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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, A Narrative of Service with the Third
+Wisconsin Infantry, by Julian Wisner Hinkley
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: A Narrative of Service with the Third Wisconsin Infantry
+
+
+Author: Julian Wisner Hinkley
+
+
+
+Release Date: October 14, 2011  [eBook #37754]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NARRATIVE OF SERVICE WITH THE
+THIRD WISCONSIN INFANTRY***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Julia Neufeld and the Online Distributed Proofreading
+Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by
+Internet Archive (http://www.archive.org/)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustration.
+      See 37754-h.htm or 37754-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/37754/37754-h/37754-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/37754/37754-h.zip)
+
+
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      http://www.archive.org/details/narrativeserv05hinkrich
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+      Text in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_).
+
+      Small capital text has been replaced by ALL CAPITALS.
+
+
+
+
+
+SERVICE WITH THE THIRD WISCONSIN INFANTRY
+
+
+[Illustration: JULIAN WISNER HINKLEY
+From a photograph taken in July, 1864]
+
+
+Wisconsin History Commission: Original Papers, No. 7
+
+A NARRATIVE OF SERVICE WITH THE THIRD WISCONSIN INFANTRY
+
+by
+
+JULIAN WISNER HINKLEY
+
+Captain of Company E, and Sometime Acting Major of Said Regiment
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Wisconsin History Commission
+September, 1912
+
+Twenty-Five Hundred Copies Printed
+
+Copyright, 1912
+The Wisconsin History Commission
+(in behalf of the State of Wisconsin)
+
+Opinions or errors of fact on the part of the respective authors of
+the Commission's publications (whether Reprints or Original
+Narratives) have not been modified or corrected by the Commission.
+For all statements, of whatever character, the Author alone is
+responsible
+
+Democrat Printing Co., State Printer
+
+
+
+
+Contents
+
+
+                                           PAGE
+
+  WISCONSIN HISTORY COMMISSION             viii
+
+  EDITOR'S PREFACE                           ix
+
+  SERVICE WITH THE THIRD WISCONSIN INFANTRY:
+
+      Enlistment and training                 1
+
+      Departure for the front                 7
+
+      Service in Maryland                     9
+
+      On the trail of Stonewall Jackson      15
+
+      The tables turned                      22
+
+      At Cedar Mountain                      32
+
+      The Army retreats northward            38
+
+      Moving toward the enemy                47
+
+      Battle of South Mountain               49
+
+      Battle of Antietam                     51
+
+      In winter quarters                     63
+
+      Chancellorsville                       66
+
+      A cavalry expedition                   78
+
+      Gettysburg                             80
+
+      On draft riot duty                     92
+
+      With the Army of the Cumberland        97
+
+      The Third veteranizes                 102
+
+      Reorganizing Lincoln County           106
+
+      Opening of the Atlanta campaign       116
+
+      Wounded and in hospital               124
+
+      The siege of Atlanta                  129
+
+      The march to the sea                  146
+
+      In front of Savannah                  153
+
+      In Savannah                           163
+
+      Marching northward                    166
+
+      Peace                                 173
+
+      Homeward                              176
+
+  INDEX                                     183
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATION
+
+   Portrait of the Author _Frontispiece_
+
+
+
+
+WISCONSIN HISTORY COMMISSION
+
+
+  (Organized under the provisions of Chapter 298,
+      Laws of 1905, as amended by Chapter 378,
+      Laws of 1907, Chapter 445, Laws of 1909,
+      and Chapter 628, Laws of 1911)
+
+  FRANCIS E. McGOVERN
+      _Governor of Wisconsin_
+
+  CHARLES E. ESTABROOK
+      _Representing Department of Wisconsin, Grand
+        Army of the Republic_
+
+  REUBEN G. THWAITES
+      _Superintendent of the State Historical Society of
+        Wisconsin_
+
+  CARL RUSSELL FISH
+      _Professor of American History in the University of
+        Wisconsin_
+
+  MATTHEW S. DUDGEON
+      _Secretary of the Wisconsin Library Commission_
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Chairman_, COMMISSIONER ESTABROOK
+  _Secretary and Editor_, COMMISSIONER THWAITES
+  _Committee on Publications_, COMMISSIONERS THWAITES
+      AND FISH
+
+
+
+
+EDITOR'S PREFACE
+
+
+The author of this volume was born at Vernon, Connecticut, on March 12,
+1838, of a long line of New England ancestry; he was sixth in order of
+descent from Governor Thomas Hinkley of Plymouth Colony. Coming to
+Wisconsin in his eleventh year, Julian grew to young manhood on his
+father's farm at Waupun and in Portage County. In 1858, our author left
+the farm and started life for himself--teaching school in winter, and
+working as a carpenter each summer.
+
+On April 19, 1861, Mr. Hinkley enlisted in the Waupun Light Guard for
+three months. But the services of the organization were not accepted for
+that short term by the State military authorities, so on May 8 they were
+proffered and accepted for the war, and the organization became Company
+E of the Third Wisconsin Infantry. Hinkley was at the organization
+appointed First-Sergeant; but on February 6, 1862, he was commissioned
+Second-Lieutenant of his company, became First-Lieutenant on November 1
+following, and on May 4, 1863, took command of the Company as Captain.
+He continued to serve the Third Wisconsin until its final discharge and
+payment in Madison on August 26, 1865, but during the last few months of
+this period was the acting Major of the Regiment. Since the war, Major
+Hinkley has been largely engaged in erecting public buildings, and has a
+wide acquaintance throughout Northeast Wisconsin.
+
+The Commission is much pleased at this opportunity to publish Major
+Hinkley's _Narrative_. The book has only in part been written from
+memory. It has been made up from several excellent sources: (1) A
+manuscript diary kept from day to day, or week to week, by Mr. Hinkley
+during the years of his service; (2) several contemporary letters
+written by him, either to the local press of his section of the State,
+or to relatives and friends at home; and lastly (3), a manuscript
+narrative written by the author several years after the war, for the
+edification of his children. The work of amalgamating these diverse
+materials has fallen to the lot of the editorial department of the
+Commission; the result, however, has been passed upon in detail by
+Major Hinkley, and in its present continuous form accepted by him as his
+final narrative. This method of compilation has secured a manuscript
+possessing a contemporaneous flavor and accuracy, not usual with
+reminiscences. The Commissioners feel that the book is an interesting
+and valuable contribution to the literature of the war, being the
+view-point of a company commander in one of the most active of Wisconsin
+regiments, throughout the entire period of the struggle.
+
+                                              R. G. T.
+
+  WISCONSIN HISTORICAL LIBRARY
+
+          September, 1912
+
+
+
+
+SERVICE WITH THE THIRD WISCONSIN INFANTRY
+
+
+
+
+_Enlistment and Training_
+
+
+The presidential election of 1860 found me just become of age. I
+exercised my newly-acquired rights of citizenship, in the then little
+village of Waupun, Wisconsin, by participating in the hurrahing and
+torchlight processions that in those days characterized a political
+campaign. I was a carpenter by trade, but immediately after the election
+went to teach a country school in the backwoods town of Buena Vista, in
+Portage County. Daily papers in that sparsely settled community were of
+course an unknown luxury, and it was only through the weeklies that we
+heard of the gathering storm in the Nation. From them we learned how
+State after State in the South were holding conventions, that they were
+passing ordinances of secession, and that the delegates were gathering
+at Montgomery, Alabama, to organize the Confederate States of America.
+
+In the North, few people seemed as yet to realize that a great war was
+impending. The Southern newspapers boastfully asserted that secession
+might be accomplished in peace, for the Northerners were a nation of
+shopkeepers and mechanics, who would never fight to prevent it. And
+these statements, reprinted in the Northern papers, were far from
+soothing, for there is nothing that so quickly arouses the combativeness
+of men, and especially of young men, as the intimation that they are
+cowards. Thus were the younger and more hot-headed men on both sides
+being stirred to warlike feeling by newspaper writers, until such
+hostile sentiment was aroused that war was inevitable.
+
+Immediately after the secession of South Carolina, I had expressed my
+intention, in conversation with my friends, that should war follow, I
+would have a hand in it. This determination grew as events drifted on
+from bad to worse. I cannot say that I was very strongly animated by a
+love for the Union in the abstract, or that I considered the abolition
+of slavery worth fighting for; but I felt that the dismemberment of the
+Union by armed force, submitted to without a struggle, would be a
+disgrace to the whole North.
+
+The events of the following winter and spring are a part of the history
+of the Nation. Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated on March 4, 1861. On
+April 12, Fort Sumter was fired upon, and surrendered on the 14th. On
+April 15 Lincoln issued his call for troops, and the war had burst upon
+the Nation in all its fury.
+
+Waupun for a number of years maintained an independent military company,
+called the Waupun Light Guard. This organization had in its possession
+forty stand of arms belonging to the State, and uniforms for about
+twenty of its members. On the morning of April 19, I had gone down to
+the main street of the village to buy a paper. While discussing with
+Captain Clark of the military company, the events of the day, an agent
+of the State, who had just arrived on the morning train, approached us.
+He read to the Captain a notice that his company must at once be filled
+up to the regulation standard and reported for active duty, or surrender
+its arms, to be used by other companies going into service.
+
+I had not heretofore belonged to this company, but at once told the
+Captain that I would enlist, and aid him to fill his command to the
+required standard. A meeting was called for that night, and with the
+assistance of the patriotic people of the village and surrounding
+country, the company was filled up by nine o'clock of the next morning.
+A telegram was immediately sent to Madison, tendering service for the
+ninety-day call. We had acted promptly and swiftly, yet not quite
+swiftly enough. Twenty-three other companies had filed notice before us,
+and the quota of Wisconsin was full.
+
+Enthusiasm among the men ran high, however, and when on May 8 it was
+learned that no more ninety-day men could be accepted, it was determined
+by vote to tender service for the entire war, however long that might
+be. Those whose business was such that they could not leave home for
+longer than ninety days retired, but their places were quickly taken by
+others who were anxious to go. We were now accepted, and assigned to the
+Third Wisconsin Volunteers and ordered to rendevouz at Fond du Lac as
+soon as camp equipage could be furnished.
+
+The former officers of the company were retained, with the consent of
+the newly-enlisted men, and additional non-commissioned officers were
+elected. Among the latter I was chosen First Sergeant, which position I
+held until promoted to a Second-Lieutenancy.
+
+We boarded at the best hotels in the village, until ordered into camp.
+We were drilled several hours each day, and prepared for the work in
+store for us by the study of tactics and army regulations. At length,
+after what seemed to us in our impatience an interminable delay, we went
+into camp at Fond du Lac on June 15, and for the first time lived in
+tents. We now had daily company and battalion drill, together with
+officers' school in tactics and sword exercise. Colonel Thomas H. Ruger,
+our commander, was a West Point graduate, and under his efficient
+direction we became, before we had been very long in the service, as
+thoroughly drilled and disciplined as any regiment of regulars. Indeed
+we all felt sure, while we were still at Fond du Lac, that we were
+already veterans.
+
+On June 28 appeared Captain McIntyre of the regular army to inspect us
+and muster us into the service of the United States. And here occurred a
+difficulty which illustrates how confidently the people of the North
+expected that the war would be of only short duration. Many of the best
+men in the company, who had been entirely willing to enlist "for the
+war," objected to being mustered in for a three-years' term of service
+as required by the instructions of the Federal Government. It was only
+after considerable persuasion that they were all finally induced to do
+so. Probably not one of them had the slightest idea that he would serve
+for three years, and then enlist again for another three years, before
+the great struggle would be ended.
+
+On the day after mustering in, uniforms were issued to us, consisting of
+light-grey trousers, mixed-grey blouse, and light-coloured hat. At
+first, they looked bright and fine, but they were of such poor quality,
+especially the trousers, that within ten days it was necessary to
+furnish the entire regiment with common blue workingmen's overalls, in
+order that we might with decency be seen upon the streets. Some
+money-loving patriot contractor had gathered in his reward from the
+State of Wisconsin by providing us with shoddy clothes; and in the end
+it came out of the pay of the Regiment.
+
+
+
+
+_Departure for the Front_
+
+
+The preparations for departure were soon completed, and on July 12,
+1861, we shouldered our knapsacks, strapped on our haversacks,
+containing several days' rations, and boarded the railroad cars for the
+seat of war in Virginia. The train of twenty-four coaches pulled out of
+the station amid the cheers and farewells of our many friends, who had
+gathered to see us off. All were in the best of spirits. It seemed to us
+as though we were setting out on a grand pleasure excursion. No thought
+of death or disaster appeared to cross the mind of anyone. And yet how
+many were saying farewell, never to return!
+
+Our route took us through Chicago, Toledo, Cleveland, and Erie.
+Everywhere we were feasted and toasted by the enthusiastic people along
+the line. At Buffalo the entire population seemed to have turned out to
+welcome the wild woodsmen of the Northwest. The local military companies
+of that city escorted us through the principal streets; speeches were
+made by the mayor and prominent citizens. We were very soon convinced
+that we were, indeed, heroes in embryo. At Williamsport, Pennsylvania,
+we were given a reception surpassing anything that had gone before; even
+now, more than fifty years after, its pleasant recollections still
+linger in my mind. Tables were set along the sidewalk in the shade of
+magnificent trees, and these tables were literally loaded with all the
+good things that could tempt an epicure. There were, besides, fair
+ladies without number to welcome us, and wait upon our needs.
+
+On July 16 we reached Hagerstown, Maryland, where we went into camp, and
+where on the next day we were equipped with a complete outfit of
+muskets, ammunition, and camp utensils. The degree of preparation of the
+Federal Government for war at this time, may be judged from the fact
+that the muskets issued to us were old-time smooth-bore Springfields,
+that had been rifled for a minie-ball; they were so light, that their
+barrels would spring after the rapid firing of a dozen shots.
+
+
+
+
+_Service in Maryland_
+
+
+On the morning of July 17 we broke camp and started for Harpers Ferry,
+thirty miles distant. Now for the first time I began to realize what it
+was to be a soldier. I carried a knapsack laden with the various things
+that kind friends at home had thought necessary for a soldier's comfort,
+a haversack containing two days' rations, a musket with accoutrements,
+and forty rounds of ammunition, altogether weighing not less than fifty
+pounds. The weather was extremely hot and the roads very muddy, so that
+by the time we had gone fifteen miles I was entirely ready to go into
+camp.
+
+Our camp was pitched on the side of a hill. Our mess, in order to find
+as level a sleeping place as possible, pitched the tent in a low place,
+and in our ignorance of camp life we neglected to dig a ditch around it.
+A sudden shower came up soon after we had gone to sleep, and in a short
+time we found ourselves lying in a pool of water. And as if this were
+not misfortune enough, our tent pins, loosened by the soaking of the
+ground, suddenly pulled out, and down came our canvas shelter.
+Subsequent experience enabled me to sleep in wet blankets, or in no
+blankets at all, just as well as in the best bed; but at this time it
+was impossible. So gathering a rubber blanket around my shoulders, I
+found a large stone, and remained upon it for the rest of the night. In
+the morning we continued the march toward Harpers Ferry. Our camp for
+the next night was pitched on a bit of comparatively level ground on the
+east side of Maryland Heights, overlooking the little village of Sandy
+Hook, and about a mile distant from Harpers Ferry. A more thoroughly
+used-up lot of men than ours that night, it would be hard to find.
+
+My first military duty was to guard the ford at Harpers Ferry and the
+bridges across the canal. The region was historic ground, and I took
+this opportunity to visit the old arsenal, then in ruins, and the old
+engine-house where John Brown had battled so bravely for his life. I
+made it a point also to visit Jefferson's Rock, the view from which
+Jefferson, in his _Notes on Virginia_, says is worth a voyage across the
+Atlantic to see.
+
+On September 15, while encamped in the vicinity of Darnestown, we were
+ordered, late in the day, to break camp and take the road toward the
+west. Our destination was not disclosed to us, and there was a great
+deal of speculation among the men as to the object of this secret and
+hurried march. The next day we found out from citizens along the road
+that we were on the way to Frederick City, the capital of Maryland. We
+arrived there late on the afternoon of the 16th, and received an
+enthusiastic welcome from the citizens of that loyal town. Early the
+next morning, guards were stationed on all roads leading out of town,
+and detachments of men, accompanied by detectives, proceeded to arrest
+the members of the Maryland Legislature, who had assembled there for the
+purpose of passing an ordinance of secession. It was thus that Maryland
+was saved to the Union by the promptness of General McClellan. Her
+secessionist legislators found themselves, shortly after, assembled at
+Fort McHenry, with leisure to meditate upon their schemes.
+
+The Regiment remained in camp at Frederick City until late in October.
+The usual monotony of camp life, with its drills, dress parades, and
+guard mountings, was broken only by the arrival of the paymaster with
+crisp new greenbacks of the first issue, and by the appearance of new
+blue uniforms in exchange for our tattered array. To the old grey we
+bade adieu without a sigh of regret, and proudly donned the blue of
+United States soldiers.
+
+One interesting incident occurred during our stay here, which gave us a
+subject for discussion for several days. News had been brought to us of
+a large quantity of wheat, stored in a mill in Harpers Ferry, which was
+about to be ground into flour for the use of the Confederate army. An
+expedition to capture it was soon organized under command of Colonel
+John W. Geary of the Twenty-Eighth Pennsylvania. It was composed of a
+detachment of two hundred men from our regiment under command of Captain
+Bertram, with similar detachments from the Twelfth Massachusetts and
+Twenty-Eighth Pennsylvania, besides a section of artillery. The
+expedition was successful; the wheat was safely removed to the north
+side of the river, and the command was ready to return, when a large
+force of the enemy appeared, seemingly disposed for a fight. Our men
+were quite willing to accommodate them, and moved up the hill toward
+Bolivar Heights, where the enemy was already strongly posted with
+artillery. Skirmishing immediately commenced. But this soon proved too
+slow for our impatient men; they charged the Confederate position, and
+soon had the satisfaction of seeing the last of the Southerners
+disappear in the direction of Charlestown, leaving their artillery in
+our hands.
+
+In this engagement the heaviest fighting fell to the detachment of the
+Third Wisconsin; the piece of artillery was brought off by them as a
+trophy. This command also sustained all of the loss, having had six men
+killed and four wounded. The dead were brought back and buried with
+military honors in the cemetery at Frederick City. The fight had in a
+large measure been unnecessary, for the entire object of the expedition
+had been accomplished before the enemy appeared in force; yet the moral
+effect on the men was good, since it increased their self-confidence.
+
+On November 1 we rejoined the Division of General Banks, near
+Darnestown, where we remained until the beginning of the next month. The
+whole Division then moved to the vicinity of Frederick City, our
+Regiment being detailed in the city as provost guard. We built our
+barracks in the old barrack yard, and settled down for the winter to the
+regular routine of guard duty. Two companies were detailed each day--one
+for the guard-house, the other to patrol the city and preserve order.
+The snow, rain, and mud kept the ground in such condition that drilling
+was impossible; thus we had little to do but kill time with chess,
+checkers, cards, and dominoes. The winter wore slowly away in this
+uneventful manner. In January news was received of the victory of
+General Thomas at Somerset, Kentucky; also the capture of Roanoke
+Island, by General Burnside, and immediately after this, in February,
+the great victories of General Grant at Forts Henry and Donelson. The
+enthusiasm of the command over these successes knew no bounds, and our
+impatience to be on the move could scarcely be restrained.
+
+
+
+
+_On the trail of Stonewall Jackson_
+
+
+At length the long-wished-for came. On the morning of February 25, 1862,
+we bade adieu to the barracks that had sheltered us so long, and
+boarding the cars moved to Sandy Hook, where we went into camp on the
+ground that we had left six months before. During the night there
+arrived a train of cars with a pontoon bridge, in charge of a detachment
+of United States engineers; and General McClellan came from Washington
+by special train, personally to supervise the movement. Our Regiment
+being largely composed of lumbermen and raftsmen from northern
+Wisconsin, who were accustomed to running rafts on the rivers of our
+State, readily made up a detail of a hundred experienced fellows to
+assist the engineers in laying the bridge. By noon it was constructed,
+1300 feet long, in a swift current and our Regiment, the advance of the
+army, was on its way into Dixie.
+
+We moved rapidly on to Bolivar Heights without seeing anything of the
+enemy, and halted there for the night, happy in the thought that at
+last we were doing something. On February 28 a strong reconnoitering
+party of infantry, artillery, and cavalry, moved forward, and without
+opposition occupied Charlestown. It was a village of national reputation
+at that time, for there John Brown was tried and hung. It was one of the
+hottest secessionist spots in the State, any Union sentiment that might
+have existed, being carefully concealed. We remained there for several
+days quartered in the various churches and public buildings, while I
+improved the opportunity to visit the many points of interest. On March
+2 came my commission as Second Lieutenant of Company D.
+
+On March 11 we once more moved forward in the direction of Winchester,
+the advance guard skirmishing with the enemy occasionally, but meeting
+no serious resistance. The next morning we turned out at four o'clock,
+and advancing through fields and woods for about an hour, came at length
+in sight of the entrenchments of Winchester, about a mile to the front.
+Our right and left companies were thrown forward as skirmishers, in
+preparation for a fight, but met with no resistance, and were soon
+clambering over the parapet of the deserted fort. They pushed on into
+the town, the remainder of the Regiment following closely after, and
+received from the mayor the formal surrender of the municipality. It was
+the first surrender of this interesting city, which is said to have been
+captured and recaptured more than thirty times during the war. We found
+here an apparently strong Union sentiment. As our Regiment marched in
+with colors flying and band playing, the citizens were rejoicing
+everywhere over their deliverance from the Confederates. Innumerable
+handkerchiefs were waving to welcome us, and in some instances the stars
+and stripes were displayed. We learned from citizens that General
+Stonewall Jackson had with 6,000 men, retreated the night before toward
+Strasburgh, taking with him quite a number of the Union citizens of the
+town.
+
+We now went into camp a short distance south of Winchester, where we
+remained until March 22. Continually we were hearing of the glorious
+successes of the Western Army, and becoming more and more anxious that
+our Army of the Potomac should be given an opportunity to rival its
+achievements. A number of changes in the organization of the Division
+were made while we were here in camp. The only one of importance to us
+was the transfer of the Second Massachusetts to our Brigade in place of
+the Ninth New York, giving us Colonel Gordon of the Second Massachusetts
+as brigade commander in place of General Hamilton, our old leader. This
+circumstance was little liked at the time; but it was the beginning of
+our friendship with the Second Massachusetts, that remained very close
+throughout the war.
+
+On March 22 our Division left Winchester to proceed, as we believed, to
+Manassas Junction. At the end of a two days' march we were camping for
+the night about three miles east of Snicker's Gap, in the Blue Ridge.
+Rumors here began to circulate, that there had in our absence been
+considerable fighting at Winchester. It was reported that the
+Confederates had been defeated, but that General Shields had been
+wounded in the battle. We were not, therefore, surprised, the next
+morning, to be ordered to march back over the identical road upon which
+we had come. We reached Winchester the same night after a hard march of
+twenty-five miles, and learned from its citizens that there certainly
+had been a fight. We were informed that General Jackson had learned of
+our departure from Winchester, but had not heard that Shields was still
+encamped north of the city. Jackson had made a hasty move to recapture
+Winchester, but had been confronted by Shields near Kernstown. Here the
+Confederates had been completely routed and driven beyond Strasburgh,
+with heavy loss in killed and prisoners.
+
+On the morning after our arrival at Winchester, I went out to take a
+view of the battle-field, and was able to gain some idea of what the
+future held in store for us. The wounded had already been cared for, and
+some of the dead had been buried; but sixteen of our dead remained on
+the field, and something over three hundred of the enemy's. In one part
+of the battle-ground, covered with small timber and underbrush, where
+the enemy had for a time made a stubborn resistance, scarcely a bush or
+a tree but showed the marks of bullets at a height of from three to six
+feet from the ground. In my inexperience, I then wondered how any man
+could have lived in that thicket; and in truth, not many did live there
+long, for the ground was strewn with the dead.
+
+Returning to camp at noon, I found that we were again under orders to
+march. We started out near sundown, moving that night to Strasburgh, and
+found the bridge over Cedar Creek, two miles this side of Strasburgh,
+destroyed. It had been burned by Jackson at the time of his first
+retreat from Winchester. This precaution had in the recent fight proved
+to be his undoing, for in his hasty flight before Shield's Division, his
+army, which up to that place had preserved good order, was completely
+disorganized and suffered a loss of two hundred prisoners.
+
+We remained at Strasburgh for several days. During that time I was
+detailed on a general court martial to try some soldiers who had been
+arrested for depredations on private property. Their offence, as I was
+informed, consisted in stealing chickens and honey, against which
+stringent orders were at that time in force. The court convened in all
+dignity, and sent word to the General that it was ready to try the
+culprits. In a few minutes Adjutant Wilkins appeared, presented the
+compliments of the General and informed us that the prisoners had
+escaped. We were requested to adjourn until they had been recaptured. As
+that court was never reconvened, it may be taken for granted that the
+prisoners were never recaptured.
+
+On the first day of April we again moved forward, driving the enemy in
+such haste that they left their dinners cooking on the fires. Several
+times during the day, they opened on us with artillery, but a few shots
+from our battery would quickly send them on again. On the 17th we made
+another attempt to get at Jackson's army, by moving one Division up the
+Shenandoah River on the west side, and the other into New Market from
+the southwest. Our Regiment was with the latter Division. After fording
+a river up to our armpits, and finding it as cold as melting snow from
+the mountains could make it, we found that the enemy had again shown his
+heels and once more was away to the south.
+
+During the next month we followed the retreating army of General Jackson
+to Harrisonburg, and then came back to Strasburgh. Here we made some
+little show of fortifying; but in the main, we were as easy and
+unconcerned as though the war was over. And in fact, the good news
+received from all quarters, and the orders from the War Department to
+stop all recruiting, led us to believe that the contest was nearly
+ended. In camp, bets were freely offered, with no takers, that the
+Regiment would be back in Wisconsin by September. I remember writing to
+a friend, about this time, that my part of the work of suppressing the
+Rebellion seemed to be about done. How sadly were we mistaken!
+
+
+
+
+_The Tables Turned_
+
+
+We had a rude awakening from our dream of peace. While we had been
+idling in fancied security, General Jackson had gathered a large force
+with which to overwhelm us. Our first intimation of trouble came on the
+night of May 23, when we were hastily called to defend our railroad
+bridge toward Front Royal against the attack of the enemy. The next day
+we were in full retreat toward Winchester.
+
+When about half way to Winchester, the enemy, who had crossed from Front
+Royal, attacked our train in the front. The Fifth Connecticut and
+Twenty-Eighth New York were hurried forward, with the rest of the
+command following, and the road was soon cleared. But this had hardly
+been accomplished, when the enemy attacked in the rear, and cut off
+about fifty wagons. At this new danger a halt was called, and with two
+regiments and a battery, General Banks hastened to the rear. The lost
+wagons were recovered, but the animals having all been driven off or
+killed, it was necessary to burn the vehicles. Among the wagons
+destroyed was one containing all the rations and cooking utensils of my
+Company. We succeeded at night in securing a few crackers from some of
+the more fortunate companies, but most of my men went supperless to bed.
+Moreover, there were prospects for a lively fight in the morning.
+
+I was awakened early by the picket-firing, which commenced at daybreak,
+and found myself thoroughly chilled from sleeping on the bare ground,
+without blankets or shelter. However, both hunger and cold were soon
+forgotten in the more pressing demands upon our attention. The position
+chosen by General Banks for the night's bivouac was probably the worst
+that could have been found between Strasburgh and the Potomac River.
