organizing his Kansas brigade, he
+commissioned[485] a man, E. H. Carruth, who had formerly posed as an
+educator[486] among the Seminoles, to communicate with the various tribes
+for the purpose of determining their real feelings towards the United
+States government and of obtaining, if possible, an interview between Lane
+and some of their accredited representatives. The interview was to take
+place "at Fort Lincoln on the Osage or some point convenient
+thereto."[487]
+
+Now a considerable portion of the Creek tribe was in just the right mood
+and in just the right situation to receive such overtures in the right
+spirit. That portion consisted of those who, after the treaty of July
+tenth had been negotiated in the manner already described, had rallied
+around Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la; and who, in a Creek convention that had been
+called for August fifth had declared that the chiefs, who had signed a
+treaty outside the National Council, had violated a fundamental law of the
+tribe and had thereby forfeited their administrative rank. The criticism
+applied to Motey Kennard and to Echo Harjo, the principal and the second
+chief respectively. Kennard, as we have seen, was the leader of the Lower
+Creeks and Harjo of the Upper. A further division in Creek ranks was now
+inevitable and it came forthwith, the Non-treaty Party, made up mostly of
+Upper Creeks, proceeding to recognize[488] Ok-ta-ha-hassee Harjo (better
+known as "Sands") as the acting principal chief of the tribe. It also
+betook itself westward so as to be as much as possible out of the reach of
+the secessionists. When once in a position of at least temporary security,
+it despatched Mik-ko Hut-kee (White Chief), Bob Deer, Jo Ellis, and
+perhaps others to Washington to confer with the "Great Father."[489]
+
+The Creek delegates, Mik-ko Hut-kee and his companions, went, on their way
+to Washington, northward through Kansas, saw Superintendent Coffin[490]
+and, later, Lane's agent, E. H. Carruth. This was about the second week of
+September and Carruth was at Barnesville, Lane's headquarters. Carruth
+received the Creeks kindly, read sympathetically the letter[491] that
+they brought from their distressed chiefs, Sands and Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la,
+assured the equally distressed delegates of the continued fatherly
+interest of the United States government, and sent them on their way,
+greatly comforted. It was while these Creek delegates were lingering at
+Barnesville that Carruth made a special effort to induce the southern
+Indians generally to send representatives for an interview with Lane. He
+wrote personally to Ross,[492] to the two Creek chiefs,[493] and to the
+Wichita chief, Tusaquach,[494] and, in addition, wrote to the Seminole
+chiefs and headmen[495] and to the "loyal" Choctaws and Chickasaws.[496]
+
+Presumably, Superintendent Coffin did not altogether approve of Senator
+Lane's taking it upon himself to confer with the Indians who, after all,
+were officially Coffin's charges; for, in October, we find him, likewise,
+planning for an intertribal conference to be held at Humboldt.[497] It is
+rather interesting to look back upon all this and to realize, as perforce
+we must, that every plan for conferring with the southern tribes in the
+interests of the United States government, at this critical time,
+contemplated a meeting at some place outside of Indian Territory. Here
+were agents of the Indian's "Great Father" offering protection to the red
+men and yet giving incontestable proof in the very details of the offer
+that they did not themselves dare to venture[498] beyond the Kansas
+boundary. As a matter of fact, all such plans for a general conference
+came to nothing, although, as late as November, Lane had still the idea of
+one in mind. He was, at the time, hoping to meet the Indians at Leroy[499]
+in Coffey County, Kansas, on the twenty-fourth. Lane also continued to
+advocate the use of the friendly Indians as soldiers. A little earlier,
+Agent Johnson had endorsed[500] Lane's plan in a letter to Commissioner
+Dole; but the coming of General Hunter upon the scene considerably
+affected the sphere of influence.
+
+Dissatisfaction with Fremont on account of his extravagance, his haphazard
+way of issuing commissions, his tardiness, and, above all, his general
+military incompetence had crystallized in September; and, by orders[501]
+of General Scott on the twenty-fourth of October, Hunter was directed to
+relieve him. Hunter reached his post in early November and almost
+immediately thereafter, either upon his own initiative or after
+consultation with someone like Coffin (it could hardly have been with
+Lane; for Lane had gone[502] to Washington, or with Branch; for Branch was
+strongly opposed to the project intended), he telegraphed[503] to the War
+Department "for permission to muster a Brigade of Kansas Indians into the
+service of the United States, to assist the friendly Creek Indians in
+maintaining their loyalty." Evidently, the request was not granted,[504]
+but duties akin to it were, by arrangement of President Lincoln, conferred
+upon Hunter which involved his assuming the responsibility of holding, if
+such a plan were feasible, an intertribal council so as to renew the
+confidence of the southern Indians in the United States government. A
+letter[505] from Dole, outlining the plan, reveals an astonishing
+ignorance of just how far those selfsame Indians had gone in their
+defection, because of the loss of the confidence.
+
+In the giving of these new duties to General Hunter, there was not the
+slightest intention of ignoring Senator Lane. In fact, Dole expressly
+mentioned that Lane had called for just such an Indian conference[506] and
+suggested that, if Hunter's military duties prevented his meeting the
+Indians in person, Lane might take his place, "provided he can be spared
+from his post." The whole affair was incident to the reorganization that
+had recently, under general orders[507] of the ninth of November, taken
+place in the Western Department, from which had resulted a Department of
+Kansas, separate and distinct from the Department of Missouri. The
+Department of Kansas included "the State of Kansas, the Indian Territory
+west of Arkansas, and the Territories of Nebraska, Colorado, and Dakota"
+and was to be under the command of Major-general David Hunter[508] with
+headquarters at Fort Leavenworth. The idea governing this division of the
+old western department was, ostensibly, as Nicolay and Hay express[509]
+it, that Kansas might be protected, Indian Territory repossessed, and
+Texas reached. As we shall presently see, a similar reorganization took
+place, about the same time, in the Confederate western service and for
+very much the same reason, the condition of the Indian country being a
+very large proportion of that reason. It is barely possible that, as far
+as the United States was concerned, Senator Lane's recommendation[510] of
+the ninth of October was almost wholly accountable for the change.
+
+It was, undoubtedly, high time that something vigorous was being done to
+stay Confederate progress in Indian Territory. Indeed, events were
+happening there at this very moment that made all plans for an
+inter-tribal conference exceedingly out of date. The Confederate
+government had now a large Indian force[511] in the field and expectations
+of an increase, provided the necessary arms[512] were obtainable. On the
+twenty-second[513] of November, by special orders[514] from Richmond,
+Indian Territory had been erected into a separate military department and
+Albert Pike, now a brigadier-general, assigned to the command of it. For
+the present, however, things seem to have remained much as they were with
+McCulloch nominally in command and Cooper in actual charge. Moreover, long
+before Pike reappeared upon the scene, matters had come to an issue
+between the secessionist and unionist Creeks.
+
+Determined not to allow themselves to be over-persuaded or intimidated by
+the secessionist element in their nation, the unionist Creeks, under
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la, had withdrawn from active intercourse with the rival
+faction and, resisting all attempts of Cooper and others to inveigle them
+into an interview that might result in compromise, they had encamped at or
+near the junction of the Deep and North Forks of the Canadian River.
+Cooper resolved to attack them there and, for the purpose, gathered[515]
+together an effective fighting force of about fourteen hundred men, all
+Indians except for a detachment of Texas cavalry. On the fifth of
+November, Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la broke camp and took up the line of march for
+Kansas, hoping that, in Kansas, he and his followers would receive either
+succor or refuge. It has been estimated that Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la's force,
+at this time, was less than two thousand men and that it comprised,
+besides Creeks and Seminoles, some two or three hundred negroes. His
+traveling cortege was, however, very much larger; for it included women
+and children, the sick and the aged. Approximately half of the Creeks were
+on the move for pastures new. For many of them it was a second exodus.
+
+Colonel D. H. Cooper reached the deserted camp of Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la on
+the fifteenth of November and, finding his enemy gone and locating his
+trail, moved himself in a slightly northeasterly direction towards the Red
+Fork of the Arkansas. He came up with the unionist Creeks at Round
+Mountain on the night of the nineteenth and an indecisive engagement[516]
+followed, both sides claiming the victory. Under cover of darkness,
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la managed to slip away and crossed into the Cherokee
+country where there were plenty of disaffected full-bloods to give him
+sympathy. It is more than likely that they had invited him there and had
+prepared for his coming. Cooper did not attempt to pursue the Creek
+refugees, having been called back to the Arkansas line, there to wait in
+readiness to reenforce McCulloch should the Federals make a forward march
+southward from Springfield, as then seemed probable. But that danger soon
+passed, passed even before Cooper had had time to take the post indicated
+or to leave his own camp at Concharta, after a brief recuperation. He was
+now free to follow up the meagre advantage of the nineteenth.
+
+The next opportunity to crush Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la came in the Battle of
+Bird Creek [Chusto-Talasah, Little High Shoals, or the Caving Banks],[517]
+fought December 9, 1861. On the twenty-ninth of the preceding month, a
+part of Cooper's force had set out for Tulsey Town and an advance guard
+had been sent up the Verdigris in the direction of a place, called
+"Coody's Settlement," where Colonel John Drew with a detachment of his
+regiment of Cherokee full-bloods was posted. The orders were that Drew
+should effect a junction with Cooper's main force and, on December eighth
+they were all encamped on Bird Creek in the southwestern corner of the
+Cherokee Nation. At this juncture, word came that Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la
+wished to treat for peace and Major Pegg, a Cherokee, with three
+companions was sent forward to confer with him. They found the Creek
+chief, surrounded by his warriors and ready for battle. It was evening and
+Colonel Cooper had scarcely heard the news of the Creek determination to
+fight when a message came that four companies of Drew's regiment,
+horrified at the thought of fighting with their neighbors, had dispersed
+and gone over to Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la. The incident did not promise well for
+success on the morrow and the Battle of Bird Creek was another indecisive
+engagement, although the Creeks, eager and resplendent with their yellow
+corn-shuck badges, seem to have had all the advantage of position. Again
+they made their escape and again Colonel Cooper was prevented from
+following them, this time because he was exceedingly fearful lest the
+Cherokee desertion might have a lasting and disastrous effect upon the
+remaining Indian forces, particularly upon the small group that was all
+that was left of the original First Cherokee Mounted Rifles. Cooper's
+personal opinion was, that the defection was widespread among the
+Cherokees and that it would be sheer folly to start out after
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la until more white troops had been added to the pursuing
+force, by way both of reenforcement and of encouragement.
+
+Instead, therefore, of continuing northward, Colonel Cooper drew off in
+the direction of Fort Gibson and, from that point, sent for aid to Colonel
+James McIntosh at Van Buren. He then occupied himself with his own troops
+and prevailed upon John Ross to rally[518] the Cherokees. It was now the
+nineteenth of December and the aged chief did his best to keep his people
+true to the faith that the nation had pledged in the treaty of the seventh
+of October. He recalled to their minds the fact that it was, by all odds,
+the best treaty that the Cherokees had ever secured, the one that gave
+them the fullest recognition of their rights as a semi-independent people,
+and he might have added with sad, sad truth that it was the best that they
+could ever hope to get. He made no such pessimistic reflection, however,
+but concluded,
+
+    It is, therefore, our duty and interest to respect it, and we must, as
+    the interest of our common country demands it. According to the
+    stipulations of the treaty we must meet enemies of our allies whenever
+    the south requires it, as they are our enemies as well as the enemies
+    of the south; and I feel sure that no such occurrence as the one we
+    deplore would have taken place if all things were understood as I have
+    endeavored to explain them. Indeed the true meaning of our treaty is,
+    that we must know no line in the presence of our invader, be he who he
+    may....[519]
+
+Colonel Cooper then addressed[520] the Indians and, after him, Major
+Pegg;[521] but they were not convinced and many of them went home,
+positively refusing to march farther with the army.
+
+Meanwhile Cooper's call for reenforcements had reached McIntosh[522] and,
+as the need seemed so urgent, McIntosh resolved to supply it and notified
+Cooper to that effect. Subsequently, he decided[523] to take the field in
+person and to head a column, separate from Cooper's. What induced him to
+do this, nobody can well say. Cooper always felt that the incompleteness
+of the victory over Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la, which was soon to come, was mainly
+attributable to the divided effort of the attacking force. In the two
+former engagements, Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la's force, such as it was, untrained
+and miscellaneous, had greatly outnumbered the Confederate; but now the
+two were more equally matched in point of numbers and the chances of
+success were all on the southern side because of superior training and
+equipment, so Cooper was probably correct in his conjecture. McIntosh's
+excuse[524] for advancing precipitately and alone was, notwithstanding,
+very reasonable. The scarcity of forage made it expedient to march
+compactly; and the two generals had agreed, so McIntosh declared, when in
+conference at Fort Gibson, "that either force should attack the enemy on
+sight."
+
+The privilege of attacking Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la fell, under this
+arrangement, supposing it was made, to McIntosh, who had been able to push
+on in advance of Cooper. The Battle of Chustenahlah was fought in the
+early afternoon of December 26, 1861, and ended in what seemed the
+complete defeat of the Creeks. McIntosh reported that, although their
+position was strong, they were forced to retreat
+
+    To the rocky gorges amid the deep recesses of the mountains, where
+    they were pursued by our victorious troops and routed in every
+    instance with great loss. They endeavored to make a stand at their
+    encampment, but their efforts were ineffectual, and we were soon in
+    the midst of it. The battle lasted until 4 o'clock, when the firing
+    gradually ceased....[525]
+
+And then the Creeks fled, leaving practically everything in the shape of
+property behind them. Cooper came up and detachments of his troops pursued
+them almost to the Kansas line. The weather was bitterly cold, provisions
+scarce, the country rough and bleak. The pursuit took the form of a seven
+day scout; but the Creeks, no matter how great their dispersion, were
+headed straight for Walnut Creek, Kansas.
+
+Their coming was anticipated. Hearing of their approach, Superintendent
+Coffin had directed[526] all the agents[527] under his charge to report to
+him for duty at a place on the Verdigris River called Fort Roe[528] "about
+thirty-five or forty miles from Leroy and Burlington." It was Coffin's
+intention to meet the refugees upon their first arrival; but, as
+Commissioner Dole was expected soon to be at Fort Leavenworth, he thought
+it best to wait[529] and consult with him. It does not seem to have been
+recorded on just what date the first of the Indian refugees crossed the
+Kansas line, but they were very soon crossing in great numbers and, by the
+time Coffin finally reached them, their condition was truly pitiable. They
+took up their station on the bare prairies between the Verdigris and the
+Arkansas Rivers and stretched themselves in almost hopeless confusion
+over about two hundred miles of country. Fortunately the land upon which
+they camped was Indian land, New York Indian land, and the few white men
+thereon were legally intruders and could not consistently object to the
+presence of the refugees. The numbers of the refugees were variously
+estimated. Starting with about forty-five hundred,[530] they increased
+daily and at an astonishing rate; for the exodus of the Creeks was but the
+signal for the flight of other tribesmen from Indian Territory, of all
+those, in fact, who were either tired of their alliance with the
+Confederacy or had never been in sympathy with it and were only too eager
+to take the first chance to escape from it.
+
+The suffering of the refugees, due to destitution and exposure, was
+something horrible to think upon. Superintendent Coffin had little to give
+them. He appealed to General Hunter for an allowance from the army
+supplies and Hunter sent down his chief commissary of subsistence, Captain
+J. W. Turner, to do what he could to relieve the distress. Hunter also
+sent Brigade-surgeon A. B. Campbell; for it was not simply food and
+clothing, that were needed and roof shelter, but medical attendance. As
+soon as possible, cheap blankets[531] were furnished and some condemned
+army tents. The journey northward had been undertaken in the bitterest of
+cold weather. With a raw northwest wind beating in their faces,
+
+    And over the snow-covered roads, they travelled all night and the next
+    day, without halting to rest. Many of them were on foot, without
+    shoes, and very thinly clad.... In this condition they had
+    accomplished a journey of about three hundred miles; but quite a
+    number froze to death on the route, and their bodies with a shroud of
+    snow, were left where they fell to feed the hungry wolves....
+
+    Families who in their country had been wealthy, and who could count
+    their cattle by the thousands and horses by hundreds, and owned large
+    numbers of slaves, and who at home had lived at ease and comfort, were
+    without the necessaries of life.[532]
+
+When, sometime in early December, Commissioner Dole heard of the
+resistance that the unionist Creeks were making to Colonel Cooper, he
+immediately applied once more, through the Secretary of the Interior,
+to the War Department for troops sufficient to assert Federal supremacy
+south of the Kansas line, his immediate object being, the strengthening of
+the force then opposed to Cooper. At the moment, Lane's expedition was
+under consideration, Lane having managed to convince the Washington
+authorities, both congressional and administrative, that an expedition
+southward was absolutely necessary[533] for the protection of the
+frontier.
+
+
+[Illustration: Retreat of the Loyal Indians from the Indian Country under
+A-poth-yo-ho-lo in the winter of 1861 [_From Office of Indian Affairs_]]
+
+
+Somewhat earlier, in fact in the late autumn, the non-secession Indians of
+various tribes had made their own appeal for help. They had made it to the
+United States government and also, a little later on, to the Indian tribes
+of Kansas. Along about the first of November, a mixed delegation[534] of
+Creeks, Seminoles, and Chickasaws had made its appearance[535] at Leroy
+and, finding there the United States Creek agent, George A. Cutler, had
+consulted with him "in reference to the intentions of the Federal
+government regarding the protection due them under treaty stipulations."
+Cutler advised the Indians to talk the matter over with Senator Lane and
+accompanied them to Fort Scott, Lane's headquarters, for the purpose.
+Arriving there, they learned that Lane had gone to Washington and had left
+his command in charge of Colonel James Montgomery. Colonel Montgomery
+counselled with the Indians as Cutler had done and helped them to reach
+the decision that it would be best to proceed to Washington and lay their
+complaints before the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. At the same time,
+Montgomery notified[536] President Lincoln of their intention.
+
+Still accompanied by Agent Cutler, the delegation resumed its journey,
+going by way of Fort Leavenworth. There they conferred[537] with General
+Hunter and left greatly strengthened in their resolution of proceeding to
+Washington; for Hunter, too, thought that such a trip might compel the
+government to realize the Indian's very real distress and its own
+obligation to relieve it. We are fain to believe that General Hunter
+personally believed in the military necessity of securing Indian Territory
+even though he did do all he could to oppose the project of Senator Lane
+in the early months of 1862 and even though he did disapprove of the
+formation of the department of Kansas and his own assignment to it
+instead of to that of Missouri, which would have been his preference. If
+he at any time to date had wavered[538] in his opinion as to the needs of
+the Indians and their legitimate claim upon the United States government
+for protection, Carruth's letter of November twenty-sixth ought to have
+settled the matter, unless, indeed, its rather savage tone had created
+prejudice instead of working conviction as was intended.
+
+    ... I have from the first believed it would be good policy to let
+    loose the northern Indians, under the employ of government; it
+    certainly would be better for the border States to have the Indian
+    country for a battle ground than to have it remain a shelter for rebel
+    hordes the coming winter....[539]
+
+The visit of the Indians to Washington proved very opportune. By the
+twenty-seventh of December, they were back at Fort Leavenworth and
+considerably reassured. Superintendent Coffin had a council with them on
+the twenty-eighth "at the Fort to good satisfaction." He says of his
+interview,
+
+    I gave them Presents of Pipes, tobacco, and Sugar, and they went on
+    their way to Fort Scott rejoicing they seem to be in fine
+    Spirits,[540] but are at a Loss what to do for a living til Lanes Army
+    goes down there into the Indian Territory they want very much to get
+    Some of the Funds now due the Creeks....[541]
+
+A more pathetic appeal, and one more immediately telling in its effects,
+was that made to the brother Indians of Kansas. It came direct from
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la and when it reached the Delawares found in them a ready
+response. It invited their cooperation[542] in the war and asked for men
+and ammunition.[543] This is the Delaware reply:[544]
+
+    We are much rejoiced to receive your letter by James McDaniel[545] and
+    David Balon. Our Agent has sent it to our great Father, the
+    President, "at Washington," and to Gen. Hunter at "Fort Leavenworth."
+    It gives us great pleasure to hear that you are good and true friends
+    to the President, and to the Government of the United States. We hope
+    you will continue to be their friend. If bad men of the South ask you
+    to go to war against the President, stop your ears, don't listen to
+    them, they are your worst enemies, they are trying to destroy you and
+    the Country.
+
+    Grand Children it does our hearts good, we rejoice to hear of the
+    victories you have gained over your enemies of the Government under
+    your brave leader Oputh-la-yar-ho-la.
+
+    Grand Children we are ready and willing to help you. Our brave
+    Warriors are ready to spill their Blood for you, and are only waiting
+    to hear from our great Father at Washington, we have asked of him the
+    privaledge of going to your assistance, and hope that our request will
+    be granted, we don't wish to go to War against the wishes of our great
+    Father the President. We have heard that the President will soon have
+    a large Army in the Indian Country to protect you, that he has
+    ordered Gen. Lane to march to your relief. We are confident that our
+    great Father is able and will protect his red children--Grand Children
+    we pray to the "great spirit" to protect you and keep you out of the
+    hands of the bad men of the South, who are trying to destroy you and
+    the Government--We have no fears as to the result of this war--the
+    President has large Armies in the field that will conquer and punish
+    the Rebels--We are proud of our Muscogee Children.
+
+The United States government had already determined upon an expedition to
+the Indian country and, yielding to the importunities of Senator Lane, who
+represented General Hunter as in full accord with himself in the matter,
+had decided to use the Kansas Indians in the making up of the attacking
+force. It was well that the Indians had manifested a readiness to fight
+and that the Delawares, particularly, had overcome their previous
+aversion. The first official record of the fact that the decision to use
+the Kansas Indians had been reached appears to be a communication[546]
+from Assistant Adjutant-general E. D. Townsend to Surgeon-general C. A.
+Finley, under date of December 31, 1861, notifying him that medical
+supplies would soon be needed for a force of about twenty-seven thousand
+men, about four thousand of whom were to be Indians, which was to be
+concentrated at an early day near Fort Leavenworth. On the third of
+January, Lane wrote[547] to Hunter, informing him, as if at first hand
+and semi-officially, of the new plan. It is not to be wondered at that
+General Hunter took offence at the officiousness and presumption Lane
+displayed. In point of fact, it was a clear case of executive
+interference.
+
+Now that it had, to all appearances, gained a long-desired object, the
+Indian Office lost no time in lending the War Department its hearty
+cooperation. Commissioner Dole was especially enthusiastic and, under
+instructions from Secretary Smith, prepared to go out to Kansas himself to
+help organize the Indians for army service. He also sent particulars[548]
+of the new movement to Superintendent Branch and a circular letter[549] to
+the agents of the central superintendency, detailing the advantages that
+would accrue to individual Indians should they enlist. Dole wrote these
+letters on the sixth of January and was then expecting to be in
+Leavenworth City for the making of final arrangements eight or ten days
+"hence." He did not manage to get away, however, quite so soon; but the
+agents went to work immediately and, even before Dole arrived in Kansas,
+Agent Farnsworth, who had always been rather too eager for Indian
+enlistment, was able to report[550] the initial steps taken. By the
+twenty-first of January,[551] Dole was well on his way west. He reached
+Kansas in due season and there learned[552] for the first time, that
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la had been completely overwhelmed, that the refugees were
+on the Verdigris, and that General Hunter was subsisting them. This was
+doleful news, indeed, and made the project of a southern expedition seem
+more and more expedient.
+
+General Hunter had done the best he could to relieve the awful sufferings
+of the refugees; but, on the sixth of February, he was obliged to
+inform[553] Dole that he could do no more, that he had practically reached
+the end of his resources, and that, after the fifteenth of February, the
+whole responsibility of subsisting the destitute Indians would have to
+fall upon the Interior Department. Dole was almost at his wits' end. He
+had no funds that he could use legitimately for the need that had arisen.
+It was a case of emergency, however, and something certainly had to be
+done. Before the fifteenth of December arrived, additional reports[554]
+came in from Superintendent Coffin, detailing distress. Under the
+circumstances it was necessary to act quickly and without congressional
+authorization. Dole telegraphed[555] to Secretary Smith,
+
+    Six thousand Indians driven out of Indian territory, naked and
+    starving. General Hunter will only feed them until 15th. Shall I take
+    care of them on the faith of an appropriation?
+
+He received a reply[556] that should have been dictated, not so much in
+the spirit of generosity, as of simple justice:
+
+    Go on and supply the destitute Indians, Congress will supply the
+    means. War Department will not organize them.
+
+With this approbation in hand, Dole went to work, purchased sufficient
+supplies on credit, and appointed[557] a special agent, Dr. William Kile
+of Illinois, who had been commissioned[558] by President Lincoln to act on
+Lane's staff and was then in Kansas as Lane's brigade quartermaster, to
+attend to their distribution. Meanwhile, the attention of Congress had
+been called to the matter and a particularly strong letter of Dole's,
+describing the utter misery of the exiles, was read in the Senate February
+14, in support of a joint resolution for their relief.[559] It was
+intended originally to apply only to the loyal Creeks, Seminoles, and
+Chickasaws but had its title changed later so as to make it include the
+Choctaws. On the third of March, Congress passed[560] an act providing
+that the annuities of the "hostiles," Creeks, Chickasaws, Seminoles,
+Wichitas, and Cherokees, should be applied, as might be necessary, to the
+relief of refugees from Indian Territory. It was expressly stipulated in
+this enactment[561] that the money should not be used for other than
+Indian Territory tribes.
+
+Secretary Smith's telegram, as the reader has probably already observed,
+had given to Dole a small piece of information that was not of slight
+significance, signifying as it did a change of front by the War
+Department. The War Department had rescinded its former action and had now
+refused to organize the Indians for service. The objections to Lane's
+enterprise must have been cumulative. Before the idea of it had embraced
+the Indians and before it had become so closely identified with Lane's
+name and personality, in fact, while it was more or less a scheme of
+McClellan's, Hunter had interposed[562] objections, but purely on military
+grounds. His force was scarcely equal to a movement southward.
+Subsequently, Halleck interposed objections likewise and his reasons,[563]
+whatever his motives may have been, were perfectly sound, indeed, rather
+alarmingly so, since they broadly hinted at the miserably local interests
+involved in the war in the west and the gross subordination of military
+policies to political. Then came Lane with energy like the whirlwind, a
+local politician through and through. He had absolutely no respect for
+official proprieties and the military men, opposed to him, were men of
+small calibre. He reached Kansas, joyfully intent upon putting into
+immediate effect the power that Lincoln had conferred upon him, only to
+find that there stood Hunter, fully prepared to contest authority with
+him. The Adjutant-general had written[564] Hunter that Lane had not been
+given a command independent of his own and that, if he so desired, he
+might conduct the expedition southward in person. In the evening of the
+twenty-sixth, Lane reached Leavenworth, and the very next day, Hunter
+issued general orders[565] that he would command in person. Taken aback
+and excusably indignant, Lane communicated[566] at once with John Covode
+and requested him to impart the news to the President, to Stanton[567] and
+the new Secretary of War, and to General McClellan.
+
+Official sensitiveness was unquestionably at the bottom of the whole
+trouble, yet Lincoln was very largely to blame for having yielded to
+Lane's importunities. He frankly said that he had wished to keep the
+affair out of McClellan's hands as far as possible.[568] He hoped to
+profit by the services of both Hunter and Lane; but, if they could not
+agree, then Lane must yield the precedence to Hunter. He must report for
+orders or decline the service.[569] Military men, stationed in the west,
+and civil officers of Kansas were all prejudiced against the "Lane
+Expedition."[570] They expected it to be nothing but jayhawking and
+marauding of the worst description. The Indians, however, were deeply
+disappointed[571] when a halt came in the preparations.
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la personally addressed a communication[572] to Lincoln.
+He wanted nobody but Lane to command the expedition. Pending a settlement,
+Dole ordered[573] Coffin[574] to desist from further enrollment.
+Secretary Stanton was declared opposed to the use of Indians in civilized
+warfare.[575] Soon the orders for the expedition were countermanded with
+the understanding, explicit or implied, that it should later proceed under
+the personal direction of General Hunter.
+
+The military situation in the middle west and the great desire on the part
+of the Confederacy to gain Missouri and to complete her secession from the
+old Union necessitated, at the opening of 1862, a thorough-going
+reoerganization of forces concentrated in that part of the country.
+Experience had shown that separate and independent commands had a tendency
+to become too much localized, individual commanders too much inclined to
+keep within the narrow margin, each of his instructions, for the good of
+the service as a whole to be promoted. It was thought best, therefore, to
+establish the Trans-Mississippi District of Department No. 2[576] and to
+place in command of it, Major-general Earl Van Dorn. The district was to
+comprise all of Louisiana north of the Red River, all of Indian Territory
+proper, all of Arkansas, and all of Missouri west of the St. Francis. Wise
+in the main, as the scheme for consolidation unquestionably was, it had
+its weak points. The unrestricted inclusion of Indian Territory was
+decidedly a violation of the spirit of the Pike treaties, if not of the
+actual letter. Under the conditions of their alliance with the
+Confederacy, the Indian nations were not obliged to render service outside
+of the limits of their own country; but the Confederacy was obliged,
+independent of any departmental reoerganization or regulations, to furnish
+them protection.
+
+Almost the first thing that Van Dorn did, after assuming command of the
+new military district, was to write,[577] from his headquarters at
+Jacksonport in eastern Arkansas, to Price, advising him that Pike would
+shortly be ordered to take position in southwestern Missouri, say in
+Lawrence County near Mt. Vernon, "with instructions to cooperate with you
+in any emergency." Van Dorn was then laboring under the impression that
+Pike's force consisted of a majority of white troops, three regiments, he
+thought, out of a brigade of eight or nine thousand men, whereas there was
+only one white regiment in the whole Indian department. Colonel Cooper
+complained[578] that this latter condition was the fact and insisted that
+it was contrary to the express promises made, by authority,[579] to the
+Choctaws and Chickasaws when he had begun his recruiting work among them
+the previous summer. Had Van Dorn only taken a little trouble to inquire
+into the real state of affairs among the Indians, he would, instead of
+ordering Pike to bring the Indian regiments out of Indian Territory, have
+seen to it that they stayed at home and that danger of civil strife among
+the Cherokees was prevented by the presence of three white regiments, as
+originally promised. At this particular time as it happened, Pike was not
+called upon to move his force; for the order so to move did not reach him
+until after the Federals, "pursuing General Price, had invaded
+Arkansas."[580]
+
+
+[Illustration: FORT McCULLOGH [_From Office of Indian Affairs_]]
+
+
+It proved, however, to be but a brief stay of execution; for, as soon as
+Van Dorn learned that Price had fallen back from Springfield, he
+resolved[581] to form a junction with McCulloch's division in the Boston
+Mountains and himself take command of all the forces in the field. He
+estimated[582] that, should Pike be able to join him, with Price's and
+McCulloch's troops already combined, he would have an army of fully
+twenty-six thousand men to oppose a Federal force of between thirty-five
+and forty thousand. Pike was duly informed[583] of the new arrangement and
+ordered[584] to "hasten up with all possible dispatch and in person direct
+the march of" his "command, including Stand Watie's, McIntosh's, and
+Drew's regiments." His men were to "march light, ready for immediate
+action."[585] The outcome of all these preparations was the Battle of Pea
+Ridge[586] and that battle was the consummation, the culminating point, in
+fact, of the Indian alliance with the Southern Confederacy. It was the
+beginning of the end. It happened just at the time when the Richmond
+legislators were organizing[587] the great Arkansas and Red River
+superintendency,[588] which was intended to embrace all the tribes with
+whom Albert Pike had made his treaties. Albert Pike retired from Pea Ridge
+to his defences at Fort McCulloch, angry and indignant that the Indians
+had been taken out of their own country to fight the white man's battles.
+His displeasure was serious; for the Indian confidence in the Confederacy
+depended almost wholly upon the promises and the assurances of the
+Arkansas poet.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX A--FORT SMITH PAPERS
+
+
+_Copy_
+
+TAHLEQUAH, January 9th 1857.
+
+SIR:--Some time since I received a letter from you calling for information
+in reference to the white intruders who were settling upon the Cherokee
+Neutral Land. I have been creditably (credibly) informed that there are
+several white families living upon the Neutral Land, some of them are
+making improvements, others are in the employment of Cherokee Citizens,
+living on the Neutral Land, from the best information that I can get, most
+of the intruders are good citizens of the U-States. I have notified them
+to leave, with the understanding that if they do not leave by spring, they
+will be removed by the Military. My reason for not removing them at an
+earlier date is, the weather is so cold and disagreeable that it would be
+improper to turn women and children out of doors, therefore I will not
+remove them til the winter breaks it maybe that the Military will have to
+be employed in their removal: yet I shall make the effort to remove them
+peacefully and without the military if possible. Very Respectfully, Your
+ob't, Svt.
+
+    (Signed). GEO. BUTLER, Cherokee Agent.
+
+Doct. C. W. Dean, Sup't. of Ind. Affs.
+
+
+_Copy_
+
+FORT SMITH, ARKANSAS, February 19th, 1859.
+
+SIR: I deem it my duty as an independant citizen to apprize you, as the
+head of the Indian Bureau, of a recent transaction of the Superintendent
+of Indian Affairs at this place, and demand of you the proper action the
+facts may impose.
+
+A contract has been given to an intimate friend and relation of the
+Superintendent, to feed the Witchita and other Indians inhabiting the
+country between the 98th and 100th degrees, West Longitude, at a sum pr
+ration, of one third, perhaps one half, more than other persons would have
+fed these Indians for; which persons were denied the privilege of
+contending for the contract, as no puplic notice inviting proposals was
+made, and the contract was given privately.
+
+I assert this postively, as to the notice for proposals, and enclose you a
+letter of Capt. J. H. Strain, confirmatory of the fact, that he was
+willing to feed the Witchitas, for a sum far less than the records of your
+Office must show the government has been pledged to pay another. The
+character of this gentleman, who has been for years Sutler at Fort
+Arbuckle, if unknown to you, can be avouched by the U. S. Senators from
+this State.
+
+The Seminoles are now fed under a contract given in the usual regular mode
+of publishing invitations for proposals and awarding the contract to the
+lowest bidder, at the sum of about seven cents pr ration. The Witchitas
+are encamped only forty or fifty miles from the Seminoles and near the
+Texas and Chickasaw lines, where corn and beef are much cheaper and more
+abundant. In proof of this I refer you to late contracts for these
+articles given at Fort Washita and Fort Arbuckle--the first being near the
+Witchitas, and the other near the Seminoles. Captain Strain says he would
+have fed the Witchitas for ten cents per ration, and if proposals had been
+invited, the Contract would have been taken for a less sum.
+
+There are some seven hundred Indians now fed, and thirteen cents pr ration
+is the sum stated as allowed--I believe it is more, but the Indian Office
+contains the proof of the exact sum. If the Contract had been given at
+nine cents pr ration, it would have been a saving of twenty eight dollars
+pr day, over the price said to be now paid, which would amount to eight
+hundred and forty dollars pr month, and ten thousand and eighty dollars a
+year. This is surprisingly large, for a small Indian contract, and at a
+time too when the duty of government Officers to retrench expenses is so
+imperiously demanded.
+
+I am opposed to such favoriteism under any circumstances, and particularly
+so, when the recipient can lay no claim to Democratic support.
+
+I am credibly informed that the number of the Indians fed under this
+contract, is rapidly increasing, and that efforts are all the time made to
+induce the Texas Reserve Indians to claim relationship with the Wichitas,
+and come into their camp and draw rations. One of the employees under this
+Contract makes this statement, and says quite a number have already been
+induced so to come. If the number is swelled to two thousand, as
+conjectured here, the large price now paid will roll up the sum thus
+disbursed to the Superintendents favorite so much that other notice will
+be taken of it, unless you find it in your power to interfere.
+
+I am tired of such conduct and such unfairness towards the government,
+and now make the charge distinctly and demand of you that it be stopped.
+
+Of course I have no desire to withhold my name, and can refer you to
+Senators Sebastian and Johnson for an endorsement of my character.
+
+Please acknowledge receipt of this. I am most respectfully, Your Obt.
+Servant,
+
+    A. G. MAYERS.
+
+
+  Hon. J. W. Denver, Comr. Ind. Affairs,
+    Washington City, D. C.
+
+P.S. I may add that I am not, nor have I ever been interested in these
+sort of Contracts, and have no desire to be interested in this one.
+
+    A.G.M.
+
+
+FORT SMITH 16th Feby. /59.
+
+DEAR SIR: I am in receipt of yours of the 15th inst. You were correct in
+understanding me to say, that I was willing to feed the Witchita Indians,
+near Fort Arbuckle, at ten cents per ration.
+
+Was the contract to be let to the lowest bidder, it would go below what I
+said I was willing to take it at. Very Respectfully, Your Obt. Servant
+
+    J. H. STRAIN.
+
+Gen. A. G. Mayers, Ft. Smith, Ark.
+
+
+  DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. OFFICE INDIAN AFFAIRS,
+    May 12th 1859.
+
+SIR, For your information and such action as you may deem necessary, I
+transmit a copy of a letter, and its enclosures, addressed to this Office
+by A. G. Mayers on the 21st ultimo, and of my reply of the 11th instant.
+Very respectfully, Your Obt. Servant,
+
+    CHARLES E. MIX, Commissioner, ad interim.
+
+  E. Rector Esq, Superintendent &c,
+    Fort Smith, Arkansas.
+
+
+_Copy_
+
+FORT SMITH, ARKANSAS April 21st 1859
+
+  CHAS. E. MIX, Esq, Acting Comr. of Indian Affairs
+    Washington City D. C.
+
+SIR:--Allow me to ask of you the favor to inform, officially whether the
+funds provided by the Government for the subsistence of the Wichita
+Indians has been turned over to the Superintendent of Indian Affairs at
+this place or any other disbursing offices of the department, to carry out
+the Contract made by the Supt. with C. B. Johnson for subsisting those
+Indians after the facts reported by me in regard to the matter, in a
+letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs of date the 19th Feby 59--.
+
+It has been stated to me that such monies have been so turned over to the
+Superintendent, and statement has been contracted, I therefore wish to
+know of you the truth of the matter, and am assured such information will
+be readily afforded me.
+
+I may add, to strengthen the report of facts formerly made by me in regard
+to the Wichita Contracts, that the Seminoles, who are subsisted at a sum
+less than seven cents per ration, under contract given after publication
+for proposals, are near Fort Arbuckle, and the Wichitas, who are subsisted
+under private contract at over thirteen cents per ration, are near Fort
+Washita and within the Chickasaw Nation (much of course to the annoyance
+of the Chickasaws). Now I ask a reference to the Comparative Contracts to
+feed the two tribes on file in your office, with the Contract for corn and
+beef given at the two posts mentioned to supply the Soldiers, on file in
+the War Office, to convince you that the Witchitas are fed at an
+exhorbitant cost to the Government.
+
+I also herewith enclose a letter from Mr. Dennis Trammel, who was the
+Contractor to feed the Seminoles; stating that he was willing, and had so
+stated it to the Supt, to feed the Wichitas for seven cents pr ration. For
+Mr Trammel's veracity I can avouch and full endorsement can be given of it
+from others, if required; as can be done for my own character and standing
+in this community.--
+
+I intend to follow up this matter to a conclusion, and in so declairing
+must state that I do it without motive of personal malice and simply as an
+impartial Citizen and a supporter of the administration--impelled to the
+duty in view of the universal acclaim throughout the Country for economy
+in Govt. expenses on account of the depleted state of the Treasury,
+Otherwise I might have left the unpleasant affair to the proper officers
+of the Government to find out and determine as they might see proper,
+
+Let me ask;--Is it true that the Supt. has received the Two hundred
+thousand dollars due the Creeks under the treaty of 1851, without an order
+from that tribe to the government to send out the money and upon the
+Supt's own responsibility?--An early reply will greatly oblige me, Very
+Respectfully Your obt. Svt.
+
+    A. G. MAYERS.
+
+
+_Copy_
+
+GREENWOOD ARKANSAS April 18th 1859.
+
+DEAR SIR: I have understood that you was willing to feed the Wichataw
+Indians at the same price that you received from the Government for
+feeding the Seminole Indians.
+
+Please state if I am correct in so understanding your propositions Very
+respectfully Your Obt. Servt.
+
+    A. G. MAYERS
+
+Mr Dennis Trammell, at Greenwood Arks.
+
+
+_Copy_
+
+BACKBARN Aprial 19. 1859.
+
+DEAR SIR: I recd your note of the 18 instant and state that you are
+correct, I have stated that I was willing to feed them at the same price 7
+cents. I am Yours, &c.
+
+    DENNIS TRAMMELL
+
+Genl, A. G. Myers Esq.
+
+
+_Copy_
+
+  DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, OFFICE INDIAN AFFAIRS
+    11th May 1859.
+
+SIR: In reply to your letter of the 21st Ultimo I have the honor to state
+that a portion of the funds appropriated by Congress towards defraying the
+expenses of Colonizing the Wichita and other Indians in the western part
+of the Choctaw and Chickasaw country, including their temporary
+subsistence, has all along been in the hands of Superintendent Rector, to
+meet any necessary current expenses connected with said measure.
+
+In regard to the contract made with Mr. C. B. Johnson by Superintendent
+Rector, for feeding the Witchitas, it was but a temporary measure to meet
+an emergency, and was fully approved by the late Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs, under subsequent instructions Supt. Rector, will it is expected,
+at an early day, make a different arrangement, for furnishing said Indians
+with such subsistence as must necessarily be supplied to them by
+advertising for proposals therefor, or by causing it to be purchased and
+issued to them direct by an agent of the Government, as may be best and
+most economical.
+
+The money due the Creeks under the Treaty of 1856, to which you refer, was
+placed in Superintendent Rectors hands to be paid to them, in compliance
+with the formal and urgent demand of the Council of the tribe. Very
+respectfully Your Obt Servant
+
+    Signed. CHAS. E. MIX, Commissioner ad interim.
+
+A. G. Mayers Esq., Fort Smith Arks.
+
+
+  DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS,
+    March 14, 1860.
+
+SIR: Robert J. Cowart, Esq. of Georgia, has been appointed by the
+President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, Agent of the
+Cherokee Indians in place of George Butler, Esq. whose commission has
+expired.
+
+He has been directed to report himself to you at Fort Smith for
+instructions, when you will assign him to duty. His compensation will be
+at the rate of $1500 per annum, and the time of its commencement will be
+fixed upon when he arrives in this City, which he has been directed to
+take in his route to Fort Smith. The sufficiency of his bond will also be
+made the subject of examination at this Office upon his arrival.
+
+A letter has been written to M{r} Butler notifying him of the appointment,
+and directing him to make up and forward his accounts immediately, and to
+turn over to Mr. Cowart all moneys, papers, and other property in his
+hands upon application. Very respectfully, Your obedient servant,
+
+    A. B. GREENWOOD, Commissioner.
+
+Elias Rector, Esq., Superintendent, &c., Present.
+
+
+  DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, OFFICE INDIAN AFFAIRS,
+    April 21, 1860.
+
+SIR: From information that has been received at this Office in regard to
+certain persons, who are residing within the limits of the Cherokee
+nation, it is found necessary to call your attention to the propriety of
+seeing that the provisions of the Intercourse law are observed with
+respect to them. By reference to the law, you will find that no person can
+reside within the limits of the country of any Indian nation or tribe
+without permission, and such must be obtained under certain prescribed
+rules; and even after permission is given, if the party is found abusing
+the privilege by acting in violation of any of the provisions of law, or
+is found unfit to reside in the country whether from example, from the
+want of moral character, from his interference with the institutions of
+the tribe, from seditious language and teachings, or from any cause
+tending to disturb the peace and quiet of the tribe, or tending to
+alienate their attachment to the Government of the United States, the
+Superintendent of Indian Affairs, and Indian Agents have authority to
+remove him; and the President is authorized to direct the Military force
+to be employed in such removal.
+
+The necessity for such power, and for greater facility in carrying the
+same into execution, was so apparent, that at the first session of the
+35th Congress it was found advisable to legislate further in the matter;
+and the 3rd Section of the Indian appropriation bill was accordingly
+passed, which is, "That the Commissioner of Indian Affairs be, and he is
+hereby, authorized and required, with the approval of the Secretary of the
+Interior, to remove from any tribal reservation any person found therein
+without authority of law, or whose presence within the limits of the
+reservation may, in his judgment, be detrimental to the peace and welfare
+of the Indians, and to employ for the purpose such force as may be
+necessary to enable the agent to effect the removal of such person or
+persons."
+
+As I remarked before, I am induced to believe that the Cherokees have just
+cause of complaint from the presence of some such persons within their
+limits,--and it is my desire that you call the attention of the newly
+appointed Agent particularly to the subject. He should look not only to
+those cases which are there originally without authority of law, but also
+to those who, with ostensibly worthy purposes, have received permission,
+and falsified their pretensions. This is a delicate trust, and should be
+executed with great caution and discretion, and you cannot enjoin upon the
+agent too much care and circumspection for although I shall examine
+carefully the grounds of his charges, yet I must be guided in a great
+measure by his opinion, and am determined that the law shall be enforced.
+
+You will therefore, so soon as Mr. Cowart shall report to you for duty,
+communicate to him the contents of this letter, and require him to
+investigate, as quietly as possible, the cases of all white persons found
+within the limits of his agency, and report to me, through you, such as
+are there without the authority of law, and such as may be unworthy longer
+to remain although they may have originally had permission to enter the
+country. Very respectfully, Your Obt, Sevt.
+
+    A. B. GREENWOOD, Commissioner.
+
+Elias Rector, Esq.; Fort Smith, Arkansas.
+
+
+  DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, OFFICE INDIAN AFFAIRS,
+    June 4th 1860.
+
+SIR: The attention of this office has been called to an article which
+appeared in the Fort Smith Times (which is herewith enclosed) in which it
+will be seen that a secret organization has been formed in the Cherokee
+Nation, which is rapidly increasing. The existence of such an
+organization, the objects of which cannot be misunderstood, has caused in
+my mind the greatest apprehension as to the future peace and quiet of that
+country; and, if permitted to mature its plans, will be productive of the
+worst results. The article alluded to points to the Jones' as being the
+leaders in this movement, and who have been permitted for a long time to
+enjoy the privileges of that Nation. It is believed that the ultimate
+object of this organization is to interfere with the institutions of that
+people, and that its influences will extend to other tribes upon the
+Western border of Arkansas.
+
+This scheme must be broken up: for if it is permitted to ripen, that
+country will, sooner or later, be drenched in blood. You are aware that
+there is a large slave property in the Cherokee country, and if any steps
+are taken by which such property will be rendered unsafe, internal war
+will be the inevitable result, in which the people of the bordering state
+will be involved. The relations which the Editor of the Times bears to the
+Cherokees enables him to procure reliable information from that section
+which is not accessible to all and hence the greater credit is due to his
+published statements in relation to the affairs of that people. This
+office is also in possession of private advices from that country, which
+fully corroborates the statements in the article referred to. This
+organization and its purposes are no longer left to mere conjecture. In
+view of these facts I have to direct that in addition to the instructions
+contained in a letter from this office, of the 21st of April last, the
+contents of which you were instructed to communicate to Agent Cowart, you
+will direct him immediately on his arrival at his Agency to cautiously,
+institute inquiry as to the existence of this secret organization, its
+objects and purposes; who are the counsellors and advisers of this
+movement, and proceed at once to break it up; and, if in his investigation
+he should be satisfied that any white persons residing in the Nation are
+in any way connected with this organization he will notify such person or
+persons forthwith to leave the Nation. You will inform Agent Cowart that
+the Secretary of War will be requested to place such force at his disposal
+as may be necessary to enforce any order he may deem it his duty to make.
+You will direct him also to spare neither time or trouble in carrying out
+these instructions, and that he report direct to this office, advising you
+in the meantime of his action.
+
+A copy of this letter has been sent direct to Agent Cowart. Yours
+Respectfully,
+
+    A. B. GREENWOOD, Commissioner.
+
+  Elias Rector, Esq., Supt: Ind. Affairs:
+    Fort Smith, Arkansas
+
+
+TROUBLE BREWING AMONG THE CHEROKEES WHAT DOES IT MEAN?
+
+The Fort Smith (Ark.) _Times_ says: We noticed a week or two ago that
+there was a secret organization going on in the Cherokee Nation, and that
+it was among the full-blood Indians alone. We are informed by good
+authority that the organization is growing and extending daily, and that
+no half or mixed blood Indian is taken into this secret organization. The
+strictest secrecy is observed, and it is death, by the order, to divulge
+the object of the Society. They hold meetings in the thickets, and in
+every secret place, to initiate members. We are told that the mixed-bloods
+are becoming alarmed, and every attempt to find out the object of this
+secret cabal has thus far proved abortive. The Joneses are said to be the
+leaders in the work, and what these things are tending to, no one can
+predict. We fear that something horrible is to be enacted on the frontier,
+and that this secret work will not stop among the Cherokees, but will
+extend to other tribes on this frontier. The Government should examine
+into this matter, before it becomes too formidable.
+
+
+CHEROKEE AGENCY. Near Tahleguah C. N.
+
+  HON. ELIAS RECTOR, Supt. Ind. Affairs
+    Fort Smith, Ark.
+
+Sir: Yours of the 15th Inst, is before me, contents closely noted.
+
+In reply I have to state, that I am in receipt of the Instructions of
+which you write, from the Indian Ag{t}
+
+And I now hasten to Lay before you the result of my investigations, thus
+far in this nation,
+
+Soon after I entered the nation before I had proceeded say half days
+travel, I was met with complaints against certain persons (white men) who
+it was said had been enterfearing with the Institution of Slavery--to
+which I invariably replied to the complainants, bring me the charges--or
+the witnesses--by whome I can substantiate them, and my duty, will be as
+pleasent, as promptly fulfilled--_none came_,
+
+In Tahlequah in time of Circuit Court, I made a short speach to the
+Citizens, in which I told them, that if they, or any of them, knew any
+thing on the subject--to report forthwith to me,--_and none have reported_
+and while I have heard much said on the subject--I have not as yet been
+able to get any thing that would do for proof--that would be reliable. And
+while I make the above statement I do not entertain a doubt, of the truth
+of the charges--And being satisfied of the truth of those charges--I shall
+use evry effort to establish them,
+
+As regards those Secret Societies, I firmly believe, that they are gotten
+up with a view to aid in coveying those abolition plans of operation, to a
+successful termination Allow me to say--that I shall continue to travel in
+and through the Nation (unless differently instructed) until I establish
+those charges if it can possible be done,
+
+Mean while, I shall be pleased to recive Instructions and advice from you
+on the subject, and will keep you advised of my movements, I am Sir with
+much respect, your obt Servt,
+
+    ROBT. J. COWART, U. S. Cherokee Agent
+
+
+_Private_
+
+The Second Chief is about to call the Council together to take into
+consideration the conduct of those white men who are interfearing with the
+institutions of Slavery--and to devise means by which those Secret
+Societies may be put down, and when the Council meets, I think we can
+remidy all those evials--
+
+I find there are many white men in the nation without permits--and one or
+two English men, these I shall order to leave the nation Instanter,
+
+    R. J. COWART
+
+
+TAHLEQUAH C. N. July 9th 1860
+
+DEAR MAJ RECTOR, When I reached home I found that Hon. A. B. Greenwood had
+been here, stayed two days, and a half & left. I am told that he expressed
+a verry strong desire to see me but had not time to remain here or go to
+Fort Smith.
+
+He has brought his family home to Ark. to remain as he writes me--
+
+I wish now verry much to see you and Col. Pulliam, of which I have written
+him, I would go forthwith to see Greenwood but suppose from what he wroat
+me that he had left, or will have done so before I could get there. I am
+with much respect, your friend
+
+    R. J. COWART
+      Tahlequah C. N.
+
+Hon. Elias Rector Fort Smith, Ark
+
+
+CHEROKEE AGENCY. TAHLEQUAH C. N. August 15th 1860
+
+HON. ELIAS RECTOR, Sup{t} Ind Affairs Fort Smith, Arks.
+
+Dear Sir: Tomorrow morning I set out, to the Neutral Lands--and am
+advised to take a few men with me which I propos doing,
+
+It may be truely said, that, this Nation is in the midest of a crises.
+
+I shall be compelled to call for Military aid--which I expect to do
+forthwith--
+
+Immediatly upon my return from the Neutral Lands--I expect to go to Fort
+Smith--
+
+Please Remember me kindly to my friend Col Pulliam--
+
+I am very kindly your obt Servt.
+
+    R. J. COWART
+      Tahlequah C. N.
+
+
+  OFFICE U. S. NEOSHO AGENCY, QUAPAW NATION
+    Augt 24th 1860
+
+SIR: By refference to my letter of July 11th you will find that I
+according to your instructions, gave all the intruders upon the Osage
+reservation notice to leave forthwith, or that they would be removed by
+Military force. That notice was dated May 22nd 1860, & the intruders are
+still there, and I have most respectfully now to suggest, that in view of
+the situation of the Neutral land of the Cherokees and the reserve of the
+Osages, they, laying adjoining each other, and the great number of
+squatters therein, I would advise that at least two companies of U. S.
+Dragoons or Cavalry be called for, both to act together in the removal of
+the intruders from the Osage and Neutral lands--
+
+I learn that Major Cowart expects to be at your office in a few days, in
+order to make a Requisition upon the Commanding Officer of Fort Caleb for
+Troops to remove the intruders from the Neutral land, and enclosed you
+will find one from me, which if approved by you, please forward by the
+same express, in order that the Troops may march together, as their
+destination is about the same--
+
+I would also say that in my opinion, that in order that the removal should
+avail anything that all their improvements should be destroyed by the
+Troops as they progress--
+
+Your instructions are requested in all this matter. Very Respectfully Your
+Obt Svt
+
+    ANDREW J. DORN, U. S. Neosho Agnt
+
+  Major Elias Rector, Supt Indian Affairs
+    Fort Smith Arkansas.
+
+N.B. Please forward the enclosed letter directed to Capt W. L. Cabell U.
+S. A. and much oblige yours truly
+
+    A.J.D.
+
+
+EVANSVILLE, ARKS Sept 6th/60
+
+FRIEND, THAD ... I wish you woold come up in this part of the country. I
+am going to start to Campmeeting next Saturday at Cane Hill there was a
+big Camp meeting a going on when I came here in the nation it was about
+five miles west of this place. I did not go as I was busy fixing up to
+work tho if I dont have any bad luck I think I will have a good time at
+Cane Hill
+
+I think business will be pretty good here from the prospects I think I
+will spend a couple months at Tahlequah this fall. I want to attend the
+next council there which will begin in Oct. ... etc.
+
+Remain your Friend
+
+    JNO. C. DICKENSON
+
+Mark,, T,, Tatum, Greenwood, Arks
+
+
+TAHLEQUAH CHEROKEE NATION, September 8th, 1860.
+
+HON. ELIAS RECTOR, Supt. Indian Affairs, Fort Smith, Arks.
+
+Dear Sir, Enclosed please find Copy of letter from the Secretary of War,
+to Hon. A. B. Greenwood--
+
+Unofficial
+
+WAR DEPARTMENT June 14th 1860,
+
+DEAR SIR--In answer to your note of the 11th Inst in regard to trouble
+among the Cherokees, I have to inform you that orders have been given to
+the Commander of Fort-Cobb, as suggested, Yours &c,
+
+    Signed JOHN B. FLOYD.
+
+
+HON. A. B. GREENWOOD, Commr.--It seems from the above that orders have
+been given the Commander at Fort Cobb to furnish me Troops to remove
+intruders from this Nation. I have not heard any thing from Washington
+since I left Fort Smith.
+
+I would be glad to have the Troops as early as convenient, as I feel that
+I can do but little more without them.
+
+I this day sent a Notice to John, B. Jones to leave the Nation by the 25th
+Inst.--which I trust he will do. I am writing to the Department today and
+giving the facts in refference to this Nation--I have asked for contingent
+funds, as the requirements of the Department, are, that money appropriated
+for one purpose, should not be used for another.
+
+Please give me the benefit of any information, you have or may get on the
+subject of Troops. I am as ever your friend And obedient Servt.
+
+    R. J. COWART
+      Tahlequah C, N,
+
+
+TAHLEQUAH CHEROKEE NATION, Oct 29th 1860
+
+COL. PULLIAM,
+
+My Dear friend, Will you be so kind as to forward the enclosed Dispatch to
+Hon A. B. Greenwood Washington D. C. Please Consult Capt. Sturgeons, you
+may, find it necessary, to change it, if so, please make any alteration,
+you and the Capt may, think best.
+
+I expect to visit Fort Smith in a few days--when I hope to settle up my
+accounts, and spend some time with you--I [illegible] say pleasantly.
+
+I Learned from Capt ----, your Recent affliction. Please allow me to
+tender to you and Especially to Mrs. Pulliam my heart felt Simpathy.
+
+Write me by the barer all the News, I send written to Maj. Rector for two
+hundred Dollars, please see that the matter is arranged. I am very kindly
+yours,
+
+    R. J. COWART
+      Tahlequah C. N.
+
+Col R. P. Pulliam, Fort Smith Ark.
+
+
+FORT SMITH A.R.K. Oct 31st 1860.
+
+HON. A. B. GREENWOOD Com. Ind. Affairs, Washington D. C.
+
+Intruders Removed from Neutral land--much desire to confer with you and
+[illegible] in person with Capt Sturgeons who commanded Troops.
+
+    R. J. COWART, U. S. Cherokee Agent
+
+
+SIR: I have received reliable information that Forts Washita, Arbuckle,
+and Cobb, all in the Choctaw & Chickasaw Nations, and recently abandoned
+by Federal troops, are now in possession of Texas State troops, and that
+Texas is now urging at Montgomery, that the Wichita Indians and bands
+affiliated with them, occupying the district of Country between the 98 and
+100 degrees west longitude & between Red River & Canadian leased by the
+United States from the Choctaws & Chickasaws, for the purpose of Locating
+said Indians are within the Jurisdiction of this, the Southern
+Superintendency, and by an examination of the treaty of 1855 made between
+the U. S. and the Choctaws & Chickasaws, you cannot fail to see the
+impropriety of the Indians occupying said district being attached to the
+Jurisdiction of Texas. unless she also extends her Jurisdiction over the
+Choctaws and Chickasaws.--Texas has tried on several occasions heretofore
+to have those Indians in the Leased district placed under her
+jurisdiction, but the Indians regard her as their ancient, and present
+enemy, and will never consent to such arrangement,
+
+I have thought it my duty to call your attention to the subject that you
+may, if you think it expedient, lay it before your Honorable body for such
+action as it may think proper in the premises. Very Respectfully Your obt
+Servt
+
+    ELIAS RECTOR, Supt. Ind. Affairs.
+
+Hon. David Walker, President Arks. State Convention.
+
+
+CHEROKEE AGENCY, May the 15th 1861
+
+  To the Superintendent of Indian Affairs
+    Fort Smith Arks.
+
+SIR: I have the honor of making the following report have this day taken
+into my possession as Agent for the Cherokee Indians, the following
+property as left by late Agent R. J. Corvort (gone) Dwelling house Kitchen
+and other out houses one office, houses all in bad repair one farm
+belonging to the Agency, in bad repair one table three desks and papers
+all in very bad condition one box containing old papers almost destroyed
+by rats one letter press and Books one Rule one Inkstand and letter Stamp
+one chair one Iron Safe. I also have in my possession 14 Bounty Land
+Warrants received by me from you at office of Superintendency left by R.
+J. Corvort late Agent and receipted for by me to Superintendant the Book
+on Treaties as reported to of been, left by R. J. Corvort in office not
+found by me. Yours Respectfully
+
+    JOHN CRAWFORD, U. S. Agent for Cherokees
+
+Elias Rector, Superintendant Indian Affairs.
+
+
+WICHITA AGENCY L. D., June 30-1861
+
+SIR, Enclosed herewith I have the honor to transmit my quarterly return,
+for the second quarter of the current year, and with it my operations as a
+Federal Officer will cease.
+
+The seizure of the mules, wagon etc. by Gen{l} Burrow, rendered it
+necessary in my judgment, to issue at once to the Indians all the public
+property, moneys and effects in my hands, intended for their use and
+benefit by the original U. S. Government; believing as I do, that the
+moneys and other means which I have held in trust for them, would be as
+liable to seizure as the mules and wagon were, and result in a loss: the
+losses sustained by them on the Arkansas River and at Fort Smith by fire
+of very many of their goods, cause them to be in much need of the goods
+which I have issued, more particularly as there appears to be no
+arrangements by which they may expect supplies during the present year.
+The sudden withdrawal of the troops spread alarm and disquiet through the
+different settlements or encampments, many of them fled from the L. D.
+with a hope elsewhere to find security and protection, the remainder would
+have followed, but for the issue of goods which I made them, and
+assurances that they would not be molested.
+
+With these remarks submitted, I have the honor to be, sir, Very
+Respectfully Your Ob't Srv't,
+
+    M. LEEPER, Ind. Agt.
+
+  Major Elias Rector, Supt. Ind. Affairs
+    Fort Smith, Arks.
+
+
+ESTIMATE OF FUNDS REQUIRED IN THE OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT INDIAN AFFAIRS
+ARKANSAS SUPURENTENDENCY.
+
+  For Salary of Superintendent. for 1/2 year of 1861. which
+    includes 3 & 4th qrs. at $2.000--per Anum                   $1000.00
+
+  Pay of Clerk 1/2 year 3 & 4th qrs. at $1.500--                  750.00
+
+   "   " Interpreter "       "   " 400--                          200.00
+
+   "   " Traveling expences. Contingences of office &c            500.00
+                                                              ----------
+                                                               $2.450.00
+
+   "  Office rent for 1/2 year                                    200.00
+                                                              ----------
+                                                               $2.650 00
+
+
+ESTIMATE OF FUNDS NECESSARY FOR DISBURSMENT TO SEMINOLE INDIANS UP TO 30TH
+DECEMBER 1861 AS PROVIDED FOR BY TREATY OF 7TH AUGUST 1856
+
+  To provide for the Support of Schools for ten years the
+  sum of $3000--per Annun. from 7th August, 1856
+  to 30th December 1861                                       $16.000.00
+
+  For agricultural assistance. from 30th December 1859
+  to 30th December 1861. at $2000--per Annm                     4.000 00
+
+  For the Support of Smiths & Smith Shops from 30th
+  December 1859. to 30th Decr. 1861. at $2.200 per
+  Annum                                                         4.400.00
+
+  Interest on $500.000--invested at 5 per Centum from
+  30th Decr 1860 to 30th Decr 1861                             25.000.00
+                                                              ----------
+                                                              $49.400 00
+
+
+  Pay of Agent for year 1861                                    1.500.00
+
+   "   " Interpreter for year 1861                                400.00
+
+  Contingent expenses of Office                                   300.00
+
+  Provisions for Indians attending payments of
+    annuities & visiting Agency on business                       300 00
+                                                                --------
+                                                               $2.500 00
+
+Amount invested by Old U S government for Seminoles as per treaty 7th
+August 1856 at 5 per centum. $500.000--This amount has never been invested
+in State bonds but held by the Government.
+
+
+ESTIMATE OF FUNDS NECESSARY FOR DISBURSMENT TO CREEK INDIANS FROM 30TH
+JUNE TO 31ST DECEMBER 1861. AND BALANCES DUE THEM BY THE OLD U. S.
+GOVERNMENT. UP TO 30TH JUNE 1861.
+
+  Permanent provisions for Blacksmiths   for 1/2 year 1861        1.680.00
+
+      "         "       "  Iron & Steel   "   "   "                 540.00
+
+      "         "       "  Wheelwrights   "   "   "                 300.00
+
+      "         "       "  Wagon Makers   "   "   "                 300.00
+
+      "         "       "  Agricultural assistance for 1/2 year   1.000.00
+
+  Interest on $200.000--at 5 per Centum. for purposes of
+    Education. from 30th June 1860 to 30th June 1861.            10.000.00
+
+  Interest on same from 30th June to 30th December "              5 000.00
+
+  Unexpended balances Interest due on same. up to 30th
+    June 1860 which has never been paid                          15.000 00
+                                                               -----------
+                                                                $33.820 00
+
+  Pay of Agent for 3 & 4 qrs 1861                                   750.00
+
+   "  "  Interpreter   3 & 4 qrs 1861                               200.00
+
+  Contingent Expences  "   "  "   "                                 150.00
+
+  Provisions for Indians at payment of Annuities                    150.00
+                                                                ----------
+                                                                $35.070.00
+
+
+AMOUNT OF MONEY DUE CREEK INDIANS ANNUALLY UNDER TREATY 7TH AUGUST 1856
+
+  Permanent Annuity                                             $24 500.00
+
+  Permanent provisions for Blacksmiths                            3.360 00
+
+     "          "       "  Iron & Steel                             540.00
+
+     "          "       "  Wheelwrights                             600 00
+
+     "          "       "  Wagonmakers                              600 00
+
+  Assistance in Agriculture                                       2.000.00
+
+  Interest on $200.00. at 5 per centum for purposes
+    of Education                                                 10.000.00
+                                                                ----------
+                                                                $41.600.00
+
+  Amounts due Creek Indians for amounts invested by
+    Treaty 7th August 1856.
+
+      For purposes of Education    $200 000
+      Creek Orphan fund             200 741
+                                  ---------
+                                   $400.741
+
+
+CREEK ORPHAN FUND INVESTED AS FOLLOWS
+
+    In Bonds of State of Kentucky at 5pr Cent,    $1.000 00
+
+     "   "   "    "   "  Missouri  " 5-1/2 "      28.000 00
+
+     "   "   "    "   "     "      " 6     "      28.000.00
+
+     "   "   "    "   "  Tennessee " 5     "      20.000.00
+
+     "   "   "    "   "  Virginia  " 6     "      73 800 00
+
+                     United States " 6     "      49 941 00
+                                                -----------
+                                                $200.741.00
+
+
+NORTH FORK OF CANADIAN RIVER, 5th July 1861
+
+SIR: On receipt of this you will please effect a continuance, on behalf of
+the Confederate States of America, with Mr. Charles B. Johnson of Fort
+Smith, of the contract existing up to 30th June last between the United
+States of America and himself, for feeding the Wichitas, Caddoes, and
+other kindred and other bands of Indians now settled in the country leased
+from the Choctaws and Chickasaws.
+
+If no more favorable terms can be effected, you are authorized to adopt
+those of the former contract, with its conditions and stipulations in all
+respects.
+
+You will provide that the contract shall end, at the pleasure of the
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs, on the 31st day of December 1861, and not
+sooner; and that it shall be at his option to continue it for such further
+term as he may please, upon the same terms in all respects.
+
+You will provide that the contract shall relate to, and take effect as of
+the first day of July 1861: and you will receive bond, in form used by the
+United States, but to the Confederate States, with sufficient sureties,
+and in such sum as you may consider sufficient to ensure faithful
+performance. I have the honor to be, Sir
+
+    ALBERT PIKE, Commissioner of the Conf.
+      States to Indian Tribes West of Arkansas.
+
+  Elias Rector Esq, Superintendent Ind. Affairs,
+    Arkansas Superintendency.
+
+
+Agreement made and entered into, this 14th day of August 1861, at the
+Wichita Agency, between Albert Pike, Commissioner of the Confederate
+States of America to the Indians west of Arkansas, of the one part, and
+Charles B. Johnson of the County of Sebastian and State of Arkansas, of
+the other part.
+
+This agreement witnesseth, that the said Albert Pike, Commissioner as
+aforesaid, for and on behalf of the Confederate States of America and the
+said Charles B. Johnson, his heirs executors and administrators, have
+covenanted and agreed, and by these presents do covenant mutually and
+agree to and with each other as follows to wit:
+
+That the said Charles B. Johnson, his heirs, executors and administrators,
+shall and will supply and issue or cause to be issued and supplied at such
+times and places in the Leased District west of the 98th degree of west
+longitude as the Wichita Agent may direct, daily rations to the several
+Tribes and Bands of Comanches, Wichitas and other Indians that now are or
+may hereafter during the continuance of the present contract be settled in
+the said Leased District, for and during the term of one full year,
+commencing with the sixteenth day of August instant, at the price of
+sixteen cents for each complete ration issued as aforesaid: which rations
+shall be issued, one for each individual in all of said Tribes and Bands
+and shall consist of one pound of fresh beef or fresh pork, and three
+quarters of a quart of corn or corn meal or one pound of flour to every
+ration, with four quarts of salt, three pounds of coffee, six pounds of
+sugar, two quarts of vinegar, one and a half pounds of tallow and three
+pounds of soap to every hundred rations.
+
+Payment shall be made quarterly for the rations furnished under this
+contract, but in the event of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs being
+without funds for such purposes, the payment to be made as soon thereafter
+as funds are provided for such purposes.
+
+This contract may be terminated in whole or in any part at any time by the
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs, upon equitable terms and conditions
+whenever it shall be deemed expedient to do so upon giving thirty days'
+notice of such intention.
+
+Witness our hands and seals the day and year first above written. Signed
+and Sealed in triplicate
+
+    ALBERT PIKE, Commissioner of the Confederate States
+
+  Signed and Sealed in our presence.
+    WM QUESENBURY         CHARLES. B. JOHNSON.
+    W WARREN JOHNSON
+
+
+NORTH FORK OF THE CANADIAN RIVER, 5th July 1861
+
+SIR: I have sent a Special Messenger to the Wichita and other Indians on
+the Reserve in the Country leased from the Choctaws and Chickasaws,
+requesting Black Beaver, and other Captains and Chiefs to meet me at the
+Seminole Agency on the 22nd instant, in order to hear a talk from me and
+enter into a Treaty. If they should not do so, I shall go from the
+Seminole Agency to the Reserve for that purpose.
+
+As it was through your instrumentality these Bands were settled on the
+Reserve, and the promises made them were made through you, and as you are
+favorably known to them for these reasons, and as the Head of the
+Superintendency of Indian Affairs in which they are included, your
+presence and cooperation with me, in negotiating with them, will, I am
+very sure, be of great service.
+
+I therefore request, that, if your health and other duties permit, you
+will be present with me at the Seminole Agency on the 22nd, and accompany
+me, if necessary, to the Reserve.
+
+I shall leave this place about the 9th, and at furtherst by the 10th, and
+go round by Forts Washita and Arbuckle. I shall be gratified if you can so
+time your movements as to overtake me on the way.
+
+I wish also to suggest that the presence of the Agent, Mr. Leeper, will be
+indispensable, and to desire you to direct him to accompany you, that he
+may as soon as possible repair to his Agency. I have the honor to be With
+deep regards your obt Svt
+
+    ALBERT PIKE, Commissioner of the Confederate
+      States to Indian Tribes west of Arkansas.
+
+Elias Rector, Esq, Superintendent Ind. Aff. Arkansas Superintendency.
+
+         Confederate
+    THE =U=N=I=T=E=D= STATES,
+
+                TO Elias Rector                          DR.
+  ================================================================
+  Date.     |                                       |Dolls. | Cts.
+  ----------+---------------------------------------+-------+---
+  1861      |                                       |       |
+  August 24 |For Services rendered assisting Comr.  |       |
+            |Pike in making treaties with Seminole, |       |
+            |Wichita And Commanche Indians under    |       |
+            |orders so to do, by Comr. Pike,        |       |
+            |from 10th July to 24th August 1861     |       |
+            |inclusive 45 days at $5.00 pr day      |    225|00
+            |                                       |       |
+            |For hire of Bugg. horses & driver for  |       |
+            |same length of time at $5-- per day    |    225|00
+            |                                       |       |
+            |For hire of wagon team & driver for    |       |
+            |same service & same time, to Transport |       |
+            |tent Baggage provisions &c. at         |       |
+            |$5 per day                             |    225|00
+            |                                       |       |
+            |Forrage for 4 horses for same length of|       |
+            |time and for same service 50 cents per |       |
+            |day each horse                         |     90|00
+            |                                       +-------+--
+            |                                       |   $765|00
+            |Paid ferrage Crossing streams          |      8|00
+            |                                       +-------+--
+            |                                       |   $773|00
+  ----------+---------------------------------------+-------+--
+  Received at _________________________ 185__, of ELIAS RECTOR,
+
+  Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Southern Superintendency,
+  __________________________________ Dollars in full of this account
+
+  $
+
+  (Triplicate.)
+
+  I CERTIFY, on honor, that the above account is correct and just,
+  and that I have actually, this ______ day of ____________ 185__,
+  paid the amount thereof.                   Sup't Indian Affairs.
+
+WICHITA AGENCY L. D. Sept. 15th 1861
+
+SIR; A considerable amount of intermittent fever has made its appearance
+at this place, supposed to be occasioned by an unusual degree of dampness
+produced by the most luxuriant growth of vegetation I ever knew, and the
+recent heavy rains which have been almost incessant for many days past,
+it gives us just cause of alarm as we are entirely out of medicines of
+almost every kind and placed at so remote a distance from the settlements,
+that none can be procured short of a visit to Fort Smith; I had a slight
+attack of fever myself and luckily for me, Dr. Shirley discovered a small
+portion of Quinine which I partly consumed, and which had escaped the
+vigilant search of the so called Texas Troops at the time they took from
+him his medicines and medical books, and transferred them to parts
+unknown. These causes in addition to some information in reference to
+Indians which I will impart, I hope will be considered an ample apology
+for incuring the expenses of an Express, I have employed a man at $3.00
+per day, he bears his own expense, and runs the risk of meeting with wild
+Indians and land Sharks by the way.
+
+The renowned Indian warrior and Chief Buffalo Hump has made his appearance
+with fifteen or sixteen followers, the remainder of the Indians and the
+principal part of his own party, he says are encamped on the Canadian and
+head waters of the Washita, he called on me the second day after his
+arrival, and told me that he was now old and desirous of abandoning the
+war path, and spending his latter days in quietness and peace with all
+men, but said the winter would soon be at hand, and that he would require
+a much better house than any he saw at the Comanche Camp, that he thought
+if he had a house, such as the Agency building, that he would be warm in
+cold weather, and that he would be content to live in it, and pursue the
+walks of white men, I replied to him that I knew he was a great man and
+had an immense amount of influence with the wild tribes, and that the
+Confederate States had also heard of him, and that if he thought proper to
+bring in his people and settle down in good faith on the Reserve, quit
+stealing and depredating upon the country, that they would give him all
+that had been promised, and that he might calculate, that if houses were
+built for him, that they would not be as good as those at the Comanche
+Camp, that several of those houses were more extensive and expensive, than
+would be deemed necessary in future, that he might only look for small
+cabins, and perhaps only receive assistance in their erection, that it was
+the object of the Confederate States to learn the Indians to work and
+support themselves, not to work for them and support them; that upon those
+terms if he were disposed to settle I would be glad to receive him, if
+not, it mattered but little, that he was at liberty to pursue just such
+course as suited him best. The next day he called again his tone and
+bearing was altogether changed, professed to be satisfied and said at the
+falling of the leaves, the time appointed for settlement and consumating
+the Treaty with Capt. Pike, he would be here with his people. He gave it
+as his opinion that the others who had a conference with Capt. Pike would
+not come in or settle; but I learn from Py-oh who went out with those
+Chiefs and returned with Buffalo Hump that their respective bands are
+divided in sentiment, that about half of each band will come in and
+settle, and that the others will probably remain on the prairies, they
+have large bands of stolen horses and mules, and he thinks they are afraid
+to bring them in, lest they should be taken away from them.
