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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/38096-h.zip b/38096-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..cd0ba35 --- /dev/null +++ b/38096-h.zip diff --git a/38096-h/38096-h.htm b/38096-h/38096-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8ef99ff --- /dev/null +++ b/38096-h/38096-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1042 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii"?> + +<!DOCTYPE html + PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd" > + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en"> + <head> + <title> + Humboldt, by Robert G. Ingersoll + </title> + <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve"> + + body { margin:5%; background:#faebd0; text-align:justify} + P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; } + hr { width: 50%; text-align: center;} + .foot { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 90%; } + blockquote {font-size: 97%; font-style: italic; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + .mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;} + .toc { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;} + .toc2 { margin-left: 20%;} + div.fig { display:block; margin:0 auto; text-align:center; } + div.middle { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; } + .figleft {float: left; margin-left: 0%; margin-right: 1%;} + .figright {float: right; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 1%;} + .pagenum {display:inline; font-size: 70%; font-style:normal; + margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 1%; + text-align: right;} + pre { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;} + +</style> + </head> + <body> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Humboldt, by Robert G. Ingersoll + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Humboldt + From 'The Gods and Other Lectures' + +Author: Robert G. Ingersoll + +Release Date: November 22, 2011 [EBook #38096] +Last Updated: January 25, 2013 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HUMBOLDT *** + + + + +Produced by David Widger + + + + + +</pre> + <div style="height: 8em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h1> + HUMBOLDT + </h1> + <h2> + By Robert G. Ingersoll + </h2> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + HUMBOLDT + </h2> + <h3> + THE UNIVERSE IS GOVERNED BY LAW. + </h3> + <p> + GREAT men seem to be a part of the infinite—brothers of the + mountains and the seas. + </p> + <p> + Humboldt was one of these. He was one of those serene men, in some + respects like our own Franklin, whose names have all the lustre of a star. + He was one of the few, great enough to rise above the superstition and + prejudice of his time, and to know that experience, observation, and + reason are the only basis of knowledge. + </p> + <p> + He became one of the greatest of men in spite of having been born rich and + noble—in spite of position. I say in spite of these things, because + wealth and position are generally the enemies of genius, and the + destroyers of talent. + </p> + <p> + It is often said of this or that man, that he is a self-made man—that + he was born of the poorest and humblest parents, and that with every + obstacle to overcome he became great. This is a mistake. Poverty is + generally an advantage. Most of the intellectual giants of the world have + been nursed at the sad and loving breast of poverty. Most of those who + have climbed highest on the shining ladder of fame commenced at the lowest + round. They were reared in the straw-thatched cottages of Europe; in the + log-houses of America; in the factories of the great cities; in the midst + of toil; in the smoke and din of labor, and on the verge of want. They + were rocked by the feet of mothers whose hands, at the same time, were + busy with the needle or the wheel. + </p> + <p> + It is hard for the rich to resist the thousand allurements of pleasure, + and so I say, that Humboldt, in spite of having been born to wealth and + high social position, became truly and grandly great. + </p> + <p> + In the antiquated and romantic castle of Tegel, by the side of the pine + forest, on the shore of the charming lake, near the beautiful city of + Berlin, the great Humboldt, one hundred years ago to-day, was born, and + there he was educated after the method suggested by Rousseau,—Campe, + the philologist and critic, and the intellectual Kunth being his tutors. + There he received the impressions that determined his career; there the + great idea that the universe is governed by law, took possession of his + mind, and there he dedicated his life to the demonstration of this sublime + truth. + </p> + <p> + He came to the conclusion that the source of man's unhappiness is his + ignorance of nature. + </p> + <p> + After having received the most thorough education, at that time possible, + and having determined to what end he would devote the labors of his life, + he turned his attention to the sciences of geology, mining, mineralogy, + botany, the distribution of plants, the distribution of animals, and the + effect of climate upon man. All grand physical phenomena were investigated + and explained. From his youth he had felt a great desire for travel. He + felt, as he says, a violent passion for the sea, and longed to look upon + nature in her wildest and most rugged forms. He longed to give a physical + description of the universe—a grand picture of nature; to account + for all phenomena; to discover the laws governing the world; to do away + with that splendid delusion called special providence, and to establish + the fact that the universe is governed by law. + </p> + <p> + To establish this truth was, and is, of infinite importance to mankind. + That fact is the death-knell of superstition; it gives liberty to every + soul, annihilates fear, and ushers in the Age of Reason. + </p> + <p> + The object of this illustrious man was to comprehend the phenomena of + physical objects in their general connection, and to represent nature as + one great whole, moved and animated by internal forces. + </p> + <p> + For this purpose he turned his attention to descriptive botany, traversing + distant lands and mountain ranges to ascertain with certainty the + geographical distribution of plants. He investigated the laws regulating + the differences of temperature and climate, and the changes of the + atmosphere. He studied the formation of the earth's crust, explored the + deepest mines, ascended the highest mountains, and wandered through the + craters of extinct volcanoes. + </p> + <p> + He became thoroughly acquainted with chemistry, with astronomy, with + terrestrial magnetism; and as the investigation of one subject leads to + all others, for the reason that there is a mutual dependence and a + necessary connection between all facts, so Humboldt became acquainted with + all the known sciences. + </p> + <p> + His fame does not depend so much upon his discoveries (although he + discovered enough to make hundreds of reputations) as upon his vast and + splendid generalizations. + </p> + <p> + He was to science what Shakespeare was to the drama. + </p> + <p> + He found, so to speak, the world full of unconnected facts—all + portions of a vast system—parts of a great