+With seven regiments of infantry we occupied a small field lying between
+the outskirts of the city and the hills on the south. The enemy were in
+possession of the hills, where they had erected considerable
+fortifications. Colonel Gordon's Brigade was on the right of the road;
+that of Colonel Donnelly was on the left--all facing the enemy.
+
+Our skirmishers were promptly advanced, and commenced firing on the
+enemy in their entrenchments. Supported by a battery in our rear, which
+fired over our heads into their position, we were maintaining a lively
+fire, when suddenly it was discovered that the enemy was passing around
+upon our right, with the evident intention of getting in our rear. The
+Twenty-Seventh Indiana and Twenty-Ninth Pennsylvania were hurriedly
+moved to the right, but had hardly reached their position when they were
+furiously assailed both in front and flank by the advancing
+Confederates. The Twenty-Ninth Pennsylvania received the first brunt of
+the attack, and soon was in full retreat. The Twenty-Seventh Indiana
+came in for the next attack, and they also fell back about a quarter of
+a mile to some stone walls on the outskirts of the city. Our Regiment
+and the Second Massachusetts, which as yet had scarcely been engaged,
+were now faced about and marched to the rear, until we reached the
+fenced lots on the outskirts of the town. Here we were halted, and
+opened fire on the enemy, who had appeared in large numbers upon our
+front.
+
+We had soon checked the Confederates immediately before us. I was
+looking around to see how things were going with the others, when I
+became aware that Company F and a portion of my Company were entirely
+alone. It appears that orders had been sent around by General Banks to
+fall back to the north side of the city; but we, being separated from
+the rest of the Regiment by an intervening street, had not heard them.
+There we were, fighting the whole Southern army by ourselves! I hastened
+to Captain Limbocker to call his attention to our position. He saw the
+situation at a glance, and left-facing the companies, marched
+double-quick through the back streets toward the main road of the city.
+By this time our men had discovered that they were in a close place, and
+moved rapidly. Just as we reached the main street and turned north, I
+stopped to speak to the Captain, who was in the rear. As I did so, I saw
+that the whole street behind us to the south was swarming with
+Confederate soldiers, not fifty feet away. They were in such confusion,
+however, that it was impossible for them to fire, and in fact they did
+not seem to try. From that point until we were clear of the street, it
+was simply a foot race, in which we were the winners. They evidently
+soon tired of the race, for before we were clear of the street they had
+some artillery in position, and shot and shell were flying harmlessly
+over our heads.
+
+We afterwards learned that Colonel Donnelly's Brigade, which at the
+beginning of the fight had been posted out of our sight on the left of
+the road, had also, like our Brigade, been assailed in front and in the
+flank; and that they also, had soon been forced back in full retreat.
+
+We rejoined our Regiment in the line, without further trouble. From our
+position we could see the enemy on the hills west of us, endeavoring by
+rapid marching to reach the road in our rear. We stopped only long
+enough to gather up our men, who had become scattered in coming through
+the streets of the city, and then moved on toward Martinsburg. We did no
+more fighting and no more running. All of General Banks's command was
+ahead of us except two sections of artillery, and detachments of the
+First Vermont and First Michigan Cavalry, which protected our rear and
+kept the enemy at a respectful distance. During the retreat, General
+Banks did all that lay in the power of any man to bring off his men
+without loss, giving personal attention to the posting of the rear
+guard.
+
+I suppose it was about eight o'clock in the morning when our Regiment
+began its march to Martinsburg, twenty-three miles distant. We arrived
+there at about five in the afternoon, without having stopped for dinner,
+and without rest. Indeed, we had no dinner to stop for, and the pursuing
+enemy were not inclined to let us rest. We expected to stop at
+Martinsburg, but General Banks did not deem it safe, so after a rest of
+a half hour we were ordered to proceed to Williamsport, Maryland,
+twelve miles farther on.
+
+We arrived at the Potomac, opposite Williamsport, about ten o'clock that
+night, tired, hungry, and in no very good humor over the results of our
+two days' work. We managed to secure some salt pork and a few crackers
+for supper, after which we wrapped ourselves in our overcoats, and took
+such rest as could be obtained, amid the noise of men and teams crossing
+the ferry, and the calls of stragglers who were coming in and seeking
+their regiments. At three o'clock in the morning we were aroused, and
+ordered to the ferry. About an hour later we were across the Potomac on
+the Maryland side, drawn up in line of battle and waiting for the enemy.
+
+General Banks was untiring in his efforts to bring our train over
+safely, even riding into the water to save mules that had lost their
+footing, and were in danger of drowning. He made a speech to the men,
+telling them that the enemy had advanced no farther than Martinsburg,
+and that 20,000 men had been sent to cut off their retreat.
+
+The roll call taken at this time showed that eleven men of Company D
+were missing. Four of these came in the next day, having taken a
+different route than ours through the mountains. Four others turned up
+in Libby prison. Most of our men had thrown away their knapsacks, some
+their haversacks and canteens, and sixteen had lost their guns.
+
+We remained at Williamsport until June 10, receiving new supplies of
+camp and garrison equipage to replace those that had been lost or
+destroyed.
+
+We were rejoiced during this time to hear that the Confederates had had
+the tables turned on them; that they were being severely pressed between
+Shields's and Frémont's armies; and that all the baggage and prisoners
+that they had captured from us had been retaken, with a good deal more
+besides.
+
+On the morning of June 10 we again crossed into Virginia, and marched to
+Front Royal without interruption. We passed through Winchester on the
+12th without stopping, however, for the General seemed to fear that our
+men would burn the town in return for the treachery of its citizens
+during our retreat. Both men and women had fired on us from the windows,
+and had poured down scalding water as we passed through the streets. It
+was even reported to us that women had entered the hospitals, and shot
+sick men in their beds; but this last was later contradicted.
+
+We remained at Front Royal until July 6, during which time important
+changes were made in commanding officers. All the troops in northern and
+western Virginia were united under General John Pope--the three army
+corps being commanded by McDowell, Sigel, and Banks. A movement was made
+to concentrate the three corps in one locality east of the Blue Ridge,
+in the accomplishment of which we were marched over the mountains at
+Chester Gap on the hottest day I ever experienced. Eight men of my
+company were sun-struck that afternoon, resulting fatally in one case,
+and in permanent disability in the others. We camped at night on the
+headwaters of the Rappahannock, in a country described as naturally
+poor, and entirely ruined by cultivation. There was one exception to
+this, however, in the abundance of fruit. There were cherries and
+blackberries in plenty for everybody.
+
+While in camp near Little Washington, the unfortunate, bombastic orders
+of General Pope were published to the army; unfortunate, because they
+incited a degree of contempt for him which greatly impaired his
+usefulness. Many of his highflown phrases, such as "shame and disaster
+lurking in the rear," afforded a fine opportunity for the wits of the
+army, when, not three weeks later, his headquarters wagon and his
+personal baggage were captured by the enemy. About the first of August
+he arrived at the front, and on the next Sunday reviewed General Banks's
+corps. Pope's fine appearance, soldierly bearing, and evident knowledge
+of his business did much to inspire respect, and might even have made
+him popular, if we could only have forgotten that fool address to the
+army. He inaugurated, also, many real reforms. I don't know whether he
+was entirely responsible for it; but under his command the cavalry began
+to be of real service to the army, and the men could no longer ask,
+"Who ever saw a dead cavalryman?"
+
+
+
+
+_At Cedar Mountain_
+
+
+On August 7 we broke camp again and marched to Culpeper Court House.
+Here we learned that the enemy had been seen in considerable force near
+Cedar Mountain. We were not surprised, therefore, on the morning after
+our arrival, to be hastily formed and ordered off toward Cedar Mountain.
+We arrived at Cedar Run in the early afternoon, and found Crawford's
+Brigade of our Division already skirmishing with the enemy. Our Brigade
+immediately formed in line of battle on the right of the road, and threw
+out its skirmish line. At about four o'clock, my Company and four others
+were moved forward to reënforce the skirmishers.
+
+We had crossed Cedar Run Creek, and were waiting for further orders in a
+heavy stand of timber, when Captain Wilkins of General Williams's staff
+rode up, enquiring for General Banks. Lieutenant-Colonel Crane informed
+him that we had seen nothing of General Banks since we entered the
+woods. Captain Wilkins then explained to us that General Augur was
+meeting with considerable success on the left, and that General Crawford
+desired our Brigade to join his in a charge upon the right. The movement
+required the sanction of General Banks, who was, however, nowhere to be
+found, and time was so pressing that he almost felt justified in giving
+the order himself, as coming from General Banks. Captain Wilkins then
+turned and rode off, but had not been gone two minutes, and had not, I
+am confident, seen General Banks, when he returned, and gave Colonel
+Ruger orders to assemble the Regiment on the right of Crawford's Brigade
+and charge the enemy's lines.
+
+Our skirmish line was now called in; we formed in line of battle, and
+marched through the woods as rapidly as the nature of the ground would
+permit. We had soon come to its edge, and found before us an open field
+about a hundred and twenty-five yards across, separated from us by a
+rail fence. Immediately beyond the field, rose the thickly-timbered
+slope of the mountain; and there too, stationed directly in our front,
+was a battery of artillery. Of infantry, there were none to be seen.
+
+We hurried forward, pushed down the fence, and without stopping to
+reform our line started on a run for that battery. I noticed as we went,
+that Crawford's Brigade had not yet arrived, and that we were alone in
+the field. Suddenly, from the side of the slope and from the bushes and
+rocks on our front, arose the Confederate infantry, and poured into our
+ranks the most destructive musketry fire that I have ever experienced.
+Lieutenant-Colonel Crane was killed, and fell from his horse at the
+first volley. Major Scott was wounded, being carried off by his horse.
+Captain Hawley, of the company on our right, was wounded, and a third of
+his men were killed or wounded at the same time. The right began to fall
+back, some of the men helping off wounded comrades, others loading and
+firing at the enemy as they slowly retreated to the woods. On the left,
+all three of my companies were standing up to their work without
+flinching. My Company, though suffering severely, were fighting like
+veterans. We did not seem to be gaining any advantage, however, and
+shortly the order came to fall back to the woods. My Company, and that
+of Captain O'Brien on the left, were the last to leave the field.
+
+Under the shelter of the woods we reformed our companies. I still had
+about twenty-five men, Captain O'Brien about as many more, and a number
+of men from Company F had joined me on the right. We at once returned to
+the edge of the woods, the Colonel leading back the two left companies,
+and opened fire on the enemy, who was preparing to cross the open field.
+We soon were sent to the right, however, in order to make room for the
+Tenth Maine, and saw no more active fighting for that day. At twilight,
+when we were threatened upon our right flank, we returned across Cedar
+Run to the ground from which we had started.
+
+Of the 8,000 men that were engaged in this battle, we lost about 2,000
+in killed and wounded.
+
+The loss in our Regiment was 117, mostly from the six companies that
+started in the charge on the battery. Lieutenant-Colonel Crane was
+killed, and Captain O'Brien mortally wounded. O'Brien had at the first
+charge been severely wounded in the thigh. When we retreated to the
+woods, he had showed me that his shoe was full of blood. He had,
+however, returned to the fight after binding up his wound with his
+handkerchief, and had been killed at the edge of the woods. My Company
+had, out of forty-five men engaged, lost two killed and fourteen
+wounded. Of these all but two of the wounded had been struck in the
+field where we first drew the enemy's fire, and in a space of time which
+I am confident did not exceed three minutes.
+
+As some 30,000 or 40,000 troops were in the vicinity, who had not fired
+a shot, I supposed that the battle would be renewed in the morning; but
+it was not. The corps of General Sigel and McDowell were moved to the
+front, but occupied themselves only with gathering up the wounded. On
+the 11th the enemy sent in a flag of truce, asking for an armistice to
+bury the dead. This was readily granted, for we also had still on the
+battle-field many dead and severely wounded. On the 12th it was found
+that the Confederates had taken advantage of the truce to retreat during
+the night. Indeed, they retired in such haste that they left large
+numbers of their wounded in our hands. General Sigel pursued them to the
+Rapidan, while our Corps returned to Culpeper for a much-needed rest.
+
+A great deal of criticism has been heaped upon all those who were
+prominently connected with this battle. Banks has been assailed for
+fighting the battle at all. It has seemed to many, an inexcusable piece
+of folly that he should have ordered the attack in such apparent
+ignorance of the position and strength of the enemy, and so near sundown
+that even if he had been successful, he could not have reaped any
+advantage. I have, however, doubted whether he ever made the order; but
+when once it had been made, he was obliged to put in his whole command
+or abandon everything that had been gained. Captain Wilkins who brought
+the order for our charge, later wandered into the Confederate lines
+while carrying orders, and I never heard of him again.
+
+Pope has been criticized for not seeing that Banks was properly
+supported; but all the evidence obtainable shows that Pope did not wish
+or expect to fight a battle at that time. McDowell has been criticized
+with particular bitterness for not going to the aid of Banks, and
+charges of treachery were freely made against him. It was quite
+generally believed, even in his own command, that McDowell had no heart
+in the cause; and this belief--which later gained public expression in
+the dying statement of Colonel Brodhead of the First Michigan Cavalry,
+that he "died a victim to the incompetency of Pope and the treachery of
+McDowell"--caused his retirement as a corps commander.
+
+
+
+
+_The Army retreats Northward_
+
+
+We remained at Culpeper until August 18, when we were aroused at
+midnight and started on the road to the Rappahannock. We crossed over on
+the next day and went into camp about half a mile from the river. During
+all that day and night the army of General Pope was streaming across the
+Rappahannock to the north side, only a portion of his cavalry still
+remaining to the south. There was a great deal of speculation among the
+men as to the reason for this unexpected retrograde movement. It was
+rumored that General McClellan had been compelled to withdraw his army
+from the Peninsula, and that General Lee, released from the defence of
+Richmond, was marching our way. For once, rumor was correct. It was not
+many days before the whole of Lee's army was hunting to find an
+unguarded point at which to cross the river.
+
+About noon on the day after our crossing, I was watching the movements
+of some of our cavalry who still remained on the other side of the
+river. I was standing on the top of one of the highest knolls in the
+vicinity, from which I had a splendid view of the country for a long
+distance southward. For nearly two miles the land was clear of timber or
+fences or any obstacle which could impede the movements of cavalry.
+Observing that our cavalry seemed to be coming back at rather a livelier
+pace than usual, I noticed what appeared to be either a large regiment
+or a small brigade of Confederate cavalry emerge from the woods to the
+south of the plain. They formed their lines and moved to the attack.
+
+Our men, also, were soon in motion. As they approached each other the
+two bodies increased their pace, until both seemed to be moving at full
+speed. They met with a jar, and for some moments it was impossible to
+distinguish friend from foe. There could only be distinctly seen the
+flashing of sabres in the sunlight as blows were struck and parried, and
+the puffs of smoke from revolvers and carbines. For ten minutes or more
+the stirring fight went on without any apparent advantage to either
+side. But now another regiment of our cavalry, which had been out of
+sight up the river at the beginning of the fight, came down upon the
+Confederates at a hard gallop. It was but a minute before the latter
+were retreating back to the timber, perhaps hurried a little by a few
+shells from one of our shore batteries. A little later, I learned that
+our cavalry had taken about sixty prisoners.
+
+On the night of August 22 the enemy were expected to make an attempt to
+cross the Rappahannock at Beverly Ford, where I was stationed on picket
+duty. During the night, however, the river rose almost ten feet as the
+result of heavy rains in the mountains. By morning, it was so raging a
+torrent that crossing was impossible. As soon as it was light, the
+enemy opened fire on us with fourteen pieces of artillery. I had already
+withdrawn my men from the river bank and stationed them where they could
+pour a heavy fire upon the Confederates, should they attempt to lay a
+bridge. I was therefore in a good position to watch at leisure the
+artillery duel which ensued. For two hours the shot flew back and forth
+across the stream, without, however, great damage to our side. At the
+end of that time the Confederates apparently had had enough and withdrew
+from their position.
+
+The succeeding days were passed in hard marching, with hot weather, no
+tents or blankets, short rations, and a poor country to forage in. The
+enemy occasionally made demonstration as though to cross at the fords of
+the Rappahannock, but all the while moving up toward the mountains. On
+the evening of August 27, while we were in camp near Warrenton Junction,
+rumors began to circulate that they had appeared in large force at
+Manassas Junction, and were threatening to cut off our retreat to
+Washington. The next morning we were called out at three o'clock, and
+soon after were on the road to the Junction. The corps of Generals
+Heintzelman and Fitz-John Porter, which had been marching toward
+Warrenton, had also been turned back and were directly in our advance.
+We marched rapidly to Kettle River, a small stream about five miles from
+the Junction, where we were detailed to guard a train of ninety cars
+loaded with ammunition and provisions for our army. Here we learned that
+the enemy had on the previous day captured and destroyed at the Junction
+over a hundred and fifty cars loaded with supplies, but had in the
+morning encountered Hooker's advance division near Kettle Run, and had
+been driven with considerable loss beyond the Junction. We found on our
+arrival at Kettle Run, tangible evidence of the morning's fight, for a
+good many of the dead were still lying around.
+
+Cannonading commenced early on the morning after our arrival, in the
+direction of Manassas, and continued all day. It was evident that a
+severe battle was in progress. Reports of our successes were continually
+coming in; we appeared to be driving the enemy at all points. It was
+said that the Confederates were surrounded on three sides, and hopes
+were strong that they would be captured before the main body of their
+army came up. The next morning, the battle was still in progress
+although it seemed to be farther away than it had been before. The most
+encouraging reports continued to reach us, and at night General Pope was
+credited with having said that our troops had won a complete victory.
+
+While the battle was in progress, we had been occupied in rebuilding the
+bridge across Kettle Run, which the enemy had destroyed on the first day
+of their raid. We had it completed, and our train of cars moved across
+to Bristoe Station by the morning of the second day of the battle. We
+bivouacked that night north of Broad Run, happy in the thought that our
+troops had indeed vanquished the foe.
+
+The next morning we were ordered to return to Bristoe. As we approached
+the station, dense clouds of smoke were rolling upwards from the place
+where we had left our cars. This gave us notice that the reports of
+victory had been false. The fact was, that the left wing of Pope's army
+had been driven back the night before, and it had been necessary to burn
+the cars in order to prevent their falling into the hands of the enemy.
+It had been possible to save only the supplies with which they were
+loaded. Our Corps, moreover, having received no notice of the reverse,
+was now in grave danger of being cut off from the remainder of the army.
+We managed, however, by rapid marching over a circuitous route to reach
+the north side of Bull Run in safety.
+
+The next day we marched to a short distance beyond Centerville. Here we
+were halted, and stood in the road on our arms during a driving rain,
+while the battle of Chantilly was being fought only a short distance to
+the north. We remained standing in the road--or at least were supposed
+to be standing--all that night, the rain pouring down in torrents most
+of the time. After darkness had set in, however, the men quietly began
+to disappear into the neighboring woods, and soon I alone of all my
+Company was actually standing in the road. I was not greatly troubled
+over the breach of orders, for I knew that at the first intimation of
+danger every man would be in his place. I too found for myself as dry a
+place as possible, and wrapping my rubber coat about me, tried to
+secure a snatch of much-needed sleep. But I soon awoke so thoroughly
+wet and cold that further slumber was out of the question. I thereupon
+sought a fire that some soldiers had built, and endeavored to extract a
+bit of comfort from its friendly heat. Just as I was beginning to feel
+its warmth, a number of staff officers came along and ordered the blaze
+extinguished, for, said they, it was against the orders of General
+Banks. I stepped back into the darkness so as not to be recognized,
+concluding that if General Banks wanted that fire put out, he would get
+no help from me. The men standing near, however, kicked the burning
+brands apart as though to put it out, and the officers passed on. But
+they were not fifty feet away before the fire had been rekindled and was
+again dispensing cheer. This scene was repeated at frequent intervals
+until daylight, the fire continuing to burn in spite of all orders.
+
+That morning we took the road about nine, and marched until midnight. On
+the morning after, we found that we were within the fortifications of
+Alexandria. Two days later we crossed the Potomac at Georgetown, and
+went into camp at Tennalleytown, D. C. Our wagons and camp equipage had
+preceded us. A mail also was awaiting us, the first that we had received
+since leaving Culpeper Court House.
+
+We now had leisure to reflect upon our situation. It was indeed
+humiliating. Here we were, after six months of campaigning, back again
+at the point where we had started. The Grand Army of the Potomac forced
+to seek the shelter of the fortifications of Washington! The actual
+fighting had usually been in our favor. Why was it, then, that we had
+been forced back? We believed that the answer lay entirely in the fact
+that we had been outgeneralled. We felt that Pope and McDowell were the
+Jonahs who should go overboard. And overboard they went, not to be heard
+of again during the war. The reappointment of McClellan to command was
+everywhere received with pleasure. So far as my acquaintance went, the
+feeling was unanimous in his favor.
+
+For several days we remained in camp enjoying the luxury of tents and
+beds after our strenuous experiences on the march. New regiments were in
+the meantime assigned to the old brigades. Ours received the Thirteenth
+New Jersey and the One Hundred Seventh New York, with a new corps
+commander in the person of General Mansfield.
+
+
+
+
+_Moving Toward the Enemy_
+
+
+On September 5 it was definitely rumored in camp that the enemy had
+crossed into Maryland by way of Edward's Ferry. All of the Army of the
+Potomac were soon after moving up the river toward Darnestown, where a
+defensive position was taken and the enemy's movements awaited. There
+were no further developments until the 10th, when an order came from
+General McClellan to store in Washington all of the officers' baggage
+and the company tents and property, and turn over the teams to be used
+in hauling provisions and ammunition. This looked more like business
+than anything we had yet seen.
+
+The next morning we began to move in earnest, passing through
+Darnestown, and on toward Frederick City. On the 12th we made a long
+march to Ijamsville, where we heard from one party of citizens that the
+enemy were evacuating Frederick City, and from another that they were
+preparing to fight us at the crossing of the Monocacy River. In the
+morning, we were early on the road, marching rapidly to the ford of the
+Monocacy, and crossing without trouble. As we approached Frederick, we
+could hear the firing of the advance of Burnside's Corps, as they were
+driving the rear guard of the retreating enemy from the passes of the
+Catoctin Mountains, about five miles west of the city. Over 800
+prisoners were sent back that day, mostly stragglers and deserters, who
+had soldiered as long as they wished.
+
+That night we camped near Frederick City, a large portion of our
+Regiment taking advantage of the opportunity to visit old friends and
+acquaintances in that place. We had been there so long during the past
+year that it seemed to us almost like home. The Confederates had been in
+possession for nearly a week, and many stories were told of the good
+people who had displayed their loyalty under adverse circumstances. The
+real heroine of the town was old Barbara Fritchie, who had kept a Union
+flag waving from her window during all the time of the Confederate
+occupation. Her name has been immortalized by Whittier. I know that in
+recent years it has been said that no such person ever lived, and that
+the flag was not displayed. But I heard the story told within
+twenty-four hours after the Confederate army had left Frederick, from
+persons who knew the circumstances, and I am going to believe it until
+there is more positive proof than I have yet seen, that it is not true.
+
+
+
+
+_Battle of South Mountain_
+
+
+We were ready to march by four o'clock on the morning of the 14th. But
+we might as well have stayed in camp until seven. The road west from
+Frederick was a fine, broad turnpike, wide enough for two or three
+wagons abreast, but it was now completely choked with the ammunition and
+provision wagons of the troops in advance. Even after we did finally get
+started, and were clear of the town, we had to march through the fields
+and woods on either side of the road.
+
+When we reached the top of the Catoctin Mountains, we could hear the
+sound of artillery and musketry fire on the next mountain ridge beyond.
+Occasionally we could even catch a glimpse of the lines of our troops as
+they moved up the slopes to assault the position of the enemy. We were
+now rapidly marched down the mountain and turned off by a circuitous
+route to the right, in order to strike the enemy on the left flank.
+Before we could reach their position, however, it had already been
+carried by assault, and the enemy had taken advantage of the darkness to
+make good their retreat. Such was the battle of South Mountain.
+
+We now countermarched to the turnpike near Middletown, where we went
+into camp at one o'clock in the morning. We had been on the road for
+twenty-two consecutive hours, most of the time climbing over rocks and
+through brush on the mountain side. Again we were on the march, at eight
+o'clock the next morning, crossing South Mountain as we had crossed the
+Catoctin Mountains, with the wagon train occupying the road and the
+troops in the woods along the side. We passed through Boonsborough in
+the afternoon, and by night had reached nearly to Keedysville.
+
+The road was strewn with the muskets and other accoutrements of the
+enemy fleeing from South Mountain, together with a great deal of
+plunder that they had gathered in Maryland. There was every indication
+that they had retreated in a state of demoralization. The houses in
+Boonsborough and the vicinity were filled with their wounded, and we
+were constantly meeting squads of from twenty to one hundred prisoners
+who were being sent back from the front. Occasional artillery firing in
+the front seemed to indicate that we were being waited for not far
+ahead.
+
+
+
+
+_Battle of Antietam_
+
+
+On the morning of the 16th we moved forward to a position behind a range
+of low hills near Antietam Creek, and there we remained until night,
+undisturbed save by occasional shots from the enemy's batteries, posted
+in the hills on the opposite side of the creek. The remainder of our
+army kept coming up all day, taking position as they arrived, until at
+night it was understood that they were all at hand with the exception of
+Franklin's Corps, which had gone to the relief of Harpers Ferry. At
+about nine o'clock we were called up and moved across Antietam Creek,
+close to the enemy's lines, where we lay down to secure such rest as we
+might in preparation for the next day's fight. General Hooker's Corps
+lay in position, just in front of us.
+
+It was reported that night that Harpers Ferry had been surrendered by
+Colonel Miles without a struggle, and when the relieving force of
+General Franklin was within three miles. It was rumored also that Miles
+had been shot by the men of his own command when they learned that they
+had been surrendered.
+
+We were awakened soon after daylight by the sound of heavy cannonading
+in the front. It had been raining during the night, but now the sky was
+clear and the sun shining. The men hurried into the ranks, and the Corps
+formed in close column by companies. We moved a short distance to the
+right, then sat down to await developments. As battery after battery
+came into action, the artillery firing continually increased in
+rapidity, until for a few minutes the roar would be continuous. Then
+there would be a lull, and the sharp crack of the musketry would be
+heard, as the skirmishers pushed forward through the timber. Now the
+scattering musketry fire increased into crashing volleys; as more and
+more troops became engaged, the volleys developed into one continuous
+roar, like the roll of distant thunder.
+
+Within a few minutes we became aware by sight, as well as by sound, that
+a bloody battle was in progress; a constant stream of wounded men was
+coming back to the field hospital in the rear. Many were but slightly
+wounded and still clung to their muskets as they hurried back to have
+their wounds dressed. They would stop on their way, for a moment,
+hastily to tell how they were "driving the Johnnies" in the front.
+Others, more seriously hurt, were being helped along by comrades; while
+others, still more unfortunate, lay silent on stretchers as they were
+borne back by ambulance men and musicians. Soon, a number of ammunition
+wagons which had ventured too close to the front, came dashing by us to
+seek shelter behind a neighboring hill. They were followed shortly after
+by a dismounted cannon being dragged back for repairs. Now came a
+temporary lull in the musketry. The thunder of the artillery increased
+as if in compensation; but rising above all came the cheers of our
+comrades in the front, announcing that the opening engagement had ended
+in victory.