+
+Jim Ned and the other Delawares with the exception of one family left the
+Reserve without any cause, he returned from his first encampment and
+attempted to persuade Jim Pock Marked to leave with his people, by telling
+him that he would be assailed by the Texans before long, and if not by
+them, most certainly by the northern Troops, and that he had better leave
+at once, and save the lives of his women and children. Jim Ned is a most
+unmitigated scoundrel, and I have no doubt that most if not all the
+disquiet heretofore produced among the Reserve Indians might be traced to
+him, and I think it very fortunate that he has abandoned the Reserve, by
+doing so, he has forfeited his right of citizenship upon it, and the
+protection which the Confederate States had guaranteed to him.
+
+I learn from an Indian Mexican and a half breed Delaware Indian who have
+recently returned from Santa Fe, that all the northern Indians who visit
+that part of the country are amply armed and equiped by the Federalists,
+and sent in every direction over the plains as spy Companies, that
+propositions of the like character, had been made to the Southern Indians,
+but not accepted, they are now regarded as enemies, and have retracted
+farther South, not being permitted to inhabit the country or travel as far
+north as heretofore; Py-oh remarked that they were herded in by Texas and
+Mr. Lincoln's government like a band of horses or cattle.
+
+Please forward by my Expressman, blank forms of every description, and ask
+Mr. Johnson to forward blank forms for provision checks; you will also
+oblige me by making an application for the Indian mules taken by Burrow,
+and by aiding the bearer to procure the public wagon and my harness which
+were loaned to Algernon Cabell.
+
+You are aware that I cannot close my returns without funds for the
+purpose, when shall I look for them? Very Respectfully Your obt. Srvt.
+
+    M. LEEPER, Ind. Agent
+
+  Elias Rector Esqr., Supt. Ind. Affairs
+    Fort Smith Arks.
+
+
+CREEK AGENCY, Sept 30th 1861
+
+SIR: I have the honor to hand you herewith the Bond License, and Invoices
+of John Barnwell of the Creek Nation
+
+Very Respectfully Your Obt Servant
+
+    W. H. GARRETT, C. S. Agent for Creeks
+
+  Maj Elias Rector, Superintendent C. A.
+    Fort Smith, Ar
+
+
+TAHLEQUAH C. N. October the 10th 1861
+
+  MAJ ELIAS RECTOR, Superintendant of Indian Affairs,
+    Fort Smith, Ark.
+
+Dear Sir: I have the honor of transmitting through your office to the
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs at Richmond a requisition for the Annuities
+School and Orphan funds due the Cherokee Indian on Stock invested up to
+July 1861. I send two copies. If it is not necessary to send but on[e] you
+can arrange that in regard to the leave of Asence that I wished you to
+grant me I will not ask for owing to the Governor declaring my seat vacant
+in the Legislator and ordering an election though I am under many
+obligations to you for your willingness to grant me leave the Treaty will
+be ratified today. Every thing going on well the Texas Troops passed
+through on Wednesday the Creek excitement turned out to be nothing I shall
+be anxious to hear from you at any time on all subjects I have the honor
+Sir to be your most obedient Servnt
+
+    JOHN CRAWFORD Agent Cherokees, C. S. A.
+
+  Hon. E. Rector, Superintendant Indian Affairs
+
+
+TAHLEQUAH, C. N. October 10th, 1861
+
+DAVID HUBBARD Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Richmond, Va.
+
+Dear Sir: I have the honor to make out and transmit to you a requisition
+for the Annuities due the Cherokee Indians for the year 1860 and 1861
+
+For the installments of interest on the permanent General fund as
+estimated for July 1860 and January and July 1861 forty three Thousand and
+three hundred and Seventy two dollars and thirty six Cents $43 372 36
+
+For the installments of interest on the permanent Orphan fund as estimated
+and uninvested for July 1860 and January and July 1861 four thousand and
+five hundred dollars $4.500
+
+For the installment of interest on the permanent School fund as estimated
+for July 1860 and January and July 1861 Seventeen thousand Seven hundred
+and Seventy two dollars $17.772.
+
+Total Amount due the Cherokees on Stock invested Sixty five Thousand Six
+hundred and forty four dollars and thirty Six Cents $65.644.36
+
+    One half years pay of Agent          750 00
+    Contingent expenses,  1/2 year        75 00
+    pay of interpreter  1/2 year         200.00
+                                     ----------
+                                     $66.669.36
+
+Sir the Statement as made out is correct to the best of my judgment I have
+been acting as Agent for the Cherokee Indians Since the 22nd day of April
+1861 Came by request of Hon R. W. Johnson of Arkansas. received a letter
+from the Hon David Hubbard Commissioner of Indian Affairs dated 12 June
+1861 requesting me to try and get along as Agent of the Cherokees the best
+that I Could which I have done to the best advantage and evry thing here
+is working well for the South I have not received any moneys from the
+Lincoln government Since I have been acting as Agent for the Cherokee
+Indians Your most obedient Servt
+
+    JOHN CRAWFORD,
+      Agent for the Cherokee Indians West of Arkansas, C. S. A.
+
+  David Hubbard, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
+    Richmond, Va
+
+
+WICHITA AGENCY L. D. Oct. 21st 1861
+
+SIR: Five weeks ago I despatched a messenger to Fort Smith with a report
+to you, and for medicines for the Agency and Indians; since which time I
+have heard nothing either from the report or messenger, sufficient time
+has elapsed for the man to have made two trips. In the report of that date
+I apprised you of the sickness which had and still prevails here to a
+considerable extent, and that we are destitute of medicines: Dr. Shirley's
+supplies having been forcibly taken from him by persons from Texas,
+claiming to act as a military posse from that State. You are aware that we
+are entirely cut off from mail facilities, and from an opportunity of
+procuring medicines of any description short of Fort Smith, the want of
+which has been excessively annoying, and perhaps the occasion of several
+deaths; this report will be handed you by a second messenger, whom I hope
+you will furnish with a supply of Quinine, Calomel and blue mass if
+nothing more.
+
+On friday last a man was shot at by an Indian in company with six others
+within a mile of the late Fort Cobb; on the next day two Indians arrived
+as messengers on the part of the Kiowas and all the Southern bands of
+Comanches, who are said to be encamped on the North Canadian within four
+days ride of this place; they say that their intention is to be here at
+the falling of the leaves, to conclude a treaty with Capt. Pike. The
+Kiowas inform us that they received the white beads and tobacco from Capt.
+Pike, and that they desire to be on terms of friendship with us, that it
+is the wish of the whole band, with the exception of one bad man and
+fifteen or twenty followers, whom they cannot control, and that they
+desire us to kill them, that if it is not done, they will surely commit
+serious depredations, and that they believe they are now in this vicinity.
+
+The Indians at present on the Canadian are supposed to number Seven or
+eight thousand, and if they should come here as is anticipated, they will
+require a large amount of provision, I would therefore respectfully
+suggest the propriety of your notifying the Contractor of the fact, that
+he may not be taken on Surprise: you will also perceive the necessity of
+Capt. Pike or some other duly authorized person, to be here at the
+appointed time to consummate treaties with them; they say that no further
+depredations will be committed on Texas, provided the twenty men above
+described are killed.
+
+It is impossible for me to keep you advised of the affairs of this reserve
+without some kind of mail facilities, therefore, I hope you will
+unhesitatingly employ some one to carry the mail once in two weeks at
+least, until such time as the Government shall have made permanent
+arrangements, it is not more strange than true, that I have not since my
+arrival here on the Sixth of August, received a solitary news paper or any
+other item of news, except such as can be gathered from an occasional
+stragling teamster, and that is the most reliable information that I have
+in reference to the battle at Springfield, the particulars of which I know
+very little.
+
+When Capt. Pike left here it was his intention to have the place
+garrisoned in the shortest time practicable, he left authority with Jno.
+Jones to enlist thirty Indians to act as a protection to the Agency, and
+as a spy company in its vicinity, Jno. Jones could only enlist Seventeen,
+all Comanches, those and the few employees on the reserve are the only
+protection we have, and I would not give a fig for the security the
+Indians would afford me in a case of actual danger, they might be useful
+however in giving information of the approach of an enemy: I shall feel
+obliged if you will inform me of the time the troops may be expected, if
+the day is far distant, I shall deem it my indispensable duty to select
+some place of security and safety for my family, if it is the intention or
+wish of the Confederate Government to leave this place ungarrisoned, I am
+willing to risk the consequences myself, but I am unwilling to detain my
+family, where they are in danger of being destroyed by savages: it is also
+apparent that no Agent can exercise the control necessary to fill the
+expectations of the Government, without the means placed within his reach
+of doing so; without troops the most flagrant violations of the
+Intercourse Laws might be practiced every day with impugnity; and without
+funds to meet the expenses incident to the Agency, the employees cannot be
+retained a great while. Those Indians who expect to treat with Capt. Pike
+expect also supplies of blankets and clothing, and white men to instruct
+them in the erection of houses for the winter.
+
+Please advise me by the return of my messenger, when troops may be
+expected, at what time the Commissioner will be here, and funds to enable
+me to forward my accounts. The Estimates submitted in August, in addition
+to the more liberal allowances of Capt. Pike in his recent treaty with the
+Indians, I hope will be all that is required on my part at present.
+
+One of the Articles in Capt. Pike's late treaty, appears to be an offense
+to the people of Texas, and I think it very doubtful whether any
+assistance could be derived from that quarter, if we were threatened with
+the most iminent danger: with these remarks submitted, I have the honor to
+be, Very Respectfully Your Obt. Servt.
+
+    M. LEEPER, Indian Agent
+
+  Elias Rector Esq, Supt. Ind. Affairs
+    Fort Smith Arks
+
+
+FORT SMITH ARKANSAS, Nov. 7th 1861
+
+MAJOR ELIAS RECTOR, Superintendent of Indian affairs
+
+Sir: As you intemated to me a few days since you ware going to Richmond,
+and would do me a favor if it Laid in your Power
+
+I ask you for the appointment of Forage Master at Fort Smith and The
+Authority of Selling off all condemd Goverment Property belonging to the
+confederate Stats at Fort Smith vanburen and Fayetteville, you can Sir do
+me this favour, I am also a good judge of Stock capable of receiving and
+receipting for any property belonging to the quarter masters department,
+Such as horses mules oxen and Waggens
+
+I want this appointment for The Sole purpose of keeping yenkee Edwards,
+from dying with a very common Disease in the Garrison cald the Big head I
+am Sir with much Respect your Obt, Servent
+
+    THOS. MCCARRON
+
+P.S. if you do me this favour I will discharge the duties with Honour to
+you, and credit to Myself
+
+    T.M.C.
+
+
+RICHMOND 21" November 1861.
+
+SIR: The Commissioner of Indian Affairs has caused to be transmitted to
+New Orleans the sum of twenty five thousand dollars, to be used in
+purchasing the articles that are to be supplied to the Comanches and other
+Reserve Indians. As soon as you arrive here the money will be placed at
+your disposal.
+
+As soon as possible after receipt of this letter, you will please send a
+proper person to the Wichita Agency, and let the Comanches who it is said
+are encamped, waiting for the leaves to fall, that they may come in and
+settle, that I have been delayed, by circumstances that I could not
+control, so as not to be able to meet them as soon as I intended; but that
+you will bring or send up their goods, and I will meet them during the
+winter. It is important that this should be told them at once. It would be
+better, if Col. Pulliam _can_ go there himself, that he should do so. I do
+not know who else would answer.
+
+Orders go by the messenger who takes this, from the Acting Commissioner to
+Agent Leeper, directing him to use all the government laborers in putting
+up houses for the Comanches who are coming in, and not to use them for any
+other purpose. If it is possible to send up additional laborers, it had
+better be done. I am very respectfully yours
+
+    ALBERT PIKE,
+      Commissioner of the Confederate States to the Indian tribes West
+      of Arkansas
+
+  Major Elias Rector, Superintendent of Ind. Affairs.
+
+
+FORT SMITH, Nov. 22d 1861.
+
+DR MAJOR. I send you the enclosed document from the Acting Comr. Ind
+Affairs. recd here today. As I cannot respond to it for you as you are
+there on the ground--I send it to you for you to make such reply as you
+think proper, in the premises.
+
+We have just recd authentic information from the armies above, the
+federals have left Springfield and are making their way towards St. Louis.
+for what cause is not certainly known but it is thought that their army
+have become demoralized by the displacing of Fremont and the appointment
+of Hunter to the Command. Genl Price broke up his encampment at Pineville
+at day light on Saturday last. and at last accounts was at Sarcoxie.
+making his way towards the Mo. River it is thought he is pursuing Hunter.
+you will see by an examination of the map that he will cut of a
+considerable distance by that route. Coming into the road Hunter will have
+to travel at Bolivar. or Warsaw. On the same day, (Saturday last) Genl
+McColloch took four hundred picked men from each of his Mounted Regiments
+making 2000 men with ten days provisions and started in the direction of
+Prices army. his destination however is not known. it is supposed however
+that he & Price are going to throw their Cavalry forward to attack & cut
+off, or hold until their Infantry can be brought up., Hunters army.
+Whether these conjectures are true or not time will tell. Cooper is on the
+march after Opothleyohola. who it is said has taken Maj Emorys trail
+through Kansas towards Leavenworth,
+
+Small Pox still raging Mrs Nowland lost a negro to day. I saw your boy
+Henry to day he says your family are all well.
+
+My kind regards to Pike. Also to Mr Scott. Your friend &c
+
+    R. P. PULLIAM
+
+The above war news is reliable. and you can give the information to the
+papers if you wish.
+
+    P
+
+I write this in Suttons Store, he says the above contains all the news we
+have. all of which is confirmed by Messengers and private letters.
+Consequently he will not write as he promised until something further
+turns up
+
+    P
+
+
+TISHOMINGO C. N., Nov. 26, 1861
+
+GEN. A. G. MAYERS
+
+Sir: Having appointed as a Delegate from this Nation to the Southern
+Congress, am at a loss when the Congress does meet. I have all along
+understood from newspaper accounts that it was to be on the 22d of
+February but some seems to think it is sooner. Will you please inform me
+at your earliest convenience at what time the S. Congress does meet. Your
+attention to the above is respectfully requested I am yours very
+Respectfully
+
+    JAMES GAMBLE
+
+P.S. Please continue to send me the Parallel. I will make it all right
+with you when on my way to Va.
+
+    J.G.
+
+
+OFFICE SUPT. IND. AFFAIRS FORT SMITH, Decr. 1861
+
+MR. JESSE CHISHOLM
+
+Dear Sir: I have just returned from Richmond where I have been to see the
+President on Indian business. I wish you to go out immediately and see the
+bands of Comanches that are encamped above Fort Cobb and tell them that it
+is the wish of their great father at Richmond that they come in at once
+and settle on the reserve, that so soon as they do so they will be
+furnished with Beef--Flour, Salt, Sugar & Coffee. And that the great
+father says that all the goods & things that Commissioner Pike promised
+them will be furnished and given to them. That the Arkansas River has now
+too little water in it for Steam Boats to come up from the big Cities to
+bring goods, but as soon as the big water comes in the River and Boats
+come up their great father will send up to them many large wagons filled
+with nice goods that I want them to send four or five of their Chiefs and
+head men to Genl. Pikes head quarters, near Fort Gibson where he and
+myself will meet them and talk with them and give them a great many
+presents and satisfy them that the government will do all that
+Commissioner Pike promised them. I wish Buffalo Hump and his band now on
+the reserve to be told this, and for him and four or five of his principal
+men to come also. I will direct the Contractor at the Wichita Agency to
+furnish them with Rations to bring them over and I will furnish them with
+Rations to return home, tell them to bring, in all about twenty pack
+horses to carry back their presents. I want them to meet us at Genl Pikes
+Camp or head quarters near Fort Gibson, on the first of February if
+possible I have written a letter to T Caraway inviting him to come with
+some three or four of his men and I wish you to urge him to come,
+Commissioner Pike is now in Richmond with their great father making
+arrangements to get their goods and to do much for them he would have been
+up to see them at the falling of the leaves but he has been very sick and
+could not travel he is now well and will be here soon and will go from
+here to his head quarters.
+
+    [ELIAS RECTOR]
+
+
+  CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA, WAR DEPARTMENT,
+    Office of Indian Affairs, Richmond, Dec 2d, 1861.
+
+MAJOR ELIAS RECTOR, Superintendent of Indian Affairs.
+
+Sir: I am instructed by the Secretary of War to say that three
+requisitions have been drawn by him on the Secretary of the Treasury in
+your favor, as Superintendent of Indian Affairs &c.,--One for nine
+thousand, six hundred and fifty dollars, dated Dec. 4th 1861, one for two
+thousand, one hundred and four dollars and fifty cents, dated December 5th
+1861, and the other for thirty thousand dollars, dated December 6th 1861.
+
+With the money received by you upon the first named requisition, you will
+pay Charles B. Johnson, the amount of his account against the Confederate
+States for Beef furnished certain Bands of Reserve Indians, from July 1st
+to August 16th under a verbal contract made by him with Albert Pike,
+Commissioner, &c., and also pay the mounted escort of Creeks and
+Seminoles, engaged by General Pike to accompany him to the Comanche
+Country, &c. In regard to this escort General Pike, in a letter to the War
+Department, of the 14th October, says that he had muster rolls regularly
+made out, and gave pay accounts to the officers, and slips showing the
+amount due each of the men.
+
+With the money received by you upon the second named requisition you will
+pay Charles B. Johnson the balance due him by the old United States
+Government prior to the 30th June, 1861, and which General Pike, at the
+time of making the verbal contract hereinbefore mentioned, agreed to pay
+or have paid him.
+
+And with the money received by you upon the third named requisition, you
+will pay such expenses of the Superintendency and different Agencies, as
+may be necessary, proper and legitimate. The balance of this money can be
+applied to the purchase of suitable clothing, if it can be bought at fair
+prices, for the Reserve Indians, which Commissioner Pike, in the Treaty of
+the 12th August, 1861, agreed should be speedily furnished them.
+
+You will forward a statement as to the disbursement of these several sums
+of money with the proper voucher, &c. Very respectfully,
+
+    S. S. SCOTT, Act'g Commr. of Indian Affairs.
+
+
+  TREASURY DEPARTMENT, C. S. A., SECOND AUDITOR'S OFFICE
+    Richmond, Va, Dec 7th--1861.
+
+SIR: The Treasurer of the Confederate States will remit to you the sum of
+Thirty two thousand one hundred & four 50/100 dollars ---- ----, being the
+amount of Requisition No. 1889 & 1890 issued in your favor on the 6th
+Inst--, with which you are charged on the Books of this Office, on
+account of the following Appropriation, to wit:
+
+    "To meet the Incidental Expenses of the Public service within the
+    Indian Tribes," as per Act May 21, 1861, No. 232.
+
+    Requisition No. 1889. ------ ------                    $2,104.50
+    Req. ----    "  1890, Same as above ----               30.000. "
+                                                          ----------
+                                                          $32.104.50
+
+The Treasurer will advise you when the same will be remitted for which you
+will please forward a Receipt to this Office, specifying therein the date,
+number and amount of said Requisition. I am, very respectfully, Your Ob't
+Serv't
+
+    AUDITOR.
+
+To Elias Rector, Esq, Supt. Ind. Affairs, Present
+
+
+WICHITA AGENCY L. D., Decr. 12th 1861.
+
+SIR: In all my official relations I have endeavored to be governed
+strictly by the instructions of my superior officers, and in reference to
+the alledged real or imaginary impropriety of my course towards Buffalo
+Hump in your letter of the 12th Oct. last, I must plead my instructions in
+mitigation which I followed strictly, not being in possession of any,
+except the verbal instructions of Commissioner Hubbard, which was in
+effect to exercise my best judgment in the management of the affairs of
+the Reserve, but in all things to be governed by strict rules of economy.
+In my report to you of the 12th Augst. I solicited written instructions, a
+copy of the Intercourse Laws and of the Contract for furnishing supplies
+for the Indians, but as yet, have not received even a reply to my
+communication. There is no Indian with whose character and habits I am
+more familiar than with Buffalo Humps; he is a fugitive from the Texas
+Agency of which I was placed in charge; the late Superintendent of that
+State worried with him for three years before he could induce him to
+settle, he would come in and make promises to do so, and the
+Superintendent would load him with presents, he would return to the
+prairies depredate upon the country until his blankets were worn out, then
+return with a plausible excuse for not coming in with his people, receive
+other presents return again to the prairies and repeat the same thing over
+again until the Superintendents patience became exhausted, and informed
+Buffalo Hump that he would not submit to any further trifling on the
+subject, that he had nothing more for him, but as he had come in peace, he
+might return in peace, but that afterwards he would pursue and hunt him
+down with the troops; Buffalo Hump then changed his tone, begged to be
+permitted to have a certain length of time allowed him to bring in his
+people without renumeration or presents, at that time it was granted, and
+at the appointed time he brought in his people and settled on the Reserve,
+where he remained until a feud took place between him and the Chief of the
+band located previously, which caused him to abandon the Reserve and
+pursue his former predatory habits. I induced him to come in this time, in
+addition to the other wild chiefs, who met Commissioner Pike in Augst.
+last, and entered into an informal treaty with them, it was the result of
+a years negotiation, which was carried on by means of messengers from this
+Reserve; it was attempted years ago by Judge Rollins, one of the ablest
+Indian Agents perhaps the U. S. ever had, who spent eighteen months in
+attempting to accomplish the object; Agent Stemm lost his life in efforts
+of the kind; Major Neighbors a very ingenious and competent Agent exerted
+his influence for six or seven years to no purpose:--Dr. Hill, a most
+popular Indian Agent and influential man, labored four years without
+effect, and Capt. Ross' influence was equally ineffectual, yet I am
+informed in your letter of the 12th Oct. that both yourself and
+Commissioner Pike regret much that I did not hold out all the inducements
+which were in my power, and use all the forces and means at my command to
+provide him with such houses as were contemplated and provided by
+Commissioner Pike for the comfort of those Indians. In this matter I
+appear to be peculiarly unfortunate. You are fully aware that I have not
+received any means for the erection of houses or for any other purpose,
+and that the few employees who were induced to engage in the work with a
+hope of renumeration hereafter were all sick, which fact I made known in
+my report of the 15th Septr. last, therefore it will be perceived that I
+had no means in my power to build houses or any thing else, nor would I
+have employed them in building houses for Buffalo Hump in advance of his
+settlement, if I had possessed ever so much in the absence of positive
+instructions to that effect. The course I pursued with him induced him to
+come in with his people a week in advance of the time promised and settle,
+he has given me no further trouble, tells me he intends to remain here for
+life, that he does not wish houses built until such times as he can select
+a suitable place on the Reserve for his future home, and has employed as
+spies for me two of his sons who are with the wild tribes watching their
+movements and those of the northern troops, to give immediate notice in
+case of an advanced demonstration upon this part of the country.
+
+During a period of more than twenty years public service, I have received
+two rebukes only from my superior officers on account of my official
+conduct, yours in reference to Buffalo Hump and from the late
+Superintendent in Texas for failing to insert at the close of one of my
+official letters "your obt. Srvt."
+
+I infer from your letter of the 30th of Octr. that you conclude, I am
+disposed to interfere with your appointment of Commissary, I can assure
+you that such was not nor never has been my intention to disturb or meddle
+in the slightest degree with the appointment of Commissary or any other
+which it may be your pleasure to make; sending Sturm as messenger was a
+matter of necessity not of choice, I apprised you by him that I was not
+only sick myself, but that my family and almost every one on the Reserve
+were sick and without medicine, Sturm although sick, was the only person I
+could obtain as messenger who was willing to make the trip alone, and with
+the confident hope that by sending him I would obtain medicines which
+would afford my family relief; I was induced to do so with an
+understanding that he was to receive pay not only as Commissary during the
+time of his absence, but three dollars per day also for his services as
+messenger and I procured the assistance gratuitously of M{r} Bickel one of
+the interpreters to act as Commissary during his absence, whose name
+appears on the prevision checks for that quarter merely to prevent
+confusion of the accounts, but my most sanguine hopes were disappointed
+for the messenger returned without medicines, and my son has not recovered
+yet. Whilst upon this subject allow me most respectfully to direct your
+attention to the fact, and through you the Department, that the office of
+Commissary is a sinecure, and expense which is utterly useless to the
+Government and an injury to the public Service, the duty of Commissary
+simply being an impartial weigher and witness to the delivery of supplies
+agreably to the terms of the Contract; I, hold it to be the duty of the
+Agent where issues are made at the Agency to be present, and represent the
+interest of the Indians, and the Interpreters who are required to be
+present to witness the issues, such has been the case heretofore, no
+Commissary has ever been employed at other Agencies, except where issues
+were made at remote places or where it was impracticable for the Agent to
+be present; the Commissary is employed perhaps half a day once a week, the
+remainder of the time is spent in utter idleness, and in gossiping with
+the employees and Indians on the Reserve.
+
+I received a recent visit from the Chiefs who met Comr. Pike in Augst.
+last, after preparing to hold a Council or talk with them, their first
+demand was whiskey, they said they could not talk without having whiskey
+first, after a length of time however, I convinced them that I had no
+whiskey, and that whiskey was not allowed on the Reserve, they then
+informed me that they had approached this place at the appointed time "the
+falling of the leaves" and ascertained that the Commissioner was not here
+nor the presents agreably to promise, that now they were here long after
+the time and still there are no presents or Commissioner, I explained to
+them that the Comr. had delegated to me his authority for the time being,
+and that he was now purchasing goods to issue in accordance with his
+promise as soon as they would comply with their part of the agreement and
+settle with their people on the Reserve, that they would have the
+privilege of settling on any part of the Leased District that suited them
+best, and that I would issue provisions to them until such time as the
+goods would arrive, they informed me that they had been lied to a good
+deal, and that they wanted some greater and further evidence now of the
+sincerity of the Government, that as the goods were not here, which were
+intended for them, that they would take a few that the trader had, and be
+satisfied with those, until such time as the others would be forthcoming,
+and probably settle at the time the grass rises in the Spring, I told them
+that the traders goods did not belong to me or to the Government, and that
+I was consequently unauthorized to issue them, they then instantly rose up
+and told me they were going, I called back a Kioway Chief and told him as
+it was his first visit, that I would make him a present of some blankets,
+paint and tobacco, that I was glad to see him, that the Government desired
+to be on friendly terms with him and his people, and that if he thought
+proper to come here with his people and settle, that he could do so on the
+same terms as the others, he informed me that that was the object of his
+visit, that he would return and consult on the subject and at no distant
+day would make me another visit, and apprise me of the result of their
+deliberations; in the mean time the others returned in a better humor, and
+I told them that upon my own responsibility, I would make them a few
+little presents, of blankets, paints, &c. which appeared to satisfy them,
+and when they finally left, declared their friendly intentions, and said
+they would ultimately settle here in compliance with the treaty.
+
+In compliance with your letter of instructions of the 25th of Octr last, I
+have rendered H. L. Rodgers all the assistance in my power in the way of
+his building operations. Very Respectfully. Your obt. Servt.
+
+    M. LEEPER, Ind. Agt. C. S. A.
+
+  Elias Rector Esq., Supt. Indian Affairs.
+    Fort Smith, Arks.
+
+
+FORT SMITH, ARK., Dec. 27th, 1861.
+
+SIR: Owing to the continued excitement in the Creek and Seminole Nations,
+and the dangers necessarily to be encountered by persons either residing
+in or travelling through the Indian Country, my return to the Agency has
+been delayed longer than I expected. Taking into consideration all the
+circumstances of the case I deemed it best and most prudent to await your
+return from Richmond and submit a report of the case to you. When I left
+the Agency early in November there seemed a unity of opinion and general
+profession of Loyalty to the Southern Confederacy; but since then there
+has been much disaffection and increase of excitement. The consequence has
+been that some of the Traders residing among the upper Creeks have
+left--narrowly escaping with their lives. Others are, as I learn,
+preparing to leave. Since my departure from the Agency there has been two
+engagements between the Confederate forces under command of Col. Cooper
+and the followers of Hopothleyoholo, in both engagements Col. Cooper was
+victorious. This, however, has only increased the vindictiveness of
+Hopothleyoholos Party and, consequently, magnified the dangers attendent
+on travelling through or residing in the Nation. My Agency is, as you are
+aware, situated two hundred miles west of this place, and wholy
+unprotected and exposed to depredation, it is very insecure. Parscofer and
+others as stated in my report to the Department as heading the disaffected
+party, were leaders, in the recent battles, on side of the enemy. But I am
+pleased to be able to state that Jumper, Short Bird, Cloud and Holatut
+Fixico were found with Col. Cooper doing their duty as faithful and Loyal
+allies. It will, probably, not be a great while before the excitement may
+subside, rendering travel and residence there more secure. When you deem
+it necessary and safe for me to return I will be ready. I await your
+orders on the subject. I am very Respectfully Your obt. Servt.
+
+    SAM'L M. RUTHERFORD, C. S. Agent for Seminoles.
+
+  Maj. E. Rector, Sup. Ind. Affairs, C. S. A.,
+    Fort Smith, Ark.
+
+
+RICHMOND, VA., 29th December, 1861.
+
+SIR: I send herewith, to your care, by a Special Messenger, packages for
+the Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Nations, which please forward to each immediately by express.
+
+Also a talk for the Comanches and Caiawas, which, if they are still near
+Fort Cobb, I wish sent to them by express. There is a letter to Chisholm,
+and it would perhaps be well to send the talk to him and get him to go up
+and see them.
+
+Also a letter for Major Dorn and one to his Indians. I want them to come
+down to Head Quarters and receive what is to be given them. I do not know
+how you will get his letter to him.
+
+The Treaties are all ratified, with two or three amendments that will cut
+no great figure. As to the _money_ part, nothing has changed. Congress
+appropriated $681,000 and over, under the Treaties, including Charley
+Johnson's money up to middle of February, of the whole sum, $265,000 and
+odd is to be paid in specie. I shall get the Treasury notes to-morrow, and
+the Specie in New Orleans, and shall bring it all to you. The Secretary
+agreed, indeed proposed, to send it out by me.
+
+Among them, they fixed my compensation at $3,750.
+
+I mean to be at Head Quarters by the 25th of January. I hope the different
+Tribes will ratify the amendments, so that you can pay them pretty soon
+after that time.
+
+I think you had better buy all the goods, of Cochran and others, for the
+Comanches, that you can. I want them to meet me at Head Quarters, and it
+will be necessary to have _some_ goods for them. Congress would not agree
+to give them any arms.
+
+I hope when we pay the Indians their money, and I get some white troops in
+the Country, we shall settle the difficulties there. God knows.
+
+Give my kind regards to Mrs. Rector and the children. Always yours.
+
+    ALBERT PIKE.
+
+I send Dr. Duval's appointment, and Mr. Sandals', by the Messenger.
+
+
+  CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA, WAR DEPARTMENT
+    Office of Indian Affairs, Richmond, December 30th, 1861.
+
+  MAJOR ELIAS RECTOR, Superintendent of Indian Affairs,
+    Fort Smith, Arkansas.
+
+Sir: The first session of the Congress of the Confederate States will be
+held on the 18th February next; and it is important that the Report, from
+this Bureau, in regard to Indian Affairs, for the benefit of that Body,
+should be as full as possible. That this may be so, it is essential that
+information should be sent here, at least by the 15th of that month, of
+the true condition of affairs, in each of the several Agencies under your
+supervision.
+
+You will, therefore, write to all of the Agents, and state to them these
+facts. Advise them also to give you _full reports_ of all matters
+connected with their respective charges, and forward them, when received
+to this office. Very respectfully,
+
+    S. S. SCOTT, Act'g Commr. of Ind. Affairs.
+
+
+  CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA, WAR DEPARTMENT
+    Office of Indian Affairs, Richmond, Jany. 1st, 1862.
+
+  MAJOR ELIAS RECTOR, Superintendent of Indian Affairs,
+    Fort Smith, Arkansas.
+
+Sir: An Act was recently passed by the Congress of the Confederate States,
+and approved December 26th, 1861, "making appropriations to comply, in
+part, with Treaty stipulations made with certain Indian Tribes." The whole
+amount appropriated by this Act was six hundred and eighty one thousand,
+eight hundred and sixty nine dollars, and fifteen cents.
+
+By sundry requisitions of the Secretary of War upon the Secretary of the
+Treasury, this sum has been placed in the hands of General Albert Pike,
+for delivery to you, as Superintendent of Indian Affairs.
+
+Herewith you will receive Tabular Statements, marked Numbers (1) and (2)
+for your information and guidance, as to the times manner, &c., that this
+money is to be disbursed.
+
+You will perceive from these statements, that one hundred and nineteen
+thousand, three hundred and forty dollars can be used, for the purposes
+indicated immediately, or, whenever, it may be deemed essential by you;
+while the residue, amounting to five hundred and sixty two thousand, five
+hundred and twenty nine dollars and fifteen cents, is dependent, for its
+dusbursement, upon the ratification of the Treaties, as amended by the
+several Indian Tribes. Very respectfully,
+
+    S. S. SCOTT, Act'g Commr. of Indian Affairs.
+
+
+  TREASURY DEPARTMENT, C. S. A., SECOND AUDITOR'S OFFICE,
+    Richmond, Va. Dec 31st 1861.
+
+SIR--The Treasurer of the Confederate States will remit to you the sum of
+six hundred and eighty one thousand, eight hundred & sixty nine 15/100
+dollars--, being the amount of Requisitions Nos.
+2175-76-77-78-79-80-81-82-83 & 84 issued in your favor on the 20th
+Instant--, with which you are charged on the Books of this Office, on
+account of the following Appropriation, to wit:
+
+"An Act making Appropriations to comply in part with Treaty Stipulations
+made with certain Indian Tribes," as per Act
+
+  Requisition No. 2175 For Contingencies of superintending & Agencies    $   3,500.00
+      Do       "  2176  "  Sundry Appropriations for Cherokee Indians      237,944.36
+      "        "  2177  "    Do       Do          "  Seminole Indians       61,050.00
+      "        "  2178  "    "        "           "  Choctaw &Chickasaws   115,126.89
+      "        "  2179  "    "        "           "  Creek Indians          72,950.00
+      "        "  2180  "    "        "           "  Comanches              64,862.00
+      "        "  2181  "    "        "           "  Reserve Indians        82,905.00
+      "        "  2182  "    "        "           "  Seneca Indians         11,962.46
+      "        "  2183  "    "        "           "  Quapaw Indians          9,000.00
+      "        "  2184  "    "        "           "  Osage Indians          22,568.44
+                                                                           ----------
+                                                                 Total    $681,869.15
+
+The Treasurer will advise you when the same has been placed to your credit
+on his Books, or hand you a Draft--for which you will please forward a
+Receipt to this Office, specifying therein the date, number and amount of
+said Requisition. I am, very respectfully, your ob't serv't,
+
+    W. H. S. TAYLOR, Auditor.
+
+To Genl Albert Pike, Agent for the War Department for delivery of the
+above funds to Elias Rector, Supt. Ind. Affairs, now in Richmond, Va.
+
+
+  CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA, TREASURER'S OFFICE,
+    Richmond, Va., Jan{y} 23
+
+ELIAS RECTOR, Fort Smith, Ark.
+
+Sir, I have this day placed to your credit 3,000 Dollars, amount of
+Warrant No. 23 Issued in your favor by War Department. Your checks on the
+Treasurer of the Confederate States will be honoured for that amount.
+Please acknowledge the receipt of this Notification, and enclose your
+official signature. Very Respectfully,
+
+    E. C. ELMORE, Treasurer C. S.
+
+
+  CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA, WAR DEPARTMENT,
+    Office of Indian Affairs, Richmond Jany 23d 1862.
+
+MAJ. E. RECTOR, Superintendent &c, Fort Smith, Arkansas.
+
+SIR: General Pike of date Dec. 30th 1861, writes to this Bureau, as
+follows:
+
+    In order to obtain the ratification, by the several Indian Tribes, of
+    the amendments made by Congress to the Indian Treaties negotiated by
+    me, and to effect a Treaty with the Caiowas, I have sent messages to
+    the Creeks, Seminoles, Cherokees, Choctaws and Chickasaws, requesting
+    that their national Councils may be convened; and to the Chiefs of the
+    Osages, Quapaws, Senecas, Senecas and Shawnes, Comanches, Reserve
+    Indians and Caiowas, requesting them to meet me at my head Quarters.
+
+    It will be necessary to furnish provisions to the Creek and Seminole
+    Councils, and to feed the more uncivilized Chiefs, while in Council,
+    and on their return, and also perhaps to make some presents; for which
+    purposes no funds are in the hands of the Superintendent or myself.
+
+In accordance with these suggestions and at the request of this Bureau a
+requisition was drawn by the Secretary of War, a few days ago, for the sum
+of three thousand dollars, which is to be placed to your credit in the
+Treasury.
+
+You will please use this money, or so much of it, as may be necessary, for
+the purposes, and in the manner, above indicated. Very respectfully,
+
+    S. S. SCOTT, Act'g Commr. of Ind. Affairs.
+
+
+LITTLE ROCK, ARK., 28th January, 1862.
+
+DEAR RECTOR: I will leave here on Friday morning. It will take me, I
+suppose, six days to reach Fort Smith with the money. This will bring me
+to the 5th, 6th or 7th of February.
+
+I have $265.927.50 in specie, all in gold except $65.000 in silver. Of
+course I must stay with it. I think I can make the journey, though in six
+days.
+
+I think you had better go up to my head Quarters immediately, and arrange
+to feed the Comanches and others if they come there; and keep them there
+until I reach the place. I can take the money there, and send by the same
+messenger who takes this, to Colonel Cooper for an escort.
+
+The Treasurer of the Choctaws means to sell the coin his people get, buy
+Confederate paper, and put the difference in his pocket. We must stop
+that. I think the best way will be for you to notify the Chief, Hudson,
+the amount to be paid in coin, and that you will pay it to the Treasurer
+only in the presence of three Commissioners appointed by himself.
+
+If you _can_ pay the Choctaws and Chickasaws at my Head Quarters, it will
+of course be much better.
+
+I have had to ask the _immediate_ removal of Leeper, and the appointment
+of Col. Pulliam in his place. This I have done to-day, sending extracts
+from your letter, Charley Johnson's and Quesenbury's.
+
+The Secretary is also advised, now, of Garrett's continual [illegible].
+
+Why do you not demand his removal, and name a person for his place?
+
+I don't believe Col. Cooper will be removed. The President said in my
+presence, "Now that the Choctaws have a Delegate in Congress, what need of
+an Agent?"
+
+About 150 gamblers are here, following up the Indian moneys. I enclose an
+order requiring passports, that will keep them out of the Nation.
+
+I have the $150.000 advance for the Cherokees, the $12.000 due the Nation,
+and the $10.300 due the Treaty party or Stand Wade's,--all in paper. Also
+the $50.000 advance for the Choctaws. In paper and specie, I have for you
+$631.000 and over.
+
+Have you received the money, (some $3.000) that I asked should be sent you
+to pay expenses of the new Indian Councils?
+
+If you cannot go to Head Quarters immediately, you will have to send some
+one, and let him and Colonel Cooper keep the Indians contented. Always
+yours,
+
+    ALBERT PIKE.
+
+Maj. E. Rector.
+
+
+OFFICE SUPT. IND. AFFAIRS, Fort Smith, Feby 1st, 1862.
+
+SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith the Reports of Agents Leeper,
+Cooper, Rutherford and Crawford. No report has been received from Agent
+Dorn.
+
+Business of importance requires me to leave here to-day for Fort Gibson
+and the Creek Agency, it is important for me to take charge of the public
+property at the Creek Agency which I shall do on my arrival there and I
+will turn the same over to R P Pulliam who I have appointed Agent to act
+until the Department may make a permanent appointment and I hope Mr
+Pulliam may be the person appointed. I have also appointed to meet a
+delegation of Comanches and Kiawas at Fort Gibson where I expect Genl Pike
+and myself will effect treaties with them. I have sent a lot of goods to
+make some presents to them and to the wild bands with whom Genl Pike made
+treaties last fall and to whom he promised some goods; after meeting these
+delegation and ascertaining what can be effected with them I will make out
+and forward to you a report of Indian matters generally in this
+superintendency which I hope will reach you in time to be of some service
+to the Department. I could not, until after I meet those Indians and
+ascertain the condition of the Creek Agency, make a full and satisfactory
+report.
+
+In regard to Agent Crawfords report I must here state, that from the best
+information I can obtain of the condition of affairs among the Cherokees,
+I cannot concur with him, but I will inform myself fully in this regard
+during my present visit among them and will furnish my views fully in my
+report, Very Respectfully Your Obt. Servt.
+
+    E. RECTOR, Supt. Ind. Affairs
+
+  S. S. SCOTT Esq Acting Comr. Ind. Affairs
+    Richmond, Va
+
+
+OFFICE SUPT IND AFFAIR, Fort Smith Feby 1st 1862
+
+SIR: Genl. Pike is here with $50.000 Dollars in Gold and Silver for the
+Choctaws, and as I am compelled to accompany him on important business to
+Fort Gibson, I have determined to take the above money with me to that
+place and pay it out there, which will be as convenent for you as to pay
+it here, and as Col Cooper will have to be present at the payment, it is
+necessary to make the payment when he can attend. I will be ready to pay
+over to your Treasurer the above money at Fort Gibson in ____ days from
+this date, and I wish you to send with your Treasurer a delegation of
+three responsible persons to be selected by you to witness the payment.
+This I require, as it is a special case with our government to pay out
+Coins to the Indian tribes at this time, and to insure the payment by the
+Treasurer of the same funds to your people, that he receives from me. Our
+government is determined to use all precautions to prevent speculations
+out of the funds sent out to pay to Indian tribes. Very Respectfully Your
+Obt Servt.
+
+    E. RECTOR, Supt Ind Affrs
+
+Hon Hudson, Chief Choctaw Nation.
+
+
+  CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA, WAR DEPARTMENT
+    Office of Indian Affairs, Richmond, Feby 7th 1862.
+
+  MAJOR E. RECTOR, Superintendent of Ind. Affairs.
+    Fort Smith, Arkansas.
+
+Sir: Your two letters, dated January 9th & 10th, have been received. The
+former gave a brief statement of the facts, in relation to the arrest, by
+Agent Leeper, of one Meyer, supposed to be a spy, with $6.455.70, in
+Drafts and Specie upon his person, and enclosed copies of letters from
+Messrs Leeper and Shirley, bearing upon same subject. The latter simply
+covered the Affidavit of a Mr. Barnes, claiming the Drafts referred to,
+followed by affidavits of Meyer and one Jacob Mariner intended to
+substantiate it.
+
+The questions presented in this case should properly be investigated by
+Brig. Genl. Pike, who has command of the Department of the Indian
+Territory, where this person was arrested; and a letter has therefore been
+written to him from this Bureau, for the purpose of calling his attention
+to the fact.
+
+You will take the necessary steps to have the man Meyer turned over to
+him. Very respectfully,
+
+    S. S. SCOTT, Act'g Comr. of Ind. Affairs.
+
+
+FORT SMITH, 16th Feby 1862
+
+ELIAS RECTOR Esq, Superintendent of Ind. Affairs
+
+Sir: As to the case of Fredrick Meyer, arrested as a spy, there is nothing
+beyond suspicion against him, except his possession of certain drafts
+drawn by a U. S. Quartermaster on the Assistant Treasurer at New York, and
+the Statements of Comanche Indians, who are not competent witnesses.
+
+I decline to place him in custody as a spy or to order a Miltary Court to
+try him. I cannot order his discharge or the return of the drafts and
+money taken from him, because the Military power is silent, within the
+limits of Arkansas, in the presence of the Court power, as to reports that
+may be asserted and remedies that may be pursued, in the Courts. If I had
+the power, I should make the order.
+
+If you continue to hold the property in question, or to detain the party,
+you will please consider that you do it on your own authority. I am very
+respectfully yours,
+
+    ALBERT PIKE, Brig. Genl. Commr. Ind. Dept.
+
+
+MOUTH OF CANADIAN, 23d Febr. 1862.
+
+MAJOR: I reached this place last night, and leave this morning. The teams
+furnished me at Fort Smith are hardly able to go further, and our progress
+must be slow. I shall hardly reach Spaniard's Creek before tomorrow night,
+and wish you to meet me there. I did think of sending the money, at least
+the specie, direct from this point to North Fork, but have determined to
+keep it with me until I meet you. If you will meet me at Spaniard's Creek,
+we can then determine what disposition to make of it.
+
+Gen. Price is at Walnut Grove, eight miles south of Fayetteville; will
+take position near Cane Hill, and means to attack as soon as he gets
+5,000. men in addition to his present force. McCulloch is on the telegraph
+road, to his right. _They are not acting in harmony_, Col. Gatewood says.
+
+Our forces in Kentucky and Tennesse have had to fall back before 70,000 of
+the enemy. The new position, it is expected, will be at Stevenson and
+Charleston road. When the enemy took Fort Donelson, both Bowling Green and
+Columbus became of value to us. Each position was carried. But we have
+only taken a new position, losing no battle. The fort surrendered.
+Columbus is or will be evacuated and Nashville surrendered.
+
+There are no means of crossing the Arkansas here, except one boat, that
+must have a bottom put in it. I must bring at least part of the Choctaws
+to Gibson, to cross the river and move towards Cane Hill, and in order to
+be able to do it as soon as possible I wish to turn over the money to you.
+Truly yours
+
+    ALBERT PIKE
+
+Major Elias Rector.
+
+
+OFFICE SUPT IND. AFF'RS, Fort Smith, Feb'y 28th, 1862.
+
+SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of 23d
+ultimo notifying me that the sum of $3,000--had been placed to my credit
+in the Treasury on Requisition No. 23 from the War Department subject to
+my Draft and request my official signature which is hereto affixed. Very
+Respectfully your Ob't Serv't.
+
+    E. RECTOR, Sup't Ind. Aff'rs.
+
+  E. C. Elmore Esq., Treasurer of the Confederate States
+    Richmond, Va.
+
+
+OFFICE SUP'T IND. AFFAIRS, Fort Smith, Feb'y 28th, 1862.
+
+SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of Jany
+1st accompanying Tabular Statements sent out by Gen'l Pike. On his arrival
+here I was absent in the Indian Country where I had been ordered by him to
+meet a Delegation of wild Comanches and Kiawas. Genl P-- did not leave the
+money here to be paid over to me but tuck it in the Indian Country to his
+head quarters, where he will I presume pay it out to the Indians himself.
+Very Respectfully, your ob't Serv't.
+
+    E. RECTOR, Sup't Ind Affairs.
+
+S. S. SCOTT Esq. Acting Com'r Ind. Affairs, Richmond, Va.
+
+
+[_Rector to Scott_]
+
+OFFICE SUPT IND. AFFAIRS, March 4th, 1862.
+
+SIR: I deem it my duty, in justice to myself, as well as my duty to the
+government to notify you that Gen'l Pike has been paying over certain of
+the funds sent out by him to the Indians, one payment which he has made, I
+wish here to enter my protest against as not meeting with my approbation,
+it was in paying over to Agent A. J. Dorn the specie sent out for the
+Indians in his Agency. My objections to said payment are these: Agent Dorn
+has never executed a Bond to the Confederate government for the faithful
+accounting for of funds placed in his hands, and I should certainly not
+turn over large amounts of government funds to any Agent in my Department
+until he first gave a good and sufficient Bond and next; the Agency which
+Mr. Dorn fills is in the limits of the State of Kansas and has been in the
+possession of the Federals for six or seven months, Dorn cannot even get
+to it, he has no fixed locality for his Agency sometimes he is with the
+army, at others in the State and is now here at this place and has with
+him the money.
+
+I am clearly of the opinion that this money should have been kept in some
+safe place in this State until after our present troubles are over. The
+Federal army is now invading within fifty miles of this place and between
+him and the Indians for whom Dorn is Agent, which makes it impossible for
+him to pay it to them if he so intends.
+
+None of the Agents in this Superintendency have entered into Bond. Nor do
+I know whether they intend to do so except Agent Rutherford he came here
+from his Agency a few days since for the purpose of giving his Bond but is
+now on a bead of sickness from which it is doubtful if he ever
+recovers....
+
+    ELIAS RECTOR.[589]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B--THE LEEPER[590] OR WICHITA AGENCY PAPERS
+
+
+OFFICE SUPT. INDIAN AFFAIRS, Fort Smith, Oct. 12th, 1861.
+
+SIR: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of 15th inst. by
+Expressman Sturm[591] at Tahlequah C. N. while on public business at that
+place on the 2nd inst and in answer must say.
+
+Your requisition for Medicine I cannot comply with. I have no Medicines on
+hand for the Indian Service. Neither have I been instructed to furnish
+either Medicines or Medical assistance to the Indians, and if I were
+disposed to take the responsibility and advance the funds to purchase
+Medicines they could not be procured at this place.
+
+I am pleased to learn that Buffalo Hump came in to see you, but both
+myself & Com{r}. Pike regret that you did not hold out to him all the
+inducements which were in your power, and use all the forces and means at
+your command to provide him with such houses as were contemplated and
+promised by Com{r}. Pike for the comfort of those Indians and to make them
+satisfied and anxious to come in.
+
+The Com{r}. has issued an order prohibiting Jim Ned from returning to or
+ever occupying any portion of the Leased District again, this order you
+will see carried out. He has also ordered the Military to kill Ned should
+they find him.
+
+No blanks have been furnished to the office as yet. Nor have even forms
+been purchased for the vouchers, abstracts etc. You must rule and arrange
+your papers as best you can for the present as I have to do myself.
+
+I have turned over to Mr. Sturm four mules turned over to me as mules
+taken from you by Gen{l} Burrow. I obtained them with great difficulty in
+bad condition, nearly on the lift. I have had them three or four weeks,
+these were all I could find and do not know whether they are all that were
+taken from you or not.
+
+As stated above I have received no funds for the Indian Service from the
+Confederacy, in fact there has been no Indian Department organized
+consequently no appropriation has been made nor will any Indian business
+be done in the War Department until after the late Treaties are submitted
+and approved.
+
+I shall leave here in a short time for Richmond for the purpose of
+organizing the business of the Superintendency, procuring funds, goods
+etc. for the Indians in compliance with the Stipulations of the late
+Treaties.
+
+C. B. Johnson is absent at New Orleans and is expected back in a few days.
+
+Enclosed you will find Sutton & Springs receipt for $200.
+
+Owing to Creek difficulties I send Mr. Sturm back by direct route for his
+safety and the safety of your property. Very Respectfully Your Ob't.
+Servant
+
+    E. RECTOR, Supt. Ind. Affairs.
+
+Col. M. Leeper, Ind. Agent, Wichita Agency, L. D.
+
+
+  OFFICE SUPT. IND. AFFAIRS, FORT SMITH, ARKS.
+    Oct. 30th, 1861.
+
+SIR: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 21st inst. by
+Expressman.
+
+On the 12th Inst, I wrote you by your expressman Mr. Sturm and as then,
+state I have no funds in my hands for the purchase of Medicines or for any
+other purpose for the Indian Service. Nor have I been authorized to
+provide the Indians with Medicines or Medical assistance; there has been
+no Indian Department regularly organized as yet, by our Government, nor
+will there be until after the Treaties lately made by Com{r} Pike are laid
+before the President and approved.
+
+I have purchased for you on your own account, all the medicines I can
+purchase in this place that would be useful to the Indians. I send them by
+your Expressman with the bills, you can charge the Government with them in
+your account.
+
+I am pleased to learn that the Kiowa Indians are likely to come in and
+make a treaty. Com{r} Pike cannot possibly be there to treat with them for
+some months to come, the treaties made by him with the Comanches places
+all of those Indians who may hereafter come in on the same footing with
+those who entered into treaty stipulations, and I hereby authorize you, as
+I have authority to do from Com{r} Pike, to make the same treaties and
+hold out the same inducements to the Kiowas as were made by him with the
+Comanches, do not, however, promise them blankets this winter as it would
+be impossible to procure them, the Government cannot procure a sufficiency
+of them for the Soldiers, not even at the most exorbitant prices. Agents
+are traveling over the States purchasing second hand blankets from
+families who take them off their beds to accomodate the Soldiers in the
+field.
+
+H. L. Rogers is now on his way to your agency with hands to build houses
+for the Indians, he is sent out by Com{r}. Pike on his responsibility. I
+wrote you by him.
+
+Gen'l Pike will have command of the Military Department of the Indian
+Country. He is now on his way to Richmond Va., when he will [return] I am
+not advised, it will be with him to direct what military force will be
+placed at Fort Cobb for the protection of your agency, when that
+protection will be furnished I am unable to advise you, of the importance
+of an efficient force being stationed there at an early day there can be
+no doubt.
+
+In regard to the Mail or Express arrangements you speak of, I must say I
+have neither power, authority, or means to establish mail or express
+routes to your agency or elsewhere. Our State and other States are
+suffering greatly for want of mail facilities, and I cannot involve myself
+pecuniarily in the matter, this matter must be brought regularly before
+the Department and its action had.
+
+In regard to the time when you may expect funds to close your accounts I
+can only say that you need not expect funds until after the treaties
+recently made are ratified and appropriations made in accordance with your
+estimates furnished Com{r} Pike, the Government will not, of course, send
+out funds for Indians until it is advised that it has some treaty
+relations with them, I will leave here on the 7th day of next month for
+Richmond for the purpose of assisting in the organization of our Indian
+business, and for the procurement of funds, goods, etc, to carry out the
+provisions of the late treaties, on my return you will be advised of the
+result of my mission.
+
+I learn from Mr. C. B. Johnson that you had advised him that Mr. Beckle is
+acting as Commissary, this is wrong and is calculated to produce confusion
+in the accounts. Mr. Sturm is the recognized commissary regularly
+appointed by me, he should not be sent away from his regular duties on any
+other business and I so informed him while here and notified him that his
+absence from his regular duties on another occasion would be sufficient
+cause for me to remove him and appoint his successor, the appointment of
+commissary belongs exclusively to me, and you are well aware of the
+importance of his being constantly at his post, as he is the check on the
+contractor in filling the requisitions of the agent. In future I hope he
+will not be detailed for any other duties. Mr. Sturm is and will continue
+to be Commissary until removed by me either upon charges or such cause as
+I may think requires his removal. Very respectfully, Your Ob't. Serv't,
+
+    E. RECTOR, Supt. Ind. Affairs.
+
+Col. M. Leeper, Indian Agent, Wichita Agency, L. D.
+
+The bearer of this letter, Capt. H. L. Rogers, has been employed and
+empowered by Gen{l} Pike Commissioner with plenary powers, to proceed to
+the Wichita Agency, with hands, to erect buildings necessary for the
+Commissary and cabins for the Indians, Commissioner Pike becomes
+responsible for the work....--RECTOR to Leeper, dated Fort Smith, October
+25, 1861.
+
+
+SUBPOENA[592]
+
+Confederate States vs. Matthew Leeper, Indian Agt, Comanche, et al. State
+of Arkansas, The Confederate States of America.
+
+To J. J. Sturm--Greeting. You are hereby commanded, that laying all manner
+of excuses aside, you be and appear before the undersigned, special
+commissioner of C. S. A. at the Law Office of James P. Spring, in the City
+of Fort Smith, in the County of Sebastian, and State of Arkansas, on the
+10th day of January, 1862. Then and there to testify and the truth to
+speak in a certain matter before said Commissioner pending, wherein The
+Confederate States of America prefers certain charges against Matthew
+Leeper, Indian Agent of Comanche and other reserved Indians west of the
+State of Arkansas, and on behalf of the C. S. A.
+
+Herein fail not at your peril.
+
+In testimony whereof I, James P. Spring, Commissioner of Examination,
+have hereunto set my hand and affixed my private seal [there being no
+public seal for such purposes provided] in the City of Fort Smith, this
+12th. day of November, 1861.
+
+    JAMES P. SPRING, [Seal], Commissioner of Examination, C. S. A.
+
+
+QUESENBURY[593] TO LEEPER
+
+Gen. Pike is now in Richmond. I am engaged in building winter-quarters for
+his Brigade. The General will probably return about the 10th of December.
+
+I hope you will honour my requisitions for forage for the animals of the
+expedition for the blankets at Mr. Shirley's. The trip will be a hard one,
+and I fear a long one.
+
+There is no news of import from my quarter. There was something of an
+occurrance in the Ho-poieth-le Yohola imbroglio the other day. Mr.
+Scrimpsher can give you the current particulars....
+
+
+FORT SMITH, Dec 4, 1861.
+
+DR. SIR:--We have no late news of importance. The Federal troops 30000
+strong came as far as Springfield and fearing to advance further returned
+to St. Louis & Kansas; the Kansas party took from the vicinity of
+Springfield 600 negroes from Union men as well as Secessionists.
+
+A heavy battle was fought in Mo. opposite Columbus a few days since.
+Pillow commanded the Confederate forces 2500 strong, the Federals came
+down in their gun-boats 7000 strong & landed. The fight lasted 4 hours
+with heavy losses on both sides. Pillow was then reinforced and drove the
+Federals back to their boats making a perfect slaughter of the Yankees.
+Our victory was complete and a very important one it was. Price has gone
+back to the Mo. River, McCulloch is bringing his army down here to go into
+winter quarters on the Arks. River.
+
+Hardin is marching on Louisville, Ky., with from 80 to 100,000 Confederate
+troops. We are expecting to hear of his having possession of that city
+soon.
+
+McClellan is said to be advancing slowly and continuously on Johnson and
+Boregard. They are anxious for him to pay them a visit.
+
+Our legislature has elected Bob Johnson & Chas. Mitchell Senators, the
+Washington County District elected Batson over Thomason to Congress. G.
+D. Royston is elected in this District and Judge Hanley in the Helena
+District.
+
+Can't think of anything else that would interest you. Your friend in
+haste,
+
+    R. P. PULLIAM.
+
+Col. M. Leeper.
+
+
+OFFICE SUPT. IND. AFFAIRS, FORT SMITH, Dec. 4th, '61.
+
+SIR: I enclose herewith a Copy of a letter from Albert Pike Comr. etc. to
+Elias Rector, Supt. Ind. Aff., of date 21st. ultimo also two official
+letters.
+
+That portion of Comr. Pike's letter relating to inviting the Indians to
+settle on the Reserve was anticipated by Supt. Rector's letter of
+instructions to you of the 30th October last.
+
+The messages which Comr. Pike wishes given to the Indians you will, of
+course, deliver to them.
+
+Maj. Rector left here for Richmond about ten days ago. When he will return
+I am unable to say, as it seems from Pike's letter he has to purchase and
+bring on the Indian goods. Very respectfully,
+
+    R. P. PULLIAM, Clk.
+
+Col. M. Leeper, Wichita Agent.
+
+
+WICHITAW FED [FEED] HOUSE, December 10th 1861
+
+DEAR CONL. From what I can asertain the Dutchman supposed to be a spy is
+one of the party who of ten, (five Mexicans & five whites) who prevented
+the wild Comanchees from coming in by telling them that we were fixing a
+_trap_ to destroy the last one of them. when we got them here, and as an
+indusement to dispose of their Buffalo Robes this party told the Indians
+that we would take the last Robe from them with our troops.
+
+The [above] I was informed of by the Comanche Cheves several days ago Very
+truly
+
+    J. SHIRLEY
+
+Col M. Leeper, Wichitaw Agency.
+
+
+WICHITA AGENCY L. D., Decr 10th 1861
+
+A memorandum of moneys and effects found on the person of a german who
+says his name is Frederick Myer, arrested and detained here, he being
+suspected of being a spy on the part of the United States in opposition to
+the Confederate States of America. The individual together with the moneys
+and property found upon his person is intended to be forwarded to the
+Superintendent of Indian Affairs Fort Smith at as early a day as
+practicable
+
+Four drafts on the U. S. Asst. Treasurer New York, dated at Santa Fe N. M.
+Sept. 17th 1861 and drawn by Jno P. Hatch Capt. Rm R. Actg C. S. in favor
+John Dold transferred to Frederick Myer, viz.--
+
+    No. 103. Twelve Hundred & fifty dollars
+     " 104. Twelve Hundred & fifty dollars
+     " 105. Four Hundred & Eighty four dollars
+     " 106. Two Hundred & nineteen 50/100 dollars.
+
+Also five other drafts as above described dated on the 19th Sept. 1861.
+viz;--
+
+    No. 112. Six Hundred dollars
+     "  113. Five Hundred dollars
+     "  114. Four Hundred dollars
+     "  115. Three Hundred dollars
+     "  116. Two Hundred dollars.
+
+One draft dated Sept. 18th 1861 drawn by J L Donnevhen P. M. favor Stephen
+Bryce or order transferred to Frederick Myer
+
+    No 1669. Nine Hundred & eighty three 25/100 dollars.
+    Also in Gold One Hundred & fifty five dollars
+         Silver Seventy cents
+    One Colts Revolver, belt & Scabbard
+    One large Pocket Knife
+    Also found in his possission two ponies one gray and one sorrel
+
+Four letters addressed as follows,
+
+    Mr. J. W. Gregory  Santa Fe N. M.
+    Mr B Seligman        "       "
+    Mr. Geo. T. Madison  "       "
+    Mr W. W. Griffin     "       "
+
+Received Wichita Agency L. D. Decr. 15 1861, all the above articles moneys
+&c. excepting the two ponies bridle and saddle and saddle bags, large
+knife and ten dollars in gold which were forwarded by H. L. Rodgers
+accompanying the prisioner, all of which balance in my possession to be
+delivered to the Superintendent of Indian Affairs Fort Smith Arks.
+
+    M. GRIMES
+
+Received Fort Smith Dec. 9th 1861 from M Grimes the above monies & Pistol
+as per his Recpt to Col Leeper
+
+    E. RECTOR, Supt. Indian Affrs
+
+
+WICHITA AGENCY S. D., Decr. 12th 1861
+
+SIR: I forward to your charge by H. L. Rodgers, a german by the name of
+Frederick Myer, whom I arrested as a spy or smugler in behalf of the
+United States, and upon whose person was found Six Thousand three hundred
+dollars in drafts upon the Assistant Treasurer New York, one hundred and
+fifty five dollars in gold and seventy cents in silver, four private
+letters of unimportant import, two ponies and revolver pistol No 72,942
+belt and hoster, one riding saddle, one pack saddle and one pair saddle
+bags, all of which will be forwarded to you by Mr Marshall Grimes, with
+the exception of the two ponies bridle and saddle and saddle bags and ten
+dollars in gold, which I have placed in charge of Mr H. L. Rodgers and
+will accompany the prisoner.
+
+The principal evidence against Frederick Myer, was derived from the Trader
+Mr. John Shirley, whose written statement is herewith enclosed. Very
+Respectfully Your obt. sert.
+
+    M. LEEPER, Ind. Agt. C. S. A.
+
+  Elias Rector Esq, Supt. Ind. Affrs,
+    Fort Smith Arks.
+
+
+WICHITA AGENCY, L. D. December 15th 1861
+
+TO JOHN JUMPER, and our brothers in the Seminole Nation,
+
+We have nothing particular to write you, we are all well and doing well
+here
+
+Since we had the talk we have _understood_ that you had some difficulty
+among your people, but that does not have any bad effect upon us as we are
+friends the same as at the time we made the treaties--Our brothers the
+Comanches, and all the other tribes, are still friends with you, and are
+all very sorry that you are fighting one against another, brothers against
+brothers, and friends against friends. When Mode Cunard and you were here
+and had the talk with Genl Pike--we still hold to the talk we made with
+Genl Pike, and are keeping the treaty in good faith, and are looking for
+him back again soon.
+
+We look to you and Mode Cunard and Genl Pike as brothers--General Pike
+told us at the council that, there were but few of us here, and if
+anything turned up to make it necessary he would protect them. We are just
+as we were when Genl Pike was up here and keeping the treaty made with
+him--Our brothers the wild Comanches have been in and are friendly with
+us.
+
+All the Indians here have but one heart--our brothers, the Texans, and
+the indians are away fighting the cold weather people we do not intend to
+go North to fight them but if they come down here, we will all unite to
+drive them away--Some of my people are one eyed and a little Crippled, but
+if the enemy comes here they will all jump out to fight him--Also that
+Pea-o-popicult has recently the principal Kiowa Chief has recently visited
+the reserve, and has expressed friendly intentions, and has gone back to
+consult the rest of his people and designs returning
+
+    HOSEEA MARIA      BUFFALO HUMP
+    KI-KAD-A-WAH
+
+    Chiefs of the Comanches
+
+    TE-NAH      JIM POCKMARK.
+    GEO WASHINGTON
+
+
+The Confederate States of America
+
+                         To M. GRIMES               Dr.
+    1861:  Nov 30    For Services rendered of negro man
+                     Guss as Laborer from 1st Oct. to
+                     30th Nov 1861, inclusive, 2 mos.
+                     at $300.00 pr. an.                   $ 50.00
+
+Received at Wichita Agency L. D. Decr 31st 1861, of M. Leeper Ind. Agt. C.
+S. A. Fifty dollars in full of the above account.
+
+    $50.00      M. GRIMES.
+
+I certify on honor that the above account is correct and just, and that I
+have actually this 31st day of Decr. 1861, paid the amount thereof.
+
+    [Triplicates]       IND. AGT. C. S. A.
+
+
+The Confederate States of America
+
+                         To A. OUTZEN                  Dr.
+    1861:  Decr 31    For Services rendered as Wheelwright
+                      etc. at Wichita Agency,
+                      L. D. from 1st Oct. to 31st Decr.
+                      1861 inclusive, 3 months at
+                      $600.00 pr an                        $ 150.00
+
+Received at Wichita Agency L. D. Decr 31st 1861 of M. Leeper, Indian
+Agent, C. S. A. One Hundred & fifty 00/100
+
+    $150.00                     A. OUTZEN Wheelwright.
+
+I certify on honor that the above account is correct and just, and that I
+have actually this 31st day of Decr 1861, paid the amount thereof,
+
+    [Triplicates]       IND. AGT. C. S. A.
+
+
+The Confederate States of America
+
+                           To J. B. BEVELL            Dr.
+    1861:  Decr 31    For Services rendered as Laborer at
+                      Wichita Agency L. D. June 1
+                      Oct. to 15th Nov 1861--inclusive
+                      1 mo & 15 days at $300.00 pr an            $ 37.50
+
+                      And as Farmer from 16 Nov to 31
+                      Decr 1861 inclusive 1 mo & 15
+                      days at $600.00 pr an                        75.00
+                                                               ---------
+                                                                $ 112.50
+
+Received at Wichita Agency L. D. Decr 31st 1861 of M. Leeper Ind. Agt. C.
+S. A. One Hundred & twelve 50/100 Dollars in full of the above account.
+
+    $112.50.            JOHN BEVELL Farmer
+
+I certify on honor that the above account is correct and just, and that I
+have actually this 31st day of Decr 1861, paid the amount thereof,
+
+    [Triplicates]       IND. AGT., C. S. A.
+
+
+The Confederate States of America
+
+                            To D. SEALS                Dr.
+    1861:  Decr. 31    For Services rendered as Farmer at
+                       Wichita Agency L. D. from 1st
+                       Oct. to 31st Decr. 1861 inclusive,
+                       3 months at $600.00 per an             $ 150.00
+
+Received at Wichita Agency L. D. Decr. 31st 1861 of M Leeper Indian Agent
+C. S. A. One Hundred & fifty 00/100 Dollars in full of the above account.
+
+    $150.00             DAVID SEALS, Farmer
+
+I certify that the above account is correct and just, and that I have
+actually this 31 day of Decr 1861, paid the amount thereof,
+
+    [Triplicates]       IND. AGT. C. S. A.
+
+
+FORT SMITH, January 13th, 1862.
+
+SIR: In compliance with your letter of instruction of the 10th inst. I
+have the honor to present in detail the condition of affairs connected
+with the Wichita Agency. In thus presenting my report I shall attempt to
+be governed by as much brevity as possible.
+
+In detailing the affairs of the people in my charge and of my action in
+reference to them it will become necessary to refer not only to the
+present but to their past history in Texas. There was a time in Texas when
+these people were in a prosperous and happy condition, and they advanced
+as rapidly in the arts of civilization during that time, perhaps, as any
+people ever did. But evil disposed persons in their vicinity and those not
+far distant on the frontiers of Texas became dissatisfied with their
+locality and determined to disperse and break them up. They continued
+their work of desolation until the indians were compelled to abandon their
+homes and seek a refuge west of the Chickasaw and Choctaw Nations on the
+Leased District. In doing so they suffered many and very severe losses and
+privations. Numbers of their horses and cattle were driven off by their
+enemies and many things useful to them, were necessarily abandoned.
+Estimates were prepared of the amount of damage and submitted to the
+original United States Government but before any action was taken, the
+government dissolved and their just claims consequently failed. Therefore
+permit me most respectfully to suggest the propriety of immediately
+calling the attention of our Government and of the proper Department to
+the fact, in order that these people may obtain adequate remuneration. In
+reference to their habitations, they have nothing to claim. They have more
+and better houses than they had in Texas. The Commanches have eight or ten
+neatly hewn log cabins with good chimneys. Three double log hewn houses
+with good chimneys, to each room for the chief's in addition to a number
+of warm comfortable picket houses which they partly built themselves and
+covered with grass.
+
+In Texas they had but one house which belonged to the Chief, in the
+scramble for the spoils at the time of the abandonment of Fort Cobb by the
+federal troops they were not altogether behind for I have observed among
+them several new Sibley tents and a number of new common tents. The
+Tonkahwas have warm comfortable houses made of poles and grass such as
+they had in Texas. And for the chief I built a good double log house with
+chimneys to each room and a hall or passage in the centre, in which he now
+lives.
+
+The Anahdahkoes have quite a number of comfortable houses consisting of
+four double houses with chimneys to each room, passages in the centre and
+to some of them shed rooms attached. The remainder consist of hewn log
+cabins and Picket houses such as they had in Texas covered with grass. The
+Caddoes also have quite a number of houses consisting of various double
+houses, single houses and picket houses.
+
+The Witchitas have no houses except such as they have built for themselves
+consisting of a net work of sticks and grass but they are warm and
+comfortable. They are not decided upon a permanent location and
+consequently refuse to have houses built. The Tahwaccarroes, Wacoes,
+Ionies and Kechies inhabit the same kind of houses as the Witchitas and
+like them have not decided upon a permanent location. The Shawnees and
+Delawares all have good comfortable cabins.
+
+In February last whilst at Washington I closed all my former accounts with
+the department of the Interior of the United States Government and
+estimated for the first and second quarter of 1861 which estimates
+amounted to 13899 dollars and eighty-five cents. On my way to the Agency
+in the Indian Country prepared to carry out the designs and expectations
+of the government I was arrested by one Burrow who represented himself to
+be a general on the part of the State of Arkansas, who examined my papers
+and took from me one wagon four set of harness, one horse and seven mules,
+property which had been purchased by the United States government for the
+use and benefit of the Indians in my charge, all of which has been
+subsequently returned with the exception of two of the mules. After the
+wagon and mules were taken I hired transportation and proceeded to the
+Agency where I found the Indians in a high state of excitement and alarm;
+their fears having been excited by a Delaware Indian by the name of Jim
+Ned and other evil disposed persons, tattlers and tale bearers who are apt
+to be found loitering about Indian Reserves.
+
+In reference to the people of Texas, I succeeded in satisfying them that
+their apprehensions were groundless, let several contracts for breaking
+prairie and commenced to work generally in accordance with my estimates
+and the wishes of the Department. But soon afterwards my state (Texas)
+seceded from the Union and I determined no longer to act as a federal
+officer, and having no authority to act for the Confederate States, I
+delivered to the indians all the property in my possession which was held
+in trust for their benefit with the exception of two wagons which were
+used in my transportation, which together with one which had previously
+been loaned to the Commissary are now reported on my property rolls. With
+a hope to satisfy the indians until an agent should be appointed by the
+Confederate States (which I assured them would soon take place) I expended
+the remainder of the money's in my hands for blankets tobacco and clothing
+for them, they being in a destitute condition, occasioned principally on
+account of losses sustained by their goods being sunk in the Arkansas
+River and by the fire at Fort Smith. The goods were intended to be
+duplicated and money's had been promised for that purpose in advance of
+their regular supply of goods of which the indians were apprised.
+
+Upon the withdrawal of Texas from the Union, they again became
+apprehensive of danger from the people of that State. I reminded them that
+I was a Texan, and in order that they might have a positive guaranty of
+safety, that they should have Texas troops to defend them. I made the
+application and Capt. Diamond's company arrived on the day of my
+departure.
+
+During the whole course of my operations as Commanche Agent, and more
+particularly the past year, my best efforts have been employed with a hope
+to induce all the southern bands of Comanches to abandon their wandering
+habits become colonized and settle, that being the most effectual means,
+and by far the least expensive mode of checking their depredations on
+Texas, and finally by means of messengers and messages I induced them to
+come in on the first of August last and enter into treaty stipulations
+with Commissioner Pike. A train of untoward circumstances prevented the
+commissioner from complying strictly with his agreements with them which
+have cast a shade of discontent upon their minds, and they say that it is
+the cause of the non-compliance on their part, which was to settle on the
+reserve last fall and abandon their roving habits. This however I do not
+believe: if the commissioner had met them at the time appointed (the
+falling of the leaves) with all the goods promised I am of opinion they
+would have received the goods--made some excuse, and returned again to the
+prairies. Such has been the case of the other Comanches who have settled
+for several years and I think they would have done so too. Perhaps their
+stealing operations would not have been so extensive; but they say that
+that practice shall cease at any rate as long as they are friends with us.
+
+In November last I received a visit from a Kiowa chief by the name of
+"Big-head" who made many fine promises and agreed to settle on the reserve
+with his people, but in this I place but little reliance. The Kiowa's are
+a very numerous band. They are northern indians and their principal range
+is from the sources of the Arkansas River to Bents Fort. Their principal
+chief originally contemptiously spoke of the United States government and
+troops, notwithstanding he annually received a large amount of presents
+from that government, consisting of blankets, clothing, tobacco, rifles,
+powder and lead, etc. They now have a federal agent at Bent's Fort.
+
+During the past six months, but little has been done on the reserve--I
+have had no means to accomplish much. The employees who have been engaged
+have suffered considerably with sickness during the months of September
+and October last. They have built a very comfortable double log house with
+a gallery in front and a stable which is partly finished to which a room
+is attached for the benefit of employees. Without such protection and
+security there is no safety for the public animals necessary to carry on
+the farming operations of the reserve.
+
+No troops being stationed on the Leased District I have been unable to
+exercise the necessary control. The indians have been kept in a constant
+state of turmoil by false representations both in reference to myself and
+things affecting their individual interest. No indian reserve can be
+conducted in a satisfactory manner either to the government or indians
+without the cooperation of troops to enable the Agent to enforce the
+intercourse laws and eject disorderly persons from amongst them.