machine; he discovered + the connection that each bears to all; put them together, and demonstrated + beyond all contradiction that the earth is governed by law. + </p> + <p> + He knew that to discover the connection of phenomena is the primary aim of + all natural investigation. He was infinitely practical. + </p> + <p> + Origin and destiny were questions with which he had nothing to do. + </p> + <p> + His surroundings made him what he was. + </p> + <p> + In accordance with a law not fully comprehended, he was a production of + his time. + </p> + <p> + Great men do not live alone; they are surrounded by the great; they are + the instruments used to accomplish the tendencies of their generation; + they fulfill the prophecies of their age. + </p> + <p> + Nearly all of the scientific men of the eighteenth century had the same + idea entertained by Humboldt, but most of them in a dim and confused way. + There was, however, a general belief among the intelligent that the world + is governed by law, and that there really exists a connection between all + facts, <i>or that all facts are simply the different aspects of a general + fact</i>, and that the task of science is to discover this connection; to + comprehend this general fact or to announce the laws of things. + </p> + <p> + Germany was full of thought, and her universities swarmed with + philosophers and grand thinkers in every department of knowledge. + </p> + <p> + Humboldt was the friend and companion of the greatest poets, historians, + philologists, artists, statesmen, critics, and logicians of his time. + </p> + <p> + He was the companion of Schiller, who believed that man would be + regenerated through the influence of the Beautiful; of Goethe, the grand + patriarch of German literature; of Wei-land, who has been called the + Voltaire of Germany; of Herder, who wrote the outlines of a philosophical + history of man; of Kotzebue, who lived in the world of romance; of + Schleiermacher, the pantheist; of Schlegel, who gave to his countrymen the + enchanted realm of Shakespeare; of the sublime Kant, author of the first + work published in Germany on Pure Reason; of Fichte, the infinite + idealist; of Schopenhauer, the European Buddhist who followed the great + Gautama to the painless and dreamless Nirwana, and of hundreds of others, + whose names are familiar to and honored by the scientific world. + </p> + <p> + The German mind had been grandly roused from the long lethargy of the dark + ages of ignorance, fear, and faith. Guided by the holy light of reason, + every department of knowledge was investigated, enriched and illustrated. + </p> + <p> + Humboldt breathed the atmosphere of investigation; old ideas were + abandoned; old creeds, hallowed by centuries, were thrown aside; thought + became courageous; the athlete, Reason, challenged to mortal combat the + monsters of superstition. + </p> + <p> + No wonder that under these influences Humboldt formed the great purpose of + presenting to the world a picture of Nature, in order that men might, for + the first time, behold the face of their Mother. + </p> + <p> + Europe becoming too small for his genius, he visited the tropics in the + new world, where in the most circumscribed limits he could find the + greatest number of plants, of animals, and the greatest diversity of + climate, that he might ascertain the laws governing the production and + distribution of plants, animals and men, and the effects of climate upon + them all. He sailed along the gigantic Amazon—the mysterious Orinoco + —traversed the Pampas—climbed the Andes until he stood upon + the crags of Chimborazo, more than eighteen thousand feet above the level + of the sea, and climbed on until blood flowed from his eyes and lips. For + nearly five years he pursued his investigations in the new world, + accompanied by the intrepid Bonpland. Nothing escaped his attention. He + was the best intellectual organ of these new revelations of science. He + was calm, reflective and eloquent; filled with a sense of the beautiful, + and the love of truth. His collections were immense, and valuable be-yond + calculation to every science. He endured innumerable hardships, braved + countless dangers in unknown and savage lands, and exhausted his fortune + for the advancement of true learning. + </p> + <p> + Upon his return to Europe he was hailed as the second Columbus; as the + scientific discoverer of America; as the revealer of a new world; as the + great demonstrator of the sublime truth, that the universe is governed by + law. + </p> + <p> + I have seen a picture of the old man, sitting upon a mountain side—above + him the eternal snow—below, the smiling valley of the tropics, + filled with vine and palm; his chin upon his breast, his eyes deep, + thoughtful and calm—his forehead majestic—grander than the + mountain upon which he sat—crowned with the snow of his whitened + hair, he looked the intellectual autocrat of this world. + </p> + <p> + Not satisfied with his discoveries in America, he crossed the steppes of + Asia, the wastes of Siberia, the great Ural range, adding to the knowledge + of mankind at every step. His energy acknowledged no obstacle, his life + knew no leisure; every day was filled with labor and with thought. + </p> + <p> + He was one of the apostles of science, and he served his divine master + with a self-sacrificing zeal that knew no abatement; with an ardor that + constantly increased, and with a devotion unwavering and constant as the + polar star. + </p> + <p> + In order that the people at large might have the benefit of his numerous + discoveries, and his vast knowledge, he delivered at Berlin a course of + lectures, consisting of sixty-one free addresses, upon the following + subjects: + </p> + <p> + Five, upon the nature and limits of physical geography. + </p> + <p> + Three, were devoted to a history of science. + </p> + <p> + Two, to inducements to a study of natural science. + </p> + <p> + Sixteen, on the heavens. + </p> + <p> + Five, on the form, density, latent heat, and magnetic power of the earth, + and to the polar light. + </p> + <p> + Four, were on the nature of the crust of the earth, on hot springs + earthquakes, and volcanoes. + </p> + <p> + Two, on mountains and the type of their formation. + </p> + <p> + Two, on the form of the earth's surface, on the connection of continents, + and the elevation of soil over ravines. + </p> + <p> + Three, on the sea as a globular fluid surrounding the earth. + </p> + <p> + Ten, on the atmosphere as an elastic fluid surrounding the earth, and on + the distribution of heat One, on the geographic distribution of organized + matter in general. + </p> + <p> + Three, on the geography of plants. + </p> + <p> + Three, on the geography of animals, and Two, on the races of men. + </p> + <p> + These lectures are what is known as the Cosmos, and present a scientific + picture of the world—of infinite diversity in unity—of + ceaseless motion in the eternal grasp of law. + </p> + <p> + These lectures contain the result of his investigation, observation, and + experience; they furnish the connection between phenomena; they disclose + some of the changes through which the earth has passed in the countless + ages; the history of vegetation, animals and men, the effects of climate + upon