+
+The pause in the musketry was of short duration. The enemy, largely
+reënforced, soon attacked in their turn, making desperate efforts to
+regain the ground that they had lost. Upon our side, more troops to the
+right and left came into action, and the battle was soon raging again
+with redoubled fury. The enemy in our immediate front seemed to have
+largely increased their artillery, and scattering shot and shell were
+dropping around us.
+
+At length our First Brigade was sent into action. We soon followed, at
+double-quick, in close column by companies. Passing rapidly through the
+woods, we emerged upon the field a little northeast of the old Dunkard
+church, and our Regiment deployed in line. The manoeuvre was executed as
+though we had been on a parade ground instead of a battle-field. I have
+seldom seen it better done.
+
+Immediately on our right and about one hundred yards to the front, was
+posted one of our batteries of twelve-pound brass guns. It had evidently
+been in action for some time. All of its horses were killed or
+crippled, and the gunners were just falling back before the advancing
+Confederate line of battle. To the left of the battery, and stretching
+off to the woods directly in our front, stood the remnants of a brigade,
+still stubbornly contesting the advance of the enemy's infantry. Our
+Regiment moved forward to the battery, the artillerymen at the same time
+returning to their guns. The Second Massachusetts took position to the
+right; the Twenty-Seventh Indiana came up on the left.
+
+The Confederate infantry moved steadily across the corn-field, while the
+decimated brigade in its path fell back, step by step. We were obliged
+to wait before commencing fire, until they could be moved out of the
+way. Then we opened fire from one end of the line to the other. The
+enemy were handicapped by the fact that they were moving diagonally
+across our front, instead of directly toward us, and our fire was
+terribly severe, so it was not long before they broke and ran back to
+the woods. Immediately, however, another line was coming up, this time
+confronting us squarely. And now commenced the work in earnest.
+
+Our position was in a stubble-field. The ground in front of us sloped
+gently downward, so that we were fifteen or twenty feet higher than the
+enemy. About a hundred yards in our front was a rail fence, beyond which
+lay another open field. The previous day, that field had contained a
+luxuriant growth of ripening corn; now it was cut by bullets and
+trampled by men and horses, until scarce a vestige of the crop remained.
+
+For a time, the enemy came on rapidly, without firing a shot. Their
+right, like our left, was "in the air" and about even with us. They were
+as gallant fellows as ever moved to an assault. One could but admire the
+steady courage with which they approached us; great gaps being made in
+their lines at every discharge of our grape- and canister-laden
+twelve-pounders, and our bullets also wore them away at every step. A
+portion of these stern fighters reached the fence; none came farther.
+They there stopped and opened fire on our lines. From our higher ground
+we could see the steady stream of their wounded being helped to the
+rear. Still they held on, returning fire for fire; and we too were
+suffering terribly. At length the Confederates had been reduced to a
+mere handful; it was hopeless to hold on any longer, and they fell back
+toward the woods. But before they had reached there, another of their
+brigades was coming up behind them. The newcomers, however, halted and
+opened fire at nearly double the distance that their predecessors had
+taken. Soon they also began to waver, then suddenly broke, and joined
+their comrades in the flight to the woods.
+
+As they all disappeared toward the timber, General Hooker rode up and
+ordered us to fix bayonets and pursue. With a whoop and hurrah our
+Regiment and the Twenty-Seventh Indiana started down through the
+corn-field, General Hooker himself leading like a captain. It was such
+traits as this that made him popular, even with those who did not think
+him fit for high command. We had passed fairly into the corn-field,
+which was literally strewn with the dead bodies of Confederates, when a
+staff officer rode up, and ordered us to get out of the way, for General
+Sumner wished to put in a division at that point. This was all that
+prevented us from assaulting a position with about a hundred and fifty
+men, which a few minutes later Sedgwick's Division, with five or six
+thousand, failed to carry.
+
+We moved back out of the corn-field to our old position, and immediately
+after Sedgwick's Division came in from the northeast. As they moved
+forward in perfect line to the attack, they presented a splendid sight,
+even to old soldiers, and we had little doubt that they would sweep
+everything before them. They marched in three parallel lines, one behind
+the other, and about seventy-five yards apart. The brigade and field
+officers, aware of the peculiar danger of being on horseback in such a
+place, all marched with their men on foot. The only mounted officer in
+the entire division was old General Sumner himself, who rode a little in
+the rear of his first line. He was then nearly seventy years of age,
+perfectly grey but still proudly erect. As he stretched his tall form to
+its full height on his horse, in order to see what might be in front of
+his men, he was the most conspicuous object on the field, and
+undoubtedly was the target for every Confederate sharpshooter in sight.
+
+No resistance of consequence was met until the advance brigade was out
+of sight in the woods, and the Second Brigade was just at the edge. Then
+a heavy musketry fire showed that the enemy had reformed their lines and
+were making a stubborn fight. Their artillery also now opened fire, and
+shells and round shot began to fall in our neighborhood. It soon became
+evident to us, who were spectators of the fight, that General Sumner's
+formation had been a serious mistake. His second and third brigades were
+exposed to a heavy fire from the enemy, yet they could not reply on
+account of the line in front of them. They soon broke up in confusion,
+therefore, and fell back out of range. The leading brigade held on for
+over half an hour, to the position that it had gained in the woods, when
+it also fell back, with but a small portion of the magnificent line
+which a short time before had so gallantly gone forward to the attack.
+
+The remnant of our Regiment, together with portions of several other
+like commands, were now stationed at the edge of the woods behind a
+battery of artillery. There was little more active fighting, however, in
+that part of the field during the remainder of the day. At one time the
+enemy made an attempt to recover the lost ground in the corn-field, but
+the batteries easily drove them back to the woods. Soon after twelve
+o'clock we were relieved by fresh troops and moved a short distance to
+the rear. With the friendly aid of a rail fence we now built a fire, and
+prepared our dinner of hardtack and coffee, and remained quiet for the
+rest of the day. To the left the firing continued until late in the
+afternoon.
+
+Many of our gallant boys laid down their lives that bloody day on the
+battle-field of Antietam. In the morning, our Regiment had taken into
+the fight twelve officers and not quite 300 enlisted men. The number was
+thus small because our wounded from Cedar Mountain had not yet rejoined
+us, and hard marching had sent others to the hospital. Of the twelve
+officers, we lost one killed and seven severely wounded. The Colonel had
+been hit in the head by a bullet, which had cut just deep enough to draw
+blood; while I had received a severe bruise from a spent ball. Of our
+300 privates, we lost 194 in killed and wounded. The Twenty-Seventh
+Indiana on our left, had lost about half of its men; the Second
+Massachusetts on the right, had suffered in about the same proportion.
+
+In my Company, of the thirty men whom I took into the field, two had
+been killed, two mortally wounded, and sixteen so severely hurt, that
+they were ordered to the hospital. Of all that Company, only one had
+escaped without the mark of a bullet upon his person or his clothes.
+Every one of our color-guard, composed of a corporal from each company,
+had been shot down before the battle was over. As its bearers fell, the
+flag had been passed along the line until it had come into the hands of
+one of my privates, Joseph Collins, who carried it the remainder of the
+day. The color-bearers of the enemy had been even more unfortunate. On
+our charge into the corn-field, our men picked up several of their
+banners that had fallen with their bearers.
+
+When night at length put a merciful end to the battle, all along the
+line, both thoroughly-worn-out armies were, I am sure, glad for the
+chance to rest. I know that I, for one, was completely exhausted. The
+sun had scarcely set before I had wrapped myself in my overcoat, and
+with my haversack for a pillow, was sound asleep, quite oblivious of the
+fact that the field of the dead was only a few steps away. In the
+morning we were early astir expecting a renewal of the fight. Our men
+threw away all of their old muskets, and armed themselves with the new
+Springfield rifles of the improved pattern, picked up on the
+battle-field. Ammunition and rations were issued, and every preparation
+made to receive the enemy. All was quiet, however, and so remained for
+the rest of the day. At about noon, General Franklin's Corps came up
+from Harpers Ferry and took position on our right.
+
+During that afternoon I went over the corn-field that had been the scene
+of the hardest fighting the previous day. It was a sight which once seen
+could never be forgotten. The dead lay as they had fallen, and in such
+dreadful numbers! Several times had the ground been fought over; the
+bodies of brave men were so thickly strewn over it, that one might for
+rods have walked on corpses without touching the ground.
+
+When we advanced our lines, the morning of the 19th, the enemy had
+disappeared. Only his picket line still remained, and that surrendered
+without resistance. These prisoners appeared to be dazed with
+discouragement; many of them seemed glad to have been taken. Like the
+thousands whom we had captured during the heat of the battle, they were
+destitute of clothing, and their haversacks contained nothing but raw
+corn.
+
+
+
+
+_In Winter Quarters_
+
+
+So far as we were concerned, the battle of Antietam ended active
+campaigning for the winter of 1862. During the next two months we moved
+about between Harpers Ferry and the mouth of Antietam Creek, doing
+occasional guard duty, and for the most part passing the time
+uneventfully. On October 1 President Lincoln visited our camp at
+Maryland Heights. It seemed to me that he did full justice to his
+reputation for homeliness. He came entirely unannounced, but we
+hurriedly turned out the Regiment and presented arms. For a time, on
+account of their greenness, the new regiments in camp furnished a source
+of amusement. Most of them had received large bounties on enlistment,
+and the old soldiers taunted them as bounty-bought; they were told that
+the Government could have secured mules much cheaper.
+
+On November 13 came my commission as First Lieutenant of Company E. This
+did not materially change my position, for I had been in command of a
+company ever since the battle of Antietam. On November 17 we went into
+winter camp at Fairfax Station, but sometime in January removed to
+Stafford Court House. In the meantime McClellan had been finally removed
+from the command of the Army of the Potomac; and Burnside, who had
+followed him, had in his turn, been relieved after the battle of
+Fredericksburg, by General Joe Hooker.
+
+Hooker was evidently determined to build up a thoroughly efficient army,
+and spent the winter in constant efforts toward improving the condition
+and effectiveness of his troops. Inspections became extremely rigid;
+they extended not only to arms and equipment, but to camp and garrison
+equipage, policing, and sanitation. Regiments reaching the highest
+standard for general efficiency and appearance were awarded leaves of
+absence for two officers at a time for fifteen days each, and furloughs
+for two men at a time, in each company, for the same period. Regiments
+that at first were not up to standard, were in the course of the winter
+given their furloughs as they attained efficiency.
+
+Our Regiment was one of the eleven in the entire army which, when the
+first inspection was made, proved to be in the highest degree of
+efficiency. Leaves of absence and furloughs commenced at once, and
+before spring all who cared to go had a chance to visit their homes. The
+distance to Wisconsin was too great to make it profitable for me to
+return; so I visited a sister in New York State, taking advantage of
+this opportunity to see the sights of New York City and Washington.
+
+During the winter the army was gradually strengthened by the return of
+convalescents. Thus our Regiment was able by spring once more to muster
+about 400 muskets. Many of the permanently disabled officers were
+transferred to the invalid corps, and those who were sick were
+discharged, thus giving way to more vigorous and able-bodied men. The
+army was now in the best condition that it had ever been in, and we all
+looked forward to a successful campaign.
+
+
+
+
+_Chancellorsville_
+
+
+On the morning of April 27, 1863, we left our winter camp at Stafford
+Court House and marched to Kelly's Ford on the Rappahannock. Pontoon
+bridges had been laid ahead of us, and the Eleventh Corps had already
+crossed. Early on the morning of the 29th, we followed, and started at
+once for Germanna Ford on the Rapidan, twelve miles off. Three corps of
+the Army of the Potomac were engaged in the expedition--the Fifth,
+Eleventh and Twelfth. Our Corps, the Twelfth, after crossing, pushed on
+to the head of the column, and our Brigade was given the position of
+honor in the advance. We carried eight days' rations and a hundred
+rounds of ammunition. In addition, several pack mules laden with boxes
+of cartridges followed each regiment, so that we felt sure we were out
+for business. The men were in good spirits, however, and
+notwithstanding the heavy loads marched rapidly.
+
+We arrived at the ford in about four hours, without alarming the enemy.
+A portion of the Regiment were deployed as skirmishers under cover of
+the woods, three or four hundred yards from the river bank. At the word
+of command they moved on the run down to the river. Here each man
+hastily found for himself such shelter as he could, behind trees and
+brush, and opened fire on the enemy who were occupying some buildings on
+the opposite side. As we approached the river about a dozen Confederates
+started to run up the hill back of their position, in an attempt to
+escape. Our men were excellent marksmen, however, and after two had been
+killed and several others wounded, the rest of the enemy hastened back
+to the shelter of the buildings. Occasionally some fellow would fire at
+us from a window, but the puff of smoke from his gun would make him
+immediately the target for every musket within range, and that practice
+was soon discouraged. In less than ten minutes from the time when the
+skirmish commenced, the Southerners had hung out a white rag and
+surrendered. The swift-flowing Rapidan, nearly three hundred feet wide,
+separated them from us, but we compelled them to wade over. In this way,
+without a casualty to ourselves, we bagged 101 prisoners, and not a man
+escaped to the enemy to give warning of our approach.
+
+We had just secured our prisoners when General Slocum came up. He
+immediately took in the situation, and ordered us to cross the river and
+secure the heights on the other side. We had had a good time laughing at
+our prisoners as we made them cross over to us, with the water up to
+their armpits; but when we had to go in ourselves, it did not seem so
+funny. It was still early in the spring, and the water was icy cold from
+the melting snow in the mountains. Moreover, the current was so swift
+that some mounted officers and cavalry who went in ahead of us could
+scarcely keep a footing. If a horse stumbled, he was washed off his feet
+in an instant and carried down stream. In fact, one man was drowned in
+such an accident, and several others had narrow escapes. We prepared for
+crossing by placing our ammunition and provisions, and such valuables
+as would be injured by the water, on the ends of the muskets or on our
+heads, and plunged in. We had the small men distributed among the large
+ones, and in this way crossed without serious trouble. We were followed
+in the same manner by the Second Massachusetts. Once across we pushed
+rapidly for the hill overlooking the ford, where we took a strong
+position and threw out our pickets.
+
+The pontoon train had by this time come up, and a bridge was soon built.
+The remainder of our Corps and the Eleventh Corps then crossed and went
+into camp ahead of us. We now gathered about our fires, and dried out
+our clothes in order to have them once more in comfortable shape by
+bed-time.
+
+The next morning we moved to Chancellorsville, where we arrived early in
+the day. It is a very big name for a very small place; at that time it
+contained only one house. The position which we had thus gained
+uncovered the road to United States Ford, on the Rappahannock. Here
+another pontoon bridge was laid, and General Hooker crossed it with his
+force. We were all in the best of spirits, for in securing this
+advantage of position we thought that the victory had already been
+gained.
+
+On the morning of May 1 our Brigade engaged in a successful
+reconnoissance toward Fredericksburg, in which we captured a number of
+prisoners. On our return to Chancellorsville we were sent to occupy a
+slight rise of ground at Hazel Grove, about a mile southwest of
+Chancellor House. Here, in a sharp skirmish with the enemy,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Scott was shot through the head by a chance ball and
+instantly killed. During the afternoon, General Hooker rode around the
+lines, jubilant over the success of his movements. Several times he
+remarked that now he had got the Confederates where he wanted them, and
+they would have to fight us on our own ground or be destroyed. At that
+time the army still had unbounded confidence in him; but it seemed to me
+a bit curious that the man who was ready at Antietam to lead 150 men to
+a charge on the whole Southern army, should now get into entrenchment
+when he had at his command 150,000 soldiers.
+
+The night passed off without incident. At about ten o'clock the next
+morning it was discovered that the enemy were moving wagon trains toward
+the southwest. Birney's Division of the Fifth Corps, which had been in
+position somewhere in our rear, was sent out at about noon to stop them.
+A sharp musketry fire for a minute or two indicated to us that the
+attack had been made, and soon after several hundred Southern prisoners
+were sent back to us under guard. At about four in the afternoon, our
+Regiment was ordered to deploy as skirmishers through the woods upon the
+left of Birney, to capture Confederate stragglers who were believed to
+be lurking there in large numbers. Obedient to these orders we piled up
+our knapsacks, overcoats, and other baggage, behind the breastworks we
+had built, and moved forward into the woods. We had advanced about half
+a mile from our entrenchments, when the storm broke loose in the rear.
+The army of Stonewall Jackson had struck the Eleventh Corps in the flank
+and rear, and had brushed it away like a swarm of flies before a
+hurricane. I was afterward told that the defeated Corps came tumbling
+along through the woods, an indiscriminate mass of flying men, pack
+mules with their packs turned, and stray artillery horses. Nor did they
+bring up until they were stopped at Chancellorsville by three regiments
+of Hooker's cavalry. However, the best troops in the world could not, if
+struck in the same way, have stood against such an attack.
+
+Our line was now halted to await developments. Very soon a Confederate
+battery was in position on the hill which we had just left, and was
+throwing shells over toward Chancellor House. Directly in our front, to
+the south, another battery was firing in the same direction. We were
+hidden from this second battery by timber and underbrush, but were so
+close to it that in the intervals of the firing we could distinctly hear
+the strokes of swabs and rammers as the guns were swabbed out, and the
+charges rammed home. From my position I could see the battery near our
+old entrenchments, as it came up and commenced firing. However, it did
+not remain there long. The fire from our own batteries, near the
+Chancellor House, blew up two caissons or their limber chests, and the
+rest of the Southern battery sought a safer place.
+
+The roar of artillery and musketry still continued around the Chancellor
+House and to the west of it; but we could tell by the sound of the
+firing that the Confederate advance had been stayed. By seven o'clock
+darkness had settled over the field, bringing with it for a time
+comparative quiet. We began to look around now, for a way out of the
+woods, and back to our Corps. Our scouts soon found that Geary's
+Division still held the entrenchments which they had built the night
+before, and that we might return safely through their lines to the
+Chancellor House. By nine o'clock, therefore, we were once more in line
+of battle with the rest of the Brigade, in the woods west of the House.
+
+Shortly after our return, occurred the confusion in which Stonewall
+Jackson was mortally wounded. Our picket line had been driven in by the
+enemy, and we had fired a volley or two into the woods on our front. At
+the same time we had been fired on in the darkness by the Thirteenth New
+Jersey. General Jackson was struck just at this time, in the woods into
+which we had fired. It has been presumed that he was hit by his own
+men, but there is a possibility that the bullet came from the Third
+Wisconsin.
+
+We secured but little sleep that night. Our artillery continued throwing
+shot and shell over our heads into the woods fronting us, where the
+enemy were supposed to be in force. At midnight the Confederates again
+attacked us; but Birney's Division, which had been cut off from us in
+the afternoon by Jackson's attack, struck them with fixed bayonets in
+the flank at the same time that we opened on them in the front--and of
+course we made short work of them. We had now regained the ground where
+we had left our knapsacks, but for fear of another attack, the officers
+would not let us go up after them. So we shivered miserably through the
+night, and in the morning arose thoroughly chilled.
+
+The enemy, however, soon gave us enough to do to warm our blood.
+Birney's Division had, during the night, taken a new position in our
+advance, at Hazel Grove. It was attacked early Sunday morning, and in
+the course of an hour driven back with the reported loss of one of its
+batteries. As Birney's men passed back over us, the enemy came on,
+flushed with victory, and in some disorder. But in a few minutes we sent
+them back, in worse disorder than they had come. We followed them for a
+quarter of a mile, but there encountered a second line. In a short time
+we had the satisfaction of seeing their backs, also, dimly in the
+distance. Colonel Colgrove of the Twenty-Seventh Indiana, who was
+commanding the Brigade, now ordered a bayonet charge; but before we were
+fairly started, General Ruger sent orders not to advance any farther.
+Soon the enemy attacked again; but after a stubborn fight we sent them
+back for a third time, their ranks disorganized and the ground thickly
+strewn with their dead.
+
+It was now near nine o'clock. We had been fighting continuously for
+three hours, and all of the ammunition that we carried had been
+exhausted. That carried by the pack mules had been distributed, also,
+and was nearly all fired away. The muskets had become so heated and foul
+that it was difficult to load them. Some of the pieces were so hot that
+the cartridge would explode as soon as it struck the bottom of the gun,
+and before the man had been able to aim. Because of this, we were
+relieved by a fresh brigade, and marched back about a mile to the rear.
+From there we were sent to a position a little northeast of the
+Chancellor House, where we built breastworks and remained until the army
+was withdrawn across the river.
+
+All the rest of the day we could hear the firing to our right, and the
+next day, off in the direction of Fredericksburg, where Sedgwick's Corps
+was engaged; but we made no move. We only sat around, wearily watching
+the time pass away, until the night of the 5th, when preparations began
+to be made for the withdrawal of the army to the north bank of the
+river. The night was cold and rainy. Our blankets and overcoats had been
+lost, for we had left them on the second night of the battle to pick up
+stragglers, and fires were not permitted, lest they reveal our movement.
+As we shivered through the long, dark hours, all the admiration vanished
+that we had previously felt for Fighting Joe Hooker.
+
+Toward day we silently withdrew from the entrenchments we had made, and
+marched off to the river. We found when we came near, however, that the
+approaches to the bridge were still crowded with the moving troops; we
+had, therefore, to double-quick back to the entrenchments, and wait
+until the bridge was cleared. Then we crossed over, the last of the
+army, entirely unmolested except for a few shells thrown by a
+Confederate battery.
+
+We now returned to Stafford Court House, and at night pitched our tents
+on the very ground we had left ten days before. We were all thoroughly
+discouraged over the outcome of our expedition, and feeling, as one of
+our officers expressed it, "that we had gone out for wool, and come back
+shorn." The old soldiers who took part in that movement cannot think of
+it, to this day, but with the strongest feelings of disgust.
+
+The camp that we occupied on our return to Stafford Court House was one
+of the best we ever had. It was an old orchard, with a vacant field near
+by for a drill and parade ground. Our friends, the Second Massachusetts,
+occupied one end of the orchard and we the other. Between us was a good
+baseball ground, where we amused ourselves at playing ball or pitching
+quoits. Every night after supper, the officers of the two regiments
+would get together for a big game, while the rank and file would follow
+suit, and our drill ground would present an animated sight. Thus we
+whiled away the time with considerable comfort, often speculating on the
+possibility of the enemy coming across the river to attack us. So many
+regiments of two-year men and nine-months men were being mustered out of
+the service, that we did not consider it at all likely that we would
+cross the river until our ranks were filled by the conscription which
+had then been ordered.
+
+
+
+
+_A Cavalry Expedition_
+
+
+On June 6 this easy life came to an end. The company commanders of our
+Regiment were summoned to the Colonel's tent, and informed that the
+Regiment had been selected to accompany a cavalry expedition. We were
+instructed to leave behind all baggage not carried on the persons of the
+men, and to take only those who could march thirty miles a day. The
+expedition was to be composed of the two best regiments in each
+corps--the Second Massachusetts and ourselves having been selected from
+the Twelfth.
+
+We left our camp at about six o'clock and marched that night to Spott
+Tavern, fifteen miles away. The next day we reached Bealeton Station,
+where we bivouacked in the woods until the night of the 8th, awaiting
+the arrival of our cavalry. We were joined here by a number of other
+regiments, the whole force being under command of General Ames. Our
+State pride was highly gratified to find four Wisconsin regiments in
+this detail of picked commands from every corps.
+
+On the night of the 8th, our whole force, infantry, artillery, and
+cavalry, moved down to the Rappahannock at Beverly Ford. The next
+morning, a portion of the Third Wisconsin was deployed to cover the
+crossing; but the enemy had not discovered us, and we passed over
+without trouble. The cavalry now pushed on to Brandy Station, on the
+railroad; the infantry following, with our detachment in the lead. The
+cavalry were soon briskly engaged, and in a little while Colonel Davis,
+their commanding officer, was brought back mortally wounded. The
+infantry was now disposed on the flanks, to guard the cavalry from being
+taken at a disadvantage. The fighting soon became general, being mostly
+by detached companies deployed as skirmishers. At one time, in advancing
+with my Company to clear out a piece of woods, I had a lively fight for
+a short time; five men out of the twenty with me were severely wounded
+before we drove the enemy from their shelter. At another time, Company D
+succeeded in getting on the flank and rear of a North Carolina regiment,
+and captured over a hundred prisoners. Some of our cavalry regiments
+were pretty severely handled at the beginning of the fight, especially
+before the infantry came up. On the whole, however, the expedition was a
+success, resulting in the capture of the headquarters of the Confederate
+cavalry leader, General J. E. B. Stuart, together with many valuable
+papers and orders relating to the contemplated invasion of the North.
+
+
+
+
+_Gettysburg_
+
+
+We now recrossed Beverly Ford and went into camp until the 12th. Then we
+learned that the Confederate army was on the move toward the North, and
+that our army was marching to Manassas Junction and Centerville. We
+therefore marched in the same direction, and on the 16th rejoined our
+Corps near Centerville. Reaching Leesburg on the 18th, we went into
+camp. We had no definite information as to the location of the
+Confederate army, but rather suspected that it was moving into the
+Shenandoah Valley. This suspicion was confirmed when we learned that
+they had occupied Winchester and Martinsburg. We heard of them next as
+crossing the Potomac at Williamsport and marching into Pennsylvania.
+
+During our stay at Leesburg, several men from a New York regiment were
+shot for desertion. They were the first executions for that crime in our
+army, and for a time, they produced a great sensation. On the 26th we
+crossed the Potomac at Edward's Ferry, and proceeded up the river to the
+mouth of the Monocacy; thence we moved across to Frederick City, where
+we went into camp early on the afternoon of the 28th.
+
+During the night I learned that our Division was under marching orders
+to strike for Williamsport in the morning, and destroy the bridge on
+which the enemy had crossed the Potomac. We were to destroy, also, all
+boats and ferries that might be used by the Confederates in a retreat.
+Then we were to rejoin the army if we could; if not, to move west to
+Cumberland, and rejoin as opportunity offered. With morning, however,
+came a change of commanders, and with it also, a change of orders.
+General Hooker had been superseded by General Meade, and now we were
+ordered northward to follow the army that had gone ahead.
+
+At noon on July 1, while we were preparing our dinner at Two Taverns,
+some eight miles south of Gettysburg, the distant rumbling of artillery
+to the north announced to us the opening of a great battle. The
+cannonading became more and more furious as the minutes passed, until in
+the distance it sounded like one continual roll of thunder. At length
+came the order to march, and in five minutes we were on the road to the
+front as fast as our strength could take us. As we trudged along, we met
+hundreds of Confederate prisoners being sent to the rear, as well as a
+good many of our own wounded, on their way to the field hospitals. Of
+stragglers, there were exceptionally few.
+
+On the run we reached Cemetery Ridge, where we learned that the First
+and Eleventh corps had been compelled to fall back through the town of
+Gettysburg. They had taken a new position on a ridge east of the city. A
+portion of our Brigade now filed off to the right, across Rock Creek,
+thence north about half a mile; and then, having deployed about half of
+our Regiment as skirmishers, advanced toward the west until we were
+sharply engaged with the enemy's skirmishers. Only a little over two
+hours had passed from the time when we received the order to march eight
+miles distant, before we were in position on the extreme right of the
+line of battle, checking the advance of the enemy in that direction.
+There we remained until sunset, when we were relieved by the cavalry,
+and recrossed Rock Creek to the west side.
+
+As the remainder of our Corps had come up, they took position on the
+right of the First Corps. We now rejoined them there, our own right
+resting on Rock Creek. Immediately we began to throw up breastworks,
+and by evening had built for ourselves quite respectable entrenchments.