+
+No funds as yet have been received to meet the current expenses of the
+Agency, nor has any forage been furnished except twenty four bushels of
+corn and twelve of oats, which were received from Commissioner Pike. The
+remainder of the forage which was used in sustaining two government
+animals and four private animals employed in the public service from the
+first of August until the last of October and from that time till the 31st
+of December four additional public animals, was gathered up at the
+different corn houses which had been abandoned and were going to
+destruction at Fort Cobb, and a small amount purchased on my own
+responsibility from the contractor for supplying the indians.
+
+It is deemed useless to suggest additional plans of retrenchment and
+economy to the government as I am not advised as to the extent and nature
+of the design of its future operations in reference to the affairs of the
+reserve. With these facts submitted I have the honor to be Sir very
+respectfully Your obedient Servant
+
+    [M. LEEPER.]
+
+E. Rector, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Southern Superintendency
+
+
+WITCHITA AGENCY, Jan. 31st., 1862.
+
+BRIG. GEN'L A. PIKE, Com'd'y Indian Territory.
+
+Sir:--Enclosed please find muster roll of Reserve Indians enlisted in the
+services of the Confederate Government under your authority of the 30th
+Aug't, 1861 to M. Leeper, Indian Agent, to act as spies and for the
+protection of the Agency until relieved by Confederate forces.
+
+You will perceive that I enlisted them on the 9th Sept. last and have made
+up the roll to the 9th Feb'y, 1862, at which time I would respectfully
+suggest the disbandment of them as they have already served three months
+longer than they anticipated at the time of their enlistment and they are
+anxious to be disbanded at the expiration of this month.
+
+As much doubt has been expressed by the other Indians not enlisted, of
+these ever receiving pay for their services, I believe if they were paid
+off [it] would at once convince them of the integrity and honor of the
+Confederate Government and should any emergency hereafter arise they will
+more readily flock to the standard of our country.
+
+Having received special instructions from M. Leeper, Indian Agent, to
+remain at my post during his absence, I therefore forward these papers by
+Mr. John Shirley and authorize him to act for me in this matter.
+
+
+MUSTER ROLL OF RESERVE INDIANS MUSTERED INTO THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF
+AMERICA UNDER COMMAND OF LIEUT. GEN'L H. P. JONES, SEPT. 9, 1861.
+
+                              HORSE  BRIDLE&SADDLE     RIFLE BOW, ETC.
+   1. Pinahontsama, Sergt.   $60.      $5.00             $25.     $5.00
+   2. Pive-ahope Corpl.      $60.00    $5.00              do.      5.00
+   3. Chick-a-poo             30.00     5.00              25.00    5.00
+   4. Charley Chickapoo       30.00     5.00              25.00    5.00
+   5. Somo                    40.00     5.00              10.00    5.00
+   6. Boo-y-wy-sis-ka         50.00     5.00              25.00    5.00
+   7. Cu-be-ra-wipo           50.00     5.00              25.00    5.00
+   8. Ca-na-with              40.00     5.00              25.00    5.00
+   9. A-ri-ka-pap             55.00     5.00              25.00    5.00
+  10. Pith-pa-wah             50.00     5.00                       5.00
+  11. Pe-ah-ko-roh            35.00     5.00              35.00    5.00
+  12. Jim Chickapoo           65.00     5.00  six shooter 25.00    5.00
+  13. Na-na-quathteh          40.00     5.00                       5.00
+  14. To-no-kah               80.00     5.00              25.00    5.00
+  15. Ath-pah                 25.00     5.00       Pistol #5.00    5.00
+  16. Pe-ba-rah               30.00     5.00              25.00    5.00
+  17. Cur-su-ah               45.00     5.00              10.00    5.00
+  18. Cow-ah-dan Sept. 23d.  $60.       5.00              15.00    5.00
+
+Signed Sealed & delivered in the presence of David Seals & Dr. Bucket,
+Sept. 9, 1861.
+
+
+WICHITA AGENCY L. D. Feby the 9th 1862
+
+I certify on honor that I have received from Messrs Johnson & Grimes
+Seventeen hundred and fifty-four rations of Beef, Flour, Coffee, Sugar,
+Soap, and Salt for the use of my Spy Company raised for the protection of
+the Wichita Agency by authority of Commissioner A. Pike as per letter
+dated Augt. 30th 1861 to M. Leeper Indian Agent
+
+    H. P. JONES, Lt. Com'd'y. and Act'g C. of S.
+
+
+  HEAD QUARTERS DEP'T OF IND'N TERRITORY,
+    FORT MCCULLOCH, 23rd April 1862.
+
+SPECIAL ORDERS, NO.--
+
+Lieut. Col. Harris, Commanding Chickasaw Battalion, will station four
+companies instead of two, of his Battalion, at Camp McIntosh, and two only
+at Fort Arbuckle. He will consult with the Agent for the Reserve Indians,
+Col. Matthew Leeper, and do everything in his power to protect the Agency
+and the _peaceful_ Indians on the Reserve, placing, if necessary his
+troops at or near the Agency, and controlling the unruly Indians, by force
+of arms, if it becomes necessary. By order of Brig. Gen'l Com'd'g
+
+    FAYETTE HEWITT A. A. General
+
+
+[Copy]
+
+May 7, 1862.
+
+Hon. Comr. Indian Affairs, enclosing copies from Gen'l Pike.
+
+WASHITA AGENCY, L. D. May 7, 1862.
+
+SIR: Enclosed herewith I have the honor to transmit for the information of
+the Department the copy of a letter addressed to Gen'l Pike on the 13th
+April last, and his reply thereto; the troops promised by the General have
+not arrived nor have I any tidings from them.
+
+There can be no question, if the Confederate States desire to keep up this
+Agency and to continue their friendly relations with the Indians adjacent
+to the Reserve, that a strong garrison is necessary. The appearance of
+friendship could be maintained perhaps without it, but to put an entire
+stop to the depredations upon Texas, cannot be accomplished without the
+restraining influence of a military force; a small force at all times here
+is necessary to enable the Agent to enforce the Intercourse Laws, and to
+expell from the Reserve, disorderly persons and idlers, hovering around
+the Indian Camps without any legitimate business or employment. I would
+further respectfully suggest with all due deference to the military skill
+of Gen. Pike, that white troops would be infinitely better and far more
+available in every particular than Indians. It is well known that the
+people of Texas adjacent to the Reserve have no very kind feelings for
+Indians generally, and if it should become necessary to exercise military
+authority over a Texan no matter who he is or however worthless he might
+be, if it was done by Indian soldiers, it would engender deep-rooted
+malice in the minds of very many of the Texan people against the troops,
+which, in all probability would militate largely against the interest of
+the Government. White troops have a greater influence upon the Indians
+than Indian troops would have, and understand more perfectly the
+obligations of enlisted men.
+
+In my letter to Gen. Pike, I gave it as an opinion that it would be better
+to either drive the Indians off, who are not located, or to require them
+to settle on the Reserve. Various conversations had with them since that
+time has been the means of changing my opinion; I think by continuing the
+practice of giving them provisions and more supplies of presents when they
+visit the Agency will perhaps induce them to remain quiet and not disturb
+Texas, particularly if we present an array of troops sufficiently strong
+to chastise them in the event of their forfeiting their promises and
+acting a faithless part. To-day I held a Council with some of the wild
+chiefs, they made fair promises, and promised to bring to the Agency on
+the 20th of June next, the other wild chiefs who have never visited this
+place, for the purpose of entering into a general treaty of peace, and
+they say they will use all their influence with the Kioways to restore the
+horses lately stolen from the Reserve Indians and cause those to treat
+likewise. If it should be the desire of the Government for me to have them
+sign the Treaty with such amendments or alterations as may be suggested,
+there would not be the slightest difficulty in the way, it can be
+accomplished without any further parade or expense, except the ordinary
+supply of provision and a few small presents in the way of goods.
+
+Allow me to direct the attention of the Department to the fact that the
+present Contract for furnishing rations to the Indians will expire, I am
+told, on the 16th August next, (I have never been furnished with a copy)
+and that it will be necessary in order to give satisfaction to the public
+to give at least a month's notice of the time and place, a new one will be
+let and having been informed that the next Contract would be let at this
+agency, and that the local agent would be charged with the duty, I deem it
+necessary immediately to repair to Fort Smith to await instructions and
+other necessary papers in reference to my official station and to receive
+funds for the present and to forward an estimate for the ensuing fiscal
+year.
+
+May 8th.
+
+To-day I was visited by quite a number of chiefs belonging to the wild
+Comanches who have never been here before. They say they are desirous of
+making a perpetual and ever-lasting peace with the Southern people, the
+fourth of July is appointed for a general gathering in Council of all the
+Chiefs and principal men belonging to the Comanches for the purpose of
+entering into a general and lasting peace upon the same terms and
+conditions which are offered those already settled. I appointed the 4th of
+July that I might have an opportunity in the mean time of consulting with
+and ascertaining the pleasure of the Government in reference to them. I am
+of the opinion that three or four thousand dollars worth of goods
+furnished upon that occasion and distributed to them as presents would
+have a beneficial effect.
+
+I learn from them that four white men and four Indians were recently
+killed on the Llano, Texas that the Indians were returning from Mexico &
+without knowing anything of the friendly relations which now exist between
+our people and theirs, they stopped as usual, stole a parcel of horses,
+were pursued and the killing aforementioned was the consequence, they
+assert that they will control their people hereafter from depredating upon
+Texas, and that if any of their bad men should cross Red River that they
+will give immediate notice of the fact that they may be overtaken and
+killed, and if they should escape notice steal horses and return they will
+immediately take them from them, deliver them to the Agent with
+information in reference to the place from which they were taken, so the
+owners can recover them again.
+
+With these facts submitted, I have the honor to be very respectfully, Your
+Obedient Servant
+
+    (Sgd.) M. LEEPER, Indian Agent, C. S. A.
+
+
+COPY TO BRIG. GEN'L A. PIKE, APR. 13, 1862. IN REFERENCE TO THE CONDUCTING
+OF THE RESERVE COMANCHES AND WILD BANDS OF COMANCHES, ALSO REQUESTING A
+MILITARY FORCE TO BE STATIONED ON THE RESERVE
+
+WASHITA AGENCY, L. D. April 13, 1862.
+
+BRIG. GEN'L A. PIKE, Com'd'g of Indian Terr'y
+
+Sir: It becomes my duty under official instructions to keep you advised of
+the feelings and bearings of the Indians on the Reserve and more
+particularly of the wild bands adjacent to it who profess friendship for
+us. The recent friendly relations which have been professed on the part of
+the Indians and attempted to be cultivated on our part have produced an
+opposite result upon the Comanche Reserve Indians from that which was
+anticipated, boys who have been partly reared upon the Reserve and who
+hitherto have conducted themselves with the greatest propriety are now
+unruly and are subject to the most unbridled passions and unheard of
+improprieties, they have destroyed pretty much all the poultry belonging
+to Dr. Shirley, have shot arrows into his milk cows, killed several of the
+beeves belonging to the contractor. They are in the habit of shooting
+beeves full of arrows in the beef pen before they are issued, killing some
+of them and rendering others unable to be driven to the different Indian
+encampments, this practice was repeated on yesterday in the presence of
+the chiefs, when one of the interpreters, Mr. H. P. Jones, admonished
+Buffalo Hump to check such outrages and reprove the boys for such
+improprieties, but was fiercely turned upon by the old Indian and abused
+in the most unmeasured terms, the boys then rode to the Agency, approached
+the horse lot and one of them was just in the act of shooting a horse, I
+succeeded in preventing him from doing so myself.
+
+Those wild fellows come in, hold war dances and scalp dances, speak of
+their agility in stealing horses and of their prowress in taking scalps of
+white men and Mexicans, and of the rapture with which they are received
+and amorous embraces of the young damsels on their return until the young
+men heretofore inclined to lead an idle but civil life on the Reserve are
+driven mad with excitement, some of them have left, others are going today
+with the wild Indians for the ostensible purpose I am told of depredating
+upon Mexico, but really, in my opinion upon Texas, many depredations have
+recently been committed upon that frontier, and lately an Anahdahko
+Indian and a negro belonging to that band crossed Red River, stole five
+horses, killed three of them and returned home on the other two, they
+alledge that it would not have taken place, but for the want of the
+restraining influence of the Chief who was absent at Fort Davis for
+presents (this is a mere subterfuge of course).
+
+The wild Indians are principally located within two days ride of this
+place and I suppose could muster two thousand warriors, when they come
+here they are rather impudent and insolent in their demands and upon one
+occasion threatened to force the doors of the Commissary and help
+themselves. A few days since three of their young men forcibly opened one
+of the doors of Dr. Shirley's house and attempted to enter his wife's bed
+chamber. They were met by the doctor at the door who, after a scuffle and
+slight altercation with one of them caused them to desist.
+
+Many horses have recently been stolen from the Reserve Indians, some of
+which are known to have been taken by the bands professing friendship, who
+promised to restore them.
+
+I am clearly of the opinion that this Reserve cannot be sustained without
+a strong military force, and that it would be much better to require those
+wild fellows either to settle on the Reserve or quit the country, at
+present they appear to make it a place of convenience, to rest, feed and
+recruit themselves, on their return from a stealing expedition, and to
+procure provisions and a suitable outfit, the better to enable them to
+prosecute their fiendish designs. Therefore permit me respectfully to
+solicit you to furnish at the shortest practicable period a strong mounted
+force, say one Regiment at least to be situated here to act in concert
+with the Civil Authorities in holding those Indians in check, preventing
+the forays in Texas and in regulating the affairs of the Reserve. I would
+also with due deference suggest the name of Col. Alexander of Sherman, as
+a gentleman eminently qualified for the service. Texas troops would be
+more available here at present than any others, for the Indians have an
+instinctive dread of them.
+
+In the event that it should become absolutely necessary in the absence of
+suitable protection to abandon the Reserve, a suggestion from you in
+reference to the proper course to be taken would be acceptable, my notion
+is to fall back upon Red River or into Texas with all the Indians who are
+true to the South and if overtaken by the way, defend to the last
+extremity.
+
+All my official correspondence I report to the Department but before I
+could get an expression of opinion from that source, it would probably be
+too late to avail anything. I shall feel obliged for a reply by the
+messenger. Very respectfully, Your obedient servant.
+
+    [M. LEEPER]
+
+
+JONES[594] TO PIKE
+
+I have the honor to inform you that the reserve Comanche indians enlisted
+in the service of the Confederate States by your authority of the 30th
+August 1861 were on the 9th April last disbanded with the consent and
+knowledge of Col. M. Leeper indian agent The reason for so doing was that
+latterly they would not remain at their encampment and their horses were
+never at hand when wanted.
+
+
+JONES[595] TO PIKE
+
+The indians placed in my charge by your order for the protection of this
+agency finally proved uncontrollable and utterly useless, and were
+therefore with the knowledge and consent of the Agent discharged on the
+13th of April last....
+
+[On the 11th of August, 1862, Agent S. G. Colley transmitted to Dole from
+Fort Larned two documents,[596] one of which he thought reflected upon the
+loyalty or honesty of Capt. Whittenhall, formerly commanding at Fort
+Larned.]
+
+(A) I have this day received of Lone Wolf a chief Kiowas a paper from
+Albert Pike of the so-called S. C. which I will give to him again and
+another to the said Albert Pike after the Indian agent shall distribute
+the goods to the Indians.
+
+    D. S. WHITTENHALL, Capt. Com'd'g Post.
+
+  July 22, 1862
+    [Endorsement] A true copy.
+      J. H. LEAVENWORTH, Col. 2nd Reg't C.V.
+
+(B)
+
+WICHITA AGENCY L. D., May 31st, 1862.
+
+The bearer E-sa-sem-mus Kiowa Chief has visited and promised on the part
+of their tribe to be friendly with the people of Texas and ourselves it
+is hoped that so long as they carry out that promise they will be treated
+kindly.
+
+    M. LEEPER, Ind. Agt. C. S. A.
+      per C. A. ZICHEL
+
+  [Endorsement] A true copy.
+    J. H. LEAVENWORTH Col. 2nd Reg't C.V.
+
+
+LEEPER TO PIKE
+
+WASHITA AGENCY, L. D., June 26, 1862.
+
+BRIG. GEN'L. A. PIKE, Com'd'y Ind. Terr'y and Act'g Superintendent.
+
+Sir: Being desirous of keeping you advised of all my official operations,
+enclosed herewith you will please find a copy of requests made by Capts.
+Hart & James. I found those officers courteous and prompt, and manifesting
+an unreserved degree of willingness to aid me in carrying out the designs
+of the Confederate States of America in sustaining the Reserve and giving
+satisfaction to the Indians located thereon.
+
+I learn that an annual festival or dance of the Kioways and the wild
+Comanche bands is expected to be held about this time, which may detain
+them beyond the 4th of July, and with a view to have reliable information
+in reference to the matter and ascertain the precise time they may be
+expected here, three or four days since I dispatched To-sha-hua and
+Pinahontsama to visit their encampments for the purpose; they will return
+in about six days. Upon the arrival of the Kioway Chiefs here, I shall
+have your excellent address carefully interpreted to them and get them to
+sign the Treaty. If it should be your pleasure they should do so, I
+apprehend that I can take all the Comanche Chiefs and the Kioway Chiefs to
+your Head Quarters, which I will cheerfully do, in that event however they
+would naturally expect in addition to their daily supply of food a few
+presents in the way of clothing and tobacco.
+
+The present fiscal year is now within a few days of being closed, the
+employees on the Reserve and the trader from whom small presents have been
+purchased for the Indians are unpaid, no funds have been furnished for the
+purpose except fifteen hundred dollars which was handed me by the late
+Superintendent and was in part used in liquidation of my own Salary and
+the remainder, say six or seven hundred dollars, in the payment of
+employees, for the want of funds I have been unable to close my account,
+they will all be ready, however, on the first of July, and if you should
+be in possession of funds for the purpose, after the anticipated meeting
+of the Indians here, if it should meet your approbation, I will take the
+accounts to your Head Quarters and submit them to your inspection in order
+that they may be closed, provided it is inconvenient for you to transmit
+the money to me.
+
+I desire to call your attention particularly to the fact that the present
+Contract for supplying the Indians with rations on the Reserve will
+terminate I am told (I have never been favored with a copy) on the 16th of
+August next, and it therefore would seem proper that a new contract should
+be let in time for the Contractor to have his supplies in readiness for
+delivery at that time, and it is but justice to Mr. Chas. B. Johnson, the
+present Contractor to say that he has complied with his Contract to the
+entire satisfaction of all concerned, kept ample supplies at all times on
+hand, and disposed to be pleasant and obliging not only to the Indians,
+but to all other persons with whom he has had business to transact.
+
+When the Kioways arrive I apprehend they will have many horses and mules
+in their possession which will be identified by the Texas people here as
+the property of people living in Texas; the friendly relations and recent
+social intercourse of these Indians with those of the wild bands has been
+the cause of introducing here several horses and mules of that description
+already. My original instructions under the United States Government was
+to take possession of all such property and have them delivered to their
+proper owners, but if a course of that kind was now pursued it would at
+once defeat the Treaty with the wild bands and cause them to recommence
+their depredations with increased violence and renewed vigor. The 10th
+Article of the recent Treaty reads thus:
+
+    It is distinctly understood by the said four bands of the Ne-um, the
+    State of Texas is one of the Confederate States, and joins in this
+    Convention, and signs it when the Commissioner signs it, and is bound
+    by it; and that all hostilities and enmities between it and them are
+    now ended, and are to be forgotten and forgiven forever on both sides.
+
+Also the 19th Article commencing at the 15th line reads thus:
+
+    And the same things in all respects are also hereby offered to the
+    Kioways and agreed to be given them, if they will settle in said
+    Country, atone for the murders and robberies they have lately
+    committed and show a resolution to lead an honest life; to which end
+    the Confederate States send the Kioways with this talk, the wampum of
+    peace and the bullet of war, for them to take their choice, now and
+    for all time to come.
+
+But the Treaty is silent in reference to the manner in which the owners of
+property lost in that manner are to be remunerated.
+
+In a consultation which I held with Capts Hart and James we determined to
+take proof in reference to the ownership of the property, place a fair
+valuation upon it and submit it to the Confederate Government for their
+approbation, approval, and allowance, provided, however, that it should
+meet your approbation in the first place.
+
+A short time since a delegation from all the tribes here except the
+Tonkahwas and Comanches visited the Kioways to obtain from them their
+horses which were stolen by the Kioways, one of the Waco Chiefs has
+returned and says they delivered to him ten of the stolen horses, were
+disposed to be friendly and said all of them should be given up, but after
+he left a Wichita stole from the Kioways twenty-one horses and a Caddo
+four and have brought them to the Reserve. I held a consultation with the
+Chiefs in reference to the matter in which it was determined that the
+horses should be taken from those who stole them and returned to the
+Kioways immediately after the return of the Wichita Chief La-sa-di-wah,
+who will report the facts as they are.
+
+In all my official relations I have avoided, as far as possible, incurring
+useless or unnecessary expenses, and now the troubled condition of the
+country would seem to render it doubly necessary, allow me therefore to
+suggest that the office of Commissiary is a sinecure, a useless
+expenditure of public money to the Government and an injury to the public
+service, it has never been allowed before at an Agency where an agent
+could be present and witness the issues himself, the Interpreters
+necessarily have to be present, and heretofore have witnessed the issues,
+the Commissary merely being an impartial weigher between the Contractor
+and the Indians which can be done just as well by one of the Interpreters
+without incurring any additional expense to the Government.
+
+One of the greatest injuries which I have met with during a term of more
+than five years service, has been experienced from officious meddlers,
+idlers and tale-bearers who are apt to hover round Indian encampments, and
+I have never found one more so than the present Commissary. J. J. Sturm
+who spends the principal part of his time at the Indian encampments
+pretends to know more than anyone else, palpably neglects the instructions
+given him and has produced more disquiet on the Reserve than has been
+produced from all other causes, he would have been suspended and reported
+long since, but I was apprehensive that it might be supposed that I was
+actuated from vindictive feelings towards him on account of an injury
+which he attempted to inflict upon me. At the close of the present
+Contract if you should deem it necessary to continue such an office, I
+hope a more suitable man will be appointed.
+
+At the close of the present fiscal year I shall report in detail
+everything connected with the Reserve and the Indians thereon, the
+expenses thereof and the reasons and necessities for so doing. I am sir,
+Very respectfully, Your obt. servant.
+
+    [M. LEEPER]
+
+
+LEEPER TO PIKE
+
+Copy to Brig. Gen'l Albert Pike, Acting Supt., Comr., Etc., in reference
+to making a treaty with the Kioway Indians and the signing of the
+amendments of Congress.
+
+WASHITA AGENCY, L. D., July 11, 1862.
+
+BRIG. GEN'L ALBERT PIKE, & Act'g Superintendent, Commissioner, etc.,
+
+Sir: In compliance with your instructions and authority, I have this day
+entered into Treaty stipulations with the Kioway Indians and all the wild
+Comanche bands with the exception of the Kua-ha-ra-tet-sa-co-no who
+inhabit the western portion of the "Staked Plains," and with those I am
+negotiating and shall probably conclude a treaty of peace in September or
+October next. Those who treated in August last have also signed and
+adopted amendments of Congress.
+
+They retired well satisfied with themselves, and with the action of the
+Confederate Government, consequently peace and quietness may be expected
+to prevail in future upon the frontier of Texas, provided, however, that a
+band of fugitives from the various clans who have congregated on the
+Pecos, numbering it is said one hundred and fifty or two hundred, governed
+by no law and disposed to spread desolation wherever they go, are
+destroyed or our troops can receive aid from the bands who have treated in
+hunting down and destroying those "fellows". I am sir, Very respectfully,
+Your obt. ser't
+
+    [M. LEEPER] Ind. Agency, C. S. A.
+
+
+NOTICE
+
+As Agent and Acting Commissioner on the part of the Confederate States of
+America, I have entered into Solemn Treaty stipulations of perpetual
+friendship and peace with the Kioway Indians and wild bands of Comanches
+except the Kna-ha-ra-tet-sa-co-no whose habitations are on the Western
+extremity of the "Staked Plains" and with those I am negotiating and will
+probably conclude a treaty some time in September next.
+
+Therefore perfect peace and quietness may soon be expected to prevail on
+the Texas frontier.
+
+In order to convince the Indians of our sincerity and punctuality, it is
+necessary to comply strictly with the Treaty, and to do that, the
+Government expects me to employ four or five farmers and twenty laborers
+which I desire to do; farmers with families would be preferred, to whom
+fifty dollars per month and rations will be given, and to laborers
+twenty-five dollars per month and rations, negro men would be preferred.
+
+At present there is not the slightest danger there, the agency is one of
+the most quiet and peaceful places within the limits of the Confederate
+Government.
+
+Apply to the undersigned who will remain a few days in Sherman and
+afterward at the Washita Agency.
+
+July 21st 1862.
+
+
+LEEPER [?] TO PARKS
+
+SHERMAN, TEXAS, July 28th, 1862.
+
+MR. ROBERT W. PARKS,
+
+Sir,--Enclosed you will please find the copy of a letter of instructions
+to me from Gen'l Pike the Acting Superintendent of Indian Affairs
+(addressed to you) in reference to fifteen thousand dollars appropriated
+by the Government to purchase farming utensils, oxen, wagons and stock
+animals for Indians located on the Washita Reserve, which fund was handed
+to you. The direction of the expenditures of the fund legitimately belongs
+to the local Agent who is alone supposed to know the amount and
+description of articles necessary to be purchased for the Indians, hence
+Gen'l Pike's letter. Before making any of the purchases indicated it would
+be well to see me in order to ascertain the amount and description
+required, the Indians already have been furnished with a few wagons, oxen
+and farming utensils, in fact in reference to farming implements they are
+well enough supplied with the exception of weeding hoes and axes; and in
+reference to the stock animals to be purchased I would like to have a
+distinct understanding with regard to the quality and the price; a
+responsible gentleman whom I met here is willing to furnish cows and
+calves, the cows not to exceed six years old delivered at the agency at
+sixteen dollars; therefore I should be unwilling to receive on the part of
+the Government animals of that description at a higher price in the
+absence of positive instructions to that effect; the quantity also to be
+purchased is an important item.
+
+If you will take the trouble to visit the Agency, I will give you an exact
+description of the articles necessary to be purchased and will give you
+the preference as a contractor for furnishing the same.
+
+A copy of this letter will be furnished the Acting Superintendent Gen'l
+Pike, and the Department. Very respectfully, Your obt sevt.
+
+    [M. LEEPER]
+
+
+WASH., ARK., Aug. 19, 1862.
+
+COLONEL: I have forwarded you letters to the Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs. Having resigned and been deprived of command in the Indian
+Country, I am also relieved of duty as Acting Superintendent, for which
+crowning mercy, God be thanked.
+
+Mr. Parks returned on receiving your letter and refunded me $15,000 placed
+in his hands, except $200, paid for a mowing machine. I have deposited the
+residue, with all other Indian moneys, (Coin and paper), in a safe place,
+and so advised the Commissioner. As soon as a new Superintendent is
+appointed, I hope to get rid of it all.
+
+If you had written me, _before_, what you write now, in regard to
+McKusken[?], you would not have had to complain that I frustrated your
+efforts. You sent him to me it is true, but with no such charges, and
+consequently left me bound to pay him off. I had employed him, and no
+showing was made to me that he did not deserve his pay. I hear the charges
+_now_ for the first time.
+
+As to the corn at Cobb, I think you are misinformed. When I returned there
+last fall I found it difficult to get a small quantity, because the
+officer in Command said they needed it all; although the troops were on
+the point of leaving. I know it had been so wasted that there was not much
+left and what _was_ left, you needed, as you had none. I wonder you did
+not send your wagons and get it, as soon as the troops left, if there was
+any remaining, and account for it.
+
+I _was_ sorry to hear that you had made unkind remarks in regard to
+myself, and though apparently my friend, were secretly my enemy--and I am
+truly glad to receive your flat contradiction. I have _never_ had any
+unkind feelings towards you, and was glad to believe after meeting you
+this Summer, that you had none towards me. For any imputations against
+yourself in your official capacity, you are indebted in chief measure to
+Major Rector who made them openly, anywhere, and in the presence of many.
+What Mr. Sturm said was not said willingly, but drawn from him. He showed
+a great disinclination to say anything against you.
+
+Believe me, I would now, as always for years past, rather serve than
+injure you. And I sincerely hope our friendly relations may continue. I
+expect to settle not far from you and will always gladly aid in
+cultivating friendship with the Indians and enabling you to succeed with
+them. I am very truly yours
+
+    ALBERT PIKE
+
+Col. M. Leeper C. S. Agent Etc.
+
+
+DESHLER[597] TO LEEPER
+
+Gen. Holmes in reply to your letter of 17th inst. just received, instructs
+me to say, that Gen. Hindman is going to take command of all the troops in
+the Indian country, he starts in a day or two. Col. W. P. Lane's Reg't has
+been ordered to Fort Arbuckle. The gen. com'd'g thinks these measures will
+be sufficient to insure quiet in your region, but instructs me to say that
+if he knew of any available force in Texas he would have no objection to
+sending 5 or 6 Companies to you, but there are no troops available other
+than Col. Lane's Reg't already ordered to Arbuckle.
+
+
+
+
+SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+I. GENERAL ACCOUNT OF DOCUMENTARY SOURCES.
+
+The material for this book has been drawn almost entirely from documentary
+sources and, in a very large measure, from unpublished documentary
+sources; namely, the manuscript records of the United States Indian
+Office. Those records to-day are in a very disorganized state, largely due
+to change of system and to the many removals to which they have been
+subjected within the last few years. At the time when they were examined
+for the purposes of the present work, such of them as were not included in
+_Registers_, _Letter Books_, and _Report Books_ were classified as _Land
+Files_, _General Files_, _Special Files_, _Emigration Files_,
+_Miscellaneous Files_, _Star Files_, and the like, the basis of
+classification being, convenience in the current and routine work of the
+office. The individual files were arranged according to tribe, agency, or
+superintendency and every incoming letter had its own file mark. It had a
+letter to designate the transmitter, that letter being the initial of the
+transmitter's surname or of the office he represented, and it had a number
+to indicate its rank in a series, all the papers of which bore the same
+initial letter and had been received in the same given year. Finally, it
+was rated as belonging to a particular tribe, agency, or superintendency
+and to a particular file.
+
+In the autumn of 1911, an attempt was made to consolidate the old _Land_
+and _General Files_ with the result that now they are no longer distinct
+from each other; but it has seemed best not to change the reference in the
+citations. The year, the letter, and the number are permanent indices and,
+with them at hand, there ought to be no difficulty in the locating of a
+paper, except for the fact that nearly everything in the United States
+Indian Office seems, just now, rather transitory and chaotic. Had the
+inaugural ball for 1913 not been dispensed with, the plan was, to use the
+records as the base for the band-stand, a decidedly interesting
+reflection, one must admit, upon the popular notion of the value of the
+national archives.
+
+Among the manuscripts used in the preparation of the present work, were
+two collections of papers that came into the United States Indian Office
+out of the regular course of its official business. In the citations, one
+is noted as _Leeper Papers_, and the other as _Fort Smith Papers_. Their
+history, since they came into the Indian Office, proves how urgent is the
+need for a Hall of Records. Inasmuch as these papers were not required for
+the every-day business of the office, they were packed away, years and
+years ago, along with a lot of other commercially useless papers, in huge
+boxes and stored in the attic of the old Post-office Building. There they
+were left to be forgotten. In the course of time, the Office of Indian
+Affairs was moved from the old Post-office Building to the Pension
+Building; but the packing-boxes in the attic were inadvertently left
+behind. One day, however, the writer discovered that papers, found at the
+Wichita Agency at the time Agent Leeper was killed, October, 1862, had
+really come into the Indian Office; but the question was, where were they?
+A search high and low was totally without success until it developed that
+the packing-boxes in the attic were supposed to contain "useless" papers
+and were still in the old Post-office Building. Permission was obtained to
+have them examined and, for this purpose, they were transferred to the
+Pension Building. Among their contents was found a number of interesting
+and valuable documents which very likely would soon have been lost
+forever, destroyed by the General Land Office because abandoned by the
+Indian. The contents included, besides the _Leeper Papers_ for which the
+search had been especially conducted, letter-books of Michigan territorial
+governors, file-boxes of all sorts, and a mass of Confederate stuff,
+brought from Fort Smith. The last-named proved a veritable mine of wealth.
+It comprised the occasional correspondence of Cooper, Cowart, Crawford,
+Drew, Dean, Rector, Pike, and many others whose official life had brought
+them into contact with the Indians. It was all very suggestive and
+remunerative.
+
+To supplement the manuscripts an exhaustive search of the _Official
+Records of the War of the Rebellion_ has been made and with good results.
+It is a pity that the material in the _Official Records_ is so badly
+arranged and so much of it duplicated and often triplicated. Had it been
+better edited and better indexed, the danger of over-looking important
+documents would have been minimized a hundredfold. The volumes found
+particularly useful for Indian participation in the Civil War were the
+following:
+
+    First Series, vols. i; iii; iv; viii; ix; xiii; xxii, parts 1 and 2;
+    xxvi, parts 1 and 2; xxxiv, parts 1, 2, and 3; xli, parts 1, 2, 3, and
+    4; xlviii, parts 1 and 2; liii, supplement.
+
+    Third Series, vols. i; ii; iii.
+
+    Fourth Series, vols. i; ii; iii.
+
+
+II. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF SOURCES
+
+AMERICAN ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA, 1861-1865, inclusive (New York).
+
+ARKANSAS. Journal of the House of Representatives for the Thirteenth
+Session of the General Assembly, November 5, 1860-January 21, 1861 (Little
+Rock, 1861).
+
+---- Journal of the Convention, 1861.
+
+---- Messages of the Governors.
+
+BUCHANAN, JAMES. Works, collected and edited by John Basset Moore
+(Philadelphia, 1908-1911), 12 vols.
+
+CAIRNES, J. E. Slave Power: its character, career, and probable designs
+(New York, 1863), pamphlet.
+
+CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA. Journal of the Congress, 1861-1865. (United
+States Senate _Executive Documents_, 58th congress, second session, no.
+234).
+
+---- Provisional and permanent constitutions; and acts and resolutions of
+the first session of the Provisional Congress (Richmond, 1861).
+
+---- Special orders of the adjutant and inspector general's office, 1862
+(Richmond, 1862).
+
+CONNELLEY, WILLIAM E., editor. Provisional government of Nebraska
+Territory and the Journals of William Walker [Lincoln, Nebraska, 1899].
+
+DEAN, CHARLES W. Letter Book, May 26, 1855 to December 31, 1856
+(Manuscript in United States Indian Office).
+
+DREW, THOMAS S. Letter Book, June 1, 1853 to June 1, 1854 (Manuscript in
+United States Indian Office).
+
+FORT SMITH PAPERS. A miscellaneous collection of manuscript materials,
+transmitted from Fort Smith, Arkansas, at the close of the Civil War.
+Among them is the fragment of one of Elias Rector's _Letter Books_.
+
+---- Minutes of the private meetings of the commissioners, 1865 (Land
+Files, Indian Talks, Councils, etc., Box 4).
+
+HAGOOD, JOHNSON. Memoirs of the War of Secession from the original
+manuscripts of Johnson Hagood (Columbia, S. C., 1912).
+
+KAPPLER, CHARLES J., compiler and editor. Indian affairs: Laws and
+Treaties (United States Senate Documents, 58th congress, Second session,
+no. 319), 2 vols.
+
+LEEPER PAPERS. Manuscripts, chiefly letters written or received by Matthew
+Leeper, successively United States and Confederate States Indian Agent,
+brought from the Wichita Agency after the massacre of October, 1862.
+
+LINCOLN, ABRAHAM. Writings, edited by A. B. Lapsley (New York, 1905-1906),
+8 vols.
+
+---- Complete Works, edited by John G. Nicolay and John Hay (New York,
+1894), 2 vols.
+
+MCPHERSON, EDWARD. Political history of the United States of America
+during the Great Rebellion (Washington, 1864).
+
+MASON, EMILY V. Southern poems of the war (Baltimore, 1867).
+
+MATTHEWS, JAMES M., editor. Statutes at Large of the Confederate States of
+America from February 8, 1861 to February 18, 1862, together with the
+constitution of the provisional government and the permanent constitution
+of the Confederate States, and the treaties concluded by the Confederate
+States with the Indian tribes (Richmond, 1864).
+
+---- Statutes at Large of the first congress of the Confederate States of
+America (Richmond, 1862), pamphlet.
+
+---- Statutes at Large of the Confederate States of America, commencing
+the first session of the first congress and including the first session of
+the second congress (Richmond, 1864).
+
+MISSOURI. Adjutant-general's report of the Missouri State Militia for 1861
+(St. Louis, 1862).
+
+MOORE, FRANK, editor. Diary, or Rebellion record (New York, 1868), 11
+vols. and a supplementary volume for 1861-1864.
+
+NEWSPAPERS. Arkansas Baptist (Little Rock).
+
+    Arkansas Gazette (Little Rock).
+    Arkansas Intelligencer (Van Buren).
+    Arkansas True Democrat (Little Rock).
+    Chronicle, The (Little Rock).
+    Daily National Democrat (Little Rock).
+    Daily State Journal (Little Rock).
+    National Democrat (Little Rock).
+    State Rights Democrat, The (Little Rock).
+    Unconditional Union (Little Rock).
+    Weekly Arkansas Gazette (Little Rock).
+
+PHISTERER, FREDERICK. Statistical record of the armies of the United
+States (New York, 1890).
+
+    Supplementary volume to the Campaigns of the Civil War Series.
+
+PIKE, ALBERT. Poems, edited by his daughter, Mrs. Lillian Pike Roome
+(Little Rock, 1900).
+
+RAINES, C. W., editor. Six decades in Texas, or the memoirs of F. R.
+Lubbock (Austin, 1890).
+
+RECTOR, ELIAS. Letter Book.
+
+    A Fragment. Ms. in United States Indian Office among the Fort Smith
+    Papers. Many of the letters have been almost obliterated by exposure.
+
+RICHARDSON, JAMES D., editor. Compilation of the messages and papers of
+the Confederacy, including the diplomatic correspondence (Nashville,
+1905), 2 vols.
+
+---- Compilation of the messages and papers of the presidents, 1789-1897
+(Washington, 1896-1899), 10 vols.
+
+SEWARD, WILLIAM H. Works, edited by G. E. Baker (New York, 1853-1884), 5
+vols.
+
+SMITH, WILLIAM R. History and debates of the convention of the people of
+Alabama, January 7, 1861 (Montgomery, 1861).
+
+TEXAS. Ordinances and resolutions of the convention held in the city of
+Austin, January 28, 1861, to February 24, 1861 (Austin, 1861).
+
+UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Attorney-general, opinions, 1791-1908
+(Washington, 1852-).
+
+---- Report of Covode committee, 1860 (House _Reports_, 36th congress,
+first session, no. 648).
+
+---- Report of select committee to investigate abstraction of bonds held
+in trust by the United States government for the Indian tribes (House
+_Reports_, 36th congress, second session, no. 78).
+
+---- Department of the Interior, Reports of the Secretary, 1861-1865,
+inclusive.
+
+---- Office of Indian Affairs, Land Files, General Files, Miscellaneous
+Files, and Special Files.
+
+---- Office of Indian Affairs, Letter Books [letters sent]:
+
+    No. 50, August 28, 1854 to February 20, 1855.
+     "  51, February 21, 1855 to June 12, 1855.
+     "  52, June 13, 1855 to October 27, 1855.
+     "  53, October 29, 1855 to March 19, 1856.
+     "  54, March 20, 1856 to July 30, 1856.
+     "  55, July 31, 1856 to December 31, 1856.
+     "  56, January 2, 1857 to May 25, 1857.
+     "  57, May 26, 1857 to October 31, 1857.
+     "  58, November 2, 1857 to April 30, 1858.
+     "  59, May 1, 1858 to October 23, 1858.
+     "  60, October 25, 1858 to April 29, 1859.
+     "  61, April 30, 1859 to August 23, 1859.
+     "  62, August 24, 1859 to February 9, 1860.
+     "  63, February 10, 1860 to June 26, 1860.
+     "  64, June 27, 1860 to December 7, 1860.
+     "  65, December 8, 1860 to June 1, 1861.
+     "  66, June 3, 1861 to October 23, 1861.
+     "  67, October 24, 1861 to March 25, 1862.
+     "  68, March 26, 1862 to August 7, 1862.
+     "  69, August 8, 1862 to January 20, 1863.
+     "  70, January 20, 1863 to June 5, 1863.
+     "  71, June 5, 1863 to October 14, 1863.
+     "  72, October 15, 1863 to January 8, 1864.
+     "  73, January 9, 1864 to April 23, 1864.
+     "  74, April 25, 1864 to July 28, 1864.
+     "  75, July 28, 1864 to December 7, 1864.
+     "  76, December 8, 1864 to April 4, 1865.
+     "  77, April 4, 1865 to August 3, 1865.
+     "  78, August 3, 1865 to December 8, 1865.
+
+UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Office of Indian Affairs, Registers (letters
+received):
+
+    No. 44, January 4, 1855 to July 31, 1855.
+     "  45, August 1, 1855 to December 31, 1855.
+     "  46, January 1, 1856 to June 30, 1856.
+     "  47, July 1, 1856 to December 31, 1856.
+     "  48, January 1, 1857 to June 30, 1857.
+     "  49, July 1, 1857 to December 31, 1857.
+     "  50, January 1, 1858 to June 25, 1858.
+     "  51, June 25, 1858 to December 29, 1858.
+     "  52, December 30, 1858 to June 27, 1859.
+     "  53, June 28, 1859 to December 31, 1859.
+     "  54, January 1, 1860 to June 1, 1860.
+     "  55, June 1, 1860 to December 31, 1860.
+     "  56, January 1, 1861 to June 30, 1861.
+     "  57, July 1, 1861 to December 31, 1861.
+     "  58, January 1, 1862 to July 1, 1862.
+     "  59, July 1, 1862 to December 31, 1862.
+     "  60, January 1, 1863 to June 30, 1863.
+     "  61, July 1, 1863 to January 2, 1864.
+     "  62, January 2, 1864 to May 30, 1864.
+     "  63, June 1, 1864 to December 31, 1864.
+     "  64, January 1, 1865 to June 30, 1865.
+     "  65, July 1, 1865 to December 29, 1865.
+
+UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Office of Indian Affairs, Report Books:
+
+    No.  8, May 1, 1854 to August 9, 1855.
+     "   9, August 10, 1855 to December 31, 1856.
+     "  10, January 1, 1857 to March 31, 1858.
+     "  11, April 1, 1858 to September 2, 1860.
+     "  12, September 3, 1860 to December 9, 1862.
+     "  13, December 12, 1862 to August 19, 1864.
+     "  14, August 20, 1864 to December 12, 1865.
+
+---- Department of War, Reports of the Secretary, 1861-1865, inclusive.
+
+---- Statutes at Large (Boston, 1850-).
+
+WAR OF THE REBELLION. Compilation of the official records of the Union and
+Confederate armies (Washington), 129 serial volumes and an index volume.
+
+WELLES, GIDEON. Diary (Boston, 1911), 3 vols.
+
+
+III. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF AUTHORITIES
+
+ABBOTT, LUTHER J. History and Civics of Oklahoma (Boston, 1910).
+
+ABEL, ANNIE HELOISE. Indians in the Civil War (_American Historical
+Review_, vol. xv, 281-296).
+
+---- Indian reservations in Kansas and the extinguishment of their titles
+(Kansas Historical Society, _Collections_, vol. viii, 72-109).
+
+---- History of events resulting in Indian consolidation west of the
+Mississippi River (American Historical Association, _Report_, 1906).
+
+---- Proposals for an Indian State in the Union, 1778-1878 (American
+Historical Association, _Report_, 1907, vol. i, 89-102).
+
+ADAMS, RICHARD C. Brief history of the Delaware Indians (Senate
+_Documents_, 59th congress, first session, no. 501).
+
+ALEXANDER, GROSS. History of the Methodist Church South (New York, 1894).
+
+BANCROFT, FREDERIC. Life of William H. Seward (New York, 1900), 2 vols.
+
+BAPTIST HOME MISSIONS in North America, 1832-1882.
+
+    Published by the American Baptist Home Missionary Society, New York,
+    1883.
+
+BISHOP, ALBERT WEBB. Loyalty on the frontier, or sketches of union men of
+the southwest (St. Louis, 1863).
+
+BOUDINOT, ELIAS C. Speech delivered before the House Committee on
+Territories, February 7, 1872 (Washington, 1872), pamphlet.
+
+---- Oklahoma, an argument before the House Committee on Territories,
+January 29, 1878 (Alexandria, 1878), pamphlet.
+
+BREWERTON, G. DOUGLAS. War in Kansas (New York, 1856).
+
+BRIGHAM, JOHNSON. James Harlan (Iowa City, Ia., 1913).
+
+BRITTON, WILEY. Memoirs of the rebellion on the border, 1863 (Chicago,
+1882).
+
+---- Civil War on the border, 1861-1862 (New York, 1891).
+
+BROUGH, CHARLES HILLMAN. Historic battlefields (Arkansas Historical
+Society, _Publications_, vol. i, 278-285).
+
+BROWN, GEORGE W. Reminiscences of Governor R. J. Walker, with the true
+story of the rescue of Kansas from slavery (Rockford, Ill., 1902).
+
+BRUCE, HENRY. Life of General Houston (New York, 1891).
+
+CALLAHAN, JAMES MORTON. Diplomatic history of the southern confederacy
+(Baltimore, 1901).
+
+CHEROKEE INDIANS. Memorial of the delegates of the Cherokee Nation to the
+president and congress of the United States (Washington _Chronicle Print_,
+1886).
+
+CHESHIRE, JOSEPH BLUNT. Church in the Confederate States (New York, 1912).
+
+CONNELLEY, WILLIAM ELSEY. James Henry Lane (Topeka, 1899).
+
+---- Quantrill and the border wars (Cedar Rapids, 1910).
+
+CORDLEY, RICHARD. History of Lawrence (Lawrence, 1895).
+
+DAVIS, JEFFERSON. Rise and fall of the Confederate government (New York,
+1881), 2 vols.
+
+DELAWARE INDIANS. Report on the military service (United States Senate
+_Documents_, 61st congress, first session, no. 134).
+
+DRAPER, J. W. History of the American Civil War (New York, 1867-1870), 3
+vols.
+
+EVANS, GENERAL CLEMENT A., editor. Confederate military history (Atlanta,
+1899), 10 vols.
+
+FITE, EMERSON DAVID. Presidential campaign of 1860 (New York, 1911).
+
+FLEMING, WALTER L. Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama (New York,
+1905).
+
+FOULKE, WILLIAM DUDLEY. Life of Oliver P. Morton (Indianapolis, 1899), 8
+vols.
+
+GARRISON, W. P. and F. J. GARRISON. William Lloyd Garrison, 1805-1879
+(Boston, 1894), 4 vols.
+
+GIHON, JOHN H. Geary and Kansas (Philadelphia, 1866).
+
+GOODLANDER, C. W. Memoirs and recollections of the early days of Fort
+Scott (Fort Scott, Kans., 1899).
+
+GREELEY, HORACE. American Conflict (Hartford, 1864-1867), 2 vols.
+
+HALLUM, JOHN. Biographical and pictorial history of Arkansas (Albany,
+1887).
+
+HILL, LUTHER B. History of the state of Oklahoma (Chicago, 1908), 8 vols.
+
+HODDER, FRANK HEYWOOD. The Genesis of the Kansas-Nebraska Act (Wisconsin
+State Historical Society, _Proceedings for 1912_, pp. 69-86), (Madison,
+1913), pamphlet.
+
+HOLLOWAY, JOHN N. History of Kansas to 1861 (Lafayette, Ind., 1868).
+
+HOLST, HERMANN VON. Constitutional and political history of the United
+States (Chicago, 1876-1892), 7 vols.
+
+JOHNSON, ALLEN. Stephen A. Douglas (New York, 1908).
+
+JOHNSON, THOMAS CARY. History of the Southern Presbyterian Church (New
+York, 1894). American Church History Series, vol. xi.
+
+KAUFMAN, WILHELM. Sigel und Halleck (_Deutsch-Am. Geschichtsblaetter_, Band
+x, 210-216).
+
+MARTIN, GEORGE W. First two years of Kansas (Topeka, 1907), pamphlet.
+
+MEIGS, W. M. Life of Thomas Hart Benton (Philadelphia, 1904).
+
+NORTH, THOMAS. Five years in Texas, 1861-1865 (Cincinnati, 1871).
+
+PARKER, THOMAS VALENTINE. Cherokee Indians (New York, 1907).
+
+PAXTON, WILLIAM M. Annals of Platte County, Missouri (Kansas City, Mo.,
+1897).
+
+PHILLIPS, ULRICH. Georgia and state rights (Washington, 1902).
+
+---- The life of Robert Toombs (New York, 1913).
+
+RAMSDELL, CHARLES WM. Reconstruction in Texas (Columbia University
+_Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law_, vol. xxxvi, no. 1).
+
+RAY, P. ORMAN. Repeal of the Missouri Compromise, its origin and
+authorship (Cleveland, 1909).
+
+REYNOLDS, JOHN H. Makers of Arkansas (Story of the States series), (New
+York, 1905).
+
+RHODES, JAMES FORD. History of the United States from the Compromise of
+1850 (New York, 1893-1906), 7 vols.
+
+ROBINSON, CHARLES. Kansas Conflict (Lawrence, 1898).
+
+ROBLEY, T. F. History of Bourbon County, Kansas, to the close of 1865
+(Fort Scott, 1894).
+
+ROSS, D. H. and others. Reply of the delegates of the Cherokee Nation to
+the demands of the commissioner of Indian affairs, May, 1866 (Washington,
+1866), pamphlet.
+
+    Land Files, Treaties, Box 3, M392.
+
+ROSS, MRS. WM. P. Life and times of William P. Ross (Fort Smith, 1893).
+
+SCHOULER, JAMES. History of the United States under the Constitution (New
+York, 1899), 6 vols.
+
+SCHWAB, JOHN CHRISTOPHER. Confederate States of America, 1861-1865 (New
+York, 1901).
+
+SHINN, JOSIAH. Pioneers and makers of Arkansas (Little Rock, 1908).
+
+SPECK, FRANK G. Creeks of Taskigi Town. American Anthropological
+Association _Publications_, vol. ii, part 2.
+
+SPEER, JOHN. Life of James H. Lane (Garden City, Kans., 1897).
+
+SPRING, LEVERETT W. Kansas: the prelude to the War for the Union (American
+Commonwealth series), (Boston, 1885).
+
+STEPHENS, ALEXANDER H. Constitutional view of the late War between the
+States (Philadelphia, 1870), 2 vols.
+
+STOVALL, PLEASANT A. Robert Toombs (New York, 1892).
+
+TENNEY, W. J. Military and naval history of the rebellion in the United
+States (New York, 1866).
+
+THOMPSON, ROBERT ELLIS. History of the Presbyterian Churches in the United
+States (American Church History series, vol. vi), (New York, 1893).
+
+VAN DEVENTER, HORACE. Albert Pike, 1809-1891 (Knoxville, 1910).
+
+VILLARD, OSWALD GARRISON. John Brown, 1800-1859; biography fifty years
+after (Boston, 1910).
+
+WALKER, WILLISTON. History of the Congregational Churches in the United
+States (American Church History series, vol. iii), (New York, 1894).
+
+WILDER, D. W. Annals of Kansas (Topeka, 1875, 1885).
+
+WILSON, HENRY. Rise and fall of the slave power in America (Boston,
+1872-1877), 3 vols.
+
+WOOTEN, DUDLEY G. Comprehensive history of Texas (Dallas, 1898), 2 vols.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Abbott, J. B: 245, _footnote_
+
+  Abel, Annie Heloise: work cited, 71, _footnote_, 191, _footnote_
+
+  Abolitionists: Indians' slaves enticed away, 23;
+    charges against Calhoun, 30;
+    Quantrill in league with, 49;
+    desire Indian lands, 76, 118;
+    among Cherokees, 132;
+    Cherokees repudiate idea that they are, 225;
+    charges against, 291-294
+
+  Adair, W. P: 219, _footnote_
+
+  Address: of John Ross at Cherokee mass-meeting, 220
+
+  Agency system: under Confederacy, 179
+
+  Alabama: Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws from, 20, 193, _footnote;_
+    Choctaws in, 20, _footnote;_
+    David Hubbard, commissioner from, 108
+
+  Alliance: Indians given political position in return for, 17;
+    reasons for southern Indians entering into, with Confederacy, 18;
+    Confederate State Department to effect, 140, _footnote_;
+    failure of Pike to effect, with Cherokees, 156;
+    Choctaw General Council authorizes negotiation of treaty of, 156;
+    Confederacy paid dearly for its Indian, 177;
+    nature of Seminole, with Confederacy, 197;
+    principles of active, inserted by Pike into treaties, 212;
+    McCulloch to accept Drew's regiment of Home Guards as soon as treaty
+        of, be consummated, 227;
+    conditions of, between the Indians and Confederacy, 280;
+    result of Battle of Pea Ridge on Indian, 284
+
+  Allies: Indian, 17;
+    hope of finding in Cherokees, 125
+
+  Allotment in severalty: suggested to Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws, 58
+
+  American Baptist Missionary Union: 38
+
+  American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions: work among
+        Cherokees and Choctaws, 39;
+    records of, 40, _footnote_;
+    missionaries among Choctaws remove themselves from patronage, 41, 42,
+        43, _footnote_
+
+  American Civil War: [See Civil War]
+
+  American Historical Association: _Report_, 20, _footnote_
+
+  American Revolution: effect upon Cherokee emigration to Texas, 20,
+        _footnote_;
+    work of Committees of Correspondence in connection with, 83
+
+  Amnesty: provided for, 176
+
+  Annuities: negro and Indian half-breeds share Indian, 23, _footnote_;
+    Choctaw, distinct from Chickasaw, 34, _footnote_;
+    Indian, declared forfeited by Lincoln government, 145;
+    John Ross considers Indian, safe, 147;
+    payment of Indian, assumed by Confederacy, 163;
+    Indian, diverted from regular channels, 170;
+    to use, of hostile Indians, 274;
+    Crawford makes requisition for Cherokee, 307
+
+  Antelope Hills: 55, 136, _footnote_
+
+  Apucks-hu-nubbe: district of, 34, _footnote_
+
+  Arbuckle, General: 193, _footnote_
+
+  Arkansas: Choctaws and Cherokees tarry in, 19, _footnote_;
+    Indian Territory annexed to, for judicial purposes, 23, _footnote_;
+    and Indian patronage, 59;
+    and Indian participation in Civil War, 63;
+    interest in Indian Territory, 67;
+    Knights of Golden Circle active in, 68;
+    interest in Indian alliance, 83;
+    affairs reach crisis, 97;
+    Hubbard, commissioner to, 108;
+    sends commission to Indian country, 119;
+    sends Albert Pike as delegate, 132-133
+
+  _Arkansas Baptist_: 47, _footnote_
+
+  Arkansas Convention: _Journal_, 119, _footnotes_, 120, _footnotes_
+
+  Arkansas Historical Association: _Publications_, 106, _footnote_
+
+  Arkansas Legislature: _House Journal_, 103, _footnote_, 110, _footnote_,
+        111, _footnote_
+
+  Arkansas River: 67, 76, 97, 135, _footnote_, 162, 175
+
+  Arms: description of, needed for Indians, 190, _footnote_;
+    Choctaw-Chickasaw regiment not furnished with, 211;
+    scarcity of, 211, _footnote_;
+    Cherokees in, at Tahlequah mass-meeting, 217;
+    Ross able to bear, 137, _footnote_;
+    Creeks under, threaten hostilities, 138, _footnote_;
+    fear, for Indians will be taken by secessionists, 228, _footnote_;
+    Confederate difficulty in securing, 253 and _footnote_
+
+  Armstrong Academy: 40, _footnote_
+
+  Armstrong, William: 193, _footnote_
+
+  Asbury Mission: Indian amity compact concluded at, 69, _footnote_
+
+  Assinneboin: suggested Territory of, 32, _footnote_
+
+  Atchison, David R: letter to, mentioned, 33, _footnote_
+
+  _Austin State Gazette_: 80, _footnote_
+
+  Averell, William W: 101, _footnote_
+
+
+  Baker, George E: work cited, 58, _footnote_
+
+  Balentine, H: 79
+
+  Ball-playing: connected with secret organization of "Pins," 86,
+        _footnote_
+
+  Bancroft, Frederic: work cited, 58, _footnote_
+
+  Barnes, James K: 260, _footnote_
+
+  Barnesville: 245, 246
+
+  Beams's Negroes: 23, _footnote_
+
+  Beaver Creek: 55
+
+  Beening, S. T: 102, _footnote_
+
+  Benjamin, Judah P: 140, _footnote_, 200, _footnote_, 215, _footnote_,
+        252, _footnote_
+
+  Benton, Thomas H: plan for a national highway, 28;
+    request, 33, _footnote_
+
+  Big Chief: merit chief of Great Osages, 238
+
+  Billy Bowlegs: leaves Florida, 20 _footnote_;
+    communications from, 198, _footnote_;
+    refuses to sign treaty with Confederate States, 198-199;
+    death of, 198, _footnote_;
+    regarded as good commander, 277, _footnote_
+
+  Bird Creek: battle of, 138, _footnote_, 255-256
+
+  Bishop, A. W: work cited, 67, _footnote_, 68, _footnote_, 133,
+        _footnote_
+
+  Black Beaver: 101 and _footnote_, 303
+
+  Black Dog: see _Shon-tah-sob-ba_
+
+  Blackhoof, Eli: 209, _footnote_
+
+  Blain, S. A: 56, _footnote_, 57, _footnote_
+
+  Blankets: furnished Indian refugees, 261;
+    to be furnished Indian soldiers in U. S. A., 271, _footnote_;
+    Indians need, 310;
+    Leeper offers to give Kiowas, 318;
+    Rector urges Leeper not to promise, Kiowas, 332;
+    Kiowas receive from U. S. government, 343
+
+  Bloomfield Academy: 40, _footnote_
+
+  Bob Deer: 244
+
+  Boggy Depot: 91, 230, _footnote_
+
+  Bonds: 61, 145-146
+
+  Boone, A. G: 210, _footnote_
+
+  Boonsboro [Boonsborough]: 111 and _footnote_, 125
+
+  Boudinot, E. C: 119, 153, 156, _footnote_, 219, _footnote_
+
+  Bourland, James: appointed commissioner, 88;
+    report, 91
+
+  Branch, Harrison B: 182-183, 210, _footnote_, 228, 232-233, 249, 271,
+        279, _footnote_
+
+  Brazos Agency: 55
+
+  Bribery: William McIntosh guilty of, 236;
+    of chiefs to induce secession, 262, _footnote_
+
+  Brigade: jayhawking character of Lane's, 233;
+    Lane's gives John Mathews his deserts, 239;
+    Hunter asks permission to muster, of friendly Indians, 250;
+    Kile, quartermaster in 274;
+    proportion of white troops in Pike's, 280
+
+  Brooks, Preston: 45, _footnote_
+
+  Brown, James: 217
+
+  Buchanan, James: administration charged by free-state Kansans with bad
+        faith, 37;
+    endorses pro-slavery policy, 45, _footnote_;
+    distrusted, 47;
+    "no coercion" policy, 87, _footnote_;
+    patronage, given to southern men, 262, _footnote_;
+    work cited, 22, _footnote_, 29, _footnote_
+
+  Buckner, H. S: 92
+
+  Buffalo Hump: 305, 315, 330, 338, 348
+
+  Bureau of Indian Affairs (Confederate): 128, 141, _footnote_, 190,
+        _footnote_
+
+  Burgevin, Edmund: 105, _footnote_
+
+  Burleigh, Walter A: 227, _footnote_
+
+  Burlington: 259, 260, _footnote_
+
+  Burroughs, B: 120
+
+  Burrow, N. B: 99, 298, 305, 330, 341
+
+  Bushwhackers: drive Caddoes out of Texas, 19, _footnote_
+
+  Butler, George: agent for Cherokees, 45, 47, _footnote_, 285, 290
+
+  Byington, Cyrus: 79
+
+
+  Cache Creek: 55
+
+  Caddoes: from Louisiana, 19, _footnote_;
+    Pike to meet, 189, _footnote_;
+    horses stolen by, 353
+
+  Calhoun, J. M: 90, _footnote_
+
+  Calhoun, John C: report, 27;
+    motive, 29;
+    political heresy, 133
+
+  Cameron, Simon: 234, 249, _footnote_
+
+  Campbell, A. B: 260, _footnote_
+
+  Canadian River: 55, 63, 67, 162
+
+  Cane Hill: 296, 327
+
+  Carolinas: Catawbas in, 20, _footnote_
+
+  Carroll, H. K: work cited, 37, _footnote_
+
+  Carruth, E. H: report, 84, _footnote_, 197, _footnote_, 198, _footnote_;
+    appointed by Lane, 242;
+    interviews Creek delegates, 245;
+    tries to arrange for inter-tribal council, 246;
+    letter, 267
+
+  Cass, Lewis: 193, _footnote_
+
+  Catawbas: admitted to Choctaw citizenship, 20, _footnote_;
+    in possession of northeastern part of Choctaw country, 20, _footnote_;
+    in South Carolina fight with South, 20, _footnote_
+
+  "Catron letter": 29, _footnote_
+
+  Chah-la-kee: suggested territory of, 31, _footnote_
+
+  Chah-lah-ki: district of, 178
+
+  Chah-ta: suggested territory of, 31, _footnote_
+
+  Chahta Tamaha: 189, _footnote_
+
+  Chatterton, Charles W: 259, _footnote_
+
+  Checote, Samuel: 193, 194
+
+  Cherokee Declaration of Independence written by Pike, 137, _footnote_
+
+  Cherokee Executive Council, 136, _footnote_;
+    John Ross promises to call meeting of, 153;
+    meeting of, 216, 217;
+    communicates with McCulloch, 226
+
+  Cherokee Neutral Lands: location, 21, _footnote_, 64;
+    size, 21, _footnote_;
+    intruded upon, 35, 46, 285, 290;
+    project for selling, 50, 163;
+    McCulloch takes position opposite, 225;
+    Lane's proposed camp in, 233;
+    Stand Watie ordered to take up a position in, 252, _footnote_;
+    Cowart sets out for, 294
+
+  Cherokee Outlet: 54, _footnote_, 63, _footnote_, 64
+
+  Cherokee Proclamation of Neutrality: 153-154
+
+  Cherokee Strip: location, 21, 64;
+    coveted by Kansans, 21
+
+  Cherokee Treaty: 157 and _footnote_;
+    declares allegiance to C. S. A., 159, _footnote_;
+    contains guarantee of autonomy, 159, _footnote_;
+    contains promise of representation in Congress 159, _footnote_;
+    navigable waters, 174;
+    admission to military academy, 180;
+    appointment of postmasters, 180;
+    considered by Provisional Congress, 206;
+    negotiated, 237;
+    Ross's characterization of, 257
+
+  Cherokees: from Tennessee and Georgia, 20;
+    tarried in Arkansas, 19, _footnote_;
+    go to Texas, 20, _footnote_;
+    removal to Arkansas suggested by Jefferson, 20, _footnote_;
+    in North Carolina fight with South, 20, _footnote_;
+    "Eastern" in controversy with "Western," 20, _footnote_;
+    character of constitution, 31, _footnote_;
+    visited by Sacs and Foxes, 36, _footnote_;
+    work of A.B.C.F.M. among, 39;
+    schools among, 39, _footnote_;
+    religious denominations among, 39-40;
+    desirable to have slaveholders settle among them, 42;
+    material progress due to slavery, 46;
+    search organization among, 48;
+    with Cooper as volunteers, 54;
+    antebellum relations with people of Arkansas, 64;
+    representatives at inter-tribal conference, 71;
+    visited by commissioners from Texas, 92;
+    in council with Creeks, Seminoles, Quapaws, and Sacs, 94;
+    Pike's negotiations with, 134, _footnote_;
+    to be indemnified, 163;
+    made an exception, 168;
+    at Battle of Wilson's Creek, 214-215, 214, _footnote_;
+    secession of, 217;
+     resolutions of, 223-225;
+    secret organization among, 291-293
+
+  Chickasaw: district, 34, _footnote_, 52
+
+  _Chickasaw and Choctaw Herald_: 56, _footnote_
+
+  Chickasaw Legislature: act, 68;
+    resolutions, 122, _footnote_, 155
+
+  Chickasaw Manual Labor School: 40, _footnote_
+
+  Chickasaws: from Alabama and Mississippi, 20;
+    character of constitution, 31, _footnote_;
+    domestic troubles, 34;
+    political connection with Choctaws, 34, _footnote_;
+    religious denominations among, 40, _footnote_;
+    construct government, 51;
+    as volunteers, 54;
+    country, 63;
+    not represented at inter-tribal conference, 71;
+    convention of Choctaws and, 91;
+    prevented from attending council at North Fork, 94;
+    take charge of property abandoned by Federals at Fort Arbuckle, 102;
+    appeal of Burroughs to, 120-121;
+    resolutions of Choctaws and, 130;
+    negotiations of Albert Pike with, 136, _footnote_, 196-197;
+    reported as anxious to join Southern Confederacy, 155;
+    treaty with, considered by Provisional Congress, 204-207;
+    E. H. Carruth communicates with loyal portion of, 246-247
+
+  Chilton, William P: 127
+
+  Chippewas: from Michigan, 19;
+    warriors, 227, _footnote_
+
+  Chi-sho-hung-ka: 238, _footnote_
+
+  Chisholm, Jesse: 313, 320
+
+  Choctaw-Chickasaw Regiment: 77, 207, 210, 211, 230, _footnote_, 252,
+        _footnote_
+
+  Choctaw-Chickasaw Treaty: 157, and _footnote_;
+    declares allegiance to C. S. A., 159, _footnote_;
+    contains promise of representation in Congress, 159, _footnote_;
+    suggests ultimate statehood, 160, _footnote_;
+    recognizes Choctaw country as distinct from Chickasaw, 161;
+    transfers lease of Wichita Reserve to Confederate States, 162;
+    navigable waters, 174;
+    amnesty, 175
+
+  Choctaw Corn Contract: scandal involves Pike, 57, _footnote_
+
+  Choctaw General Council: act, 20, _footnote_;
+    resolution, 72-74;
+    under authority of Chief Hudson declares Choctaw Nation "free and
+        independent," 156, 196;
+    plan treaty of alliance and amity with Confederacy, 156;
+    communication from Pike, 187, _footnote_, 196, _footnote_
+
+  Choctaw Light Horse: 24, _footnote_
+
+  Choctaws: tarried in Arkansas, 19, _footnote_;
+    Catawbas wish to unite with, 20, _footnote_;
+    intimacy with negroes, 20, _footnote_;
+    in Mississippi fight with South, 20, _footnote_;
+    prepared to assent to territorial bill, 31, _footnote_;
+    domestic troubles, 34;
+    political connection with Chickasaws ended, 34, _footnote_;
+    religious denominations among, 39-40;
+    schools among, 40, _footnote_;
+    desirable to have slaveholders settle among them, 42;
+    ask relief, 57, _footnote_;
+    country, 63;
+    antebellum relations with people of Arkansas and Texas, 64;
+    not represented at inter-tribal conference, 71;
+    delegation, 74;
+    affairs, 75-79;
+    treaty with Confederate States, 78, 204;
+    convention of Chickasaws and, 91;
+    prevented from attending council at North Fork, 94;
+    resolutions of Chickasaws and, 130;
+    negotiations of Pike with, 136, _footnote_, 196-197;
+    reported as anxious to join Confederacy, 155;
+    enlist in army, 210;
+    Carruth in communication with loyal portion, 246-247
+
+  Chuahla: 39, _footnote_
+
+  Chustenahlah: battle of, 258
+
+  Citizenship: U. S. recommended for Indians, 31 and _footnote_;
+    Ottawas express preference for U. S., 36, _footnote_;
+    Indians to determine own tribal, 169;
+    Jim Ned's right of, forfeited within Leased District, 306
+
+  Civil War (American): no adequate history of American, 17;
+    Indian allies of South in, 20, _footnote_;
+    in Choctaw-Chickasaw country threatened, 34 and _footnote_;
+    delays Indian removal from Kansas, 37;
+    corrupt practices of Democratic Party just prior to American, 45,
+        _footnote_;
+    Stand Watie on Southern side in, 49, _footnote_;
+    responsibility of Texas and Arkansas for participation of Indians in,
+        63;
+    early interest of Texas and Arkansas in Indian country, 67;
+    see also _Enlistment of Indians_
+
+  Civilization Fund: 37
+
+  Clark, George W: 211, _footnote_, 240, _footnote_
+
+  Clover, Seth: 209, _footnote_
+
+  Cobb, Howell: 45, _footnote_
+
+  Cockrell, S. R: 119
+
+  Coe, Chas. H: work cited, 20, _footnote_
+
+  Coffin, William G: 80 and _footnotes_, 184, 245, 247, 259, 274
+
+  Colbert, D: 41, _footnote_
+
+  Colbert, Holmes: 261, _footnote_
+
+  Colbert, Winchester: 197, 201, _footnote_
+
+  Colbert Institute: 40, _footnote_
+
+  Coleman, Isaac: 186, _footnote_, 259, _footnote_
+
+  Collamore, George W: 261, _footnote_
+
+  Colley, S. G: 350
+
+  Collin (Texas): exodus of non-secessionists from, 95
+
+  Colorado: indigenous tribe, in, 19, _footnote_;
+    attempts to secure Indian cooperation, 83
+
+  Comanche Treaty: 157, _footnote_, 158;
+    amnesty, 176
+
+  Comanches: 51, 52, 55, 189, _footnote_, 200 and _footnote_, 201, 206,
+        313, 320, 323, 324, 331, 337, 347, 351
+
+  Commission: from Texas to Indian nations, 88 _et seq._;
+    from Arkansas, 108, _footnote_
+
+  Concharta: 255
+
+  Confederate Contract: for supplying Indians of Leased District, 301-303,
+        347, 352
+
+  _Confederate Military History_: work cited, 103, _footnote_
+
+  _Congressional Globe_: work cited, 58, _footnote_
+
+  Connelley, W. E: work cited, 34, _footnote_, 49, _footnote_