individuals and nations, the relation we sustain to other worlds, and + demonstrate that all phenomena, whether insignificant or grand, exist in + accordance with inexorable law. + </p> + <p> + There are some truths, however, that we never should forget: Superstition + has always been the relentless enemy of science; faith has been a hater of + demonstration; hypocrisy has been sincere only in its dread of truth, and + all religions are inconsistent with mental freedom. + </p> + <p> + Since the murder of Hypatia in the fifth century, when the polished blade + of Greek philosophy was broken by the club of ignorant Catholicism, until + to-day, superstition has detested every effort of reason. + </p> + <p> + It is almost impossible to conceive of the completeness of the victory + that the church achieved over philosophy. For ages science was utterly + ignored; thought was a poor slave; an ignorant priest was master of the + world; faith put out the eyes of the soul; the reason was a trembling + coward; the imagination was set on fire of hell; every human feeling was + sought to be suppressed; love was considered infinitely sinful; pleasure + was the road to eternal fire, and God was supposed to be happy only when + his children were miserable. The world was governed by an Almighty's whim; + prayers could change the order of things, halt the grand procession of + nature, could produce rain, avert pestilence, famine and death in all its + forms. There was no idea of the certain all depended upon divine pleasure—or + displeasure rather; heaven was full of inconsistent malevolence, and earth + of ignorance. Everything was done to appease the divine wrath; every + public calamity was caused by the sins of the people; by a failure to pay + tithes, or for having, even in secret, felt a disrespect for a priest. To + the poor multitude, the earth was a kind of enchanted forest, full of + demons ready to devour, and theological serpents lurking with infinite + power to fascinate and torture the unhappy and impotent soul. 'Life to + them was a dim and mysterious labyrinth, in which they wandered weary, and + lost, guided by priests as bewildered as themselves, without knowing that + at every step the Ariadne of reason offered them the long lost clue. + </p> + <p> + The very heavens were full of death; the lightning was regarded as the + glittering vengeance of God, and the earth was thick with snares for the + unwary feet of man. The soul was supposed to be crowded with the wild + beasts of desire; the heart to be totally corrupt, prompting only to + crime; virtues were regarded as deadly sins in disguise; there was a + continual warfare being waged between the Deity and the Devil, for the + possession of every soul; the latter generally being considered + victorious. The flood, the tornado, the volcano, were all evidences of the + displeasure of heaven, and the sinfulness of man. The blight that + withered, the frost that blackened, the earthquake that devoured, were the + messengers of the Creator. + </p> + <p> + The world was governed by Fear. + </p> + <p> + Against all the evils of nature, there was known only the defense of + prayer, of fasting, of credulity, and devotion. <i>Man in his helplessness + endeavored to soften the heart of God</i>. The faces of the multitude were + blanched with fear, and wet with tears; they were the prey of hypocrites, + kings and priests. + </p> + <p> + My heart bleeds when I contemplate the sufferings endured by the millions + now dead; of those who lived when the world appeared to be insane; when + the heavens were filled with an infinite Horror who snatched babes with + dimpled hands and rosy cheeks from the white breasts of mothers, and + dashed them into an abyss of eternal flame. + </p> + <p> + Slowly, beautifully, like the coming of the dawn, came the grand truth, + that the universe is governed by law; that disease fastens itself upon the + good and upon the bad; that the tornado cannot be stopped by counting + beads; that the rushing lava pauses not for bended knees, the lightning + for clasped and uplifted hands, nor the cruel waves of the sea for prayer; + that paying tithes causes, rather than prevents famine; that pleasure is + not sin; that happiness is the only good; that demons and gods exist only + in the imagination; that faith is a lullaby sung to put the soul to sleep; + that devotion is a bribe that fear offers to supposed power; that offering + rewards in another world for obedience in this, is simply buying a soul on + credit; that knowledge consists in ascertaining the laws of nature, and + that wisdom is the science of happiness. Slowly, grandly, beautifully, + these truths are dawning upon mankind. + </p> + <p> + From Copernicus we learned that this earth is only a grain of sand on the + infinite shore of the universe; that everywhere we are surrounded by + shining worlds vastly greater than our own, all moving and existing in + accordance with law. True, the earth began to grow small, but man began to + grow great. + </p> + <p> + The moment the fact was established that other worlds are governed by law, + it was only natural to conclude that our little world was also under its + dominion. The old theological method of accounting for physical phenomena + by the pleasure and displeasure of the Deity was, by the intellectual, + abandoned. They found that disease, death, life, thought, heat, cold, the + seasons, the winds, the dreams of man, the instinct of animals,—in + short, that all physical and mental phenomena are governed by law, + absolute, eternal and inexorable. + </p> + <p> + Let it be understood that by the term Law is meant the same invariable + relations of succession and resemblance predicated of all facts springing + from like conditions. Law is a fact—not a cause. It is a fact, that + like conditions produce like results: this fact is Law. When we say that + the universe is governed by law, we mean that this fact, called law, is + incapable of change; that it is, has been, and forever will be, the same + inexorable, immutable Fact, inseparable from all phenomena. Law, in this + sense, was not enacted or made. It could not have been otherwise than as + it is. That which necessarily exists has no creator. + </p> + <p> + Only a few years ago this earth was considered the real center of the + universe; all the stars were supposed to revolve around this insignificant + atom. The German mind, more than any other, has done away with this piece + of egotism. Purbach and Mullerus, in the fifteenth century, contributed + most to the advancement of astronomy in their day. To the latter, the + world is indebted for the introduction of decimal fractions, which + completed our arithmetical notation, and formed the second of the three + steps by which, in modern times, the science of numbers has been so + greatly improved; and yet, both of these men believed in the most childish + absurdities, at least in enough of them, to die without their orthodoxy + having ever been suspected. + </p> + <p> + Next came the great Copernicus, and he stands at the head of the heroic + thinkers of his time, who had the courage and the mental strength to break + the chains of prejudice, custom, and authority, and to establish truth on + the basis of experience, observation and reason. He