+It rained during most of the night; but in spite of that and the enemy,
+we secured a good rest for the next day's work.
+
+Early the next morning we were stirring, in anticipation of an attack;
+but until noon there was nothing but skirmishing in our vicinity. Then
+the storm broke loose on the extreme left of the line, near Little Round
+Top, where Sickles's Corps was situated. The place was entirely hidden
+from our sight, and from the sounds we could form no opinion as to how
+things were going; but we were constantly receiving reports that Sickles
+was either holding his own or driving the enemy before him. In the light
+of subsequent events, these reports seem to have been purposely colored,
+in order to keep up our spirits. Occasional demonstrations along our
+front kept us in constant expectation of being attacked, but nothing of
+the sort occurred.
+
+About six o'clock we were hurried out of our entrenchments at a
+double-quick toward Little Round Top, where it was understood that
+Sickles's Third Corps had been driven back with severe loss. But before
+we arrived, the enemy had been repulsed, and the firing ceased. We were
+now started back to our entrenchments. We found, however, upon our
+arrival, that the enemy had in our absence taken possession of them. It
+was exasperating to see them benefitting by our labors, but we were
+somewhat consoled by the capture of a picket of twenty Confederates, who
+in the darkness had wandered into our line as we approached. We were now
+obliged to form a new line, connecting with our forces on the left as
+before, but swinging back at an angle on the right to Rock Creek. We
+thus presented to the enemy a semi-circular front, which they could not
+penetrate without being subjected to a cross fire from both sides.
+
+During the night we remained unmolested. At daylight the firing
+commenced. The ground occupied by the enemy's skirmishers was a rocky
+bit of woodland which furnished abundant cover for sharpshooters. For a
+while they annoyed us, but by nine o'clock we had dislodged them, and
+driven them back to the cover of their breastworks. On our left the
+enemy were making desperate efforts to dislodge from their
+entrenchments Greene's Brigade and the troops of the First Corps. Six
+times they came up to the assault, and six times were repulsed, leaving
+the ground over which they advanced literally covered with their dead.
+At about eleven o'clock a portion of our Division followed up these
+successes by charging the Confederates in our front and sweeping them
+entirely out of our entrenchments. They retired only a short distance,
+however, showing that they had not abandoned the contest.
+
+For nearly two hours, complete quiet now succeeded the roar and din of
+the battle. Not a cannon was fired. Only an occasional musket shot
+disturbed the silence that prevailed from one end of the field to the
+other. We all felt, however, that this was but a lull before the final
+burst of the storm. The losses in our Regiment had thus far been light,
+and our spirits ran high. We felt entire confidence that no force that
+the Southerners could bring against us could by direct assault break our
+line at any point.
+
+About one o'clock, the first shot was fired in the tremendous artillery
+duel that preceded the last desperate attempt to penetrate our center
+at Cemetery Ridge. In five minutes three hundred guns were pouring into
+one another, their deadly showers of shot and shell, and making fearful
+havoc of every thing that was not sheltered. From our position in the
+woods we could see nothing of what was going on in other parts of the
+line; but the air above was filled with screaming shells, as they flew
+back and forth on their deadly errand. In some instances, shells from
+the Confederate batteries in front of the Second Corps would pass
+entirely over our lines, and land near the enemy in our front; a great
+many of them fell in the open space in our rear.
+
+At one time during the progress of the cannonade, a battery was placed
+in position on a hill across Rock Creek directly in front of our
+Regiment, and began to drop shells unpleasantly close to us. But our
+friends of Battery M, of the First New York Artillery, who had been with
+us since the Brigade was organized, seemed to get their range at once,
+and promptly silenced them. On a trip over the field, the next day, I
+found the position where they had been stationed marked by a dozen dead
+horses and two exploded caissons.
+
+During the cannonading, I took occasion to go back into the woods a
+short distance in order to get a view of what was going on. Everything
+in sight gave evidence of the severity of the fire. All those who were
+not actively engaged had sought the shelter of rocks and trees or the
+inequalities of the ground. Here and there mounted officers and
+orderlies were riding across the field, although at first sight it
+seemed as though a bird could scarcely fly over it unharmed.
+
+In the course of an hour the terrific artillery fire slackened. Then for
+a few minutes it nearly ceased. In the interval of silence, Pickett's
+Division of Confederates was marching to the charge. From my position I
+could not see them coming on, but I knew that they were charging by the
+old familiar Southern yell. Soon that was drowned in the roar of
+musketry and artillery. For a time all was turmoil and confusion. At
+length the hearty cheers of our comrades rang out, and we knew that the
+Confederate tide of invasion had been safely rolled back.
+
+While this assault was being made on the center, constant demonstrations
+were being made on our front, and we momentarily expected an attack.
+None came, however, although during all the rest of the day the enemy
+presented an unshaken line. At night they silently withdrew, and on the
+morning of the 4th our reconnoitering parties could find nothing of them
+east of Seminary Ridge, save their dead and severely wounded, whom they
+had left on the field.
+
+I spent some time that day going over the ground occupied by the enemy
+in front of the Twelfth Corps, and that over which Pickett had made his
+now famous charge. From what I saw, I felt certain that the enemy's
+losses were double our own. Where they had assaulted Geary's Division on
+the evening of the 2nd and on the morning of the 3rd, the ground was so
+strewn with their dead that it would have been possible to walk for rods
+on dead bodies.
+
+On the morning of the 5th the enemy was on the road back to Virginia. We
+started the same day following hard after them, on parallel roads to the
+east. When they reached Williamsport, however, they turned on us with a
+bold front. It had been raining almost constantly for several weeks and
+the Potomac was a raging torrent, which could not be forded. We were in
+hopes that it might thus continue until our forces could be concentrated
+to overwhelm them. On the morning of the 13th, however, when we were
+ready to move forward to the attack, they were gone. The river had
+fallen during the night, and they had made good their retreat.
+
+For a time our Regiment led in the pursuit to the ford at Falling
+Waters. Then we were filed out to the side of the road to make way for
+General Kilpatrick's Cavalry Brigade. They had scarcely passed out of
+sight through a patch of woods, when the roar of artillery and the sharp
+crack of musketry announced that the enemy had been found. We moved
+forward as rapidly as possible, but were not in time to take any part in
+the conflict. It appeared that when the cavalry had emerged from the
+woods they had found a brigade of Confederate infantry posted as a rear
+guard, on a ridge overlooking the ford at Falling Waters. They had
+immediately charged the enemy's breastworks and had captured over a
+thousand prisoners. They had won, besides, as trophies of their
+skirmish, two pieces of artillery and four or five colors inscribed with
+all the battles of the Army of Northern Virginia. No further pursuit was
+made. All of Lee's army, save only this rear guard, had escaped safely
+to the south side of the Potomac.
+
+At about this time I sent to my home in Wisconsin the following letter
+concerning Lee's invasion:
+
+    I have wished a good many times that the rebs could have had a month
+    more among the people of Pennsylvania. What little sympathy I had
+    for them is gone now. I cannot appreciate that disposition which
+    will swindle a friend to compensate for what an enemy has stolen
+    from you. In some cases the farmers would sell our men provisions at
+    reasonable rates and even give them something, but the majority
+    would ask from $.60 to $1.00 a loaf for bread, and $.25 a quart for
+    milk, and all such things in proportion.
+
+Our Corps now moved down the river to Harpers Ferry, and crossing into
+Virginia, marched leisurely along the eastern side of the Blue Ridge.
+We found the abandoned fields through which we passed overgrown with
+blackberry bushes, and literally black with the ripened fruit. Every
+night the men would go out from camp, and within easy range find as many
+berries as they could eat. And they were the best medicine we ever used.
+I knew of cases of diarrhea that had become almost chronic, soon cured
+by this diet.
+
+
+
+
+_On Draft Riot duty_
+
+
+On July 31 we went into camp near Kelly's Ferry on the Rappahannock,
+where for the next two weeks we did guard duty along the river and
+rested from the fatigue of the long marches we had made since leaving
+Stafford Court House. On August 15 came orders to move. The next morning
+we marched down to Rappahannock Station in company with two other old
+regiments of the Brigade, and boarded the cars for Alexandria, on our
+way to New York. We were joined at the station by five other regiments
+from the different brigades, all under command of General Ruger.
+
+It seems that during the Confederate invasion of Pennsylvania, the New
+York militia regiments had been called off for duty in Washington,
+Baltimore, and other places. A riotous mob in New York City had taken
+advantage of this circumstance to break out in defiance of the
+authorities, and in resistance to the execution of the draft. They had
+for several days held the city in a reign of terror, and it had been
+necessary to stop all proceedings under the draft.
+
+After a wait of several days, we embarked at Alexandria on the steamer
+"Merrimac," and proceeded down the Potomac to the ocean, thence to New
+York City. We landed at the foot of Canal Street, and quietly marched to
+the City Hall Park, where we arrived at about ten o'clock on Saturday
+night. Barracks had been provided for the enlisted men, but the
+officers' tents had not arrived. This did not trouble us much, however,
+as we had been without tents much of the time during the past two
+months. Wrapped in our rubber blankets, we lay on the grass and slept,
+as the landlady in _Rob Roy_ says, "like a good sword in its scabbard."
+We awoke in the morning to find the sun well up in the heavens, and the
+park surrounded by a crowd of curious people, surprised to see a number
+of fairly well-dressed officers, sleeping on the ground like a lot of
+vagrants.
+
+The next day, tents were pitched and cots prepared, and we were enjoying
+the delights of camp life amid all the surroundings of civilization. We
+had our dress parades and guard mountings with all the pomp and show
+that 300 men can make, to the delight of the great crowds who had come
+to see the veterans of Antietam and Gettysburg. Soon after our arrival I
+was detailed for duty in the provost marshal's office of the Fifth
+District of New York, where the rioting had been most desperate. I had
+charge of the guard stationed there to preserve order and see that those
+who brought substitutes or recruits were promptly admitted.
+
+There were no disturbances in the city while we were there, except such
+as our men made for themselves, at the instigation of the police. We had
+plenty of bold fellows in the Regiment, who wanted no better amusement
+than to raid a saloon that had been the headquarters of the rioters.
+They would get out of camp at night, and gather in such a saloon
+pointed out to them by the police. Then they would get up a row on some
+pretext, and pitch bartenders and bummers out of doors, and smash
+everything breakable about the place. Everyone in the Regiment could
+find a way to enjoy himself, and a policeman to help him, and would have
+been content to stay in the city much longer than we did.
+
+On September 6 came orders to return to our camp. We marched down to the
+Battery in the evening, and were conveyed in small boats to the steamer
+"Mississippi." In the morning, when I awoke, we were rolling and
+pitching in a manner that I had never before experienced in my limited
+travels by water. A few of the officers had become seasick on our way up
+to New York, and those of us who escaped had enjoyed the fun of laughing
+at them. I did not propose therefore to give up now. So I dressed and
+started for breakfast. One smell of the coffee, and I had business on
+deck. But after gazing steadily over the side of the vessel for a time,
+I felt better, and by noon had recovered my appetite.
+
+We arrived at Alexandria on the 9th. On the 13th we reached our camp at
+Kelly's Ferry, and found the Thirteenth New Jersey drawn up in line to
+welcome us back to the old Brigade. We did not, however, remain long in
+camp. Rumors began to float about, that Lee was sending a part of his
+army to reënforce Bragg in northwestern Georgia. Within two days we were
+again on the march to the Rapidan, behind which the enemy had retired.
+We reached Raccoon Ford on the 16th, and our Regiment and the Second
+Massachusetts were detailed to support pickets at the Ford.
+
+We camped in the woods near the river, with sentinels at night down to
+the bank, but during the day they were withdrawn to the most convenient
+cover in the neighborhood. The enemy were camped just behind the hills
+on the other side. Just about this time they appeared to be having a
+religious revival. While visiting my sentinels after dark, I could hear
+them preaching, praying, and singing, whole regiments apparently being
+thus engaged. Under orders from Corps headquarters we refrained from
+firing upon their pickets and they reciprocated the courtesy, which made
+it much pleasanter for the sentinels on both sides of the river.
+
+
+
+
+_With the Army of the Cumberland_
+
+
+After two days of this picket duty we were relieved by a Connecticut
+regiment and rejoined our Corps. We found that we were under orders to
+march the next day to Brandy Station, on the railroad. We did not know
+it at the time, but we were about to take our leave from the old Army of
+the Potomac, with which we had been associated since its organization.
+We had fought side by side in some of the hardest battles in the war;
+and had we been consulted in the matter, we would doubtless have voted
+to stay where we were, and help it to finish Lee's army. However, we
+were not consulted, and the necessities of war now called us to the Army
+of the Cumberland at Chattanooga.
+
+On the night of the 24th, we bivouacked at Brandy Station, where the
+paymaster worked all night paying off the troops, and where we saw the
+Eleventh Corps being loaded for Alexandria. The next morning we marched
+to Bealeton Station, where, after a wait of a day, we also loaded up
+and started. The cars were ordinary freight trucks, with rough board
+benches set crosswise, and the men were crowded in as thick as they
+could be seated.
+
+We pulled out of Washington over the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, the
+trains containing forty or fifty cars each. As we approached the
+mountains the size of the trains was reduced to about seven cars; but on
+reaching the western slope, the old number was restored. We crossed the
+Ohio at Benwood, on a pontoon bridge. Another lot of cars was awaiting
+us on the opposite side, and we went on through Columbus, Dayton,
+Indianapolis, and Louisville. On this trip through Ohio and Indiana we
+were everywhere reminded that we were among friends. Our train stopped
+for a time at Columbus, Xenia, and Dayton, and it seemed as though the
+citizens of those towns could not do enough for us. At every station
+along the road great crowds of people were gathered, and cheered us as
+we passed along.
+
+We stopped briefly at Louisville, then went on again through Nashville,
+and past the battle-field of Murfreesboro. We debarked from the cars at
+Stevenson, Alabama, on Sunday morning, just a week from the time we had
+started. We certainly were glad enough to be released after seven days
+and nights of railroad travelling, cramped up so tightly that there was
+scarce room either to sit up or lie down. Our arrival was none too soon.
+The long line of railroad from Nashville southward, had been practically
+unguarded, and the enemy's cavalry under General Wheeler succeeded soon
+after our arrival in tearing it up in several places.
+
+We now had several weeks of racing up and down the railroad line,
+infantry after cavalry, and with the usual result. In the end, however,
+the road was cleared, with the whole "Red Star" Division distributed
+between Murfreesboro and Stevenson. Our Regiment was stationed at
+Wartrace, where there was a junction with a short railroad running to
+Shelbyville--the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad. It was a curiosity.
+The cross-ties were about five feet apart, and the rails were of wood,
+surmounted by a running surface of light iron. Frequently the wooden
+rails would spread, and then there would be a wreck; in fact, scarcely
+a day passed on which there would not be an accident of some kind. Large
+details of men from our Regiment were set to work to bring the road in
+repair, and by Christmas it was in fairly good condition.
+
+Shortly after we were established at Wartrace, I secured leave of
+absence to go to Chattanooga in search of my brother, who had enlisted
+in the Tenth Wisconsin. I had not heard of him since the battle of
+Chickamauga. My route was by rail to Bridgeport on the Tennessee River,
+then in a small captured Confederate steamer called "Paint Rock," up the
+Tennessee to Chattanooga.
+
+The "Paint Rock" was loaded to its utmost capacity with hardtack for the
+starving Union men who held Chattanooga. The river route to that town
+had only recently been opened up by General Hooker, with the Eleventh
+Corps and the Second Division of our Corps. Previously it had been
+necessary to wheel all supplies sixty miles over a mountain road, where
+teams could scarcely haul the forage for their own trip. Even now the
+boats could run only to within eight miles of the city.
+
+The fifty-mile river trip brought me at the end of the day to the
+landing at Kelly's Ferry. Then I had an eight-mile walk before me to the
+camps, where I arrived late in the evening. I soon found the regiment or
+the small remnant of it that I was looking for; but then I learned that
+my brother was beyond doubt a prisoner in the hands of the enemy.
+
+I spent a day in visiting about Chattanooga. The enemy occupied a line
+from the Tennessee River, above town, to the point of Lookout Mountain
+below. At no place were they near enough to throw shells into the city,
+save from their heavy guns on Lookout Mountain. From these, shells came
+over all day at intervals of ten or fifteen minutes and exploded high in
+the air over either our camps or the city. So far as I could see,
+however, they did little damage.
+
+Shortly after my return to my Regiment, I was detailed to investigate
+the killing of a negro by a white man, not far from our post. The
+evidence showed that it was a most unprovoked murder, and I so
+reported. The man was thereupon arrested and sent to the provost marshal
+at Tullahoma. I never learned what was finally done with him. The
+curious thing about the affair was the frank astonishment of the man
+that anyone should take notice of the killing of a mere "nigger."
+
+Toward the end of November a large number of Confederate prisoners, who
+had been captured in the battles of Lookout Mountain and Missionary
+Ridge, were being sent northward over the railroad. We often had
+conversation with them while the trains were stopping at our station.
+Some were still defiant, but most of them were discouraged, and many
+predicted that the Confederacy could not last six months longer. An
+unusually large number of deserters of all ranks from colonel downward,
+were also coming in, and they likewise professed to believe that the
+Confederacy was tottering.
+
+
+
+
+_The Third Veteranizes_
+
+
+In December a general order was issued from the War Department,
+providing for the reënlistment of veteran regiments. It provided for a
+liberal bounty for all who reënlisted as veterans after two years'
+service; but it offered what was a greater temptation than anything
+else, the chance to go home for thirty days as a regiment, with the
+opportunity to recruit up to the full standard. I explained to my
+Company all the advantages of this arrangement. Their term of service
+would not expire until the end of June. By that time the fighting would
+probably be well over with. By reënlisting now they would secure the
+bounty, the thirty days furlough, and the honorable record of veteran
+soldiers, and it would be possible to preserve our organization from the
+beginning to the end of the war.
+
+Just about this time I was called away from camp to Tullahoma, to sit on
+the court martial of Colonel E. L. Price of the One Hundred Forty-Fifth
+New York Regiment, on charges of misbehaviour in battle. When the court
+adjourned over the Christmas holidays and I returned to my Regiment, I
+was informed by my First Sergeant that the men of my Company had been
+talking over the matter of reënlisting, and that more than three-fourths
+of them were ready to do so if I would stay with them. The contagion
+spread. By Christmas all but two of the officers, and 240 out of 300
+enlisted men present with the Regiment, had, in the language of the day,
+"veteranized."
+
+On Christmas this surviving remnant of the thousand men of the Third,
+who had so gayly left the State two-and-a-half years before, started on
+their return. It was a beautiful day, and for us one of perfect
+happiness. We were going home with a record that none could surpass and
+few commands could equal. We were the first regiment from Wisconsin, and
+I believe the first in the army, to reënlist.
+
+At Madison the arms were stored, and the men scattered to their homes to
+enjoy their thirty-days' furlough. I was just in time to take part in a
+New Year's dance, and go home in the morning on the coldest day ever
+known in Wisconsin.
+
+The month of January, 1864, which we spent in Wisconsin, was a season of
+continuous festivities. The only drawback was the extreme cold, which to
+us who had just come from the South, seemed more severe than it had ever
+been before. Everyone seemed to be determined to give the returned
+soldiers the best time of their lives. Some of the croakers thought it
+too gay for people who were engaged in a death struggle for the life of
+the Nation. Those of us, however, who had been at the front, were
+disposed to be merry while we could, and leave the future to care for
+itself. Recruiting was going on all the time. Our veterans proved the
+best recruiting officers in the State. They brought in their brothers
+and cousins, schoolmates and friends, so that when we were ready to
+return once more to the south, we had added 300 men to our rolls, picked
+from the very flower of Wisconsin's citizenry.
+
+On February 2 the veterans of the Regiment assembled at Madison. On the
+4th we were again on our way south, and reached Tullahoma the night of
+the 9th. On the 12th we started out for Fayetteville, the seat of
+Lincoln County, Tennessee, where we arrived at noon on the following
+day. On our way we passed through Lynchburg, where there was pointed out
+to us the house, or rather the ruins of the house, which was said to
+have been the birthplace of Davy Crockett. At Mulberry, a little farther
+on, I met a middle-aged citizen who said that he had never known what a
+United States flag looked like until he had seen one carried by our
+soldiers in this war.
+
+
+
+
+_Reorganizing Lincoln County_
+
+
+Lincoln County was one of the richest, as well as the most violent of
+Secession counties in Tennessee. Its people boasted that it had cast
+2,500 votes for Secession, and not one for the Union; the few Union men
+in the county had not dared to go to the polls. A few months previous to
+our coming a small detachment of Northern troops had been captured there
+by guerrillas. The prisoners had been taken to the bank of the Elk River
+and three of them deliberately murdered. A fourth had only escaped by
+leaping into the river and swimming off in the confusion. When he had
+reported the matter to headquarters, Colonel Ketcham of the One Hundred
+Fiftieth New York had been sent to collect an assessment of $30,000 from
+the citizens of the county for the benefit of the families of the
+murdered soldiers.
+
+Our mission in Lincoln County was to hunt down the guerrillas who
+infested it, and to care for the refugees from Chattanooga and other
+places in the rear of the army, who had lost their means of gaining a
+livelihood. We supported the refugees by forced levies of corn and bacon
+from the wealthy planters of the vicinity, while our mounted force soon
+disposed of the guerrillas, capturing a number and frightening the rest
+out of the county. We had a novel way of administering justice. For
+instance, about two months after our arrival a number of these young
+offenders, whose parents lived in the vicinity and were substantial
+farmers, stole from a citizen mules valued at $400. The Colonel
+immediately assessed the amount on the fathers, and with the money thus
+collected paid for the mules. That was our policy all through--to make
+the wealthy Confederates pay for the damage done by their lawless
+colleagues. And this method had a good effect, for it soon put an end to
+the thievery.
+
+Shortly after we arrived, our mounted men captured a Confederate officer
+named Boone, a grandson of the famous Daniel. On him was found a list of
+all the guerrillas in the county. When I examined him, he told me that
+he had been sent to muster these fellows into the Confederate army; but
+his plans were spoiled. Instead he went to Johnson's Island, a prisoner,
+and his little memorandum book remained in my possession.
+
+Among the names on the list were those of two Miller boys, whose mother
+and sister lived in town. The Captain of our mounted men, and several
+other officers, boarded with the family, for the people in Fayetteville
+were usually glad to take in Union officers as boarders, in order that
+they might secure from our rations the otherwise unobtainable luxuries
+of sugar and coffee. Several days after the capture of Boone's list, the
+Captain brought in both of the young Millers as prisoners. They were
+forwarded to Corps headquarters at Tullahoma. The elder, instead of
+being sent North as a prisoner of war, was tried by court martial and
+sentenced to be hanged in the public square of Fayetteville. That did
+not suit some of us; so we found means to send Mrs. Miller to
+Shelbyville, where she secured Judge Cooper, a well-known Unionist and
+former member of Congress, to go to Washington, and lay the case before
+President Lincoln. It was well known that no death sentence was ever
+executed with the President's consent, if there was any reasonable
+excuse for avoiding it. His usual magnanimity did not fail in this case,
+and the boy was sent North as an ordinary prisoner of war.
+
+When the President's amnesty proclamation was issued, we were given the
+duty of reorganizing Lincoln County under its provisions. I was
+appointed provost marshal, and in that position administered oaths of
+allegiance to several thousand repentant and unrepentant Secessionists.
+When the election was held, returns were made to me, and by me
+tabulated, and sent to the military governor at Nashville. Commissions
+were then issued by him to the officials who had been elected, so that
+when we left, the county was ready to resume civil government.
+
+In administering the oath of allegiance, the demand for blanks was so
+great that the ordinary sources could not furnish a sufficient supply.
+It was necessary, therefore, for me to open a printing office. So I took
+possession of an old printing establishment, and set several men to
+work. The press was broken down and the type badly "pi'd"; but we soon
+had the machinery repaired, and by combining the stock of three printing
+offices, secured sufficient type to run our establishment with success.
+
+In addition to these other duties, I had to listen to everyone in the
+county who sought redress for a grievance of any kind. Some had had
+horses taken by our army, or by bushwhackers; some had been robbed of
+money or other valuables; some wanted permits to carry firearms, which
+were of course never granted; and others needed assistance from the
+Government to keep from starving. One man came with a case parallel to
+that of the woman who wanted a "pass to raise geese." He wanted a "pass
+to raise a crup." I told him to go on and raise his crop, or do whatever
+he pleased, so long as he remained loyal to the Government. He said his
+neighbors had told him he could not raise a crop without a permit from
+the Federals, and that every man who took the oath of allegiance was
+branded in the forehead with the letters "U. S."
+
+One day a woman came to me, who said she had heard that we paid $10,000
+to the widows of men killed by guerrillas. I explained to her that we
+had done that only for the widows of three Union soldiers. I told her,
+however, that if she could give me any information about where the
+guerrillas could be found, we would capture and punish them. She said
+she did not know, but that she had heard some shots in the woods. She
+had not seen her man since, and she was sure they had killed him. After
+parleying awhile she started out of the door. But before she went out,
+she turned and called back to me, "That ai'nt the wust of 't; they stole
+my old mare, too!"
+
+When we first arrived at Fayetteville not a person was to be seen on the
+streets, although before the war it had been a place of 2,000
+inhabitants. There was not a vestige of any kind of business left in the
+town. Even the stores and taverns were vacant. The people soon made
+their appearance, however, when they found that we had come to stay, and
+before very long we had established the most friendly relations with
+them. By the time we were ready to leave, almost every family in town
+had its friends among the soldiers. They were very sociable, and always
+seemed glad to have the Federal officers call on them. The young ladies
+would sing and play the piano beautifully, and make things quite
+homelike for us after the routine of the day's work. Twenty years later,
+while passing through Fayetteville on my way to Atlanta, I received
+courtesies from a citizen who only knew me by reputation as one of the
+officers of the Third Wisconsin.
+
+It was curious to see what a difference slavery had made in the social
+life of these people. Everywhere work was considered disgraceful for
+a white man, and as only the occupation of the "nigger." In order
+to succeed socially, it was necessary to own slaves. The idea of
+hiring labor, or of being rich without negroes, was apparently
+incomprehensible. And in fact it was true that all of the people who had
+obtained any sort of success, intellectually or otherwise, had owned
+slaves.
+
+Most of the men who resided in the vicinity had served in the
+Confederate army. Some had been discharged on account of wounds or
+sickness, while others, and probably most of them, had deserted when
+they became sure that the fight was hopeless.
+
+My office was a common resort for these people after they had taken the
+oath of amnesty. They would sit around by the hour, and spin their yarns
+about the Confederate service. The recent deserters had to be sent to
+headquarters at Tullahoma for examination; and as we could communicate
+only with a strong escort, I would sometimes have half a dozen of them
+paroled to report to me daily until I could arrange to send on a party.
+
+In all my dealings with these people, I found scarcely any who really
+desired the success of the Union cause. There were plenty of them,
+probably the majority, who thought the Confederacy a failure, and wished
+to get back into the Union on the best possible terms; but they still
+clung to their old ideas. However, that did not interfere with our
+friendship and the good time that we had while we were there. And when
+the day at length came when we were obliged to leave, I think that they
+really were, as they professed to be, sorry at our going. And well they
+might be, for the regiment of Tennessee Union Cavalry, that occupied the
+town after we left, proceeded at once to kill several of the most
+prominent men who had not taken the amnesty oath, and at least one who
+had.