+
+  Connor, John: 544
+
+  Cooley, D. N: 56, _footnote_, 134, _footnote_, 226
+
+  Cooper, Douglas H: citizen of Mississippi, 41;
+    fears abolitionization of Indian country, 41;
+    sends note to Superintendent Dean, 42;
+    sanguine as to slavery conditions among Indians, 45;
+    survey of Leased District, 53;
+    Choctaw Corn Contract, 57, _footnote_;
+    becomes colonel in Confederate army, 76;
+    regiment of Choctaws to be under command of, 77, 207;
+    absent from post, 82 and _footnote_;
+    apparently disapproves of Texan interference, 96;
+    receives suggestions from Rector, 106-107, _footnote_, 187;
+    instructions to, 147, _footnote_;
+    defection of, 186-187;
+    asked to continue as agent, 190, _footnote_;
+    wishes to be agent and colonel, 197, _footnote_, 212, _footnote_;
+    report concerning Indian enlistment, 211;
+    in battle with Opoethleyohola, 254 _et seq._, 312;
+    complains of not having more white troops, 280
+
+  Cooper, Samuel: 53, _footnote_, 147
+
+  Corn Contract: see _Choctaw Corn Contract_
+
+  Council: Cherokee, in session at Tahlequah, 50, _footnote_;
+    Choctaw at Doaksville, 77;
+    composition of Doaksville, 77;
+    at Fort Smith, 226-227, 241;
+    at Tahlequah, 237 _et seq._, 240;
+    Coffin holds, with representatives of non-secession element of various
+        tribes, 267;
+    Agent Johnson holds, with Delaware chiefs, 272, _footnote_;
+    Indian refugees hold, at Fort Roe, 278, _footnote_;
+    Creek, demands payment of money, 289;
+    Cowart reports rumor of Cherokee, 294;
+    Cherokee, to meet, 296;
+    of each tribe to consider amendments to treaties, 323;
+    Leeper holds with Indians of Leased District, 346;
+    Comanches propose, to effect everlasting peace with Southern people,
+        347;
+    see also _Inter-tribal Conference_
+
+  Covode, John: 276
+
+  Covode Committee: 45, _footnote_
+
+  Cowart, Robert J: 46, 82 and _footnote_, 89, _footnote_, 114 and
+        _footnote_, 184, 290, 295, 298
+
+  Cowetah: 69, _footnote_
+
+  Cox, John T: 261, _footnote_
+
+  Crawford, John: 183, _footnote_, 184-185, and _footnotes_, 190,
+        _footnote_, 215, _footnote_, 216, 218, 219, _footnote_, 220, 223,
+        325
+
+  Creek Country: Seminoles accommodated within, 50;
+    proposal for giving southern Comanches home within, 51 and _footnote_;
+    proposal to allot lands in severalty, 58
+
+  Creek Light Horse: 218, _footnote_
+
+  Creek National Council: rejects proposal for allotment of lands in
+        severalty, 58, _footnote_;
+    approves draft of treaty with C. S. A., 194
+
+  Creek Treaty: 157 and _footnote_;
+    Dole ignorant of existence, 157, _footnote_;
+    declares allegiance to C. S. A., 159, _footnote_;
+    contains guarantee of autonomy, 159, _footnote_;
+    contains promise of representation in Congress, 159, _footnote_;
+    model on subject of recognizing slavery, 166-167;
+    extradition, 173;
+    negotiation of, 192-195;
+    considered by Provincial Congress, 206;
+    clauses providing for active alliance, 212
+
+  Creeks: from Georgia and Alabama, 19-20;
+    assist in Seminole removal, 20, _footnote_;
+    mixture with negroes, 20, _footnote_, 23, _footnote_;
+    status of free negro among, 23, _footnote_;
+    Presbyterians among, 40;
+    desirable to have slaveholders settle among, 42;
+    repent giving home to Seminoles, 51;
+    location, 67;
+    representatives at inter-tribal council, 71;
+    visited by commissioners from Texas, 92;
+    in council with Cherokees, Seminoles, Quapaws, and Sacs, 94
+
+  Crime: unjustly charged against missionaries, 47;
+    charged against Reserve Indians, 52
+
+  Crutchfield, Major P. T: 111
+
+  Culbertson, Alexander: 210, _footnote_
+
+  Cumberland Presbyterians: 40, _footnote_
+
+  Curtis, Gen. S. R: 138, _footnote_
+
+  Cushing, Caleb: opinion as attorney-general, 22
+
+  Cutler, Abram: 229, _footnote_
+
+  Cutler, George A: 184, _footnote_, 249, _footnote_, 259, _footnote_, 266
+
+
+  Davis, Jefferson: influences Cushing, 22;
+    writes to Worcester, 23, _footnote_;
+    nominates Hubbard Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 128;
+    appoints Pike special commissioner to Indians, 130;
+    message, 202;
+    Marshall writes to, 207
+
+  Davis, John B: 23, _footnote_
+
+  Davis, John D: 199, _footnote_
+
+  Davis, William P: 199, _footnote_
+
+  Dawson, J. L: 193, _footnote_
+
+  Dean, Charles W: 42;
+    work cited, 35, _footnote_, 60, _footnote_
+
+  Debray, X. B: 102, _footnote_
+
+  Decotah: suggested territory of, 31, _footnote_
+
+  Deep Fork of Canadian: 254
+
+  Delawares: from Indiana, 19;
+    tarry in Missouri, 19, _footnote_;
+    free state men among, 35;
+    anxious to avoid white man's interference, 36, _footnote_;
+    Baptist school on reservation, 38;
+    as refugees, 56, _footnote_;
+    Leeper to communicate with, 181, _footnote_;
+    Pike hopes to meet, 189, _footnote_;
+    wealth, 208, _footnote_;
+    treaty with, 231, _footnote_;
+    employed as scouts, 232;
+    appeal to, 268;
+    response of, 268;
+    and Shawnees attack Wichita Agency and kill Leeper, 329, _footnote_
+
+  Delegates: five great tribes should have, in Congress, 31, _footnote_;
+    Pike sent as, 132-133;
+    to be allowed in Confederate Congress, 159, 161, 177, 203, 204, 324;
+    Creek on way to Washington, 245;
+    Gamble to Confederate Congress, 312
+
+  Delegation: Choctaw and Chickasaw, gives assurance to Indian Office of
+        neutrality, 74 and _footnote_, 75;
+    from non-secession element in various tribes, 265-266 and _footnote_,
+        267 and _footnote_;
+    from Leased District visits Kiowas, 353
+
+  Denton: exodus from, 95
+
+  Denver, J. W: 270
+
+  Derrysaw, Jacob: 69, _footnote_, 194, 218, _footnote_
+
+  Dickey, M. C: 209, _footnote_
+
+  Dickinson, J. C: 50, _footnote_, 296
+
+  Diplomacy: used to effect Indian alliance, 17;
+    and intrigue to effect Seminole removal from Florida, 20, _footnote_
+
+  District of Columbia: status of slavery in, 22
+
+  Disunion: Pike's poem on, 133 and _footnote_
+
+  Doaksville: 39, _footnote_;
+    Choctaw constitution, 51;
+    Council at, 77
+
+  Dole, William P: 56, _footnote_, 74, _footnote_, 75, 80, 231 and
+        _footnote_, 233, 241-242, 250, 266, 271, 273, 274
+
+  Dorn, Andrew J: 30, _footnote_;
+    takes charge of Neosho Agency, 35, _footnote_, 51;
+    absent from post, 82;
+    citizen of Arkansas, 82, _footnote_;
+    tells Neosho River Agency Indians to attend Tahlequah meeting, 241;
+    letter of, 295;
+    Rector complains of conduct of, 328
+
+  Dred Scott Decision: effect upon Indian interests, 29
+
+  Drew, John: 137, _footnote_, 214, _footnote_, 217, 226, 253, _footnote_,
+        255
+
+  Drew, Thomas: work cited, 30, _footnote_;
+    issues permits to peddle in Indian country, 60
+
+  Drouth: 57, 146, 208
+
+  Du Val, Ben T: 104, _footnote_
+
+  Dwight: Cherokee school at, 39, _footnote_
+
+
+  Echo Harjo: 58, _footnote_, 80, _footnote_, 192, 193, 243
+
+  Edwards, John: 78
+
+  Elder, Peter P: 81, _footnote_
+
+  Elk Horn Tavern: battle of, 138, _footnote_
+
+  Ellis, Jo: 244
+
+  Emigration: of Indians voluntary, 19, _footnote_
+
+  Emissaries: 83, 88, 89, _footnote_, 113 _et seq._, 114, _footnote_, 115,
+        _footnote_, 132, 142, 148, _footnote_, 183, 208, 210, _footnote_,
+        218, _footnote_, 219, _footnote_, 242
+
+  Emory, William H: 96-102, 98, _footnotes_
+
+  Enlistment of Indians: Pike favors, 132;
+    McCulloch instructed to secure, 144, 147;
+    no intention of Confederacy to use as Home Guards exclusively, 148;
+    Pike objects to use outside of Indian country, 149;
+    Hyams urges, 155;
+    Chief Hudson authorizes, among Choctaws, 156;
+    Federal attitude towards, 227 _et seq._,
+    compulsory, illegal, 228, _footnote_;
+    Lane resolves upon, 229-230 and _footnotes_;
+    Fremont favors, 231-232;
+    Delaware chiefs oppose, 232;
+    Lane persists in urging, 248;
+    urged by Hunter, 250;
+    to be resorted to by Federals in invading Indian Territory, 270-271
+        and _footnotes_, 272, _footnote_;
+    U. S. War Department reverses action respecting, 275, 279 and
+       _footnotes_;
+    Coffin's views on, 277, _footnote_;
+    muster roll showing, 344;
+    among Comanches abandoned, 350
+
+  Euchees: 52
+
+
+  Factions: among Cherokees, 49-50, 151 _et seq._, 215, 223, 240;
+    among Creeks, 192-194, 254;
+    among Seminoles, 198-199;
+    among Comanches, 306
+
+  Fairfield: Cherokee school at, 39, _footnote_
+
+  Fall Leaf: 231, _footnote_, 232 and _footnotes_, 233, _footnote_
+
+  Farnsworth, H. W: 229, _footnote_, 272
+
+  Fayetteville: 67, _footnote_, 184, 310, 326
+
+  Female seminaries: Indian girls attend, 67, _footnote_
+
+  Finch, John: 30, _footnote_
+
+  Finley, C. A: 270
+
+  Fishback, William Meade: 104, _footnote_
+
+  Fleming, Walter L: work cited, 108, _footnote_
+
+  Floyd, John B: 53, 296
+
+  Folsom, George: 23, _footnote_
+
+  Folsom, Israel: 74
+
+  Folsom, Joseph P: 77
+
+  Folsom, Peter: 74, 76, 196
+
+  Folsom, Sampson: 41, _footnote_, 76, 196
+
+  Food: Indian refugees need, 260;
+    to destitute Delawares from Cherokee country, 268, _footnote_;
+    Creek refugees destitute of, 273, _footnote_, 278, _footnote_;
+    supposed fraudulent character of contract for supplying, 285-289;
+    Confederate contract with Charles B. Johnson for supplying, 301-303;
+    for Comanches, 313;
+    to be furnished Indians in council considering amendments to
+        treaties, 323;
+    receipt for, furnished, 345
+
+  Fort Arbuckle: 54, 87, _footnote_, 97, 135, _footnote_, 201, _footnote_,
+        297, 303, 345, 357
+
+  Fort Belknap: 88, _footnote_
+
+  Fort Caleb: 295
+
+  Fort Cobb: 82, footnote, 84, _footnote_, 96, 97, 98 and _footnote_, 189,
+        _footnote_, 296, 332, 356
+
+  Fort Coffee Academy: 40, _footnote_
+
+  Fort Davis: 349
+
+  Fort Gibson: abandoned as military post, 53;
+    Major Emory and, 104;
+    distance from Fort Smith, 108;
+    Pike returns to, 137, _footnote_;
+    Armstrong to meet emigrating Creeks at, 193, _footnote_;
+    Cooper draws off in direction of, 256;
+    money at, 325
+
+  Fort Leavenworth: 88, _footnote_, 103, 208, _footnote_, 251, 259, 266,
+        267, 270
+
+  Fort Lincoln: 229, _footnote_, 230, 243
+
+  Fort McCulloch: 139, _footnote_, 284
+
+  Fort Randall: 227, _footnote_
+
+  Fort Roe: 259 and _footnote_, 275, _footnote_, 277, _footnote_
+
+  Fort Scott: 249, _footnote_, 266
+
+  Fort Smith: headquarters of southern superintendency, 64;
+    evacuated, 76;
+    W. G. Coffin fails to reach, 81, _footnote_;
+    Emory reaches, 97;
+    Emory tarries at, 99;
+    hot-bed of sectionalism, 103;
+    distance from Fort Gibson, 108;
+    J. J. Gaines reaches, 113;
+    Pike proceeds to, 138, _footnote_;
+    McCulloch at, 150;
+    talk of confiscating Rector's property at, 182, _footnote_;
+    distance from Scullyville, 211;
+    fire at, 298
+
+  Fort Smith Council: 192, _footnote_, 226-227, 241
+
+  _Fort Smith Papers_: cited, 41, _footnote_, 43, _footnote_, 50,
+        _footnote_, 104, _footnote_, 197, _footnote_, 198, _footnote_,
+        285-328
+
+  _Fort Smith Times_: cited, 47, _footnote_
+
+  Fort Sumter: 118
+
+  Fort Towson: 40, _footnote_
+
+  Fort Washita: 77, 91, 96, 189, _footnote_, 297, 303
+
+  Fort Wise: 210, _footnote_
+
+  Forty-niners: covet land in Indian country, 28
+
+  Frauds: William Walker, head chief of Wyandots, takes part in Kansas
+        election, 22, _footnote_
+
+  Frazier, Jackson: 41, footnote
+
+  Free negroes: status among Creeks and Seminoles, 23, _footnote_;
+   among Choctaws, 24, _footnote_;
+   Leased District rendezvous for, 56-57
+
+  Free-soilers: 45, 46, 113
+
+  Free-state expansion: charge that Calhoun intended to prevent, 30
+
+  Free-state men: intrenched among Delawares north of Kansas River, 35
+
+  Fremont, John C: 214, _footnote_, 215, _footnote_, 231, 232, 233,
+        _footnote_, 248, 312
+
+  Frontier: action along Missouri-Arkansas in Civil War, 17;
+    character of men of, 114;
+    Indians exploited for sake of men of, 170;
+    trouble on, to be expected, 183, _footnote_
+
+  Frozen Rock: 53
+
+  Fugitive Slave Law: operative within Indian country, 22, 166, 178
+
+
+  Gaines, J. J: 113, 115, _footnote_, 116
+
+  Gamble, James: 41, _footnote_, 54, _footnote_, 197, 312
+
+  Garland, Samuel: 74, 76
+
+  Garrett, William H: 58, _footnote_, 82, and _footnote_, 183, 184 192,
+        194, 212, _footnote_, 324
+
+  Georgia: Creeks and Cherokees from, 20, 193, _footnote_;
+    D. E. Twiggs from, 87
+
+  Grayton: exodus from, 95
+
+  Green, J. J: 105, _footnote_
+
+  Greenwood, A. B: 36, _footnote_, 45, _footnote_, 46, 48, 113, 192, 209,
+        _footnote_, 291, 292, 294
+
+  "Grier letter": 29, _footnote_
+
+  Griffith, Samuel: 119, 182, _footnote_, 183-184
+
+  Grimes, Marshal: 56, _footnote_, 57, _footnote_, 98, _footnote_, 336, 337
+
+
+  Hagerstown (Md.): Quantrill, native of, 48
+
+  Half-breeds: status of, 23, _footnote_;
+    generally slaveholders, 46;
+    influence sought in holding Indian country for South, 67;
+    planter class in Indian Territory, 67, 75;
+    white men and Choctaw, hold secession meeting, 77;
+    missionaries fear, 78;
+    hated by "loyal" Cherokees, 139, _footnote_;
+    attempt to force full-bloods into alliance with Confederacy, 216
+
+  Halleck, Henry W: 215, _footnote_, 275
+
+  Hamilton, Charles A: appointed commissioner, 88;
+    report, 91
+
+  Harris, C. A: 193, _footnote_
+
+  Harris, Cyrus: 41, _footnote_, 69, _footnote_, 80, _footnote_;
+    visited by commissioners from Texas, 91
+
+  Harris, Thomas A: 130
+
+  Harrison, James E: appointed commissioner, 88;
+    report, 91;
+    referred to by Governor Clark, 131, _footnote_
+
+  Helena (Ark.): 104
+
+  Hemphill, John: 100, _footnote_
+
+  Hester, G. B: 230, _footnote_
+
+  Hicks, Charles: 237, _footnote_
+
+  Hindman, Thomas C: 48, _footnote_, 105, _footnote_, 357
+
+  Hobbs, Reverend Doctor S. L: 79
+
+  Hotchkin, Ebenezer: 42, 76
+
+  Houston, Sam: 31, _footnote_, 90, 93
+
+  Howard, O. O: work cited, 220, _footnote_
+
+  Hubbard, David: 108;
+    letter to Governor Moore, 109-110;
+    nominated as Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 128;
+    Pike hopes for cooperation, 141;
+    receives instructions from Walker, 142-143;
+    ill-health, 143, _footnote_;
+    writes to John Ross, 144-145;
+    reply of John Ross to, 146-147;
+    instructed not to offer statehood, 161;
+    advice to Crawford, 308;
+    advises economy, 315
+
+  Hudson, George: 77, 80, _footnote_;
+    declares Choctaw Nation "free and independent," 156;
+    dealings with Pike, 196;
+    proclamation, 196, 210
+
+  Humboldt: 243, _footnote_, 247
+
+  Humphreys, John J: 185, 218, _footnote_
+
+  Hunter, David: 248, 249, and _footnote_, 250, 251, 260, 266, 270, 275,
+        276, 312
+
+  Hyams, S. M: 155
+
+
+  Illinois: tribes from, 19
+
+  Indian adoption: 169
+
+  Indian camp: Lane plans establishment to prevent foraging into Kansas,
+        230;
+    to be located in Cherokee Neutral Lands, 233;
+    Cooper reaches, 254
+
+  Indian country: west of Arkansas and Missouri, 19;
+    tribes within, indigenous and emigrant, 19 and _footnote_;
+    population, 20-21;
+    cut in two by Missouri Compromise line, 20;
+    reservation system established, 21;
+    listed with District of Columbia as strictly federal soil, 22;
+    Fugitive Slave Law declared operative within, 22;
+    presence of free negroes sometimes source of grave danger, 23,
+        _footnote_;
+    constantly beset by difficulties, 24, 27;
+    likely to be greatly reduced in area by Manypenny treaties, 35;
+    intruders attracted by supposed mines of precious metals, 35,
+        _footnote_;
+    rivalry among churches, 37;
+    intruders to be removed by Agent Cowart, 46;
+    practically no U. S. troops within, 52-53;
+    northern tribes of less importance politically than southern, 62,
+        _footnote_;
+    slaveholding politicians work through halfbreeds to hold for South, 67;
+    strategic importance of, appreciated by Arkansas, 108;
+    military necessity of securing, 131;
+    Pike describes sojourn in, 134 _et seq._, _footnote_;
+    McCulloch to give military protection to, 148;
+    McCulloch lays plans for taking possession of, 149;
+    establishment of Confederate States courts promised by treaty with
+        great tribes, 177;
+    postal system to be maintained throughout, 180;
+    U. S. War Department resolves upon expedition to, 270
+
+  Indian Home Guards: Pike in favor of Indians as, 132;
+    no evidence that Indians wanted exclusively as, 148;
+    individual Cherokees as, 149-151;
+    disposition to keep Indians as, 212;
+    Ross's plan defeated by McCulloch, 226-227;
+    authorized by Cherokee Executive National Council, 226;
+    Drew's regiment tendered to McCulloch, 227;
+    Drew's regiment escorts Pike to Park Hill, 240
+
+  Indian Intercourse Law: difficulty in enforcing, 24, _footnote_;
+    Greenwood's exposition of, 290;
+    Leeper asks for copy, 315;
+    Leeper reports troops necessary to enforce law within Leased District,
+        346
+
+  Indian Property Rights: put in jeopardy by pioneer advance, 28;
+    in trans-Missouri region, 29;
+    rendered secure by treaty promises, chap. iii
+
+  Indian Removal: policy, 19, _footnote_;
+    law for, 19, _footnote_;
+    indemnification for, 164-166
+
+  Indian States in Union: suggested by southern politicians, 31;
+    suggested by Texas newspapers, 31, _footnote_;
+    Confederacy promises to Choctaws, 78;
+    no assurance of, to be given by Hubbard, 143;
+    promised in treaties made by Confederacy, 160 and _footnote_, 161;
+    Davis calls attention to clauses in Indian treaties providing for, 203;
+    Provisional Congress modifies treaty guarantee for, 204
+
+  Indian Territory: small tribes find their way to, 19, _footnote_;
+    annexed for judicial purposes to Western District of Arkansas, 23,
+        _footnote_;
+    in danger of being abolitionized,41-42;
+    only home for Indians from Kansas, 36;
+    drouth in, 58;
+    political status of tribes in, 62, _footnote_;
+    position with respect to Texas and Arkansas, 63;
+    topographical description of, 63;
+    early interest of Texas and Arkansas in, 67;
+    halfbreeds of, a planter class, 67, 75;
+    Knights of Golden Circle active in, 68;
+    Indians to be driven out of, 76;
+    cut off from communication with U. S. Indian Office, 81, _footnote_;
+    agents within, all southern men, 82;
+    Commissioner Dole urges reoccupation of, 241;
+    strategical importance of, 242;
+    included within Trans-Mississippi District of Department No. 2, 280
+
+  Indian trade: licenses for, 59-60;
+    regulations respecting, 169-171
+
+  Indiana: tribes from, 19;
+    W. G. Coffin from, 80
+
+  Indians: lands granted in perpetuity, 18;
+    participation in American Civil War inevitable, 18;
+    as emigrants, 19;
+    number of colonized, 20-21;
+    proportion of southern to northern, 21;
+    slaves enticed away by abolitionists, 23;
+    seized as fugitives by southern men, 23;
+    interests militated indirectly against by Dred Scott decision, 29;
+    territorial form of government for, 30, _footnote_, 31, _footnote_;
+    treaty rights likely to be seriously affected by repeal of Missouri
+        Compromise, 34;
+    plan for colonizing Texas, 52, 55;
+    Knights of Golden Circle active among, 68;
+    condition of, reported by Texas commissioners, 94;
+    Choctaw and Chickasaw friendly to Confederate States, 100, _footnote_;
+    enlistment, 132, 147-149, 155, 181, _footnote_, 207, 210, 211-212,
+        227, _footnote_, 248, 250, 252, _footnote_, 270, 275, 279;
+    treaties with Confederate States, 157-158, 202-206;
+    judicial rights under treaties with Confederate States, 172-174;
+    military support secured early by Confederacy, 207;
+    use of, by U. S. as soldiers uncertain, 227 _et seq._;
+    not subject to conscription, 228, _footnote_;
+    reported arming themselves on southern border of Kansas, 228,
+        _footnote_;
+    conference with Lane at Fort Lincoln, 230;
+    totally abandoned by U. S. government, 262, _footnote_;
+    see also under names of individual nations and tribes
+
+  Interior Department: 53, 80, 218, _footnote_, 242, 265, 273
+
+  Interlopers: encourage slavery within Indian country, 22;
+    see also _Intruders_
+
+  Inter-tribal Conference: documents relating to, called by the
+        Chickasaws, 68, _footnote_;
+    assembling of, at Creek Agency, 70;
+    attendance, 71;
+    action, 71-72;
+    action not officially reported to U. S. government, 82;
+    Motey Kennard and Echo Harjo in Washington at time, was planned, 192;
+    Indians solicit, 209, _footnote_;
+    Lane arranges for, to meet at Fort Lincoln, 243, 246;
+    Coffin desires, at Humboldt, 247;
+    plans for, at Leroy, 248;
+    Hunter instructed to hold, 250;
+    difference between, as planned by Lane and by Hunter, 250, _footnote_;
+    John T. Cox gives account of, 262, _footnote_
+
+  Interview: of Pike and McCulloch with Cherokee Confederate sympathizers,
+        135, _footnote_, 152;
+    of Lane with representatives of various tribes at Fort Lincoln
+        proposed, 243, 246;
+    of Coffin with Carruth, 243, _footnote_;
+    of Carruth with Creek delegation, 245
+
+  Intrigue: and diplomacy to effect Seminole removal from Florida, 20,
+        _footnote_;
+    Pike expected to succeed in, with Southern Indians, 86, _footnote_
+
+  Intruders: to be removed by Agent Cowart, 46;
+    interfere with slavery, 47;
+    Confederate military authority to supplement tribal in expulsion of,
+        169;
+    Agent Butler's reports, 285;
+    Greenwood discusses matter with Rector, 290-291;
+    Cowart reports progress in removal of, 295, 296, 297;
+    Cowart gives notice to John B. Jones to leave Cherokee Nation, 296;
+    see also _Interlopers_
+
+  Iowas: 189, _footnote_
+
+  Irish, O. H: 227, _footnote_
+
+  Iyanubbi: Choctaw school at, 39, _footnote_
+
+
+  Jackson, Andrew: 19;
+    inducements offered to Indians, 58;
+    procedure of, 72;
+    opposed to political tenets of John C. Calhoun, 133
+
+  Jayhawking: of Lane's brigade, 233, 234, 277
+
+  Jennison, C. R: 275, _footnote_
+
+  Jesup, Thomas S: 164, _footnote_, 165
+
+  Jim Ned: 306, 330, 341
+
+  Jim Pockmark: 306, 338
+
+  John Chupco: 198, _footnote_, 199
+
+  John Jumper: and Seminole removal, 20, _footnote_;
+    favors boarding schools for youth of tribe, 40, _footnote_;
+    approached by Albert Pike, 85, _footnote_, 197, _footnote_, 198,
+        _footnote_;
+    signs complaint against General Jesup, 164, _footnote_;
+    signs treaty with Confederate States, 198;
+    signature attached to Comanche treaties, 200, _footnote_;
+    doing duty faithfully, 319;
+    letter to, 337
+
+  Johnson, Charles, B: 56, _footnote_, 98, _footnote_, 105, footnote, 190,
+        _footnote_, 199, 287, 289, 301, 314, 323, 332, 352
+
+  Johnson, F: 231, footnote, 232, 248, and _footnote_, 329, _footnote_
+
+  Johnson, James B: 105, _footnote_
+
+  Johnson, Richard H: 47, _footnote_, 105, _footnote_
+
+  Johnson, Robert W: 31, _footnote_, 47, _footnote_, 105, _footnote_, 127;
+    correspondence with Albert Pike, 131, 132;
+    motion, 204;
+    Crawford serves by request, 308;
+    elected senator, 334
+
+  Johnson, Thomas: slavery-propagation work among Indians, 22, _footnote_,
+        39
+
+  Johnson, W. Warren: 303
+
+  Johnson: exodus from, 95
+
+  Jones, Evan: 47, 93, 135, _footnote_, 217, 218, _footnote_, 236, 240,
+        _footnote_, 292, 293
+
+  Jones, H. P: 199, 348, 350
+
+  Jones, John: 309
+
+  Jones, John B: 47, 269, _footnote_, 296
+
+  Jones, R. M: 75, 77, 79, 197, 344-345
+
+  Journeycake, Charles: 231, _footnote_, 268, _footnote_
+
+  Jumper, John: see _John Jumper_
+
+
+  Ka-hi-ke-tung-ka: 238, _footnote_
+
+  Kannady, J. R: 125
+
+  Kansa: indigenous to Kansas, 19;
+    suffering of, 209, _footnote_
+
+  Kansas: Indian tribes in, 19;
+   agitation for the opening up of, 28;
+    compared with Choctaw country, 31, _footnote_;
+    suggested organization causes excitement among Indians, 33-34;
+    citizens encroach upon Cherokee Neutral Lands, 46;
+    drouth in, 58;
+    political status of tribes in, 62, _footnote_;
+    and Cherokee Outlet, 64;
+    Elder, citizen of, 186;
+    Pike desires to raise Indian battalion, 207;
+    Indians wish to fight, 227, _footnote_
+
+  Kansas Historical Society: _Collections_, 19, _footnote_, 34, _footnote_
+
+  Kansas-Nebraska Bill: effect upon Indian interests, 29, 35;
+    settlers demand Indians to vacate territory covered by, 36;
+    Seward's speech on, 58-59
+
+  Kansas Territory: first districting illegally included Indian lands, 35;
+    free-state settlers charge Buchanan government with bad faith, 37
+
+  Kappler, C. J: work cited, 20, _footnote_, 34, _footnote_, 49,
+        _footnote_, 50, _footnote_, 52, _footnote_
+
+  Kaskaskias: from Illinois, 19
+
+  Keitt, Lawrence M: 127, 129
+
+  Kennedy, John C: 211, _footnote_
+
+  Kickapoos: from Indiana, 19;
+    tarry in Missouri, 19, _footnote_;
+    denominationalism among, 37, _footnote_;
+    refugees, 56, _footnote_;
+    Leeper to communicate with, in name of Albert Pike, 181, _footnote_;
+    Pike hopes to meet, 189, _footnote_
+
+  Kile, William: 261, _footnote_, 274
+
+  Kingsbury, Rev. Cyrus: 40, and _footnote_, 43, _footnote_, 76
+
+  Kingsbury Jr., Cyrus: 79
+
+  Kiowas: 52;
+    Texans reported tampering with, 210, _footnote_;
+    messengers from, 309;
+    talk for, 320;
+    treaty with, to be effected, 323, 331;
+    delegation of, 324;
+    Big-head, chief of, 342;
+    Lone Wolf, chief of, 350;
+    E-sa-sem-mus, chief of, 350;
+    annual festival of, 351;
+    treaty with, 354
+
+  Knights of Golden Circle: probable influence with Arkansas Legislature,
+        68, _footnote_;
+    evidence of activity among Indians, 68;
+    halfbreeds belong to, 86, _footnote_
+
+  Koonsha Female Seminary: 40, _footnote_
+
+
+  Lands: plot to dispossess Indian of, 18;
+    pledged by U. S. government as Indian possession in perpetuity, 18, 28;
+    of Cherokees extended north of thirty-seventh parallel, 21;
+    of Indians coveted by Forty-niners, 28;
+    of Indians in Kansas excluded from local governmental control, 35;
+    allotment in severalty proposed to Creeks, Choctaws and Chickasaws, 58;
+    violation of treaties to cost Indians their, 86, _footnote_;
+    property rights of Indians guaranteed by Confederacy, 161 _et seq._;
+    Indians to have right to dispose of by will, 172;
+    Cherokee halfbreeds fear designs upon Indian, 216
+
+  Lane, James H: 125, 229, 231, _footnote_, 233, 242, 251 and _footnote_,
+        265, 270, 276, 278
+
+  Lane, W. P: 357
+
+  Laughinghouse, G. W: 120
+
+  Leased District: 52 and _footnote_, 54, 56, 57, _footnote_, 63, 67, 96,
+        179, 199, 297, 340, 349
+
+  Lee, Robert E: 88, _footnote_, 98, _footnote_, 99
+
+  Lee, S. Orlando: letter, 75-79, 197, _footnote_
+
+  Leeper, Matthew: 57 and _footnote_, 82 and _footnote_, 96, 98 and
+        _footnote_, 99, 180, _footnote_, 199, _footnote_, 303, 304-307,
+        311, 315-319;
+    removal of, asked for by Rector, 323;
+    death of, 329, _footnote_;
+    charges against, 333
+
+  _Leeper Papers_: cited, 57, _footnote_, 99, _footnote_, 102, _footnote_,
+        181, _footnote_, 186, _footnote_, 199, _footnote_, 200,
+        _footnote_, 201, _footnote_, 329-357
+
+  Lee's Creek: Cherokee school at, 39, _footnote_
+
+  Lefontaine, Louis: 208, _footnote_
+
+  Leroy: 248, 266
+
+  Lincoln, Abraham: 68, 76, 80, 86, _footnote_, 93, 95, 118, 122,
+        _footnote_, 182, 185, 234 and _footnote_, 250, 265, _footnote_,
+        266, 274, 276, 278
+
+  Little Captain: 277, _footnote_
+
+  Little Rock: 103, 108, 190, _footnote_
+
+  London, John T: 104, _footnote_
+
+  Long John: 198, _footnote_
+
+  Love, Overton: 23, _footnote_
+
+  Lower Creeks: 50, 80, _footnote_, 192, 244
+
+  Lowrie, Walter: 75
+
+  "Loyal Creeks": 192, _footnote_, 193, 194, _footnote_, 195, 199,
+        243-246, 250, 254, 259;
+    sufferings, 260;
+    measures for relief of, 260 _et seq._, 272;
+    annuities of "hostiles" to be applied to relief of, 274
+
+  Luce, John B: 125, 282, _footnote_
+
+
+  McCarron, Thomas: 311
+
+  McClellan, George B: 265, _footnote_, 275, 276
+
+  McCulloch, Ben: 85, _footnote_, 120, 135, _footnote_, 141, 143-144;
+    letter of Hubbard to, 144-145;
+    attempt to secure Cherokee help, 149-153;
+    communication with John Ross, 149;
+    reply of John Ross to, 150;
+    correspondence with Secretary Walker, 151, and _footnote_;
+    reports Choctaws and Chickasaws as anxious to join Confederacy, 155;
+    accompanies Albert Pike, 189, _footnote_;
+    gives authority for calling out six hundred rangers from Fort Cobb,
+        198, _footnote_;
+    objects to appointment of Garrett as colonel of Creek regiment, 212,
+        _footnote_;
+    acts under direct orders from Richmond, 225;
+    promises to protect Cherokee borders, 227;
+    orders Stand Watie to take up position in Cherokee Neutral Lands, 252,
+        _footnote_;
+    goes to Richmond, 257, _footnote_
+
+  McCulloch, Henry E: 99, _footnote_, 207
+
+  McCulloch, Thomas C: 210, _footnote_
+
+  McDaniel, James: 262, _footnote_, 268, and _footnote_
+
+  Machinations: secessionist sympathy of Indians not due to, of agents and
+        others, 219, _footnote_
+
+  McIntosh, Chilly: 92, 140, _footnote_, 193, and _footnote_, 200,
+        _footnote_
+
+  McIntosh, D. N: 92
+
+  McIntosh, James: 256 _et seq._
+
+  McIntosh, Rolly: 193, _footnote_
+
+  McIntosh, William: 191, _footnote_, 193, _footnote_;
+    attempts to bribe John Ross, 236, _footnote_
+
+  McRae, John J: presents petition for removal of Choctaws, 20, _footnote_
+
+  McWillie, M. H: 207, _footnote_
+
+  Mails: insecurity, 116;
+    none in Indian country, 190, _footnote_;
+    irregularity, 230, 252, _footnote_;
+    must be provided for in Leased District, 309;
+    Rector has no authority to establish, 332
+
+  Malfeasance: Rev. Thomas Johnson suspected of, 39, 41;
+    few Indian Office officials free from, 56, _footnote_;
+    Washburn implicated in, 85, _footnote_;
+    Indian agents guilty of, 262, _footnote_
+
+  Manassas Junction: battle of, 216
+
+  Mandan: suggested territory of, 32, _footnote_
+
+  Manypenny, George W: 30, _footnote_;
+    Indian treaties made by, 33, _footnote_, 35;
+    promises to look into expediency of Comanche removal, 51, _footnote_;
+    suggests giving Indians control of trade, 170
+
+  Marcy, William L: 165, _footnote_
+
+  Marshall, F. J: 207
+
+  Marysville: 207
+
+  Mass-meeting: of Cherokees at Tahlequah, 217 _et seq._, 226, 234
+
+  Mathews, John: 235, _footnote_, 239
+
+  Mayers, Abram G: 56, _footnote_, 197, _footnote_, 230, _footnote_, 287,
+        288, 289, 312
+
+  Mayes, Joel: 214, _footnote_
+
+  Medicines: Texans seize, 305, 308;
+    Leeper's requisition can not be honored, 330-331
+
+  Memphis (Tenn.): 97, 104, 134, _footnote_
+
+  Methodist Episcopal Church South: 37, _footnote_, 38, 40, _footnote_
+
+  Methodists: 38
+
+  Mexican War: effect upon Indian interests, 28;
+    service of Pike in, 132
+
+  Miamies: from Indiana, 19;
+    charges against Agent Clover, 209, _footnote_
+
+  Michigan: tribes from, 19
+
+  Mikko Hutke: 194, 244
+
+  Military Board of Arkansas: 190
+
+  Minnesota: territory of Decotah to be carved out of, 31, _footnote_
+
+  Mission: of Pike, 134 _et seq._;
+    of Hubbard, 143 _et seq._;
+    of Carruth, 242, 246-247
+
+  Missionaries: encourage slavery within Indian country, 22;
+    among Indians, 39 _et seq._;
+    suspected of attempting to abolitionize Indian country, 41;
+    charged with inciting to murder, 47;
+    search organization among Cherokees due to, 48
+
+  _Missionary Herald_: cited, 40, _footnote_, 41, footnote
+
+  Missions: 39 _et seq._, 143
+
+  Mississippi: Choctaws and Chickasaws from, 20;
+    Choctaws in, fight on side of South, 20, _footnote_;
+    Cooper, citizen of, 41
+
+  Mississippi River: 17, 63
+
+  Missouri: Kickapoos, Shawnees, and Delawares tarry in, 19, _footnote_;
+    interests herself in Indian alliance, 83
+
+  Missouri Compromise: line approximately boundary between northern and
+        southern Indian immigrants, 21;
+    encroachment upon northern rights under, 22;
+    as affected by Kansas-Nebraska bill, 30
+
+  Mitchell, Charles B: 97, 98, 334
+
+  Montgomery: 76, 87, _footnote_, 94, 109, 192, 196, 297
+
+  Moore, Andrew B: 108
+
+  Moore, Frank: work cited, 45, _footnote_, 125, _footnote_, 227,
+        _footnote_
+
+  Moore, Thomas O: 155, 192, _footnote_
+
+  Moo-sho-le-tubbee: district of, 34, _footnote_
+
+  Moravians: 38
+
+  Morton, Jackson: 127
+
+  Motey Kennard: 58, _footnote_, 80, _footnote_, 92, 94, 119, 191, and
+        _footnote_, 193, 199, 200, _footnote_, 218, _footnote_, 243, 337
+
+  Mound City: 230, _footnote_
+
+  Munsees: from Ohio, 19;
+    Moravians among, 38
+
+  Murphy, J: 119
+
+  Mus-co-kee: territory of suggested, 31, _footnote_
+
+
+  Navajoe: suggested territory of, 32, _footnote_
+
+  Ne-a-math-la: 193, _footnote_
+
+  Nebraska: indigenous tribes in, 19, _footnote_;
+    agitation for opening up of, 28;
+    drouth in, 57
+
+  Ne-con-he-con: 268, _footnote_
+
+  Negroes: Choctaws charged with mixing with, 20, _footnote_;
+    Creeks almost completely mixed with, 22, _footnote_;
+    Creeks possess no aversion to race mixture, 23, _footnote_;
+    no rights that white men are bound to respect, 29;
+    Quantrill plans to rescue, 48;
+    Indians agree to return fugitive, 166, _footnote_;
+    six hundred, seized by Kansans, 334
+
+  Neighbors, Robert S: 56, _footnote_
+
+  Neosho: suggested territory of, 31, _footnote_
+
+  Neosho River: 208, 277, _footnote_
+
+  Neosho River Agency: 30, _footnote_;
+    invaded, 35, _footnote_;
+    Elder put in charge of, 186;
+    Indians of, at Fort Smith Council, 241
+
+  Neutrality: McCulloch agrees to respect Cherokee, 136, _footnote_;
+    of Indians scarcely possible, 145;
+    Chief Ross gives reasons for preserving, 147, 150;
+    Chief Ross objects to violation of, 150;
+    majority of Cherokees favor, 153;
+    Chief Ross's Proclamation of, 153-154;
+    discussion in Cherokee meeting at Tahlequah, 220 _et seq._;
+    McCulloch orders Stand Watie's men not to interfere with Cherokee, 227
+
+  New Hope Academy: 40, _footnote_
+
+  _New Orleans Picayune_: 32, _footnote_
+
+  Newspapers: 47, 75, 80, _footnote_
+
+  New York Indians: from Wisconsin, 19;
+    reservation invaded, 35;
+    members of Neosha River Agency, 51;
+    Refugees camp upon lands of, 260
+
+  North Carolina: Cherokees fight on side of South, 20, _footnote_
+
+  North Fork Village: 92, 94, 95, 157, 188, 192
+
+  North Fork of Canadian: 67, 136, _footnote_, 189, _footnote_, 254
+
+  Northern Baptists: 38, 39
+
+  Northern Indians: colonized within limits of great American desert, 18;
+    relative position of, 21;
+    Pike hoped to exert influence over, 208;
+    reported organized into spy companies by Federals, 306
+
+
+  Oak Hills, or Wilson's Creek: battle of, 215, 216, 225, 257, _footnote_
+
+  Ochiltree, William B: 129
+
+  Office of Indian Affairs: plans for removal of Catawbas from Carolinas,
+        20, _footnote_;
+    takes measures for removal of Seminoles from Florida, 20, _footnote_;
+    refuses to remove Choctaws from Mississippi, 20, _footnote_;
+    unable to execute plan for removal of Texas Indians before 1859, 52;
+    reply of Creeks to proposals, 58;
+    patronage of, 59;
+    out of communication with Indian Territory, 81, _footnote_;
+    complaint filed at, 96;
+    in possession of documents incriminating D. H. Cooper, 186;
+    discontinues Indian allowances, 192;
+    supports War Department, 271
+
+  Ogden, John B: 89, _footnote_, 108, _footnote_, 115, _footnote_
+
+  Ohio: people of, desire information about Manypenny treaties, 33,
+        _footnote_
+
+  Okanagan: suggested territory of, 32, _footnote_
+
+  Ok-ta-ha-hassee Harjo [Sands]: 194, 244, and _footnote_
+
+  Old Choctaw Agency: 211, _footnote_
+
+  Oldham, W. S: 100, _footnote_
+
+  _Old Scottish Gentleman_: 107 and _footnote_
+
+  Old Settlers Party: 49
+
+  Omaha Mission School: youths from, enlist in army, 227, _footnote_
+
+  Omahas: 227, _footnote_
+
+  Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la: 138, _footnote_, 193 and _footnote_, 194, 195,
+        _footnote_, 198, _footnote_, 236, _footnote_, 243, 253,
+        _footnote_, 254 _et seq._, 268, 278
+
+  Oregon: occupied, 28
+
+  Osage Manual Labor School: 38, _footnote_
+
+  Osage Mission: 182, _footnote_
+
+  Osage River Agency: 208, _footnote_
+
+  Osage Treaty: 157 and _footnote_;
+    lands, in Kansas guaranteed by, 162;
+    model on subject of rendition of slaves, 167;
+    navigable waters, 175;
+    negotiated, 237
+
+  Osages: indigenous to Kansas, 19;
+    Great and Little, 20, _footnote_;
+    reservation invaded, 35, 295;
+    determined to resist removal, 36;
+    Roman Catholicism among, 38 members of Neosho River Agency, 51;
+    negotiations with Pike, 137, _footnote_;
+    described as "lazy," 208, _footnote_;
+    letter to, from John Ross, 235, 236, _footnote_;
+    bands of, 237
+
+  Otis, Elmer: 210, _footnote_
+
+  Otoes: 209, _footnote_
+
+  Ottawas: from Michigan, 19;
+    regard removal as useless, 36, _footnote_;
+    Baptists among, 38
+
+  Ozark Mountains: 19, _footnote_
+
+
+  Pacific Railroad Surveys: cited, 54, _footnote_
+
+  Pa-hiu-ska: 238, _footnote_
+
+  Panola: county of, 68, _footnote_
+
+  Pape, Henry: 182, _footnote_
+
+  Park Hill: Cherokee school at, 39, _footnote_;
+    residence of John Ross, 135, _footnote_, 188, footnote;
+    John Ross at, 150;
+    W. S. Robertson retires to, 218, _footnote_;
+    Pike invited to, 234;
+    treaties negotiated at, 237
+
+  Parker, Eli S: 228, _footnote_
+
+  Parker, Thomas Valentine: work cited, 49, _footnote_
+
+  Parks, Robert W: 355
+
+  Pas-co-fa: 198 and _footnote_, 319
+
+  Pawnees: purchase from, 33, _footnote_;
+    offer to enlist in U. S. army declined, 227, _footnote_
+
+  Pea Ridge: battle of, 138, _footnote_, 284
+
+  Pearce, N. Bart: 120, 131
+
+  Pegg, Major: 256, 257
+
+  Peoria, Baptiste: 235, _footnote_
+
+  Peorias: from Illinois, 19
+
+  Petition: of Representative John J. McRae, 20, _footnote_
+
+  Phelps, J. S: 81, _footnote_; 211, _footnote_, 240, _footnote_
+
+  Phillips, U. B: work cited, 134, _footnote_, 191, _footnote_
+
+  Piankeshaws: from Illinois, 19
+
+  Pickens: county of, 68, _footnote_
+
+  Pierce, Franklin: 41, _footnote_, 56, _footnote_
+
+  Pike, Albert: dislike of Van Dorn, 55, _footnote_;
+    concerned with Choctaw Corn Contract, 57, _footnote_;
+    and Choctaw commissioners, 78;
+    writes to Seminole chief, 84, _footnote_;
+    telegram, 105, _footnote_;
+    poem in honor of Elias Rector, 106;
+    correspondence with Robert Toombs, 129, 131, 134 and _footnote_, 152
+        and _footnote_;
+    appointed by President Davis special commissioner to Indians west of
+        Arkansas, 130;
+    correspondence with R. W. Johnson, 131, 132;
+    writings, 132, _footnote_, 133 and _footnote_;
+    unjust to John Ross, 134, _footnote_;
+    commissioner from Arkansas, 190-191;
+    views on use of Indians as soldiers, 149;
+    continues intercourse with Ridge Party, 156 and _footnote_;
+    moderate in promises to strong tribes, 163;
+    assumes financial obligations in name of Confederacy, 163-164;
+    opens communication with Indian field service, 180-181;
+    offers post to Leeper, 180, _footnote_;
+    negotiates with Creeks, 192-195;
+    negotiates with Choctaws and Chickasaws, 196-197;
+    negotiates with Seminoles, 197-199;
+    negotiates with western Indians, 200-202, 200, _footnote_;
+    report submitted by President Davis to Provisional Congress, 202;
+    invited to be present at consideration of Indian treaties, 205;
+    desires to raise an Indian battalion from Kansas, 208;
+    informed of Cherokee willingness to treat, 234;
+    assigned to command of Indian Territory, 253-254, 322;
+    Van Dorn's plans for, 280, 283;
+    retires to Fort McCulloch, 284;
+    continues Charles B. Johnson as contractor, 301-303;
+    receives Leeper's apology, 356
+
+  Pike, W. L: 194
+
+  Pine Ridge: 43, _footnote_
+
+  Pins: 86, _footnote_, 135, _footnote_, 137, _footnote_, 138, _footnote_,
+        216
+
+  Pioneers: 18, _footnote_
+
+  Pitchlynn, P. P: 74, 77
+
+  Pitchlynn, W. B: 197
+
+  Policy: of U. S. government with respect to Indians, 18;
+    of Confederate States government, 147
+
+  Politicians: as influencing Indian policy of government, 18, _footnote_;
+    motives of, 21;
+    demands of, for Indians, 31;
+    reason for urging secession among Indians, 98, _footnote_;
+    unjust charges against Ross, 150
+
+  Polk, James K: work cited, 49, _footnote_, 166, _footnote_
+
+  Pomeroy, Samuel C: 231, _footnote_
+
+  Pontotoc: county of, 68, _footnote_
+
+  Pope, John: 105, _footnote_
+
+  Population: of Indian country, 20-21;
+    of southern superintendency, 211, _footnote_;
+    of Creek Nation as estimated by Agent Garrett in report to Hubbard,
+        252-253, _footnote_
+
+  Postal system: to be maintained by Confederate States throughout Indian
+        country, 180
+
+  Potawatomies: from Indiana, 19;
+    Roman Catholicism among, 38;
+    Southern Baptists among, 38
+
+  Poteau River: 108
+
+  Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions: 37, _footnote_, 40, _footnote_,
+        41, 79
+
+  Presbyterians (Old School): 38, _footnote_, 39, 40, _footnote_, 41
+
+  Price, Sterling: 138, _footnote_, 225, 257, _footnote_, 280, 283, 312,
+        326, 334
+
+  Prince, J. E: 98, _footnote_, 231, _footnote_
+
+  Proclamation: of Ross pledging Cherokee neutrality, 153-154;
+    of Hudson announcing Choctaw independence, 196, 210
+
+  Pro-slavery men: intrenched among Shawnees south of Kansas River, 35;
+    settled upon Cherokee Neutral Lands, 35, _footnote_
+
+  Protectorate: over Indian tribes suggested, 130, 142, 158, 190
+
+  Provisional Congress of Confederate States: act of, May 21, 1861, 130,
+        158 and _footnote_;
+    considers treaties with Indian tribes, 202-206
+
+  Pulliam, Richard P: 183, _footnote_, 184, 294, 295, 297, 311, 324
+
+  Pushmataha: George Folsom, chief of district of, 23, _footnote_;
+    District of, 34, _footnote_
+
+
+  Quakers: 39
+
+  Quantrill, Wm. Clarke: 48, 214, _footnote_
+
+  Quapaw Treaty: 157 and _footnote_
+
+  Quapaws: 51, 64, 67;
+    in council with Creeks, Cherokees, Seminoles, and Sacs, 94;
+    negotiations with Pike, 136, _footnote_, 235, _footnote_, 237
+
+  Quesenbury, William: 183, _footnote_, 184, 190, _footnote_, 194, 303, 323
+
+
+  Ray, P. Orman: work cited, 22, _footnote_, 34, _footnote_, 38, _footnote_
+
+  Reagan, J. H: 230, _footnote_
+
+  Rector, Elias: superintends removal of Seminoles, 20, _footnote_, 182,
+        _footnote_;
+    demands for Indians, 31, _footnote_;
+    Cooper writes to, 42;
+    urges that Frozen Rock be converted into military post, 53;
+    enters into sort of private contract with Johnson and Grimes, 56 and
+        _footnote_;
+    Grimes and, 57, _footnote_, 285-289;
+    relieved, 80, _footnote_;
+    seconds efforts of cousin, 106;
+    suggestion to Cooper, 106-107, _footnote_, 187;
+    gives letter of introduction to Gaines, 113;
+    gives information concerning Choctaws and Chickasaws, 120;
+    attempt of U. S. government to find successor to, 182;
+    uncertainty as to when entering Confederate service, 182, _footnote_;
+    interview with Pike, 190, _footnote_;
+    in company of Pike, 197, 198, _footnote_;
+    writes to Leeper, 199, _footnote_;
+    expense account of, 304;
+    complaint against Pike, 328
+
+  Rector, Henry M: 102, 112
+
+  Red Fork of Canadian: 67, 255
+
+  Red River: 55, 63, 77, 91, 95, 100 and _footnote_, 108, 139, _footnote_,
+        175, 347, 349
+
+  Refugees: Opoethleyohola, leader of, 195;
+     Coffin prepares to meet, 259;
+    take up station between Verdigris and Arkansas Rivers, 259;
+    approximate number of, 260 and _footnote_;
+    sufferings of, 260-261 and _footnotes_, 265, _footnote_, 272;
+    absolute destitution of, 273, _footnote_;
+    Dole furnishes supplies to, 274;
+    joint resolution for relief of, 274;
+    annuities of hostile Indians to be diverted to relief of, 274 and
+        _footnote_
+
+  Regiment: Colonel Cooper's filled with Texans, 78;
+    Choctaw-Chickasaw and Creek, 210-211;
+    Creek, to elect its own officers, 213;
+    Drew's, organized, 226-227;
+    work and character of Drew's, 240 and _footnote_;
+    of Choctaw-Chickasaw Mounted Rifles, of Creeks, and of Cherokee
+        Mounted Rifles, 252, _footnote_, 262, _footnote_;
+    Drew's deserts Cooper, 256;
+    only one white, in whole Indian Department, 280;
+    Leeper asks for at least one, to keep order on Reserve, 349
+
+  Reid, Alexander: 76, 78
+
+  Removal: of Indiana more or less compulsory, 19 and _footnote_;
+    slavery advanced as objection to Indian, 21-22;
+    makes no difference in matter of slavery among Indians, 22;
+    difficulties within Indian country incident to, 27;
+    Calhoun's plan for, 27;
+    U. S. government slow to adopt policy of, 27-28;
+    settlers demand, of Indians from Kansas, 36;
+    certain tribes contemplating, 36, _footnote_;
+    of Indians from Kansas delayed on account of Civil War, 37;
+    _Missionary Herald_ useful for history of, 40, _footnote_;
+    reasons for, 48;
+    project for, of Cherokees causes dissensions within tribes, 49;
+    of Texas Indians, 52;
+    Wichitas ask for immediate, 56;
+    guarantee of territorial integrity in treaties arranging for, 160-161;
+    indemnification for, 164-166;
+    Choctaw claims under treaty of, 196
+
+  Reservation: system, introduced into trans-Missouri region, 21;
+    Creeks disgusted with idea of individual, 58
+
+  Reserve Indians: see _Indians of Leased District_, _Wichitas_,
+        _Tonkawas_, _Euchees_, etc.
+
+  Resolutions: of Choctaws, February 7, 1861, 72-74, 75;
+    of Chickasaw Legislature, May 25, 1861, 122-124 and _footnote_;
+    offered by Chilton of Alabama, 127;
+    offered by Toombs for appointment of special agent to Indian tribes,
+        129;
+    of Choctaws and Chickasaws showing friendly disposition towards South,
+        130 and _footnote_;
+    passed at Cherokee mass-meeting at Tahlequah, August, 1861, 218,
+        _footnote_, 223-225;
+    joint, for relief of Indian refugees in Kansas, 274
+
+  Rhodes, J. F: work cited, 45, _footnote_, 129, _footnote_, 146,
+        _footnote_
+
+  Richardson, James D: work cited, 129, _footnote_, 158, _footnote_, 202,
+        _footnote_
+
+  Ridge, John: 47, _footnote_
+
+  Ridge, or Treaty Party: in favor of Cherokee removal, 49;
+    connives with Ben McCulloch to circumvent wishes of Chief Ross, 151;
+    minority party, 153;
+    Pike's intercourse with, continues, 156;
+    attempts to develop public sentiment in favor of Confederacy, 215;
+    collision with Ross faction, 240
+
+  Robertson, W. S: 101, _footnote_, 192, _footnote_, 218, _footnote_
+
+  Robinson, Charles: 228, 234
+
+  Rock-a-to-wa: 231, _footnote_
+
+  Rogers, H. L: 332, 333, 336, 337
+
+  Rolla: W. S. Robertson fleeing from Indian country, reaches, 218,
+        _footnote_
+
+  Roman Catholics: 38, _footnote_
+
+  Ross, John: correspondence, 69, _footnote_, uncle of Wm. P. Ross, 71;
+    instructions of, 71, _footnote_;
+    influence, 72;
+    character, 72, _footnote_;
+    letter of Dole to, 80, _footnote_;
+    no one firmer friend to Union than, 86, _footnote_;
+    correspondence with John B. Ogden, 89, _footnote_, 115, _footnote_;
+    called upon by commissioners from Texas, 93;
+    letter from Governor Rector, 112;
+    letter to Rector, 117;
+    letter from citizens of Boonsboro, 111, _footnote_, 124;
+    J. R. Kannady communicates with, 125;
+    issues proclamation of neutrality, 125, 153-154;
+    Albert Pike unjust to, 134, _footnote_;
+    letter of Hubbard to, 144-145;
+    reply to Hubbard, 146-147;
+    correspondence with Ben McCulloch, 149-151;
+    sincerity possibly doubted, 168;
+    declared shrewd, 189, _footnote_;
+    Ridge Party attempts to undermine popularity, 215;
+    attends meeting of Cherokee Executive Council, 217;
+    address, 220, 223;
+    suspected of not acting in good faith, 226;
+    notifies Pike of Cherokee willingness to treat, 234;
+    communicates with Creeks and Osages, 235;
+    called upon to rally Cherokees, 256
+
+  Ross, Lewis: 138, _footnote_
+
+  Ross, Mrs. John: 220, _footnote_
+
+  Ross, Mrs. William P: work cited, 71, _footnote_
+
+  Ross, William P: 71, 89, _footnote_, 116, _footnote_, 137, _footnote_,
+        139, _footnote_, 217, 223
+
+  Ross, W. W: 210, _footnote_
+
+  Ross Party: opposed to removal, 49;
+    majority party, 153
+
+  Round Mountain: 255
+
+  Route: of Opoethleyohola's retreat, 261-262 and _footnote_
+
+  Rust, Albert: 105, _footnote_
+
+  Rutherford, A. H: 30, _footnote_, 190, _footnote_
+
+  Rutherford, Samuel M: 86, _footnote_, 183, 199 and _footnote_, 319
+
+
+  Sackett, Major: 98, _footnote_
+
+  Sacs and Foxes: of Missouri, 36, _footnote_
+
+  San Antonio: 52, _footnote_
+
+  Sands: see _Ok-ta-ha-hassee Harjo_
+
+  Schoenmaker, John: 182, _footnote_
+
+  Scott, S. S: 198, _footnote_, 201, _footnote_, 314, 321
+
+  Scott, Winfield: 88, _footnote_, 97, 249
+
+  _Scottish Songs_: work cited, 108, _footnote_
+
+  _Screw Fly_: work cited, 56, _footnote_
+
+  Scullyville: Choctaw constitution of, 51;
+    Creek regiment forming at, 211
+
+  Sebastian, William K: 106, _footnote_, 287
+
+  Secession: meeting held by white men and Choctaw half-bloods, 77;
+    Presbyterian ordained missionaries favor, 79;
+    Indian country threatened by advocates for, 80;
+    Indian agents active for, 82-83 and _footnote_;
+    mercenary motives in urging, 98, _footnote_;
+    sentiment in Arkansas, 103 _et seq._;
+    Pike offers arguments for, 133;
+    secret organization of "Pins," 135, _footnote_;
+    Stand Watie's party afraid to raise flag of, 140, _footnote_;
+    large element within Cherokee Nation favors, 153;
+    Griffith appointed commissioner to interview Indians in interests of,
+        184;
+    Indian opponents absent from Pike's meeting at North Fork Village, 192;
+    Jones most prominent of Choctaw advocates, 197;
+    traces of influence of, 208;
+    August mass-meeting of Cherokees ending in, 217
+
+  Second Seminole War: 20, _footnote_, 23, _footnote_, 164, _footnote_,
+        164-166
+
+  Secret Society: purpose of organization, 32, _footnote_;
+    in Missouri, 35, _footnote_;
+    among full-blooded Cherokees, 48;
+    "the Pins," 86, _footnote_, 135, _footnote_, 216;
+    among Cherokees for abolition purposes, 291, 293;
+    Greenwood orders its dissolution, 292;
+    Cowart's views upon schemes of, 294
+
+  Sells, Elijah: 186, _footnote_
+
+  Seminole Treaty: 157 and _footnote_;
+    declares allegiance to C. S. A., 159, _footnote_;
+    contains guarantee of autonomy, 159, _footnote_;
+    contains promise of representation in Congress, 159, _footnote_;
+    negotiated, 197-199, 197, _footnote_;
+    considered by Provisional Congress, 206
+
+  Seminoles: from Florida, 20;
+    removal in late fifties, 20, _footnote_;
+    status of free negro among, 40;
+    Presbyterians among, 40;
+    manifest only slight interest in education, 40, _footnote_;
+    given home in Creek country, 50;
+    destitute, 57, _footnote_;
+    representatives at inter-tribal conference, 71;
+    letter to chief of, 80, _footnote_;
+    condition reported by Carruth, 84, _footnote_;
+    in council with Creeks, Cherokees, Quapaws, and Sacs, 94;
+    negotiations of Pike with, 136, _footnote_;
+    complaint against General Jesup, 164, _footnote_;
+    Rector's transactions with, 182, _footnote_
+
+  Seneca and Shawnee Treaty: 157 and _footnote_
+
+  Senecas: 51, 64, 67;
+    negotiations of Pike with, 136, _footnote_;
+    from Cattaraugus Reservation, 227, _footnote_
+
+  Senecas and Shawnees: 51, 64, 67;
+    negotiations of Pike with, 136, _footnote_, 237
+
+  Settlers: in Kansas demand that Indians vacate territory, 36
+
+  Seward, William H: reference to "higher law" speech, 42, _footnote_;
+    Chicago speech, 58, 75;
+    Senate speech, 58
+
+  Shawnee Manual Labor School, 38
+
+  Shawnee Mission: work of Rev. Thomas Johnson at, 22, _footnote_
+
+  Shawnees: from Ohio, 19;
+    tarry in Missouri, 19, _footnote_;
+    pro-slavery men among, 35;
+    reported by Agent Dorn as anxious to leave Kansas, 36, _footnote_;
+    Baptist school on reservation of, 38;
+    Southern Methodists among, 38;
+    as refugees, 57, _footnote_;
+    trouble over tribal elections, 209, _footnote_;
+    attack Wichita Agency, 329, _footnote_
+
+  Shon-tah-sob-ba [Black Dog]: 235, _footnote_, 238, _footnote_
+
+  Short Bird: 319
+
+  Shoshone: suggested territory of, 32, _footnote_
+
+  Siebert, W. H: work cited, 23, _footnote_, 49, _footnote_
+
+  Sigel, Franz: 215, _footnote_
+
+  Simon, Ben: 329, _footnote_
+
+  Sioux: uprising, 21, _footnote_;
+    warriors, 227, _footnote_
+
+  Slaughter, Thomas C: 208
+
+  Slavery: in Kansas, 22;
+    encouraged, 22;
+    among Southern Indians, 22, 292;
+    influence of churches upon, 37;
+    white men to prevent abolition among Indians, 42;
+    opposition among Choctaws and Chickasaws, 45;
+    is being interfered with by intruders, 47;
+    cause in jeopardy among Cherokees, 48;
+    North to exterminate among Indians, 145;
+    recognized as legal institution by treaties, 166 and _footnote_;
+    offers easy solution of labor problem, 219;
+    Cowart reports complaints of interference with, 293
+
+  Slaves: 22, 142, 143, 144-145, 165, 166, _footnote_, 167, _footnote_,
+        172, 216, 261
+
+  Smith, Andrew J: charges against, 41, _footnote_
+
+  Smith, Caleb B: 74, _footnote_, 183, 242, 271, 274, 275
+
+  Smith, E. Kirby: 100, _footnote_
+
+  Smith, John G: 192
+
+  Smith, William R: work cited, 108, _footnote_, 109, _footnote_
+
+  Snow, George C: 198, _footnote_, 199, _footnote_
+
+  Southern Baptist Convention: 39, _footnote_
+
+  Southern Baptists: 38, 39
+
+  South Carolina: 20, _footnote_
+
+  Southern Indians: 18, 21, 32, 34, 36
+
+  Southern Methodists: 38, 39, 40
+
+  Southern Superintendency: 30, _footnote_
+
+  Sparrow, Edward: 127
+
+  Spencer Academy: 40, _footnote_, 75, 76, 78
+
+  Springfield: 214, _footnote_, 217, 255, 283, 312, 334
+
+  Spy companies: reported equipped by Federals, 306
+
+  Stand Watie: 49, _footnote_, 137, _footnote_, 153, 156, _footnote_, 227,
+        240, 283, 324
+
+  Stanton, Edwin M: 276, 279
+
+  Stanwood, Edward: work cited, 106, _footnote_
+
+  Stark, O. P: 76
+
+  State Department (C. S. A.): Albert Pike, commissioner from, 134,
+        _footnote_, 152;
+    Bureau of Indian Affairs, part of, 188, _footnote_
+
+  Stephens, Alexander H: work cited, 118, _footnote_, 119, _footnote_
+
+  Stevens, R. S: 209, _footnote_
+
+  Stevens, Thaddeus: 210, _footnote_
+
+  Stidham, G. W: 194
+
+  Stocks: 61, 76, 203, _footnote_
+
+  Stockton, G. B: 107, _footnote_, 186, _footnote_
+
+  Strain, J. H: 285, 287
+
+  Sturm, J. J: 199, 201, _footnote_, 330, 331, 353, 357
+
+  Sumner, Charles: 45, _footnote_
+
+  Sur-cox-ie: 268, _footnote_
+
+  Surveyors: 53
+
+
+  Tahlequah: 39, _footnote_, 93, 188, _footnote_, 217, and _footnote_,
+        218, _footnote_, 226, 234, 237, 293
+
+  Tallise Fixico: 194
+
+  Tatum, Mark T: 50, _footnote_, 104, _footnote_, 296
+
+  Taylor, J. W: 193, _footnote_
+
+  Taylor, N. G: 30, _footnote_
+
+  Tennessee: Cherokees from, 20;
+    John J. Humphreys from, 185
+
+  Tenney, W. J: work cited, 90, _footnote_
+
+  Tents: furnished to refugees, 261
+
+  Territorial expansion: 28, 58
+
+  Territorial form of government: 30, 31, _footnote_, 33
+
+  Texas: indigenous tribes in, 19, _footnote_;
+    Indians expelled from, 19, _footnote_, 52, 340;
+    Cherokees in, 20, _footnote_;
+    annexed, 28;
+    troops from, 53;
+    Indian patronage, 59;
+    Indian participation in Civil War, 63;
+    interest in Indian Territory, 67;
+    interest in securing alliance of Indians, 83, 88, 90;
+    interest in amnesty provisions of Indian treaties, 175-176;
+    commissioners from, 183;
+    attitude of northern countries of, 200, _footnote_;
+    desires Reserve Indians placed under her jurisdiction, 297
+
+  Texas Historical Association _Quarterly_: work cited, 20, _footnote_
+
+  Texas Superintendency: 56, _footnote_
+
+  Thomason, Hugh F: 202, 335
+
+  Thompson, Jacob: 45, _footnote_, 46, 54, 56, _footnote_
+
+  Tishomingo: county of, 68, _footnote_
+
+  Tonkawas: 52 and _footnote_, 189, _footnote_, 200, 201, _footnote_, 340,
+        353
+
+  Toombs, Robert: 129, 131, 134 and _footnote_, 135, _footnote_, 152
+
+  Totten, James: 103, 104
+
+  Traders: 22, 27, 59-60, 169 _et seq._, 193, _footnote_, 238-239, 319
+
+  Trammel, Dennis: 288, 289
+
+  Treat, S. B: 43, _footnote_
+
+  Treaties: 34, _footnote_, 37, _footnote_, 53, 78, 84, _footnote_, 102,
+        117, 122, _footnote_;
+    made with Indians as with foreign powers, 17;
+    Ohio desires information as to Manypenny, 33, _footnote_;
+    relations to U. S. in, 70, _footnote_;
+    obligation to abide by, 71, _footnote_;
+    reduction of forts violation of guaranties in, 97, _footnote_;
+    resulting from council at Tahlequah, 237 _et seq._;
+    with the Cherokees in part the result of intimidation, 240, _footnote_;
+    with the Neosho Agency Indians, 241;
+    money due the Creeks under, 289;
+    Pike reports all ratified, 320;
+    amendments to, 323;
+    manuscript copies of, 329-330, _footnote_;
+    no Indian Department to be organized until ratification of, 331;
+    terms of the, with the wild Indians, 352;
+    Leeper makes a, with the Comanches, 354-355
+
+  TROOPS:
+    _Confederate_--in Cherokee country, 136, _footnote_;
+      no Arkansas, available, 253, _footnote_;
+      Van Dorn's erroneous surmise as to proportion of white, in Pike's
+        brigade, 280;
+      Van Dorn's plans as to disposition of, 283;
+      Leeper inquires when, may be expected, 310;
+      Pike's confidence in white, 320;
+      lack of, in Leased District, 343, 349;
+      non-arrival of, 345.
+    _Indian_--Confederacy secure before negotiation of treaties of
+        alliance, 207;
+      plans for distribution of, 207;
+      Cherokee, under McCulloch, 226-227;
+      Northern, offer to furnish U. S. with, 227, _footnotes_;
+      large and increasing number in Indian Territory, 252;
+      not possible to keep order, 346.
+    _United States_--few within Indian country, 52-53;
+      Secretary Floyd disposed to withdraw from Indian frontier, 53;
+      from Texas ordered to protect U. S. surveyors, 53;
+      number to be retained in Indian country queried, 72, _footnote_;
+      Carruth reports all gone from Indian Territory, 86, _footnote_;
+      ordered to leave, 87 and _footnote_;
+      disposition, reported upon by Texas commissioners, 95;
+      under Emory ordered to Indian Territory, 96 _et seq._;
+      flee from Indian Territory, 101;
+      dissatisfaction at reported change in disposition in Arkansas, 103,
+        105;
+      to counteract influence of secessionists, 216;
+      method of warfare under Lane, 233;
+      Dole urges to re-occupy Indian Territory, 241;
+      sudden withdrawal spreads alarm in Leased District, 299
+
+  _True Democrat_: work cited, 47, _footnote_, 48, _footnote_, 106,
+        _footnote_
+
+  Tuckabatche Micco: 51, _footnote_
+
+  Tuckabatchee Town: 193, _footnote_
+
+  Tulsey Town: 255
+
+  Turnbull, John P: 189, _footnote_
+
+  Turner, J. W: 260, 272, _footnote_
+
+  Tusaquach: 247
+
+  Tush-ca-horn-ma: district of, 179
+
+  Twiggs, D. E: 55, _footnote_, 87
+
+
+  Umatilla: suggested territory of, 32, _footnote_
+
+  Underground railroad: 40
+
+  Upper Arkansas Agency: 210, _footnote_
+
+  Upper Creeks: 50, 208, _footnote_, 191, _footnote_, 192, 193,
+        _footnote_, 236, _footnote_, 244, 319
+
+  Usher, John P: 56, _footnote_, 228, _footnote_
+
+
+  Van Buren (Ark.): 64, _footnote_
+
+  Van Dorn, Earl: 55, 138, _footnote_, 280, 283
+
+  Vann, Joseph: 217, 223
+
+  Verdigris River: 259, 272
+
+
+  Wah-pa-nuc-ka Institute: 40, _footnote_
+
+  Walker, David: 116, 298
+
+  Walker, Leroy P: 119, 127, 142, 147, 151, 161, 200, _footnote_, 207,
+        215, _footnote_
+
+  Walker, William: head chief of the Wyandots, 22, _footnote_
+
+  Walker, William: 105, _footnote_
+
+  Wall, David: 23, _footnote_
+
+  Walnut Creek: 259
+
+  War Department: C. S. A., 128, _footnote_, 139, _footnote_, 140,
+        _footnote_, 193, _footnote_, 257, _footnote_;
+    U. S. A., 52, 80, 87, 96, 228, _footnote_, 234, 241, 250, 264-265, 275
+
+  Washburn, J. W: 84, _footnote_, 164, _footnote_, 238, and _footnote_
+
+  Washita: Indians driven from country of, 19, _footnote_
+
+  Wattles, Augustus: 229, _footnote_
+
+  Waul, Thomas N: 127, 205
+
+  Weas: from Illinois, 19
+
+  Weber's Falls: 86, _footnote_
+
+  Welch, George W: 84, _footnote_
+
+  West Florida: seizure of, 28
+
+  West Point: 215, _footnote_
+
+  Wheelock: Choctaw school, 39, _footnote_
+
+  White, Joseph: 209, _footnote_
+
+  White, S. W: letter of, 33, _footnote_
+
+  White Cloud: 227, _footnote_
+
+  Whitney, Henry C: 208 and _footnote_
+
+  Whittenhall, Daniel S: 350
+
+  Wichita Agency: site for, 54, 56, _footnote_, 136, _footnote_;
+    attack upon, 329, _footnote_
+
+  Wichita Mountains: 51, 55
+
+  Wichita Treaty: 157, _footnote_, 158, 163, 176
+
+  Wichitas: 52;
+    colonization of, 55;
+    subsistence given to, 57, _footnote_;
+    Leased District of, 63;
+    colonized on land claimed as their own, 166;
+    Pike hopes to meet, 189, _footnote_;
+    Pike fears hostility of, 200;
+    refuse to be cajoled or intimidated, 201
+
+  Wilson, Henry: work cited, 32, _footnote_
+
+  Wilson, William: 23, _footnote_
+
+  Wilson's Creek: battle of, 225
+
+  Winneconne: 219, _footnote_
+
+  Wisconsin: tribes from, 19
+
+  Wolcott, Edward: 273, _footnote_
+
+  Worcester, Reverend S. A: 23, _footnote_;
+    opposed to slavery, 41
+
+  Wyandots: from Ohio and Michigan, 19;
+    William Walker, head chief of, 22, _footnote_;
+    initiate movement for organization of Nebraska Territory, 34;
+    interested in Kansas election troubles, 34, _footnote_;
+    Methodism, 38
+
+
+  Yancton Sioux: Agent Burleigh suggests that garrison Fort Randall, 227,
+        _footnote_
+
+  Young, William C: 100
+
+  Yulee, David L: 238, _footnote_
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Confessedly much to its discredit, the United States government has
+never had, for any appreciable length of time, a well-developed and
+well-defined Indian policy, one that has made the welfare of the
+aborigines its sole concern. Legislation for the subject race has almost
+invariably been dictated by the needs of the hour, by the selfish and
+exorbitant demands of pioneers, and by the greed and caprice of
+politicians.
+
+[2] There were, of course, other indigenous tribes to the westward, in the
+direction of Colorado and Texas, and to the northward, in southern
+Nebraska; but only the latter were more than remotely affected, as far as
+local habitation was concerned, by the coming of the eastern emigrants and
+the consequent introduction of the reservation system.
+
+[3] Kansas Historical Society _Collections_, vol. viii, 72-109.
+
+[4] In scarcely a single case here cited was the old home of the tribe
+limited by the boundaries of a single state nor is it to be understood
+that the state here mentioned was necessarily the original habitat of the
+tribe. It was only the territorial headquarters of the tribe at the time
+of removal or at the time when the policy of removal was first insisted
+upon as a _sine qua non_. Some of the Indians emigrated independently of
+treaty arrangements with the United States government and some did not
+immediately direct their steps towards Kansas or Oklahoma; but made,
+through choice or through necessity, an intervening point a
+stopping-place. The Kickapoos, the Shawnees, and the Delawares tarried in
+Missouri, the Choctaws and the Cherokees, many of them, in Arkansas but
+that was before 1830, the date of the removal law. After 1830, there was
+no possible resting-place for weary Indians this side of the Ozark
+Mountains.
+
+[5] Some of the more insignificant southern Indians eventually found their
+way also to Oklahoma. In 1860 there were a few Louisiana Caddoes in the
+northwestern part of the Chickasaw country, most likely the same that, in
+1866, were reported to have been driven out of Texas in 1839 by
+bushwhackers and then out of the Washita country at the opening of the
+Civil War. They continued throughout the war loyal to the United States.
+In 1853 the Choctaw General Council passed an act admitting to the rights
+of citizenship several Catawba Indians; and from that circumstance, the
+Office of Indian Affairs surmised that the Choctaws would be willing to
+incorporate Catawbas yet in the Carolinas. In 1857 there were about
+seventy Catawbas in South Carolina on a tiny reservation. They expressed
+an ardent wish to go among the Choctaws. In 1860 the Catawbas were in
+possession of the northeastern part of the Choctaw country.
+
+[6] For the detailed history of events leading up to Indian removals,
+particularly the southern, see American Historical Association, _Report_,
+1906, 241-450.
+
+[7] Not all of the southern Indians had emigrated in the thirties and
+forties. A considerable number of Cherokees removed themselves from the
+country east of the Mississippi to Texas. This was immediately subsequent
+to and induced by the American Revolution [Texas Historical Association,
+_Quarterly_, July, 1897, 38-46 and October, 1903, 95-165]. Many Cherokees,
+likewise, took the suggestion of President Jefferson and moved to the
+Arkansas country prior to 1820. Moreover, there were "Eastern Cherokees"
+in controversy with the "Western Cherokees" for many years after the Civil
+War. Their endless quarrels over property proved the occasion of much
+litigation. In the late fifties active measures were taken by the Office
+of Indian Affairs to complete the removal of the Seminoles and to
+accomplish by intrigue and diplomacy what the long and expensive Second
+Seminole War had utterly failed to do. Elias Rector of Arkansas
+superintended the matter and the Seminole chief, John Jumper, gave
+valuable assistance, as did also the Creeks, who generously granted to the
+Seminoles a home within the Creek country west [Creek Treaty, 1856,
+Kappler's _Indian Laws and Treaties_, vol. ii, 757]. Billy Bowlegs was the
+last Seminole chief of prominence to leave Florida [Coe's _Red Patriots_,
+198]. In 1853 there were still some four hundred Choctaws reported as
+living in Alabama and there must have been even more than that in
+Mississippi. In 1854 steps were taken, but unsuccessfully, for their
+removal. In 1859 Representative John J. McRae presented a petition from
+citizens of various Mississippi counties asking that the Choctaws be
+removed altogether from the state because of their intimacy and
+intercourse with the negroes. The Office of Indian Affairs refused to act.
+Perchance, it considered the moment inopportune or the means at hand
+insufficient. It may even have considered the charge against the Choctaws
+a mere pretext and quite unfounded since it was commonly reported that the
+Choctaws had a decided aversion to that particular kind of race mixture.
+In that respect they differed very considerably from the Creeks who to-day
+are said to present a very curious spectacle of an almost complete
+mixture. Choctaws from Mississippi and Cherokees from North Carolina and
+Catawbas from South Carolina fought with the South in the Civil War.
+
+[8] Other Indians made trouble during the progress of the Civil War, as,
+for instance, the Sioux in the summer of 1862. The Sioux, however, were
+not fighting for or against the issues of the white man's war. They were
+simply taking advantage of a favorable occasion, when the United States
+government was preoccupied, to avenge their own wrongs.
+
+[9] The existence of the "Cherokee Neutral Land" out of which the
+southeastern counties of Kansas were illegitimately formed was not exactly
+an exception to this. The Neutral Land, eight hundred thousand acres in
+extent, was an independent purchase, made by the Cherokees, and was not
+included in the exchange or in the original scheme that forced their
+removal from Georgia. It was a subsequent concession to outraged justice.
+
+[10] By far the best instance of missionary activity in behalf of slavery
+among the northern Indian immigrants is to be found in the case of the
+Reverend Thomas Johnson's work at the Shawnee Mission [Ray's _Repeal of
+the Missouri Compromise_, footnote 207]. Johnson, like William Walker,
+head chief of the Wyandots, was an ardent pro-slavery advocate [_ibid._,
+footnote 205] and took a rather disgracefully prominent part in the
+notorious election frauds of early Kansas territorial days [House
+_Report_, 34th congress, first session, no. 200, pp. 14, 18, 94, 425].
+
+[11] Buchanan's _Works_, vol. iii, 348, 350, 353.
+
+[12] Siebert's _Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom_, 284.
+
+[13] The most interesting case that came up in this connection was that of
+the so-called Beams' Negroes, resident in the Choctaw country and
+illegally claimed as refugees by John B. Davis of Mississippi [Indian
+Office, _Special Files_, no. 277]. The Reverend S. A. Worcester interested
+himself in their behalf [Jefferson Davis to Worcester, October 7, 1854]
+and a decision was finally rendered in their favor. Another interesting
+case of similar nature was, "In re negroes taken from Overton Love and
+David Wall of the Chickasaw Nation by Citizens of Texas, 1848-'57"
+[_ibid._, no. 278].
+
+[14] Under the Intercourse Law of 1834, the Indian Territory had been
+annexed for judicial purposes to the western district of Arkansas. The
+Indians were much dissatisfied. They felt themselves entitled to a federal
+court of their own, a privilege the United States government persistently
+denied to them but one that the Confederate government readily granted. As
+matters stood, prior to the Civil War, the red men seemed always at the
+mercy of the white man's distorted conception of justice and were,
+perforce, quite beyond the reach of the boasted guaranties of theoretical
+Anglo-Saxon justice since the very location of the court precluded a trial
+by their peers of the vicinage. The journey to Arkansas, in those early
+days, was long and tiresome and expensive. Complications frequently arose
+and matters, difficult of adjustment, even under the best of circumstance.