removed the earth, so + to speak, from the centre-of the universe, and ascribed to it a two-fold + motion, and demonstrated the true position which it occupies in the solar + system. + </p> + <p> + At his bidding the earth began to revolve. At the command of his genius it + commenced its grand flight mid the eternal constellations round the sun. + </p> + <p> + For fifty years his discoveries were disregarded. All at once, by the + exertions of Galileo, they were kindled into so grand a conflagration as + to consume the philosophy of Aristotle, to alarm the hierarchy of Rome, + and to threaten the existence of every opinion not founded upon + experience, observation, and reason. + </p> + <p> + The earth was no longer considered a universe, governed by the caprices of + some revengeful Deity, who had made the stars out of what he had left + after completing the world, and had stuck them in the sky simply to adorn + the night. + </p> + <p> + I have said this much concerning astronomy because it was the first + splendid step forward! The first sublime blow that shattered the lance and + shivered the shield of superstition; the first real help that man received + from heaven; because it was the first great lever placed beneath the altar + of a false religion; the first revelation of the infinite to man; the + first authoritative declaration, that the universe is governed by law; the + first science that gave the lie direct to the cosmogony of barbarism, and + because it is the sublimest victory that the reason has achieved. + </p> + <p> + In speaking of astronomy, I have confined myself to the discoveries made + since the revival of learning. Long ago, on the banks of the Ganges, ages + before Copernicus lived, Aryabhatta taught that the earth is a sphere, and + revolves on its own axis. This, however, does not detract from the glory + of the great German. The discovery of the Hindu had been lost in the + midnight of Europe—in the age of faith, and Copernicus was as much a + discoverer as though Aryabhatta had never lived. + </p> + <p> + In this short address there is no time to speak of other sciences, and to + point out the particular evidence furnished by each, to establish the + dominion of law, nor to more than mention the name of Descartes, the first + who undertook to give an explanation of the celestial motions, or who + formed the vast and philosophic conception of reducing all the phenomena + of the universe to the same law; of Montaigne, one of the heroes of common + sense; of Galvani, whose experiments gave the telegraph to the world; of + Voltaire, who contributed more than any other of the sons of men to the + destruction of religious intolerance; of August Comte, whose genius + erected to itself a monument that still touches the stars; of Guttenberg, + Watt, Stephenson, Arkwright, all soldiers of science, in the grand army of + the dead kings. + </p> + <p> + The glory of science is, that it is freeing the soul—breaking the + mental manacles—getting the brain out of bondage—giving + courage to thought—filling the world with mercy, justice, and joy. + </p> + <p> + Science found agriculture plowing with a stick—reaping with a sickle—commerce + at the mercy of the treacherous waves and the inconstant winds—a + world without books—without schools—man denying the authority + of reason, employing his ingenuity in the manufacture of instruments of + torture, in building inquisitions and cathedrals. It found the land filled + with malicious monks—with persecuting Protestants, and the burners + of men. It found a world full of fear; ignorance upon its knees; credulity + the greatest virtue; women treated like beasts of burden; cruelty the only + means of reformation. + </p> + <p> + It found the world at the mercy of disease and famine; men trying to read + their fates in the stars, and to tell their fortunes by signs and wonders; + generals thinking to conquer their enemies by making the sign of the + cross, or by telling a rosary. It found all history full of petty and + ridiculous falsehood, and the Almighty was supposed to spend most of his + time turning sticks into snakes, drowning boys for swimming on Sunday, and + killing little children for the purpose of converting their parents. It + found the earth filled with slaves and tyrants, the people in all + countries downtrodden, half naked, half starved, without hope, and without + reason in the world. + </p> + <p> + Such was the condition of man when the morning of science dawned upon his + brain, and before he had heard the sublime declaration that the universe + is governed by law. + </p> + <p> + For the change that has taken place we are indebted solely to science—the + only lever capable of raising mankind. Abject faith is barbarism; reason + is civilization. To obey is slavish; to act from a sense of obligation + perceived by the reason, is noble. Ignorance worships mystery; Reason + explains it: the one grovels, the other soars. + </p> + <p> + No wonder that fable is the enemy of knowledge. A man with a false diamond + shuns the society of lapidaries, and it is upon this principle that + superstition abhors science. + </p> + <p> + In all ages the people have honored those who dishonored them. They have + worshiped their destroyers; they have canonized the most gigantic liars, + and buried the great thieves in marble and gold. Under the loftiest + monuments sleeps the dust of murder. + </p> + <p> + Imposture has always worn a crown. + </p> + <p> + The world is beginning to change because the people are beginning to + think. To think is to advance. Everywhere the great minds are + investigating the creeds and the superstitions of men—the phenomena + of nature, and the laws of things. At the head of this great army of + investigators stood Humboldt—the serene leader of an intellectual + host—a king by the suffrage of Science, and the divine right of + Genius. + </p> + <p> + And to-day we are not honoring some butcher called a soldier—some + wily politician called a statesman—some robber called a king, nor + some malicious metaphysician called a saint. We are honoring the grand + Humboldt, whose victories were all achieved in the arena of thought; who + destroyed prejudice, ignorance and error—not men; who shed light—not + blood, and who contributed to the knowledge, the wealth, and the happiness + of all mankind. + </p> + <p> + His life was pure, his aims lofty, his learning varied and profound, and + his achievements vast We honor him because he has ennobled our race, + because he has contributed as much as any man living or dead to the real + prosperity of the world. We honor him because he honored us—because + he labored for others—because he was the most learned man of the + most learned nation—because he left a legacy of glory to every human + being. For these reasons he is honored throughout the world. Millions are + doing homage to his genius at this moment, and millions are pronouncing + his name with reverence and recounting what he accomplished. + </p> + <p> + We associate the name of Humboldt with oceans, continents, mountains, and + volcanoes—with the great palms—the wide deserts—the + snow-lipped craters of the Andes—with primeval forests and European + capitals—with wildernesses and universities—with savages and + savans—with the lonely