+
+On the morning of April 28, 1864, we said farewell to our Fayetteville
+friends and started out on the campaign which a year later was to end at
+Raleigh, North Carolina, with the surrender of Johnston's army and the
+end of the war. With us was a company of Tennessee Union Cavalry,
+commanded by Captain Brixey, which had been sent to Lincoln County to
+hunt bushwhackers. On leaving Fayetteville they had taken a horse
+belonging to Judge Chilcote, a prominent citizen, who had been of much
+assistance to me in the provost marshal's office in restoring civil
+government, and who had at the election been chosen county clerk. The
+Judge followed us, and asked to have his horse restored. Colonel Hawley
+of our Regiment at once compelled Captain Brixey to give it up. He did
+so with apparent reluctance, and then secretly sent a number of his men
+over a by-road to intercept the Judge on his return and kill him. This
+cowardly deed accomplished, the men rejoined their command. Brixey then
+pushed on ahead to Tullahoma, and on the next day left for the
+mountains of East Tennessee. The murder was reported to us that night.
+The Colonel sent back Captain Gardner with his mounted men to
+investigate, but the murderers had fled as soon as their deed became
+known, and nothing more could be done. After this outrage, Brixey never
+dared to rejoin our army. Some time later he was killed by Confederates
+in northwestern Georgia.
+
+During our stay at Fayetteville our Corps and the old Eleventh of the
+Army of the Potomac were consolidated, and became known as the Twentieth
+Corps of the Army of the Cumberland. The command was given to General
+Hooker. Our portion of the army would very much have preferred General
+H. W. Slocum, who was sent to Vicksburg. In the reorganization we became
+the Second Brigade of the First Division, with General Thomas H. Ruger
+commanding the Brigade and General A. S. Williams commanding the
+Division. At the suggestion of the officers of the Eleventh Corps, our
+old badge, the five-pointed star, was retained as the badge of the new
+corps.
+
+
+
+
+_Opening of the Atlanta Campaign_
+
+
+Our Regiment reached Tullahoma on April 30, to find that the rest of our
+Brigade had already gone to the front. We started out on the next day to
+join them, and on May 4 crossed the Tennessee River at Bridgeport. On
+the 7th we passed over the battle-field of Chickamauga, where signs of
+the conflict were still everywhere in evidence. On the night of the 8th
+we crossed the mountains by way of Nickajack Pass, and joined our
+Brigade at daylight the next morning. This passage over the mountains
+was interesting. The night was extremely dark and perfectly quiet. The
+men in charge of the wagon train had placed lighted candles on the rocks
+along the road, at intervals of about a hundred feet, in order to guide
+themselves and those who came after. These were still flickering when we
+came along.
+
+Our march to Atlanta was now well under way. The enemy continually fell
+back, and in most cases without offering serious resistance. The three
+armies of General Sherman, marching in parallel lines, seemed to be able
+to carry everything before them. On the 10th we again crossed the
+mountains at Snake Creek Gap, going into camp on the other side until
+the 13th. On the night of the 10th we were visited by a tremendous wind
+and rain storm, which blew down our tents, and raised the water in the
+creek so high that we had to move our camp or be drowned. At about this
+time, also, an order was read to the troops announcing the great success
+of the Army of the Potomac in the opening battles of the final campaign
+against Richmond.
+
+On the 14th we were moved to the extreme left to support General Howard,
+who was there engaged with the enemy. We arrived at about sundown, just
+as the Confederates were driving in a brigade of the Fourth Corps and
+threatening to capture a battery of artillery. As we moved forward in
+line of battle, ready to receive the advancing enemy, General Williams
+called out to the fleeing soldiers of the Fourth Corps to get back out
+of the way, for he had a division there from the Army of the Potomac
+that would protect them. All of which goes to show that even
+major-generals are human, and when they get a chance like to exult over
+their rivals. We checked the advance of the enemy without much trouble.
+
+At about noon on the 15th, General Butterfield, with our Third Division,
+moved forward to attack an earthwork and a four-gun battery, which the
+enemy held in his front. We moved forward on the left to support him;
+and encountering little opposition at first, advanced somewhat farther
+than the Third Division. We took position in the edge of a woods, where
+we made use of a rail fence and some logs to build a breastwork in
+anticipation of an attack, which the skirmish firing in front warned us
+was coming. We soon had sight of the advancing enemy. A few volleys from
+us, however, and they broke and ran. In a short time they again came up,
+with a new line. We disposed of that almost as quickly as the first. A
+third time they repeated the attempt, and again we beat them back.
+
+Now came the order to pursue. My Company, and the companies on my right,
+moved forward about two hundred yards in the woods. Suddenly we found
+that we were on the flank of a Brigade that was still stubbornly
+fighting with troops of the Twenty-Third Corps and the left companies
+of our Regiment. They were in a peach orchard, the nearest of them not
+fifty yards away. I hastily wheeled my Company, and Company H to the
+left, and opened fire. At such short range, and in such a crowd, every
+shot must have counted. The Confederates did not wait for much, but
+skedaddled as fast as their legs could carry them.
+
+Just as the last of them were disappearing from sight, I saw a man in
+Confederate uniform come running toward my Company, hatless, but with
+gun in hand. I supposed that he was coming in to give himself up. He
+came within twenty yards of us, then apparently noticed for the first
+time that we were Yankees. He immediately started to run back. I called
+to him to surrender, but it only increased his speed. Finding that he
+did not stop, two of my men fired at him, and both hit him. He fell dead
+almost instantly upon the field. I went forward then and examined him.
+He was a mere boy, not over twenty years of age. In his pocket we found
+his order, not two weeks old, from the conscript officer of his
+district, notifying him to join the army. I have seen fields of battle
+in front of our Regiment, covered over with the dead, without
+experiencing the pang of regret that I felt for this poor lad who,
+scarcely out from home, and too frightened and confused to know what to
+do, thus sadly met his fate.
+
+The loss of our Regiment in this fight was one killed and thirty-one
+wounded. Many of the wounded subsequently died, among them Reverend John
+M. Springer, the Chaplain of the Regiment. When drafted in 1863, he had
+been a Methodist minister in Monroe, Wisconsin. Believing this to be a
+call of duty he had refused to allow his church to secure a substitute,
+and had reported at Madison for service. When our Regiment was about to
+leave Wisconsin for the front, after the veteran furlough, we officers
+had been introduced to him in the Executive Chamber at the Capitol,
+where we had assembled on the invitation of the Governor. When sent for,
+Springer had been found doing sentinel duty before the gate of Camp
+Randall. We had elected him Chaplain, and he had joined us at
+Fayetteville as soon as he could secure his discharge as a private. On
+the morning of the battle, when the prospects seemed good for a lively
+fight, he had come to me and asked for a musket and some ammunition, for
+he did not wish to be lurking in the rear while we were in danger at the
+front. At my suggestion, he had previously posted himself in the
+tactics, so I now told him to take the place of a Lieutenant in my
+Company. He was the first man hit, and died in the hospital a few days
+later.
+
+By a strange coincidence, our picket found on the field in our front the
+dead body of the Chaplain of the Georgia Regiment with which we had been
+engaged. We were told by some of the wounded prisoners that he had been
+shot in coming up to recover the body of his son, a captain in the
+Regiment, who had been killed early in the fight.
+
+In this battle, for the first time in my experience, Confederate
+soldiers who might have escaped came in and gave themselves up as
+prisoners. I think as many as forty did this. They were all thoroughly
+discouraged, and the same feeling seems to have run through their whole
+army, for they were more quickly and easily beaten than I had ever seen
+them before.
+
+It was understood on our part that in order to give the Army of the
+Tennessee time to get below Resaca and cut off their retreat, we were
+not to push the attack against the enemy. They were too quick for us,
+however; the next morning they had abandoned Resaca, leaving behind them
+six heavy guns and large quantities of provisions and ammunition.
+
+On the 19th we came up to them again at Cassville, where we drove them
+into their entrenched lines and occupied the town. We expected a fight
+in the morning, but once more they were gone, this time across the
+Etowah River. After a rest of four days at Cassville, we again went
+forward, crossing the Etowah on a pontoon bridge without resistance.
+
+On the 25th we had nearly reached Dallas when we were turned back to
+assist General Geary, who had encountered a division of Hood's Corps,
+entrenched on the Marietta road to our left, at a place called New Hope
+Church. On our arrival we found that Geary's Division had already pushed
+back the enemy's skirmishers until the latter were thought to be in
+their main line of works, from which position we were ordered to drive
+them. The country was heavily timbered, and underbrush so obscured the
+view that it was impossible to see in any direction more than a few
+rods. When we came within sight of the enemy we found that a six-gun
+battery was posted a little in front of their line of infantry. The
+latter awaited us behind a breastwork, evidently hastily constructed of
+logs and earth, nevertheless affording fairly good shelter. As soon as
+we came within range, the battery opened on us with round shot and
+shell; then, as we came nearer, with grape and canister. But we pushed
+steadily on until we were less than sixty yards from them, when we
+halted; for we had lost so many men, and had become so disorganized in
+the march through the timber and brush that the impetus of our charge
+was gone. The regiments on both sides of us had already done the same.
+We sheltered ourselves as well as we could, behind trees and fallen
+timber, and opened fire on their battery, receiving a hot fire in return
+from their infantry. We succeeded, however, in driving off the
+Confederate gunners, and prevented the cannon from being worked for the
+remainder of the day.
+
+
+
+
+_Wounded and in Hospital_
+
+
+When we had first come within range of the grape-shot, my scabbard had
+been struck and cut in two at a point just below where I grasped it with
+my left hand. Later, when my men had sheltered themselves and had
+commenced firing, I was again struck. I was at the time resting on one
+knee in a position where I could watch the battery, and direct our fire
+upon it, for I was determined that the enemy should not have an
+opportunity to take it away so long as we had a chance to capture it. My
+attention had just been called to something on the left, when a bullet
+struck the front of my cap, cutting the figure "3" out of the bugle, and
+glancing from the bone, cut a gash across my forehead. For a time I lost
+all interest in that battle. When I regained my feet, Colonel Hawley,
+who was standing near, told me to get back to the hospital. I succeeded
+in finding my way to a small ravine that we had crossed, thinking as I
+got back of the line, that there were a thousand bullets flying, to
+every one nearer the front. At the small brook in the ravine, I tried to
+wash off the blood which was blinding me, but had such poor success that
+I concluded to follow the Colonel's advice and have the wound dressed. I
+considered it not much of a clip, and thought that in three days at the
+most I would be back with my company. It was about two months before I
+rejoined, and a good many years before I entirely recovered.
+
+On my way back to the hospital, I met in succession General Williams who
+commanded the Division, General Hooker who commanded the Corps, General
+Thomas who commanded the Army of the Cumberland, and General Sherman who
+commanded the Department. Each stopped and asked if I was much
+hurt--when I told that it was only a scratch, they were eager for
+information as to the situation at the front. I explained that we had
+driven the artillerymen from their guns, but that the infantry in their
+breastworks had been too much for us. Then each kindly told me to go to
+the hospital.
+
+At the hospital I found Dr. Conley, our Regimental Surgeon, who dressed
+my wound and gave me a blanket to lie down on. I got away to one side
+and tried to sleep, but the Doctor disturbed me so often to look at my
+wound that this was impossible. I finally lost all patience with him and
+ordered him to let me alone; but he afterwards explained that he feared
+I would go to sleep and wake up in the next world.
+
+This fight is known in the North as the Battle of Dallas, or the Battle
+of Pumpkinvine Creek, and in the South as the Battle of New Hope Church.
+In the engagement, our Regiment lost eighteen men killed and ninety-two
+wounded. This loss was quite unevenly distributed among the companies.
+Mine had sixteen men severely wounded, two of whom subsequently died.
+Company A, on my left, had six men killed and twenty-one wounded.
+Captain Hunter of Company F was wounded by a canister shot, in one of
+his legs near the knee-joint, and died shortly after. Captain Ruger of
+the Brigade staff also received a severe wound in the knee, which
+incapacitated him for further service during the war.
+
+On the afternoon of the day following the battle, I thought I was
+strong enough to go back to my Regiment. So I started out, against the
+protests of the surgeons; but after going about a quarter of a mile, my
+legs gave out, and I was obliged to return and obey directions. I
+remained at the field hospital for about three and a half days. During
+most of that time the surgeons were busy at the amputating table. On the
+morning of the 29th all of the slightly wounded were sent off with the
+wagon train. The more seriously wounded were sent off late in the
+afternoon in the ambulances. Captains Hunter, Ruger, and I went in the
+same ambulance, I was on the seat with the driver.
+
+At Kingston, where we arrived on the 30th, a long train of freight cars
+for the slightly wounded, and hospitals cars for the severely wounded
+was waiting, ready to start for Chattanooga. Captain Hunter was,
+however, too ill to go, and I would not leave him, so we waited over
+together until June 2. The ride to Chattanooga was a very severe one for
+poor Hunter, and he appeared to be much the worse for it. He recovered
+temporarily under the careful treatment at Chattanooga, of Doctor
+Persons of the First Wisconsin Cavalry, but on June 8 began to sink
+rapidly, and died on the afternoon of the following day.
+
+My wound was not dangerous, yet it was serious enough to entitle me to a
+leave of absence. I took advantage of it to return for a pleasant week
+to my Wisconsin home; then rejoined my Regiment near the Chattahoochee
+River on July 17. During my absence it had followed the fortunes of the
+Twentieth Corps, having had no hard fighting and but few casualties on
+the picket line. The term of service of the men who had not reënlisted
+had expired on June 29, and they had been mustered out. The officers in
+the various regiments, however, who wished to be mustered out, found
+themselves conscripted for a longer term. Their applications had been
+approved until they had reached General Thomas; but he had forwarded
+them to Washington with recommendations for dishonorable discharge.
+Discovering this danger, the officers had withdrawn their applications.
+A number in the Twenty-Ninth Pennsylvania had, however, been
+dishonorably discharged under such circumstances, and at the time this
+seemed to us an injustice.
+
+
+
+
+_The Siege of Atlanta_
+
+
+On the day that I rejoined the Regiment the army moved forward across
+the Chattahoochee River. During the next three days a farther advance
+was made across Peach Tree Creek, and we were now but a few miles from
+the fortifications of Atlanta. On the afternoon of the 20th, General
+Hood, the new Confederate commander who had succeeded Johnston, came out
+of his entrenchments and made a furious attack on our lines. The brunt
+of it fell on our Corps, which was somewhat in advance of the others.
+Our Regiment being in the second line was not engaged, for the first
+line repulsed the enemy along the entire front. The fighting was very
+severe, the Confederates coming up to the attack again and again. The
+loss in our Corps was about 2,000 killed and wounded; that of the enemy
+must have been double that number.
+
+On the night of the 21st I went on picket duty with instructions to
+advance my picket line if possible, for the enemy's pickets were so
+close that their stray bullets were causing much annoyance in our camp.
+We were not very successful during the night; but in the morning, when
+the whole Brigade picket line under Major Smith of the One Hundred
+Fiftieth New York, moved forward, the enemy had disappeared. As was now
+becoming quite usual, a number of their men remained behind to be taken
+prisoners.
+
+Major Smith's orders were to advance until he found the enemy. So we
+slowly pushed forward through their strong but abandoned works, and
+encountered no serious opposition until within about a mile of their
+fortifications immediately surrounding the city. We met their picket
+line on a hill, and drove it back a half mile, but they brought out
+against us such a strong force that we in turn were obliged to fall
+back, taking our stand on the hills where we had first met their
+pickets. From this position they did not seriously attempt to dislodge
+us.
+
+From our vantage we could see all of their manoeuvers. Apparently there
+were not more than 2,000 or 3,000 troops to prevent our entry into the
+city. I have always believed that if there had been someone high enough
+in command to have used the troops where I was that day, Atlanta could
+have been captured much more easily than it was six weeks later. At
+about six o'clock our Corps came up, and our picket line, once more
+moving forward, drove the Confederate skirmishers to within two hundred
+yards of their forts.
+
+The next day a battery of twenty-pound Parrott guns was planted on the
+hill and commenced throwing shells into the city over our heads. The
+enemy replied with spirit, and we received many of their compliments
+that were intended for the battery. Our men protected themselves by
+throwing up an earthwork in front of the camp, with a ditch behind it
+wide enough and deep enough to shelter all in case of necessity. The
+officers all had heavy earth barricades built in front of their tents,
+and these furnished fairly good protection.
+
+I remember to have been one night in the Colonel's tent when the shells
+were flying pretty lively. We were just discussing whether his
+embankment would stop a shell, when one came along and buried itself in
+the ground a little in front without exploding. The Colonel went out and
+found that it had gone two feet into the ground. One of the other
+officers present expressed the opinion that it would have gone through
+the breastwork if it had struck properly. The words were scarcely out of
+his mouth when another shell struck the work, penetrating about
+two-thirds of the way, and exploding without damage.
+
+At another time we were not so fortunate. A shell struck the barricade
+of Captain Orton of Company K, passed through, and exploded in the tent,
+mortally wounding him and seriously wounding Lieutenants Barager,
+Blanchard, and Schweers, who were with him. Lieutenant Barager served
+until the end of the war; but a few years after its close, he became, as
+a consequence of that shock, a physical and mental wreck.
+
+The enemy's sharpshooters were close enough to us to keep dropping their
+bullets incessantly into our camp. It was at first rather annoying to
+have them come pattering around whenever anyone moved, but in time we
+became so accustomed to the missiles, that we went about our ordinary
+business as though there were no Confederates within forty miles. On one
+occasion the Thirteenth New Jersey went out in front of the line and
+captured thirty-five of the enemy's pickets, and burned the houses where
+the marksmen had been stationed.
+
+On July 28 General Hooker was at his own request relieved of the command
+of our Corps. He had taken offence at being jumped by General Howard for
+the command of the Army of the Tennessee, after the death of General
+McPherson in the battle of July 22. I do not believe that the highest
+officers generally sympathized with Hooker, but the Corps as a whole
+felt that his loss was a serious blow. He had large personal influence
+on his troops. During an active campaign, virtually every soldier in his
+Corps saw him almost daily. If there was a picket line to be
+established, he personally examined it; if an assault was made on the
+enemy, he was with the foremost, always brave to the extreme of
+recklessness. He was, moreover, careful of the welfare of his men. He
+made his commissaries attend strictly to business, and his Corps would
+often be furnished with the delicacies of army rations when others were
+short or had nothing but hardtack and salt pork. It was a common remark
+all through the army that Joe Hooker fed his men the best, and fought
+them the best, of any of the corps commanders. Of course his men
+worshipped him and under him were invincible; for the same reason the
+enemy dreaded him worse than anything else mortal.
+
+The newspapers of the day said that the appointment of General Howard
+was the work of President Lincoln. But it was reported in the Corps,
+that General Sherman had been the prime mover. It was freely whispered
+among us that Sherman, with all his great talents and acknowledged
+ability, was affected with the same weakness that was said to have
+troubled Napoleon--the not being able to look with complacency on the
+great personal popularity of a subordinate. Sherman was reported to have
+allowed this feeling to break forth into positive insult of General
+Hooker and his Corps in the presence of subordinates. For instance, on
+the night after the battle of Peach Tree Creek, before any returns of
+casualties had been made, Hooker told Sherman that he had lost that day
+nearly 2,000 men. "Oh pshaw!" answered Sherman, "that's nothing; they'll
+all be back in the morning." Later it was found that 1,700 members of
+the Corps had been killed or wounded, and that they had successfully
+repulsed the whole Confederate army with a reported loss to the latter
+of 6,000.
+
+Before leaving, General Hooker invited all the colonels in the Corps to
+call on him, and told them frankly his reasons for resigning. He said
+that during the whole campaign he had been subjected to unbearable
+insults and indignities, and his Corps and its performances had been
+underrated and disparaged. And now, to have promoted over him a junior
+officer from this Department, whose rank and service were far below his,
+was the last straw; his reputation as a soldier and his honor as a man
+would not, he said, admit of his remaining.
+
+The enemy's picket line had been temporarily quieted by the advance of
+the Thirteenth New Jersey, but was now again annoying us. These pickets
+were on a ridge about two hundred yards in front of their main line of
+works, and not more than four hundred yards from our camp. They had
+lines of pits dug all along their position and could at any time
+communicate with their main line. Our pickets were also located in pits,
+but could only be relieved at night. It was determined to reverse this
+order of things. So at daylight on July 30, at a preconcerted signal,
+our whole Brigade picket line, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Morse
+of the Second Massachusetts, jumped out of their pits, crossed the
+intervening space at a run, and captured the enemy's entire line,
+numbering seven officers and ninety-seven men.
+
+A regiment was immediately sent out to reënforce our men, and
+breastworks were hastily thrown up. From their forts and main
+breastworks, the enemy poured into us a shower of shot and shell; but
+our men held their position all day, many of them firing as much as two
+hundred rounds of ammunition. At night the position was made impregnable
+against anything save a movement in large force; and in the morning the
+enemy were compelled to withdraw their artillery and close the
+embrasures of their forts.
+
+For some weeks there was not much change in the situation, so far as we
+were concerned. There was much hard work for the men in the trenches,
+and they were all getting anxious for the capture of Atlanta. I believe
+nine-tenths of them would rather have fought the matter out in an open
+battle than to have kept on scraping and shoveling to dig them out. It
+seemed to us at the time that between our army and that of the
+Confederates, there had been enough dirt dug, from Louisville to
+Atlanta, to have built all the railroads in the United States.
+
+For a time in our advanced position, firing on the picket line was
+constant, and there were many casualties. In a week or two, however, a
+sort of truce was established, and firing ceased. Just before I had
+rejoined my Regiment on the Chattahoochee, our pickets had been quite
+friendly with the pickets of the enemy. They had traded coffee for
+tobacco, and had offered to take letters and send them to Union
+prisoners in their hands. I should at this time have liked to send a
+letter to my brother. But now they would not go as far as that; nothing
+would induce them to meet us between the picket lines for trading; to
+all our advances they replied that their orders forbade them to do so.
+
+On August 25 important changes were made in the disposition of our
+troops. Our Corps was withdrawn from before Atlanta and moved back to
+the Chattahoochee River. The rest of the army was moved around to the
+south of Atlanta, temporarily abandoning its communications; this was in
+order, by threatening his flank, to compel Hood to come out of his works
+and fight us in the open.
+
+Throughout that day our heavy guns poured a constant stream of shot and
+shell into the city. As soon as darkness had settled down on the camps,
+we silently folded our tents and moved back. I had been on picket duty
+that night; it was still and clear, and the slightest sound could be
+heard at a great distance. As I passed along the picket line, from man
+to man, and gave them the word to follow instructions--which were for
+each man, as I passed him, to leave his post and go back silently to the
+rear--I could hear the Confederates changing their relief just a little
+in my front. In one case I heard the old sentinel tell the new one to
+"keep a sharp watch on those Yanks over there," for they were up to
+something and he believed they were going to attack.
+
+At the railroad bridge over the Chattahoochee, where we took position,
+earthworks had already been built. We strengthened them and built new
+ones, so that by the night of the 26th we were in condition to fight the
+whole of Hood's army. Hood was, however, too busy south of Atlanta,
+where Sherman now was, to trouble us; and we had several days of
+complete quiet. It was a great relief, after our experiences in the
+trenches, to be able to walk around without hearing the bullets whistle
+about our ears. Not the least of our enjoyment was, to have a good river
+close at hand to bathe in.
+
+During our stay here, General Slocum arrived and took command of the
+Corps. When he made his first tour around the camp, he was given a royal
+reception by his old command. They had all been anxious to have as their
+leader someone who had been identified with them in the Army of the
+Potomac. With that army they had won their laurels, and they wished
+still to be known as a part of it.
+
+Slocum was a very different type of man from Hooker. The latter was
+brilliant and dashing, and in the excitement of battle his ardor and
+personal courage carried him where the fire was hottest. Slocum, on the
+contrary, reminded one of the descriptions of Marlborough. Cool and
+unimpassioned he directed a battle as he would a review. Without
+particularly avoiding danger, he would not rush recklessly into it.
+Hooker was an inveterate boaster. Slocum usually said nothing. I think
+most men would have considered Hooker the better leader, and Slocum the
+better man.
+
+Late on the night of September 1, while I was on picket duty, I heard in
+the direction of Atlanta what I at first thought was artillery. The
+rumbling kept increasing in intensity until it seemed like the heaviest
+firing I had ever heard. Finally, a number of terrific explosions lit up
+the air. At six miles distance they seemed like bright flashes of
+lightning. I knew then that the enemy were blowing up their powder
+magazines. I supposed, however, that Sherman was fighting his way into
+Atlanta from the south.
+
+At daylight a reconnoitering party was sent out toward the city. They
+found it evacuated, except for a small rear guard of cavalry which was
+soon driven out. The remainder of the Corps moved up in the afternoon,
+our Regiment reaching the city at about dark. Sherman's flanking
+movement had been completely successful. He had met Hood on the Macon
+Railroad, near Jonesboro, and had beaten him terribly. The Confederate
+commander had been obliged to evacuate Atlanta at once, blowing up
+eighty cars of ammunition which had been cut off by the capture of the
+railroad at Jonesboro. He had been compelled to destroy, also, the large
+rolling mill of the city, which was said to have been the only mill in
+the South where plating for gunboats could be manufactured.
+
+We found more Union sentiment in Atlanta than anywhere else in the
+South. As our Brigade entered the city, at about nine o'clock at night,
+many of the women brought out buckets of water for us to drink. They
+were very bitter against Hood's army, which they said had robbed them
+of everything that could be carried off, with the excuse that the
+Yankees would steal it anyway. They were agreeably disappointed to find
+that the Yankees did not rob them of a thing.
+
+Immense quantities of tobacco were abandoned by the Secessionist
+citizens who left town. This fact ruined the sutlers' trade in that
+article. On the day before Atlanta fell, tobacco sold in our camps at a
+dollar a plug, and fifteen cents for cigars. On the day after, plug
+tobacco passed about for five cents, and cigars were twenty-five cents a
+hundred. Our men found tobacco in every conceivable place. One lot of
+twenty boxes was dug out from under a big ash-heap. It was, however, the
+only plunder obtained, for the most stringent orders were issued against
+pillaging occupied houses.
+
+The effects of the Union bombardment could everywhere be seen in the
+city. Almost every house had the marks on it of shot and shell. One man
+showed me a dozen shells that had struck in his garden. The families
+remaining in the city had all built in their yards bombproofs, to which
+they had fled for safety whenever the shelling was in progress.
+
+On September 6 Sherman's army came back from Jonesboro, and went into
+camp in the vicinity of town. For a time we enjoyed the luxury of
+complete rest, after our four months of continuous campaigning. On
+September 23 our Regiment received from Wisconsin 200 fresh recruits,
+who had just been secured under the draft. Every one was a substitute,
+and a splendid lot of men they were physically, representing almost
+every nation in Europe--English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, Germans, French,
+Norwegians, and I don't know how many others. Some of them could not
+speak a word of English. Over a dozen were full-blooded Chippewa
+Indians, who until they put on the uniforms of the United States Army,
+had never worn the clothing of civilized people. They were all excellent
+raw material, and in the course of time made good soldiers. I recall
+only two of the entire 200 who deserted.