+Among the Creeks and Seminoles, the status of the free negro was
+exceptionally high, partly due, with respect to the latter, to conditions
+growing out of the Second Seminole War. As already intimated, the Creeks
+had no aversion whatsoever to race mixtures and intermarriage between
+negroes and Indians was rather common. The half-breeds resulting from such
+unions were accepted as bona fide members of the tribe by the Indians in
+the distribution of annuities, but not by the United States
+courts--another source of difficulty and a very instructive one as well,
+particularly from the standpoint of reconstructionist exactions.
+
+Occasionally the presence of the free negro within the Indian country was
+a source of grave danger. The accompanying letters outline a case in
+point:
+
+    HEAD QUARTERS 7TH. MIL: DEPT. FORT SMITH, March 5th. 1852.
+
+    SIR: By direction of the Colonel commanding the Department I transmit
+    herewith copies of a communication from George Folsom, Chief of the
+    Pushmataha District, to Colonel Wilson Choctaw Agent and one from
+    Colonel William Wilson Choctaw Agent to Brevet Major Holmes commanding
+    Fort Washita asking aid from the Military force.
+
+    As the letter from the Choctaw Agent is not sufficiently explicit as
+    to what he wishes done by the Military authority the subject is
+    referred to you, and if on investigation it be found that Military
+    interference is necessary to enforce the intercourse law, prompt
+    assistance will be rendered for the purposes therein specified, under
+    the direction and in presence of the Choctaw Agent. Respectfully Yr
+    Obt. Servt.,
+
+        FRANCIS N PAGE, Asst. Adjt. Genl.
+
+    Colonel John Drennen, Superintendent W. T.
+
+
+    _Inclosure_
+
+    CHOCTAW AGENCY, February 9th 1852
+
+    SIR: The enclosed copy of a letter from Colonel George Folsom Chief of
+    Pushmataha District of the Choctaw Nation will put you in possession
+    of the facts and reasons why I address you at this time.
+
+    As the position of the free Negros and Indians alluded to in the
+    Chief's letter seems to be of rather a hostile character, having built
+    themselves a Fort doubtless for the purpose of defending themselves if
+    interupted in their present location, it seems to me necessary that
+    they should be driven away if necessary by Military authority; and, as
+    your post is the most convenient to the place where the Negroes and
+    Indians are Forted I have thought that a command could be sent with
+    less trouble and at less expense to the government by you than any one
+    else. I would therefore most respectfully call upon you to take such
+    steps as you may think most advisable to remove from the Choctaw
+    country the persons complained of by the Chief, and if necessary call
+    upon Chief Folsom to aid you with his light horse, who may be of much
+    service to you in the way of Guides. Very Respectfully Yr. Obt Servt.
+
+        (Signed) WILLIAM WILSON, Choctaw Agent
+
+    [Endorsement] A true Copy, Francis N Page, Asst. Adjt. Genl.
+
+
+    _Inclosure_
+
+    PUSHMATAHA DISTRICT, January 23. 1852.
+
+    DEAR SIR: I spoke to you about those free negroes upon the head waters
+    of Boggy, when I last saw you, requesting to have something done with
+    them. I have just learned that the negroes and some Indians are banded
+    together and have built themselves a little Fort. There is no doubt
+    but that they will be a great trouble to us. One of our country judges
+    sent for the light-horse-men to go and seize the negroes, but I have
+    forbid them going, and many of our people wish to go and see them. I
+    have forbid any body to go there with intentions to take them. It will
+    no doubt be hard to break them up. You have probably just returned
+    home, and it may seem tresspassing upon you to write you about those
+    negroes and Indians, but you are our agent and we have the right to
+    look to you for help. It seems to me this affair wants an immediate
+    action on it.
+
+    I have simply stated to you how these negroes and Indians are Forted
+    up that you may better know how to deal with them. In purforming your
+    duties if I can in any way render you any assistance I shall always be
+    happy to do so. Very respectfully Your friend
+
+        (Signed) GEORGE FOLSOM, Chief Push: Dist:
+
+    Col: William Wilson, Choctaw Agent [Endorsement] a true Copy, Francis
+    N Page, Asst. Adjt. Genl.
+
+[15] Buchanan's _Works_, vol. x, "the Catron letter," 106; "the Grier
+letter," 106-107.
+
+[16] This was as it appeared to N. G. Taylor, Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs, as he looked back, in 1867, upon events of the past few years. He
+was then of the opinion that the very existence of slavery among the
+southern tribes had most probably saved their country from being coveted
+by emigrants going westward.
+
+[17] One agency under the Southern Superintendency, the Neosho River
+Agency, was, however, included in the scheme preliminary to the
+organization of Kansas and Nebraska. See the following letters found in
+Thomas S. Drew's _Letter Press Book_:
+
+    (a) OFFICE SUPT. IND. AFFAIRS FORT SMITH, ARKS., Dec. 21, 1853.
+
+    SIR: Inclosed herewith you will receive letters from Agent Dorn, dated
+    the 1st and 2nd instant; the former in relation to the disposition of
+    the Indians within his agency to meet Commissioners on the subject of
+    selling their lands, or having a Territorial form of Government extend
+    over them by the United States: and the latter nominating John Finch
+    as Blacksmith to the Great and Little Osages. Very respectfully Your
+    obt. servt.
+
+        A. H. RUTHERFORD, Clerk for Supt.
+
+    Hon. Geo. W. Manypenny, Com{r} Ind. Affairs
+      Washington City.
+
+
+    (b) OFFICE SUPT. INDIAN AFFAIRS FORT SMITH, ARKS. Dec. 29, 1853.
+
+    SIR: ... I have also to acknowledge the receipt of letters from you of
+    the 2nd instant to the Commissioner of Ind. Affrs. upon the subject of
+    the Indians within your Agency being willing to meet Commissioners on
+    the part of the U. S. preparatory to selling their lands, or to take
+    into consideration the propriety of admitting a Territorial form of
+    Government extended over them &. ...
+
+        A. H. RUTHERFORD, Clerk for Supt.
+
+    A. J. Dorn, U. S. Indian Agt., Crawford Seminary.
+
+[18] In this connection, the following are of interest:
+
+    (a) The Choctaws, it is understood, are prepared to receive and assent
+    to the provisions of a bill introduced three years since into the
+    Senate by Senator Johnson of Arkansas, for the creation of the
+    Territories of Chah-la-kee, Chah-ta, and Muscokee, and it is greatly
+    to be hoped that that or some similar bill may be speedily enacted....
+    Their country, a far finer one than Kansas.... The Choctaws have
+    adopted a new constitution, vesting the supreme executive power in a
+    governor.... It is understood that this change has been made
+    preparatory to the acceptance of the bill already mentioned.
+
+The foregoing is taken from the _Annual Report_ of the southern
+superintendent for 1857 and in that report, Elias Rector who was then the
+superintendent, having taken office that very year, argued that all the
+five great tribes ought to be allowed to have delegates on the floor of
+Congress and to be made citizens of the United States; for the
+constitutions of the Cherokees, Choctaws, and Chickasaws would compare
+favorably, said he, with those of any of the southwestern states [Senate
+_Documents_, 35th congress, first session, vol. ii, 485].
+
+    (b) The Fort Smith _Times_ of February 3, 1859 printed the following:
+
+    SAM HOUSTON AND THE PRESIDENCY
+
+    The following we take from a printed slip sent to us by our Doaksville
+    correspondent, who informs us that it was sent to that office just as
+    he sends it. We presume that it is the programme laid down by some of
+    the Texas papers, friendly to the election of Sam Houston to the
+    Presidency....
+
+    _Re-organization of the Territories_
+
+    1. The organization of the Aboriginal Territory of Decotah, from that
+    part of the late Territory of Minnesota, lying west of the State of
+    Minnesota.
+
+    2. To fix the western boundaries of Kansas and Nebraska, at the
+    Meridian 99 or 100; and to establish in those Territories, Aboriginal
+    counties, for the exclusive and permanent occupation of the Aboriginal
+    tribes now located east of that line and within those Territories;
+    also to provide, that said Territories shall not be admitted into the
+    Union as States unless their several Constitutions provide for the
+    continuation of the Federal regulations adopted for better government
+    and welfare of the Aboriginal tribes inhabiting the same.
+
+    3. To organize the Indian territory lying west of Arkansas, as "the
+    Aboriginal Territory of Neosho," under regulation similar to those
+    proposed by Hon. Robert W. Johnson of Arkansas in 1854 for the
+    organization of the Indian territory of Neosho.
+
+    4. To purchase from the State of Texas all that portion of the State
+    lying north of the Red river and include the same in the Aboriginal
+    territory of Comanche or Ouachita.
+
+    5. The territory of New Mexico.
+
+    6. From the western portion of New Mexico to take the Aboriginal
+    territory of Navajoe.
+
+    7. From the western portion of Utah, to take the Aboriginal territory
+    of Shoshone.
+
+    Re-organize the eastern part of Utah, (the Mormon country), as an
+    Aboriginal territory.
+
+    Organize the western territory of Osage.
+
+    From Nebraska, west of the M.100, and south of the 45th parallel take
+    the Aboriginal territory of Mandan.
+
+    Organize the eastern half of Oregon, as the Aboriginal territory of
+    Umatilla.
+
+    Washington east of the M.118 to be the Aboriginal territory of
+    Okanagan.
+
+    Nebraska, north of the 45th parallel to be the Aboriginal territory of
+    Assinneboin. Emigration into these territories to be prohibited by law
+    of Congress, until the same shall have been admitted into the Union as
+    States.
+
+    In each territory, a resident Military Police to preserve order....
+
+    (c) Henry Wilson, in the _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, vol. ii,
+    634-635 says,
+
+    In the Indian Territory there were four tribes of Indians--Cherokees,
+    Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Creeks. Under the fostering care of their
+    governments slavery had become so firmly established that slaveholders
+    thought them worthy of political fellowship, and articles in favor of
+    their admission began to appear in the southern press. "The progress
+    of civilization," said the New Orleans "Picayune," "in several of the
+    Indian tribes west of the States will soon bring up a new question for
+    the decision of Congress.... It cannot fail to give interest to this
+    question that each of the Indian tribes has adopted the social
+    institutions of the South." To concentrate and give direction to such
+    efforts, a secret organization was formed to encourage Southern
+    emigration, and to discourage and prevent the entrance into the
+    Territory of all who were hostile to slaveholding institutions. It was
+    hoped thus to guard against adverse fortune which had defeated their
+    purposes and plans for Kansas....
+
+[19] With reference to the proposed organization the subjoined documents
+are of interest:
+
+    C. STREET, July 2.
+
+    MR. MIX,
+
+    Dear Sir, Please have the western boundary of Mis. laid down on this
+    map, and the _outline_ of the Pawnee, Kanzas & Osage purchases, and
+    the reservations, as they now stand within that _outline_. You need
+    not show each purchase, but the _outline_ of the whole. Yours truly
+
+        THOMAS H. BENTON.
+
+Letter of July 2, 1853, Indian Office _Miscellaneous Files, 1851-1854_.
+
+    WASHINGTON CITY, August 5th, 1854.
+
+    Hon. G. W. MANYPENNY Esq., Com Indian Department, Washington City.
+
+    Dear Sir, Many people of Ohio, as well as of the states west of it,
+    have for a long time been most anxious to learn through your
+    Department, the nature of the several treaties made by yourself in
+    behalf of the Government, with the several tribes of Indians occupying
+    the Territories of Nebraska & Kansas: particularly as to the
+    _reservation_ of _land_ made by such Tribes, _its extent_, _where_,
+    _when_, & how to be _located_, & _within what time_,--and also what
+    lands in both of said Territories by virtue of said treaties _are now
+    subject to location_?
+
+    I regret to inform you that much censure has attached to your
+    Department, in consequence of the delay which has attended the
+    promulgation of the above information, but which from my long
+    knowledge of you personally, and of the very prompt manner in which
+    you have invariably discharged your public duties, I believe to be
+    most unjust.
+
+    I seek the above information, not only for myself (contemplating a
+    removal to Kansas) but also in behalf of many persons in the western
+    states, who have solicited my intervention in that matter on my visit
+    to this City. Very respectfully your friend
+
+        S. W. WHITE
+
+Indian Office _Miscellaneous Files, 1851-1854_.
+
+    C. STREET, Aug. 19, '53.
+
+    To GEO. W. MANYPENNY ESQ., Com. of Indian Affairs,
+
+    Sir, I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your note of
+    yesterday with the accompanying copy of a letter to the Hon. Mr.
+    Atchison, and make my thanks to you for this mark of your attention.
+    The reply will be immediately forwarded to Meas Ami, to be published
+    in the same paper in which your note to me covering the map on which
+    the Indian's cessions & reserves west of Missouri, was published. Very
+    respectfully, Sir, Yr. obt. servant,
+
+        THOMAS H. BENTON.
+
+Indian Office _Miscellaneous Files, 1851-1854._
+
+[20] Ray, _op. cit._, 86; Connelley, in Kansas Historical Society,
+_Collections_, vol. vi, 102; Connelley, _Provincial Government of Nebraska
+Territory_, pp. 24, 30 _et seq._
+
+The Wyandots took an active part in the Kansas election troubles. For some
+evidence of that, see, House _Reports_, 34th congress, first session, no.
+200, pp. 22, 266.
+
+[21] By the treaty of 1837 [Kappler, _op. cit._, vol. ii, 486], the
+Choctaws, for a money consideration as was natural, agreed to let the
+Chickasaws occupy their country jointly with themselves and form a
+Chickasaw District within it that should be on a par with the other
+districts (Moo-sho-le-tubbee, Apucks-hu-nubbe, and Push-ma-ta-ha), or
+political units, of the Choctaw Nation. The arrangement meant political
+consolidation, one General Council serving for the two tribes, but each
+tribe retaining control of its own annuities. The boundaries of the
+Chickasaw District proved the subject of a contention, constant and
+bitter. Civil war was almost precipitated more than once. Finally, in
+1855, the political connection was brought to an end by the terms of the
+Treaty of Washington [Kappler, _op. cit._, vol. ii, 706], negotiated in
+that year.
+
+[22] See Report of C. C. Copeland to Cooper, August 27, 1855.
+
+[23] A secret society is said to have been formed in Missouri for the
+express purpose of gaining the Shawnee land for slavery.
+
+[24] Dean wrote to Butler, November 29, 1855 [_Letter Press Book_] saying
+that the disturbed state of things in Kansas was having a very serious
+effect upon the Cherokee Neutral Land. Early in 1857, Butler reported that
+he had given notice that if intruders had not removed themselves by spring
+he would have them removed by the military [Butler to Dean, January 9,
+1857]. Manypenny approved Butler's course of action which is quite
+significant, considering that the federal administration was supposed to
+be unreservedly committed to the pro-slavery cause and the intruders were
+pro-slavery men from across the border.
+
+[25] Andrew Dorn took charge of the Neosho Agency, to which these
+reservations as well as the Quapaw, Seneca, and Seneca and Shawnee
+belonged, in 1855 and regularly had occasion to complain of intruders.
+White people seem to have felt that they could with impunity encroach upon
+the New York Indian lands because they were only sparsely settled and
+because the Indian title was in dispute.
+
+[26] Apart from any sectional desire to obtain the Indian country,
+would-be settlers seem to have been attracted thither from a mistaken
+notion that there were mines of precious metals west of Missouri
+[Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1858].
+
+[27] As early as 1857, the Sacs and Foxes of Missouri were reported as
+looking for a new home to the southward, in a less rigorous climate, and,
+with that purpose in mind, they visited the Cherokees. When the Delaware
+treaty of 1860 was being negotiated, the Delawares expressed themselves as
+very anxious to get away from white interference, to leave Kansas. The
+Ottawas thought and thought rightly, forsooth, judging from the experience
+of the past, that removal would do no good. They declared a preference for
+United States citizenship and tribal allotment [Jotham Meeker, Baptist
+missionary, to Agent James, September 4, 1854, also Agent James's
+_Report_, 1857]. At this same period, Agent Dorn reported that the Kansas
+River Shawnees were desirous of joining those of the Neosho Agency.
+Greenwood replied, January 18, 1860, that the subject of allowing the
+northern Indians to go south was then under consideration by the
+department [Letter to Superintendent Rector].
+
+[28] The evidence of this is to be found in a letter from W. G. Coffin to
+Dole, June 17, 1861 [_Neosho Files, 1838-1865_, C1223].
+
+[29] For information on this subject, see Carroll's _American Church
+History_, 19, 93, 253-254, 302.
+
+[30] Feeling that, under the treaty of 1854, they were free to choose
+whatever denomination they pleased to reside among them, the Kickapoos
+expressed a preference for the Methodist Episcopal Church South, but the
+Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions was already established among their
+neighbors of the Otoe and Missouria and Great Nemaha Agencies, their own
+agent, Mr. Baldwin, was a Presbyterian, and so, before long, in some
+almost unaccountable way, they found that the Presbyterians (Old School)
+had obtained an entry upon their reserve and had established a mission
+school there. The Kickapoos were indignant, as well they had a right to
+be, and made as much trouble as they possibly could for the Presbyterians.
+In 1860, the Presbyterian Board vacated the premises and the Methodist
+Episcopal Church South took possession, Agent Badger favoring the change.
+The change was of but short duration, however; for, in 1861, the Southern
+Methodists, finding the sympathy of the Kickapoos was mainly with the
+federal element, took their departure.
+
+[31] Ray, _op. cit._, 86, footnote 107.
+
+[32] The most flourishing schools seem to have been the Roman Catholic.
+The Roman Catholics did not greatly concern themselves, as a church
+organization, with the slavery agitation, and St. Mary's Mission and the
+Osage Manual Labor School were scarcely affected by the war and not at all
+by the troubles that presaged its approach.
+
+[33] The Baptist school among the Potawatomies closed in 1861. See
+Appendix.
+
+[34] House _Report_, 34th congress, first session, no. 200, pp. 14, 18,
+94, 425.
+
+[35] See Indian Office, _Special File, no. 220_.
+
+[36] The work of the American Board among the Cherokees was discontinued
+just before the war [_Missionary Herald_, 1861, p. 11; American Board
+_Report_, 1860, p. 137].
+
+[37] The four were: "Park hill, five miles south from Tahlequah; Dwight,
+forty-two miles south-southwest from Tahlequah; Fairfield, twenty-five
+miles southeast from Tahlequah; Lee's creek, forty-three miles southeast
+from Tahlequah"--Commissioner of Indian Affairs [_Report_, 1859, p. 173].
+There had been a fifth, an out station.
+
+[38] The Congregational schools among the Choctaws were: Iyanubbi, near
+the Arkansas line; Wheelock, eighteen miles east of Doaksville; and
+Chuahla, one mile from Doaksville.
+
+[39] The Southern Baptist Convention had not been long in the county prior
+to the Civil War. The Methodist Episcopal Church South had no schools but
+several missionaries. The American Baptist Missionary Union had a number
+of meeting-houses.
+
+[40] The Presbyterians (Old School) established Wah-pa-nuc-ka Institute
+for young women, forty miles north of Red River and one and one-eighth
+miles west of the Choctaw and Chickasaw line; but differences arose
+between the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions and the Chickasaw
+authorities, neither institutional nor sectional, but purely financial,
+which caused the Presbyterians to abandon the school in 1860 [C. H.
+Wilson, attorney for the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, to
+Cooper, April 16, 1860]. The Presbyterian schools among the Choctaws were:
+Spencer Academy, "located on the old military road leading from Fort
+Towson to Fort Smith, about ten miles north of Fort Towson," and Koonsha
+Female Seminary. Both of them were under the Presbyterian Board. A third
+institution, Armstrong Academy, belonged to the Cumberland Presbyterians.
+The Southern Methodists had Bloomfield Academy, Colbert Institute, and the
+Chickasaw Manual Labor School among the Chickasaws; and the Fort Coffee
+and New Hope academies, for boys and girls respectively, among the
+Choctaws.
+
+[41] The Seminoles were late in manifesting an interest in education, and,
+when interest did arise among them, John Jumper, the chief, declared for
+boarding-schools and asked that such be established under the Presbyterian
+Board, the same that had influence among their near neighbors, the Creeks.
+
+[42] The American Board itself was inclined to be non-committal and
+temporizing [Garrison, op. cit., vol. iii, 30]. The _Missionary Herald_,
+so valuable an historical source as it proved itself to be for Indian
+removals, is strangely silent on the great subject of negro slavery among
+the Indians. Its references to it are only very occasional and never more
+than incidental.
+
+[43] Kingsbury was superintendent of the Chuahla Female Seminary.
+
+[44] Worcester died, April, 1859 [_Missionary Herald_, 1859, p. 187; 1860,
+p. 12].
+
+[45] _Missionary Herald_, 1859, pp. 335-336; 1860, p. 12; The American
+Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, _Report_, 1856, p. 195.
+
+[46] Report of C. C. Copeland, 1860.
+
+[47] Cooper was also Chickasaw agent. On the fifth of October, 1854, some
+of the principal men of the Chickasaw Nation, Cyrus Harris, James Gamble,
+Sampson Folsom, Jackson Frazier, and D. Colbert, petitioned President
+Pierce for the removal of Agent Andrew J. Smith on charges of official
+irregularity and gross immorality. A year later, Superintendent Dean
+reiterated the charges. Smith's commission was revoked, November 9, 1855;
+and, in March, 1856, Cooper was assigned the Chickasaws as an additional
+charge. Henceforth, the two tribes had an agent in common.
+
+[48] This note itself bore no date but there is documentary proof that it
+was received at Fort Smith, November 27, 1854. It is to be found in the
+Indian Office among the _Fort Smith Papers_.
+
+[49] The allusion is, of course, to the "higher law" doctrine expressed in
+Seward's Senate Speech of March 11, 1850.
+
+[50] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1859, pp. 190-191.
+
+The letter of Dr. Treat referred to by Agent Cooper is herewith given. It
+is accompanied by the letter that covered it and that letter, as it is
+found among the _Fort Smith Papers_ in the United States Indian Office,
+bears a record to the effect that the copy of it was transmitted by the
+southern superintendent to Washington, November 28, 1855.
+
+    FORT TOWSON Nov. 16, 1855
+
+    SIR: I have the pleasure to forward a copy of letter, addressed to the
+    Rev{d} S. B. Treat, Corresponding Secretary of the American Board of
+    Commissioners for Foreign Missions, by C. Kingsbury and
+    others--Missionaries among the Choctaws--and request the same may be
+    transmitted to the Hon Comr of Indian Affairs for the information of
+    the Government of the United States.
+
+    The letter as you will perceive refers to an exciting and highly
+    important subject--in which the States adjoining the Indian Territory
+    are deeply & directly interested, as well as the Choctaw People.
+
+    I cannot refrain from the expression of my gratification at the
+    position assured in this letter by the old and valued Missionaries
+    among the Choctaws. The copy was handed to me by Rev{d} Cyrus
+    Kingsbury, one of the signers to the original letter. Respectfully
+
+    DOUGLAS H. COOPER, U. S. Agent for Choctaws
+
+    Hon. C. M. Dean, Supt. Indian Affairs,
+      Ft Smith.
+
+
+    [_Inclosure_]--_Copy_
+
+    PINE RIDGE, CHOC. NA. Nov. 15, 1855.
+
+    REV. S. B. TREAT, Cor. Secretary of the A.B.C.F.M.
+
+    Rev. & Dear Brother, When the Rev. G. W. Wood visited us as a
+    deputation from the Prudential Committee, he treated us, our views,
+    and _our practice_ so kindly, and spoke to us so many encouraging
+    words, that we were constrained to meet him in a similar spirit of
+    concilliation. We were willing to re-examine the difference in views
+    on the subject of slavery, which for a long time had existed between
+    the Committee and ourselves, and to see if there was not common ground
+    on which we could stand together.
+
+    At the opening of the meeting at Good Water, Mr. Wood laid aside the
+    letter of June 22nd '/48. This was a subject we were not to discuss.
+    He then introduced, by way of compromise, as we understood it, certain
+    articles to show that there were principles, or modes of expression,
+    in relation to slavery, in which there was substantial agreement. To
+    these articles, though not expressed in every particular as we could
+    have wished, (and after some of them had been modified by oral
+    explanations,) we gave our assent, for the sake of peace. We hoped it
+    would put an end to agitation on a subject which had so long troubled
+    us, and hindered us in our work. We took it for granted that the
+    Committee had yielded certain important points, insisted on in the
+    letter of June 22nd '/48. This gladdened our hearts, and disposed us
+    to meet Mr. Wood's proposal in a spirit of concilliation and
+    confidence. We are not skilled in diplomacy, and had no thought that
+    we were assenting to articles which would be considered as covering
+    the whole ground of the letter of June 22nd. The first intimation that
+    we had been mistaken, was from a statement made by Mr. Wood, in New
+    York, that the result of the meeting at Good Water "_involved no
+    change of views or action_ on the part of the Prudential Committee and
+    Secretaries."
+
+    In Mr. Wood's report to the Pru. Com. which was read at Utica, the
+    Good Water document was placed in such a relation on to other
+    statements, as to make the impression that we had given our full and
+    willing assent to the entire letter of June 22d. The Com. on that
+    Report, of which Dr. Beman was chairman, say, "The great end aimed at
+    by the Pru. Com. in their correspondence with these missions for
+    several years; and by the Board at their last annual meeting; has been
+    substantially accomplished."
+
+    This is a result we had not anticipated. We can not consent to be thus
+    made to sanction principles and sentiments which are contrary to our
+    known, deliberate, and settled convictions of right, and to what we
+    understand to be the teachings of the word of God. We are fully
+    convinced that we can not go with the Committee and the Board, as to
+    the manner in which as Ministers of the Gospel and Missionaries we are
+    to deal with slavery. We believe the instructions of the Apostles, in
+    relation to this subject, are a sufficient guide, and that if followed
+    the best interests of society, as well as of the Church, will be
+    secured.
+
+    We have no wish to give the Com. or the Board farther trouble on this
+    subject. As there is no prospect that our views can be brought to
+    harmonize, we must request that our relations to the A.B.C.F.M. may be
+    dissolved in a way that will do the least harm to the Board, and to
+    our Mission.
+
+    We have endeavored to seek Divine guidance in this difficult matter,
+    and we desire to do that which shall be most for the glory of our
+    Divine Master, and the best interests of his cause among this people.
+    We regret the course we feel compelled to take, but we can see no
+    other relief from our present embarassment. Fraternally and truly
+    yours,
+
+    (Signed) C. KINGSBURY     C. C. COPELAND
+             C. BYINGTON      O. P. STARK
+             E. HOTCHKIN
+
+[51] That the Buchanan administration did endorse pro-slavery policy and
+actions requires no proof today. The findings of the Covode committee of
+investigation, 1860, are in themselves sufficient evidence, were other
+evidence lacking, of the intensely partisan and corrupt character of the
+Democratic regime just prior to the Civil War. Of the officials, having
+Indian concerns in charge, the Secretary of the Interior and the
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs are, for present purposes, alone important.
+Buchanan's Secretary of the Interior was Jacob Thompson, who had formerly
+been a representative in Congress from Mississippi and had thrown all the
+weight of his influence in favor of the Lecompton constitution for Kansas
+[Rhodes, J. F. _History of the United States_, vol. ii, 277]. After his
+retirement from Buchanan's cabinet, Thompson served as commissioner from
+Mississippi, working in North Carolina for the accomplishment of secession
+[Moore's _Rebellion Record_, vol. i, 5]. A. B. Greenwood of Arkansas was
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs in Buchanan's time. He also had been in
+Congress and, while there, had served on the House Committee of
+Investigation into Brooks's attack upon Sumner. He formed with Howell Cobb
+of Georgia the minority element [Von Holst, vol. v, 324].
+
+[52] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1860, p. 129.
+
+[53] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1859, p. 172.
+
+[54] Greenwood to Rector, March 14, 1860 [Indian Office, _Letter Book_,
+no. 63, p. 128]; Greenwood to Cowart, March 14, 1860 [_ibid._, 125].
+
+[55] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1860. See also additional
+documents in Appendix B.
+
+[56] The following extract from the _Fort Smith Times_ of February 3, 1859
+makes particular mention of the Reverend Evan Jones:
+
+    In the _True Democrat_ of the 19th inst., we find an article credited
+    to the _Fort Smith Times_, in which the Rev. Evan Jones, a Baptist
+    Missionary, residing near the State line, Washington county, is
+    handled rather roughly so far as words are concerned. He is said to be
+    an abolitionist, and a very dangerous man, meddling with the affairs
+    of the Cherokees, and teaching them abolition principles.
+
+    "As such reports will be circulated to the prejudice of the Southern
+    Baptists, we hereby request some of our Brethren in the northwest part
+    of the State to write us the grounds for such reports.
+
+    "Is the 'Rev. Evan Jones' connected with any Missionary Society and if
+    so, what one?
+
+    "We hope shortly to hear more concerning this matter."
+
+    The above notice is from the first number of the _Arkansas Baptist_, a
+    new paper just published in Little Rock, P. S. G. Watson, Editor. It
+    was not our intention to cast any reflections on the Baptist Church by
+    noticing the Rev. gentleman named above, as we have great respect for
+    the Church. We deny, however, that Mr. Jones "is handled roughly so
+    far as words are concerned," for there are no harsh words or epithets
+    in the article referred to; but he is _handled roughly_ so far as
+    _facts_ are concerned. He is a Missionary Baptist, and the society by
+    which he is supported, has, we believe, its headquarters in Boston,
+    Mass. Mr. Jones' conduct has been fully reported to the Indian office,
+    at Washington, by a number of the Cherokees, and by their Agent, Mr.
+    George Butler, to whom we refer the editor of the _Baptist_, for the
+    truth of the charges we have made against him; and, if they are not
+    satisfactory we can give a full history of Evan Jones' conduct for a
+    number of years, well known among the Cherokees.
+
+In connection with the foregoing newspaper extract, it is well to note
+that Richard Johnson was the editor of the _True Democrat_. Richard was a
+brother of Robert W. Johnson who represented one faction of the Democratic
+party in Arkansas while Thomas C. Hindman represented another. This was
+before their devotion to the Confederate cause had made them friends.
+Robert W. Johnson served in the United States Congress, first as
+representative, then as senator. He was later a senator in the Confederate
+States Congress. The Johnson family, although not so numerous as the
+Rector family, was, like it, strongly secessionistic.
+
+[57] Greenwood to Thompson, June 4, 1860 [Indian Office, _Report Book_,
+no. 12, pp. 323-324].
+
+[58] Connelley, _Quantrill and the Border Wars_, 147-149, 152.
+
+[59] Siebert, _Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom_, 284.
+
+[60] This party came to be known, almost exclusively, as the Treaty Party.
+After the murder of John Ridge, from whom the party took its name, his
+nephew, Stand Watie, became its leader. Stand Watie figured conspicuously
+on the southern side in the Civil War.
+
+[61] A good general account of these Cherokee factional disputes may be
+found in Thomas Valentine Parker's _Cherokee Indians_.
+
+[62] Kappler, _op. cit._, vol. ii, 561; Polk's _Diary_ (Quaife's edition),
+vol. ii, 80.
+
+[63] George Butler to Dean, January 9, 1857.
+
+[64] "... The Cherokee Council is in session, tho they do not seem to be
+doing much. It will hold about four weeks yet. I will stay till it breaks.
+I think the Councilmen seem to be split on some questions. It seems as if
+there are two parties. One is called the land selling party & those
+opposed to selling the land (that is Neutral lands). They passed a bill
+last council to sell it. Congress would not have anything to do with it &
+in fact they got up a protest against selling it & sent it to Washington
+City & they did not sell the land."--Extract from J. C. Dickinson to
+Captain Mark T. Tatum, dated Tahlequah, October 16, 1860 [_Fort Smith
+Papers_].
+
+[65] Kappler, _op. cit._, vol. ii, 388.
+
+[66] Rector to Greenwood, June 14, 1860.
+
+[67] Tuckabatche Micco and other Creek chiefs wished the southern
+Comanches to be located somewhere between the Red and Arkansas Rivers.
+That might or might not have meant a settlement upon the actual Creek
+reservation. Manypenny promised to look into the matter and find out
+whether there were any vacant lands in the region designated [Manypenny to
+Dean, May 25, 1855, Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no. 51, pp. 444-445].
+
+[68] Dean to Manypenny, November 24, 1856, and related documents [General
+Files, _Chickasaw_, 1854-1858, D304, I400].
+
+[69] For Choctaw political disturbances in 1858, see General Files,
+_Choctaw_, 1859-1866, I933 and R1004.
+
+[70] Some of the Tonkawas most probably went back to their old Texan
+hunting-grounds upon the breaking out of the war and were found encamped,
+in 1866, around San Antonio [Cooley to Sells, February 15, 1866, Indian
+Office, _Letter Book_, no. 79, p. 293].
+
+[71] The Leased District was designed to accommodate any Indians that the
+United States government might see fit to place there, exclusive of New
+Mexican Indians, who had caused the Wichitas a great deal of trouble, and
+those tribes "whose usual ranges at present are north of the Arkansas
+River, and whose permanent locations are north of the Canadian...."
+[Kappler, _op. cit._, vol. ii, 708].
+
+[72] The treatment of the Indians by Texas will be made the subject of a
+later publication. The story is too long a one to be told here.
+
+[73] Mix to Rector, March 30, 1859 [Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no. 60,
+pp. 386-388].
+
+[74] _Annual Report_, 1857.
+
+[75] Samuel Cooper, the New York man, who was now in United States employ
+but later became adjutant-general of the Confederacy [Crawford, _Genesis
+of the Civil War_, 310], made, about this time, a very significant inquiry
+as to how many Indian warriors there were in the vicinity of the various
+settlements [Cooper to Mix, January 29, 1856, Indian Office,
+_Miscellaneous Files, 1858-1863_].
+
+[76] J. Thompson to J. B. Floyd, March 12, 1858 [Indian Office,
+_Miscellaneous Files_].
+
+[77] By this treaty, the Choctaws had surrendered to the United States all
+their claims to land beyond the one hundredth degree of west longitude.
+
+[78] Cooper to Rector, June 23, 1858.
+
+[79] Cooper to Rector, June 30, 1858.
+
+[80] Some of the Chickasaws came to Cooper under the lead of the United
+States interpreter, James Gamble, later Chickasaw delegate in the
+Confederate Congress.
+
+[81] The Cherokees soon deserted Cooper, no cause assigned. Why they were
+with him at all can not very easily be explained unless they were looking
+out for the interests of the "Cherokee Outlet". They may, indeed, have
+been some refugee Cherokees who, in 1854, were reported as living in the
+Chickasaw country and consorting with horse thieves and other desperadoes.
+Under ordinary circumstances, Cooper had no authority to command the
+actions of Cherokees and his call was to Choctaws and Chickasaws whose
+agent he was and whose interests were directly involved in the survey then
+being made.
+
+[82] On the question of the proposed site, see Rector's _Report_, 1859,
+pp. 307, 309. For Emory's familiarity with the region, note his report of
+a military reconnaissance undertaken by him in 1846 and 1847 [Pacific
+Railroad _Surveys_, vol. ii].
+
+[83] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1859, and accompanying
+documents.
+
+[84] It would seem that Van Dorn had been ordered by General Twiggs,
+commanding in Texas, to explore the country between the one hundredth and
+the one hundred and fourth meridians as far north as the Canadian River.
+He was to do it quite irrespective of department jurisdictional lines. Van
+Dorn had the Texan's unrelenting hatred for all Indians and, as was to
+have been expected, considering the latitude of his orders, soon got
+himself into trouble. It is interesting to note in connection with this
+affair and in view of all that followed when Van Dorn and Albert Pike were
+both serving under the Confederacy, that their dislike of each other dated
+from Pike's condemnation of Van Dorn's cruel treatment of the Comanches.
+
+[85] The contractor was Charles B. Johnson of Fort Smith. Under the firm
+name of Johnson & Grimes, this man and Marshal Grimes, also of Arkansas,
+were able again and again to secure subsistence contracts from Rector and
+always with the suspicion of fraud attaching. Whenever possible, Rector
+and his friends eliminated entirely the element of competition. Abram G.
+Mayers of Fort Smith seems to have been the chief informer against Rector.
+As a matter of fact, and this must be admitted in extenuation of Rector's
+conduct, the Indian field service was so grossly mismanaged, officials
+from the highest to the lowest were so corrupt, that it is not at all
+surprising that each one [unless by the merest chance he were strong
+enough morally to resist temptation] took every opportunity he could get
+to enrich himself at the Indian's expense; for, of course, all such
+ill-gotten gains came sooner or later out of the Indian fund. Very few
+Indian officials seem to have been able to pass muster in matters of
+probity during these troublous times. Secretary Thompson and even
+Ex-president Pierce were not above suspicion in the Indian's estimation
+[Article, signed by "Screw Fly" in the _Chickasaw and Choctaw Herald_,
+February 11, 1859]. Mix was accused of dishonesty, so were Commissioner
+Dole, Commissioner Cooley, and Secretary Usher, to say nothing of a host
+of lesser officials.
+
+[86] Supervising agent, Robert S. Neighbors, who had always befriended the
+Indians when he conveniently could against unfounded charges, was killed
+soon after the removal by vindictive Texans. S. A. Blain was then given
+charge of the Texas superintendency in addition to his own Wichita Agency.
+The consolidation of duties gave the Texans, apparently, a fresh
+opportunity to lodge complaints against the Wichitas.
+
+[87] These refugees were mostly Delawares and Kickapoos. There were other
+"strays," or "absentees," scattered here and there over the Indian
+country. There were Shawnees near the Canadian, Delawares among the
+Cherokees, and Shawnees and Kickapoos on the southwestern border of the
+Creek lands.
+
+[88] Matthew Leeper was appointed to succeed S. A. Blain as agent, July,
+1860. He had previously been special Indian agent in Texas.
+
+[89] Among the _Leeper Papers_ is found the following:
+
+    Notice: All free negroes are notified to leave the Wichita Reserve or
+    Leased District forthwith, except an old negro who is in charge of
+    Messrs. Grimes & Rector, who will be permitted to remain a few days.
+
+        [M. LEEPER], U. S. Ind. Agt.
+
+    Wichita Agency, L. D. Sept. 26, 1860.
+
+[90] The suffering among the Indians must have been very great. There was
+a complete failure of crops everywhere. Subsistence had to be continued to
+the Wichitas, the Seminoles were reported absolutely destitute, and even
+the provident Choctaws were obliged to memorialize Congress for relief on
+the basis of the Senate award under their treaty of 1855 [General Files,
+_Choctaw, 1859-1866_]. Out of this application of Choctaw funds to the
+circumstances of their own pressing needs, came the great scandal of the
+Choctaw Corn Contract, in which Agent Cooper and many prominent men of the
+tribe were implicated. In some way Albert Pike was concerned in it also;
+but it must have been practically the only time a specific charge of
+anything like peculation could possibly have been brought against any of
+his transactions. His character for honesty seems to have been impeccable.
+
+[91] In January, 1860, Agent Garrett asked the Creeks in their National
+Council to consent to the apportionment of the tribal lands. Motty Cunard
+[Motey Kennard] and Echo Mayo [Echo Harjo] sent the reply of the Council
+to Garrett, January 19, 1860. It was an unqualified and absolute refusal.
+
+[92] Cooper to Greenwood, March 31, 1860 [General Files, _Choctaw,
+1859-1866_, C445].
+
+[93] George E. Baker, _Works of W. H. Seward_ (edition of 1884), vol. iv,
+363; Bancroft's _Seward_, vol. ii, 460-470.
+
+[94] _Congressional Globe_, 33rd congress, first session, Appendix, p.
+155.
+
+[95] Dean to Manypenny, October 24, 1855 [Dean's _Letter Book_].
+
+[96] INDIAN TRUST FUND
+
+_List of stocks held by the Secretary of the Interior in trust for Indian
+tribes_
+
+    STATE           PER CENT              AMOUNT
+
+    Arkansas           5             $    3,000.00
+    Florida            7                132,000.00
+    Georgia            6                  3,500.00
+    Indiana            5                 70,000.00
+    Kentucky           5                183,000.00
+    Louisiana          6                 37,000.00
+    Maryland*          6                131,611.82
+    Missouri           5-1/2             63,000.00
+    Missouri           6                484,000.00
+    North Carolina     6                562,000.00
+    Ohio               6                150,000.00
+    Pennsylvania*      5                 96,000.00
+    South Carolina     6                125,000.00
+    Tennessee          5                218,000.00
+    Tennessee          6                143,000.00
+    United States      6                251,330.00
+    Virginia           6                796,800.00
+                                      ------------
+                                      3,449,241.82
+
+    *Taxed by the State.
+
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1859, p. 452.
+
+[97] David Hubbard to Ross and McCulloch, June 12, 1861 [_Official
+Records_, first ser., vol. xiii, 497].
+
+[98] The position of the tribes in the northern part of the Indian
+country, in Kansas, was considerably different from that of the tribes in
+the southern part, in Oklahoma. Each of the great tribes to the southward
+had a government of its own that was modelled very largely upon that of
+the various states. The tribes to the northward had retained, unchanged in
+essentials, their old tribal community government. Moreover, they had
+already been obliged to allow themselves to be circumscribed by
+territorial lines, soon to be state lines; their integrity had been broken
+in upon; and now they were not of sufficient importance to have, either
+individually or collectively, anything to say about the sectional
+affiliation of Kansas. As a matter of fact, they never so much as
+attempted to take general tribal action in the premises. Neither their
+situation nor their political organization permitted it.
+
+[99] An interruption to this came in the shape of the indefinitely defined
+"Cherokee Outlet," which lay north of Texas and in addition occupied the
+northern part of Indian Territory.
+
+[100] The subjoined map will illustrate the relative position of the
+individual Indian reservations. Although published in 1867, it is not
+correct for that date but is fairly correct for 1861. The "reconstruction
+treaties" of 1866 made various changes in the Indian boundaries but the
+map takes no account of them.
+
+[101] Van Buren had a short time previously been the headquarters of the
+Southern Superintendency.
+
+[102] We find that this intimate intercourse extended even to things
+scholastic; for, though there were plenty of female seminaries, so-called,
+within Indian Territory, Indian girls regularly attended similar
+institutions in Fayetteville [Bishop, A. W., _Loyalty on the Frontier_,
+143].
+
+[103] Bishop [_Loyalty on the Frontier_, 20] says that to the zeal of the
+Knights of the Golden Circle, or "Knaves of the Godless Communion," was
+mainly attributable "the treasonable complexion" of the Arkansas
+legislature that organized in November of 1860.
+
+[104] The following documents include the act of the Chickasaw Legislature
+and related correspondence:
+
+    Be it enacted by Legislature of the Chickasaw Nation, That the
+    Governor of the Chickasaw Nation, be and he is hereby authorized to
+    appoint four Commissioners, one from each county, namely:--Panola,
+    Pickens, Tishomingo, and Pontotoc County, on the part of the Chickasaw
+    Nation, to meet a like set of Commissioners appointed respectively by
+    the Choctaw, Creek, Cherokee, and Seminole Nations, to meet in General
+    Convention at such time and place That the Chief of the Creek Nation,
+    may set, for the purpose of entering into some compact, not
+    inconsistent with the Laws and Treaties of the United States, for the
+    future security and protection of the rights and Citizens of said
+    nations, in the event of a change in the United States, and to renew
+    the harmony and good feeling already established between said Nations
+    by a compact concluded & entered into on the 14th of Nov. 1859, at
+    Asbury Mission Creek Nation.
+
+    Be it further enacted That said Commissioners shall receive for their
+    services the sum of One hundred dollars each, and shall report the
+    proceedings of said Convention to the next session of the Chickasaw
+    Legislature for its approval or disapproval....
+
+    Passed the House Repts as amended Jany 5th 1861.
+
+    Passed Senate Jan. 5, 1861. Approved Jan. 5, 1861.
+
+Indian Office General Files--_Cherokee 1859-1865_, C515.
+
+    Enclosed please find an Act of the called Session of the Chickasaw
+    Legislature, the object of which you will readily understand. Your
+    cooperation, and union of action of the Cherokee people in effecting
+    the object therein expressed is hereby respectfully solicited.
+
+    It will be left to the Principal Chiefs of the Creek Nation to appoint
+    the time and place of meeting, of which you will have timely notice.--
+    CYRUS HARRIS, governor of the Chickasaw Nation, to John Ross,
+    principal chief of the Cherokees, dated Tishomingo, C. N. January 5th,
+    1861 [_ibid._].
+
+    You will please find enclosed a communication from the Gov{r} of the
+    Chickasaw Nation & an Act of the Chickasaw Legislature calling upon
+    their Brethren the Creeks to appoint a time & place for a General
+    Convention of the Chickasaws, Choctaws, Cherokees, and Creeks. We
+    therefore appoint the 17th inst. to meet at the General Council Ground
+    of the Creek Nation--At which time & place we will (be) happy to meet
+    our Brethren the Cherokees.-- JACOB DERRYSAW, acting chief of the
+    Creek Nation, to John Ross, dated Cowetah, Creek Nation, February 4,
+    1861 [ibid.].
+
+    I was much surprised to receive a proposition for taking action so
+    formal on a matter so important, without having any previous notice or
+    understanding about the business, which might have afforded
+    opportunity to confer with our respective Councils and People.
+
+    Although I regret most deeply, the excitement which has arisen among
+    our White brethren: yet _by us_ it can only be regarded as a family
+    misunderstanding among themselves. And it behooves us to be careful,
+    in any movement of ours, to refrain from adopting any measures liable
+    to be misconstrued or misrepresented:--and in which (at present at
+    least) we have no direct and proper concern.
+
+    I cannot but confidently believe, however, that there is wisdom and
+    virtue and moderation enough among the people of the United States, to
+    bring about a peaceable and satisfactory adjustment of their
+    differences. And I do not think we have the right to anticipate any
+    contingency adverse to the stability and permanence of the Federal
+    Union.
+
+    Our relations to the United States, as defined by our treaties, are
+    clear and definite. And the obligations growing out of them easily
+    ascertained. And it will ever be our wisdom and our interest to adhere
+    strictly to those obligations, and carefully to guard against being
+    drawn into any complications which may prove prejudicial to the
+    interests of our people, or imperil the security we now enjoy under
+    the protection of the Government of the United States as guaranteed by
+    our Treaties. In the very worst contingency that can be thought of,
+    the great National Responsibilities of the United States must and will
+    be provided for. And should a catastrophe as that referred to in
+    (your) communication, unhappily occur, then will be the time for us to
+    take proper steps for securing the rights and interests of our people.
+
+    Out of respect to the Chiefs of neighboring Nations, and from the deep
+    interest I feel for the peace and welfare of our red brethren, I have
+    deemed it proper to appoint a Delegation to attend the Council
+    appointed by the Creek Chiefs at your request, on the 17th inst. at
+    the Gen{l} Council Ground of the Creek Nation, for the purpose of a
+    friendly interchange of the views & sentiments on the general
+    interests of our respective Nations.
+
+    In the language of our Fathers, I am your
+
+        "Elder Friend and Brother"
+            JOHN ROSS, Principal Chief, Cherokee Nation.
+
+Extract from letter to Cyrus Harris, February 9, 1861 [_ibid._].
+
+    Previous to the receipt of your Communication enclosing the
+    proceedings of the Chickasaw Authorities, I had received similar
+    papers from the "Governor of the Chickasaw Nation."
+
+    And I herewith enclose for the information of yourself & people a copy
+    of my reply. I will appoint a Delegation to attend your Council for
+    the purpose therein stated.--Ross to Derrysaw, February 9, 1861
+    [_ibid._].
+
+    I have received a communication from the Gov. of the Chickasaw Nation,
+    with a copy of an Act of their Legislature. And I presume a similar
+    communication has been received by you. Deeming it important that much
+    prudence and caution should be exercised by us in regard to the object
+    of the Governor's communication, I have thought it proper to address
+    him a letter, giving a brief expression of my views on the subject, a
+    copy of which I enclose for your information.--Ross to the principal
+    chief of the Choctaw Nation, February 11, 1861 [_ibid._].
+
+[105] See preceding note.
+
+[106] The Creek Agency was probably chosen because of its convenient
+situation. It was at the junction of the North Fork and the Canadian and,
+consequently, in close proximity to three of the reservations and not far
+distant from the other two.
+
+[107] See Mrs. W. P. Ross, _Life and Times of William P. Ross_.
+
+[108] _American Historical Review_, vol. xv, 282.
+
+[109]
+
+    ... On your deliberations it will [be] proper for you to advise
+    discretion, and to guard against any premature movement on our part,
+    which might produce excitement or be liable to misrepresentation. Our
+    duty is very plain. We have only to adhere firmly to our respective
+    Treaties. By them we have placed ourselves under the protection of the
+    United States, and of no other sovereign whatever. We are bound to
+    hold no treaty with any foreign Power, or with any individual State or
+    combination of States nor with Citizens of any State. Nor even with
+    one another without the interposition and participation of the United
+    States....
+
+    Should any action of the Council be thought desirable, a resolution
+    might be adopted, to the effect, that we will in all contingencies
+    rest our interests on the pledged faith of the United States, for the
+    fulfilment of their obligations. We ought to entertain no apprehension
+    of any change, that will endanger our interests. The parties holding
+    the responsibilities of the Federal Government will always be bound to
+    us. And no measures we have it in our power to adopt can add anything
+    to the security we now possess. Relying on your intelligence &
+    discretion I will add no more.--CHIEF ROSS'S instructions to the
+    Cherokee Delegation, February 12, 1861 [Indian Office General File;
+    _Cherokee 1859-1865_, C515].
+
+[110] The Indian Office files are full of testimony proving John Ross's
+wisdom, foresight, sterling worth generally, and absolute devotion to his
+people. Indeed, his whole biography is written large in the records. His
+character was impeccable. Judged by any standard whatsoever, he would
+easily rank as one of the greatest of Indian half-breeds.
+
+[111] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. i, 682.
+
+[112] The evidence of this is to be found in an official letter from
+Commissioner W. P. Dole to Secretary Caleb B. Smith, under date of April
+30, 1861, which reads as follows:
+
+    I have the honor to enclose herewith a copy of a letter, dated 17th.
+    Inst. from Elias Rector, Esq., Supt. Indian Affairs ... together with
+    copy of its enclosure, being one addressed to _Col. W. H. Emory_ by
+    _M. Leeper_, Agent for the Indians within the "Leased District,"
+    having reference to the removal of the troops from Fort Cobb.
+
+    The Government being bound by treaty obligations to protect the
+    Indians from the incursions of all enemies, I would respectfully ask
+    to be informed, if it is not its intention to keep in the country a
+    sufficient force for the purpose.
+
+    The Choctaw and Chickasaw delegation--composed of the principal men of
+    those Nations--while recently in this City expressed great
+    apprehensions of attack upon their people, by Citizens of Texas and
+    Arkansas; and these delegations having assured me of their
+    determination to maintain a neutral position in the anticipated
+    difficulties throughout our Country, I would recommend that a depot
+    for arms be established within the Southern Superintendency in order
+    that the Indians there may be placed in the possession of the means to
+    defend themselves against any attack....--Indian Office _Report Book_,
+    no. 12, p. 152.
+
+[113] General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_, L632.
+
+[114] The letter can be found in manuscript form in Indian Office, _Letter
+Book_, no. 65, pp. 447-449, and in printed form in Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs, _Report_, 1861, p. 34.
+
+[115] _John Ross_, principal chief of the Cherokee Nation; _Cyrus Harris_,
+governor of the Chickasaw Nation; _M. Kennard_, principal chief of the
+Lower Creeks; _Echo Hadjo_ [Echo Harjo], principal chief of the Upper
+Creeks; _George Hudson_, principal chief of the Choctaw Nation; and the
+unnamed principal chief of the Seminoles west of Arkansas.
+
+[116] It would seem that the letter was not given to Coffin immediately
+but was held back on account of the insecurity of the mails [Dole to Creek
+and Seminole chiefs, November 16, 1861, Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no.
+67, pp. 78-79].
+
+[117] The delay was not entirely due to the military situation. Coffin
+went from Washington to his home in Indiana. He was there on the
+twentieth, at Annapolis, Parke County, when Dole wrote urging him to
+hasten on his way,
+
+    I herewith enclose a slip taken from the National Intelligencer of
+    this date, being an extract from the Austin [Texas] State Gazette of
+    the 4th Instant, by which you will perceive that efforts are being
+    made to tamper with the Indians within your Superintendency.
+
+    By this you will perceive the urgent necessity, that you should
+    proceed at the earliest moment practicable to the vicinity of the
+    duties in your charge, that from your personal knowledge of the views
+    of the Government in relation to these Indians as well as by the
+    instructions and communications in your possession, you may be able to
+    thwart the endeavors of any and all who have or shall attempt to
+    tamper with these tribes and array them in hostility to the
+    Government.
+
+    I deem it of the utmost importance that no time be lost in this
+    matter, as delay may be disastrous to the public service.--Indian
+    Office, _Letter Book_, no. 65, p. 473.
+
+By the nineteenth of June, Coffin had managed to reach Crawford Seminary,
+from which place he reported to Dole,
+
+    We have at length reached the Indian Territory propper.... I find Mr.
+    Elder the Agent absent. I learned on my way down here that he had gone
+    to Fort Scott with the view of locating the Agency there for the
+    present which I supposed when I wrote you from the Catholic Mission
+    might be propper from its close proximity to Missouri but as Mr.
+    Phelps district is opposit here and he a good Union man and has been
+    Stumping the district and I learn that the Union cause is growing fast
+    in that part of the State I think there is now at least no Sort of
+    excuse for removing, the buildings here are ample for a large family,
+    watter good....--General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_,
+    C1229.
+
+The sequel showed that Agent Elder was right and Superintendent Coffin
+wrong about the security of the region. Coffin never reached Fort Smith at
+all and was soon compelled to vacate the Indian Territory. Indian Office,
+_Letter Book_, no. 66, which covers the period from June, 1861 to October,
+1861, contains scarcely a letter to prove that the Indian Office was in
+communication with Indian Territory. Official connection with the country
+had been completely cut off. Military abandonment and dilatory officials
+had done their work.
+
+[118] Official instructions were issued to Coffin, then in Washington, on
+the ninth, and gave him permission to change his headquarters at
+discretion. The following is an excerpt of the instructions:
+
+    You having been appointed by the President to be Superintendent of
+    Indian Affairs for the Southern Superintendency in place of _Elias
+    Rector_, Esq. ... You will repair to Fort Smith, Arkansas, as early as
+    practicable, for the purpose of relieving _Elias Rector_, Esq.
+
+    In your progress from Indiana to Fort Smith, should you deem it
+    expedient and advisable to pass down the Kansas line and among the
+    Indians in that section, you will make it your business to inquire as
+    to their sentiments and disposition with reference to the present
+    disturbances in the neighboring countries, so far as time and
+    opportunity will enable you to do so. On reaching Fort Smith you will
+    also inform yourself as to the condition of Affairs there and
+    surrounding country, and as to the prospect of the business of the
+    Superintendency being carried on without molestation or other
+    inconvenience, and should you find it necessary from the circumstances
+    that may surround you to remove the office of Superintendent from Fort
+    Smith you are authorized to do so, selecting some eligible point in
+    the proximate Indian Territory, or if required some point northwardly
+    among the Indians in Kansas as your best discretion may dictate. I
+    trust however that this discretionary authority may prove unnecessary
+    and that in the legitimate discharge of your duties, you may suffer no
+    interruption from any cause or source whatever. In a report from this
+    Office of the 30th Ultimo, with reference to anticipated Indian
+    troubles in your Superintendency consequent upon the removal of the
+    troops from Fort Cobb, the attention of the _Hon. Secretary of the
+    Interior_ was called to the subject, and the enquiry as to the policy
+    of the Government to keep in the country a sufficient force for the
+    purpose of proper protection; and further calling his attention to the
+    expression of friendship and loyalty made by the Choctaw and Chickasaw
+    delegates lately in this City, recommended that a depot for arms be
+    established within the Southern Superintendency, in order that the
+    Indians there may be placed in possession of the means to defend
+    themselves against any attack. As yet no response to this report has
+    been received....--Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no. 65, pp. 442-443.
+
+[119] Douglas H. Cooper, agent for the Choctaws and Chickasaws, was from
+Mississippi; William H. Garrett, agent for the Creeks, was from Alabama;
+Robert J. Cowart, agent for the Cherokees, was from Georgia; Matthew
+Leeper, agent for the Indians of the Leased District, was from Texas; and
+Andrew J. Dorn, agent at the Neosho River Agency, was from Arkansas.
+
+[120] Telegram, Greenwood to Rector, January 19, 1861 [Indian Office,
+_Letter Book_, no. 65, p. 104].
+
+[121] For information showing what Indian agents became adherents of the
+Confederate cause, see, among other things, an extract from a report of
+Albert Pike to be found in Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no. 130, pp.
+237-238; and a letter from R. W. Johnson to L. P. Walker, published in
+_Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 598.
+
+[122] The evidence on this point is not very convincing, either one way or
+the other. A number of documents might be cited bearing some brief, vague,
+or indefinite reference to the steps the Indians took from the beginning.
+The closing paragraph of the following report from E. H. Carruth, under
+date of July 11, 1861, is a typical case:
+
+    SIR: I know not that any person has given information to any of the
+    United States officers in regard to the position of the Indian Tribes
+    connected with the Southern Superintendency.
+
+    I am just arrived from the Seminole Country where for a year I have
+    been employed as [illegible] to induce the Seminoles to establish
+    schools. In Sept. last the chiefs applied to the Department to set
+    aside $5000 for this purpose, but never heard from their application,
+    and their Ag't soon became too deeply interested in the politics of
+    the Country to pay much attention to the affairs of the tribe.
+
+    From the time the secession movement began to ripen into treason, the
+    Chief of the Seminoles has constantly sought information on the
+    subject, and whenever I rec'd a mail he would bring an Interpreter &
+    remain with me until all had been read and explained.
+
+    After the Forts west were taken possession of by the Texans, the
+    tribes living under the protection of Government around Fort Cobb came
+    into the Seminole Country, seeking the counsel of the Seminoles as to
+    what they should do, hostility to the Texans, being with them
+    strengthened by the recollection of recent wrongs. The Seminoles gave
+    them permission to reside on their lands, and advised them to
+    interfere with neither party, should both be represented in the
+    country.
+
+    The Texan officers sent several letters among them & left
+    Commissioners at Cobb to treat with them offering to them the same
+    protection before enjoyed while the Government of the U. S. was
+    represented among them. A letter was also sent to the Seminoles signed
+    by Geo. W. Welch, "Capt-Commanding the Texan troops in the service of
+    the Southern Confederacy" which asserted that the _Northern people
+    were determined to take away their lands & negroes_, that the old
+    Gov't would never be able to fulfill her treaty stipulations and wound
+    up by asking them to place their interests under the protection of the
+    Southern Confederacy.
+
+    Very soon afterwards Capt. Albert G. Pike "Commissioner for the
+    Confederate States of America" wrote to the Seminole Chief from the
+    Creek Agency, asking that he should meet him at that place with six of
+    his best men fully authorized to treat with him. He also asked for a
+    body of Seminole warriors, & promised as "good perhaps better treaty"
+    than their old one. His letter was backed up by one from Washburn
+    (formerly Seminole Ag't) who gave a glowing description of treason,
+    representing to the Indians that the U. S. could never pay one dollar
+    of the moneys due them, that European Nations were committed to the
+    cause of the Rebels, and entreated, prayed, almost commanded them to
+    take the step so essential to their political salvation. This Washburn
+    had once been engaged in a money transaction with two of the Chiefs
+    which swindled the nation out of many thousands of dollars, and while
+    they came near losing their heads in the operation, he escaped, &
+    still enjoys great personal popularity with the tribe. No man knows
+    better how to approach Indians. He was born among them of missionary
+    parents, & like all southern men, who regret their northern parentage,
+    he is the most rabid of violent traitors. The day after these letters
+    were rec'd the Chief (John Jumper) spent at my house. He felt true to
+    the treaties, & said that all his people were with the Government,
+    but, the Forts west were in possession of its enemies, their Agent
+    would give them no information on the subject, & he feared that his
+    country would be overrun, if he did not yield.
+
+    I told him plainly that Government was shamefully misrepresented, that
+    the treaties bound him to all the states alike, that the U. S. could
+    not fall with all the Army & Navy at her disposal, & that should the
+    South ever succeed in gaining her own independence the free States
+    would fight till not a man, woman or child was left, before yielding
+    one inch of Territory to the rebels. The war being entered into not so
+    much either for or against slavery in the states, as to protect the
+    Constitutional rights of Government in the Territories. The Chief told
+    me that all the full Indians everywhere were with the Gov't, that he
+    did not wish to fight, nor did his people, they had hoped to be left
+    to themselves untill the whites settled their quarrels, his people had
+    enough of war in Florida, & were now anxious for peace. He would
+    however go to the Creek Agency & tell Capt. Pike & Ben McCulloch their
+    determination. I believe the object of Pike in drawing the Seminoles
+    to the Creek country was that he could thus bring Creek influence to
+    bear upon them. When Pike's letter came, the Bearer sent word to the
+    Chief to meet him ten miles below, where they were read, but this
+    caution did not keep them out of sight, as the Chief immediately
+    brought them to me, to whom as clerk they should have come at first,
+    but a "white man" was declared to be the adviser of the Seminoles, for
+    whom a black jack limb would soon suffice. I knew it dangerous to
+    await the arrival of my ranger friends, & with my wife I left on
+    horseback, traveling in a Kickapoo trail, coming in above the Creek
+    country, as they had seceded--I was questioned a good deal in the
+    Cherokee Nation, but not interfered with as I was personally
+    acquainted with their leading half breeds, and my wife being fortunate
+    enough to have a Virginia birth and a brother in Missouri.
+
+    When within a half hour's travel of the Neosho River, my shot gun was
+    taken by a company of men, organized that day--the 2d after Seymour
+    was killed--they said "to clean out Kansas Jay hawkers."
+
+    The influence of Capt. Pike the Rebel Commissioner is second to no
+    man's among the Southern Indians & I fear that he may succeed in his
+    intrigues with the other tribes, the Creeks, Chickasaws, & Choctaws
+    having already gone. The Cherokees refuse to go as a Nation, & no one
+    is a firmer friend to the Union than John Ross, their Chief, but
+    traitors are scheming, and the half breeds in favor of the South, want
+    an army to come in, in which event they promise to be "forced in" to
+    the Arms of Jeff. Davis, & the select crowd of traitors at Montgomery.
+
+    There are many true & loyal men even among the half breeds, some of
+    the Judges of their courts I know to be so, while all the full blood
+    element is with the Gov't.
+
+    The half breeds belong to the K. G. C. a society whose sole object is
+    to increase & defend slavery and the full bloods have--not to be
+    outdone--got up a secret organization called the "pins" which meets
+    among mountains, connecting business with Ball-playing, and this is
+    understood to be in favor of Gov't, at least when a half breed at
+    Webers falls raised a secession flag, the "pins" turned out to haul it
+    down & were only stopped by a superior force, they retired swearing
+    that "it should yet be done & its raiser killed" and now Sir, let me
+    say a word in behalf of the full Indians who make up in devotion to
+    our Gov't what they lack in knowledge.
+
+    I sometimes hear rejoicing on the part of Northern people, that these
+    tribes are seceding, because they say such violation of their treaties
+    will lose them their lands, whose beauty & fertility have long been
+    admired by western farmers. I have been twelve years among these
+    tribes & I know the full bloods to be loyal to the Gov't. That Gov't
+    is bound by treaties to protect these nations, to keep up Forts for
+    that purpose. The forts are deserted, the soldiers are gone. The
+    Agents are either resigned or, working under "confederate"
+    commissions. The Indians are told that the old Gov't is bankrupt, that
+    it must die, that England & France will help the South, That they are
+    southern Indians & own slaves, & have interests only with & in the
+    south, That the war is waged by the North for the sole purpose of
+    killing slavery, & stealing the Indian lands etc. etc. What have the
+    Indians with which to disprove this? The "Confederate" Gov't is
+    represented there by an army & Commissioners, but the United States
+    have not been heard from for six months. Every battle is believed to
+    be against the old Gov't & those who control the news know in what
+    shape it should go to have influence. The Seminole Agent, Col.
+    Rutherford, has never lifted his finger to give information or advice
+    to the Indians under his charge--He said before Mr. Lincoln took his
+    seat as President that he would not receive a reappointment from him,
+    but would serve until it should come, which means that his love of
+    money would enable him to make an occasional visit to the Agency
+    buildings, but his fear for & sympathy with Ark. rebels, would keep
+    him from doing anything to endanger their interests. A proper officer
+    could have kept the Seminoles from sending a delegation to Capt. Pike,
+    as well as in the Creek country one could have kept the Creeks loyal.
+    That there has been the most culpable neglect on the part of its
+    officers to the interests of the Genl Gov't needs no
+    demonstration--The cry has been: "More favorable treaties can now be
+    made with the South than after the war, as it will show that the
+    Indians are at heart with the South"--No doubt is allowed to be felt
+    as to the issue of the war. The agents who hold Commissions from Mr.
+    Lincoln & go to Montgomery to have Jeff. Davis endorse them, show a
+    faith in the issue, that is not lost upon the Indians.
+
+    A Capt. Brown of the Chickasaw tribe was commanding at Arbuckle, in
+    the absence of Col. McKing who was at Tishimingo where the legislature
+    was in session. He informed me that the Texans would not come over
+    until the Choctaws & Chickasaws had given them to understand that "it
+    would be all right"--At the time these nations did not wish to invite
+    them, it would have been too palpable a violation of treaties, tho'
+    they took command of the Fort, whether under their national
+    authorities, or the "Confederate" I do not know which.
+
+    Letters now in possession of the Seminole Chief will prove much herein
+    stated. I told the chief to preserve those letters & all others which
+    he might receive of a like nature....--General Files, _Southern
+    Superintendency, 1859-1862_, C1348.
+
+[123] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. i, 513.
+
+[124] --_Ibid._, 515-516.
+
+[125] The order was one of the many, dictated by the policy of "no
+coercion," that issued in the last days of Buchanan's administration and
+the first of Lincoln's. A few of them, affecting or designed to affect the
+frontier, may as well be listed in chronological order. On the thirteenth
+of February, an abandonment of Fort Smith was ordered [_Official Records_,
+first ser., vol. i, 654]. The citizens protested and the order was
+countermanded [_ibid._, 655]. On the fifteenth of the same month, General
+Scott ordered, in the event of secession, all United States troops from
+Texas, via Fort Belknap and the Indian country, to Fort Leavenworth
+[_ibid._, 589]. On the eighteenth of March, a similar abandonment of
+Arkansas and the Indian country was arranged for [_ibid._, 667].
+
+[126] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. liii, supplement, pp. 626, 628,
+629.
+
+[127] General Twiggs was then waiting to be relieved of his command,
+having personally requested to be relieved, his sense of embarrassment
+being strong and his unwillingness to take responsibility, extreme. Robert
+E. Lee, brevet colonel, Second United States Cavalry, was relieved from
+duty in Texas and ordered to repair to Washington, by orders of February
+4, 1861 [_Official Records_, first ser., vol. i, 586].
+
+[128] Commissioners of some sort had been sent to the Indians even before
+this. They do not seem to have been, in any sense, agents of Texas,
+indeed, the ones particularly in mind were from Arkansas; but Texas may
+have taken her cue from their appointment. Their presence in the Indian
+country is sufficiently attested by the following correspondence:
+
+    I have been informed today that persons purporting to act in the
+    capacity of Commissioners are now visiting the Indian nations on our
+    frontier--preparatory to forming an alliance with them to furnish them
+    with arms and munitions of war, in violation of subsisting treaties
+    and the laws of the United States. Occupying the position I do as a
+    Civil officer of the Government in discharge of my duty as well as
+    instructions, It is my duty to make inquiry and report such a state of
+    facts as may exist in relation to the same. And having no authentic
+    information in relation to this matter other than public rumor, I have
+    believed it my duty to address you knowing that if such projects are
+    in embryo or consummation that they cannot escape your vigilance; and
+    that from you I shall be informed of the same, that, they may be
+    communicated from a reliable official source to the authorities at
+    Washington for their action.--JOHN B. OGDEN, United States
+    commissioner, to John Ross, dated Van Buren, February 15, 1861 [Indian
+    Office, General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, O32].
+
+    I have received your communication of the 15th inst.--stating that you
+    have been informed that persons purporting to act in the capacity of
+    commissioners are now visiting the Indian Nations on the frontier
+    preparatory to forming an alliance....
+
+    It is currently rumored in the Country that Mr. R. J. Cowart--the U.
+    S. Agent--is officially advocating the secession policy of the
+    Southern States and that he is endeavoring to influence the Cherokees
+    to take sides and act in concert with the seceded States--At the same
+    time uttering words of denunciation against all the distinguished
+    Patriots who are exerting their efforts, to devise measures of
+    reconciliation in Congress as well as those in the Peace Convention at
+    Washington for the Preservation of the Union.
+
+    Mr. Cowart brought out with him from the State of Georgia a man
+    named--Solomon--who is a notorious drunken brawling disunionist. He is
+    strolling about Tahlequah under the permission of the socalled "U. S.
+    Agent"--and is creating strife & getting into difficulties with
+    citizens of the Nation--a perfect nuisance to the peace and good order
+    of society.
+
+    The conduct and general deportment of this man, also of the Agent
+    being in direct violation of the laws and Treaties of the United
+    States--they should be removed out of the Cherokee Country.
+
+    For further information as to such facts relating to the subjects of
+    your enquiry, I have to refer you at present to Mr. W. P. Ross for
+    what he may be in possession of....--JOHN ROSS to John B. Ogden,
+    February 28, 1861 [Indian Office, General Files, _Cherokee,
+    1859-1865_, O32].
+
+[129] _Official Records_, fourth ser., vol. i, 322.
+
+[130] Tenney, W. J. _Military and Naval History of the Rebellion in the
+United States_, 134.
+
+[131] Letter to the Alabama commissioner, J. M. Calhoun, January 7, 1861
+[_Official Records_, fourth ser., vol. i, 74].
+
+[132] "Report of a Committee of the Convention, being an address to the
+people of Texas, March 30, 1861."--_Ibid._, 199.
+
+[133] _Official Records_, fourth ser., vol. i, 322-325.
+
+[134] Leeper to Greenwood, February 12, 1861 [General Files, _Wichita,
+1860-1861_, L373].
+
+[135] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. i, 656.
+
+[136] --_Ibid._
+
+[137] --_Ibid._, 660.
+
+[138] --_Ibid._, 648.
+
+[139] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. i, 656.
+
+[140] The Indian Office protested against a reduction of the forts because
+of treaty guaranties to the Indians [Dole to Smith, April 30, 1861, Indian
+Office, _Report Book_, no. 12, p. 152].
+
+[141] Townsend to Emory, March 21, 1861 [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. i, 659].
+
+[142] Same to same, _ibid._, 660.
+
+[143] Emory to Townsend, April 2, 1861 [_ibid._, 660].
+
+[144] At the time, when it was intended to remove all the troops from Fort
+Cobb for purposes of concentration farther south and nearer to the source
+of danger, instructions were issued that the Reserve Indians, whose
+peculiar protection Fort Cobb was, might remove within the limits of Fort
+Washita; but the Choctaws and the Chickasaws objected and, in deference to
+their wishes, Emory suspended the permission [_Official Records_, first
+ser., vol. i, 663], his excuse being that Fort Cobb was not to be
+abandoned anyway. The contractors, Johnson and Grimes, whom Superintendent
+Rector had so much favored, had a good deal to do with the forming of this
+decision. They told Emory that the Reserve Indians were not free to move;
+for they had no means and that they were "hutted and planting at Fort
+Cobb." Quite naturally the food contractors did not wish the Indians to be
+taken out of their reach within the limits of a military reservation.
+
+[145] Matthew Leeper was very insistent. He not only wrote letters to
+Emory arguing his case but travelled from his agency to Fort Smith to
+interview him.
+
+[146] Emory refused to grant the appeal of Major Sackett and Captain
+Prince not to abandon Fort Arbuckle [_Official Records_, first ser., vol.
+i, 666].
+
+[147] This circumstance ought not, however, to be cited to the prejudice
+of Colonel Emory; for it was while he was yet at Fort Smith that he
+manifested some of the spirit that inspired Robert E. Lee, who, by the
+way, was in command of the 2nd regiment of United States cavalry and had
+been stationed, like Emory, in Texas, and who, whether he believed in the
+doctrine of secession or not, put, as many another high-minded Southerner
+did, the state before the nation in matters of pride, of allegiance, and
+of personal honor. Such men as Lee belonged to quite another class from
+what the self-seeking politicians did who, in isolated cases at least,
+engineered the secession movement from hope of gain. Many of the Indian
+agents and employees belonged to this latter class. Emory was unlike Lee
+in the final result; for he did not ultimately conclude to go with his
+state. It was he who later on commanded, as a Union brigadier-general, the
+defences of New Orleans.
+
+[148] See Appendix B, _Leeper Papers_.
+
+[149] Very early, as has already been commented upon, the Texans bethought
+them of securing the Indian alliance. Additional evidence is to be found
+in such a request as Henry E. McCulloch made of Secretary Walker, on the
+occasion of his brother Ben's having passed over to him the charge
+originally conferred upon himself of raising a regiment of mounted troops
+for the defence of the frontier. Henry E. McCulloch requested Secretary
+Walker to permit him
+
+    To use some of the friendly Indians in the Indian Territory, if I can
+    procure their services, in my scouting parties and expeditions against
+    the hostile Indians. These people can be made of great service to us,
+    and can be used without any great expense to the
+    Government.--_Official Records_, first ser., vol. i, 618.
+
+[150] Letter of Carruth, July 11, 1861.
+
+[151] As proof that the Texans regarded the Choctaws and the Chickasaws as
+friends, the two following letters may be cited:
+
+A letter from John Hemphill and W. S. Oldham, two of the representatives
+from Texas in the Provisional Congress, to Secretary Walker, March 30,
+1861, outlining a scheme of defence for Texas in which the admission was
+made that, from the southwest corner of Arkansas to Preston on the Red
+River, Texas needed no defense as her neighbors on that side were, "the
+highly-civilized and agricultural tribes of Choctaws and Chickasaws, who
+are in friendship with Texas and the Confederate States."--_Official
+Records_, first ser., vol. i, 619.
+
+A letter from E. Kirby Smith, major, Artillery, Confederate States of
+America, to Walker, April 20, 1861, to the effect that,
+
+    In considering the defense of the line of the western frontier of
+    Texas our relations with the civilized Indians north of Red River are
+    of the utmost importance. Numbering some eight thousand rifles, they
+    form a strong barrier on the north, forcing the line of operations of
+    an invading army westward into a region impracticable to the passage
+    of large bodies of troops. Regarding them as our allies, which their
+    natural affinities make them, the line of the western frontier reduces
+    itself to the country between the Rio Grande and Red River.--_Official
+    Records_, first ser., vol. i, 628.