rivers of unpeopled wastes—with peaks + and pampas, and steppes, and cliffs and crags—with the progress of + the world—with every science known to man, and with every star + glittering in the immensity of space. + </p> + <p> + Humboldt adopted none of the soul-shrinking creeds of his day; wasted none + of his time in the stupidities, inanities and contradictions of + theological metaphysics; he did not endeavor to harmonize the astronomy + and geology of a barbarous people with the science of the nineteenth + century. Never, for one moment, did he abandon the sublime standard of + truth; he investigated, he studied, he thought, he separated the gold from + the dross in the crucible of his grand brain. He was never found on his + knees before the altar of superstition. He stood erect by the grand + tranquil column of Reason. He was an admirer, a lover, an adorer of + Nature, and at the age of ninety, bowed by the weight of nearly a century, + covered with the insignia of honor, loved by a nation, respected by a + world, with kings for his servants, he laid his weary head upon her bosom—upon + the bosom of the universal Mother—and with her loving arms around + him, sank into that slumber called Death. + </p> + <p> + History added another name to the starry scroll of the immortals. + </p> + <p> + The world is his monument; upon the eternal granite of her hills he + inscribed his name, and there upon everlasting stone his genius wrote + this, the sublimest of truths: + </p> + <p> + "The Universe is Governed by Law!" + </p> + <div style="height: 6em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Humboldt, by Robert G. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Humboldt + From 'The Gods and Other Lectures' + +Author: Robert G. Ingersoll + +Release Date: November 22, 2011 [EBook #38096] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HUMBOLDT *** + + + + +Produced by David Widger + + + + + +HUMBOLDT + +By Robert G. Ingersoll + + + + +HUMBOLDT + +THE UNIVERSE IS GOVERNED BY LAW. + +GREAT men seem to be a part of the infinite--brothers of the mountains +and the seas. + +Humboldt was one of these. He was one of those serene men, in some +respects like our own Franklin, whose names have all the lustre of a +star. He was one of the few, great enough to rise above the superstition +and prejudice of his time, and to know that experience, observation, and +reason are the only basis of knowledge. + +He became one of the greatest of men in spite of having been born rich +and noble--in spite of position. I say in spite of these things, +because wealth and position are generally the enemies of genius, and the +destroyers of talent. + +It is often said of this or that man, that he is a self-made man--that +he was born of the poorest and humblest parents, and that with every +obstacle to overcome he became great. This is a mistake. Poverty is +generally an advantage. Most of the intellectual giants of the world +have been nursed at the sad and loving breast of poverty. Most of those +who have climbed highest on the shining ladder of fame commenced at the +lowest round. They were reared in the straw-thatched cottages of Europe; +in the log-houses of America; in the factories of the great cities; in +the midst of toil; in the smoke and din of labor, and on the verge of +want. They were rocked by the feet of mothers whose hands, at the same +time, were busy with the needle or the wheel. + +It is hard for the rich to resist the thousand allurements of pleasure, +and so I say, that Humboldt, in spite of having been born to wealth and +high social position, became truly and grandly great. + +In the antiquated and romantic castle of Tegel, by the side of the pine +forest, on the shore of the charming lake, near the beautiful city of +Berlin, the great Humboldt, one hundred years ago to-day, was born, and +there he was educated after the method suggested by Rousseau,--Campe, +the philologist and critic, and the intellectual Kunth being his tutors. +There he received the impressions that determined his career; there the +great idea that the universe is governed by law, took possession of +his mind, and there he dedicated his life to the demonstration of this +sublime truth. + +He came to the conclusion that the source of man's unhappiness is his +ignorance of nature. + +After having received the most thorough education, at that time +possible, and having determined to what end he would devote the labors +of his life, he turned his attention to the sciences of geology, mining, +mineralogy, botany, the distribution of plants, the distribution +of animals, and the effect of climate upon man. All grand physical +phenomena were investigated and explained. From his youth he had felt a +great desire for travel. He felt, as he says, a violent passion for +the sea, and longed to look upon nature in her wildest and most rugged +forms. He longed to give a physical description of the universe--a +grand picture of nature; to account for all phenomena; to discover the +laws governing the world; to do away with that splendid delusion called +special providence, and to establish the fact that the universe is +governed by law. + +To establish this truth was, and is, of infinite importance to mankind. +That fact is the death-knell of superstition; it gives liberty to every +soul, annihilates fear, and ushers in the Age of Reason. + +The object of this illustrious man was to comprehend the phenomena of +physical objects in their general connection, and to represent nature as +one great whole, moved and animated by internal forces. + +For this purpose he turned his attention to descriptive botany, +traversing distant lands and mountain ranges to ascertain with certainty +the geographical distribution of plants. He investigated the laws +regulating the differences of temperature and climate, and the changes +of the atmosphere. He studied the formation of the earth's crust, +explored the deepest mines, ascended the highest mountains, and wandered +through the craters of extinct volcanoes. + +He became thoroughly acquainted with chemistry, with astronomy, with +terrestrial magnetism; and as the investigation of one subject leads +to all others, for the reason that there is a mutual dependence and a +necessary connection between all facts, so Humboldt became acquainted +with all the known sciences. + +His fame does not depend so much upon his discoveries (although he +discovered enough to make hundreds of reputations) as upon his vast and +splendid generalizations. + +He was to science what Shakespeare was to the drama. + +He found, so to speak, the world full of unconnected facts--all +portions of a vast system--parts of a great machine; he discovered the +connection that each bears to all; put them together, and demonstrated +beyond all contradiction that the earth is governed by law. + +He knew that to discover the connection of phenomena is the primary aim +of all natural investigation. He was infinitely practical. + +Origin and destiny were questions with which he had nothing to do. + +His surroundings made him what he was. + +In accordance with a law not fully comprehended, he was a production of +his time. + +Great men do not live alone; they are surrounded by the great; they are +the instruments used to accomplish the tendencies of their