+
+About the first of October, Hood set out on his trip to the North, in
+the attempt to starve us out of Atlanta. On October 3 Sherman started
+after him with all of the army except our Corps, which was left to hold
+the town. Our camps were now changed around so as to defend the city on
+a shorter line. Our Brigade was moved from the south to the northwest
+side, and set to work to build new breastworks, or rather to rebuild the
+old ones of the Confederates.
+
+The enemy succeeded in getting upon our railroad to the North, and for
+about twenty days we were completely cut off without news or provisions.
+However, they had left us the whole of the country southward to forage
+in; and this, together with the rice we had captured in the city, and
+the "beef dried on the hoof," as the men called the cattle that were
+driven in, kept us a long way from starving. Every week our forage
+trains would run out into the country to the south, and gather in from
+500 to 700 wagon-loads of corn, besides living, while they were out, on
+the best that the land afforded. Moreover, we had our provisions all to
+ourselves; for on September 10 Sherman had ordered all the citizens of
+the town to leave either to the North or to the South.
+
+On October 11 our Regiment went out for the first time on a foraging
+expedition. There were 2,500 men in the detachment, and a train of about
+500 wagons. About fifteen miles south of Atlanta we found plenty of corn
+for the animals; and for the men, abundance of sweet potatoes and other
+dainties not laid down in the army menu. In two days we had our wagons
+laden with all that could be hauled away. About a fortnight later we
+went out again and brought in over 800 wagons of corn.
+
+The forage which we thus gathered was the salvation of our animals and
+beef cattle. The mules had been on half rations of grain all summer,
+quite without hay, and the whole country in the vicinity of Atlanta had
+been grazed over until it was as bare as a city street. The beeves that
+had been driven down from Louisville, had for weeks nothing to eat save
+the leaves and sprouts on the bushes. It was a standing joke among the
+men that the commissary always killed for beef those animals that could
+not survive until the next day.
+
+
+
+
+_The March to the Sea_
+
+
+On October 29 came the first through trains from Chattanooga, after the
+movement of Hood to the North. On the same day came orders to reduce
+baggage and prepare for marching. Soon, rumors were spreading about the
+camp that we were to start on a fifty days' campaign, without
+communications. On November 4 we were ready to move. I wrote numerous
+letters of good-bye to friends at home, telling them that they would
+hear from me next at Charleston or Savannah. I hoped that it would be
+Charleston, for I wanted the people of South Carolina who started the
+war to feel its effects and to reap their share of the horrors.
+
+On November 5 we started out and marched three miles from town. The next
+day, however, we returned in order to wait until the Army of the
+Tennessee might be paid off. This gave us a chance to vote in the
+Presidential election, which we had come very near missing. Our Regiment
+gave Lincoln 304 votes and McClellan 21. For another full week we
+remained in Atlanta, our Regiment being occupied the entire time in
+tearing up railroad tracks and destroying everything of value in the
+city. By the time we were ready to leave, Atlanta was worth little more
+to the Confederates than any other piece of ground of similar size. On
+November 15 we started out in earnest on the now famous "March to the
+Sea." Our last view of Atlanta, the prize for which we had so long
+struggled, was a column of dense smoke from its burning buildings; we
+had destroyed everything in town except the churches and private
+residences.
+
+Our expedition numbered about 50,000 men, under the command of Sherman.
+Thomas's army remained behind to look after Hood. We took with us only
+about twenty days' rations, for the country through which we passed was
+expected to furnish the remainder of our needs. The army proceeded in
+two columns--the right wing under Howard making for Macon; the left
+under Slocum making for Augusta. Each corps, also, took a different
+route in order to be able to subsist more easily on the country.
+
+Our Corps proceeded along the Augusta railroad, which we destroyed as
+we went along by burning the ties and twisting the heated rails. Parts
+of the country were poor and furnished little forage. Other portions,
+however, compensated by giving us an abundance of sweet potatoes and
+pork, with occasional lots of corn meal, flour, and sorghum, and, for
+the first arrivals on the plantation, chickens and turkeys. On our route
+we found plenty of good horses and mules, and all the forage that we
+could carry off. Occasionally, also the enterprising forager would
+capture some apple-jack or corn whiskey.
+
+At Madison we turned and took the road to Milledgeville, the capital of
+Georgia. Geary's Division, however, followed up the railroad to the
+Oconee River, and destroyed the Oconee bridge. We entered Milledgeville
+on the 22nd without opposition, and camped in the state-house yard.
+During our stay, our Regiment and the One Hundred Seventh New York
+guarded the city. I took up my quarters with an acquaintance of one of
+my Wisconsin friends, and saw to it that his house and family were not
+molested. He had several hundred bales of cotton stored near town,
+which Sherman had consented to have bonded; but some zealous officer or
+officious "bummer," had set fire to it before it could be saved.
+
+Upon our approach to Milledgeville, Governor Brown of Georgia, had
+released all of the convicts in the State Prison at that place. In
+celebration of their freedom, their first act was to destroy the old
+prison. Our first work was to destroy the Milledgeville arsenal, in
+which was stored a large quantity of Confederate arms and ammunition. We
+carried out and threw into the river, all of the ammunition in the
+magazine, and burned up all of the arms and equipment. Besides several
+thousand stands of good arms, there were a lot of old-fashioned rifles
+and shot-guns, and thousands of pikes and bowie knives that had been
+manufactured by the State for the militia, with which to repel Yankees.
+In the state-house were millions of dollars of Georgia State money, in
+bills of all denominations and to these the men helped themselves
+without limit. All of the cotton in the vicinity that could be burned
+without endangering good buildings, was destroyed, and that which was
+stored in the city was bonded not to be turned over to the Confederate
+Government, or used for its benefit. I was sent out with a detachment of
+men to search the stores for tobacco, and found enough to load several
+wagons, which kept the army supplied with that article until we reached
+Savannah.
+
+From Milledgeville we marched eastward toward Sandersville, through a
+very poor country. At Buffalo Creek, a swampy stream about eight miles
+from Sandersville, we found that the seven bridges crossing it had been
+burned--the negroes told us that this had been done by the people of
+Sandersville. We were delayed about three hours in repairing the
+bridges, so did not arrive at Sandersville until the next morning. For
+the last two days we had been on slim rations, and Sandersville was well
+supplied. Of course there was a general rush for eatables, and the town
+was soon raided. The citizens hurried to Sherman to make complaint and
+get protection.
+
+He turned on them and asked, "Which of you was it who set fire to those
+bridges yesterday?" They all denied having done it, but admitted that it
+had been done by citizens of the town. "Well," said he, "those that make
+war must take the consequences," which was all the consolation they
+got. Later, we found the man who fired the bridges; he was promptly
+arrested and his property burned.
+
+As we entered Sandersville we had a sharp skirmish with Wheeler's
+Confederate Cavalry, in which two of them were killed. Our Indians
+seemed to think it was not exactly right to leave the dead bodies with
+their scalps on. They soon fell into the civilized custom of making war,
+however, and did not afterward express any desire to take scalps.
+
+From Sandersville we turned south until we reached the Georgia Central
+Railroad at Tennille Station. We burned the railway buildings there, and
+proceeded along the line, tearing it up as we went along.
+
+On November 28 we passed near the home of the Honorable Herschel V.
+Johnson.[1] By prodding into the ground with their ramrods, some of our
+foragers found there a lot of more or less valuable papers and letters,
+which had for safe-keeping been buried in his cabbage patch. Some of the
+letters from his son, who was an officer on Hood's staff, afforded us
+much amusement. Our mess forager found here, also, a stock of flour that
+lasted until we reached Savannah.
+
+[1] H. V. Johnson was born in Burke County, Georgia, in 1812. He served
+his State as Federal Senator from 1848 to 1849, and as Governor from
+1853 to 1857. In 1860 he was nominated for the Vice-Presidency on the
+ticket of Stephen A. Douglas. He opposed to the last the secession of
+Georgia, but ultimately cast his lot with his State, and was elected to
+the Confederate Senate. After the war he was active in securing the
+restoration of Georgia to her political rights in the Union. In 1866 he
+was again chosen to the Federal Senate, but was unable to serve under
+the reconstruction acts of Congress. He died in Jefferson County,
+Georgia, in 1880.
+
+
+
+Thus far, we had almost always found sufficient provisions along the
+line of march to feed the command fairly well. Now, however, we were
+obliged to send out strong parties of foragers for long distances on our
+flanks, to search the country in order to get enough to eat. Wherever we
+went we destroyed everything that might be of value to the enemy. On the
+29th, near Bostwick, we burned up millions of feet of bridge timber, all
+got out and framed for bridges, that the Confederates expected to build
+when the Yankees were driven out. I noticed that some of the timbers
+were marked Strawberry Plains and Chattanooga Creek.
+
+On December 3 our column crossed the Millen & Augusta Railroad near
+Millen, and destroyed as much of it as we could. We were now in a level,
+sandy country, thickly covered with pine timber, and plantations were
+few and scattered. On the 4th we heard cannonading in the distance,
+which was said by citizens to be at Charleston, South Carolina, seventy
+miles away. On the 7th we found our road for a distance obstructed with
+felled timber, which, however, so little delayed the march that those in
+the rear would not have known of it. On the 8th, after passing
+Springfield, the trains and pack-mules were left behind, with the Third
+Division as a guard, while the First and Second Divisions pushed on
+rapidly toward Savannah.
+
+
+
+
+_In Front of Savannah_
+
+
+We encountered the enemy in force for the first time fourteen miles from
+Savannah, in Monteith Swamp, where they had built an earthwork across
+the road and felled trees in front of it. The First Brigade of our
+Division was sent around to their left, and our Brigade to their right,
+while the Third Brigade moved forward on the center. Our plan was to
+hold their attention to the front, while we got around on their rear.
+They discovered us in time, however, to escape. Captain Kleven of
+Company H, who with his skirmishers, was in advance of our Brigade, made
+a rapid movement forward as soon as he saw the enemy falling back, and
+succeeded in capturing three prisoners. The First Brigade opened fire at
+about the same time, sending a few bullets over our way, and severely
+wounding in the foot, Captain Buck of Company B. The Third Brigade also
+came up in time to claim a share in the honor of capturing the three
+prisoners. Finally, to settle the dispute, the prisoners themselves were
+brought to Division headquarters, where they pointed out Captain Kleven
+as their captor.
+
+At Monteith Station we captured the post-office and a considerable mail.
+The letters, which were mostly written by the soldiers whom we had
+tried to capture the day before, afforded the men an abundance of fun.
+
+On the 10th we marched to within about four miles of Savannah, where we
+were stopped by the entrenched enemy. While we were getting into line, a
+detail of foragers, gathered along the banks of the Savannah River,
+spied a small steamer coming up the stream from the city. They hid
+themselves along the shore until the boat was directly opposite, when
+they opened a musketry fire and compelled the craft to surrender. It
+proved to be a Confederate dispatch boat on its way up the river to warn
+the fleet that Sherman and his army had arrived. The fleet did not
+receive the warning, and interesting developments followed. The men who
+had captured the prize did not know its value, and after stripping it of
+everything they wanted, set fire to it.
+
+The country between our lines and those of the enemy was a big rice
+plantation, which overflowed at every high tide, and which could be kept
+under water by closing the flood-gates. The only means of access to the
+city were the narrow causeways built through this swamp. At the point
+where we were located, the Savannah River is divided by Argyle Island
+into two channels, the main or navigable one being near the Georgia
+shore. The island is about ten miles long, and at our end something like
+a mile wide. It was occupied by a large rice plantation, which naturally
+overflowed about two feet at high tide, but which had been ditched and
+diked so that the flow was regulated at the flood-gates. If we could
+control these, we could keep the island passable. The plantation
+buildings were situated on the east side, near the channel, where a
+number of acres rose high enough above the general surface to be safe
+from overflow.
+
+On the evening of the 11th our Regiment was ordered across to Argyle
+Island. There were on hand but two or three skiffs, and only a portion
+of the men could be brought over that night. In the morning the crossing
+was being continued, when suddenly the discovery was made that three
+steamers were coming around the bend of the river on their way to
+Savannah. Owing to the vigilance of our foragers on the previous day,
+they had received no warning of the presence of Sherman's army.
+
+Captain Winegar of Battery M, First New York Artillery, had his rifled
+guns in position on a slight elevation along the shore, where he
+commanded the river for a stretch of nearly a mile. As soon as the
+steamers, which were a part of Commodore Tattnall's Mosquito Fleet, came
+into plain view, he opened on them. They probably had never before been
+under fire for their crews seemed confused. The first craft, which was a
+gunboat, commenced immediately backing and turning. The second, the
+armed tender "Resolute," started to do the same, but was run into by the
+third, and so badly crippled that she drifted ashore against Argyle
+Island. The other two vessels managed to escape up the river.
+
+While the miniature naval battle was going on, our men who were on the
+island, under command of Captain Barager, had hastened to the scene.
+When the "Resolute" drifted ashore, they were on hand to prevent the
+officers and crew from making their escape in small boats, as they had
+started to do. There were twenty prisoners in all. We afterwards had a
+fine lot of fun listening to the officers as they accused one another of
+being the cause of the disaster. The "Resolute" was towed over to the
+Georgia shore, near the battery, but could not be repaired in time to be
+of any service in our future operations on the island.
+
+The question of rations was at this time becoming vital. One day's
+allowance had been issued to us on the day after our arrival in front of
+Savannah. We were, therefore, on the lookout for anything that might
+serve to supplement our supplies. As soon as my Company had come across
+to the island, we took the shortest route to the plantation buildings on
+the east side. Not a thing was left; those who had come before us had
+already absorbed everything. But at the landing I found a good six-oared
+boat that would carry about ten men besides the rowers. Impressing a
+crew of negroes to row the boat, I started for a plantation on the other
+side of the river, about half a mile up, thinking that I would be the
+first man of Sherman's army to invade South Carolina. On landing,
+however, I was told by the blacks that two of our "bummers" had been
+there the day before, and in an altercation with the plantation hands
+had killed one of them. The funeral was just going on when we arrived.
+Subsequent events made me believe that Wheeler's Cavalry, and not our
+men were responsible for this tragedy.
+
+I placed a sentinel out on the only road by which a mounted force could
+approach, and then began a search for eatables. We soon were rewarded by
+a good supply of sweet potatoes and sorghum. In the boat-house we found
+a fine lot of boats; as these were especially valuable for our purposes,
+we shoved them all out into the river to float down to our landing on
+the island. We had just loaded up our supplies, when my sentinel came
+running in with the report that a large force of cavalry were coming. We
+hastily pulled back to the island and waited for them; but they did not
+come to close quarters and soon retired.
+
+Three days later I was sent out with Captain Barager's Company and my
+own to take possession of this plantation. We knew that the enemy now
+held it in some force, but we did not know how strong they were. I had
+secured boats enough on our first raid to be able to take over both of
+our companies at one time. We started in the morning, when it was as yet
+scarcely light, hoping to come upon the enemy unexpectedly. Their
+sentinels discovered us, however, and fired on us while crossing. We
+landed about a quarter of a mile from the plantation buildings and
+rapidly pushed forward. I sent Barager with his Company to the right,
+while I took the direct course to the rice mill, in which the enemy were
+sheltered.
+
+The country was broken up into a mass of ditches, dykes, and canals. We
+found that our only road was along a narrow dyke, and that we should
+either have to return or charge them in single file. We did not retreat.
+In less time than it takes to tell this story, we had the mill. They
+gave us one volley and hit nobody. We did not fire a shot. They escaped
+with their guns and ammunition, but we captured all their provisions,
+including their breakfast cooking on the fire. For the first time in
+three days we had all that we wanted to eat. Colonel Hawley came over
+soon after, with three more companies, but toward night the Confederates
+appeared in such force that we again withdrew to the island.
+
+The next morning the enemy brought down a section of artillery to the
+Smith Plantation, as it was called, and commenced shelling our island
+camp. I was sent with my Company to get as close as possible to them on
+our side of the river, and either silence them or drive them off. I got
+up within about a hundred and fifty yards of them and opened fire. They
+immediately turned their guns on us, and for a few minutes gave it to us
+hot. We had good shelter, however, and lost only one man--John Furlong,
+a veteran of Company E. It took me about twenty minutes to drive off the
+battery, but their infantry held out all day.
+
+On the 19th the whole Brigade crossed over to the Smith Plantation, with
+a section of artillery. Entrenchments were built at all commanding
+points, and preparation made to hold the position. On the 20th Colonel
+Hawley made a reconnoissance in force toward Union Causeway, the only
+Confederate outlet from Savannah, but found the enemy in such strength
+that he could not reach it. But from our position we could see the lines
+of their wagons leaving the city. On the morning of the 21st it was
+found that the enemy had evacuated Savannah, and our troops moved in and
+took possession.
+
+We now received orders to recross the river to the Georgia side and
+march to Savannah. We had nothing but flatboats to cross in, and a
+strong wind was against us, so that we made slow progress while our
+Regiment covered the crossing. When all the rest had passed over, and we
+were about half embarked, the enemy swarmed down upon us by the
+thousand. They had us surrounded on three sides, with a river behind;
+and our chances for seeing Savannah were not brilliant. Nevertheless, we
+faced about and prepared to fight them. Our friends of the Second
+Massachusetts came, without orders, back to our assistance, and placed
+themselves where they could cover our flanks. We were sheltered behind a
+dyke, and the enemy could not get at us save by charging across an open
+rice field; this they did not have the nerve to do, so that when
+darkness settled down we got off safely to the island. I think there was
+not a man in our command, but thanked his lucky stars that it was not
+some of Lee's veterans that had us in that fix that night.
+
+
+
+
+_In Savannah_
+
+
+The next day, we crossed without interruption from the island to the
+Georgia shore, which we reached by four o'clock, and then marched toward
+Savannah. We went into camp on the bank of the river about two miles
+from the city, and this ended on our part the "March to the Sea."
+
+Just twenty-five days had elapsed from the time our army left Atlanta
+until it signalled the fleet off the coast. During that time our wing
+had marched 300 miles, destroyed over 400 miles of railroad and an
+amount of cotton that can hardly be estimated, and most of the time had
+lived off the country. Of our immense train of 2,500 wagons not one had
+been captured on the route. We had moreover secured an almost entirely
+new stock of mules and horses. And to crown all, we had won Savannah
+with an immense amount of the spoils of war. It was everywhere the
+opinion that Sherman had struck the hardest blow at the Rebellion that
+it had yet received, and at the least cost. The troops were in high
+spirits over their continued successes. The feeling prevailed that they
+had but to start for a place, and it was theirs. The confidence in
+Sherman was unlimited. When we left Atlanta, on what was considered the
+most perilous movement of the war, I never heard a single expression of
+doubt as to our ultimate success. The Confederates whom we encountered
+considered him the ablest general that had commanded troops in the war,
+and feared him more than any other.
+
+We remained at Savannah until January 17, 1865. Our camp was in a
+beautiful grove of live oaks and pine, festooned with Spanish moss, and
+the weather was delightful. The work was comparatively light, and the
+men were confidently looking forward to the end of the war. We built new
+fortifications around the city on nearly the same lines as the old
+Revolutionary works. New roads were constructed across Hutchinson Island
+and northward into South Carolina. We were also busy, in order that
+supplies might be brought in as fast as needed, in clearing out the
+Savannah River, which the enemy had closed with obstructions.
+
+The citizens of Savannah seemed well pleased with their change of
+rulers. They uniformly treated us with courtesy, and displayed a
+sociability that we did not usually encounter in the South. In return,
+General Sherman showed them every possible consideration. I was never in
+a captured place where private property was respected and protected as
+it was here, or where citizens were allowed so many privileges.
+Employment was furnished to those who wanted it, and a large amount of
+provisions was placed at the disposal of the mayor of the city for
+distribution among the destitute.
+
+A good story was told on the Episcopal rector of the town. He had been
+deputized by the rest of the clergy to wait on General Sherman, and get
+permission to preach. When he stated his business, Sherman at once
+replied, "Of course you can preach; that is just what I want you to do."
+
+The preacher then stammered out an enquiry whether he would be compelled
+to pray for the President of the United States. "Pray for Jeff. Davis
+or the Devil, if you want to," replied Sherman; "I think you had better
+pray for them, for they need it more than Lincoln."
+
+
+
+
+_Marching Northward_
+
+
+On January 17 we crossed the Savannah River on our bridge of flatboats,
+and started on our new campaign to the North. We were at the outset met
+by such fearful weather that we were virtually brought to a standstill.
+Only a portion of our army had yet crossed to the South Carolina side,
+when a freshet of unprecedented height raised the river so suddenly that
+it swept away the bridge, overflowed Hutchinson Island, and carried off
+a lot of wagons and mules that were just about to start. The freshet
+came before there had been a drop of rain in our vicinity; but it began
+to rain immediately after, and it seemed as though it would never stop.
+The country everywhere became a perfect quagmire, and a dry spot was
+hard to find.
+
+Slowly we proceeded up the east side of the Savannah River, the
+remainder of Sherman's army following on the right side. On the 29th,
+at Robertsville, we encountered a strong force of Wheeler's Cavalry,
+which delayed our column for a short time. Our Regiment was sent to the
+front to drive them off. The two right companies, under command of
+Captain Haskins, deployed as skirmishers, and soon swept the enemy away
+like chaff before the wind. On the 30th we opened communications with
+Sherman at Sister's Ferry, where he had brought the remainder of his
+army across into South Carolina.
+
+We now left Savannah River, marching almost directly north. Profiting by
+our previous experiences, we early organized a foraging party of four
+men from each company. They had permission to mount themselves with
+captured animals as soon as possible. In a short time they not only had
+mounts, but sufficient pack animals to carry several days' provisions
+for the Regiment. The first time they came into camp they presented a
+motley appearance, riding horses and mules, and displaying every variety
+of saddle and harness known to man. But they were soon as well mounted
+as the cavalry, and had transportation and equipment for any service. As
+we marched northward, the enemy's cavalry became more and more active
+on our flanks, so that our foragers were compelled to unite for
+protection. Our detail and that from the Second Massachusetts, under
+Lieutenant Thompson, were united almost from the start.
+
+The low ground and the constant rains made marching so difficult that we
+rarely covered more than twelve miles in a day. Much of the way we were
+obliged to corduroy the roads for the trains. For this purpose we used
+fence rails when they were to be had; when there were none, we cut
+timber and brush. Reaching the Charleston & Augusta Railroad at Graham
+Station on February 7, we spent the next four days in destroying the
+tracks toward Augusta.
+
+While we were in camp at Graham Station, Colonel Hawley, who now
+commanded our Brigade, and General Slocum, our Corps commander, had an
+argument as to the best method of tearing up a railroad track. Hawley
+contended that it was best to line up the men along the track, and at
+the word of command have them pick it up and turn it over. Slocum
+protested that this could not be done. A bet was made of a bottle of
+Apollinaris water, or something else, and Hawley sent for his old
+Regiment to try the experiment. When the order came to fall in without
+arms, our men were cooking their supper. Captain Woodford of Hawley's
+staff went along the line, while we were forming, and explained that the
+Colonel had made a bet as to what the Regiment could do. We were soon
+lined up along the track, and the command was given to take hold and
+lift. In the hands of those brawny men, that railroad was a plaything.
+It went over so fast, that some of the staff officers who had gathered
+to watch the performance, had to move lively to escape the flying rails
+and ties.[2]
+
+[2] A detailed description of the manner of destroying railroad track
+during Sherman's Campaign is given by Gen. H. W. Slocum, "Sherman's
+March from Savannah to Bentonville," in _Century Magazine_ Old Series,
+xxxiv, p. 930.
+
+
+From Graham Station we marched northward through constant rain and mud,
+subsisting entirely on the country, without drawing rations except
+coffee or sugar, and generally we had plenty to eat; corn meal and bacon
+constituted our usual bill of fare. The army was in fine spirits. In
+thus picking up a living in such a country, where the only products of
+the soil seemed to be tar and rosin, and pitch pines the only visible
+vegetation, they felt confident of their ability to find a living
+anywhere.
+
+Our Corps did not enter Columbia, but crossed the Saluda River about ten
+miles above. The Fifteenth and Seventeenth Corps of the Army of the
+Tennessee occupied the city, and destroyed everything in it. They
+released about sixty Union officers who were confined there; and between
+them and the soldiers and the whiskey that was found Columbia soon
+ceased to exist. Scarcely a private residence, even, was left. The only
+thing that would not burn was the new state-house, said to have been the
+finest in the Union, and this was mined and blown up. South Carolina was
+having a bitter taste of the horrors of war.
+
+On February 21 we struck at Winnsboro the railroad running between
+Columbia and Charlotteville; and following this northward for a
+distance, destroyed it as we went along. Then turning toward the
+northeast, by way of Rocky Mount, Hanging Rock, and Chesterfield, we
+marched to Fayetteville, North Carolina.
+
+During the entire march from Columbia to Fayetteville we had but three
+pleasant days; the rain was almost continuous. Our road, most of the
+way, was through swamps and creeks, where bridges had to be built and
+roads corduroyed. Frequently, from early morning until midnight, we
+worked in rain and mud to get our trains along for six or eight miles.
+The rough work soon wore out our clothing--many of the men were
+barefooted; many were wearing citizen's dress; the whole army looked
+more like Falstaff's ragged regiment than soldiers of the United States.
+But we met little opposition from the enemy. The spirit of four years
+before seemed to have been beaten out of them. We felt that the only
+Confederate troops that would still give us serious fighting, were those
+with Lee at Richmond.
+
+Arriving at Fayetteville on March 12, we once more opened communication
+with the fleet, by way of Wilmington and Cape Fear River. On the 15th we
+set out on our way to Goldsboro, and the first night went early into
+camp, about ten miles from Fayetteville. At eight o'clock, however, we
+were sent out again into a dark and stormy night to go to the assistance
+of General Kilpatrick's Cavalry, which had met the enemy. For five miles
+we waded through mud and water to the place of danger, and bivouacked
+for the night in line, facing the enemy. In the morning we had some
+sharp skirmishing, but in the afternoon the enemy were driven from their
+position.
+
+On the 19th General Carlin's Division of the Fourteenth Corps was
+attacked and thrown into confusion by General Joe Johnston's army near
+Bentonville. Our Brigade was rapidly pushed forward with a number of
+others, and formed in line of battle near the left of the Corps. The
+enemy made several attacks, the brunt of which fell upon the troops to
+the right, and then retreated. This battle, which the Union Army
+nicknamed the Battle of Acorn Run, in compliment to the badge of the
+Fourteenth Corps, was the last in which our Regiment was engaged during
+the war.
+
+On the 22nd, we advanced once more, and found that the enemy was gone.
+Two days later we arrived at Goldsboro, and occupied the city without
+opposition. On the 27th, for the first time since we had left Savannah,
+rations were issued to the troops.
+
+
+
+
+_Peace_
+
+
+We began the last campaign of the war on April 10, entering Raleigh on
+the 13th without resistance. The next day we again began to organize our
+foraging parties, and to make preparations for a campaign back through
+Georgia. During the day, however, everything was changed. General
+Johnston, following Lee's surrender on April 9, had sent in asking for
+terms.
+
+On April 20 I wrote home the following letter:
+
+                            CAMP OF THE 3RD WIS. VET. INFTY.
+                                 RALEIGH, N. C., APRIL 20, 1864.
+
+    My Dear ----:
+
+    The Angel of Peace has spread his wings over our country once more.
+    The glad tidings were announced to the army last night by General
+    Sherman in general orders. As soon as the agreement which he had
+    made with General Johnston and higher authorities could be ratified
+    at Washington, peace would be restored from the Potomac to the Rio
+    Grande. It was a glorious day for us who have seen the thing through
+    from the beginning to the end. General Sherman also says that he
+    expects "soon to have the pleasure of conducting this army to its
+    homes," and I believe that within six weeks you will see me in
+    Chicago "home from the wars."