+
+[152] Between Fort Washita and Fort Arbuckle, Colonel Emory was overtaken
+by William W. Averell, second lieutenant, Regiment Mounted Rifles, with
+additional despatches from Townsend, ordering him, upon their receipt,
+immediately to repair to Fort Leavenworth, "with all the troops in the
+Indian country west of Arkansas" [_ibid._, 667]. Lieutenant Averell's own
+account of his experiences on the journey between Washington City and Fort
+Washita, the hardships, difficulties, and delays, also the frenzied
+excitement of the Arkansas people over the prospect of secession, forms an
+interesting narrative [_ibid._, vol. liii, supplement, 488, 493-496].
+
+[153] Black Beaver had served creditably as United States interpreter for
+the Wichitas and recently Leeper had turned to him for help in allaying
+their fears [Leeper to Rector, dated Wichita Agency, March 28, 1861,
+_Leeper Papers_]. For services rendered on this expedition northward to
+Fort Leavenworth [Letter of W. S. Robertson, September 30, 1861, General
+Files, _Southern Superintendency_, _1859-1862_, R1615], Black Beaver
+brought a claim against the United States [E. S. Parker to J. D. Cox, July
+1, 1869, Indian Office, _Report Book_, no. 18, pp. 417-418; and same to
+same, April 25, 1870, _ibid._, no. 19, p. 321]. Evidently Black Beaver
+served also in the Mexican War. He was then head of a company of mounted
+volunteers, Shawnees and Delawares [George W. Manypenny to Drew, August 8,
+1854], which had been called and mustered into the service by Harney [P.
+Clayton, 2nd auditor, to A. K. Parris, 2nd comptroller, October 26, 1850].
+
+[154] Emory to Townsend, May 19, 1861 [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. i, 648].
+
+[155] Captain S. T. Benning to Walker, May 14, 1861 [_Official Records_,
+first ser., vol. i, 653.]
+
+[156] --_Ibid._
+
+[157] Leeper to Rector, January 13, 1862 [_Leeper Papers_].
+
+[158] A note, communicated by X. B. Debray, aide-de-camp to the Governor
+of Texas, to Walker and dated, Richmond, August 28, 1861, says,
+
+    The governor of Texas being convinced that the integrity of the soil
+    of Texas greatly depends upon the success of the Southern cause in
+    Missouri, and moved by an appeal to the people of Arkansas and Texas
+    (published at the beginning of July by General Ben. McCulloch) ordered
+    on the 25th ultimo the raising and concentration on Red River of 3,000
+    mounted men, besides the regiment commanded by Col. W. C. Young, which
+    has been occupying for several months Forts Arbuckle, Cobb, and
+    Washita, under authority of Texas, and at the request of the Chickasaw
+    Indians.--_Official Records_, first ser., vol. iv, 98.
+
+[159] House _Journal_, Arkansas, 1861, p. 304.
+
+[160] _Confederate Military History_, vol. x, 4.
+
+[161] _Confederate Military Hillary_, vol. x, 7.
+
+[162] Two letters found among the _Fort Smith Papers_ may serve, in a
+measure, to illustrate the point:
+
+    LITTLE ROCK, ARKS, Jan{y} 6, 1861.
+
+    DR THAD: I received your letter a few days ago.... I am thankful that
+    there are a few righteous men left and particularly gratified that you
+    and Henry Lewis are true and faithful to the South.
+
+    I will endeavor to keep you posted so that you may hold your own with
+    the Union savers--in sober truth the question is not whether the Union
+    ought or can be saved but whether Arkansas shall go with the North or
+    adhere to the South. Neither Fishback or anybody can preserve the
+    Union--it now becomes us as wise men to put our house in order for the
+    impending crisis. I wrote to Porter last night--the Senate have not
+    passed the Convention bill and will not in anything like a right
+    shape....
+
+        BEN T. DU VAL.
+
+    [Addressed to Capt. M. T. Tatum, Greenwood, Arks.].
+
+
+    LITTLE ROCK ARK, January 7th 1861.
+
+    DEAR THAD. I enclose you a copy of the printed bill now before our
+    House to arm and equip the Militia of this State and to appropriate
+    100,000$ for that purpose.... We have passed a bill through the House
+    appropriating five hundred dollars to Porter to cover his losses to
+    some extent in money which he has paid out in recovering fugitives, it
+    ought to have been a good deal more, but I never worked harder for
+    anything in my life to get what we did. I think it will pass the
+    Senate. The news from South Carolina indicate a Tea party at
+    Charleston before many days. From the general signs of the times I
+    think a Compromise will be effect between the North and the South and
+    the _Union saved_. The Convention bill has not passed the Senate yet
+    but will in a few days I think. Give my respects to the boys generally
+    Your obt Servt
+
+        JOHN T. LONDON
+
+    [Addressed to Capt. M. T. Tatum, Greenwood, Sebastian County,
+    Arkansas.]
+
+[163] An interesting series of telegrams has a bearing upon that event.
+
+    February 1, 1861
+
+    J. J. GREEN, WILLIAM WALKER, Van Buren, Ark.:
+
+    Not possible to leave here. Southern confederacy certain. Arkansas
+    must save her children by joining it. Write by mail to-day.
+
+        JOHNSON and HINDMAN,
+
+_Official Records_, first ser., vol. liii, supplement, 617.
+
+
+    WASHINGTON, February 7, 1861.
+
+    JOHN POPE, ESQ., Little Rock, Ark.:
+
+    For God's sake do not complicate matters by an attack. It will be
+    premature and do incalculable injury. We cannot justify it. The
+    reasons that existed elsewhere for seizure do not exist with us.
+
+        ALBERT PIKE, R. W. JOHNSON.
+
+--_Ibid._, vol. i, 682.
+
+
+    U. S. SENATE, WASHINGTON, February 7, 1861.
+
+    HIS EXCELLENCY H. M. RECTOR, Little Rock, Ark.:
+
+    The motives which impelled capture of forts in other States do not
+    exist in ours. It is all premature. We implore you prevent attack on
+    arsenal if Totten resists.
+
+        R. W. JOHNSON, W. K. SEBASTIAN.
+
+--_Ibid._, 681.
+
+
+    WASHINGTON, February 7, 1861.
+
+    R. H. JOHNSON, JAMES B. JOHNSON, Little Rock:
+
+    Southern States which captured forts were in the act of seceding, were
+    threatened with troops, and their ports and commerce endangered. Not
+    so with us. If Totten resists, for God's sake deliberate and go stop
+    the assault.
+
+        R. W. JOHNSON.
+
+--_Ibid._, 681-682.
+
+
+    WASHINGTON, February 7, 1861.
+
+    GOVERNOR RECTOR, Little Rock, Ark.:
+
+    For God's sake allow no attack to be made on Fort Totten.
+
+        A. RUST.
+
+--_Ibid._, vol. liii, supplement, 617.
+
+
+    February 7, 1861.
+
+    E. BURGEVIN, Little Rock:
+
+    For God's sake do not attack the arsenal. It can do no good and will
+    be productive of great harm.
+
+        C. B. JOHNSON.
+
+--_Ibid._
+
+
+    LITTLE ROCK, February 8, 1861.
+
+    C. B. JOHNSON, Washington:
+
+    Spoke too late, like Irishman who swallowed egg. Arsenal in hands of
+    Governor.
+
+        EDMUND BURGEVIN.
+
+_Official Records_, first ser., vol. liii, supplement, 617.
+
+The senders and recipients of the telegraphic dispatches were, with one or
+two exceptions, all relatives of each other, and all in public life.
+Robert Ward Johnson and William K. Sebastian were, at the time, United
+States senators from Arkansas; Thomas C. Hindman and Albert Rust were
+Arkansas representatives in Congress; Albert Pike was in Washington,
+prosecuting the Choctaw Indian claim; Edmund Burgevin was the
+attorney-general of Arkansas and a brother-in-law of Governor Rector;
+Richard H. Johnson and James Johnson were brothers of Robert W. Johnson,
+the former being proprietor and editor of the Little Rock _Democrat_ and
+the latter, in future years, a colonel in the Confederate army. In 1868,
+R. W. Johnson moved to Washington City and became the law partner of
+Albert Pike. [Arkansas Historical Association, _Publications_, vol. ii,
+268.] Hindman was the man who sneered at the precautions taken to insure
+President-elect Lincoln's safety [Stanwood, _History of Presidential
+Elections_, 235]. Sebastian was expelled from the Senate because of his
+southern sympathies; but, as he really took no active part in the
+Confederate movements, the resolution of expulsion was rescinded in 1878.
+
+[164] It would be interesting to know whether Elias Rector had as yet
+formulated any such plan for personal aggrandizement such as must have
+been in his mind when he wrote the letter to Douglas H. Cooper that called
+forth from Cooper the following response:
+
+    _Private & Confidential_
+
+    _Copy_
+
+    FORT SMITH May 1st 1861.
+
+    MAJOR ELIAS RECTOR
+
+    Dr. Sir: I have concluded to act upon the suggestion yours of the 28th
+    Ultimo contains.
+
+    If we work this thing shrewdly we can make a fortune each, satisfy the
+    Indians, stand fair before the North, and revel in the unwavering
+    confidence of our Southern Confederacy.
+
+    My share of the eighty thousand in gold you can leave on deposite with
+    Meyer Bro, subject to my order. Write me soon. COOPER. Indian Office,
+    General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1863-1864_, I435.
+
+The foregoing letter of Cooper's was one of those referred to in the
+following telegraphic communication from Special Agent G. B. Stockton to
+Secretary Usher, dated Fort Smith, Arkansas, February 20, 1864:
+
+    I have just found & have now in this office a large desk containing
+    indian papers treaties correspondence of Cooper Rector & others,
+    correspondence of W. P. Dole as late as May fifteenth 1861 vouchers
+    abstracts & correspondence convicting Rector & Cooper of enticing the
+    various tribes to become enemies of the U. S. The papers extend back
+    as far as 1834 will you please direct me what disposition to make of
+    them.
+
+Secretary Usher referred the matter to the Office of Indian Affairs and
+Mix instructed Stockton to send the papers on to Washington [Letter of
+February 20, 1864]. This Stockton did and notified the Commissioner of
+Indian Affairs in this wise, by telegraph:
+
+    I have boxed the Indian Papers which I found at this place, and this
+    day send them by wagons to Leavenworth City, Kansas, to be thence
+    forwarded by the American Express Company.
+
+There seems to have been considerable delay in their transmittal after
+they had passed into the custodianship of the express company but they
+eventually reached the Indian Office and to-day form part of the Fort
+Smith collection.
+
+[165] The melodious refrain of this,
+
+    That fine Arkansas gentleman,
+    Close to the Choctaw line.
+
+unconsciously brings our one of the very ideas sought to be conveyed by
+the present chapter; namely, the extremely close connection between
+Arkansas and Indian Territory.
+
+[166] This old, old song, "written on the model and to the air of 'The Old
+Country Gentleman'," runs thus:
+
+    The song I'll sing, though lately made, it tells of olden days,
+    Of a good old Scottish gentleman, of good old Scottish ways;
+    When our barons bold kept house and hold, and sung their olden lays
+    And drove with speed across the Tweed, auld Scotland's bluidy faes,
+    Like brave old Scottish gentlemen, all of the olden time.
+
+_Scottish Songs_, printed by W. G. Blackie and Company (Glasgow).
+
+[167] The commissioners to whom Ogden referred in his letter of February
+15, 1861, may have been the tangible evidence of Governor Rector's first
+attempt to influence the Indians.
+
+[168] Fleming, _Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama_, 46, footnote 1.
+
+[169] Smith, _Debates of the Alabama Convention_, 443-444; _Official
+Records_, fourth ser., vol i, 3.
+
+[170] Governor Moore had appointed the commissioners, including Hubbard,
+on his own initiative before the convention met. See his address, Smith's
+_Debates_, 35.
+
+[171] House _Journal_, Arkansas, 38.
+
+[172] House _Journal_, Arkansas, 314, 445.
+
+[173] January 12, 1861.
+
+[174] The resolution is found in House _Journal_, Arkansas, 167 and in
+_Official Records_, fourth ser., vol. i, 307. Its text is as follows:
+
+    _Resolved_, That no money or property of any kind whatever, now in the
+    hands of the Superintendent of Indian Affairs, or of any Indian agent,
+    being placed there, or designed for the Indians on the western
+    frontier of Arkansas, shall be seized, but that the same shall so
+    remain to be applied to and for the use of the several Indian Nations,
+    faithfully, as was designed when so placed in their hands for
+    disbursement.
+
+    And the people of the State of Arkansas, here in sovereign convention
+    assembled, do hereby pledge the sovereignty of the State of Arkansas,
+    that everything in their power shall be done to compel a faithful
+    application of all money and property now in the hands of persons or
+    agents designed and intended for the several Indian tribes west of
+    Arkansas.
+
+    Adopted in and by the convention May 9, 1861.
+
+        DAVID WALKER, President of the Arkansas State Convention.
+
+    Attest. ELIAS C. BOUDINOT, Secretary of the Convention.
+
+[175]
+
+    BOONSBOROUGH, ARK., May 9, 1861.
+
+    HON. JOHN ROSS:
+
+    Dear Sir: The momentous issues that now engross the attention of the
+    American people cannot but have elicited your interest and attention
+    as well as ours. The unfortunate resort of an arbitrament of arms
+    seems now to be the only alternative. Our State has of necessity to
+    co-operate with her natural allies, the Southern States. It is now
+    only a question of North and South, and the "hardest must fend off."
+    We expect manfully to bear our part of the privations and sacrifices
+    which the times require of Southern people.
+
+    This being our attitude in this great contest, it is natural for us to
+    desire, and we think we may say we have a right, to know what position
+    will be taken by those who may greatly conduce to our interests as
+    friends or to our injury as enemies. Not knowing your political status
+    in this present contest as the head of the Cherokee Nation, we request
+    you to inform as by letter, at your earliest convenience, whether you
+    will co-operate with the Northern or Southern section, now so
+    unhappily and hopelessly divided. We earnestly hope to find in you and
+    your people true allies and active friends; but if, unfortunately, you
+    prefer to retain your connection with the Northern Government and give
+    them aid and comfort, we want to know that, as we prefer an open enemy
+    to a doubtful friend.
+
+    With considerations of high regard, we are, your obedient servants,
+
+        MARK BEAN,
+        W. B. WELCH,
+        E. W. MACCLURE,
+        JOHN SPENCER,
+        J. A. MCCOLLOCH,
+        J. M. LACY,
+        J. P. CARNAHAN,
+        _And many others_.
+
+_Official Records_, first ser., vol. xiii, 493-494; Indian Office, General
+Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, C515.
+
+[176] Indian Office, General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, C515; _Official
+Records_, first ser., vol. i, 683-684; vol. xiii, 490-491.
+
+[177] Indian Office, General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, C515; _Official
+Records_, first ser., vol. i, 683.
+
+[178] In a letter to A. B. Greenwood, dated Fort Smith, February 13, 1861,
+he says:
+
+    On the 11th Inst. I sent a dispatch to you asking for Troops and
+    yesterday rec'd an answer making enquiries as to the Object for which
+    they are wanted, and asking if the Governor's Commissioner was here &
+    what was his Object.
+
+    I have just replyed in a Dispatch, that the Gov. has no Com. here and
+    has had none. I suppose you have been Tehlegraphed that there was a
+    Com. and that for mischief. Now the following are the facts in the
+    case as far as I have been able to learn them. On Saturday or Sunday
+    last there came a young man by the name of Gains called Dr. Gains from
+    Little Rock. He stated his object was to visit the Indian Tribes west
+    of this to cultivate with them friendly Relations and stated moreover
+    that he was authorized to do so by the Gov. of Arkansas. When I
+    returned your Dispatch I went to Dr. Gains and asked him in the
+    presents of witnesses if he was acting as Com. for the Gov. of
+    Arkansas he replyed that he was not, and now Sir I am sorry to learn
+    to day that a rumor is afloat that I am here to aid in taking this
+    post & that by having Troops sent from here to weaken the forces.
+    Nothing can be more false. In the first place, the Citizens have no
+    Disposition to interfere with this post in any way and the truth is I
+    see no persons but the Officers and I will not judge of their motives.
+
+    Them and myself are all friendly as far as I know except it may be
+    they object to a Speach I made here on Monday night last. I can say
+    and prove by all the best citizens of the Place that my remarks were
+    mild and conciliatory and could not be objectionable to any true
+    Southern man this the citizens of the City will bare me out, the truth
+    is the only objection they could make to my speech was that it was
+    unanswerable. I told you the same when in Washington. I appeal to the
+    Citizens for the truth of what I say. I desire troops to protect the
+    Cherokees from Abolition forays from Kansas & the Neutral land. I am
+    told that there are three times the No. of Intruders now that there
+    was there last fall and that violent threats have been made by Kansas.
+
+    In the next place I can do nothing without Troops there and a No. of
+    lawless murderers in the Nation that cannot without Troops, and I told
+    you those things when with you last and in addition to the above facts
+    the Troops can live and support quite as comfortable and for less
+    money out there than they can here.--Indian Office, General Files,
+    _Cherokee, 1859-1865_.
+
+[179] The proof appeared in the correspondence of John B. Ogden,
+commissioner of the district court of the United States for the western
+district of Arkansas. On March 4, 1861, Ogden wrote from Van Buren to the
+Secretary of the Interior the following letter:
+
+    Having learned on the 15th of Feb{y} last from rumor the person
+    appointed as Com{r} had been sent by Gov. Rector of the State of
+    Arkansas to the Indian tribes upon our frontier for co-operation in
+    secession movements, and the same being in violation of treaty
+    stipulations and the laws enacted by Congress regulating trade and
+    Intercourse, I addressed a letter of inquiry to John Ross principal
+    chief of the Cherokee Nation in relation to the same, which letter
+    accompanies this with his reply--The letter to me I think was intended
+    to be confidential from its language and from my conversation with the
+    messenger who was the bearer of it to me, of this however I cannot
+    positively judge and have thought best to forward the same. John Ross
+    was unable to give me an imediate answer as he was not personally
+    advised of the subject matter. But upon the return of Mr W. P. Ross
+    who was a delegate from the Cherokees to a General Council being held
+    of the tribes West of Arkansas in relation to their own international
+    policy, he became advised of the matter of inquiry and for the purpose
+    of furnishing the required information sent Mr W. P. Ross the bearer
+    of this letter to Van Buren that he might fully communicate with me in
+    the matter. I learn from him that one Dr J. J. Gains late editor of a
+    secession sheet at Little Rock, did attend the said Council held by
+    the Indian tribes west of Ark{s} in the Choctaw Nation, and that said
+    Gains announced to the Council his mission to be that of a Com{r} from
+    Arkansas accredited by the Gov{r} to consult with them in relation to
+    co-operation with the seceding States--That he submitted a written
+    Statement to them in reference to their interests and future relations
+    in the event of a dissolution of the Union--but that he was guarded in
+    his propositions--You will learn from M{r} John Ross' letter that he
+    informs me officially that the present (agent) of the Cherokees "is
+    officiously advocating the secession policy of the southern States and
+    that his endeavoring to influence the Cherokees to take sides and act
+    in Concert with the Seceding States."--I can state from my own
+    information that when said Agent is in Ark{s} he is invariably to be
+    found upon the stump "open-mouthed and--" for disunion, to the great
+    anoyance of the good people of the Country. These people should be
+    heard and their grievances redressed and the causes removed, and some
+    man of correct constitutional morals appointed in his stead. We have
+    hosts of such men in this State, and as the Incoming Administration
+    are not advised of persons in this country, allow me to suggest that
+    on application to the Hon. A. B. Greenwood now of Washington the
+    selection of a suitable person could be named. I have no doubt, that
+    would be satisfactory--pardon this apparent officiousness--At this
+    time my great anxiety for the preservation of the Union must be my
+    apology for what I have said.
+
+    I also enclose you a copy of a permit furnished me by M{r} Ross issued
+    by said agent.--Indian Office, General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_,
+    O32.
+
+    _Inclosures_
+
+    1. John Ogden to John Ross, February 15, 1861.
+
+    2. John Ross to John B. Ogden, February 28, 1861.
+
+    3. CHEROKEE AGENCY, near Tahlequah, C. N.
+
+    Isaac G. Freeman, a citizen of what was formerly the United States and
+    a farmer by occupation has permission to remain with J. C. Cunningham
+    near Park Hill in said Nation and labor for the said Cunningham for
+    twelve months from this date subject to be removed by the Agent at any
+    time for cause.
+
+        R. J. COWART, U. S. Cherokee Agent.
+
+    [Endorsement] A true copy from the original as taken by me March 1st
+    1861
+
+        WILL P. ROSS
+
+    4. Newspaper clippings, one containing the Choctaw resolutions of
+    February 7, 1861, and the other this:
+
+    Dr. J. J. Gains, (an old editor) dropped in upon us, last week, on his
+    way to Little Rock, from the Indian country. His mission was one of
+    peace, and not to "_incite rebellion_" as was telegraphed to
+    Washington City, by some officious person. We were glad to learn from
+    him, that our border friends are all right.
+
+[180] General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, C515; _Official Records_,
+first ser., vol. xiii, 491-492.
+
+[181] Stephens says they were almost equally divided on the question of
+secession [_Constitutional View of the Late War between the States_, vol.
+ii, 363].
+
+[182] On April 20, 1861.
+
+[183] Stephens, _op. cit._, vol. ii, 375; _Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. i, 674, 687.
+
+[184] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. i, 686.
+
+[185] _Journal_, Arkansas Convention, 369.
+
+[186] The importance of such an alliance seems never to have been lost
+sight of. In his message of May 6, 1861, Governor Rector called attention
+to the fact that Arkansas was the most exposed state in the Union, because
+of the Indians on the west [_Journal_, 153]. In various ways, he
+emphasized the strategical value of Indian Territory [_ibid._, 156].
+
+[187] _Journal_, Arkansas Convention, 183.
+
+[188] See page 183.
+
+[189] _Journal_, Arkansas Convention, 189.
+
+[190] --_Ibid._, 295.
+
+[191] N. Bart Pearce had just been created by the convention
+"brigadier-general of Arkansas, to command the Western frontier."
+
+[192] On the thirteenth of May, the Confederate War Department had
+assigned Ben McCulloch to the command of the district embracing Indian
+Territory.
+
+[193] _Journal_, Arkansas Convention, 369.
+
+[194] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. i, 691.
+
+[195] These resolutions are found in the _Official Record_, first ser.,
+vol. iii, 585-587 and are as follows:
+
+    _Resolutions of the Senate and House of Representatives of the
+    Chickasaw Legislature assembled_, May 25, 1861: Whereas the Government
+    of the United States has been broken up by the secession of a large
+    number of States composing the Federal Union--that the dissolution has
+    been followed by war between the parties; and whereas the destruction
+    of the Union as it existed by the Federal Constitution is irreparable,
+    and consequently the Government of the United States as it was when
+    the Chickasaw and other Indian nations formed alliances and treaties
+    with it no longer exists; and whereas the Lincoln Government,
+    pretending to represent said Union, has shown by its course towards
+    us, in withdrawing from our country the protection of the Federal
+    troops, and withholding, unjustly and unlawfully, our money placed in
+    the hands of the Government of the United States as trustee, to be
+    applied for our benefit, a total disregard of treaty obligations
+    toward us; and whereas our geographical position, our social and
+    domestic institutions, our feelings and sympathies, all attach us to
+    our Southern friends, against whom is about to be waged a war of
+    subjugation or extermination, of conquest and confiscation--a war
+    which, if we can judge from the declarations of the political
+    partisans of the Lincoln Government, will surpass the French
+    Revolution in scenes of blood and that of San Domingo in atrocious
+    horrors; and whereas it is impossible that the Chickasaws, deprived of
+    their money and destitute of all means of separate self-protection,
+    can maintain neutrality or escape the storm which is about to burst
+    upon the South, but, on the contrary, would be suspected, oppressed,
+    and plundered alternately by armed bands from the North, South, East,
+    and West; and whereas we have an abiding confidence that all our
+    rights--tribal and individual--secured to as under treaties with the
+    United States, will be fully recognized, guaranteed, and protected by
+    our friends of the Confederate States; and whereas as a Southern
+    people we consider their cause our own: Therefore,
+
+    _Be it resolved by the Chickasaw Legislature assembled_, 1st. That the
+    dissolution of the Federal Union, under which the Government of the
+    United States existed, has absolved the Chickasaws from allegiance to
+    any foreign government whatever; that the current of the events of the
+    last few months has left the Chickasaw Nation _independent_, the
+    people thereof free to form such alliances, and take such steps to
+    secure their own safety, happiness, and future welfare as may to them
+    seem best.
+
+    2d. _Resolved_, That our neighboring Indian nations--Choctaws,
+    Cherokees, Creeks, Seminoles, Osages, Senecas, Quapaws, Comanches,
+    Kiowas, together with the fragmentary bands of Delawares, Kickapoos,
+    Caddoes, Wichitas, and others within the Choctaw and Chickasaw country
+    who are similarly situated with ourselves, be invited to co-operate,
+    in order to secure the independence of the Indian nations and the
+    defense of the territory they inhabit from Northern invasion by the
+    Lincoln hordes and Kansas robbers, who have plundered and oppressed
+    our red brethren among them, and who doubtless would extend towards us
+    the protection which the wolf gives to the lamb should they succeed in
+    overrunning our country; that the Chickasaws pledge themselves to
+    resist by all means and to the death any such invasion of the lands
+    occupied by themselves or by any of the Indian nations; and that their
+    country shall not be occupied or passed through by the Lincoln forces
+    for the purpose of invading our neighbors, the States of Arkansas and
+    Texas, but, on the contrary, any attempt to do so will be regarded as
+    an act of war against ourselves, and should be resisted by all the
+    Indian nations as insulting to themselves and tending to endanger
+    their Territorial rights.
+
+    3d. _Resolved_, That it is expedient, at the very earliest day
+    possible, that commissioners from other Indian nations for the purpose
+    of forming a league or confederation among them for mutual safety and
+    protection, and also to the Confederate States in order to enter into
+    such alliance and to conclude such treaties as may be necessary to
+    secure the rights, interest, and welfare of the Indian tribes, and
+    that the co-operation of all the Indian nations west of the State of
+    Arkansas and south of Kansas be invited for the attainment of these
+    objects.
+
+    4th. _Resolved_, That the Chickasaws look with confidence especially
+    to the Choctaws (whose interests are an closely interwoven with their
+    own, and who were the first through their national council to declare
+    their sympathy for, and their determination, in case of a permanent
+    dissolution of the Federal Union, to adhere to the Southern States),
+    and hope they will speedily unite with us in such measures as may be
+    necessary for the defense of our common country and a union with our
+    natural allies, the Confederate States of America.
+
+    5th. _Resolved_, That while the Chickasaw people entertain the most
+    sincere friendship for the people of the neighboring States of Texas
+    and Arkansas, and are deeply grateful for the prompt offer from them
+    of assistance in all measures of defense necessary for the protection
+    of our country against hostile invasion, we are desirous to hold
+    undisputed possession of our lands and all forts and other places
+    lately occupied by the Federal troops and other officers and persons
+    acting under the authority of the United States, and that the governor
+    of the Chickasaw Nation be, and he is hereby, instructed to take
+    immediate steps to obtain possession of all such forts and places
+    within the Choctaw and Chickasaw country, and have the same
+    garrisoned, if possible, by Chickasaw troops, or else by troops acting
+    expressly under and by virtue of the authority of the Chickasaw or
+    Choctaw nations, until such time as said forts, Indian agencies, etc.,
+    may be transferred by treaty to the Confederate States.
+
+    6th. _Resolved_, That the governor of the Chickasaw Nation be, and he
+    is hereby, instructed to issue his proclamation to the Chickasaw
+    Nation, declaring their _independence_, and calling upon the Chickasaw
+    warriors to form themselves into volunteer companies of such strength
+    and with such officers (to be chosen by themselves) as the governor
+    may prescribe, to report themselves by filing their company rolls at
+    the Chickasaw Agency, and to hold themselves, with the best arms and
+    ammunition, together with a reasonable supply of provisions, in
+    readiness at a minute's warning to turn out, under the orders of the
+    commanding general of the Chickasaws, for the defense of their country
+    or to aid the civil authorities in the enforcement of the laws.
+
+    7th. _Resolved_, That we have full faith and confidence in the justice
+    of the cause in which we are embarked, and that we appeal to the
+    Chickasaw people to be prepared to meet the conflict which will
+    surely, and perhaps speedily, take place, and hereby call upon every
+    man capable of bearing arms to be ready to defend his home and family,
+    his country and his property, and to render prompt obedience to all
+    orders from the officers set over them.
+
+    9th [8th]. _Resolved_, That the governor cause these resolutions to be
+    published in the National Register, at the Boggy Depot, and copies
+    thereof sent to the several Indian nations, to the governors of the
+    adjacent States, to the President of the Confederate States, and to
+    Abraham Lincoln, President of the Black Republican Party.
+
+    Passed the House of Representatives May 25, 1865.
+
+       A. ALEXANAN, Speaker House Representatives.
+
+    Attest: C. CARTER, Clerk House Representatives
+
+    Passed the Senate.
+
+        JOHN E. ANDERSON, President of Senate.
+
+    Attest: JAMES N. MCLISH, Clerk of Senate.
+
+    Approved, Tishomingo, May 25, 1861.
+
+        C. HARRIS, Governor.
+
+[196] See _footnote_ 175.
+
+[197] General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, C515; _Official Records_,
+first ser., vol. xiii, 492.
+
+[198] General Files, _ibid._; _Official Records_, first ser., vol. xiii,
+492-493.
+
+[199] The text of this is to be found in various places. The most
+convenient of such places are, _Official Records_, first ser., vol. xiii,
+489-490 and Moore's _Rebellion Record_, vol. ii, 145-146. A manuscript
+copy of the proclamation may be found in General Files, _Cherokee,
+1859-1865_, C515; and a synopsis of its contents in Moore's _Rebellion
+Record_, vol. ii, 1-2.
+
+[200] Ross gave the citizens of Boonsboro their direct answer, May 18,
+1861 [General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, C515; _Official Records_,
+first ser., vol. xiii, 494-495].
+
+[201] The official list of members of the Confederate congresses can be
+found in _Official Records_, fourth ser., vol. iii, 1185-1191.
+
+[202] Provisional Congress of the Confederate States, _Journal_, vol. i,
+70.
+
+[203] --_Ibid._, 81.
+
+[204] Under the second section of the law of February 21, 1861, Indian
+affairs had been left for general supervision to the War Department
+[_Provisional and Permanent Constitutions of the Confederate States and
+Acts and Resolutions of the First Session of the Provisional Congress_,
+48]. The Bureau of Indian Affairs, created by the law of March 15, 1861,
+was made a bureau of the War Department.
+
+[205] Provisional Congress _Journal_, vol. i, 142; Richardson, _Messages
+and Papers of the Confederacy_.
+
+[206] _Provisional and Permanent Constitutions_, 133-134.
+
+[207] Provisional Congress _Journal_, vol. i, 154.
+
+[208] Hubbard had occupied other and earlier positions of importance; but
+it must certainly have been upon the basis of the experience gained in
+filling this one that his nomination for commissioner of Indian affairs
+was made. Hubbard had been a state senator, a representative in the
+twenty-sixth and in the thirty-first United States congresses, and
+presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1844 and on the
+Breckinridge and Lane ticket in 1860 [_Biographical Congressional
+Directory_, _1774-1903_, 608].
+
+[209]
+
+    The Bureau of Indian Affairs ... has been organized.... So far this
+    Bureau has found but little to do. The necessity for the extension of
+    the military arm of the Government toward the frontier, and the
+    attitude of Arkansas, without the Confederacy, have contributed to
+    circumscribe its action. But this branch of the public service
+    doubtless will now grow in importance in consequence of the early
+    probable accession of Arkansas to the Confederacy; of the friendly
+    sentiments of the Creeks, Cherokees, Choctaws, and Chickasaws, and
+    other tribes west of Arkansas toward this Government; of our
+    difficulties with the tribes on the Texas frontier; of our hostilities
+    with the United States, and of our probable future relations with the
+    Territories of Arizona and New Mexico.--Extract from the Report of
+    Secretary Walker to President Davis, April 27, 1861 [_Official
+    Records_, fourth ser., vol. i, 248].
+
+[210] Davis would have preferred to have had Toombs for secretary of the
+treasury [Rhodes, _History of the United States_, vol. iii, 295, _note_
+7].
+
+[211] _Journal_, vol. i, 105.
+
+[212] Both Pike and Toombs reached in time the thirty-second degree, or
+Scottish Rite. Note Pike's glowing tribute to Toombs, quoted in
+Richardson, _Messages and Papers of the Confederacy_, vol. ii, 142.
+
+[213] _Journal_, vol. i, 205.
+
+[214] --_Ibid._, 225.
+
+[215] Just what particular sets of resolutions those were I have no means
+of knowing. The most important set of Chickasaw resolutions, those issued
+under date of May 25, 1861 [_Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii,
+585-587] had not yet been passed. The Choctaw resolutions presented may
+have been and very probably were those of February 7, 1861 [_ibid._].
+
+[216] On the twenty-first of May, President Davis approved "An Act for the
+protection of the Indian Tribes" [_Journal_, 263], it having gone through
+its various stages of amendment and having passed Congress, May
+seventeenth [_ibid._, 244]. Adjutant-general G. W. Andrews reports,
+November 4, 1912, that nothing additional concerning the text of this law
+is to be found in the Confederate archives.
+
+[217] _Journal_, vol. i, 244.
+
+[218] Governor Clark of Texas, also, at this time displayed great interest
+in the matter. On the fifteenth of May, he wrote to President Davis that
+he was constituting James E. Harrison, a man thoroughly conversant with
+the whole subject, "the duly accredited agent of Texas to convey" the
+Report of April 23, 1861 to Richmond [_Official Records_, fourth ser.,
+vol. i, 322].
+
+[219] See letter from Pearce to President Davis, May 13, 1861 [_ibid._,
+first ser., vol. iii, 576].
+
+[220] _Official Records_, fourth ser., vol. i, 572-574.
+
+[221] Pike was appointed under authority of a resolution passed by
+Congress, March 5, 1861. See Message of President Davis, December 12, 1861
+[_ibid._, fourth ser., vol. i, 785].
+
+[222] To-day he is, perhaps, best known by his parody on "Dixie" and by
+his singularly beautiful and pathetic "Every Year" [_Poems_, Roome's
+edition, 31-34].
+
+[223] See _Journal of Proceedings_, no. 273 of Johns Hopkins University
+Civil War Pamphlets.
+
+[224] Bishop, _Loyalty on the Frontier_, 148-151.
+
+[225] The poem is printed entire in Bishop's _Loyalty on the Frontier_,
+149-150. The first two stanzas are here given:
+
+    DISUNION
+
+    Ay, shout! 'Tis the day of your pride,
+      Ye despots and tyrants of earth;
+    Tell your serfs the American name to deride,
+      And to rattle their fetters in mirth.
+    Ay, shout! for the league of the free
+      Is about to be shivered to dust,
+    And the rent limbs to fall from the vigorous tree,
+    Shout! shout! for more firmly established, will be
+    Your thrones and dominions beyond the blue sea.
+
+    Laugh on! for such folly supreme,
+      The world has yet never beheld;
+    And ages to come will the history deem,
+      A tale by antiquity swelled;
+    For nothing that time has upbuilt
+      And set in the annals of crime,
+    So stupid and senseless, so wretched in guilt,
+      Darkens sober tradition or rhyme.
+    _It will be like the fable of Eblis' fall,
+    A by-word of mockery and horror to all._
+
+[226] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 580-581.
+
+[227] In a letter to Commissioner D. N. Cooley, under date of February 17,
+1866, Pike said that Toombs requested him in May of 1861 to visit the
+Indian country as commissioner. I have not been able to find out whether
+Toombs made his request in writing or verbally. The correspondence of
+Toombs recently edited by U. B. Phillips does not furnish any additional
+information on this point.
+
+[228] On one very important occasion, Albert Pike was not strictly fair to
+the Indians. That occasion was after the war when the United States Indian
+Office was endeavoring to make a settlement with the Cherokees on the
+basis of their adherence to the Confederate cause. Pike was appealed to
+and threw the weight of his influence against John Ross, but most unjustly
+as it would seem. The letter embodying his views is a narrative of the
+events of 1861 as they happened in the Indian country under his scrutiny,
+and may as well be inserted here in full. It is to be found in the Indian
+Office in a bundle labeled, "Loyalty of John Ross, Principal Chief of the
+Cherokees: Letter of Albert Pike (original), Feb. 17, 1866--and _Copies_
+of several of Ross' letter--relative to his _loyalty_ in 1861 & 1862,
+etc."
+
+    5. _Albert Pike to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs_
+
+    MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE, 17th February 1866.
+
+    SIR: I have received, to-day, a copy of the "Memorial" of the
+    "Southern Cherokees," to the President, Senate and House of
+    Representatives, in reply to the Memorial of other Cherokees claiming
+    to be "loyal."
+
+    It is not for me to take any part in the controversy between the two
+    portions of the Cherokee People, nor have I any interest that could
+    lead me to side with one in preference to the other. Nor am I much
+    inclined, having none of the rights of a Citizen, to offer to testify
+    in any matter, when my testimony may not be deemed worthy of credit,
+    as that of one not yet restored to respectability and creditability by
+    a pardon.
+
+    But, as I know it to be contemptible as well as false, for Mr. John
+    Ross and the "loyal" Memorialists to pretend that they did not
+    voluntarily engage themselves by Treaty Stipulations to the
+    Confederate States, and as you have desired my testimony, I have this
+    to say, and I think no man will be bold enough to deny any part of it.
+
+    In May, 1861, I was requested by Mr. Toombs, Secretary of State of the
+    Confederate States, to visit the Indian Country as Commissioner, and
+    assure the Indians of the friendship of those States. The Convention
+    of the State of Arkansas, anxious to avoid hostilities with the
+    Cherokees, also applied to me to act as such Commissioner. I
+    accordingly proceeded to Fort Smith, where some five or six Cherokees
+    called upon General McCulloch and myself, representing those of the
+    Cherokees who sympathized with the South, in order to ascertain
+    whether the Confederate States would protect them against Mr. Ross and
+    the Pin Indians, if they should organize and take up arms for the
+    South. We learned that some attempts to raise a Secession flag in the
+    Cherokee Country on the Arkansas had been frustrated by the menace of
+    violence; and those who came to meet us represented the Pin
+    Organization to be a Secret Society, established by Evan Jones, a
+    Missionary, and at the service of Mr. John Ross, for the purpose of
+    abolitionizing the Cherokees and putting out of the way all who
+    sympathized with the Southern States.
+
+    The truth was, as I afterwards learned with certainty, the Secret
+    Organization in question, whose members for a time used as a mark of
+    their membership a _pin_ in the front of the hunting shirt, was really
+    established for the purpose of depriving the half-breeds of all
+    political power, though Mr. Ross, himself a Scotchman and a McDonald
+    by the father and the mother, was shrewd enough to use it for his own
+    ends. At any rate, it was organized and in _full_ operation, long
+    before Secession was thought of.
+
+    General McCulloch and myself assured those who met us at Fort Smith,
+    that they should be protected; and agreed to meet, at an early day
+    then fixed, at Park Hill, where Mr. Ross resided. Upon that I sent a
+    messenger with letters to five or six prominent members of the
+    Anti-Ross party, inviting them to meet me at the Creek Agency, two
+    days after the day on which General McCulloch and I were to meet at
+    Park Hill.
+
+    I did not expect to effect any arrangement with Mr. Ross, and my
+    intention was to treat with the heads of the Southern party, Stand
+    Watie and others.
+
+    When we met Mr. Ross at Park Hill, he refused to enter into any
+    arrangement with the Confederate States. He said that his intention
+    was to maintain the neutrality of his people; that they were a small
+    and weak people, and would be ruined and destroyed if they engaged in
+    the war; and that it would be a cruel thing if we were to engage them
+    in our quarrel. But, he said, all his interests and all his feelings
+    were with us, and he knew that his people must share the fate and
+    fortunes of Arkansas. We told him that the Cherokees _could_ not be
+    neutral. We used every argument in our power to change his
+    determination, but in vain; and finally General McCulloch informed him
+    that he would respect the neutrality of the Cherokees, and would not
+    enter their Country with troops, or place troops in it, unless it
+    should become necessary in order to expel a Federal force, or to
+    protect the Southern Cherokees.
+
+    So we separated. General McCulloch kept his word, and no Confederate
+    troops ever were stationed in or marched into the Cherokee Country,
+    until after the Federal troops invaded it.
+
+    Before leaving the Nation I addressed Mr. Ross a letter, which I
+    afterwards printed, and circulated among the Cherokee people. In it I
+    informed him that the Confederate States would remain content with his
+    pledge of neutrality, although he would find it impossible to maintain
+    that neutrality; that I should not again offer to treat with the
+    Cherokees, and that the Confederate States would not consider
+    themselves bound by my proposition to pay the Cherokees for the
+    neutral land, if they should lose it in consequence of the war. I had
+    no further communication with Mr. Ross until September.
+
+    Meanwhile, he had persuaded Opoth le Yahola, the Creek leader, not to
+    join the Southern States, and had sent delegates to meet the Northern
+    and other Indians in Council near the Antelope Hills, where they all
+    agreed to be neutral. The purpose was, to take advantage of the war
+    between the States, and form a great independent Indian
+    Confederation--I defeated all that, by treating with the Creeks at the
+    very time that their delegates were at the Antelope Hills in Council.
+
+    When I had treated with them and with the Choctaws and Chickasaws, at
+    the North Fork of the Canadian, I went to the Seminole Agency and
+    treated with the Seminoles. Then I went to the Wichita Agency, having
+    previously invited the Reserve Indians to return there, and invited
+    the prairie Comanches to meet me. After treating with these, I
+    returned by Fort Arbuckle, and before reaching there, met a nephew of
+    Mr. Ross, and a Captain [Keld? _sic_] in the prairie, bearing a letter
+    to me from Mr. Ross and his Council, with a copy of the resolutions of
+    Council, and an invitation in pressing terms to repair to the Cherokee
+    Country and enter into a Treaty.
+
+    I consented, fixed a day for meeting the Cherokees, and wrote Mr. Ross
+    to that effect, requesting him also to send messengers to the Osages,
+    Quapaws, Shawnees, Senecas, &c. and invite them to meet me at the same
+    time. He did so, and at the time fixed I went to Park Hill, and there
+    effected Treaties.
+
+    When I first entered the Indian Country, in May, I had as an escort
+    one company of mounted men. I went in advance of them to Park Hill;
+    General McCulloch went there without an escort. At the Creek Agency I
+    sent the Company back: I then remained without escort or guard, until
+    I had made the Seminole Treaty, camping with my little party and
+    displaying the Confederate flag. When I went to the Wichita Country, I
+    took an escort of Creeks and Seminoles. These I discharged at Fort
+    Arbuckle on my return, and went, accompanied only by four young men,
+    through the Creek Country to Fort Gibson, refusing an escort of Creeks
+    offered me on the way.
+
+    From Fort Gibson eight or nine companies of Colonel Drew's Regiment of
+    Cherokees, chiefly full-bloods and Pins, escorted me to Park Hill.
+    This regiment was raised by order of the National Council, and its
+    officers appointed by Mr Ross, his nephew William P. Ross, Secretary
+    of the Nation, being Lieut. Colonel, and Thomas Pegg, President of the
+    National Committee, being its Major.
+
+    I encamped, with my little party near the residence of the Chief,
+    unprotected even by a guard, and with the Confederate flag flying. The
+    terms of the Treaty were fully discussed and the Cherokee authorities
+    dealt with me on equal terms. Mr. John Ross had met me as I was on my
+    way to Park Hill, escorted by the National Regiment, and had welcomed
+    me to the Cherokee Nation, in an earnest and enthusiastic speech; and
+    seemed to me throughout to be acting in perfect good faith. I acted in
+    the same way with him.
+
+    After the treaties were signed, I presented Colonel Drew's Regiment a
+    flag, and the chief in a speech exhorted them to be true to it: and
+    afterwards, _at his request, I wrote the Cherokee Declaration of
+    Independence_ which is printed with the Memorial of the Southern
+    Cherokees. I no more doubted, then, that Mr. Ross' whole heart was
+    with the South, than that mine was. _Even in May he said to General
+    McCulloch and myself, that if Northern troops invaded the Cherokee
+    Country, he would head the Cherokees and drive them back._ "_I have
+    borne arms_" he said, "_and though I am old I can do it again_."
+
+    At the time of the treaty there were about nine hundred Cherokees of
+    Colonel Drew's Regiment encamped near, and fed by me, and Colonel
+    Watie, who had almost abandoned the idea of raising a regiment, had a
+    small body of men, not more, I think, than eighty or ninety, at
+    Tahlequah. When the flag was presented, Col. Watie was present, and
+    after the ceremony the chief shook hands with him and expressed his
+    warm desire for union and harmony in the Nation.
+
+    The gentlemen whom I had invited to meet me in June at the Creek
+    Agency did not do so. They were afraid of being murdered, they said,
+    if they openly sided with the South. In October they censured me for
+    treating with Mr. Ross, and were in an ill humour, saying that the
+    regiment was raised in order to be used to oppress _them_.
+
+    The same day that the Cherokee Treaty was signed, the Osages, Quapaws,
+    Shawnees and Senecas signed treaties, and the next day they had a talk
+    with Mr. Ross at his residence, smoked the great pipe and renewed
+    their alliance, being urged by him to be true to the Confederate
+    States.
+
+    I protest that I believed Mr. John Ross, at this time and for long
+    after, to be as sincerely devoted to the Confederacy as I myself was.
+    He was frank, cheerful, earnest, and evidently believed that the
+    independence of the Confederate States was an accomplished fact. I
+    should dishonour him if I believed that he then dreamed of abandoning
+    the Confederacy or turning the arms of the Cherokees against us in
+    case of a reverse.
+
+    Before I left the Cherokee Country, part of the Creeks, under
+    Opoth-le-Yaholo left their homes, under arms and threatened
+    hostilities. Mr. Ross, at my request, invited the old Chief to meet
+    him, and urged him to unite with the Confederate States. Colonel
+    Drew's regiment was ordered into the Creek Country, and afterwards, on
+    the eve of the action at Bird Creek, abandoned Colonel Cooper, rather
+    than fight against their neighbours. But after the action, the
+    regiment was again reorganized. The men were eager to fight, they
+    said, against the Yankees; but did not wish to fight their own
+    brethren, the Creeks.
+
+    When General Curtis entered North Western Arkansas, in February 1862,
+    I sent orders from Fort Smith to Colonel Drew to move towards
+    Evansville and receive orders from General McCulloch. Colonel Watie's
+    Regiment was already under General McCulloch's command. Colonel Drew's
+    men moved in advance of Colonel Watie, with great alacrity, and showed
+    no want of zeal at Pea Ridge.
+
+    I do not _know_ that any one was scalped at that place or in that
+    action, except from information. None of my officers knew it at the
+    time. I heard of it afterwards. I cannot say to which regiment those
+    belonged who did it. But it has been publicly charged on some of the
+    same men who afterwards abandoned the Confederate cause and enlisting
+    in the Federal Service were sent into Arkansas to ravage it.
+
+    After the actions at Pea Ridge and Elk Horn, the Regiment of Colonel
+    Drew was moved to the mouth of the Illinois, where I was able, after a
+    time, to pay them $25 cash, the commutation for six months' clothing,
+    in Confederate money. Nothing more, owing to the wretched management
+    of the Confederate government, was ever paid them; and the clothing
+    procured for them was plundered by the commands of Generals Price and
+    Van Dorn. The consequence was that when Colonel Weer entered the
+    Cherokee Country, the Pin Indians joined him _en masse_.
+
+    I had procured at Richmond, and paid Mr. Lewis Ross, Treasurer of the
+    Cherokee Nation, about the first of March 1862, in the Chief's house
+    and in the Chief's presence, the moneys agreed to be paid them by
+    Treaty, being about $70,000 (I think) in coin, and among other sums
+    $150,000 in Confederate Treasury notes, loaned the Nation by way of
+    advance on the price expected to be paid for the Neutral land. This
+    sum had been promised in the Treaty at the earnest solicitation of Mr.
+    John Ross; and it was generally understood that it was desired for the
+    special purpose of redeeming scrip of the Nation issued long before,
+    and much of which was held by Mr. Ross and his relatives. That such
+    _was_ the case, I do not know. I only know that the moneys were paid,
+    and that I have the receipts for them, which, with others, I shall
+    file in the Indian Office.
+
+    In May, 1862, Lieut. Colonel William P. Ross visited my camp at Fort
+    McCulloch, near Red River, and said to me that "the Chief" would be
+    gratified if he were to receive the appointment of Brigadier General
+    in the Confederate Service. I did not ask him if he was authorized by
+    the Chief to say so; but I did ask him if he were _sure_ that the
+    appointment would gratify him; and being so assured, I promised to
+    urge the appointment. I did so, more than once, but never received a
+    reply. It was not customary with the Confederate War Department to
+    exhibit any great wisdom; and in respect to the Indian Country its
+    conduct was disgraceful. Unpaid, unclothed, uncared for, unthanked
+    even, and their services unrecognized, it was natural the Cherokees
+    should abandon the Confederate flag.
+
+    When Colonel Weer invaded the Cherokee Country, Mr. Ross refused to
+    have an interview with him, declaring that the Cherokees would remain
+    faithful to their engagements with the Confederate States. There was
+    not then a Confederate soldier in the Cherokee Nation, to overawe Mr.
+    Ross or Major Pegg or any other "loyal" Cherokee. Mr. Ross sent me a
+    copy of his letter to Colonel Weer, and I had it printed and sent over
+    Texas, to show the people there that the Cherokee Chief was "loyal" to
+    the Confederate States.
+
+    Afterwards, when Stand Watie's Regiment and the Choctaws were sent
+    over the Arkansas into the Cherokee Country, and Mr. Ross considered
+    his life in danger from his own people, in consequence of their
+    ancient feud, he allowed himself to be taken prisoner by the Federal
+    troops. At the time, I believed that if white troops had been sent to
+    Park Hill, who would have protected him against Watie's men, he would
+    have remained at home and adhered to the Confederacy: for either he
+    was true to his obligations to the Confederate States, voluntarily
+    entered into,--true at heart and in his inmost soul,--or else he is
+    falser and more treacherous than I can believe him to be.
+
+    The simple truth is, Mr. Commissioner, that the "loyal" Cherokees
+    hated Stand Watie and the half-breeds and were hated by them. They
+    were perfectly willing to kill and scalp Yankees, and when they were
+    hired to change sides, and twenty two hundred of them were organized
+    into regiments in the _Federal_ Service, they were just as ready to
+    kill and scalp when employed against us in Arkansas. _We_ did _not_
+    pay and clothe them, and the United States _did_. They scalped for
+    those who paid for and clothed them. As to "loyalty" they had none at
+    all.
+
+    I entered the Indian Country in May, and left it in October. For five
+    months I travelled and encamped in it, unprotected by white troops,
+    alone with the four young men, treating with the different tribes. If
+    there had been any "loyalty" among the Indians, I could not have gone
+    a mile in safety. Opoth-le-Yaholo was not "loyal." He feared the
+    McIntoshes, who had raised troops, and who, he thought, meant to kill
+    him for killing their father long years before. He told me that he did
+    not wish to fight against the Southern States, but only that the
+    Indians should all act together. If Mr. Ross had treated with us at
+    first, _all_ the Creeks would have done the same. If Stand Watie and
+    his party took _one_ side, John Ross and his party were sure, in the
+    end, to take the other, _especially when that other proved itself the
+    stronger_.
+
+    So far from the Watie party overawing the party which upheld Mr. Ross,
+    I _know_ it to be true that they were _afraid_ to actively cooperate
+    with the Confederate States, to organize, to raise Secession flags, or
+    even to meet me and consult with me. They feared that Colonel Drew's
+    Regiment would be used to harrass them, and they never dreamed of
+    _forcing_ the authorities into a Treaty.
+
+    After the action at Elkhorn, murders were continually complained of by
+    Colonels Watie and Drew, and the Chief solicited me to place part of
+    Colonel Drew's Regiment at or near Park Hill, to protect the
+    government and its records. I did so. There never a time when the
+    "loyal" Cherokees had not the power to destroy the Southern ones.
+
+    As to myself, I dealt fairly and openly with all the Indians. I used
+    no threats of force or compulsion, with any of them. The "loyal"
+    Cherokees joined us because they believed we should succeed, and left
+    us when they thought we should not. At their request I wrote their
+    declaration of Independence and acceptance of the issues of war; and
+    if any men voluntarily, and with their eyes open, and of their own
+    motion acceded to the Secession movement, it was John Ross and the
+    people whom he controlled. I am, Sir, Very res{py}, Your obt Svt
+
+        ALBERT PIKE
+
+    D. N. Cooley Esq, Commissioner of Ind. Aff.
+
+[229] In writing this letter, Pike most certainly addressed himself to
+Toombs officially and with the idea in mind that he was holding his
+commission under the Confederate State Department. That he was serving
+under that department and that he did not get his appointment until May
+seem scarcely to admit of a doubt, notwithstanding the fact that Judah P.
+Benjamin, Secretary of War later in the year, December [14?], 1861, in
+reporting to President Davis, could make the following statement:
+
+    At the first session of the Congress an act was passed providing for
+    the sending of a commissioner to the Indian tribes north of Texas and
+    west of Arkansas, with the view of making such arrangements for an
+    alliance with and the protection of the Indians as were rendered
+    necessary by the disruption of the Union and our natural succession to
+    the rights and duties of the United States, so far as these Indians
+    were concerned. The supervision of this important branch of
+    administrative duty was confided to the State Department, by which
+    Brig.-Gen. Albert Pike was selected as commissioner. At a later period
+    of the same session a Bureau of Indian Affairs was created by law and
+    attached to this Department, charged with the management of our
+    relations with the Indian tribes....--_Official Records_, fourth ser.,
+    vol. i, 792.
+
+Now, if Benjamin was correct in his chronology, the appointment of Pike
+must have antedated that of Hubbard, a very unlikely state of affairs
+unless, indeed, the Confederate government from the start, taking
+cognizance of the very advanced condition of the Indians under discussion
+and of the very extreme delicacy of the situation, concluded it would be
+wisest to act upon the assumption that the great tribes were independent
+enough to be dealt with almost as foreign powers and so left everything to
+the discretion of the State Department.
+
+In November, 1861, the Provisional Congress considered the advisability of
+transferring the whole Indian Bureau to the Department of State
+[_Journal_, November 28, 1861, vol. i, 489]. The transfer was probably
+suggested by the fact that the relations to date of the Confederate States
+with the Indians had been conducted altogether upon a basis of diplomacy.
+An added reason might have been, that the ordinary business of the War
+Department was sufficiently onerous without the details of Indian
+complications being made a part of it. Yet the transfer was never made.
+
+[230] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 576-578.
+
+[231] Hubbard's ill-health, however, seems to have made it incumbent upon
+Pike to assume much the larger share of official responsibility and
+practically to do Hubbard's work as well as his own; that is, so much of
+it as was not transacted in Richmond.
+
+[232] Adjutant and Inspector-General S. Cooper to McCulloch, May 13, 1861
+[_Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 575-576].
+
+[233] Hubbard to Walker, June 2, 1861 [_ibid._, 589-590].
+
+[234] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. xiii, 497-498; General Files,
+_Cherokee, 1859-1865_, C515.
+
+[235] Rhodes, _op. cit._, vol. iii, 237-238; also _Report_ of the Select
+Committee to Investigate the Abstraction of Bonds Held by the United
+States Government in Trust for Indian Tribes, being House _Report_, 36th
+congress, second session, no. 78. Dole, in his _Annual Report_ for 1861,
+p. 27, urged that the government make the loss good to the Indians and
+also appropriate money "to meet the unpaid interest on those trust bonds
+of the revolted States yet in custody of the Secretary of the Interior."
+There ought never, either from the standpoint of national faith or of that
+of political expediency, to have been any hesitation in the matter.
+
+[236] The entire letter is to be found in _Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. xiii, 498-499; also in General Files, _Cherokee, 1850-1865_, C515.
+
+[237]
+
+    WAR DEPARTMENT, C. S. ARMY, MONTGOMERY, May 13, 1861.
+
+    MAJOR DOUGLAS H. COOPER, Choctaw Nation:
+
+    Sir: The desire of this Government is to cultivate the most friendly
+    relations and the closest alliance with the Choctaw Nation and all the
+    Indian tribes west of Arkansas and south of Kansas. Appreciating your
+    sympathies with these tribes, and their reciprocal regard for you, we
+    have thought it advisable to enlist your services in the line of this
+    desire. From information in possession of the Government it is deemed
+    expedient to take measures to secure the protection of these tribes in
+    their present country from the agrarian rapacity of the North, that,
+    unless opposed, must soon drive them from their homes and supplant
+    them in their possessions, as, indeed, would have been the case with
+    the entire South but for our present efforts at resistance. It is well
+    known that with these unjust designs against the Indian country the
+    Northern movement for several years has had its emissaries scheming
+    among the tribes for their ultimate destruction. Their destiny has
+    thus become our own, and common with that of all the Southern States
+    entering this Confederation.
+
+    Entertaining these views and feelings, and with these objects before
+    us, we have commissioned General Ben. McCulloch, with three regiments
+    under his command, from the States of Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana,
+    to take charge of the military district embracing the Indian country,
+    and I now empower you to raise among the Choctaws and Chickasaws a
+    mounted regiment, to be commanded by yourself, in co-operation with
+    General McCulloch. It is designed also to raise two other similar
+    regiments among the Creeks, Cherokees, Seminoles, and other friendly
+    tribes for the same purpose. This combined force of six regiments will
+    be ample to secure the frontiers upon Kansas and the interests of the
+    Indians, while to the south of the Red River three regiments from
+    Texas, under a different command, have been already assigned to the
+    Rio Grande and western border.
+
+    It will thus appear, I trust, that the resources of this Government
+    are adequate to its ends, and assured to the friendly Indians. We have
+    our agents actively engaged in the manufacture of ammunition and in
+    the purchase of arms, and when your regiment has been reported
+    organized in ten companies, ranging from 64 to 100 men each, and
+    enrolled for twelve months, if possible, it will be received into the
+    Confederate service, and supplied with arms and ammunition. Such will
+    be the course pursued also in relation to the two other regiments I
+    have indicated.
+
+    The arms we are purchasing for the Indians are rifles, and they will
+    be forwarded to Fort Smith. Respectfully,
+
+        L. P. WALKER, Secretary of War.
+
+_Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 574-575.
+
+[238] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 572-574.
+
+[239] --_Ibid._, 583.
+
+[240] See McCulloch to Walker, May 28, 1861, _ibid._, 587; also same to
+same, June 12, 1861, _ibid._, 590-591.
+
+[241] --_Ibid._, 591-592; also vol. xiii, 495.
+
+[242] General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, C515; _Official Records_,
+first ser., vol. iii, 596-597 and vol. xiii, 495-497.
+
+[243] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 590-591.
+
+[244]
+
+    HEADQUARTERS MCCULLOCH'S BRIGADE,
+      Fort Smith, Ark., June 22, 1861.
+
+    HON. L. P. WALKER, Secretary of War:
+
+    Sir: I have the honor to transmit the inclosed copy of a communication
+    from John Ross, the principal chief of the Cherokee Nation.
+
+    Under all the circumstances of the case I do not think it advisable to
+    march into the Cherokee country at this time unless there is some
+    urgent necessity for it. If the views expressed in my communication to
+    you of the 14th instant are carried out, it will, I am satisfied,
+    force the conviction on the Cherokees that they have but one course to
+    pursue--that is, to join the Confederacy. The Choctaw and Chickasaw
+    regiment will be kept on the south of them; Arkansas will be to the
+    east; and with my force on the western border of Missouri no force
+    will be able to march into the Cherokee Nation, and surrounded as they
+    will be by Southern troops, they will have but one alternative at all
+    events. From my position to the north of them, in any event, I will
+    have a controlling power over them. I am satisfied from my interview
+    with John Ross and from his communication that he is only waiting for
+    some favorable opportunity to put himself with the North. His
+    neutrality is only a pretext to await the issue of events.
+
+    I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,
+
+        BEN. MCCULLOCH, Brigadier-General Commanding.
+
+_Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 595-596.
+
+[245] See Pike to Toombs, May 20, 1861 [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. iii, 580-581].
+
+[246] On the twenty-ninth of May, Pike wrote to Toombs again and informed
+him that he was leaving for Tahlequah that very morning [_Ibid._, fourth
+ser., vol. i, 359].
+
+[247] See McCulloch to Walker, May 28, 1861 [_Ibid._, first ser., vol.
+iii, 587-588].
+
+[248] See Pike to Cooley, February 17, 1866 [Indian Office, _Miscellaneous
+Files_].
+
+[249] --_Ibid._
+
+[250] McCulloch to Walker, June 12, 1861 [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. iii, 591].
+
+[251] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. xiii, 489-490.
+
+[252] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 585-587.
+
+[253] --_Ibid._, 589.
+
+[254] --_Ibid._, 587.
+
+[255] --_Ibid._, 593-594.
+
+[256] See Albert Pike to John Ross, June 6, 1861 and John Ross to Albert
+Pike, July 1, 1861 in General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, C515.
+
+[257] It would appear that, failing with John Ross, Pike tried to
+negotiate with the disaffected Cherokees under the control of Stand Watie,
+Boudinot, and others. See _Office Letter_ to President Johnson, February
+25, 1866. Pike himself says that he invited some of these men to meet him
+at the Creek Agency. See Pike to Cooley, February 17, 1866.
+
+[258] The text of the treaties is to be found in the _Confederate
+Statutes_ and also in _Official Records_, fourth ser., vol. i, as follows:
+
+  Creek Treaty, 426-443                    Osage Treaty, 636-646
+  Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty, 445-466    Seneca and Shawnee Treaty,
+  Seminole Treaty, 513-527                   647-658
+  Wichita Treaty, 542-548                  Quapaw Treaty, 659-666
+  Comanche Treaty, 548-554                 Cherokee Treaty, 669-687
+
+[259] Although the Creek Treaty was negotiated July tenth and was the
+first to be negotiated, Dole was ignorant of its existence as late as
+October second [_Report_, 1861, 39], which only goes to prove how very
+slight was the Federal communication with Indian Territory through all
+that critical time.
+
+[260] President Davis, in his message of December 12, 1861, said,
+
+    Considering this act as a declaration by Congress of our future policy
+    in relation to those Indians, a copy of that act was transmitted to
+    the commissioner and he was directed to consider it as his
+    instructions in the contemplated negotiation. [Richardson, _Messages
+    and Papers of the Confederacy_, vol. i, 149; _Official Records_,
+    fourth ser., vol. i, 785.]
+
+[261] All the treaties of the First Class contain a _Preamble_, lacking in
+the others, which specifically outlines the assumption of the
+protectorate. In addition, those same treaties have a special clause
+accepting the full force of the Act of May twenty-first.
+
+All references to these treaties, unless otherwise noted, will be page
+references to the treaties as found in the _Statutes at Large_ of the
+Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America.
+
+[262] See Creek Treaty, Articles II and IV, pp. 289, 290; Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty, Articles II and VII, pp. 312, 313; Seminole Treaty,
+Articles II and IV, Pp. 332, 333; Cherokee Treaty, Articles II and V, pp.
+395, 396.
+
+[263]
+
+    ARTICLE VIII (Creek Treaty). The Confederate States of America do
+    hereby solemnly agree and bind themselves that no State or Territory
+    shall ever pass laws for the government of the Creek Nation; and that
+    no portion of the country hereby guaranteed to it shall ever be
+    embraced or included within or annexed to any Territory or Province;
+    nor shall any attempt ever be made, except upon the free, voluntary
+    and unsolicited application of the said nation, to erect the said
+    country, by itself or with any other, into a State or any other
+    territorial or political organization, or to incorporate it into any
+    State previously created [p. 291].
+
+Compare with similar articles in the other treaties; viz., Article X of
+the Choctaw and Chickasaw, p. 314; Article VIII of the Seminole, p. 334;
+Article VIII of the Cherokee, p. 397; Articles VIII and XXVI of the Osage,
+pp. 364, 367; Articles VIII and XIX of the Seneca and Shawnee, pp. 376,
+377; Article VII of the Quapaw, p. 367.
+
+[264]
+
+    ARTICLE XL (Creek Treaty). In order to enable the Creek and Seminole
+    Nations to claim their rights and secure their interests without the
+    intervention of counsel or agents, and as they were originally one and
+    the same people and are now entitled to reside in the country of each
+    other, they shall be jointly entitled to a delegate to the House of
+    Representatives of the Confederate States of America, who shall serve
+    for the term of two years, and be a member of one of the said nations,
+    over twenty-one years of age, and labouring under no legal disability
+    by the law of either nation; and each delegate shall be entitled to
+    the same rights and privileges as may be enjoyed by delegates from any
+    territories of the Confederate States to the said House of
+    Representatives. Each shall receive such pay and mileage as shall be
+    fixed by the Congress of the Confederate States. The first election
+    for delegate shall be held at such time and places, and be conducted
+    in such manner as shall be prescribed by the agent of the Confederate
+    States, to whom returns of such election shall be made, and he shall
+    declare the person having the greatest number of votes to be duly
+    elected, and give him a certificate of election accordingly, which
+    shall entitle him to his seat. For all subsequent elections, the
+    times, places, and manner of holding them and ascertaining and
+    certifying the result shall be prescribed by law of the Confederate
+    States [p. 297].
+
+Compare with Article XXVII of Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty [p. 318], the
+chief point of difference between the two being that, in the latter treaty
+the delegate to which the two tribes, parties to the treaty, were entitled
+jointly, was to be elected from them alternately. The Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty also stipulated that the delegate was to be a member by
+birth or blood on either the father's or the mother's side. The
+corresponding provision in the Cherokee Treaty, Article XLIV [pp.
+403-404], said that the delegate should be a native born citizen. The
+Seminole arrangement, Article XXXVII [p. 339], was, as might be expected,
+exactly the same as the Creek.
+
+[265] The Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty was the only one that developed
+this idea. We might presume that the Creeks were even opposed to it. This
+is how it appears in Articles XXVIII, XXIX, and XXX, of the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty [pp. 318-319]:
+
+    ARTICLE XXVIII. In consideration of the uniform loyalty and good
+    faith, and the tried friendship for the people of the Confederate
+    States, of the Choctaw and Chickasaw people, and of their fitness and
+    capacity for self-government, proven by the establishment and
+    successful maintenance, by each, of a regularly organized republican
+    government, with all the forms and safe-guards to which the people of
+    the Confederate States are accustomed, it is hereby agreed by the
+    Confederate States, that whenever and so soon as the people of each
+    nation shall, by ordinance of a convention of delegates, duly elected
+    by majorities of the legal voters, at an election regularly held after
+    due and ample notice, in pursuance of an act of the Legislature of
+    each, respectively, declare its desire to become a State of the
+    Confederacy, the whole Choctaw and Chickasaw country, as above
+    defined, shall be received and admitted into the Confederacy as one of
+    the Confederate States, on equal terms, in all respects, with the
+    original States, without regard to population; and all the members of
+    the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations shall thereby become citizens of the
+    Confederate States, not including, however, among such members, the
+    individuals of the bands settled in the leased district aforesaid.
+
+    _Provided_, That, as a condition precedent to such admission, the said
+    nations shall provide for the survey of their lands, the holding in
+    severalty of parts thereof by their people, the dedication of at least
+    one section in every thirty-six to purposes of education, and the sale
+    of such portions as are not reserved for these, or other special
+    purposes, to citizens of the Confederate States alone, on such terms
+    as the said nation shall see fit to fix, not intended or calculated to
+    prevent the sale thereof.
+
+    ARTICLE XXIX. The proceeds of such sales shall belong entirely to
+    members of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations, and be distributed among
+    them or invested for them in proportion to the whole population of
+    each, in such manner as the Legislatures of said nations shall
+    provide; nor shall any other persons ever have any interest in the
+    annuities or funds of either the Choctaw or Chickasaw people, nor any
+    power to legislate in regard thereto.
+
+    ARTICLE XXX. Whenever the desire of the Creek and Seminole people and
+    the Cherokees to become a part of the said State shall be expressed,
+    in the same manner and with the same formalities, as is above provided
+    for in the case of the Choctaw and Chickasaw people, the country of
+    the Creeks and Seminoles, and that of the Cherokees, respectively, or
+    either by itself, may be annexed to and become an integral part of
+    said State, upon the same conditions and terms, and with the same
+    rights to the people of each, in regard to citizenship and the
+    proceeds of their lands.
+
+[266] Abel, "Proposals for an Indian State in the Union, 1778-1878," in
+the American Historical Association, _Report_, 1907, pp. 89-102.
+
+[267] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 577.
+
+[268] Articles V and VI.
+
+[269] Article VIII.
+
+[270] Article XI.
+
+[271] Article XII.
+
+[272] Article VII of the Seminole Treaty [p. 334], and Article VII
+likewise of the Creek Treaty [p. 291].
+
+[273] Article IV of the Cherokee Treaty [pp. 395-396].
+
+[274] In the matter of the guarantee of territorial integrity, the
+treaties of the Second Class were strictly on a par with those of the
+First Class. See Article VIII of the Osage Treaty [p. 364], Article XIX of
+the Seneca and Shawnee Treaty [p. 378], Article VII of the Quapaw [p.
+387].
+
+[275] Article XLVII [pp. 407-408].
+
+[276] Article V [p. 348].
+
+[277] Article III [pp. 374-375].
+
+[278] Article V [p. 291].
+
+[279] Article I [p. 354].
+
+[280] For an illustration of how the Seminoles had been preferring the
+claim, see the following affidavit:
+
+    Be it known that on this 22d day of January, A.D. 1856, personally
+    appeared before me, J. W. Washbourne, United States' Agent for
+    Seminoles, in open Council, the following named Chiefs and Head men of
+    the Seminole tribe of Indians, and deposed to the subsequent
+    statement.
+
+    That sometime during the war between the United States and the
+    Seminoles, Gen. Thomas S. Jessup, then commanding the U. S. troops in
+    Florida, issued a proclamation to the effect that all negroes
+    belonging to the hostile Seminoles who should come in and take service
+    under the Government against their masters, or in any way render
+    service to the United States against the Seminoles, or induce them to
+    sue for peace and emigrate west, they, the negroes, should be declared
+    free: That many negroes took advantage of said illegal proclamation
+    and did take service in Florida under Government, but that, by far the
+    larger number of negro slaves who took refuge under said proclamation
+    and thereby claimed their freedom, did so after the immigration west
+    was determined or consummated: That said negro slaves, in great
+    numbers and to the great injury of their owners, and against their
+    orders, took refuge within the United States' post, Fort Gibson,
+    Cherokee Nation, where they were for upwards of three years protected
+    by the United States officers at that Post, although the Seminoles
+    claimed them, the negroes, as their lawful slaves, and protested
+    against this procedure of the U. S. officers: That while these negro
+    slaves were thus protected by military officers, it was impossible to
+    keep their slaves at home who were continually flying to Fort Gibson,
+    where they were beyond the reach of their masters: That this occurred
+    during the years 1845-'6-'7: That through the instrumentality of their
+    former Sub Agent and attornies employed by them, they after long delay
+    and at great expense and loss of slaves, presented the matter to the
+    attention of the Secretary of War, Hon. Wm. L. Marcy, and that finally
+    from him, as such Secretary of War, there issued an order bearing date
+    the 5th of August 1848, directed to the commanding officer at Fort
+    Gibson, enjoining him to protect no longer said negro slaves at that
+    Post and commanding him to deliver all of said slaves to the Seminoles
+    their rightful owners: That even after this order the nuisance did not
+    abate, for another order dated July 31st 1850 required the commanding
+    officer of Fort Gibson to give no further protection to these
+    "Seminole negroes": That by this order of the Secretary of War, as was
+    just and right, the United States recognised the ownership of these
+    said slaves as being in the Seminoles, and that they were entitled by
+    law and right to said slaves and their service: That in consequence of
+    the withdrawal of the protection afforded them at Fort Gibson and from
+    their having so long considered themselves free, said slaves in great
+    numbers escaped, some of whom reached Mexico, some were killed by the
+    wild Indians, and the remainder were only captured at great and
+    ruinous expense: That the owners of these said negro slaves are justly
+    and equitably entitled to the service of said slaves, while unlawfully
+    and against the power and protests of the Seminoles, detained at Fort
+    Gibson for the space of more than three years, by U. S. officers: That
+    the number of said negro slaves so unlawfully detained and kept from
+    the service due their masters, as near as now can be estimated was Two
+    Hundred and Thirty-four or thereabouts: That the services of these
+    said slaves for these three years and upwards were amply worth at the
+    time Seventy five dollars each per annum, making the sum of Fifty two
+    Thousand Six hundred and fifty dollars ($52.650.00,) to which the
+    Seminole owners of said slaves are fully and fairly, in law and
+    equity, entitled, and which ought to be paid to them by the Government
+    of the United States.
+
+        JOHN JUMPER, P. Chief Seminoles X his mark
+        PAH SUC AH YO HO LAH, Speaker Council X his mark
+        CHITTO-TUSTO-MUGGEE X his mark
+        ARHAH-LOCK-TUSTO-MUGGEE X his mark
+        NOKE-SU-KEE X his mark
+        PARS-CO-FER X his mark
+        TESI-KI-AH X his mark
+        ALLIGATOR X his mark
+        TALLA-HASSA X his mark
+        GEORGE CLOUD X his mark
+        HO-TUL-GEE-HARJO X his mark
+        TAR-HAH FIXICO X his mark
+
+    Sworn to and subscribed before me, in open Council Jany 22d 1856.
+
+        J. W. WASHBOURNE U. S. Agent for Seminoles.
+
+    Witnesses: GEORGE M. AUD
+
+[281] President Polk seems to have been of the opinion that negro slaves
+could not be freed by military proclamation [_Diary_ (Quaife's edition),
+vol. iii, 504].
+
+[282] Slavery was not completely ignored even in the treaties of the Third
+Class. In Article IX of their treaty [p. 348], the Wichitas promised to do
+all in their power to take and return any negroes, horses, or other
+property stolen from white men or from Indians of the great tribes. The
+corresponding article in the Comanche Treaty [p. 355], was to like
+purpose.
+
+[283] Article XXXVII of the Osage Treaty, Article XXVIII of the Seneca and
+Shawnee Treaty, and Article XXVII of the Quapaw Treaty.
+
+[284] The following are the Creek clauses and the Choctaw and Chickasaw,
+Articles XLV and XLVII, the Seminole, Articles XXIX and XXXIII, and the
+Cherokee, Articles XXXIV and XXXVII, are similar:
+
+    ARTICLE XXIX. The provisions of all such acts of Congress of the
+    Confederate States as may now be in force, or may hereafter be
+    enacted, for the purpose of carrying into effect the provision of the
+    constitution in regard to the re-delivery or return of fugitive
+    slaves, or fugitives from labour and service, shall extend to, and be
+    in full force within the said Creek Nation; and shall also apply to
+    all cases of escape of fugitive slaves from the said Creek Nation into
+    any other Indian nation or into one of the Confederate States, the
+    obligation upon each such nation or State to re-deliver such slaves
+    being in every case as complete as if they had escaped from another
+    State, and the mode of procedure the same [p. 296].