generation; +they fulfill the prophecies of their age. + +Nearly all of the scientific men of the eighteenth century had the same +idea entertained by Humboldt, but most of them in a dim and confused +way. There was, however, a general belief among the intelligent that +the world is governed by law, and that there really exists a connection +between all facts, _or that all facts are simply the different aspects +of a general fact_, and that the task of science is to discover this +connection; to comprehend this general fact or to announce the laws of +things. + +Germany was full of thought, and her universities swarmed with +philosophers and grand thinkers in every department of knowledge. + +Humboldt was the friend and companion of the greatest poets, historians, +philologists, artists, statesmen, critics, and logicians of his time. + +He was the companion of Schiller, who believed that man would be +regenerated through the influence of the Beautiful; of Goethe, the grand +patriarch of German literature; of Wei-land, who has been called +the Voltaire of Germany; of Herder, who wrote the outlines of a +philosophical history of man; of Kotzebue, who lived in the world of +romance; of Schleiermacher, the pantheist; of Schlegel, who gave to +his countrymen the enchanted realm of Shakespeare; of the sublime Kant, +author of the first work published in Germany on Pure Reason; of Fichte, +the infinite idealist; of Schopenhauer, the European Buddhist who +followed the great Gautama to the painless and dreamless Nirwana, and +of hundreds of others, whose names are familiar to and honored by the +scientific world. + +The German mind had been grandly roused from the long lethargy of the +dark ages of ignorance, fear, and faith. Guided by the holy light of +reason, every department of knowledge was investigated, enriched and +illustrated. + +Humboldt breathed the atmosphere of investigation; old ideas were +abandoned; old creeds, hallowed by centuries, were thrown aside; thought +became courageous; the athlete, Reason, challenged to mortal combat the +monsters of superstition. + +No wonder that under these influences Humboldt formed the great purpose +of presenting to the world a picture of Nature, in order that men might, +for the first time, behold the face of their Mother. + +Europe becoming too small for his genius, he visited the tropics in +the new world, where in the most circumscribed limits he could find the +greatest number of plants, of animals, and the greatest diversity of +climate, that he might ascertain the laws governing the production and +distribution of plants, animals and men, and the effects of climate upon +them all. He sailed along the gigantic Amazon--the mysterious Orinoco +--traversed the Pampas--climbed the Andes until he stood upon the +crags of Chimborazo, more than eighteen thousand feet above the level of +the sea, and climbed on until blood flowed from his eyes and lips. +For nearly five years he pursued his investigations in the new world, +accompanied by the intrepid Bonpland. Nothing escaped his attention. He +was the best intellectual organ of these new revelations of science. He +was calm, reflective and eloquent; filled with a sense of the beautiful, +and the love of truth. His collections were immense, and valuable +be-yond calculation to every science. He endured innumerable hardships, +braved countless dangers in unknown and savage lands, and exhausted his +fortune for the advancement of true learning. + +Upon his return to Europe he was hailed as the second Columbus; as the +scientific discoverer of America; as the revealer of a new world; as the +great demonstrator of the sublime truth, that the universe is governed +by law. + +I have seen a picture of the old man, sitting upon a mountain +side--above him the eternal snow--below, the smiling valley of the +tropics, filled with vine and palm; his chin upon his breast, his eyes +deep, thoughtful and calm--his forehead majestic--grander than the +mountain upon which he sat--crowned with the snow of his whitened hair, +he looked the intellectual autocrat of this world. + +Not satisfied with his discoveries in America, he crossed the steppes +of Asia, the wastes of Siberia, the great Ural range, adding to the +knowledge of mankind at every step. His energy acknowledged no obstacle, +his life knew no leisure; every day was filled with labor and with +thought. + +He was one of the apostles of science, and he served his divine master +with a self-sacrificing zeal that knew no abatement; with an ardor that +constantly increased, and with a devotion unwavering and constant as the +polar star. + +In order that the people at large might have the benefit of his numerous +discoveries, and his vast knowledge, he delivered at Berlin a course +of lectures, consisting of sixty-one free addresses, upon the following +subjects: + +Five, upon the nature and limits of physical geography. + +Three, were devoted to a history of science. + +Two, to inducements to a study of natural science. + +Sixteen, on the heavens. + +Five, on the form, density, latent heat, and magnetic power of the +earth, and to the polar light. + +Four, were on the nature of the crust of the earth, on hot springs +earthquakes, and volcanoes. + +Two, on mountains and the type of their formation. + +Two, on the form of the earth's surface, on the connection of +continents, and the elevation of soil over ravines. + +Three, on the sea as a globular fluid surrounding the earth. + +Ten, on the atmosphere as an elastic fluid surrounding the earth, and +on the distribution of heat One, on the geographic distribution of +organized matter in general. + +Three, on the geography of plants. + +Three, on the geography of animals, and Two, on the races of men. + +These lectures are what is known as the Cosmos, and present a scientific +picture of the world--of infinite diversity in unity--of ceaseless +motion in the eternal grasp of law. + +These lectures contain the result of his investigation, observation, and +experience; they furnish the connection between phenomena; they disclose +some of the changes through which the earth has passed in the countless +ages; the history of vegetation, animals and men, the effects of climate +upon individuals and nations, the relation we sustain to other worlds, +and demonstrate that all phenomena, whether insignificant or grand, +exist in accordance with inexorable law. + +There are some truths, however, that we never should forget: +Superstition has always been the relentless enemy of science; faith has +been a hater of demonstration; hypocrisy has been sincere only in its +dread of truth, and all religions are inconsistent with mental freedom. + +Since the murder of Hypatia in the fifth century, when the polished +blade of Greek philosophy was broken by the club of ignorant +Catholicism, until to-day, superstition has detested every effort of +reason. + +It is almost impossible to conceive of the completeness of the victory +that the church achieved over philosophy. For ages science was utterly +ignored; thought was a poor slave; an ignorant priest was master of the +world; faith put out the eyes of the soul; the reason was a trembling +coward; the imagination was set on fire of hell; every human feeling was +sought to be suppressed; love was considered infinitely sinful; pleasure +was the road to eternal fire, and God was supposed to be happy only when +his children were miserable. The world was governed by an Almighty's +whim; prayers could change the order of things, halt the grand +procession of nature, could produce rain, avert pestilence, famine and +death in all its forms. There was no idea of the certain all depended +upon divine pleasure--or displeasure rather; heaven was full of +inconsistent malevolence, and earth of ignorance. Everything was done to +appease the divine wrath; every public calamity was caused by the +sins of the people; by a failure to pay tithes, or for having, even in +secret, felt a disrespect for a priest. To the poor multitude, the earth +was a kind of enchanted forest, full of demons ready to devour, and +theological serpents lurking with infinite power to fascinate and +torture the unhappy and impotent soul. 