+
+    I don't know just exactly what the terms of surrender are, but it is
+    the opinion of high officers that no troops will be needed for
+    garrison duty in the South. The rebels have been so completely
+    whipped that they will never want to try another rebellion. I
+    understand that Jeff. made no stipulation for his personal safety,
+    but said he was willing to take his trial before the courts, and
+    trust to the mercy of the American people. The only difficulty in
+    the negotiations was on the question of the confiscation of landed
+    property, and I have not learned how that was arranged. But I
+    believe that we have been so completely victorious that we can
+    afford to be merciful, and that a general amnesty will do more to
+    cement the Union than the most rigorous punishment. The punishment
+    that the South has already endured is like Cain's "greater than they
+    can bear." The destruction of life in this war in the South has been
+    terrible.
+
+    The news that Johnston had asked for terms on which to surrender his
+    army was published on the 16th. On the morning of the 17th a gloom
+    was thrown over the whole army by the announcement of the
+    assassination of the President, which was reported to have occurred
+    on the 11th. I never saw such a gloomy, sad time since I have been
+    in the army as that. I don't think we knew how much we did think of
+    him until then. Many expressed the opinion that if it had been Andy
+    Johnson and Stanton, it would not have been much of a calamity. The
+    next day we had New York papers of the 14th which made no mention of
+    the murder, and we all thought we had been hoaxed. Then the
+    explanation was made that the operator at Morehead City had made an
+    error, and that the assassination had been on the 14th instead of
+    the 11th, and now I hardly know what to believe about it. We shall
+    probably get more news today.
+
+    We are about to move our camp, and now for the first time comfort
+    instead of safety is considered in the selection. Just think of it!
+    I can hardly realize it. No more skirmishing, no more digging
+    trenches and building breastworks, no more whistling bullets,
+    rattling grape-shot, or screaming shells, no more friends and
+    comrades to be killed or wounded.
+
+    I don't know what has become of all my letters lately. The mail has
+    come in here three times, and I have not had a letter. My last
+    letters were dated in February, except one from * * * of March 7. I
+    suppose they will all come in a heap one of these days. * * * The
+    weather is very fine though almost too warm. We have occasional
+    showers, and vegetation is growing fine. This part of North Carolina
+    is very fine country and crops look well.
+
+    A great many of Lee's paroled army are coming in here, and they seem
+    more pleased at being whipped or at getting home than we do at
+    having gained a victory. Some of them say they cheered louder when
+    they surrendered than Grant's army when they captured them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Our camps were now overrun with citizens and paroled Confederate
+soldiers, who were hunting for horses that they had lost; some of them
+had come as far as sixty or seventy miles. We gave them all the spare
+horses that we had, for we knew that the Government would have to help
+them in some way to keep them from starvation. We also issued to them
+large quantities of rations, for there was nothing eatable left in all
+the track of Sherman's army. On the 29th, general orders were issued
+announcing the formal surrender of Johnston's army.
+
+
+
+
+_Homeward_
+
+
+On the next day began the march to Washington. We entered Richmond on
+May 11, and on the 15th camped near the old battle-field of
+Chancellorsville. On the 24th we marched into Washington, where the
+Union army passed in review before all the dignitaries of our Nation,
+the representatives of foreign lands, and the immense throngs of people
+who had gathered from far and near to see Sherman's veterans. For this
+review, we selected from our Regiment, eight companies of thirty-two men
+each--the best drilled soldiers that we had. It was my place to ride in
+the rear of the Regiment as it marched down Pennsylvania Avenue, and no
+command made a better show than ours. From the Capitol to the reviewing
+stand, the marching and wheeling were simply perfect.
+
+We now went into camp near Bladensburg, where all of the men whose terms
+of service expired before October 1 were mustered out and sent home. On
+June 6, General Hawley issued his farewell order to the old Brigade.
+When it was broken up on the next day, the officers of the Second
+Massachusetts sent to the officers of our regiment the formal expression
+of the feeling with which they parted from us. We replied in a similar
+letter. Even now, after a lapse of twenty-six years, it stirs the blood
+to read these two messages.[3]
+
+[3] This correspondence was as follows:
+
+                            Second Massachusetts Infantry,
+                               Camp Slocum, Washington, D. C, June 4,
+                                    1865.
+
+    We, the undersigned, officers of the Second Massachusetts Infantry,
+    wish to express to the officers of the Third Wisconsin Infantry our
+    heartfelt regret that the fortunes of the service are about to
+    separate our respective organizations.
+
+    From the campaign of 1862, in the Shenandoah Valley to the present
+    glorious close of this bloody war, we have fought and marched side
+    by side with you in almost every rebellious state. To have been
+    brigaded together for so long a time is in itself remarkable; no less
+    so is it that between our two regiments there should always have
+    existed such strong feelings of friendship and mutual regard, untinged
+    by the slightest shadow of jealousy.
+
+    As we recall now, some of the hard positions we have been in, we
+    cannot help remembering how often our anxiety was lessened by the
+    knowledge that the old Third Wisconsin was close at hand to support
+    us. We know that you have had the same thoughts about us. Nothing in
+    this whole war will be pleasanter for us to look back upon than this
+    feeling of mutual respect and reliance. It not only elevated the tone
+    of both our regiments, but we honestly believe, it went a great way
+    toward making our brigade and division what they are now acknowledged
+    to be--among the very best organizations of the army.
+
+    We assure you that in our own State, wherever the Second Massachusetts
+    is known, its brother regiment is also famous. Whenever any of us
+    have been at home, among the first inquiries would be, "How is the
+    Third Wisconsin?" It has been with pride that we have answered, "It is
+    the same staunch old regiment that fought at Antietam and
+    Chancellorsville."
+
+    These are not compliments but expressions of plain, honest feelings.
+    We have been knit together by deeds not words; deeds, which, as time
+    goes on, we shall look back upon with continually increasing pride.
+
+    Together we have shared dangers and hardships, victories and defeats;
+    and it is hard now for us to part; but in the natural order of things,
+    the war being over, you go towards your homes in the west, we stay near
+    ours in the east. Let us not, however, though separated by thousands of
+    miles, forget these old associations. Let us rather cherish them with
+    the fondest recollections: let it be a story to hand down to our
+    children and children's children, how the Second Massachusetts and
+    Third Wisconsin fought shoulder to shoulder through the great
+    rebellion, and achieved together glory and renown. We ask you to accept
+    this testimonial as a slight evidence of our affection and esteem. We
+    bid you farewell, and God bless you, one and all,
+
+    C. F. Morse, Lieutenant Colonel, Com.; James Francis, Major; C. E.
+        Munn, Surgeon; John A. Fox, Adjutant; E. A. Hawes, Quartermaster;
+        Captains--Daniel Oakey, F. W. Crowninshield, E. A. Phalen, George
+        A. Thayer, Theodore K. Parker, Dennis Mehan, Henry N. Comey,
+        William E. Perkins; First Lieutenants--George J. Thompson, Jesse
+        Richardson, Moses P. Richardson, William T. McAlpine, Jed C.
+        Thompson, William D. Toombs.
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+                                 Third Wisconsin V. V. Infantry,
+                                   Camp Slocum, near Washington, D. C.
+                                           June 7, 1865.
+
+
+    To the officers of the Second Massachusetts Veteran Volunteer
+        Infantry:
+
+    The undersigned, officers of the Third Wisconsin Veteran Volunteer
+    Infantry, tender their heartfelt thanks for your friendly communication
+    of the 4th inst. It was with mingled feelings of pride and pleasure,
+    not, however, unmixed with pain, that we perused it--pride at being
+    thus associated with a regiment, which by patient endurance, good
+    discipline, and unflinching bravery, has won for itself so honorable a
+    name as the Second Massachusetts; pleasure at the thought that, even
+    amid the stirring scenes of active war, the finer attributes of
+    humanity are not forgotten, and that friendship, one of the noblest
+    sentiments of the soul, still asserts her claims; pain at the
+    recollection of the many gallant and brave, whose names have been
+    associated with yours in the great struggle now happily terminated,
+    but who have given their lives for a country they loved so well.
+
+    That "every rose has its thorn" was never more apparent to us than
+    now. While in the toil and suffering of our active campaigns, we have
+    looked forward with unmixed joy to the time when the angel of peace
+    should once more spread her wings over the land, and we should return
+    home to enjoy the sweets of social and civil life, but now that the
+    hour is at hand when we must say farewell to those with whom we have
+    been associated in the service of our common country, when we must join
+    the parting hand with you, our companions and brothers in arms, our joy
+    is mingled with sadness and our smiles with tears.
+
+    We accept your communication, not only as a manifestation of personal
+    regard, but also as a fraternal greeting from the east to the west,
+    which rising superior to local jealousies and factional strife, and
+    remembering only the mingled dust of our dead on many battlefields, and
+    the common country for which they sacrificed their all, proclaims us,
+    in heart and in country, one and inseparable.
+
+    In parting, we assure you that, highly as we prize this expression of
+    sentiment toward us, and sacredly as we will preserve it as the highest
+    honor yet received, it is not needed to secure remembrance. The
+    ineffaceable pictures of the past deeply engraven in our hearts, and
+    lit up by the eternal flame of friendship will ever keep the Second
+    Massachusetts Veteran Volunteer Infantry prominent among our pleasing
+    memories in the future.
+
+    Wishing you all success and happiness and Heaven's best blessing, we
+    bid you farewell. We are, brothers, yours fraternally,
+
+    George W. Stevenson, Lieutenant-Colonel; Warham Parks, Major; J. G.
+        Conley, Surgeon; T. J. Kopff, Assistant Surgeon; A. C. Taylor,
+        Adjutant; J. T. Marvin, Quartermaster; I. E. Springer, Chaplain.
+        Captains--Ralph Van Brunt, Julian W. Hinckley, N. Daniels, E.
+        Giddings, A. D. Haskins, C. R. Barager, J. Woodford, John M.
+        Schweers, John E. Kleven. First Lieutenants--Stephen Lieurance,
+        Oliver A. Hegg, J. D. Goodrich, John Agnew, John B. Du Bois, Abner
+        Hubbell, J. D. Babcock, W. W. Freeman, George H. Cutter. Second
+        Lieutenants--E. V. Moran, Lewis Colby, Edwin F. Proctor, Elon G.
+        Biers, David Clark, A. S. Hill.
+
+
+
+The Western veteran regiments still had work before them, and were not
+mustered out. They were organized as a provisional Brigade under
+Hawley's command, and ordered to Louisville, Kentucky. Our Regiment left
+the east on June 11, travelling by way of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad
+to Parkersburg, and then down the Ohio River to Louisville. Here the
+Regiment was filled up with men from other Wisconsin commands, that were
+mustered out of service, until we had about 1,500 on our muster rolls.
+It was rumored, and in fact intended, that we should go to Mexico to
+drive out the French. The programme was entirely changed, however, when
+news came of the voluntary withdrawal of the French soldiers, and
+orders were issued to muster out our Regiment.
+
+A considerable number of our old veterans did not want to go home. A
+company was made up of those who wished to enter the services of the
+Juarez government in Mexico--at least they wished to go, if I would go
+in command. I was not quite ready, however, to become a soldier of
+fortune. When our duty to the Federal Government had been accomplished,
+I was as anxious as any to be mustered out of the army of war, and
+return to the army of peace.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+  Agnew, Lieut. John, of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Alexandria (Va.), 92, 93, 95; Army of Potomac at, 45.
+
+  Ames, Gen. Adelbert, commands expedition, 79.
+
+  ARMIES--
+    Cumberland, Third Wisconsin joins, 97;
+      reorganized, 115;
+      at New Hope Church, 125.
+    Hood's, plunders Atlanta, 142.
+    Jackson's, at Chancellorsville, 71.
+    Johnston's, at Bentonville, 172;
+       surrenders, 114, 176.
+    Northern Virginia, 39, 81;
+      battleflags captured, 91;
+      paroled, 176.
+    Potomac, 17, 39, 41, 64, 66, 117, 159;
+      at Washington, 46;
+      consolidated, 115;
+      Third Wisconsin leaves, 97.
+    Sherman's, 176;
+      advance, 116;
+      at Atlanta, 143;
+      Savannah, 157;
+      in South Carolina, 158;
+      Georgia, 166.
+    Tennessee, 122, 133, 146;
+      destroys Columbia, 170.
+    Thomas's, opposes Hood, 147.
+    Western, successful, 17.
+    Western Virginia, 38, 43.
+
+  Atlanta (Ga.), 112, 143, 163, 164;
+    exposed, 131;
+    march to, 116;
+    besieged, 131-141;
+    evacuated, 140, 147;
+    Union army near, 129, 142, 145;
+    destroyed, 146, 147.
+
+  Augur, Gen. Christopher C., at Cedar Mountain, 33.
+
+  Augusta (Ga.), 168;
+    Slocum marches toward, 147.
+
+  Augusta Railroad, destroyed, 147, 148.
+
+
+  Babcock, Lieut. Justin D., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Baltimore (Md.), threatened, 93.
+
+  Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 98, 180.
+
+  Banks, Gen. Nathaniel P., 14, 45;
+    commands corps 30, 31;
+    retreats, 23, 25, 27, 28;
+    protects Winchester, 29;
+    at Cedar Mountain, 32, 33, 38;
+    criticized, 37.
+
+  Barager, Capt. Charles R., of Third Wisconsin, 180;
+    wounded, 132;
+    in Sherman's campaign, 157, 160.
+
+  BATTLES--
+    Acorn Run, 172.
+    Antietam, 51-63, 70, 94, 178.
+    Bentonville, 172.
+    Bolivar Heights, 13.
+    Cassville, 122.
+    Catoctin Mountains, 48.
+    Chancellorsville, 69-77, 177, 178.
+    Chantilly, 44.
+    Chickamauga, 100, 116.
+    Dallas, 122-126.
+    Fort Donelson, 14.
+    Fort Henry, 14.
+    Fredericksburg, 64, 76.
+    Gettysburg, 82-89, 94.
+    Jonesboro, 141.
+    Kettle Run, 42.
+    Lookout Mountain, 102.
+    Manassas, 42, 43.
+    Missionary Ridge, 102.
+    Monteith Swamp, 153, 154.
+    Murfreesboro, 99.
+    New Hope Church, 122-126.
+    Peach Tree Creek, 129, 134.
+    Pumpkinvine Creek, 126.
+    Resaca, 117-122.
+    Roanoke Island, 14.
+    Somerset, 14.
+    South Mountain, 50, 51.
+    Winchester, 18, 19.
+
+  Bealeton Station (Va.), 79, 97.
+
+  Bentonville (N. C.), Sherman at, 169.
+
+  Benwood (W. Va.), 98.
+
+  Bertram, Capt. Henry, at Bolivar Heights, 12, 13.
+
+  Biers, Lieut. Elon G., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Birney, Gen. David B., at Chancellorsville, 71, 74.
+
+  Bladensburg (Md.), army encamped near, 177.
+
+  Blanchard, Lieut. Edward L., wounded, 132.
+
+  Bolivar Heights (Va.), 15. See also Battles.
+
+  Boone, ----, Confederate officer, 107, 108.
+
+  Boone, Daniel, grandson captured, 107.
+
+  Boonsborough (Md.), 50, 51.
+
+  Bostwick (Ga.), lumber destroyed, 152.
+
+  Bragg, Gen. Braxton, reënforced, 96.
+
+  Brandy Station (Va.), 79, 97.
+
+  Bridgeport (Ala.), 100, 116.
+
+  Bristoe Station (Va.), cars burned at, 43.
+
+  Brixey, Capt. Calvin, murders citizen, 114;
+    killed, 115.
+
+  Broad Run (Va.), 43.
+
+  Brodhead, Col. Thornton F., death, 38.
+
+  Brown, John, at Harpers Ferry, 10;
+    hung, 16.
+
+  Brown, Gov. Joseph E., releases convicts, 149.
+
+  Buck, Capt. Wilson S., wounded, 154.
+
+  Buena Vista (Wis.), school at, 1.
+
+  Buffalo (N. Y.), reception at, 8.
+
+  Bull Run (Va.), 44. See also Battles: Manassas.
+
+  Butterfield, Gen. Daniel, in skirmish, 118.
+
+  Burnside, Gen. Ambrose E., at Roanoke Island, 14;
+    removed, 64.
+
+
+  Camp Randall (Wis.), 120.
+
+  Camp Slocum (Washington, D. C.), 178, 179.
+
+  Carlin, Gen. William P., at Bentonville, 172.
+
+  Cassville (Ga.), occupied, 122.
+
+  Cemetery Ridge (Pa.), 83;
+    charge on, 87.
+    See also Battles: Gettysburg.
+
+  Centerville (Va.), 44, 81.
+
+  _Century Magazine_, 169.
+
+  Chancellor House (Va.), 70, 72, 73, 76.
+
+  Charleston (S. C.), 146, 153.
+
+  Charleston & Augusta Railroad, destroyed, 168.
+
+  Charlestown (Va.), 13, 16.
+
+  Charlotteville (S. C.), railroad destroyed, 170.
+
+  Chattanooga (Tenn.), 101;
+    campaign at, 97, 100, 107, 127, 146.
+
+  Chesterfield (S. C.), 171.
+
+  Chicago (Ill.), 7, 174.
+
+  Chilcote, Judge ----, murdered, 114.
+
+  Chippewa Indians, in Wisconsin regiment, 143;
+    at Sandersville, 151.
+
+  Clark, Capt. Andrew, commands militia, 3.
+
+  Clark, Lieut. David B., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Cleveland (Ohio), 7.
+
+  Colby, Lieut. Lewis, of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Colgrove, Col. Silas, at Chancellorsville, 75.
+
+  Collins, Joseph, killed, 61.
+
+  Columbia (S. C.), 170, 171.
+
+  Columbus (Ohio), reception at, 98.
+
+  Comey, Capt. Henry N., of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  Conley, Surg. J. Griffin, of Third Wisconsin, 125, 126, 180.
+
+  Connecticut, 97;
+    Fifth Regiment, 23.
+
+  Cooper, Judge Henry, appeals to Lincoln, 108.
+
+  CORPS--
+    First (Sigel's), 30, at Cedar Mountain, 36;
+      (Hooker's), at Antietam, 52;
+      Gettysburg, 83, 86.
+    Second, at Gettysburg, 87.
+    Third (McDowell's), 30;
+      at Cedar Mountain, 36;
+      (Heintzelman's), 42;
+      (Sickles's), at Gettysburg, 84, 85.
+    Fourth, defeated, 117.
+    Fifth (Banks's), 30;
+      (Porter's), 42;
+      at Chancellorsville, 66, 71.
+    Sixth (Franklin's), 51, 62;
+      (Sedgwick's), at Fredericksburg, 76.
+    Ninth (Burnside's), at Catoctin Mountains, 48.
+    Eleventh, 97, 100, 115;
+      at Chancellorsville, 66, 69, 71;
+      Gettysburg, 83.
+    Twelfth, 78, 81, 91, 115;
+      at Chancellorsville, 66, 69, 89;
+      Gettysburg, 89.
+    Fourteenth, at Bentonville, 172.
+    Fifteenth, destroys Columbia, 170.
+    Seventeenth, destroys Columbia, 170.
+    Twentieth, 115, 128, 133, 134, 135, 139, 147;
+      in Atlanta campaign, 131, 138, 141, 144;
+      Savannah campaign, 170;
+      at New Hope Church, 125;
+      Peach Tree Creek, 129, 134, 135.
+    Twenty-Third, 119.
+    For Confederate Corps, see names of commanders.
+
+  Crane, Lieut. Col. Louis H., at Cedar Mountain, 32;
+    killed, 34, 35.
+
+  Crawford, Gen. Samuel W., at Cedar Mountain, 32-34.
+
+  CREEKS--
+    Antietam, 51, 63.
+    Buffalo, 150.
+    Cedar Run, 20, 32, 35.
+    Chattanooga, 153.
+    Peach Tree, 129.
+    Rock, 83, 85, 87.
+
+  Crowninshield, Capt. Francis W., of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  Culpeper (Va.), 37, 38.
+
+  Culpeper Court House (Va.), 32, 46.
+
+  Cumberland (Md.), 82.
+
+  Cutter, Lieut. George H., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+
+  Dallas, (Ga.), 122. See also Battles.
+
+  Daniels, Capt. Nahum, of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Darnestown (Md.), 11, 47.
+
+  Davis, Col. ----, killed, 79.
+
+  Davis, Jefferson, 166;
+    surrenders, 174.
+
+  Dayton (Ohio), 98.
+
+  Donnelly, Col. Dudley, commands brigade, 24, 26.
+
+  Douglas, Stephen A., presidential candidate, 151.
+
+  Du Bois, Lieut. John B., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+
+  Edwards Ferry (Md.), crossed, 47.
+
+  Englishmen, in Wisconsin regiment, 143.
+
+  Erie (Pa.), 7.
+
+
+  Fairfax Station (Va.), winter camp at, 64.
+
+  Falling Waters (Md.), 90.
+
+  Fayetteville (Tenn.), 108, 111, 112, 114, 115, 120;
+    county seat, 105.
+
+  Fayetteville (N. C.), 171, 172.
+
+  Fond du Lac (Wis.), 5, 6.
+
+  FORDS--
+    Beverly, 40;
+      crossed, 79, 80.
+    Germanna, skirmish at, 66-69.
+    Kelly's, crossed, 66.
+    Raccoon, 96.
+    United States, 69.
+
+  FORTS--
+    Donelson, 14.
+    Henry, 14.
+    McHenry, 11.
+    Sumter, surrenders, 3.
+
+  Fox, Adj. John A., of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  Francis, Maj. James, of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  Franklin, Gen. William B., at Harpers Ferry, 52;
+    Antietam, 62.
+
+  Frederick City (Md.), 12, 14, 47-49;
+    capital, 11;
+    cemetery at, 13.
+
+  Fredericksburg (Va.), skirmish at, 70.
+
+  Freeman, Lieut. William W., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Frémont, Gen. John C., 29.
+
+  French, in Wisconsin regiment, 143; in Mexico, 180, 181.
+
+  Fritchie, Barbara, displays flag, 48, 49.
+
+  Front Royal (Va.), 22, 29, 30.
+
+  Furlong, John, killed, 161.
+
+
+  GAPS--
+    Chester, 30.
+    Snake Creek, 117.
+    Snicker's, 18.
+
+  Gardner, Capt. Silas E., investigates murder, 115.
+
+  Geary, Gen. John W., 148;
+    at Bolivar Heights, 12;
+    Chancellorsville, 73;
+    Gettysburg, 89;
+    New Hope Church, 122.
+
+  Georgetown (Md.), 45.
+
+  Georgia, 96, 115, 149;
+    secession, 151;
+    regiment from, 121;
+    campaign in, 173;
+    restored, 152.
+
+  Georgia Central Railroad, destroyed, 151.
+
+  Germans, in Wisconsin regiment, 143.
+
+  Giddings, Capt. Ephraim, of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Goldsboro (N. C.), 171;
+    occupied, 173.
+
+  Goodrich, Lieut. John D., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Gordon, Col. George H., commands brigade, 18, 24.
+
+  Graham Station (S. C.), 168, 169.
+
+  Grant, Gen. Ulysses S., 14, 176.
+
+  Greene, Gen. George S., at Gettysburg, 86.
+
+
+  Hagerstown (Md.), 8.
+
+  Hamilton, Gen. Charles S., commands brigade, 18.
+
+  Hanging Rock (S. C.), 171.
+
+  Harpers Ferry (Va.), 9, 10, 62, 63, 91;
+    expedition to, 12;
+    surrenders, 52.
+
+  Harrisonburg (Va.), 21.
+
+  Haskins, Capt. Alexander D., of Third Wisconsin, 180;
+    at Robertsville, 167.
+
+  Hawes, Q. M. Edwin A., of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  Hawley, Gen. William, 115;
+    wounded, 34;
+    commands brigade, 168, 180;
+    at New Hope Church, 124, 125;
+    Atlanta, 131;
+    Savannah, 160, 161;
+    in Carolina campaign, 169;
+    farewell order, 177.
+
+  Hazel Grove (Va.), skirmish at, 70, 74.
+
+  Hegg, Lieut. Oliver A., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Heintzelman, Gen. Samuel P., commands corps, 42.
+
+  Hill, Lieut. Algie S., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Hinckley, Capt. Julian W., 180;
+    early life, 1;
+    promoted, 5, 16, 64;
+    wounded, 124-127.
+
+  Hood, Gen. John B., 152;
+    at New Hope Church, 122;
+    Peach
+    Tree Creek, 129;
+    Atlanta, 138, 139, 142;
+    Jonesboro, 141;
+    in Nashville campaign, 143, 146, 147.
+
+  Hooker, Gen. Joseph, commands army, 64;
+    corps, 115;
+    superseded, 82;
+    at Antietam, 52, 57;
+    Chancellorsville, 69, 70, 76;
+    Chattanooga, 100;
+    New Hope Church, 125;
+    resigns, 134, 135;
+    characterized, 133-135, 140.
+
+  Howard, Gen. Oliver O., 117;
+    commands army wing, 147;
+    Army of Tennessee, 133, 134.
+
+  Hubbell, Lieut. Abner, of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Hunter, Capt. James W., wounded, 126, 127;
+    death, 128.
+
+
+  Ijamsville (Md.), 47.
+
+  Indiana, 98;
+    Twenty-Seventh Regiment, 24, 25;
+    at Antietam, 55, 57, 61;
+    Chancellorsville, 75.
+
+  Indianapolis (Ind.), 98.
+
+  Irish, in Wisconsin regiment, 143.
+
+  ISLANDS--
+    Argyle, 157;
+      described, 156.
+    Hutchinson, 164, 166.
+    Johnson's, military prison on, 108.
+
+
+  Jackson, Gen. Thomas J. (Stonewall), 17, 20-22;
+    at Kernstown, 19;
+    Chancellorsville, 71, 74;
+    killed, 73.
+
+  Jefferson, Thomas, cited, 11.
+
+  Jefferson Rock (Va.), visited, 10.
+
+  Johnson, Andrew, 175.
+
+  Johnson, Hon. Herschel V., sketch, 151, 152.
+
+  Johnston, Gen. Joseph E., superseded, 129;
+    at Bentonville, 172;
+    surrenders, 114, 173, 174, 176.
+
+  Jonesboro (Ga.), 141, 143.
+
+  Juarez, Benito P., service with, 181.
+
+
+  Keedysville (Md.), 50.
+
+  Kelly's Ferry (Tenn.), 101.
+
+  Kelly's Ferry (Va.), 92, 96.
+
+  Kernstown (Va.), skirmish at, 19.
+
+  Ketcham, Col. John H., assesses damages, 106.
+
+  Kettle Run (Va.), 43;
+    skirmish at, 42.
+
+  Kilpatrick, Gen. Hugh J., at Falling Waters, 90;
+    skirmish, 172.
+
+  Kingston (Ga.), 127.
+
+  Kleven, Capt. John E., 180;
+    at Monteith Swamp, 154.
+
+  Kopff, Asst. Surg. Thomas, of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+
+  Lee, Gen. Robert E., 96, 97;
+    at Rappahannock River, 39;
+    Richmond, 171;
+    surrenders, 173, 176.
+
+  Leesburg (Va.), executions at, 81.
+
+  Lewis, Gov. James T., 120.
+
+  Libby prison, 29.