+
+    ARTICLE XXXII. It is hereby declared and agreed that the institution
+    of slavery in the said nation is legal and has existed from time
+    immemorial; that slaves are taken and deemed to be personal property;
+    that the title to slaves and other property having its origin in the
+    said nation, shall be determined by the laws and customs thereof; and
+    that the slaves and other personal property of every person domiciled
+    in said nation shall pass and be distributed at his or her death, in
+    accordance with the laws, usages and customs of the said nation, which
+    may be proved like foreign laws, usages & customs, and shall
+    everywhere be held valid and binding within the scope of their
+    operation [p. 296].
+
+[285] P. 369.
+
+[286] Article XVII of the Cherokee Treaty [p. 399].
+
+[287]
+
+    ARTICLE XV (Creek Treaty). The Confederate States shall protect the
+    Creeks from domestic strife, from hostile invasion, and from
+    aggression by other Indians and white persons not subject to the
+    jurisdiction and laws of the Creek Nation, and for all injuries
+    resulting from such invasion or aggression, full indemnity is hereby
+    guaranteed to the party or parties injured, out of the Treasury of the
+    Confederate States, upon the same principle and according to the same
+    rules upon which white persons are entitled to indemnity for injuries
+    or aggressions upon them committed by Indians [p. 293].
+
+See also Article XXI of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty and Article XV of
+the Seminole Treaty.
+
+[288] Manypenny to Dean, November 30, 1855 [Indian Office, _Letter Book_,
+no. 53, pp. 94-95]. Dean to Manypenny, December 25, 1855 [_Letter Press
+Book_].
+
+[289] Compare Article XX of the Cherokee Treaty and Article XXIV of the
+Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty with Article XVI of the Creek Treaty and all
+of these with Article XVI of the Seminole Treaty.
+
+[290] See, for example, Article XVIII of the Seminole Treaty [p. 336].
+
+[291] One other important right was conceded and that was the right of
+free transit. The concession is well stated in the Creek Treaty and occurs
+in connection with a prohibition against the pasturing of stock by
+outsiders within the Creek country.
+
+    ARTICLE XXII. No citizen or inhabitant of the Confederate States shall
+    pasture stock on the lands of the Creek Nation, under the penalty of
+    one dollar per head for all so pastured, to be collected by the
+    authorities of the nation; but their citizens shall be at liberty at
+    all times, and whether for business or pleasure, peaceably to travel
+    the Creek country; and to drive their stock to market or otherwise
+    through the same, and to halt such reasonable time on the way as may
+    be necessary to recruit their stock, such delay being in good faith
+    for that purpose.
+
+    ARTICLE XXIII. It is also further agreed that the members of the Creek
+    Nation shall have the same right of travelling, driving stock and
+    halting to recruit the same in any of the Confederate States as is
+    given citizens of the Confederate States by the preceding article [p.
+    295].
+
+[292] Article LXV of the Creek Treaty, Article XXVI of the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty, Article XXXI of the Seminole Treaty, and Article XXII of
+the Cherokee Treaty.
+
+[293] Article XVIII of the Creek Treaty, Article XXV of the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty, Article XIX of the Seminole Treaty, and Article XXI of
+the Cherokee Treaty.
+
+[294] Article LXV of the Creek Treaty and Article XXXI of the Seminole
+Treaty.
+
+[295] Tush-ca-hom-ma at Boggy Depot and Cha-lah-ki at Tahlequah.
+
+[296] Article XXX of the Creek Treaty, Article XLIII of the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty, Article XXX of the Seminole Treaty, and Article XXXV of
+the Cherokee Treaty.
+
+[297] Article XXVIII of the Creek Treaty, Article XLIV of the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty, Article XXVIII of the Seminole Treaty, Article XXXIII of
+the Cherokee Treaty, Article XXXVI of the Osage Treaty, Article XXVII of
+the Seneca and Shawnee Treaty, and Article XXVII of the Quapaw Treaty.
+
+[298] Article XXIX of the Cherokee Treaty and Article XXIII of the Choctaw
+and Chickasaw Treaty.
+
+[299]
+
+    ARTICLE XXXI (Cherokee Treaty). Any person duly charged with a
+    criminal offence against the laws of either the Creek, Seminole,
+    Choctaw or Chickasaw Nations, and escaping into the jurisdiction of
+    the Cherokee Nation, shall be promptly surrendered upon the demand of
+    the proper authority of the nation within whose jurisdiction the
+    offence shall be alleged to have been committed; and in like manner,
+    any person duly charged with a criminal offence against the laws of
+    the Cherokee Nation, and escaping into the jurisdiction of either of
+    the said nations, shall be promptly surrendered upon the demand of the
+    proper authority of the Cherokee Nation [pp. 401-402].
+
+Note the development from the corresponding extradition clause in the
+earlier treaties of the series. In the Creek and Seminole treaties,
+extradition was as between Creeks and Seminoles exclusively. In the
+Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty, it was as between Choctaws and Chickasaws
+exclusively. In this treaty of the Cherokees, all the tribes were to be
+sharers in the extradition privilege; but it is difficult to understand
+how a clause in the Cherokee Treaty could be made legally binding upon
+other Indians than Cherokee.
+
+[300] Article XXVI.
+
+[301] It was also a one-sided affair in the treaties of the Second Class.
+See Article XXXIV of the Osage Treaty, Article XXV of the Seneca and
+Shawnee Treaty, and Article XXV of the Quapaw Treaty.
+
+[302] Article XXXVII of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty [p. 320], and
+Article XXXII of the Cherokee Treaty [p. 402].
+
+[303] Article XXXI of the Creek Treaty, Article XLVI of the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty, Article XXXII of the Seminole Treaty, and Article XXXVI
+of the Cherokee Treaty. Note that the enjoyment of the privilege by the
+Seminole Nation was to be conditioned upon its own establishment of
+regular courts.
+
+[304] There were also secret articles to some of the treaties. The
+indications are that such secret articles entailed the customary bribery
+of chiefs and influential men upon whose support depended successful
+negotiation.
+
+[305] Article VII of the Osage Treaty [p. 364].
+
+[306] Article XIII of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty [p. 315].
+
+[307] Article IX of the Cherokee Treaty [p. 397].
+
+[308] Article LXVI of the Creek Treaty, Article XLIV of the Seminole,
+Article LIII of the Cherokee.
+
+[309] Article LXIV [p. 330].
+
+[310] Article XL of the Wichita Treaty and Article X of the Comanche.
+
+[311] Article XI of the Creek Treaty, Article XVI of the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty, Article XI of the Seminole Treaty, Article XIII of the
+Cherokee Treaty, Article IV of the Osage Treaty, Article V of the Seneca
+and Shawnee Treaty, and Article IV of the Quapaw Treaty.
+
+[312] Article XII of the Creek Treaty, Article XVII of the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty, Article XII of the Seminole Treaty, Article XIV of the
+Cherokee Treaty, Article V of the Osage Treaty, Article VI of the Seneca
+and Shawnee Treaty, and Article V of the Quapaw Treaty. After the war the
+posts in certain specified cases were to be garrisoned by native troops.
+
+[313] The reference is the same as the foregoing with two exceptions;
+viz., Article XXVIII of the Osage Treaty and Article XX the Quapaw Treaty.
+
+[314] Article XIII of the Creek Treaty, Article XVIII of the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw Treaty, and Article XIII of the Seminole Treaty.
+
+[315] The provision in the Osage Treaty was one exception to this. It was
+definitely said there that there should be no compensation.
+
+[316] The details of this will come out in the chapter following.
+
+[317]
+
+    ARTICLE XXXVIII (Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty). In order to secure the
+    due enforcement of so much of the laws of the Confederate States in
+    regard to criminal offences and misdemeanors as is or may be in force
+    in the said Choctaw and Chickasaw country, and to prevent the Choctaws
+    and Chickasaws from being further harassed by judicial proceedings had
+    in foreign courts and before juries not of the vicinage, the said
+    country is hereby erected into and constituted a judicial district of
+    the Confederate States to be called the Tush-ca-hom-ma District, for
+    the special purposes and jurisdiction hereinafter provided; and there
+    shall be created and semi-annually held, within such district, at
+    Boggy Depot, a district court of the Confederate States, with the
+    powers of a circuit court, so far as the same shall be necessary to
+    carry out the provisions of this treaty, and with jurisdiction
+    co-extensive with the limits of such district, in such matters, civil
+    and criminal, to such extent and between such parties as may be
+    prescribed by law, and in conformity to the terms of this treaty [p.
+    320].
+
+Articles XXXIX, XL, XLI, and XLII more specifically define the
+jurisdiction.
+
+[318] See Article XXIII of the Cherokee Treaty, and, for the jurisdiction
+of the court, see Articles XXIV, XXV, and XXVI.
+
+[319] Article XXXV.
+
+[320] Article XXVI.
+
+[321] Article XXVI.
+
+[322] In other ways than this, the treaties with the minor tribes stressed
+the "peculiar institution." Consider, for instance, in the matter of
+extradition, how it was not the criminal generally, but only the fugitive
+slave that was to be reciprocally extradited. Moreover, as a rule, the
+weak tribes all pledged themselves to try to return negroes and other
+property and were assured that negroes should come under the jurisdiction
+of tribal laws.
+
+[323] Article II [p. 395].
+
+[324] Article LII [p. 410].
+
+[325] Article XXXIX [p. 403].
+
+[326] Without doubt some preliminary sounding of Leeper must have preceded
+the accompanying document. Pike would hardly have written with such
+assurance or given such instructions unless he had been very sure of his
+ground.
+
+    FORT SMITH, ARKANSAS, 26th May 1861.
+
+    SIR: I have been appointed by the President of the Confederate States
+    of America Commissioner to the Indian Tribes West of Arkansas, with
+    discretionary powers, for the purpose of making treaties of alliance
+    with them, and of enlisting troops to act with the forces of the
+    Confederate States.
+
+    In the exercise of the powers entrusted to me, I hereby authorize and
+    request you to exercise the powers of Agent for the Wichitas and other
+    Indians in the Country leased from the Choctaws and Chickasaws, until
+    you shall receive a regular commission therefor. Your compensation
+    will be the same as that received from the United States, to commence
+    from the day when you resigned as agent of the United States.
+
+    And you are hereby instructed forthwith to repair to your agency, and
+    to inform the Indians under your charge that the Confederate States of
+    America will take you themselves and fully comply with all the
+    obligations entered into by the United States in their behalf;
+    securing and paying all that may be due them from injury; and
+    especially that they will continue to supply them with rations, as it
+    has heretofore been done, until they shall no longer need to be
+    supplied.
+
+    You will also please inform them that I shall in a short time be among
+    them, to enter into a treaty with them, on the part of the Confederate
+    States.
+
+    You will impress upon them that the people of Texas are now a part of
+    the Confederate States, and must no longer be looked upon as enemies:
+    and if any troops from Texas should come within your jurisdiction, you
+    will particularly warn them against doing any harm to the Indians
+    under your charge.
+
+    You will make known to the Delawares, and if practicable to the
+    Kickapoos, that it is my desire, and I have authority, to enlist a
+    battalion of 350 men, of the Delawares, Kickapoos, and Shawnees, and
+    will especially assure the Kickapoos, that if they have any cause of
+    complaint against any of the people of Texas, it will be inquired
+    into, and reparation made, and that they must in no case commit any
+    act of hostility against Texas.
+
+    I shall be greatly obliged to you for all assistance you can render in
+    securing the services in arms of the Kickapoos and Delawares. They
+    will be paid like other mounted men, receiving 40 cents a day for use
+    and risk of their horse, in addition to their pay, rations, and
+    clothing.
+
+    I need not say that I place much reliance on your zeal and
+    intelligence and assure you that your services will not fail to be
+    appreciated by the Government of the Confederate States. Most
+    respectfully yours
+
+        ALBERT PIKE, Comm{r}, C. S. A. to the
+          Indian Tribes, West of Arkansas.
+
+    Matthew Leeper Esq.
+
+_Leeper Papers._
+
+[327] It is not clear as to just when Elias Rector left the United States
+service or when he entered the Confederate. The Indian Office in
+Washington was communicating with him officially for some little time
+after Griffith had been notified of his appointment. There seems no reason
+to doubt that Rector was working in the interests of the Southern
+Confederacy all through the spring of 1861; and, when he went over openly
+to the South, he did not close his accounts with the United States Indian
+Office. He was accordingly regarded as a defaulter and there was talk of
+confiscating his property at Fort Smith [W. G. Coffin to Dole, January 29,
+1864, General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1863-1864_, I640; Dole to
+Usher, February 2, 1864, Indian Office, _Report Book_, no. 13, p. 297].
+
+In the course of his official connection with the United States government
+Elias Rector had frequently been accused of irregularities and even of
+crookedness [General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_, C1222].
+As touching the Seminole removal from Florida, he had much that was
+peculiar to explain away. Apparently he quite frequently made queer
+contracts, was given to making over-charges for mileage and to favoring
+his friends at the expense of the Indians and of the government. In 1861,
+he rendered a voucher showing he had paid a certain Henry Pape $6000.00
+for building the Wichita Agency house. On various matters connected with
+his official record, see Rector's _Letter Press Book_ and Indian Office,
+_Letter Books_, no. 64, p. 342; no. 65, P. 49; no. 66, p. 26. In 1865,
+Rector made application to be allowed to straighten out his accounts [J.
+B. Luce to Cooley, November 2, 1865].
+
+Returning, however, to the subject of Rector's incumbency: on the twelfth
+of June, 1861, he wrote quite frankly to John Schoenmaker, principal of
+the Osage Mission,
+
+    ... I have no connection at this time with the Indian Department under
+    the old U. S. Government. I am now acting as Superintendent under the
+    Government of the Confederate States, and as no treaties have as yet
+    been concluded between the Southern confederacy and the tribes of
+    Indians with whom you are engaged I of course can say nothing to you
+    on the subject matter of your letter....--General Files, _Southern
+    Superintendency, 1859-1862_.
+
+The Confederate southern superintendency had not at the time been filled,
+but Rector seems to have been considered the most competent candidate.
+Johnson, in recommending various men to Walker for various positions,
+recommended Rector in strong terms of implied commendation,
+
+    Dr. Griffith wants to be appointed superintendent in place of E.
+    Rector. Do not allow this to be done. Hold everything as it is until
+    peace and unity are attained, and then make all the changes you think
+    proper; but not now--not now, by all manner of means.
+
+    I do earnestly beg you to keep your agencies as they were. They are
+    good and true men, and popular and qualified with the tribes and their
+    business. Restore and commission Elias Rector, superintendent; John
+    Crawford, Cherokee agent; William Quesenbury, Creek agent; Samuel M.
+    Rutherford, Seminole agent; and Matthew Leeper, Wichita agent; and if
+    Cooper has resigned (which I fear is the case), appoint Richard P.
+    Pulliam (who is the next best living man on earth for the place, I
+    believe) as agent of the Choctaws. With this programme you will have
+    peace and success; without it, no one can tell your troubles or our
+    misfortunes on this frontier....--_Official Records_, first ser., vol.
+    iii, 598.
+
+[328] Dole to Robinson, April 9, 1861 [Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no.
+65, 323].
+
+[329] Dole to Rector, April 6, 1861 [--_ibid._, p. 317].
+
+[330] General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_, G463.
+
+[331] General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_, G463.
+
+[332] Smith to Dole, May 4, 1861; Dole to Rector, May 9, 1861 [Indian
+Office, _Letter Book_, no. 65, p. 440].
+
+[333] Johnson to Walker, June 25, 1861 [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. iii, 598].
+
+[334] Caleb B. Smith to Dole, April 6, 1861 [General Files, _Southern
+Superintendency, 1859-1862_].
+
+[335] Dole to Quesenbury [Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no. 65, p. 330].
+In the middle of the summer, George A. Cutler became United States agent
+for the Creeks [_ibid._, no. 66, p. 200].
+
+[336] Dole to Crawford [_ibid._, no. 65, p. 331].
+
+[337] Rector to Greenwood, August 31, 1860 [_Letter Press Book_].
+
+[338] November 27, 1860, he voted in the affirmative on a resolution
+against Lincoln's election and against the advisability of Arkansas
+members of Congress taking their seats during his administration [Arkansas
+House _Journal_, thirteenth session, 1860-1861, p. 234].
+
+[339] On the thirteenth of June, when Crawford wrote, resigning his
+commission, he said in extenuation of his conduct,
+
+    I only accepted through the influence of friends knowing then the
+    Cherokee Indians was Southern in their feelings and did not wish a
+    Northern man sent among them to act as Agent & as the Government of
+    the Southern Confederacy has in their wisdom thought best to take
+    charge of all the Indian Tribes south of Kansas and the Indians all
+    being anxious to join in with the South and oppose to the bitter end
+    the course now pursued by the Northern Government--I most respectfully
+    decline acting as agent for the Cherokee Indians under the
+    Administration of A. Lincoln.--CRAWFORD to Dole, June 13, 1861
+    [General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, C1376].
+
+[340] Crawford to Dole, May 20, 1861 [_ibid._].
+
+[341]
+
+    The excitement here is at an alarming pitch for the last few days I
+    trust to God that those in power will do something to settle this
+    interruption in the government and something must be done soon or War
+    will ensue troops were drilling here last night at ten oclock, State
+    troops, strong talk of attacking Fort Smith the President of the
+    Convention has called the Convention to meet on the 6th day of May and
+    the State will seceed if there is not something done immediately
+    perhaps war will be commenced before you receive my letter though I
+    trust not. I should very much to know that the North and South were
+    engaged in a war, if you can do anything to have those troubles
+    settled use your influence with the President in calling a national
+    convention or something else to have peace....--CRAWFORD to Dole,
+    dated Van Buren, April 21, 1861 [General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_,
+    C1044].
+
+[342] Smith to Dole, April 20, 1861 [General Files, _Wichita, 1860-1861_,
+I320].
+
+[343] Some slight account of the Wichita Agency and of Agent Leeper's
+defection has already been narrated. A number of documents elucidating the
+subject are to be found in the "Appendix."
+
+[344] Dole to Elder, April 29, 1861 [Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no. 65,
+pp. 390-391]; Mix to Elder, August 22, 1861 [_ibid._, no. 66, pp.
+283-284].
+
+[345] See, for instance, Stockton to Usher, February 20, 1864 [General
+Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1863-1864_].
+
+[346] See Isaac Coleman, United States Indian agent, to Superintendent
+Elijah Sells, a copy of which letter is retained in the Office of Indian
+Affairs, the original having been sent to the office of the United States
+attorney-general, October 10, 1865.
+
+[347] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1865, pp. 310, 345.
+
+[348] The reference is, presumably, to a portion of the money that the
+United States government had allowed the Choctaws in satisfaction of
+claims arising under the treaties of 1830 and 1855 [Act of March 2, 1861,
+U. S. _Statutes at Large_, vol. xii, 238]. The episode of the Corn
+Contract was directly connected with the expenditure of the money. For
+documents bearing upon it, see Land Files, _Choctaw, 1874-1876_, Box 39,
+C1078, particularly documents labelled "N," "O," and "P." Document "N" is
+a communication from Albert Pike to the General Council of the Choctaw
+Nation, received at the June session, 1861, and is most interesting as
+showing how Pike mixed up private and public business and, indeed, gave to
+private the preference.
+
+    FRIENDS AND BROTHERS: You are aware that since the year 1854 M{r} John
+    T. Cochrane and myself, aided by Col. Cooper your agent and by your
+    delegates, have been engaged at Washington in prosecuting the just
+    claims of your people under the treaty of 1830 before the Government
+    of the United States.
+
+    We have succeeded in procuring a final award of the Senate, giving you
+    the net proceeds of all the lands which you ceded by that treaty, and
+    a Report from the Committee of Indian Affairs, estimating the sum due
+    you at over two millions three hundred thousand dollars.
+
+    At the last session of Congress, we succeeded in procuring an
+    appropriation on account of this debt of $250,000 in money and
+    $250,000 in bonds of the United States.
+
+    Owing to the unfortunate difficulties between the Northern and
+    Southern States, one hundred and thirty-eight thousand dollars, only,
+    of the sums, has been paid, $135,000 of which was placed in your
+    Agent's hands, ostensibly to purchase corn; and most of it remains
+    unexpended.
+
+    Towards my expenses while prosecuting your claims and towards my fee,
+    I have received the sum of sixteen hundred dollars. My expenses alone,
+    in four years have been five thousand dollars.
+
+    I have had to abandon my other business, to attend to yours: and
+    unless some part of my compensation is paid, or my expenses repaid me,
+    my property will have to be sold to pay my debts. I am entirely
+    without money, and have you only to look to.
+
+    I have labored for you very faithfully; and am sure your Delegates
+    will tell you that, but for me your claims would never have been
+    allowed; and but for me, after they were allowed, the appropriation
+    would not have been obtained.
+
+    The whole of the claims will be paid whenever peace is restored,
+    either by the United States, or by the Confederate Southern States. I
+    shall take it in charge and never desert you until all is paid.
+
+    I respectfully and earnestly request you to cause to be paid to me,
+    out of the moneys now in the Agent's hands, for my expenses, and on
+    account of my fee, such sum of money as you may think just and right;
+    and which I hope will not be less than seven thousand five hundred
+    dollars.
+
+    I also desire to inform you that I have been appointed by the
+    President of the Confederate States, a Commissioner to your Nation,
+    and all the other Nations and Tribes west of Arkansas; that I shall at
+    the proper time come among you to counsel with you, and that I shall
+    take your interests in charge, and see that your title to your lands,
+    and all annuities, and other moneys due you by the United States are
+    assumed and guaranteed by the Confederate States. On this you may
+    implicitly rely; as it is the promise of one who never breaks his
+    word.
+
+    Let your people therefore, and the Chickasaws remain perfectly quiet
+    until the proper time arrives, and look to me for advice. If any
+    emissaries from Arkansas come among you, hear them and say nothing. So
+    it is that wise men do. The State of Arkansas has nothing whatever to
+    do with you, and cannot protect you. The Confederate States are both
+    able and willing to do so; and when they have guaranteed your rights,
+    it will be time enough for you to act. Your friend
+
+        (signed) ALBERT PIKE.
+
+    Office of the National Secretary of the Choctaw Nation.
+
+    [Endorsement] I hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy from
+    the original letter from Albert Pike on file in the National
+    Secretary's Office.
+
+    Given under my hand and official seal. Done at Chahta Tamaha, November
+    1{st} A.D. 1873.
+
+        (signed) JNO. P. TURNBULL, National Secretary Choctaw Nation.
+
+[349] Pike's programme of operations is outlined in his letter to Toombs
+of May 29, 1861:
+
+    SIR: I leave this morning for Tahlequah, the seat of government of the
+    Cherokee Nation, and Park Hill, the residence of Governor Ross, the
+    principal chief. Since 1835 there have always been two parties in the
+    Cherokee Nation, bitterly hostile to each other. The treaty of that
+    year was made by unauthorized persons, against the will of the large
+    majority of the nation and against that of the chief, Mr. Ross.
+    Several years ago Ridge, Boudinot, and others, principal men of the
+    treaty party, were killed, with, it was alleged, the sanction of Mr.
+    Ross, and the feud is today as bitter as it was twenty years ago. The
+    full-blooded Indians are mostly adherents of Ross, and many of
+    them--1,000 to 1,500 it is alleged--are on the side of the North. I
+    think that number is exaggerated. The half-breeds or white Indians (as
+    they call themselves) are to a man with us. It has all along been
+    supposed, or at least suspected, that Mr. Ross would side with the
+    North. His declarations are in favor of neutrality. But I am inclined
+    to believe that he is acting upon the policy (surely a wise one) of
+    not permitting his people to commit themselves until he has formal
+    guarantees from an authorized agent of the Confederate States. These I
+    shall give him if he will accept them. General McCulloch will be with
+    me, and I strongly hope that we shall satisfy him, and effect a formal
+    and firm treaty. If so, we shall have nearly the whole nation with us,
+    and those who are not will be unimportant. If he refuses he will learn
+    that his country will be occupied; and I shall then negotiate with the
+    leaders of the half-breeds who are now raising troops, and who will
+    meet me at the Creek Agency on Friday of next week. Several of those
+    living near here I have already seen.
+
+    On Wednesday of next week I will meet the chiefs of the Creeks at the
+    North Fork of the Canadian. I will then fix a day for a council of the
+    Creeks, and go on to meet the Choctaws at Fort Washita. When I shall
+    have concluded an arrangement with them I will go to the Chickasaw
+    Country, and thence to the Seminoles.
+
+    I hope to meet the heads of the Wichitas, Caddos, Iowas, Toncawes,
+    Delawares, Kickapoos, and Reserve Comanches at Fort Washita. I have
+    requested their agent to induce them to meet me there. The Creek
+    chiefs have a council with the wild Indians, Comanches and others,
+    high up on the North Fork of the Canadian, on the 10th proximo. I
+    shall endeavor, through the Creek chiefs, to have an interview with
+    the heads of the wild tribes at Fort Washita and induce them to come
+    in and settle on the reserve upon the False Washita River near Fort
+    Cobb.
+
+    As I shall be absent from this post some six weeks or more, it is not
+    likely that I shall be able to give you frequent advice of my
+    movements. There are no mails in the Indian country and I shall have
+    to employ expresses when I desire to send on letters.
+
+    We shall have no difficulty with the Creeks, Seminoles, Choctaws, and
+    Chickasaws, either in effecting treaties or raising troops. The
+    greatest trouble will be in regard to arms. Not one in ten of either
+    of the tribes has a gun at all, and most of the guns are indifferent
+    double-barreled. I do not know whether the Bureau of Indian Affairs is
+    a part of the Department of State, and of course whether this is
+    properly addressed to you. I do not address the Commissioner because I
+    understand he is on his way hither. The suggestions I wish to make are
+    important and I venture to hope that you will give them their proper
+    direction. I have already spoken of arms for the Indians. Those arms,
+    if possible, should be the plain muzzle-loading rifle, large bore,
+    with molds for conical bullets hollowed at the truncated end, which I
+    suppose to be the minie-ball. Revolvers, I am aware, cannot be had,
+    and an Indian would not pick up a musket if it lay in the road.
+
+    Our river is falling and will soon be low, when steam-boats will not
+    be able to get above Little Rock, if even there. To embody the Indians
+    and, collecting them together, keep them long without arms would
+    disgust them, and they would scatter over the country like partridges
+    and never be got together again. The arms should, therefore, be sent
+    here with all speed.
+
+    No funds have been remitted to me, nor have I any power to procure or
+    draw for any, for my expenses or for those of the councils I must
+    hold. It has always been customary for the Indians to be fed at such
+    councils, and they will expect it. I have borrowed $300 of Mr. Charles
+    B. Johnson, giving him a draft on the Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+    for incidental expenses, and if I have a council at Fort Washita shall
+    contract with him to feed the Indians. I have seen Elias Rector, late
+    superintendent of Indian affairs at Fort Smith, and William
+    Quesenbury, appointed agent for the Creeks by the Government at
+    Washington, but who did not accept, and Samuel M. Rutherford, agent
+    for the Seminoles, who forwards his resignation immediately; and have
+    written to Matthew Leeper, agent for the Wichitas and other Reserve
+    Indians; and have formally requested each to continue to exercise the
+    powers of his office under the Confederate States. They are all
+    citizens of Arkansas and Texas and have readily consented to do so.
+
+    If we have declared a protectorate over these tribes and extended our
+    laws over them we have, I suppose, continued in force there the whole
+    system. Even if we have not we cannot dispense with the superintendent
+    and agents. I shall also see Mr. Crawford, agent for the Cherokees,
+    and request him to continue to act, as I have requested Colonel Cooper
+    to do as agent for the Choctaws and Chickasaws. Unless all this were
+    done there would be both discontent and confusion, and I therefore
+    earnestly request that my action may be immediately confirmed and
+    these officers assured that they shall be continued, and that their
+    compensation shall be the same as under the United States and date
+    from the day of the resignation of each or of his acceptance of office
+    under the Confederate States. And I also strenuously urge that no
+    changes be made in these offices. The incumbents are all good men and
+    true, competent, and honest, and are, or will be, very acceptable to
+    the Indians. To make changes will be to make mischief.
+
+    Mr. Charles B. Johnson is feeding the Wichitas and other Reserve
+    Indians under a contract which ends on the 30th of June. I have
+    instructed him to continue feeding them during the present season
+    under the same contract, _i.e._, on the same terms, which I know to be
+    reasonable.
+
+    It is very important that some funds should be at my disposition. The
+    State of Arkansas has furnished me an escort of a company and General
+    McCulloch has procured me transportation. To meet contingent expenses
+    it is necessary that at least $1000 should be placed here subject to
+    my draft; and, as I have several times urged, money should be placed
+    in the proper hands to pay a bounty to each Indian that enlists.
+
+    I wish I had more definite instructions and power more distinctly
+    expressed, especially power in so many words to make treaties and give
+    all necessary guarantees. For without giving them nothing can be done,
+    and I am [not] sure that John Ross will be satisfied with my statement
+    or assurance that I have the power, or with anything less than a
+    formal authority from the Congress. He is very shrewd. If I fail with
+    him it will not be my fault.
+
+    I have the honor to be, sir, very truly and respectfully, yours,
+
+        ALBERT PIKE, Commissioner, &c.
+
+_Official Records_, fourth ser., vol. i, 359-361.
+
+[350] Pike to Cooley, February 17, 1866.
+
+[351] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. liii, supplement, 688.
+
+[352] A military escort had also been furnished by the Arkansas Military
+Board to General McCulloch [_ibid._, 687].
+
+[353] Motey, or Moty, Kennard is occasionally spoken of, in the records,
+as the principal chief of the entire Creek Nation. The tribe was, however,
+very sharply divided into the Lower and the Upper Creeks. Their
+differences had been accentuated by the unpleasant and even dishonorable
+and tragic circumstances of their removal from Georgia and Alabama. The
+Lower Creeks represented the faction that had stood back of William
+McIntosh and that had consented to the fraudulent treaty of Indian
+Springs, the Upper Creeks were the dissenters [Abel, _History of Indian
+Consolidation_, chapters vi and vii; Phillips, _Georgia and State Rights_,
+56-57].
+
+[354] Letter from Greenwood to the Delegation, February 4, 1861 [Indian
+Office, _Letter Book_, no. 65, pp. 140-141].
+
+[355] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1861. Note that as early
+as March 18, 1861, Secretary Smith had ordered the suspension of the
+issuance of all requisitions to ordinary disbursing officers in the
+seceding states. This order probably affected indirectly even the Indian
+Territory [Smith to commissioner of Indian affairs, March 18, 1861,
+_Miscellaneous Files, 1858-1863_].
+
+[356] Governor Thomas O. Moore of Louisiana to President Davis, May 31,
+1861 [_Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 588].
+
+[357] See letter of W. S. Robertson to the Secretary of the Interior
+[General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_, R1664].
+
+[358] See statement of the "Loyal" Creek Delegation at the Fort Smith
+Council, September, 1865 [Land Files, _Indian Talks, Councils, etc.,
+1865-1866_, Box 4; Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1865, pp.
+328-329].
+
+[359] Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la was nevertheless a very prominent man among the
+Upper Creeks and had been prominent even before the exodus from Georgia
+and Alabama. At all events he was sufficiently prominent to protest with
+others against the transportation contracts that had been made by the War
+Department [Lewis Cass to Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la and other Creek chiefs, dated
+Tuckabatchytown, Alabama, January 27, 1836]. Again in 1838,
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la headed a party of protest, that time against the
+selling of certain Creek lands left unsold at the time of emigration
+[_Creek Reservation Papers_, 25].
+
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la seems to have been one of the assassins of William
+McIntosh; that is, if the subjoined statement of Acting-superintendent
+William Armstrong is to be trusted:
+
+    CHOCTAW AGENCY August 31, 1836
+
+    C. A. HARRIS Esqr, Com{r} of Ind Affairs,
+
+    Sir: The first party of emigrating Creeks are now on the opposite side
+    of the river Arkansas, on their way up. I shall leave tomorrow so as
+    to meet them at Gibson; while there, I will see the McIntosh party and
+    endeavor to learn the state of feelings amongst the several parties.
+    Many threats have been made; and much dissatisfaction manifested by
+    both Chilly & Rolly McIntosh, the latter has sworn to kill
+    A-po-the-ho-lo who was concerned in taking the life of his Father.
+    Rolly McIntosh and the other Chiefs now over, are opposed to
+    Ne-a-math-la the Chief who is with the party emigrating, upon the
+    ground mainly that they may probably be superseded, or their authority
+    abridged. I will however report to you, fully, after I shall have
+    informed myself, of the state of feeling &c, and will endeavor with
+    Gen{l} Arbuckle, to bring about a reconciliation. Respectfully Your
+    Obt Servt
+
+        WM ARMSTRONG Act Supt West{n} Ter{y}
+
+_War Department Files_, A37.
+
+Early in the forties, Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la posed as a trader in the Creek
+country. He was the partner of J. W. Taylor, a white man. The company so
+composed failed, in 1843, "to give bond and license" and so Agent J. L.
+Dawson closed its store [Communication of J. L. Dawson, September 5, 1843,
+_War Department Files_, I1537].
+
+[360] G. W. Stidham was probably a half-breed. Naturally, being the
+official interpreter, he signed as the interpreter and not as a member of
+the tribe.
+
+[361]
+
+    We the loyal Creek Indians represented by the Delegation now present,
+    solemnly declare that the Treaty of July 10, 1861 was alone made by
+    the rebel portion of the Creek Indians, and never was executed or
+    assented to by the Union portion of the Nation, and is, not now, and
+    never has been, obligatory upon them and the names to said treaty, of
+    the loyal party, was a forgery--Land Files, _Indian Talks, Councils,
+    etc._, Box 4, 1865-1866; Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_,
+    1865, p. 330.
+
+[362] The document herewith given presents one view of the case:
+
+    The undersigned Delegates from the Creek Nation would respectfully ask
+    to make the following statement concerning the alliance between the
+    said Creek Nation and the so-called Confederate States of America. To
+    the end that the Creek Nation may be put upon a proper footing in the
+    estimation of your honorable body and that there may be no
+    misapprehension on the part of the Government you here represent we
+    beg leave to state:
+
+    1st. The Alliance entered into by the Creek Nation with the
+    Confederate Government was entered into voluntarily, and without the
+    interference of any person or persons other than members of our tribe.
+    In taking that step the assembled wisdom of the Nation in council,
+    thought they were acting for the best interests of the Nation and of
+    their posterity.
+
+    2d. Hopoethle Yoholo the far-famed leader of those members of our
+    tribe who battled against us, was not at the time of the making of the
+    treaty with Albert Pike Commissioner on the part of the Confederate
+    States, a Chief, counsellor or head man in said tribe and had no voice
+    in the council, he was however present at the making of said Treaty
+    and give said Pike to understand that he fully concurred in the result
+    of our deliberations. After the making of the Treaty Hopoethle Yoholo
+    collected together his adherents, and for reasons entirely of a
+    domestic character and in no wise connected with the National question
+    at issue, withdrew from the country and assumed a hostile attitude.
+    With this exception the Creeks were united as one man in action and
+    were ever united as one man in principle on the National question then
+    agitated.
+
+    3d. Although the Nation we represent would not attempt at this time to
+    urge anything in palliation of the course of conduct they adopted in
+    this matter, other than to ask your honorable body to esteem the error
+    as one of the "head and not of the heart"--but we beg leave to state
+    that at the time of the forming of the Alliance above refered to
+    circumstances over which we could not possibly exercise control seemed
+    to _demand_ an adoption of the course taken. The protection always
+    borne with the idea of allegiance, was taken from our Nation by the
+    withdrawal of the United States forces from the Indian Territory. This
+    movement left the Nations entirely without the support of the United
+    States government, and had they desired to remain neutral or to take
+    active measures on the side of the United States they could not
+    possibly have done so without having their Country desolated, or by
+    abandoning their homes. Surrounded by States, in a tumult of angry
+    excitement attendant upon a dissolution of their connection with the
+    United States, they were completely in the power of those States,
+    without having United States forces to call to their aid or
+    assistance. An alliance under such circumstances were [was]
+    indispensible to the safety of the country. Viewing the matter in this
+    light the Treaty was made, and once having linked our destiny with
+    those of the Confederacy, we could not in honor betray our trust. In
+    conclusion we beg leave to say that as long as events cannot be
+    controlled by human wisdom and foresight and until an honorable
+    adherence to promises made voluntarily, is dishonorable so long must
+    we deem ourselves in one sense at least--guiltless of any criminality
+    in this matter.--Land Files, _Indian Talks, Councils, etc., Box 4,
+    1865-1866._
+
+[363] They were also worried over rumors of sequestration:
+
+    Statements having found their way into some of the public prints, to
+    the effect that supplies purchased for the use of the Choctaws, have
+    been detained by citizens of the Northern States, which statements if
+    uncontradicted may engender hostile feelings between those Indians and
+    the Government, I have thought proper to forward to you the enclosed
+    copies of official correspondence in relation to this subject, that
+    you may be able authoritatively to contradict such statements and
+    satisfy the Choctaws that the Government intends faithfully to
+    preserve and perpetuate the amicable relations subsisting between
+    itself and those people.--Dole to Rector and same to Coffin, May 16,
+    1861 [Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no. 65, p. 458].
+
+[364] Particularly by means of the resolutions of the National Council,
+June 10, 1861.
+
+[365] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 593.
+
+[366] For evidence of this and for the fullest extant account of the
+progress of secession among the Choctaws, see letter of S. Orlando Lee to
+Dole, March 15, 1862.
+
+[367] The following is found in the _Fort Smith Papers_:
+
+    Tishomingo, C. N. Nov. 26, 1861.
+
+    GEN. A. G. MAYERS
+
+    Sir: Having been appointed as a Delegate from this Nation (the
+    Chickasaw) to the Southern Congress, am at a loss (to know) when the
+    Congress does meet. I have all along understood from newspaper
+    accounts that it was to be on the 22d of February, but some seems to
+    think it is sooner. Will you please inform me at your earliest
+    convenience at what time the S. Congress does meet. Your attention to
+    the above is respectfully requested. I am yours very Respectfully
+
+        JAMES GAMBLE.
+
+    P.S. Please continue to send me the Parallel, I will make it all right
+    with you when on my way to Va.
+
+        J. G.
+
+[368] In the list of members of the Confederate congresses, given in
+_Official Records_, fourth ser., vol. iii, 1184-1191, no Indian delegate
+is specified until 1863.
+
+[369] Cooper to President Davis, July 25, 1861 [_ibid_., first ser., vol.
+iii, 614].
+
+[370] E. H. Carruth, in a letter to General Hunter of November 26, 1861
+[Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1861, p. 47], would have us
+understand that the Seminoles as a tribe did not negotiate with Pike, but
+that the whole affair was as between Pike and Jumper, Jumper being
+assisted by four chosen friends. The five were probably bribed. That Pike
+was not averse to the use of money for such ends, his letter to Walker of
+June twelfth would lead us to suspect [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. iii, 590]. We have, however, no definite proof of the same. John
+Jumper was early rewarded by the Confederate government. By act of the
+Provisional Congress, January 16, 1861 [_Statutes at Large_, p. 284], he
+was made an honorary lieutenant-colonel of the army of the Confederate
+States. Carruth further says that the family influence of Jumper "enabled
+him to raise forty-six men, not all Seminoles, and Ben McCulloch
+authorized him to call to his aid six hundred rangers from Fort Cobb, that
+he might crush out the Union feeling in his tribe."
+
+[371] It is just possible that Rector had been with him all the time. At
+all events Rector subsequently entered an expense account against the C.
+S. A. for services from July tenth to August twenty-fourth inclusive. See
+Appendix A, _Fort Smith Papers_.
+
+[372] See letter of Agent Snow, dated March 10, 1864, and its enclosures,
+one of which is a speech of Long John, who became principal chief when the
+aged Billy Bowlegs died, and another, a speech of Pas-co-fa, who, provided
+his signature to the treaty be genuine, eventually must have repented of
+his Confederate alliance. He was soon, with Bowlegs and Chup-co, in the
+ranks of Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la [General Files, _Seminole, 1858-1867_, S291].
+
+[373] The report of the United States commissioner of Indian affairs for
+1863 estimates the loyal Seminoles at about two-thirds of the tribe [House
+_Executive Documents_, 38th congress, first session, vol. iii, 143], that
+of the Confederate States commissioner of Indian affairs as fully one-half
+[S. S. Scott to Secretary Seddon, January 12, 1863, _Official Records_,
+fourth ser., vol. ii, 353].
+
+[374] While at the Creek Agency, Pike had communicated, so it seems, with
+John Jumper and had asked him to meet him there with six others competent
+and authorized to make a treaty. Up to the time of hearing from Pike, John
+Jumper seems to have been inclined to adhere faithfully to the United
+States government. The excellent report of E. H. Carruth, July 11, 1861
+gives full particulars of this whole affair.
+
+[375] See supplementary Article [_Official Records_, fourth ser., vol. i,
+525].
+
+[376] See communications from Bowlegs [So-nuk-mek-ko] to Commissioner of
+Indian Affairs, March 2, 1863 and May 13, 1863 [General Files, _Seminole,
+1858-1869_, B131, B317]. See also Dole to Coffin, March 24, 1863 [Indian
+Office, _Letter Book_, no. 70, pp. 208-209].
+
+[377] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Report, 1869 [House _Executive
+Documents_, 41st congress, second session, vol. iii, part 3, p. 521].
+
+[378] See letter of E. H. Carruth.
+
+[379] William P. Davis of Indiana had been given the United States
+Seminole Agency but he never reached his post [Dole to John D. Davis,
+April 5, 1862, Indian Office _Letter Book_, no. 68, p. 39]. Consequently,
+the Confederate States agent, Rutherford, had sole influence there. Not
+until George C. Snow of Indiana became United States Seminole agent, did
+the non-secessionist Indians get the encouragement and support they ought
+to have had all along.
+
+[380] See Appendix B--_Leeper Papers_.
+
+[381] The _Leeper Papers_, printed in the Appendix, furnish convincing
+proof of this. Note also that July 4, 1861, Rector wrote to Leeper from
+Fort Smith as follows:
+
+    In the 3rd section of the law of the Confederate Congress, regulating
+    the Indian service connected with said government, and making
+    provision for the continuance in office of the Superintendent and
+    Agents heretofore connected with the original U. S. government, you
+    will be continued upon the same terms and at the same salary, as
+    heretofore received from the federal government, and before entering
+    upon your duties as such it will be your duty to take an oath before a
+    proper officer of a State of the Confederate States, to support the
+    Constitution of and accept a Commission from the Confederate States of
+    America....--_Leeper Papers._
+
+[382] Pike to Walker, dated Seminole Agency, July 31, 1861 [_Official
+Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 624]. Writing to Benjamin, December 25,
+1861 [_ibid._, vol. viii, 720], Pike said he had "64 men."
+
+[383] These two treaties are interesting in various particulars. They
+contained fewer concessions, fewer departures from established practice
+than any others of the nine. They were made primarily for the maintenance
+of peace on the Texan frontier. That fact is only too evident from their
+contents and from the circumstances of their negotiation. One of the chief
+reasons, cited by Texas, for her withdrawal from the Union was the failure
+of the United States to protect her from Indian ravages. It seems never to
+have occurred to her to mention the fact that her citizens, by their
+aggressions, had constantly provoked the ravages, if such we can call
+them. The northern counties of Texas were not "Southern" in climate or
+industries, so it was especially necessary to enlist their sympathy in the
+Confederate cause by keeping the Indians of the plains quiet and peaceful.
+
+The Comanche treaties were also interesting in the matter of their
+signatures and of their schedules. The signatures included that of Rector,
+of the Creek chiefs, Motey Kennard and Chilly McIntosh, and of the
+Seminole chief, John Jumper. The schedules promised such things as the
+following to the Indians but in amounts that were beautifully indefinite:
+
+    Blue drilling, warm coats, calico, plaid check, regatta cotton shirts,
+    socks, hats, woolen shirts, red, white and blue blankets, red and blue
+    list cloth, shawls and handkerchiefs, brown domestic, thread, yarn and
+    twine, shoes, for men and women, white drilling, ribbons, assorted
+    colors, beads, combs, camp kettles, tin cups and buckets, pans, coffee
+    pots and dippers, needles, scissors and shears, butcher knives, large
+    iron spoons, knives and forks, nails, hatchets and hammers, augers,
+    drawing knives, gimlets, chopping axes, fish-hooks, ammunition,
+    including powder, lead, flints and percussion caps, tobacco.
+
+Two of a kind would have satisfied most of the requirements of these
+schedules. The list of things is interesting from the standpoint of
+domesticity and general utility and also from the standpoint of the things
+that the same Indians had previously seemed to need in such immense
+quantities. For illustration it would be well to note that when Agent
+Leeper handed in his last accounts to the United States government, he
+claimed to have issued during the second quarter of 1861 to the Indians at
+the Wichita Agency, 550 pounds of coffee, 550 pounds of sugar, 650 pounds
+of soap, 600 pounds of tobacco, etc.
+
+In conclusion, with respect to these Comanche treaties, we may say that,
+since the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty had put the Leased District under
+the jurisdiction of the C. S. A., there was very little for the reservees
+themselves to do, except take the protection and other things offered by
+the Confederacy (the Comanches of the Prairie and Staked Plain had
+promised to become reservees on the Leased District) and be content. Pike
+did not bother about promising to make them citizens eventually or about
+making them admit the legality of the institution of slavery. Their
+political status had never been high and it was no higher under the
+Confederacy than it had been under the Union.
+
+[384] The Tonkawas seem to have been the ones who were the most completely
+persuaded of all to adhere to the South and they continued unwaveringly
+loyal thereafter to its failing fortunes [S. S. Scott to Governor
+Winchester Colbert, dated Fort Arbuckle, November 10, 1862; Colbert to
+Scott, same date; Moore's _Rebellion Record_, vol. vi, 6; Commissioner of
+Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1863, House _Executive Documents_, 38th
+congress, first session, vol. iii, 143; Indian Office, _Report Book_, no.
+19, pp. 186-188]. Apparently the Confederacy was rather careful in
+carrying out its obligations to the Tonkawas. Among the _Leeper Papers_
+are various documents proving this, such as an unsigned receipt for money
+received from Pike, July 19, 1862, to carry out the terms of Articles XVI
+and XVII of the treaty of August 12, 1861; and a copy of a letter, from
+Leeper probably, to J. J. Sturm, commissary, dated November 30, 1861,
+complaining that Sturm had not followed "instructions in making issues to
+Tonkahua Indians."
+
+[385] _Journal_, vol. i, 565.
+
+[386] Message of Dec. 12, 1861 [Richardson, _op. cit._, vol. i, 149-151;
+_Official Register_, fourth ser., vol. i, 785-786].
+
+[387] This report I have been unable to find.
+
+[388]
+
+    The pecuniary obligations of these treaties are of great importance.
+    Apart from the annuities secured to them by former treaties, and which
+    we are to assume by those now submitted, these tribes have large
+    permanent funds in the hands of the Government of the United States as
+    their trustee. These funds may be divided into three classes: First.
+    Money which the Government of the United States stipulated to invest
+    in its own stocks or stocks of the States, and which has been partly
+    invested in its own stocks and partly uninvested, remains in its
+    Treasury, but upon which it is bound to pay interest. Second. Funds
+    invested in the stocks of States not members of this Confederacy.
+    Third. Money invested in stocks of States now members of this
+    Confederacy.... By the treaties now submitted to you the first and
+    second class are absolutely assumed by this Government; but this
+    Government only undertakes as trustee to collect the third class from
+    the States which owe the money and pay over the amounts to the Indians
+    when collected. It is fortunate for the Indians and ourselves that the
+    amounts embraced in classes one and two are relatively small, and the
+    obligations incurred by their assumption cannot be onerous, as the
+    amount due by States of the Confederacy on account of investments in
+    the funds of Northern Indians considerably exceeds the amount to be
+    assumed under this provision of the treaties. We thereby have the
+    means to compel the Government of the United States to do justice to
+    the Indians within the jurisdiction of the Confederate States, or to
+    indemnify ourselves for its breach of faith.
+
+    ... I also submit to you the report of Albert Pike, the commissioner,
+    which contains a history of his negotiations and submits his reasons
+    for a departure from his instructions in relation to the pecuniary
+    obligations to be incurred. [The reference here is to a letter from
+    Pike to Toombs, May 20, 1861, _Official Records_, first ser., vol.
+    iii, 581.] In view of the circumstances by which we are surrounded,
+    the great importance of preserving peace with the Indians on the
+    frontier of Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri, and not least, because of
+    the spirit these tribes have manifested in making common cause with us
+    in the war now existing, I recommend the assumption of the stipulated
+    pecuniary obligations, and, with the modifications herein suggested,
+    that the treaties submitted be ratified.--_Official Records_, fourth
+    ser., vol. i, 786.
+
+[389] _Official Record_, fourth ser., vol. i, 785-786.
+
+[390] _Journal_, vol. i, 564, 565.
+
+[391] --_Ibid._, 590-596.
+
+[392] --_Ibid._, 590-591.
+
+[393] _Statutes at Large_, 330.
+
+[394] _Journal_, vol. i, 591-592.
+
+[395] _Statutes at Large_, 331.
+
+[396] _Journal_, vol. i, 597.
+
+[397] --_Ibid._, 593.
+
+[398] _Statutes at Large_, 367.
+
+[399] _Journal_, 601.
+
+[400] --_Ibid._, 598.
+
+[401] _Statutes at Large_, 331.
+
+[402] _Statutes at Large_, 331.
+
+[403] _Journal_, vol. i, 610.
+
+[404] --_Ibid._
+
+[405] --_Ibid._, 632-633.
+
+[406] --_Ibid._, 634.
+
+[407] --_Ibid._, 635.
+
+[408] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 574.
+
+[409] Chief Justice M. H. McWillie of La Mesilla, Arizona, was among the
+number. See his letter to President Davis, June 30, 1861, quoted in
+_Official Records_, vol. iv, 96.
+
+[410] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 578-579.
+
+[411] --_Ibid._, vol. i, 618.
+
+[412] Letter to Johnson, May 11, 1861, _ibid._, vol. iii, 572.
+
+[413] Letter to Toombs, May 20, 1861, _ibid._, 581.
+
+[414] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1861, p. 14.
+
+[415] Act of March 2, 1861, U. S. _Statutes at Large_, vol. xii, 239.
+
+[416] On the twenty-second of May, Whitney reported, generally, on the
+condition of several tribes:
+
+    Owing to the extremely dangerous state of political affairs in
+    Missouri especially along the line of the H. & St. Jo. RR., I have
+    refrained from writing to you.... Although the _Delawares_ were not
+    especially refered to in my instructions yet I visited the Mission &
+    Agent as it was quite convenient ... and ascertained to my complete
+    satisfaction ... that they were a wealthy tribe and that although many
+    of their individual members were _necessitous_ yet they were not of
+    the _destitute_ kind contemplated by your department: 2d. that the new
+    agent who had heard of this movement towards relief was very anxious
+    to make it appear that his tribe was very needy & to have large
+    amounts of relief furnished at his residence on the Missouri River
+    away from the agency & also from a central point....
+
+    I next visited the Osage River Agency and ascertained that all of the
+    tribes belonging to that Agency were in rather a destitute condition,
+    they having used and still (are) using their school fund in buying
+    provisions: the Miamis of that agency I found to be the most needy &
+    it might be said that they were _suffering_ to some extent....
+
+    ... In reference to the Neosho Agency, as that was such a long
+    distance I engaged three trains of wagons before leaving
+    Leavenworth....
+
+    Whitney speaks harshly of the Osages as lazy vagabonds and continues,
+
+    ... The general famine throughout Kansas had but little to do with
+    their sufferings as they cultivate nothing of consequence ... and
+    therefore ... they are not morally & strictly proper objects of
+    government charity....
+
+    ... Systematic and well planned solicitations had been and are being
+    made by Missourians to them to take up arms against the borderers to
+    which the people throughout this entire section feared they might be
+    induced on account of the neglect of Government [and because the
+    whites steal their ponies]--Land Files, _Central Superintendency,
+    1852-1869_, W223.
+
+Note that Whitney thought the reports of border ruffian inducements,
+though true in a measure, had been exaggerated. On the eighth of June, he
+reported again,
+
+    When I got within reach of the H. & St. J. R. R. it became apparent
+    that my produce would be at best somewhat exposed to seizure by the
+    secessionists and that such hazard would be very greatly enhanced if
+    it was known to be government property and especially if it should be
+    known to be going to the Indians whom the Missourians were even then
+    as was reported upon authority endeavoring to excite against the
+    borderers....--Land Files, _Central Superintendency, 1852-1869_, W223.
+
+Slaughter had less to report; but even he, on the twenty-first of June,
+said, while insisting that the reports had been exaggerated,
+
+    I have no doubt overtures have been held out to them [the more
+    northern tribes], but whether from authorized parties from [the] South
+    no one can tell. It is all matter of conjecture. A general council of
+    the tribes it is understood has been solicited by some of the Southern
+    Indians, but I doubt whether it will be held.--General Files, _Central
+    Superintendency, 1860-1862_, S404.
+
+Slaughter further surmised, from personal observations, that the northern
+tribes would remain loyal to the United States. See his letter to Dole,
+June 15, 1861. Other people were of the same opinion, although, in early
+1861, the various tribes had much to complain of, much to make them
+discontented and therefore very susceptible to bad influences. Some of the
+Miamis were preferring charges against Agent Clover for misapplication of
+funds and other things [Louis Lefontaine, etc. to Greenwood, January 13,
+1861, Land Files, _Osage River, 1860-1866_]; the Kaws were suffering and
+R. S. Stevens slowly working out the details of his preposterous graft in
+the construction of houses for them [M. C. Dickey to Greenwood, February
+26, 1861, General Files, _Kansas, 1855-1862_, D250, and same to same,
+March 1, 1861, _ibid._, D251]; the Shawnees were having the usual troubles
+over their tribal elections, Joseph White having recently been elected
+second chief in place of Eli Blackhoof [Robinson to Greenwood, February
+19, 1861, Land Files, _Shawnee, 1860-1865_]; and then, even farther north,
+from among the Otoes, came additional complaints; for Agent Dennison, who
+by the way, became a secessionist and a defaulter [Dole to Thaddeus
+Stevens, May 26, 1862, Indian Office, _Report Book_, no. 12, pp. 388-386],
+was withholding annuities and an uprising was threatening in consequence
+[General Files, _Otoe, 1856-1862_].
+
+[417] The alien influence extended itself even to the wild Indians of the
+Plains. On the sixth of August, 1861 [General Files, _Pottawatomie,
+1855-1861_, B704], Branch reported bad news that he had received from
+Agent Ross regarding the hostile approach of these Indians and remarked,
+
+    I think there can be little doubt but what emissaries of the Rebels
+    have been and are actively engaged in creating dissatisfaction against
+    the government with every tribe of Indians that they dare approach on
+    that subject.
+
+    As soon as I can get the business of this office in a shape so I can
+    conveniently leave my office duties I propose visiting the most of the
+    tribes under this superintendency with a view to reconciling them and
+    enjoining peace....
+
+Similarly Captain Elmer Otis from Fort Wise, August 27, 1861, and A. G.
+Boone from the Upper Arkansas Agency, September 7, 1861, reported the
+Texans' tampering with the Kiowas [Land Files, _Upper Arkansas,
+1855-1865_, O40, B772], who seem successfully to have resisted their
+threats and their blandishments. The Comanches of Texas were also
+approached but they fled rather than yield [Boone to Mix, October 19,
+1861, _ibid._, B361]. They, however, importunately demanded a treaty from
+the United States government in return for their loyalty. They were poor,
+they said, and had lost their hunting-grounds. Boone made good use of them
+as scouts and spies against the Texans [Letter of December 14, 1861,
+_ibid._, B1006]. They were of the Comanches who had treated with Pike and
+who had solemnly pledged themselves, under duress and temporary
+excitement, to amity and allegiance. Secret agents from the South went
+also among the Blackfeet and Agent Thomas G. McCulloch sent an ex-employee
+of the American Fur Company, named Alexander Culbertson and married to the
+daughter of the Blackfeet chief, as a secret agent to counteract their
+influence [General Files, _Central Superintendency, 1860-1862_].
+
+[418] Letter to Walker, July 18, 1861 [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. iii, 611].
+
+[419] The scarcity of arms proved to be a serious matter. On the thirtieth
+of July, the assistant-quartermaster general, George W. Clark, telegraphed
+to Walker that arms had not yet arrived and that the Indians, encamped at
+the Old Choctaw Agency, were, in consequence, showing signs of discontent
+[_Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 620].
+
+[420] Cooper probably spoke the truth, for the Choctaws and Chickasaws
+together had a population of twenty-three thousand.
+
+In 1861, the Indian population of the Southern Superintendency was, as
+reported by Dole upon inquiry from Hon. J. S. Phelps of Missouri [John C.
+G. Kennedy, of the Census Office, to Dole, August 9, 1861]:
+
+    Chickasaws                              5,000
+    Choctaws                               18,000
+    Cherokees                              21,000
+    Creeks                                 13,550
+    Seminoles (of which 1,247 were males)   2,267
+
+[Dole's answer, August 10, 1861].
+
+In April, the report from the Indian Office had been:
+
+    Choctaws           18,000
+    Chickasaws          5,000
+                      -------
+                Total  23,000
+
+    Creeks             13,550
+    Cherokees          17,530
+    Seminoles           2,267
+    Neosho Agency       4,863
+    Leased District     2,500
+                      -------
+                Total  63,710
+
+[Indian Office, _Report Book_, no. 12].
+
+[421] Letter to President Davis [_Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii,
+614].
+
+[422] Identical with Article I of both the Cherokee and the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw, but different from the Seminole in that the Seminole provided
+simply for "perpetual peace and friendship."
+
+[423] The corresponding Choctaw and Chickasaw Article [XLIX] stipulated
+that the colonel of the regiment should be appointed by the president. Of
+course, Douglas H. Cooper, was at this time, the one and only candidate
+for the place and there is no doubt that the exception was made for his
+especial benefit. However, Pike objected to his holding, in addition to
+the colonelcy, the office of Indian agent [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. iii, 614].
+
+Agent Garrett wanted the position of colonel in the Creek regiment and
+Pike recommended him, but McCulloch objected saying,
+
+    I hope the appointment will not be made, for Colonel Garrett is in no
+    way qualified for the position, and from what I know of his habits, I
+    am satisfied that a worse appointment could not be made.--_Official
+    Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 597.
+
+This was before the treaty had been negotiated and, after it had been
+negotiated, Pike wrote to Walker as follows:
+
+    When I recommended the appointment of William H. Garrett, the present
+    agent for the Creeks, to be colonel of the Creek regiment, I had not
+    sufficiently estimated the ambition and desire for distinction of the
+    leading men of that nation, and I also supposed that Mr. Garrett,
+    popular with them as an agent, would be acceptable as colonel of their
+    regiment; but when I concluded with them the very important treaty of
+    July 10, instant, they strenuously insisted that the colonel of the
+    regiment to be raised should be elected by the men. As the public
+    interest did not require I should insist upon a contrary provision, by
+    which I might have jeoparded the treaty, I yielded, and the
+    consequence is that by the treaty, as signed and ratified by the Creek
+    council, the field officers are all to be elected by the men of the
+    regiment.
+
+    This being the case, I have this day written Colonel Garrett,
+    requesting him to inform the Creeks immediately, as I have already
+    done, that notwithstanding his appointment they will elect their
+    colonel. If he should not do so he will cause much mischief, and would
+    deserve severe censure; but I do not doubt he will promptly do
+    it....--_Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 623-624.
+
+On the twenty-fourth of August, the matter was settled at Richmond by
+Walker's writing to Pike,
+
+    In order that there shall be no misunderstanding with the friendly
+    Indians west of Arkansas, this Department is anxious that the article
+    in the treaty made by you, guaranteeing to them the right of selecting
+    their own field officers, shall be carried out in good faith. The name
+    of Mr. Garrett will therefore be dropped as colonel of the Creek
+    regiment, and that regiment will proceed to elect its own officers.
+    The regiment being formed among the Seminoles will exercise the same
+    right. Reassure the tribes of the perfect sincerity of this Government
+    toward them.--_Ibid._, 671.
+
+The corresponding Cherokee Article [XL] differed slightly from the Creek.
+It seems to have taken certain things, like the choice of officers, both
+company and field, for granted. It reads thus:
+
+    In consideration of the common interest of the Cherokee Nation and the
+    Confederate States, and of the protection and rights guaranteed to the
+    said nation by this treaty, the Cherokee Nation hereby agrees that it
+    will raise and furnish a regiment of ten companies of mounted men,
+    with two reserve companies, if allowed, to serve in the armies of the
+    Confederate States for twelve months; the men shall be armed by the
+    Confederate States, receive the same pay and allowances as other
+    mounted troops in the service, and not be moved beyond the limits of
+    the Indian country west of Arkansas without their consent.
+
+[424] Identical with Article LI of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty and
+with Article LXI of the Cherokee.
+
+[425] Identical with Article L of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty, with
+Article XLII of the Cherokee, and with Article XXXVI of the Seminole.
+
+[426] Identical with Article LII of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty and
+with Article XLIII of the Cherokee.
+
+[427] Fremont reported to Townsend, August 13, 1861, that Cherokee
+half-breeds, judging from the muster roll and from the corroborating
+testimony of prisoners, were with McCulloch in this battle, fought about
+ten miles south of Springfield, August 10, 1861 [_Official Records_, first
+ser., vol. iii, 54]. Connelley says, in 1861, Quantrill, returning from
+Texas, lingered in the Cherokee Nation with a half-breed Cherokee, Joel
+Mayes,
+
+    Who, many years after the war, was elected Head Chief of the Nation.
+    Mayes espoused the cause of the Confederacy and was captain of a
+    company or band of Cherokees who followed General Ben McCulloch to
+    Missouri.--_Quantrill and the Border Wars_, 198.
+
+A letter, written by McCulloch to Colonel John Drew, September 1, 1861,
+seems to indicate that individual Cherokees had joined him [_Official
+Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 691].
+
+[428] The Federal defeat was believed by contemporaries to have been due
+to mismanagement, to army friction, to the incompetency and sloth of
+Sigel, and to Fremont's failure to reinforce the redoubtable Lyon, who
+fell in the engagement. An investigation into Sigel's conduct was
+subsequently made by Halleck, Sigel's bitter enemy. Halleck hated Sigel,
+because Sigel so greatly admired Fremont, whom Halleck supplanted; and
+because Sigel was the hero of the Germans, and one of them. For the
+Germans, Halleck had a great antipathy. Many of them were
+"pfaelzisch-badischen Revolutionaere" and Halleck regarded them as
+adventurers or as refugees from justice. They in turn referred to Halleck
+as one of the West Point "bunglers" who were so numerous in the northern
+army, the really efficient and capable West Pointers, so they said, having
+all gone with the South [Kaufmann's "Sigel und Halleck" in
+_Deutsch-Amerikanische Geschichtsblaetter_, Band, 210-216, October 1910].
+
+[429] Even in the latter part of May, these were so serious as to threaten
+a Cherokee civil war [Letter of John Crawford, May 21, 1861, General
+Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_; Mix to Crawford, June 4, 1861, Indian
+Office, _Letter Book_, no. 66, pp. 15-16].
+
+[430] Ben McCulloch to Walker, September 2, 1861 [_Official Records_,
+first ser., vol. iii, 692]; Pike to Benjamin, December 25, 1861 [_ibid._,
+vol. viii, 720].
+
+[431] "Meetings and Proceedings of the Executive Council of the Cherokee
+Nation, July 2, 1861" [General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, C515].
+
+[432] See "Meetings and Proceedings of the Cherokee Executive Council,
+August 1, 1861" [General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, C515].
+
+[433] Pike to Ross, August 1, 1861 [_ibid._].
+
+[434]
+
+    A general meeting of the Cherokee people was held at Tahlequah on
+    Wednesday, the 21st day of August, 1861. It was called by the
+    executive of the Cherokee Nation for the purpose of giving the
+    Cherokee people an opportunity to express their opinions in relation
+    to subjects of deep interest to themselves as individuals and as a
+    nation. The number of persons in attendance, almost exclusively adult
+    males, was about 4,000, whose deportment was characterized by good
+    order and propriety, and the expression of whose opinions and feelings
+    was frank, cordial, and of marked unanimity.--_Report of the
+    Proceedings at Tahlequah, August 21, 1861_, transmitted to General
+    McCulloch by the Executive Council, August 24, 1861 [_Official
+    Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 673].
+
+[435] Evan Jones of the Baptist Mission, Cherokee Nation, to Dole, dated
+Lawrence, Kansas, November 2, 1861 [General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_,
+J503].
+
+[436] W. S. Robertson, who for twelve years had been "teaching in the
+Tullahassee Manual Labor School in the Creek Nation under the care of the
+Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions" [Robertson's Letter of September
+30, 1861, General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_, R1615].
+
+Robertson says, that
+
+    Having witnessed the whole struggle between the Loyal & War parties,
+    when the latter prevailed, I was on the 25{th} of August ordered by a
+    party of the "Creek Light Horse" acting under the written orders of
+    Moty Kenard and Jacob Derrysaw, Chief of the Creeks, to leave within
+    twenty-four hours from the Creek country. I retired to my friends at
+    Park Hill in the Cherokee where the same struggle was going on.
+
+    At Park Hill I enjoyed every facility for knowing the feelings of the
+    people, the designs of the Executive.
+
+    When at last the Rebel flag flaunted over the council ground at
+    Tahlequah, I left the Cherokee country with my family, and after
+    encountering many dangers, succeeded in reaching Rolla, on the 23{rd}
+    Sept. without giving any pledge to the enemy.
+
+    Having written to the Sec. of the Interior (from St. Louis, Oct.
+    1{st}) stating my long residence among the Creeks and Cherokees, my
+    means of information, and my desire to give any information that would
+    benefit our Gov't or my loyal friends among the Indians--and having
+    forwarded all the printed correspondence between the Rebels and Chief
+    Ross (except the last letter of the Rebel commissioner, Albert Pike)
+    together with Chief Ross' speech at the Cherokee Convention at
+    Tahlequah, on the 21{st} of Aug. and the resolutions passed at said
+    Convention, without receiving any answer, I concluded that Col.
+    Humphrey's (of Tenn.) mysterious movements were all right, that he was
+    loyal, and kept our Gov't well informed as to the Rebel doings among
+    the Indians. That I had redeemed my pledge to loyal Creeks &
+    Cherokees.
+
+    Recent letters from St. Louis, & New York stating that "Gov't agents
+    are seeking information everywhere," and urging me to write to "Gen.
+    Hunter" & Washington, induce me to send you my address, to urge you in
+    the name of humanity and justice not to take decisive measures against
+    the betrayed and oppressed people, until you have heard all that can
+    be said in their behalf.--Letter to Department of the Interior and
+    referred to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, dated January 7, 1862
+    [General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_, R1664].
+
+Mix answered it February 14, 1862 [Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no. 67,
+P. 357].
+
+In a somewhat earlier letter, the one from which the extract, in the body
+of the text was taken, Robertson had said,
+
+    I am ... deeply interested in their welfare, acquainted with the
+    feelings of the people, well informed as to the men and measures which
+    have detached these nations from their allegiance to the U. S.
+
+    Chief among the traitors were not only the Superintendent of that
+    District, and the Agents under him appointed by the late
+    Administration but others claiming to have received commissions as
+    Indian Agents "since the 4{th} of March last" from the U. S. Gov't.
+
+    On the 21{st} of Aug. last I was in Tahlequah, the capital of the
+    Cherokee Nation, at a convention of the Cherokee people called by
+    their Chief Jno. Ross....--ROBERTSON to President Lincoln, dated
+    Winneconne, Wisconsin, December 12, 1861 [General Files, _Southern
+    Superintendency, 1859-1862_, R1658].
+
+Concerning the responsibility attaching to government agents for Indian
+defection, E. C. Boudinot and W. P. Adair wrote, January 19, 1866, to
+Cooley,
+
+    The Southern Indians have repeatedly repudiated the idea that they
+    were induced by the machinations of any persons to ally themselves
+    with the rebellion, but accept the full responsibility of their acts
+    without such excuse.
+
+    The passage above quoted [meaning one from Coffin's report of
+    September 24, 1863--"They resisted the insidious influences which were
+    brought to bear upon them by Rector, Pike, Cooper, Crawford and other
+    rebel emissaries for a long time."] however does great injustice to
+    all the parties named, particularly to Genl Cooper, who had no earthly
+    connection with the Cherokees until several months after. Mr. John
+    Ross made the treaty with the so-called Confederate States.--General
+    Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, B60.
+
+[437] "Ross was overborne. It is said that his wife was more staunch than
+her husband and held out till the last. When an attempt was made to raise
+a Confederate flag over the Indian council house, her opposition was so
+spirited that it prevented the completion of the design."--Howard, _My
+life and experiences among our hostile Indians_, 100.
+
+[438] For the entire address of John Ross, see _Official Record_, first
+ser., vol. iii, 673-675.
+
+[439] _Official Record_, first ser., vol. iii, 675-676. A slightly
+incorrect copy of these same resolutions is to be found in vol. xiii,
+499-500.
+
+[440] John Ross and others to McCulloch, August 24, 1861 [_Official
+Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 673].
+
+[441] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1865. The Report of the
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs to President Johnson, February 25, 1866, in
+answer to the Cherokee protest against Chief Ross's deposition contains
+this statement:
+
+    As early as June or July, the exact date is not known, John Ross
+    authorized the raising of Drew's Regiment, for the Southern army....
+
+[442] McCulloch to Ross, September 1, 1861 [_Official Records_, first
+ser., vol. iii, 690].
+
+[443] --_Ibid._; McCulloch to John Drew, September 1, 1861 [_ibid._, 691].
+
+[444] In the course of the war, both inside and outside of Kansas, many
+instances occurred of Indians' expressing a wish to fight or of their
+services being earnestly solicited. In late April of 1861, a deputation,
+headed by White Cloud, came east and tendered to the United States
+government the services of some three hundred warriors, Sioux and
+Chippewas [Moore's _Rebellion Record_, vol. i, 43].
+
+Agent Burleigh, in charge of the Yancton Sioux, asked permission to
+garrison Fort Randall with Indians [Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+_Report_, 1861, p. 118]. The Omahas manifested great interest in the war,
+so their agent, O. H. Irish, reported [_ibid._, p. 65]. Towards the end of
+the struggle a young recruiting officer, who went among them, persuaded
+about thirty youths, mostly students at the Mission School, to enlist.
+Their terms had not expired when the war closed, so they were sent out as
+scouts to protect the Union Pacific Railroad, in course of construction
+from Denver to Salt Lake City, against the Sioux who were attacking
+workmen and emigrants. Even Senecas from the far away Cattaraugus
+Reservation, New York, offered to enlist [Dole to Strong, December 7,
+1861, Indian Office _Letter Book_, no. 67, p. 129]; and so did the Pawnees
+from the great plains. The United States government, however, refused to
+accept the Pawnees for anything but scouts and, in that capacity, they
+proved exceedingly useful [Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1869,
+p. 472]. Winnebagoes were in the United States employ [Indian Office,
+_Report Book_, no. 13, pp. 276-277], as were also many individuals from
+other tribes. Some Indians became commissioned officers and a number were
+at the head of companies. Captain Dorion of Company B, Regiment Fourteenth
+Kansas Volunteers was an Iowa [_ibid._, 261] and Eli S. Parker on General
+Grant's staff was a Seneca.
+
+After the Enrollment Act of March 3, 1863 [United States _Statutes at
+Large_, vol. xii, 731-737] was passed, several attempts were made to force
+the Indians to serve in the army but Mix, the Acting Commissioner of
+Indian Affairs, declared they were exempt from the draft [Letter to Agent
+D. C. Leach, September 4, 1863, Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no. 71, p.
+354]. On the sixteenth of July, 1863, the United States War Department
+inquired very particularly as to the Indian eligibility for enrollment and
+Secretary Usher took occasion to instruct Mix that the respective agents
+should be
+
+    Directed to offer no resistance to the enrolling officers, after
+    notifying said officers of the fact, that the tribe or tribes under
+    their charge are composed of Indians who have not acquired the rights
+    of Citizenship, but immediately upon being informed of the drafting of
+    any member of his tribe, he will report the case to the Com{r} of
+    Indian Affairs, for such action as may be necessary to procure the
+    exemption of the Indians from military service.--Letter of Secretary
+    Usher, September 12, 1863, _Miscellaneous Files_, 1858-1863.
+
+[445]
+
+    The bearer has a train of goods at this point en route for the Indians
+    on the western border of the State, containing quite a quantity of
+    arms & ammunition.
+
+    There is great excitement in the community with reference to arming
+    the Indians at the present time, as for several days past reports have
+    come to us that our frontier settlements are in danger of attack from
+    hostile Indians who are collecting in the neighborhood. I am daily
+    importuned to send them aid. Also, report says, and it seems very
+    reliable, that the Indians on our southern border are arming
+    themselves against our citizens. In addition to these Indian rumors it
+    is believed by many that these arms are in danger of falling into the
+    hands of secessionists, before reaching their destination. Quite a
+    number of that class of men have recently passed up this way (Topeka)
+    and through Riley County. In this condition of affairs I do not think
+    these arms & ammunition can be taken west without an escort, as the
+    rabble will be almost certain to waylay them as soon as they get on
+    the Pottawatomie Reserve. I can protect them while in this county &
+    will do so, but cannot follow them. Would it not be well, if you have
+    the authority, to direct the bearer to leave that part of his freight
+    in charge of the U. S. Marshal, or in my charge, until there shall be
+    a change of circumstances, or until further orders from Washington?
+
+    Although I would not undertake to oppose the action of Government in
+    the matter and would not interfere unless it should be to prevent the
+    property from falling into the hands of a mob, yet I do think under
+    the circumstances it is very bad policy to arm the Indians on the
+    border. I feel very sure from what I learn, they will be used against
+    our citizens within three months time. I am ready to co-operate at all
+    times with the U. S. authorities....--General Files, _Central
+    Superintendency, 1860-1862_, B479. See also Branch's reply, May 23,
+    _ibid._
+
+[446] H. B. Branch to Mix, September 16, 1861, transmitting a letter from
+Agent Farnsworth of September 16, 1861, enclosing communications from
+Senator Lane, Captain Price, and others, "relative to organizing the
+Indians for the defense of the Government" [General Files, _Kansas,
+1855-1862_, B774].
+
+    Headquarters K.B. Ft. Lincoln, Aug. 22{d} 1861.
+
+    To Indian Agents Sac and Foxes--Shawnees--Delawares--Kickapoos--
+    Potawatomies--and Kaws--Tribes of Indians
+
+    GENTS: For the defence of Kansas I have determined to use the loyal
+    Indians of the Tribes above named. To this end I have appointed
+    Augustus Wattles, Esq to confer with you and adopt such measures as
+    will secure the early assembling of the Indians at this point.