'Life to them was a dim and +mysterious labyrinth, in which they wandered weary, and lost, guided by +priests as bewildered as themselves, without knowing that at every step +the Ariadne of reason offered them the long lost clue. + +The very heavens were full of death; the lightning was regarded as the +glittering vengeance of God, and the earth was thick with snares for the +unwary feet of man. The soul was supposed to be crowded with the wild +beasts of desire; the heart to be totally corrupt, prompting only to +crime; virtues were regarded as deadly sins in disguise; there was a +continual warfare being waged between the Deity and the Devil, for +the possession of every soul; the latter generally being considered +victorious. The flood, the tornado, the volcano, were all evidences of +the displeasure of heaven, and the sinfulness of man. The blight that +withered, the frost that blackened, the earthquake that devoured, were +the messengers of the Creator. + +The world was governed by Fear. + +Against all the evils of nature, there was known only the defense of +prayer, of fasting, of credulity, and devotion. _Man in his helplessness +endeavored to soften the heart of God_. The faces of the multitude +were blanched with fear, and wet with tears; they were the prey of +hypocrites, kings and priests. + +My heart bleeds when I contemplate the sufferings endured by the +millions now dead; of those who lived when the world appeared to +be insane; when the heavens were filled with an infinite Horror who +snatched babes with dimpled hands and rosy cheeks from the white breasts +of mothers, and dashed them into an abyss of eternal flame. + +Slowly, beautifully, like the coming of the dawn, came the grand truth, +that the universe is governed by law; that disease fastens itself +upon the good and upon the bad; that the tornado cannot be stopped by +counting beads; that the rushing lava pauses not for bended knees, the +lightning for clasped and uplifted hands, nor the cruel waves of the sea +for prayer; that paying tithes causes, rather than prevents famine; that +pleasure is not sin; that happiness is the only good; that demons and +gods exist only in the imagination; that faith is a lullaby sung to put +the soul to sleep; that devotion is a bribe that fear offers to supposed +power; that offering rewards in another world for obedience in this, is +simply buying a soul on credit; that knowledge consists in ascertaining +the laws of nature, and that wisdom is the science of happiness. Slowly, +grandly, beautifully, these truths are dawning upon mankind. + +From Copernicus we learned that this earth is only a grain of sand on +the infinite shore of the universe; that everywhere we are surrounded by +shining worlds vastly greater than our own, all moving and existing in +accordance with law. True, the earth began to grow small, but man began +to grow great. + +The moment the fact was established that other worlds are governed by +law, it was only natural to conclude that our little world was also +under its dominion. The old theological method of accounting for +physical phenomena by the pleasure and displeasure of the Deity was, +by the intellectual, abandoned. They found that disease, death, life, +thought, heat, cold, the seasons, the winds, the dreams of man, the +instinct of animals,--in short, that all physical and mental phenomena +are governed by law, absolute, eternal and inexorable. + +Let it be understood that by the term Law is meant the same invariable +relations of succession and resemblance predicated of all facts +springing from like conditions. Law is a fact--not a cause. It is a +fact, that like conditions produce like results: this fact is Law. When +we say that the universe is governed by law, we mean that this fact, +called law, is incapable of change; that it is, has been, and forever +will be, the same inexorable, immutable Fact, inseparable from all +phenomena. Law, in this sense, was not enacted or made. It could not +have been otherwise than as it is. That which necessarily exists has no +creator. + +Only a few years ago this earth was considered the real center of +the universe; all the stars were supposed to revolve around this +insignificant atom. The German mind, more than any other, has done +away with this piece of egotism. Purbach and Mullerus, in the fifteenth +century, contributed most to the advancement of astronomy in their day. +To the latter, the world is indebted for the introduction of decimal +fractions, which completed our arithmetical notation, and formed the +second of the three steps by which, in modern times, the science +of numbers has been so greatly improved; and yet, both of these men +believed in the most childish absurdities, at least in enough of them, +to die without their orthodoxy having ever been suspected. + +Next came the great Copernicus, and he stands at the head of the heroic +thinkers of his time, who had the courage and the mental strength to +break the chains of prejudice, custom, and authority, and to establish +truth on the basis of experience, observation and reason. He removed the +earth, so to speak, from the centre-of the universe, and ascribed to it +a two-fold motion, and demonstrated the true position which it occupies +in the solar system. + +At his bidding the earth began to revolve. At the command of his genius +it commenced its grand flight mid the eternal constellations round the +sun. + +For fifty years his discoveries were disregarded. All at once, by the +exertions of Galileo, they were kindled into so grand a conflagration as +to consume the philosophy of Aristotle, to alarm the hierarchy of +Rome, and to threaten the existence of every opinion not founded upon +experience, observation, and reason. + +The earth was no longer considered a universe, governed by the caprices +of some revengeful Deity, who had made the stars out of what he had +left after completing the world, and had stuck them in the sky simply to +adorn the night. + +I have said this much concerning astronomy because it was the first +splendid step forward! The first sublime blow that shattered the lance +and shivered the shield of superstition; the first real help that +man received from heaven; because it was the first great lever placed +beneath the altar of a false religion; the first revelation of the +infinite to man; the first authoritative declaration, that the universe +is governed