+
+    If you have the means within your control I would like to have you
+    supply them when they march with a sufficient quantity of powder, lead
+    & subsistence for their march to this place, where they will be fed by
+    the Government.
+
+    You can assure them for the Govt that they will not be marched out of
+    Kansas without their consent--that they will be used only for the
+    defence of Kansas.
+
+    I enjoin each of you to be prompt and energetic that an early
+    assembling of said Indians at this point may thereby be secured.
+
+        J. H. LANE, Commanding Kansas Brigade.
+          By ABRAM CUTLER, Acting assistant Adgt-Gen.
+
+    The danger is imminent. Hordes of whites & half breeds in the Indian
+    country are in arms driving out & killing Union men. They threaten to
+    overrun Kansas and exterminate both whites & Indians. It it rumored
+    that John Ross, the Cherokee Chief is likely to be overcome unless he
+    is assisted.
+
+    The Osages also need assistance. Gen. Lane intends to establish a
+    strong Indian camp near the neutral lands as a guard to prevent forage
+    into Kansas. He is very solicitous that you should come if possible
+    with the Chiefs & see him at Ft. Lincoln on the Little Osage 10 miles
+    south of Mound City.
+
+    If you do come, please bring all the fighting men you can, of all
+    Kinds. Men are needed.
+
+    If you do not come, please authorise some responsible man to lead the
+    Indians as far as Ft. Lincoln where Gen. Lane will receive them and
+    give them a big war talk. Bring an interpreter. Expenses will be paid.
+
+    Congress will undoubtedly make suitable acknowledgements to the Kaws,
+    as an independent nation, for any valuable services which they may
+    render....
+
+    P.S. A Captain's wages will be given to any competent man whom you may
+    appoint to take the lead of the band, provided there are fifty or
+    more.--AUGUSTUS WATTLES to Major Farnsworth, dated Sac and Fox Agency,
+    Kansas, August 25, 1861.
+
+Wattles had evidently not yet heard of the Tahlequah mass-meeting. Postal
+connections with Indian Territory were, of necessity, very poor. Dole had
+recommended, May 29, 1861, to Secretary Smith a new postal route through
+southwest Missouri or southern Kansas instead of the old route through
+Arkansas [Indian Office, _Report Book_, no. 12, p. 170].
+
+The Confederates were similarly embarrassed. On the twenty-seventh of May,
+the postmaster at Fort Smith had complained to the postmaster-general J.
+H. Reagan,
+
+    Enclosed please find letter of G. B. Hester (a Choctaw who was made
+    quarter-master and commissary in the First Choctaw Regiment and, in
+    1865, "cotton agent for the Creek Indians who were at that time
+    squatting in the Chickasaw Nation." See O'Beirne's _Leaders and
+    Leading Men of the Indian Territory_) at Boggy Depot, C. N. You will
+    see they are without mails in that country. For three weeks the mails
+    for the Indian country have been accumulating in this office. I sent
+    forward all the mail that could be packed on a single horse.... I
+    cannot get men to carry the mail. They say they are afraid of being
+    robbed or murdered.... Our neighbours, the Indians must suffer great
+    inconvenience on account of the stoppage of mail facilities. All
+    tribes are in favor of the South except the Cherokees. A little good
+    talk would do them good, perhaps a little powder and lead might help
+    the cause. Ross and his party are not to be relied on.--_Fort Smith
+    Papers_.
+
+Mayers wrote Reagan in a similar vein a month later, on June 26, 1861,
+
+    Our mails throughout the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw & Creek nations
+    have all been stopped by the old mail carriers....--_Ibid._
+
+[447] On August 26, 1861, Wattles wrote Farnsworth from Lawrence,
+
+    I wrote you a few days ago concerning the employment of the Indians in
+    the defence of our frontier.
+
+    The necessity seemed imperative. But on hearing that the Commissioner
+    of Indian Affairs was in Kansas and will probably see you--I think it
+    best to say nothing to the Indians till he is consulted in the matter.
+
+    Gen. Lane has 60 miles of the Missouri border to guard, and an army of
+    at least double his to hold in check, which employs all his force
+    night & day.
+
+    Besides this, he has the Indian frontier on the south of about 100
+    miles. This he intends to intrust to the loyal Indians--I will add, if
+    the Commissioner agrees to it.
+
+The stay of execution was not of long duration, however; for, September
+10, 1861, J. E. Prince sent Farnsworth from Fort Leavenworth a circular
+requesting immediate enrollment and an estimate of the strength of the
+loyal Indians.
+
+[448] The conduct of Lane was presumptuous, arrogant, dictatorial; but he
+had interfered in yet other ways in Indian concerns. He must have had
+quite a hold, political or otherwise, over several of the agents and they
+appealed to him in matters that ought, in the first instance, to have been
+referred to the Indian Office and left there. Thus, in July, Agent F.
+Johnson had approached Lane on the subject of having Charles Journeycake
+appointed Delaware chief in place of Rock-a-to-wa deceased. Both Pomeroy
+and Lane endorsed the appointment but it was unquestionably entirely out
+of their province to do so. Tribal politics were assuredly no concern of
+the Kansas delegation in Congress.
+
+[449] Dole had gone to Kansas in the latter part of August "to submit in
+person the amendments, made by the Senate at its last session, to the
+Delaware treaty of May 30, 1860" [Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+_Report_, 1861, p. 11].
+
+[450]
+
+    I find here your letter to the Agent of the Delaware, requesting _Fall
+    Leaf_ to organize a party of 50 men for the service of your
+    Department. _Mr. Johnson_ the Agent called the tribe together before I
+    arrived here, and found the Chiefs unwilling that their young men
+    should enter the service as you desired. Since my arrival I have seen
+    the Chiefs and stated to them that the Government was not asking them
+    to enter the war as a tribe but that we wished to employ some of the
+    tribe for Special Service and wished the Chiefs to make no objection.
+    I could not however get their consent even to acquiesce in their men
+    Volunteering for the service as you desired, & _Fall Leaf_ and several
+    of the tribe are here and determined to tender you their Services,
+    with my consent. I have advised them that they are at Liberty to join
+    you if they choose. _Fall Leaf_ says he will be able to report at Fort
+    Leavenworth in a very few days with twenty to twenty five men. Should
+    you require more men, you will have probably to call on some other
+    tribe. Those men who volunteer against the advice of their Chiefs
+    should be particularly remembered by the Gov't.--DOLE to Fremont,
+    dated Leavenworth City, September 13, 1861 [Indian Office, _Letter
+    Book_, no. 66, p. 485].
+
+[451] --_Ibid._
+
+[452]
+
+    I am instructed to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 13th
+    inst., and to state that the Commanding General will accept with
+    pleasure the services of Fall Leaf and his men.
+
+    Other tribes will be applied to immediately. I have written to the
+    same effect to Mr. Johnson, at the Deleware Agency.--JOHN R. HOWARD,
+    captain and secretary, to William P. Dole, dated Headquarters, Western
+    Department, at St. Louis, September 20, 1861 [General Files, _Central
+    Superintendency, 1860-1862_].
+
+[453] F. Johnson to Dole, June 6, 1862 [General Files, _Delaware,
+1862-1866_].
+
+[454] Dole to Captain Fall Leaf, November 22, 1863 [Indian Office, _Letter
+Book_, no. 72, p. 109].
+
+[455] Report to Dole, October 22, 1861 [Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+_Report_, 1861, p. 50]; Report to Dole, September 17, 1862 [Commissioner
+of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862, p. 98].
+
+[456]
+
+    I send you a letter to _General Fremont open_ that you may read and
+    understand its object. _Fall Leaf_ will call upon you probably this
+    afternoon and receive from you such information as you see proper to
+    give him. I am disinclined to encourage the Indians to engage in this
+    war except in extreme cases, as guides. I have in this case used my
+    influence in favor of the formation of this Company, without any
+    knowledge of the views of Gov't, supposing Gen{l} Fremont was a
+    special need of them or he would not have made the request....--DOLE
+    to Captain Price, dated Leavenworth, September 13, 1861 [Indian
+    Office, _Letter Book_, no. 66, pp. 485-486].
+
+[457] Letter of August 15, 1861 [Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_,
+1861, p. 39].
+
+[458] General Orders, no. 23 [_Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii,
+539].
+
+[459] Villard says, as early as 1856, rivalry had developed between
+Robinson and Lane [_John Brown_, 108].
+
+[460] Thomas to Fremont, October 14, 1861 [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. iii, 533].
+
+[461] Lane to Lincoln, October 9, 1861 [_ibid._, 529].
+
+[462] It would seem as if Lane were remotely responsible for the division
+of the Western Department into the Department of Kansas and the Department
+of Missouri. In his letter to President Lincoln of October 9, 1861, he
+described the good work that his Kansas Brigade had done and asked that,
+in order that it might be enabled to continue to do effective work, a new
+military department be created, one that should group together Kansas,
+Indian Territory, and so much of Arkansas and the territories as should be
+advisable [_ibid._].
+
+[463] Ross's Address to Drew's Regiment, December 19, 1861 [Commissioner
+of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1865, p. 355]; Letter of Albert Pike to D. N.
+Cooley, February 17, 1866.
+
+[464]
+
+    "Chisholm" the well known interpreter has been sent to the Comanches,
+    Creeks to the Osages--Matthews to the Senecas Quapaws &c.
+    ...--ROBERTSON in a letter, dated St. Louis, September 30, 1861
+    [General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_, R1615].
+
+    ... In the fall of the same year Albert Pike called a General Council
+    of the same tribes to meet at Talloqua and in order to secure their
+    attendance stated that John Ross was to make a speech ... he sent Dorn
+    late U. S. Indian Agent to notify the Osages, Quapaws Senecas &
+    Shawnees that there was to be a Council at Talloqua and that Ross was
+    going to talk at the same time to tell them that the U. S. Government
+    was breaking up--that they would get no more money and that they were
+    about to send an Army to take their Negroes and drive them from the
+    country and pointed to Missouri in proof of it, when the Council met
+    at Talloqua instead of Ross the council was opened by Pike who told
+    them "We are here to protect our property and to save our
+    Country."...--BAPTISTE PEORIA.
+
+Baptiste Peoria, in the spring and summer of 1862, went around as a secret
+agent of the United States government among the southern Indians finding
+out their real sentiments respecting the war. The report from which the
+above extract is taken is dated May 1, 1862, and is in General Files,
+_Osage River, 1855-1862_, B1430.
+
+[465]
+
+    FORT SMITH, ARKANSAS, September 19{th} 1865.
+
+    In a talk held at the rooms of the Commission, with Commissioners
+    Sells and Parker, the following statement was this day voluntarily
+    made by Shon-tah-sob-ba ("Black Dog") the Chief of the Black Dog band
+    of the Osage Indians, relating to a treaty with the so-called
+    Confederate States. In answer to a question by Commissioner Sells,
+    "How did you happen to be in this Southern Country?" Shon-tah-sob-ba
+    (Black Dog) replied "I am glad you have asked that question, for I
+    wish to make some statements in explanation. We came down here upon
+    the invitation of John Ross, Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation,
+    who sent us a letter asking us to attend a Council for the purpose of
+    making a treaty with Albert Pike"--
+
+    COMM{R} SELLS--Have you that letter now in your possession?
+
+    ANSWER: We don't know where the letter is. It was sent to Clermont,
+    whose son had it in his possession when he died & we suppose it was
+    buried with him. But I have it here in my head & will never forget it.
+    John Ross, the Cherokee Chief, said in that letter, "My Bros. the
+    Osages, there is a distinguished gentleman sent by the Confederate
+    States who is here to make treaties with us. He will soon be ready to
+    treat, and I want you to come here in order that we may all treat
+    together with him. My Brothers, there is a great black cloud coming
+    from the North, about to cover us all, and I want you to come here so
+    that we can counsel each other & drive away the black cloud." This is
+    all that he said & signed his name. All the Osages went. We were all
+    there together, Pike, John Ross and I, sitting as you are. Pike told
+    us he was glad that we had come to make peace & a treaty. All your
+    other brothers have made treaties & shook hands, & if _you_ want to,
+    you can do so too. I will tell you what John Ross said at the time.
+    John Ross told us, "My Red Bros. you have come here as I asked you & I
+    am glad to see you & hope you will do what the Commissioner wants you
+    to do. The talk the Commissioner has made is a good talk & I want you
+    to listen to it & make friends with the Confederate States. You can
+    make a treaty or not, but I advise you, as your older brother, to make
+    a treaty with them. It is for your interest & your good." After he
+    finished talking, John Ross told us we could consult among ourselves
+    over there (pointing to our camp near his residence) & decide among
+    ourselves. We consulted on the matter, & on the request of John Ross
+    we signed the treaty. He asked us to do it. He was the man that made
+    us make that treaty, and that's how we came to be away from our
+    country.
+
+    The above statement was endorsed by Wah-tah-in-gah, Chief Counselor of
+    the Black Dog & Clermont bands of the Osage Indians.
+
+    The above is a correct statement as interpreted.
+
+        E. S. PARKER Com{r}      GEO. L. COOK Ass't Sec{y}.
+        ELIJAH SELLS Com{r}
+
+Papers relating to the Council at Fort Smith, September, 1865, _Indian
+Office Files_.
+
+[466] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1865, pp. 353-354.
+
+[467] These Creeks, of course, were the Upper Creeks, the anti-McIntosh
+Creeks, the following of Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la. Some of the confidence that
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la seems to have had in John Ross, in his discretion and
+in his integrity, may have dated from the days when John Ross had refused,
+as he must have refused, to share in the plan for a betrayal of his
+country, at the instance of William McIntosh. The following document will
+explain that circumstance:
+
+    NEWTOWN 21th October 1823
+
+    MY FRIEND: I am going to inform you a few lines as a friend. I want
+    you to give me your opinion about the treaty wether the chiefs will be
+    willing or not. If the chiefs feel disposed to let the United States
+    have the land part of it, I want you to let me know. I will make the
+    United States commissioner give you two thousand dollars, A. McCoy the
+    same and Charles Hicks $3000 for present, and no body shall know it,
+    and if you think the land wouldent sold, I will be satisfied. If the
+    land should be sold, I will get you the amount before the treaty sign,
+    and if you got any friend you want him to Receive it, they shall recd
+    the same. nothing moore to inform you at present. I remain your
+    affectionate Friend
+
+        WM MCINTOSH
+
+    John Ross--an answer return
+
+    NB. the whole amount is $12000. you can divide among your friends.
+    exclusive $7000.
+
+This letter is on file in the United States Indian Office and bears the
+following endorsement:
+
+    rec{d} on the 23{rd} Oct. 1823.
+
+        M{R} JOHN ROSS President _N. Committee_
+
+    Letter from Wm McIntosh to Mr John Ross read & exposed in open Council
+    in the presence of Wm McIntosh Oct 24{th} 1823
+
+        J ROSS
+
+[468] Letters to Dole, October 31, 1861 [Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+_Report_, 1861, p. 42] and November 2, 1861 [General Files, _Cherokee,
+1859-1865_, J503].
+
+[469] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1865, pp. 353, 354.
+
+[470] _Official Records_, fourth ser., vol. i, 669-687.
+
+[471] --_Ibid._, 636-646.
+
+[472] --_Ibid._, 659-666.
+
+[473] --_Ibid._, 647-658.
+
+[474] The Senecas of the mixed band of Senecas and Shawnees were not
+originally parties to the treaty, but provision was duly made for their
+becoming so.
+
+[475] Ka-hi-ke-tung-ka for Clermont's Band, Pa-hiu-ska for White Hair's,
+Shon-tas-sap-pe for Black Dog's, and Chi-sho-hung-ka for the Big Hill.
+
+[476] For information concerning Washbourne [Washburne or Washburn] and
+charges against him, see Dean to Manypenny, December 28, 1855, December
+31, 1855 [Dean's _Letter Book_, Indian Office]; and Elias Rector to
+Secretary Thompson, October 1, 1859 [Rector's _Letter Book_, Indian
+Office]. Rector's letter was as follows:
+
+    An important sense of my duty as Superintendent of Indian Affairs for
+    the Southern Superintendency compells me to recommend, most earnestly,
+    the immediate removal of the present incumbent of the Seminole Agency,
+
+    The performance of this unpleasant duty is forced upon me by the
+    following consideration,--
+
+    1st The neglect of duty and disregard of the orders and Regulations of
+    the Department in absenting himself repeatedly and for protracted
+    periods, from his Agency without authority for so doing; to the
+    prejudice of the public interests entrusted to him,--
+
+    On this point I presume it is not necessary for me to enlarge, or to
+    urge upon the Department my views of the paramount necessity of Indian
+    Agents residing at their Agencies and being at all times present at
+    their Stations as well to cultivate the respect and confidence, and a
+    just knowledge of the character and wants of the people entrusted to
+    their care, as to be in position to execute promptly the orders, and
+    to promote the views of the Department,--
+
+    2nd I consider him unworthy of the trust reposed in him from certain
+    facts connected with the late payment of money to the Indians under
+    his charge, which have come to my knowledge--
+
+    Of the $90,000 recently paid to those Indians, appropriated by
+    Congress expressly to pay such of them as should remove under the late
+    Treaty; for their improvements and to assist in defraying their
+    removal expences I have ascertained, and it is notorious, that
+    thirteen thousand Dollars or more passed into the hands of Mr
+    Washbourne, through Collusion with the principal Chiefs, $5000 of
+    which he received under a private Contract with Senator Yulee of
+    Florida for services in obtaining the consent of the Chiefs to the
+    payment of thirty thousand dollars of this money to Senator Yulee on
+    an old claim presented by him of long standing in behalf of one Gov
+    Humphreys of Florida. The balance of the $13000 received by Mr
+    Washbourne was probably awarded him in consideration of his permitting
+    the Chiefs to appropriate certain portions of the money they paid over
+    to them in trust for the legetimate claimants, to their own use and
+    benefit,
+
+    I have informed you in a late letter of the pains I took to make the
+    Chiefs acquainted with the true object of the appropriations. Having
+    been instructed to pay over the whole amount to the authorities of the
+    Nation, this was all I could do in furtherance of the intentions of
+    Congress; my efforts to accomplish which were thus frustrated by Mr
+    Washbourne and his advances.--
+
+    3d The breach of good faith in the Chiefs towards the Indians,
+    prompted by Mr Washbourne in the distribution of this $90.000 as
+    explained in my late letter, has incensed the Indians to such degree
+    that bloodshed has been threatened and is seriously to be
+    apprehended,--
+
+    4th The influence of Mr Washbourne over the Chiefs acquired through
+    his Collusion with them in this swindling the intended legal
+    recipients of this money is such that, the Chiefs have intimated that
+    they will not send a delegation to Florida unless Mr Washbourne shall
+    accompany them, and I have reason to believe that in case he is not
+    permited to accompany them, he is prepared to throw every obstacle in
+    the way of the accomplishment of this, so much desired measure of the
+    Government,
+
+    The conduct of the Chiefs and their Agent in the distribution of the
+    $90000 and the enclosed letter from Mr Jacoway U S Marshal of this
+    District, whose acquaintance you have made, taken in connection with
+    the declarations of the Chiefs, that they will not go without him (or
+    that they desire that he should go with and have charge of them)
+    justifies the apprehension that there is another scheme in embryo
+    between them to perpetrate another swindle. Should circumstances
+    favour its accomplishment; and if it is the intention of the
+    Department to charge me with conducting the negotiations of a
+    Delegation to Florida, I must decline the performance of this duty if
+    one in whom I have so little confidence is permited to accompany the
+    Delegation in the capacity of Agent; for I hesitate not to say, that
+    if disappointed in his hopes of making a profitable employment of his
+    influence he would exert himself to defeat any negotiations that might
+    be set on foot, and there is good reason to fear that he might be
+    successful,--
+
+    For these reasons I beg leave respectfully to urge upon the Department
+    the immediate removal of Mr Washbourne and the appointment in his
+    stead of some gentleman who will perform the duties of the office with
+    a high appreciation of the trust confided to him and with a view,
+    rather to the honest discharge of this trust, than to his own profit,
+
+    I make this communication direct to the Sec't of Interior instead of
+    sending it through the Indian office for the reason that I learn that
+    the Comr Ind Affrs is absent on official acct.
+
+[477] Agent Elder to Coffin, September 30, 1861 [Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs, _Report_, 1861, p. 37]; Coffin to Dole, October 2, 1861 [_ibid._,
+p. 38]; Moore's _Rebellion Record_, vol. iii, 33.
+
+[478] We the loyal Cherokee Delegation acknowledge the execution of the
+treaty of Oct. 7, 1861. But we solemnly declare that the execution of the
+Treaty was procured by the coercion of the rebel army [Land Files, _Indian
+Talks, Councils, etc._, Box 4, 1865-1866].
+
+[479] Hon. J. S. Phelps to C. B. Smith, dated Rolla, Mo., October 3, 1861
+[General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, P44].
+
+[480] A difference of opinion seems to exist as to the original object of
+the organization of Drew's regiment. When Ross wrote his despatches to
+McCulloch concerning the proceedings at Tahlequah, he sent them for
+transmission to the C. S. A. quartermaster at Fort Smith, Major George W.
+Clark, to whom he imparted the information that the Cherokees were going
+to raise a regiment of mounted men immediately and place it under the
+command of Colonel John Drew, "to meet any emergency that may arise."
+"Having espoused," said he, "the cause of the Confederate States, we hope
+to render efficient service in the protracted war which now threatens the
+country, and to be treated with a liberality and confidence becoming the
+Confederate States."--Moore's _Rebellion Record_, vol. iii, 155, Document
+63-1/2.
+
+Those, who afterwards wanted to put the Cherokee position in the best
+possible light, declared repeatedly that Drew's regiment had no sectional
+bias in the work mapped out for it, that it was nothing more than a home
+guard. Writing to Dole, January 21, 1862, the Reverend Evan Jones said,
+
+    A regiment of Cherokees was raised for home protection, composed of
+    one company for each of eight Districts, and either two or three
+    companies for the District of Tahlequah. But these were altogether
+    separate and distinct from the rebel force.... The great majority of
+    officers and men, in this case, being decidedly loyal Union men Four
+    of the Captains and four hundred men, gave evidence of their loyalty,
+    in the part they acted, at the battle in which Opothleyoholo was
+    attacked by the Texan rangers & rebel Creeks & Choctaws, under
+    Cooper....--General Files, _Cherokee, 1859-1865_, J556.
+
+[481] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1865, p. 355.
+
+[482] Cooley's Report to President Johnson, February 25, 1866. This letter
+was found in the loose files of the Indian Office and is not to be found
+in Indian Office, _Report Book_, no. 15, where it would properly belong.
+
+[483] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1865, p. 321.
+
+[484] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1861, p. 35: Indian
+Office, _Report Book_, no. 12, p. 176.
+
+[485]
+
+    Enclosed pleaz find a coppy of a Commission given by General Lane to
+    E. H. Carruth together with coppies of Letters sent by him to the
+    various Tribes in the Indian Territory. I had an interview with Mr.
+    Carruth yesterday. I find him a very Inteligent man and thougherly
+    posted as to all matters relating to the Southern Indians he is very
+    confident that most if not all the Southern Indians written to will
+    Send deligations to Fort Scott as requested there ware three Creek
+    Indians came up to se General Lane who came to Iola for Caruthe to go
+    with them to General Lane which he did and they ware the barers of
+    letters of which the enclosed are coppies. I am going to Fort Scott
+    today and will make arrangements with Agent Elder to give the notice
+    imediately on their arrival or Bring them to Humboldt. I shall try to
+    secure the assistance of Mr. Caruthe tho he is now a voluntear in the
+    Home Guards for protection. I very much feer the service required of
+    me at the Sacks & Fox and Kaw agencies will take me to far off but
+    will try to attend to all if possible--General Files, _Southern
+    Superintendency, 1859-1862_, C1348.
+
+[486] Manypenny to Dean, April 9, 1855 [Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no.
+51, pp. 232-233].
+
+[487] Extract from commission, dated Fort Scott, August 30, 1861, issued
+to Carruth by authority of J. H. Lane, Commanding the Kansas Brigade
+[_ibid._].
+
+[488] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1865, p. 328.
+
+[489] The loyal Creeks testified, in 1865, that they sent their "chief"
+and others to Washington and leave the reader to infer that the chief
+meant was "Sands;" but the accredited delegates were most certainly Mik-ko
+Hut-kee, Bob Deer, and Jo Ellis. These three men signed their names, or
+rather attached their mark, to an address to the president of which the
+following is a certified copy:
+
+    SHAWNEE AGENCY, LEXINGTON, September 18, 1861.
+
+    Sir, we the Chiefs, Head Men, and Warriors, of the Creek Nation of
+    Indians, in the Indian Territory, through our delegates, the
+    undersigned desire to state to your excellency the condition of our
+    people. Owing to the want of correct information as to condition of
+    the Country and Government our people are in great distress. Men have
+    come among us, who claim to represent a New Government, who tell us
+    that the Government represented by Our Great Father at Washington, has
+    turned against us and intends to drive us from our homes and take away
+    our property, they tell us that we have nothing to hope from our old
+    Father and that all the Friends of the Indian have joined the New
+    Government. And that the New Government is ready to make treaties with
+    the Indians and do all and more for them than they can claim under
+    their old treaties. they ask us to join their armies and help sustain
+    the Government that is willing to do so much for us. But we doubted
+    their statements and promises and went to talk with the Agent and
+    Superintendent which Our father has always kept among us but they were
+    both gone and then some of our people began to think that Our Great
+    Father had forsaken us and a very few joined the Army of the New
+    Government and our people were in great trouble and we called a Grand
+    Council of the Chiefs of Creeks, Cherokees, Chickasaws, Shawnees,
+    Senecas, Quapaws, Kickapoos, Delawares, Weas, Peankeshaws, Witchetaws
+    Tribes and bands of Comanches, Seminoles, and Cadoes. And after a long
+    discussion of the source of their troubles, decided to remain loyal to
+    our Government and if possible neutral. The Chiefs went among their
+    people (and as a general thing) counteracted the influence of the
+    emissaries of the New Government. But these emissaries are still among
+    us giving us great trouble, while our Government has no one who can
+    officially represent itself. And we most earnestly ask that some
+    person shall be sent here who shall meet the Chiefs of the above
+    mentioned tribes in Council at some suitable place, and then make
+    known to them the condition, policy and wishes of the Government so
+    far as the interests of the Indians are concerned. If your Excellency
+    should deem it best to comply with our request, we would suggest that
+    Humboldt Allen County Kansas be the place for holding the Council. A
+    notice sent to the Agent of the Shawnees, will immediately be
+    forwarded by a messinger to the Chiefs. Very Respectfully, your
+    Obedient Servants
+
+        WHITE CHIEF X his mark
+        BOBB DEER X his mark
+        JOSEPH ELLIS X his mark Interpreter
+
+    P.S. The Choctaws were not present at the Council and we have reason
+    to feer that they have gone with the Southern Confederacy. It will
+    take near forty days to notify the Chiefs and get them together after
+    the notice gets at this place.
+
+        WHITE CHIEF X his mark
+
+[490] They also saw Agent Abbot [Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_,
+1865, p. 330] and received new assurances from him.
+
+[491] Perchance the same letter, either the original or a copy of which,
+Superintendent Branch transmitted to Dole along with an explanatory letter
+from Agent Abbott. The "talk" of the Creek chiefs was accompanied by a
+sort of Seminole and Chickasaw endorsement. Dole replied to the Creek and
+Seminole delegate appeals, November 16, 1861 [Indian Office, _Letter
+Book_, no. 67, pp. 78-79]. This is what the Creek chiefs said:
+
+    CREEK NAT. Aug 15, 1861.
+
+    Now I write to the President our Great Father who removed us to our
+    present homes, & made a treaty, and you said that in our new homes we
+    should be defended from all interference from any people and that no
+    white people in the whole world should ever molest us unless they come
+    from the sky but the land should be ours as long as grass grew or
+    waters run, and should we be injured by anybody you would come with
+    your soldiers & punish them, but now the wolf has come, men who are
+    strangers tread our soil, our children are frightened & the mothers
+    cannot sleep for fear. This is our situation now. When we made our
+    Treaty at Washington you assured us that our children should laugh
+    around our houses without fear, & we believed you. Then our Great
+    Father was strong. And now we raise our hands to him we want his help
+    to keep off the intruder & make our homes again happy as they used to
+    be....
+
+    I was at Washington when you treated with us, and now White People are
+    trying take our people away to fight against us and you. I am alive. I
+    well remember the treaty. My ears are open & my memory is good. This
+    is the letter of Your Children by
+
+        OPOTHLEHOYOLA
+        OUKTAHNASERHARJO
+
+    The Seminoles also send the same word & the full Indians of the
+    Chickasaws too send to the  P--
+
+The reply to this letter was made by Dole, November 56, 1862. See Indian
+Office, _Letter Book_, no. 67, pp. 79-80.
+
+    Pascofar the chief of Seminoles was present, he was not able to come
+    with us now but sent word. And if our Great Father want us we will
+    come to see him.
+
+        MICEO HULKA     JO ELLIS
+        ROB DEER
+
+General Files, _Creek, 1860-1869_, B787.
+
+[492]
+
+    There is a delegation of the Creeks now at Gen'l Lanes Head Quarters.
+
+    We wish to see delegations from the tribes loyal to the U. S.
+    Government. You will send us a delegation who will report to the Head
+    Quarters of the Kansas Brigade where commissioners of the Government
+    will meet and confer with them.
+
+    You are probably aware of the falsehoods resorted to by the enemies of
+    the U. S. to induce the Indians to withdraw their allegiance from the
+    Government. Could you come in person it would be grattifying to the
+    Commissioners.--Letter of September 11, 1861 [General Files, _Southern
+    Superintendency, 1859-1862_, C1348].
+
+[493]
+
+    Your letter by Micco Hutka is received. You will send a delegation of
+    your best men to meet the Commissioners of the United States
+    Government in Kansas.
+
+    I am authorized to inform you that the President will not forget you.
+    Our armies will soon go south and those of your people who are true
+    and loyal to the Government will be treated as friends--Your rights &
+    property will be respected. The Commissioners from the Confederate
+    States have deceived you they have two tongues.
+
+    They wanted to get the Indians to fight and they will rob and plunder
+    you if they can get you into trouble. But the President is stil alive
+    his soldiers will soon drive these men who have treacherously violated
+    your homes from the land they have entered. When your Delegates Return
+    to you they will be able to inform you when and where your monies will
+    be paid those who stole your orphan funds will be punished and you
+    will learn that the people who are tru to the Government which has so
+    long protected you are your Friends.--Letter to Opoth-le-ho-yo-ho,
+    Ho-so-tau-hah-sas Hayo, dated Barnesville, September 11,
+    1861.--General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_, C1348.
+
+The author's opinion is that the mistakes in spelling were made by the
+illiterate Coffin, who probably made a copy of Carruth's letters for
+transmission to the Indian Office. He may also have made a slight
+alteration in the date of the letter to the Creeks; for the original of
+the letter, bearing the date of September 10, 1861, was found in
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la's camp after the Battle of Chustenahlah, December 26,
+1861 [_Official Records_, first ser., vol. viii, 25].
+
+[494] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. viii, 26.
+
+[495] In his letter to the Seminole chiefs and headmen, Carruth reminds
+them that he was with them when letters came from Pike and that Pike "is
+the man who has tried so hard to get your lands sectionalized" and asks,
+"who brought up a bill in Congress to bring your tribes under Territorial
+laws, Johnson of Arkansas...."
+
+[496] --_Ibid._, 26.
+
+[497] Coffin to Dole, October 2, 1861 [Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+_Report_, 1861, pp. 38-39].
+
+[498] Evan Jones wrote, October 31, 1861 [Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+_Report_, 1861, pp. 41-43] that he had found it impossible to get anyone
+who would undertake to carry a message to John Ross. The risk was too
+great.
+
+[499] Dole to Hunter, November 16, 1861 [_ibid._, p. 44].
+
+[500]
+
+    On consultation with Gen'l Jas. H. Lane he thinks an auxiliary
+    Regiment of Indians are necessary to the service and could be used to
+    great advantage in this department. If it meets with your approbation
+    I would like and ask the privilege of Raising such Regt which I think
+    I could do in thirty days. I have made my estimate of the number of
+    men which I think would be furnished by each tribe as follows
+
+        Iowas & Kickapoos             225
+        Delawares                     125
+        Potawatomies                  250
+        Shawnees, Miamies, & Weas     100
+        Sacks & Foxes                 250
+        Senecas & Wyandotts           125
+                                     ----
+                                     1075
+
+    This will be laid before you by Gen{l} Lane in person I hope it will
+    meet with your approval and that you will grant the permission to
+    raise the Regt and if necessary I have no doubt but a Brigade of
+    Indians could be organized by embracing the Osages and Loyal Creeks
+    and Cherokees.--Letter of October 10, 1861 [General Files, _Delaware,
+    1855-1861_].
+
+[501] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 553.
+
+[502] I am not certain of the exact date of Lane's departure for
+Washington. Spring says [_Kansas_, 279] that he went there in November.
+When an Indian delegation reached Fort Scott, seeking him, some time about
+the middle of the month, he had already handed over his command to Colonel
+James Montgomery and "had gone to Washington" [Cutler to Coffin, September
+30, 1862, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862, p. 138]. Yet
+Dole's letter to General Hunter would convey the impression that Lane was
+still in Kansas the middle of the month and expected to be there on the
+twenty-fourth. I am also in doubt as to when Hunter reached his post. He
+communicated with Agent Cutler from St. Louis, November 20, 1861 [_ibid._,
+1861, p. 44]. Hunter and Lane may very well have met even outside of
+Kansas and have exchanged views and opinions that would have given a basis
+for the representations that Lane must have made to Lincoln and Cameron
+regarding Hunter's approval of the "Jayhawking Brigade." McClellan seems
+to have advised the forward movement in the direction of the Indian
+Territory; for he says, when writing to Hunter, December 11, 1861
+[_Official Records_, first ser., vol. viii, 428]:
+
+    Immediately after you were assigned to your present department I
+    requested the Adjutant-General to inform you that it was deemed
+    expedient to organize an expedition under your command to secure the
+    Indian territory west of Arkansas, as well as to make a descent upon
+    Northern Texas, in connection with one to strike at Western Texas from
+    the Gulf. The general was to invite your prompt attention to this
+    subject, and to ask you to indicate the necessary force and means for
+    the undertaking.
+
+It is only fair to say that Lane had always advocated a more southern
+concentration of forces. He more than any other northern man seems to have
+appreciated fully the importance of Indian Territory. He continually
+recommended using Fort Scott as a base for such military operations as had
+the protection of Kansas as their main object.
+
+[503] Hunter to Thomas, dated Leavenworth, January 15, 1862 [General
+Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_].
+
+[504] In January, 1862, Hunter deplored the fact that his request had not
+been acceded to and said,
+
+    Had this permission been promptly granted, I have every reason to
+    believe that the present disastrous state of affairs, in the Indian
+    country west of Arkansas, could have been avoided. I now again
+    respectfully repeat my request--_Ibid._
+
+[505] Dole to Hunter, November 16, 1861 [Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no.
+67, PP. 80-82; Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1861, pp. 43-44].
+
+[506] Lane's proposed conference called for the assembling of
+representatives of Kansas tribes as well as of Indian Territory tribes.
+Judging from Hunter's letter to Agent Cutler of November 20, 1861
+[Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1861, pp. 44-45], I infer that
+Hunter's conference was to be confined to the southern Indians. The
+purpose of Lane's must have been represented to the Kansas Indians as
+Creek needs [Shawnee "talk" to the Creeks, November 15, 1861, _ibid._, p.
+45]. Hunter intended to hold his conference at his headquarters, Fort
+Leavenworth, which was making the southern Indians come a pretty long way
+[Hunter to Cutler, November 20, 1861, _ibid._, p. 44; Dole to Cutler,
+December 3, 1861, Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no. 67, p. 107].
+
+[507] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 567.
+
+[508] Major-general H. W. Halleck was to command the sister department of
+Missouri.
+
+[509] _Abraham Lincoln_, vol. v, 81-82.
+
+[510]
+
+    I earnestly request and recommend the establishment of a new military
+    department, to be composed of Kansas, the Indian country, and so much
+    of Arkansas and the Territories as may be thought advisable to include
+    therein.--LANE to Lincoln, dated Leavenworth City, Kansas, October 9,
+    1861 [_Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 529].
+
+[511] By the end of July, the First Regiment of Choctaw and Chickasaw
+Mounted Rifles had been completely organized [_Official Records_, first
+ser., vol. iii, 620, 624] and eight companies of a prospective Creek
+regiment [_ibid._, 624]. By October twenty-second, when McCulloch ordered
+him [_ibid._, 721] to take up a position in the Cherokee Neutral Lands,
+Stand Watie's battalion had apparently reached the proportions of a
+regiment, the First Cherokee Mounted Rifles. On the twenty-seventh of
+November, Pike who was then in Richmond informed Benjamin,
+
+    We have now in the service four regiments, numbering in all some 3,500
+    men, besides the Seminole troops and other detached companies,
+    increasing the number to over 4,000. An additional regiment has been
+    offered by the Choctaws and another can be raised among the Creeks. If
+    I have the authority I can enlist even the malcontents among that
+    people. I can place in the field (arms being supplied) 7,500 Indian
+    troops, not counting the Comanches and Osages, whom I would only
+    employ in case of an invasion of the Indian country....--_Official
+    Records_, first ser., vol. viii, 697.
+
+A supposed report of Agent Garrett, sent to the United States Indian
+Office under the following endorsement, is not without interest as bearing
+upon the strength of the Confederacy within the Indian country:
+
+    The copy of a letter herewith, is without signature, but is said to be
+    in the handwriting of the late Col. Garret, who at that date, was U.
+    S. Indian Agent of the Creeks. It is not of much importance, but yet,
+    as historical and statistical, is nor without some interest. I
+    obtained it a few weeks ago, found among other papers at the Agency,
+    and I presume is a retained copy of the original.
+
+
+    CREEK AGENCY C. N. Dec. 16th 1861.
+
+    SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the
+    2d ultimo, requiring certain information from me in regard to the
+    number of Creek Indians; and their relations or feelings towards the
+    Confederate States. Owing to the great irregularity of the mails, I
+    did not receive your communication as soon as I ought. The difficulty
+    at the time I received your letter in regard to answering it properly,
+    caused me to delay a few days, so that I might answer it definitely.
+    Incidental to the confusion here, I could not state to you who were
+    reliable, and who were not, for I did not know myself, and believing
+    that a battle would be fought in a few days where every one would have
+    to show his hand, I thought I could give you more reliable
+    information: and from the valor and fidelity of the Creeks engaged
+    then I can give you reliable information.
+
+    The Creeks number in all 14630, a portion of whom reside in Alabama,
+    Texas and Missouri, leaving about 13000 within the limits of the Creek
+    Nation:--From the best information I can get, there are among the
+    lower Creeks 1650 warriors, 375 of them are unfriendly--Among the
+    Upper Creeks there are 1600 warriors--only 400 of them are
+    friendly--to sum up the whole matter there are 1675 Creek warriors
+    friendly to the Confederate States and 1575 unfriendly--Of those
+    friendly there are in the service of the Confederate States 1375--One
+    Regiment is commanded by Col. Chilly McIntosh, numbering 400--and an
+    independent company commanded by Capt. J. M. C. Smith numbering 75
+    men, all in the service, and armed with a very few exceptions, and I
+    think from recent indications are willing to do service wherever
+    ordered, and circumstances justify it.
+
+    The Regiment, Battalion and Company were all mustered into service for
+    twelve months. This comprises nearly all the friendly warriors in the
+    Nation. I cannot answer you in regard to the number that are willing
+    to serve during the war. My opinion is, though, that the number now in
+    the service, and perhaps more, are willing to remain in the service as
+    long as they may be wanted. The Hostiles are headed by Ho path ye ho
+    lo who has engaged in his cause portions of several tribes viz a
+    portion of the Seminoles, Kickapoos, Shawnees, Delawares, Wichitas,
+    Comanches, and Cherokees--400 of whom deserted a few days before the
+    recent battle from Col. John Drews Regiment Cherokee Volunteers and
+    joined Hopathyeholo who is in communication with the federal forces in
+    Kansas, and has received goods and ammunition from them: His force is
+    estimated from 2500 to 3000--I would give you a more detailed account
+    of the battle, but I do nor think it proper in this communication and
+    I presume the commanding officer Col. Cooper has made his report of
+    the Battle to the Secretary of War--I may be mistaken to some extent,
+    in regard to the friendly and hostile Creeks, but I think I am not,
+    and it is correct from the best information I can get, and my own
+    knowledge of the facts. It will afford me much pleasure, to
+    communicate to you at any time anything of importance to the
+    Confederate States. Very Respectfully Your Obt Servt.
+
+        Hon. David Hubbard, Com. Indian Affairs
+          Richmond Va.
+
+[512] Therein lay the whole difficulty. It was simply impossible for the
+Confederate government to honor all requisitions for arms.
+
+[513] The matter must have been even earlier under advisement; for, on the
+twenty-sixth of October, J. P. Benjamin, Acting Secretary of War, sent
+this notion to "General Albert Pike, Little Rock, Ark.:"
+
+    I cannot assign to your command any Arkansas troops at this moment.
+    Governor Rector is applying for return of the regiments in
+    Tennessee.--_Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 727.
+
+[514] --_Ibid._, vol. viii, 690.
+
+[515] _Daily State Journal_ (Little Rock), Nov. 8, 1861.
+
+[516] Colonel D. H. Cooper's "Report" [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. viii, 5].
+
+[517] Colonel D. H. Cooper's "Report" [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. viii, 7, 709].
+
+[518] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1865, pp. 355-357.
+
+[519] Extract from John Ross's address to Drew's regiment [Commissioner of
+Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1865, p. 356].
+
+[520] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1865, p. 357.
+
+[521] --_Ibid._
+
+[522] McIntosh, at the time, was in charge of McCulloch's brigade,
+McCulloch having gone to Richmond to explain to the authorities there why
+he had persistently laid himself open to the charge of refusing to
+cooperate with Sterling Price in his many Missouri ventures, planned
+subsequent to the Battle of Wilson's Creek. McCulloch's orders from the
+Confederate War Department were that he should guard the Indian Territory.
+Price's great idea was to occupy the Missouri River country. Had McCulloch
+gone northward with Price, he would, as he ably argued, have removed
+himself altogether from his base.
+
+[523] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. viii, 11.
+
+[524] --_Ibid._, 22.
+
+[525] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. viii, 23-24.
+
+[526] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862, p. 136.
+
+[527] The agents were, George A. Cutler, Creek, Charles W. Chatterton,
+Cherokee, Isaac Coleman, Choctaw and Chickasaw, G. C. Snow, Seminole, and
+Peter P. Elder, Neosho River. Agent Elder did not report for duty.
+
+[528] The Indian agents usually referred to it as "Fort Roe" but the
+military men, with a few possible exceptions, when meaning identically the
+same locality, spoke of "Roe's Fork." There is no such place as Fort Roe
+given in the _Lists of Military Posts, etc., established in the United
+States from its earliest settlement to the present time_, published by the
+United States War Department, 1902. That list, however, is far from being
+complete.
+
+[529] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862, p. 138.
+
+[530]
+
+    In compliance with instructions from Major-General Hunter, contained
+    in your order of the 22d. ultimo, I left this place on the 22d. and
+    proceeded to Burlington, where I learned that the principal part of
+    the friendly Indians were congregated, and encamped on the Verdigris
+    river, near a place called Roe's Fork, from twelve to fifteen miles
+    south of the town of Belmont. I proceeded there without delay. By a
+    census of the tribes taken a few days before my arrival, there was
+    found to be of the Creeks, 3,168; slaves of the Creeks, 53; free
+    negroes, members of the tribe, 38; Seminoles, 777; Quapaws, 136;
+    Cherokees, 50; Chickasaws, 31; some few Kickapoos and other tribes,
+    about 4,500 in all. But the number was being constantly augmented by
+    the daily arrival of other camps and families....--A. B. CAMPBELL,
+    surgeon, U. S. A., to James K. Barnes, surgeon, U. S. A., medical
+    director, Department of Kansas, dated Fort Leavenworth, February 5,
+    1862.
+
+[531] These were purchased by Coffin, acting under the advice of Hunter
+[Dole to Smith, June 5, 1862, Indian Office, _Report Book_, no. 12, pp.
+392-396].
+
+[532] Extracts from Agent Cutler's _Report_, September 30, 1862. Various
+reports, more or less detailed, descriptive of the intense sufferings of
+Indian refugees in the first weeks of their sojourn in Kansas may be found
+in the _Annual Report_ of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1862, pp.
+135-175. Those of Turner, Campbell, Cutler, and George W. Collamore are
+particularly good. Some of the reports originally accompanied Dole's
+_Report_ of June 5, 1862 [Indian Office, _Report Book_, no. 12, pp.
+392-396; Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862, pp. 147-149;
+House _Executive Documents_, 37th congress, second session, vol. x, no.
+132], which was prepared in answer to a House resolution, calling for
+information on the southern refugee Indians.
+
+Collamore's _Report_ of April 21, 1862 is to be found in manuscript form
+in General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_, C1602. Another
+report, most excellent in character, issued from the pen of special agent,
+William Kile, February 21, 1862. It is in Land Files, _Southern
+Superintendency, 1855-1870_, K107. There are also a few good accounts of
+the Creek exodus of 1861. One of them is a sworn statement, presented by
+Holmes Colbert in a letter, dated March 25, 1868, and authoritatively
+cited by Mix in an office letter to Secretary Browning, June 8, 1868
+[Indian Office, _Report Book_, no. 17, p. 308].
+
+Another account came from John T. Cox to W. G. Coffin under date of March
+28, 1864, and, while not in the least detailed, is worth quoting because
+of its tribute of respect to the loyal Indians. It runs thus:
+
+    Herewith I enclose a map of the route of retreat of the early Loyal
+    Refugee Indians, under Apoth yo-ho-lo, in the Winter of 1861.
+
+    With the facilities within my reach, for obtaining facts connected
+    with that remarkable exodus, I am fully warrented in saying, that the
+    history of the War does not furnish a parallel of patriotic devotion
+    to the Union.
+
+    The Rebels had managed so adroitly during the administration of
+    Buchanan, as to secure the appointment of, or favor of every
+    Government Official, or Employee, within the limits of the South
+    Indian Country, all sources of information were corrupted or poisoned.
+    Postmasters deplored the fall of the Old Government, as already taken
+    place, Indian Agents, and all others holding business relations with
+    the several tribes, used every means in their power to discourage them
+    and destroy their confidence in the Old Government, resorting to the
+    grossest Misrepresentations, Bribery of Chiefs, Headmen, &c.,
+    Malfeasance and Robbery--Military Posts, Government Stores, Ordnance
+    &c. &c. were surrendered or abandoned under color of the most dire
+    military necessity, and the apparent tardiness of the Old Government
+    to render them timely assistance, or in any way counteract those
+    influences, left them without counsel, and without friends, and
+    implied a total abandonment of the Indians. Yet under all the
+    discouraging surroundings a large portion of the Creeks, Cherokees,
+    Seminoles and others maintained their loyalty. The Chickasaws were
+    divided in their Councils, and the Choctaws went over almost entirely
+    to the Rebel Government.
+
+    In the month of March 1861, international councils were held, first at
+    the Creek Agency, next at North Fork, without affecting very
+    materially the fidelity of the Indians. But in the latter part of
+    April, the Choctaws and Chickasaws gave in full adhesion to the
+    Confederate Government. The remaining tribes were alternating between
+    the Counsels of Apoth-yo-ho-lo, McDaniel and others on the one hand,
+    and a swarm of Rebel Commissioners on the other.
+
+    The Rebel Government was pushing forward the organization of Indian
+    Regiments, under the McIntoshes, Stan Watie, Adair, Jumper, Smith and
+    others, while the Conservative element, forming a Cherokee Regiment
+    under Col. Drew, for armed neutrality, but in truth loyal to the
+    Union, while Apoth-yo-ho-lo headed the hostiles, as they were termed
+    by the Rebels.
+
+    In a Report dated Creek Agency C. N. Dec. 16th., 1861, addressed to
+    the Hon. David Hubbard, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Richmond, Va.,
+    the Creek Agent, Col. Garrett says, See Copy marked "A" (Garrett's
+    report to Hubbard appears in another connection in the present work.
+    It seems to have come into the Indian Office from two independent
+    sources). I have noted this to show the attitude of the several tribes
+    at the beginning of the Rebellion.
+
+    The principal object of this report is to call attention to the real
+    claims of the Indians upon the Government, not only to sympathy, but
+    compensation for services from the time they abandoned their homes and
+    all they possessed, and took up arms in support of the Government.
+
+    Although they claim nothing of the kind, yet the moral effect of such
+    a tangible recognition of their early services, would insure fidelity
+    of all other tribes against any other future rebellion or disaffection
+    against our Government.
+
+    The history of their destitution, and terrible sufferings in their
+    pilgrimage of three hundred miles in mid-winter, is familiar to you
+    and not necessary here to relate [General Files, _Southern
+    Superintendency, 1863-1864_, C824].
+
+[533] Others had reached that decision likewise. On the tenth of December,
+McClellan had written to Halleck, "I shall send troops to Hunter to enable
+him to move into the Indian Territory west of Arkansas and upon Northern
+Texas. That movement should relieve you very materially"--_Official
+Records_, first ser., vol. viii, 419. See also the letter of December 11,
+1861 [_ibid._, 428].
+
+[534] It was to this delegation, I have no doubt, that the Shawnees sent
+their note of encouragement. It bears date November 15, 1861 and was
+issued from the Shawnee Agency, Johnson County, Kansas. Its inspiring
+passages are these:
+
+    Brothers, hold fast to the Union! Hold to your treaties! And now call
+    upon the United States government to fulfill their treaty stipulations
+    with you by protecting you in this your time of need, and save your
+    country to you first, and then, by so doing, save the whole of the
+    Indian country to the Union.
+
+    ... And now our advice to you is, go immediately to Washington City,
+    lay your case before President Lincoln, state everything, and we
+    assure you that he will protect you, and that immediately; we think
+    that delay on your part will be ruinous to your people; we believe
+    that your agent ought to conduct you there. Put your confidence only
+    in the Union and you will be safe....--Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+    _Report_, 1861, p. 45.
+
+[535] Report of Agent Cutler, September 30, 1862 [Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs, _Report_, 1862, p. 138].
+
+[536] Montgomery to Lincoln, November 19, 1861 [_ibid._, 1861, p. 461].
+
+[537] Hunter to Dole, December 1, 1861 [Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+_Report_, 1861, p. 49].
+
+[538] Note that Hunter, when writing to McClellan, December 19, 1861
+[_Official Records_, first ser., vol. viii, 450], professed that, previous
+to the receipt of McClellan's letter of the eleventh, he had not known
+that it was expected of him that he should undertake an expedition for the
+defense of Indian Territory. He declared that Thomas' communication of
+November twenty-sixth, touching the matter, had been vague in the extreme.
+
+[539] Extract from letter of Carruth to Hunter, November 26, 1861
+[Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1861, p. 49].
+
+[540] It seems a little surprising that they did depart from Fort
+Leavenworth in such good spirits; for, while there, they surely must have
+heard rumors of the final attack upon Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la. Agent Cutler
+tells us that he heard of the exodus a few days after his return to Kansas
+with the delegation. He had then left Leavenworth, however, for he says
+farther on in his letter that he went back there to confer with Coffin as
+to what should be done.
+
+[541] Extract from letter of Coffin to Dole, December 28, 1861 [General
+Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_].
+
+[542] See letter of Mix to F. Johnson at the Delaware Agency, Quindaro,
+Kansas, dated January 22, 1862, acknowledging Johnson's letter of January
+fourth, which enclosed
+
+    A copy of the reply of the Delaware Chiefs in Council to the letter of
+    the Creek Chief O-poeth-lo-yo-ho-la, inviting their cooperation
+    against the rebel States....--Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no. 67,
+    pp. 271-272.
+
+[543]
+
+    On the 1st inst., I mailed you the letter of Opoth-la-yar-ho-la
+    Muscogee Chief to the Delawares asking for men and ammunition. On the
+    2nd inst. the Delaware chiefs in Council returned the following letter
+    in answer to Opoth-la-ho-la....--F. JOHNSON to Dole, dated Quindaro,
+    Kansas, January 4, 1862 [General Files, _Delaware, 1862-1866_, J543].
+
+[544]
+
+    John Connor, Head Chief, Ne-con-he-con, Sur-cox-ie, Chas. Journeycake,
+    Assistant Chiefs, to Oputh-la-yar-ho-la, Muscogee Chief Warrior and
+    our loyal Grand Children dated Delaware Nation, Kansas Jan. 3rd 1861.
+
+[545] James McDaniel seems to have been a Cherokee. On April 2, 1862,
+Agent Johnson reported to Dole that forty-one Delaware Indians had
+returned destitute from the Cherokee country and that he had given them
+assistance and also "a refugee Cherokee chief, James McDaniel." This idea
+is further borne out by the following letter:
+
+    Office of U. S. Agent for Cherokees
+      Tahlequah, Ind. Ter. April 7, 1873
+
+    HON. H. R. CLUM, Acting Commissioner of Indian Affs
+
+    SIR: I beg leave to call your attention to the fact that in the fall
+    and winter of 1861 Opothleyoholo a Creek and James McDaniel a Cherokee
+    placed themselves at the head of the loyal Creeks, Seminoles,
+    Cherokees & others. Unsustained by any U. S. forces they gathered on
+    Bird Creek, in this Nation, to resist rebel conscription into their
+    army. They tried to avoid a fight, to make their way peacably to the
+    union army in Kansas, by a far western route. But Gen. Douglas H.
+    Coopper, & Gen. Stand Watie, with troops from Texas, & Arkansas, &
+    with rebel Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws &c pressed upon them, &
+    attempted to bring them into subjection to the Southern Confederacy.
+    They adhered to their loyalty. Fought the rebel forces in three or
+    four battles. At first vanquishing the rebel forces, but finally were
+    overcome, & compelled to flee to Kansas in mid-winter, with women &
+    children. In Kansas these men were organized into regiments, & on
+    arriving in the Cherokee Nation were largely reinforced by their
+    friends here, & in the Creek & Seminole Nations.
+
+    I have made this statement so that you may see the situation in which
+    these men are placed, & judge intelligently.
+
+    _Now I wish to know if men wounded in those engagements, under
+    Opothleyoholo & James McDaniel, while fighting against the rebels, &
+    the widows of those who were killed, & those who were otherwise
+    disabled in those fights, & in the subsequent flight, are entitled to
+    the benefits of pension laws. Can they be pensioned under existing
+    laws?_
+
+    If not, can you, through the Secretary of the Interior, prevail on the
+    President to have the matter presented to the next Congress, with a
+    view to having these persons placed on the rolls of the pension
+    office. I need say nothing of the propriety of the Government
+    rewarding as far as possible, such acts of loyalty & voluntary
+    fighting for the Government by full blood Indians--when all the
+    influence & power of faithless Indian Agents, & Superintendants, & the
+    Southern army from Texas & Arkansas, & the more wealthy & educated
+    mixed blood Indians, were arrayed against them. It should be rewarded,
+    as far [as] practicable, as an incentive to like faithfulness in any
+    emergency that may arise in the future. I have the honor to be Very
+    Respectfully Your Obdt. Servant
+
+        JOHN B. JONES, U. S. Agent for Cherokees
+
+[546] _Official Records_, first ser., vol. viii, 576.
+
+[547]
+
+    WASHINGTON, D. C. January 3, 1862.
+
+    MAJOR-GENERAL HUNTER, Commanding Kansas Department:
+
+    It is the intention of the Government to order me to report to you for
+    an active winter's campaign. They have ordered General Denver to
+    another department. They have ordered to report to you eight regiments
+    cavalry, three of infantry, and three batteries, in addition to your
+    present force. They have also ordered you, in conjunction with the
+    Indian Department, to organize 4,000 Indians. Mr. Doles, Commissioner,
+    will come out with me.
+
+        J. H. LANE.
+
+_Official Records_, first ser., vol. viii, 482.
+
+[548]
+
+    It being the intention of the Gov't of the United States to take into
+    its military service 4000 Indians from the borders of Kansas and
+    Missouri, to be organized under Major Gen{l} Hunter, you are hereby
+    made acquainted therewith. The different Agents in your
+    superintendency will be instructed direct from this Office to use
+    their best endeavors to engage the above number of Indians, taking
+    care that those so engaged are capable of good service and are well
+    affected towards this Government.
+
+    All the operations in this behalf should be conducted with dispatch
+    and as much secrecy as the nature of the measure will admit of.
+
+    I understand that the Government proposes to equalize the pay of these
+    Indian volunteers with that of other volunteers, but giving the chiefs
+    an additional compensation. Each man will receive a blanket, and those
+    not having arms of their own will be provided by the Government. Their
+    subsistence will be the same as that provided in Revised Regulations
+    No. 5, Section 39 of this Bureau, or the army subsistence, whatever
+    that may be. Where any of the Indians, thus engaged, shall die or be
+    killed whilst in service, their pay will be given over to their
+    families--Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no. 67, pp. 211-212.
+
+[549] --_Ibid._, 215-216.
+
+[550] Farnsworth wrote on the 21st, acknowledging Dole's letter of the
+sixth and saying,
+
+    Its contents has been explained to two trusty Indians, who will keep
+    the matter entirely secret until the time for public action comes. I
+    have sent for the Indians to come in. I think they will all be here by
+    the 30th or 31st of this month. I will enroll them as soon as
+    possible. I think I shall be able to enlist about 150 vigorous
+    warriors....--General Files, _Kickapoo, 1855-1862_, F335.
+
+[551]
+
+    Your communication to this office of the 31st December last has been
+    received enclosing a letter which was brought to you by a messenger
+    from the South, as you were holding a Council with the Delaware Chiefs
+    of your Agency, and which letter you desired to be laid before the
+    President of the United States. Your communication also represented
+    the readiness of the Delawares and all the other Western tribes to
+    engage in military service on the side of the Government against the
+    rebel States.
+
+    With reference to all these Subjects, you will have an opportunity of
+    conferring with the Commissioner of Indian Affairs (who has perused
+    your letter in person) at Leavenworth City, for which destination he
+    left this City on Sunday last on public business.--CHARLES E. MIX,
+    acting commissioner, to F. Johnson, January 21, 1862 [Indian Office,
+    _Letter Book_, no. 67, p. 268].
+
+[552] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862, pp. 26, 147-148.
+
+[553]
+
+    I have the honor to inform you that Capt. J. W. Turner, Chief
+    Commissary of Subsistence of the Department, has just returned from
+    the encampments of the loyal Indians, on the Verdigris river, and in
+    its vicinity. Having made arrangements for subsisting these
+    unfortunate refugees until the 15th day of the present month.
+
+    In the neighborhood of Belmont and Roe's Fort, there were, at the time
+    Capt. Turner left, about four thousand five hundred Indians, chiefly
+    Creeks and Seminoles. But their number was being constantly augmented
+    by the arrival of fresh camps, tribes and families.
+
+    Their condition is pictured as most wretched--destitute of clothing,
+    shelter, fuel, horses, cooking utensils and food. This last named
+    article was supplied by Capt. Turner in quantities sufficient to last
+    until the 15th instant after which time, I doubt not, you will have
+    made further arrangements for their continued subsistence.
+
+    In taking the responsibility of supplying their wants until the Indian
+    Department could make provision for their necessities I but fulfilled
+    a duty due to our common humanity and the cause in which the Indians
+    are suffering. I now trust and have every confidence that under your
+    energetic and judicious arrangements these poor people may be supplied
+    with all they need after the 15th instant, on which day the supplies
+    furnished by Capt. Turner will be exhausted.
+
+    I make no doubt that provision should be made for feeding, clothing
+    and sheltering not less than six thousand Indians, and possibly as
+    high as ten thousand, on this point however, you are doubtless better
+    prepared to judge than myself. I only wish to urge upon you the
+    necessity for prompt measures of relief.
+
+    P.S. Copies of the reports made by Capt. Turner and Brigade Surgeon
+    Campbell will be furnished to you by tomorrow's post, in view of the
+    urgency of this case, and the fact that these Indians cannot be
+    supplied any further than have been done from the supplies of the
+    army, I send one copy of this letter to Topeka and the other to
+    Leavenworth City. Fearful suffering must ensue amongst the Indians
+    unless the steps necessary are promptly taken.
+
+This letter was forwarded by Edw. Wolcott, at Dole's request, to the
+Indian Office [General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_,
+W513].
+
+[554] Coffin to Dole, dated Fort Roe, Verdigris River, Kansas, February
+13, 1862 [General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_, C1526];
+Snow to Coffin, February 13, 1862 [General Files, _Seminole, 1858-1869_].
+
+[555] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862, p. 148.
+
+[556] --_Ibid._
+
+[557] Dole to Dr. Kile, February 10, 1862. [Indian Office, _Letter Book_,
+no. 67, pp. 450-452].
+
+[558] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862, p. 148.
+
+[559] _Congressional Globe_, 37th congress, second session, p. 815.
+
+[560] United States _Statutes at Large_, vol. xiii, 562.
+
+[561] It was, however, the beginning of a great deal of graft and misuse
+of government funds. Citizens of Kansas, otherwise reputable, prepared to
+reap a rich harvest, and government officials were not at all behindhand
+in the undertaking. Presumably, immediately upon the departure of Hunter's
+commissary from Fort Roe, the Indians began to get into the debt of the
+settlers and the sum of the indebtedness soon mounted up tremendously.
+Coffin again and again urged payment [Coffin to Dole, May 12, 1862], so
+did Colonel C. R. Jennison of the Seventh Regiment Kansas Volunteers, and
+so did General Blunt.
+
+The act of March 3, 1862, reinforced by that of July 5, 1862 [United
+States _Statutes at Large_, vol. xii, 528] was re-enacted, in whole or in
+part, each year of the war [Act of March 3, 1863, United States _Statutes
+at Large_, vol. xii, 793; Act of June 25, 1864, _ibid._, vol. xii, 180].
+In addition, special appropriations were made, like that of May 3, 1864,
+for the refugees.
+
+[562] Hunter to Thomas, December 11, 1861 [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. viii, 428]; McClellan to Hunter, December 11, 1861, [_ibid._].
+
+[563] Halleck to McClellan, January 20, 1862 [_ibid._, 509-510].
+
+[564] Thomas to Hunter, January 24, 1862 [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. viii, 525-526].
+
+[565] --_Ibid._, 529-530.
+
+[566] --_Ibid._
+
+[567] Stanton had become Secretary of War, January 15, 1862. On the real
+reasons for Cameron's retirement, see Welles' _Diary_, vol. i, 57.
+
+[568] Lincoln to Stanton, January 31, 1862 [_Official Records_, first
+ser., vol. viii, 538].
+
+[569] Lincoln to Hunter and Lane, February 10, 1862 [_ibid._, 551].
+
+[570] Hunter to Halleck, February 8, 1862 [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. viii, 829-831]; Halleck to Hunter, February 13, 1862 [_ibid._,
+554-555]; McClellan to Halleck, February 13, 1862 [_ibid._, 555].
+
+[571]
+
+    My object more particularly in writing to you to-night is on account
+    of the orders that we learn here to-night from General Gennison to
+    General Hunter that no Indians are to be mustered into the Service we
+    have taken greate paines and have made flattering progress in
+    enrooling them according to the orders of your Selfe and General
+    Hunter nearly all of them set apart 10 Dollars out of their wages pr
+    month for their families and many that have no families leave it in
+    the hands of the Agents for their benefit after the war is over and
+    they are burning with revenge and spiling for a fight and I have no
+    dout at all but they would doo good Service there are two amongst them
+    at least perhaps many more that I think would make good Commanders
+    Billy Bowlegs & Little Captain the latter a Creek that commands in all
+    the Late Battles and they suposed that he was killed but he got in a
+    few days sinc Billy has also recently arivd I am fully of the opinion
+    that these Indians at least two Thousand of them for such a campaigne
+    as they are designed for or the one is suposed to be that is to go
+    South from here are as well calculated for as any Troops that could be
+    selected and it will make great trouble with them as they have their
+    harts set upon it and will be most cruelly disappointed if not
+    permettd to go and they should be got back as soon as posabl to their
+    homes as the planting season is near and if they do not get there in
+    time for putting in a crop the present Spring it looks like they will
+    have to be suportd by the Government til August 1863 or til a crop can
+    be maturd nex year which could not be sooner than August this would
+    entail a heavy expense upon the Indian department that I would like to
+    be avoidd I have had an Interview with General Gennison and he is very
+    sure that if they would arm these Indians and give him three thousd
+    other Troops he could put those Indians into their homes in time for a
+    crop this year all here are very much disappointed and mortified at
+    the course things are for their families will be no small Item in
+    lessening the expense of Subsisting them which with all the Economy we
+    can use will be very large.--COFFIN to Dole, dated Humboldt, Kansas,
+    February 28, 1862 [General Files, _Southern Superintendency,
+    1859-1862_, C1541].
+
+    Since writing you from Humboldt Dr. Kile & my selfe have visited Fort
+    Roe to make arrangements for moving the Indians to the Neosho on
+    getting there we found that about 1500 of them had left for this place
+    they left Saturday noon it turned cold Saturday night and commenced
+    snowing and snowed hard most of the day Sunday and last night was the
+    coldest of the season the Indians all got to timber Saturday night to
+    camp and remained in camp Sunday but most of them ware on the Road to
+    day tho it was too coald to travel in the fix they are in I saw many
+    of them barefooted and many more that the feett was a small part of
+    them that was bare, these people realy seem to be doomd to suffer for
+    this Loyalty beyond measure, the goods and shoes ordered by Dr. Kile
+    and an order sent by myselfe before Kile's arival have not yet reached
+    here. Kile remained at Fort Roe to Settle and close up business there
+    and assist in the araingements for starting them from there and I came
+    on to se to those on the way and make araengments for taking care of
+    them when they get here I found many of them Sick and not able to
+    leave camp till teams are sent to them to aid them. We find that we
+    cannot move them with less than about three Teams to the Hundred and
+    it may overrun that the weather is moderating now and we shall make a
+    vigorous effort to move them as quick as possible, we find it very
+    dificult to get Teams on government vouchers and may not be able to
+    move them in a reasonable time on that account the funds I brot down
+    three Thousand Dollars was nearly exausted before Kile arived we are
+    now nearly destitute of money if I find it as dificult around here to
+    get teams as I have between here and the fort I shall make an effort
+    to raise some funds for that purpose tomorrow with what success
+    remains to be seen we have kept them pretty well suplied with
+    Something to eat so far but that is all we can bost of, iff we ware to
+    say they ware well clothed there would be ten thousand square ft of
+    nakedness gaping forth its contradiction; they have been out of
+    Tobacco for Several days and I doo think one days experience in camp
+    would convince the most skeptical that with Indians at least the weed
+    is a necessity, the Indians of all tribs held a grand council last
+    Thursday at Fort Roe in regard to the war, at which they determined
+    with great unanimity to gather up and arm as best they could, all
+    there able bodied men and go down with the army on their own hook and
+    aid in driving out the Rebels from their homes in time to plant a crop
+    for this season and then gather all the Ponies they can and they think
+    they can capture enough from the Rebels with what they have to come up
+    for their families. _Cannot the Government aid so Laudible an
+    enterprise as that at least with a few guns and some amunition_ they
+    appear to be in good earnest and are feeding up the best of their
+    Ponies for the Trip....--COFFIN to Dole, dated Leroy, March 3, 1862
+    [General Files, _Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862_, C1544].
+
+[572] Letter of January 28, 1861 [_Official Records_, first ser., vol.
+viii, 534].
+
+[573]
+
+    I have a despatch from Secretary Smith saying that the Secretary of
+    War is opposed to mustering the Indians into the service, and that he
+    would see the President and settle the matter that day (Feb. 6).
+
+    This as you will see disarranges all my previous arrangements, and
+    devolves upon me the necessity of revoking my orders to you to proceed
+    with the agents, to organize the loyal Indians in your Superintendency
+    into companies preparatory to their being mustered into the service by
+    Gen. Hunter. I have now to advise that you explain fully to the Chiefs
+    that no authority has yet been received from Washington authorizing
+    their admission into the army of the United States; but I would, at
+    the same time advise that you proceed to ascertain what number are
+    able and willing to join our army, and that you so far prepare them
+    for the service as you can consistently do, without committing the
+    Government to accept them, as I still hope for the power to get these
+    refugees if no others, into the service, it being one, and as I think,
+    the best means of providing for their necessities....--DOLE to Coffin,
+    February 11, 1862 [Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no. 67, p. 448].
+
+[574] Coffin had not been written to, Jan. 6, because the original plan
+did not contemplate the employment of southern Indians. Not until he heard
+of their presence, as refugees in Kansas, did Dole include them in his
+list of possible soldiers.
+
+[575] Superintendent Branch may have had something to do with the
+opposition that grew up in Washington after Dole's departure; for he was
+there the last days of the month. Lane asked for his immediate return to
+the west [MIX to Lane, January 27, 1862, Indian Office, _Letter Book_, no.
+67, p. 293].
+
+[576] Special Orders, no. 8, Jan. 10, 1862 [_Official Records_, vol. viii,
+734].
+
+[577] Van Dorn to Price, February 7, 1862 [_Official Records_, first ser.,
+vol. viii, 749].
+
+[578] Cooper to Pike, February 10, 1862 [_ibid._, vol. xiii, 896].
+
+[579] Walker to Cooper, May 13, 1861 [_Official Records_, first ser., vol.
+iii, 574-575].
+
+[580] Report of Albert Pike, dated Fort McCulloch, May 4, 1862 [_ibid._,
+vol. xiii, 819].
+
+[581] Van Dorn, Report to Bragg, March 27, 1862 [_Official Records_, first
+ser., vol. viii, 283].
+
+[582] Van Dorn to Mackall, February 27, 1862 [_ibid._, 755].
+
+[583] Maury to Pike, March 3, 1862 [_ibid._, 763-764].
+
+[584] Maury to Pike, March 3, 1862 [_ibid._, 764].
+
+[585] Maury to Drew, McIntosh, and Stand Watie, March 3, 1862 [_Official
+Records_, first ser., vol. viii, 764].
+
+[586] This will be discussed fully in a later volume.
+
+[587] _Journal_, vol. i, 640, 743; vol. ii, 19, 20, 51, 52; vol. v, 47,
+115, 116, 151, 167, 210.
+
+[588] The act was passed April 8, 1862 [Confederate _Statutes at Large_
+(edition of 1864), 11-25].
+
+[589] The writer of this letter was evidently Elias Rector, although the
+document from which this copy was made is in the handwriting of Albert
+Pike.
+
+[590] The history of the collection that I have designated for convenience
+of reference, the _Leeper Papers_, is outlined in the following letter
+from F. Johnson, Delaware Indian Agent, to Dole, January 20, 1863 [Indian
+Office, General Files, _Wichita, 1862-1871_, J62].
+
+    On or about the first of September last a company of Delaware &
+    Shawnee Indians numbering ninety-six, seventy Delawares and twenty-six
+    Shawnees, left Kansas on an expedition southwest from Kansas under the
+    leadership of Ben Simon a Delaware Indian.
+
+    He reports that the expedition traveled to the Neosho River in
+    southern Kansas where they halted a few days. From thence they marched
+    in a southwest direction seventeen days to the leased district in
+    Texas, they then traveled up the Wichita River, one day to the
+    neighbourhood of the Wichita Agency. Simon then sent Spies and Scouts
+    to the Agency who reported two hundred Indians well armed at the
+    Agency in the Service of the Southern Confederacy. On receiving this
+    intelligence the Delawares & Shawnees immediately proceded to the
+    Agency which they reached about sundown. On arriving at the Agency
+    they surrounded the buildings when the Agent a man large sized with
+    black hair came out of the house and asked them what was wanting.
+    Simon replied to him that he was his prisoner. At the same instant the
+    Indians rushed into the house when one of the Delawares was shot dead
+    and a Shawnee wounded--there was four white men at the Agency; when
+    the Indians saw their comrades killed and wounded they killed the
+    three men in the House and Agent Leeper who Simon had hold of at the
+    door--the Indians then took possession of the Property and papers
+    belonging to the Agency and burned the buildings. On the next morning
+    they found the trail of the Indians who had escaped from the Agency
+    and followed it to a grove of timber and found as they supposed about
+    one hundred & fifty Indians a part of whom was women and children whom
+    they attacked and report they killed about one hundred the Ballance
+    making their escape. The Delawares and Shawnees then turned homewards
+    with their Booty which consisted of about One hundred Ponies, Twelve
+    hundred Dollars in Confederate Money, the papers correspondence etc.
+    which is wrapped in a rebel Flag taken at the Agency Among the papers
+    taken I would respectfully call your attention to the treaties in
+    manuscript entered into between Albert Pike Commissioner on the part
+    of the Confederate States and the diferent Tribes of Southern Indians
+    as also the commission of Mathew Leeper Indian Agent from James
+    Buchanan President of the United States dated 1st of February 1861.
+
+    These Indians few in numbers marching upon a point more than five
+    hundred miles distant furnishing their own transportation forage and
+    provisions without cost to the Government certainly exhibits a great
+    degree of Loyalty daring and hardihood.
+
+[591] J. J. Stuerm, commissary for the Indians of the Leased District
+[Rector to Stuerm, July 1, 1861]. On Oct. 3, 1861, Stuerm reported to
+Leeper:
+
+    I arrived here over a week ago, and have been waiting for Maj. Rector,
+    who is absent making a Treaty with the Cherokees, and other Tribes at
+    Telequa.... No talk of anything but war here. Price has taken
+    Lexington, Mo., he took and killed over four thousand of Abe's men,
+    with a great deal of war material....
+
+[592] These two brief communications have a bearing upon Leeper's case:
+
+    You are hereby ordered to remain at Fort Smith Arkansas from 10th.
+    January 1862 untill further ordered by the undersigned, as a witness
+    in the case of the Confederate States of America against M. Leeper,
+    Ind. Agt. on certain charges preferred.--JAMES P. SPRING,
+    commissioner, to J. J. Stuerm; dated Fort Smith, Ark., December 22,
+    1861.
+
+    Spring may not be able to begin on Leeper's case before Jan. 20--Is
+    obliged to leave city. If Leeper wants while Spring is away, [to go]
+    to Fayetteville, he may & Spring will telegraph him upon his
+    return.--SPRING to Leeper, dated Fort Smith, Ark., December 23, 1861.
+
+[593] William Quesenbury to Leeper, dated Fort Gibson, C. N., Nov. 28,
+1861.
+
+[594] H. P. Jones, late lieutenant-commanding to Brigadier-general A.
+Pike, commanding Indian Territory, dated Washita Agency L. D., May 8,
+1862.
+
+[595] H. P. Jones to Pike, dated Washita Agency, May 8, 1862.
+
+[596] Indian Office, Land Files, _Upper Arkansas, 1855-1865_, C1749.
+
+[597] James Deshler to Leeper, dated Little Rock, Sept. 28, 1862.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.
+
+Superscripted characters are indicated by {superscript}.
+
+The original text includes several blank spaces. These are represented by
+______________ in this text version.
+
+"=U=N=I=T=E=D=" represents "UNITED" with a line drawn through the word.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The American Indian as Slaveholder and
+Seccessionist, by Annie Heloise Abel
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