by law; the first science that gave the lie direct to the +cosmogony of barbarism, and because it is the sublimest victory that +the reason has achieved. + +In speaking of astronomy, I have confined myself to the discoveries made +since the revival of learning. Long ago, on the banks of the Ganges, +ages before Copernicus lived, Aryabhatta taught that the earth is a +sphere, and revolves on its own axis. This, however, does not detract +from the glory of the great German. The discovery of the Hindu had been +lost in the midnight of Europe--in the age of faith, and Copernicus +was as much a discoverer as though Aryabhatta had never lived. + +In this short address there is no time to speak of other sciences, and +to point out the particular evidence furnished by each, to establish +the dominion of law, nor to more than mention the name of Descartes, the +first who undertook to give an explanation of the celestial motions, +or who formed the vast and philosophic conception of reducing all the +phenomena of the universe to the same law; of Montaigne, one of the +heroes of common sense; of Galvani, whose experiments gave the telegraph +to the world; of Voltaire, who contributed more than any other of the +sons of men to the destruction of religious intolerance; of August +Comte, whose genius erected to itself a monument that still touches +the stars; of Guttenberg, Watt, Stephenson, Arkwright, all soldiers of +science, in the grand army of the dead kings. + +The glory of science is, that it is freeing the soul--breaking the +mental manacles--getting the brain out of bondage--giving courage to +thought--filling the world with mercy, justice, and joy. + +Science found agriculture plowing with a stick--reaping with a +sickle--commerce at the mercy of the treacherous waves and the inconstant +winds--a world without books--without schools--man denying the +authority of reason, employing his ingenuity in the manufacture of +instruments of torture, in building inquisitions and cathedrals. +It found the land filled with malicious monks--with persecuting +Protestants, and the burners of men. It found a world full of fear; +ignorance upon its knees; credulity the greatest virtue; women treated +like beasts of burden; cruelty the only means of reformation. + +It found the world at the mercy of disease and famine; men trying to +read their fates in the stars, and to tell their fortunes by signs and +wonders; generals thinking to conquer their enemies by making the sign +of the cross, or by telling a rosary. It found all history full of petty +and ridiculous falsehood, and the Almighty was supposed to spend most +of his time turning sticks into snakes, drowning boys for swimming on +Sunday, and killing little children for the purpose of converting their +parents. It found the earth filled with slaves and tyrants, the people +in all countries downtrodden, half naked, half starved, without hope, +and without reason in the world. + +Such was the condition of man when the morning of science dawned upon +his brain, and before he had heard the sublime declaration that the +universe is governed by law. + +For the change that has taken place we are indebted solely to +science--the only lever capable of raising mankind. Abject faith is +barbarism; reason is civilization. To obey is slavish; to act from a +sense of obligation perceived by the reason, is noble. Ignorance +worships mystery; Reason explains it: the one grovels, the other soars. + +No wonder that fable is the enemy of knowledge. A man with a false +diamond shuns the society of lapidaries, and it is upon this principle +that superstition abhors science. + +In all ages the people have honored those who dishonored them. They have +worshiped their destroyers; they have canonized the most gigantic liars, +and buried the great thieves in marble and gold. Under the loftiest +monuments sleeps the dust of murder. + +Imposture has always worn a crown. + +The world is beginning to change because the people are beginning +to think. To think is to advance. Everywhere the great minds are +investigating the creeds and the superstitions of men--the phenomena +of nature, and the laws of things. At the head of this great army of +investigators stood Humboldt--the serene leader of an intellectual +host--a king by the suffrage of Science, and the divine right of Genius. + +And to-day we are not honoring some butcher called a soldier--some wily +politician called a statesman--some robber called a king, nor some +malicious metaphysician called a saint. We are honoring the grand +Humboldt, whose victories were all achieved in the arena of thought; who +destroyed prejudice, ignorance and error--not men; who shed +light--not blood, and who contributed to the knowledge, the wealth, and +the happiness of all mankind. + +His life was pure, his aims lofty, his learning varied and profound, +and his achievements vast We honor him because he has ennobled our race, +because he has contributed as much as any man living or dead to the real +prosperity of the world. We honor him because he honored us--because he +labored for others--because he was the most learned man of the most +learned nation--because he left a legacy of glory to every human being. +For these reasons he is honored throughout the world. Millions are doing +homage to his genius at this moment, and millions are pronouncing his +name with reverence and recounting what he accomplished. + +We associate the name of Humboldt with oceans, continents, mountains, +and volcanoes--with the great palms--the wide deserts--the +snow-lipped craters of the Andes--with primeval forests and European +capitals--with wildernesses and universities--with savages and +savans--with the lonely rivers of unpeopled wastes--with peaks and +pampas, and steppes, and cliffs and crags--with the progress of the +world--with every science known to man, and with every star glittering +in the immensity of space. + +Humboldt adopted none of the soul-shrinking creeds of his day; wasted +none of his time in the stupidities, inanities and contradictions of +theological metaphysics; he did not endeavor to harmonize the astronomy +and geology of a barbarous people with the science of the nineteenth +century. Never, for one moment, did he abandon the sublime standard of +truth; he investigated, he studied, he thought, he separated the gold +from the dross in the crucible of his grand brain. He was never found on +his knees before the altar of superstition. He stood erect by the grand +tranquil column of Reason. He was an admirer, a lover, an adorer +of Nature, and at the age of ninety, bowed by the weight of nearly +a century, covered with the insignia of honor, loved by a nation, +respected by a world, with kings for his servants, he laid his weary +head upon her bosom--upon the bosom of the universal Mother--and +with her loving arms around him, sank into that slumber called Death. + +History added another name to the starry scroll of the immortals. + +The world is his monument; upon the eternal granite of her hills he +inscribed his name, and there upon everlasting stone his genius wrote +this, the sublimest of truths: + +"The Universe is Governed by Law!" + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Humboldt, by Robert G. 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