+
+  Lieurance, Lieut. Stephen, of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Limbocker, Capt. George W., 25, 26.
+
+  Lincoln, President Abraham, 166;
+    call for troops, 3;
+    at Maryland Heights, 63;
+    pardons, 109;
+    appoints Howard, 134;
+    votes for, 146;
+    assassinated, 175.
+
+  Lincoln County (Tenn.), 105;
+    guerrillas in, 106, 114;
+    reorganized, 109-111.
+
+  Little Round Top (Pa.), 84. See also Battles: Gettysburg.
+
+  Little Washington (Va.), 31.
+
+  Losses: at Bolivar Heights, 13;
+    Winchester, 19, 20;
+    in retreat to Martinsburg, 29;
+    Cedar Mountain, 34-36;
+    Antietam, 60-63;
+    Gettysburg, 89;
+    New Hope Church, 126;
+    Peach Tree Creek, 129, 134, 135.
+
+  Louisville (Ky.), 98, 145, 180.
+
+  Lynchburg (Tenn.), birthplace of David Crockett, 105.
+
+
+  McAlpine, Lieut. William T., of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  McClellan, Gen. George B., 15, 47;
+    arrests legislature, 11;
+    retreats, 39;
+    reappointed, 46;
+    removed, 64;
+    votes for, 146.
+
+  McDowell, Gen. Irvin, commands corps, 30;
+    at Cedar Mountain, 36;
+    criticized, 38;
+    removed, 46.
+
+  McIntyre, Capt. James B., mustering officer, 6.
+
+  Macon (Ga.), march toward, 147.
+
+  Macon Railroad, captured, 141.
+
+  McPherson, Gen. James B., killed, 133.
+
+  Madison (Ga.), 148.
+
+  Madison (Wis.), 4, 104, 120;
+    veterans at, 105.
+
+  Maine, Tenth Regiment, at Cedar Mountain, 35.
+
+  Manassas Junction (Va.), 18, 41, 81. See also Battles.
+
+  Mansfield, Gen. Joseph K., commands corps, 47.
+
+  Marietta (Ga.), 122.
+
+  Marvin, Q. M. Joseph T., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Martinsburg (W. Va.), retreat to, 27;
+    confederates at, 81.
+
+  Maryland, legislature arrested, 11;
+    Lee enters, 47;
+    plundered, 51.
+
+  Maryland Heights (Md.), 10;
+    Lincoln at, 63.
+
+  Massachusetts, Second Regiment, 18, 25, 77, 78;
+    letter of, 177-179;
+    letter to, 179;
+    at Antietam, 55, 61;
+    Germanna Ford, 69;
+    Raccoon Ford, 96;
+    Atlanta, 136;
+    in South Carolina, 162, 168;
+    Twelfth Regiment, at Bolivar Heights, 12.
+
+  Meade, Gen. George G., commands Army of Potomac, 82.
+
+  Mehan, Capt. Dennis, of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  "Merrimac," Third Wisconsin embarks on, 93.
+
+  Mexico, 180, 181.
+
+  Michigan, First Cavalry, 27.
+
+  Middleton (Md.), 50.
+
+  Miles, Col. Dixon S., surrenders Harpers Ferry, 52.
+
+  Milledgeville (Ga.), 150;
+    capital city, 148;
+    arsenal destroyed at, 149.
+
+  Millen (Ga.), railroad destroyed, 153.
+
+  Millen & Augusta Railroad, destroyed, 153.
+
+  Miller, ----, captured, 108.
+
+  Miller, Mrs. ----, secures aid, 108.
+
+  "Mississippi," Third Wisconsin embarks on, 95.
+
+  Monroe (Wis.), 120.
+
+  Monteith Station (Ga.), mail captured, at, 154.
+
+  Montgomery (Ala.), confederate capital, 1.
+
+  Moran, Lieut. Edward V., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Morehead City (N. C.), 175.
+
+  Morse, Lieut. Col. Charles F., of Second Massachusetts, 179;
+    at Atlanta, 136.
+
+  MOUNTAINS--
+    Blue Ridge, 18, 30, 92.
+    Catoctin, 49;
+      skirmish at, 48;
+      crossed, 50.
+    Cedar, 32.
+    Lookout, 101.
+    South, crossed, 50.
+
+  Mulberry (Tenn.), 105.
+
+  Munn, Surg. Curtis E., of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  Murfreesboro (Tenn.), 99.
+
+
+  Nashville (Tenn.), 98, 99;
+    military governor at, 109.
+
+  Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, described, 99.
+
+  New Jersey, Thirteenth Regiment, 96;
+    transferred, 47;
+    at Chancellorsville, 73;
+    Atlanta, 133, 135.
+
+  New Market (Va.), manoeuver at, 21.
+
+  New York (City), 65, 92, 95, 175;
+    draft riot, 93.
+
+  New York (State), draft riot, 94;
+    regiment, deserters executed, 81;
+    First Artillery, at Gettysburg, 87;
+      Savannah, 157;
+    Ninth Regiment, transferred, 18;
+    Twenty-Eighth Regiment, 23;
+    One Hundred Seventh Regiment, transferred, 47;
+      at Milledgeville, 148;
+    One Hundred Forty-Fifth Regiment, 103;
+    One Hundred Fiftieth Regiment, 106, 130.
+
+  Nickajack Pass (Ga.), crossed, 116.
+
+  North Carolina, described, 176.
+
+  Norwegians, in Wisconsin regiment, 143.
+
+
+  Oakey, Capt. Daniel A., of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  O'Brien, Capt. Moses, killed, 35, 36.
+
+  Ohio, trip through, 98.
+
+  Orton, Capt. Thomas E., wounded, 132.
+
+
+  "Paint Rock", captured steamer, 100.
+
+  Parker, Capt. Theodore K., of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  Parkersburg (W. Va.), 180.
+
+  Parks, Maj. Warham, of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Pennsylvania, invaded, 81, 91, 93;
+    Twenty-Eighth Regiment, at Bolivar Heights, 12;
+    Twenty-Ninth Regiment, retreats, 24;
+      officers discharged, 128.
+
+  Perkins, Capt. William E., of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  Persons, Surg. Horace T., of First Wisconsin Cavalry, 127.
+
+  Phalen, Capt. Edward A., of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  Pickett, Gen. George E., charge at Gettysburg, 88, 89.
+
+  Pope, Gen. John, commands army, 30;
+    criticized, 31, 37, 38;
+    retreats, 38;
+    at Manassas, 43;
+    removed, 46.
+
+  Portage County (Wis.), 1.
+
+  Porter, Gen. Fitz John, commands corps, 42.
+
+  Price, Col. Edward L., court martialed, 103.
+
+  PRISONS--
+    Fort McHenry, 11.
+    Johnson's Island, 109.
+    Libby, 29.
+
+  Proctor, Lieut. Edwin F., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+
+  Raleigh (N. C.), campaign, 114, 173.
+
+  Rappahannock Station (Va.), 92.
+
+  "Red Star" Division, guards railroad track, 99.
+
+  Resaca (Ga.), enemy abandon, 122.
+
+  "Resolute", armed tender, captured, 157, 158.
+
+  Richardson, Lieut. Moses P., of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  Richardson, Lieut. Jesse, of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  Richmond (Va.), campaign against, 117;
+    Lee at, 171;
+    Union army, 176.
+
+  RIVERS--
+    Cape Fear, 171.
+    Chattahoochee, 128, 137-139;
+      crossed, 129.
+    Elk, 106.
+    Etowah, crossed, 122.
+    Monocacy, enemy at, 48.
+    Oconee, 148.
+    Ohio, 180;
+      crossed, 98.
+    Potomac, 93, 174;
+      crossed, 28, 45, 81.
+    Rapidan, 37, 66, 96.
+    Rappahannock, 92;
+      crossed, 38, 40, 41, 66, 69, 79.
+    Rio Grande, 174.
+    Saluda, crossed, 170.
+    Savannah, 167;
+      naval battle in, 155-157;
+      described, 156;
+      cleared, 165;
+      crossed, 166.
+    Shenandoah, 21.
+    Tennessee, 100, 101;
+      crossed, 116.
+
+  Robertsville (S. C.), skirmish at, 107.
+
+  Rocky Mount (S. C.), 170.
+
+  Ruger, Gen. Thomas H., West Point graduate, 5;
+    at Cedar Mountain, 32;
+    Chancellorsville, 75;
+    commands expedition, 92;
+    brigade, 115.
+
+  Ruger, Capt. William, wounded, 126, 127.
+
+
+  Sandersville (Ga.), plundered, 150;
+    skirmish at, 151.
+
+  Sandy Hook (Md.), 10, 15.
+
+  Savannah (Ga.), 146, 150, 152, 153, 156, 158, 173;
+    Sherman at, 155, 163, 169;
+    skirmish, 162;
+    evacuated, 161, 162, 164-166.
+
+  Schweers, Capt. John M., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Scotch, in Wisconsin regiment, 143.
+
+  Scott, Lieut. Col. John W., wounded, 34;
+    killed, 70.
+
+  Secession, conventions, 1;
+    in Georgia, 151;
+    Lincoln County, 106;
+    Maryland, 11;
+    South Carolina, 2, 146.
+
+  Sedgwick, Gen. John, at Antietam, 58, 59;
+    Fredericksburg, 76.
+
+  Seminary Ridge (Pa.), 89. See also Battles: Gettysburg.
+
+  Shelbyville (Tenn.), 99, 108.
+
+  Shenandoah Valley, campaign in, 178.
+
+  Sherman, Gen. William T., 169;
+    Georgia campaign, 143, 147, 149, 163;
+    Carolina campaign, 176;
+    at New Hope Church, 125;
+    Atlanta, 116, 139, 143, 144;
+    Jonesboro, 141;
+    Milledgeville, 150;
+    Savannah, 155, 165;
+    Sister's Ferry, 167;
+    announces peace, 173, 174;
+    grand review, 177;
+    characterized, 134, 164.
+
+  Shields, Gen. James, 29;
+    at Kernstown, 19, 20;
+    wounded, 18.
+
+  Sigel, Gen. Franz, commands corps, 30;
+    at Cedar Mountain, 36, 37.
+
+  Sister's Ferry (S. C.), Sherman at, 167.
+
+  Slocum, Gen. Henry W., at Germanna Ford, 68;
+    Vicksburg, 115;
+    Graham Station, 168;
+    commands corps, 139;
+    army wing, 147;
+    on "Sherman's March", 169;
+    characterized, 140.
+
+  Smith, Maj. Alfred B., commands brigade picket line, 130.
+
+  Smith Plantation, in South Carolina, 158-161.
+
+  South Carolina, secedes, 2;
+    begins war, 146;
+    campaign in, 158, 164, 166, 167, 170.
+
+  Springer, Rev. Isaac E., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Springer, Rev. John M., killed, 120.
+
+  Springfield (Ga.), 153.
+
+  Spott Tavern (Va.), 79.
+
+  Stafford Court House (Va.), 77, 92;
+    winter camp, 64, 66.
+
+  Stanton, Edwin M., 175.
+
+  Stevenson, Lieut. Col. George W., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Stevenson (Ala.), 99.
+
+  Strasburg (Va.), 17, 20, 21.
+
+  Strawberry Plains (Tenn.), 153.
+
+  Stuart, Gen. James E. B., headquarters captured, 80.
+
+  Sumner, Gen. Edwin V., at Antietam, 57-59.
+
+
+  Tattnall, Commodore Josiah, commands fleet, 157.
+
+  Taylor, Adj. Asher C., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Tennalleytown (D. C.), Army of Potomac at, 46.
+
+  Tennessee, 115;
+    Union Cavalry Regiment, 113, 114.
+
+  Tennille Station (Ga.), railroad buildings destroyed, 151.
+
+  Thayer, Capt. George A., of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  Thomas, Gen. George H., at Somerset, 14;
+    New Hope Church, 125;
+    disapproves resignations, 128;
+    opposes Hood, 147.
+
+  Thompson, Lieut. George J., of Second Massachusetts, 168, 179.
+
+  Thompson, Lieut. Jed C., of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  Toledo (Ohio), 7.
+
+  Toombs, Lieut. William D., of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  Tullahoma (Tenn.), 102, 103, 105, 114, 115;
+    corps headquarters, 108, 113.
+
+  Two Taverns (Pa.), 82.
+
+
+  Van Brunt, Capt. Ralph, of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Vermont, First Regiment, rear guard, 27.
+
+  Vicksburg (Miss.), 115.
+
+  Virginia, departure for, 7.
+
+
+  Warrenton Junction (Va.), 41, 42.
+
+  Wartrace (Tenn.), 99, 100.
+
+  Washington (D. C.), 41, 47, 65, 98, 108, 128;
+    Army of Potomac in, 46;
+    threatened, 93;
+    peace ratified at, 174;
+    march to, 176;
+    grand review, 177.
+
+  Waupun (Wis.), campaign of 1860 at, 1;
+    Light Guard, organized, 3-5.
+
+  Welsh, in Wisconsin regiment, 143.
+
+  West Point (N. Y.), Military Academy, graduates, 5.
+
+  Wheeler, Gen. Joseph, 99, 159;
+    at Sandersville, 151;
+    at Robertsville, 167.
+
+  Whittier, John G., poem, 49.
+
+  Williams, Gen. Alpheus S., 115, 117;
+    at Cedar Mountain, 32;
+    New Hope Church, 125.
+
+  Williamsport (Md.), 28, 29;
+    Confederates at, 81, 89, 90.
+
+  Williamsport (Pa.), reception at, 8.
+
+  Wilkins, Capt. William D., 20;
+    at Cedar Mountain, 32, 33, 37.
+
+  Wilmington (N. C.), fleet at, 171.
+
+  Winchester (Va.), 20, 29;
+    skirmish at, 16;
+    captured, 17;
+    retreat to, 22;
+    threatened, 30;
+    Confederates at, 81.
+
+  Winegar, Capt. Charles E., captures steamer, 157.
+
+  Winnsboro (S. C.), railroad track destroyed, 170.
+
+  Wisconsin, 128;
+    quota filled, 4;
+    Tenth Regiment, at Chattanooga, 100.
+
+  Woodford, Capt. Jasper, of Third Wisconsin, 169, 180.
+
+
+  Xenia (Ohio), reception at, 98.
+
+
+
+
+PUBLICATIONS OF WISCONSIN HISTORY COMMISSION
+
+_Series of Original Narratives_
+
+
+1. A VIEW OF THE VICKSBURG CAMPAIGN. By William Freeman Vilas, LL. D.,
+Lieutenant-Colonel of Twenty-Third Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry. With
+two appendices: I, Wisconsin Soldiers in the Vicksburg Campaign, by
+Colonel Vilas; II, Selected Bibliography of the Vicksburg Campaign
+(material thereon in the Wisconsin Historical Library), by Minnie Myrtle
+Oakley. Illustrated by a portrait of Colonel Vilas and a map of the
+campaign. 8vo., pp. xiii+104. Published August, 1908.
+
+2. CAPTURE AND ESCAPE: A NARRATIVE OF ARMY AND PRISON LIFE. By John Azor
+Kellogg, Colonel of Sixth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry and Brevet
+Brigadier-General. Illustrated by a portrait of the author. 8vo., pp.
+xvi+201. Published November, 1908.
+
+3. THREE WISCONSIN CUSHINGS: A SKETCH OF THE LIVES OF HOWARD B., ALONZO
+H., AND WILLIAM B. CUSHING, CHILDREN OF A PIONEER FAMILY OF WAUKESHA
+COUNTY. By Theron Wilber Haight, First-Lieutenant, U. S. V. Illustrated
+by a wartime group of officers, three portraits, and three facsimiles.
+8vo., pp. xiv+109. Index. Published April, 1910.
+
+4. THE CHATTANOOGA CAMPAIGN: WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO WISCONSIN'S
+PARTICIPATION THEREIN. By Michael Hendrick Fitch, Lieutenant-Colonel of
+Twenty-first Wisconsin Infantry. Illustrated by six maps. 8vo., pp.
+xiii+255. Index. Published March, 1911.
+
+5. A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN'S PARTICIPATION IN THE WAR BETWEEN THE
+STATES: BASED ON MATERIAL IN THE WISCONSIN HISTORICAL LIBRARY. By Isaac
+Samuel Bradley, Assistant Superintendent of said Library. 8vo., pp.
+ix+42. Index. Published May, 1911.
+
+6. WISCONSIN WOMEN IN THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. By Ethel Alice Hurn,
+B. A. Illustrated by a portrait and six views. 8vo., pp. xix+190. Index.
+Published May, 1911.
+
+7. A NARRATIVE OF SERVICE WITH THE THIRD WISCONSIN INFANTRY. By Julian
+Wisner Hinkley, sometime acting Major of said Regiment. Illustrated by a
+portrait of the author. 8vo., pp. xiii+197. Index. Published November,
+1912.
+
+8. THE DIARY OF AN ARTILLERY PRIVATE. By Rev. Jenkin Lloyd-Jones. _In
+preparation._
+
+
+_Series of Reprints_
+
+1. THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG. By Frank Aretas Haskell, Colonel of
+Thirty-sixth Wisconsin Infantry. Illustrated by a portrait of the author
+and two maps. 8vo. First edition: pp. xxiii+185; published November,
+1908. Second edition (with "Tribute to Adjutant Haskell" by Col. J. A.
+Watrous): pp. xxviii+192; Index; published April, 1910.
+
+2. CIVIL WAR MESSAGES AND PROCLAMATIONS OF WISCONSIN WAR GOVERNORS. With
+explanatory notes by Asa C. Tilton and Frederick Merk, of the staff of
+the Wisconsin Historical Library. _In press._
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+Archaic and variable spellings such as "rendevouz", "reconnoissance"
+and "reënforce" were retained.
+
+The book title on page 1 of the original reads "SERVICE IN" but
+elsewhere reads "A NARRATIVE OF SERVICE WITH THE THIRD WISCONSIN INFANTRY".
+
+Page 131, "The next day a battery of twenty-pound parrot guns was planted
+on the hill ..." Changed to "Parrott guns".
+
+Only Footnote 3 on page 180 and the index give spelling as Hinckley;
+elsewhere Hinkley.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NARRATIVE OF SERVICE WITH THE
+THIRD WISCONSIN INFANTRY***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 37754-8.txt or 37754-8.zip *******
+
+
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/7/7/5/37754
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+<body>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, A Narrative of Service with the Third
+Wisconsin Infantry, by Julian Wisner Hinkley</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: A Narrative of Service with the Third Wisconsin Infantry</p>
+<p>Author: Julian Wisner Hinkley</p>
+<p>Release Date: October 14, 2011  [eBook #37754]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NARRATIVE OF SERVICE WITH THE THIRD WISCONSIN INFANTRY***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4 class="center">E-text prepared by Julia Neufeld<br />
+    and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br />
+    from page images generously made available by<br />
+    Internet Archive<br />
+    (<a href="http://www.archive.org/">http://www.archive.org</a>)</h4>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10">
+  <tr>
+    <td valign="top">
+      Note:
+    </td>
+    <td>
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/narrativeserv05hinkrich">
+      http://www.archive.org/details/narrativeserv05hinkrich</a>
+   </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>SERVICE WITH THE THIRD WISCONSIN<br />
+INFANTRY</h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 396px;">
+<img src="images/i004.jpg" width="396" height="600" alt="Julian Wisner Hinkley
+From a photograph taken in July, 1864&quot;" title="Julian Wisner Hinkley" />
+<span class="caption">Julian Wisner Hinkley<br />
+From a photograph taken in July, 1864</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h5><span class="smcap">Wisconsin History Commission: Original Papers, No. 7</span></h5>
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h1>A NARRATIVE OF SERVICE<br />
+
+WITH THE THIRD WISCONSIN INFANTRY</h1>
+
+<h2>BY JULIAN WISNER HINKLEY</h2>
+
+<div class="center"><span class="smcap">Captain of Company E, and sometime Acting Major<br />
+of said Regiment</span><br />
+<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />
+
+WISCONSIN HISTORY COMMISSION<br />
+
+SEPTEMBER, 1912<br />
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+TWENTY-FIVE HUNDRED COPIES PRINTED<br />
+<br /><br /><br />
+Copyright, 1912<br />
+
+THE WISCONSIN HISTORY COMMISSION<br />
+
+(in behalf of the State of Wisconsin)<br />
+</div>
+
+<p>Opinions or errors of fact on the part of the respective authors of the Commission's
+publications (whether Reprints or Original Narratives) have not been modified or
+corrected by the Commission. For all statements, of whatever character, the Author
+alone is responsible</p>
+
+<div class="center">DEMOCRAT PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTER</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">PAGE</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wisconsin History Commission</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_viii">viii</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Editor's Preface</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_ix">ix</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Service with the Third Wisconsin Infantry:</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Enlistment and training</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Departure for the front</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Service in Maryland</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On the trail of Stonewall Jackson</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The tables turned</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;At Cedar Mountain</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Army retreats northward</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Moving toward the enemy</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Battle of South Mountain</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Battle of Antietam</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In winter quarters</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chancellorsville</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A cavalry expedition</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gettysburg</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On draft riot duty</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;With the Army of the Cumberland</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Third veteranizes</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Reorganizing Lincoln County</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Opening of the Atlanta campaign</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wounded and in hospital</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The siege of Atlanta</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The march to the sea</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In front of Savannah</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In Savannah</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Marching northward</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Peace</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Homeward</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Index</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span></p>
+<h2><span class="smcap">Illustration</span></h2>
+
+
+<div class="center">Portrait of the Author&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Frontispiece</i></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span></p>
+<h2><span class="smcap">Wisconsin History Commission</span></h2>
+
+
+<p class="hanging">
+(Organized under the provisions of Chapter 298,<br />
+Laws of 1905, as amended by Chapter 378,<br />
+Laws of 1907, Chapter 445, Laws of 1909,<br />
+and Chapter 628, Laws of 1911)<br /></p>
+
+<p>FRANCIS E. McGOVERN<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Governor of Wisconsin</i></span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+CHARLES E. ESTABROOK<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Representing Department of Wisconsin, Grand</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><i>Army of the Republic</i></span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+REUBEN G. THWAITES<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Superintendent of the State Historical Society of</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><i>Wisconsin</i></span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+CARL RUSSELL FISH<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Professor of American History in the University of</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><i>Wisconsin</i></span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+MATTHEW S. DUDGEON<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Secretary of the Wisconsin Library Commission</i></span>
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>
+<i>Chairman</i>, <span class="smcap">Commissioner Estabrook</span><br />
+<i>Secretary and Editor</i>, <span class="smcap">Commissioner Thwaites</span><br />
+<i>Committee on Publications</i>, <span class="smcap">Commissioners Thwaites<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and Fish</span></span>
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span></p>
+<h2>EDITOR'S PREFACE</h2>
+
+
+<p>The author of this volume was born at Vernon,
+Connecticut, on March 12, 1838, of a long line of
+New England ancestry; he was sixth in order of
+descent from Governor Thomas Hinkley of Plymouth
+Colony. Coming to Wisconsin in his eleventh
+year, Julian grew to young manhood on his
+father's farm at Waupun and in Portage County.
+In 1858, our author left the farm and started life
+for himself&mdash;teaching school in winter, and working
+as a carpenter each summer.</p>
+
+<p>On April 19, 1861, Mr. Hinkley enlisted in the
+Waupun Light Guard for three months. But the
+services of the organization were not accepted for
+that short term by the State military authorities, so
+on May 8 they were proffered and accepted for the
+war, and the organization became Company E of
+the Third Wisconsin Infantry. Hinkley was at
+the organization appointed First-Sergeant; but on
+February 6, 1862, he was commissioned Second-Lieutenant
+of his company, became First-Lieutenant
+on November 1 following, and on May 4,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[x]</a></span>
+1863, took command of the Company as Captain.
+He continued to serve the Third Wisconsin until
+its final discharge and payment in Madison on August
+26, 1865, but during the last few months of
+this period was the acting Major of the Regiment.
+Since the war, Major Hinkley has been largely
+engaged in erecting public buildings, and has a
+wide acquaintance throughout Northeast Wisconsin.</p>
+
+<p>The Commission is much pleased at this opportunity
+to publish Major Hinkley's <i>Narrative</i>.
+The book has only in part been written from memory.
+It has been made up from several excellent
+sources: (1) A manuscript diary kept from day
+to day, or week to week, by Mr. Hinkley during
+the years of his service; (2) several contemporary
+letters written by him, either to the local press of
+his section of the State, or to relatives and friends at
+home; and lastly (3), a manuscript narrative written
+by the author several years after the war, for
+the edification of his children. The work of amalgamating
+these diverse materials has fallen to the
+lot of the editorial department of the Commission;
+the result, however, has been passed upon in detail<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[xi]</a></span>
+by Major Hinkley, and in its present continuous
+form accepted by him as his final narrative. This
+method of compilation has secured a manuscript
+possessing a contemporaneous flavor and accuracy,
+not usual with reminiscences. The Commissioners
+feel that the book is an interesting and valuable
+contribution to the literature of the war, being the
+view-point of a company commander in one of the
+most active of Wisconsin regiments, throughout
+the entire period of the struggle.</p>
+
+<div class="signature">R. G. T.</div>
+<p>
+<span class="smcap">Wisconsin Historical Library</span><br />
+<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;September, 1912</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p>
+<h2>SERVICE <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'IN'">WITH</ins> THE THIRD WISCONSIN<br />
+INFANTRY</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><i>Enlistment and Training</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>The presidential election of 1860 found me
+just become of age. I exercised my newly-acquired
+rights of citizenship, in the then little village
+of Waupun, Wisconsin, by participating in the
+hurrahing and torchlight processions that in those
+days characterized a political campaign. I was
+a carpenter by trade, but immediately after the
+election went to teach a country school in the
+backwoods town of Buena Vista, in Portage
+County. Daily papers in that sparsely settled
+community were of course an unknown luxury,
+and it was only through the weeklies that we
+heard of the gathering storm in the Nation. From
+them we learned how State after State in the
+South were holding conventions, that they were
+passing ordinances of secession, and that the delegates
+were gathering at Montgomery, Alabama,
+to organize the Confederate States of America.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span>In the North, few people seemed as yet to
+realize that a great war was impending. The
+Southern newspapers boastfully asserted that secession
+might be accomplished in peace, for the
+Northerners were a nation of shopkeepers and
+mechanics, who would never fight to prevent it.
+And these statements, reprinted in the Northern
+papers, were far from soothing, for there is nothing
+that so quickly arouses the combativeness of men,
+and especially of young men, as the intimation
+that they are cowards. Thus were the younger
+and more hot-headed men on both sides being
+stirred to warlike feeling by newspaper writers,
+until such hostile sentiment was aroused that war
+was inevitable.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately after the secession of South Carolina,
+I had expressed my intention, in conversation
+with my friends, that should war follow, I
+would have a hand in it. This determination
+grew as events drifted on from bad to worse. I
+cannot say that I was very strongly animated by a
+love for the Union in the abstract, or that I considered
+the abolition of slavery worth fighting for;
+but I felt that the dismemberment of the Union by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span>
+armed force, submitted to without a struggle,
+would be a disgrace to the whole North.</p>
+
+<p>The events of the following winter and spring
+are a part of the history of the Nation. Abraham
+Lincoln was inaugurated on March 4, 1861. On
+April 12, Fort Sumter was fired upon, and surrendered
+on the 14th. On April 15 Lincoln issued
+his call for troops, and the war had burst
+upon the Nation in all its fury.</p>
+
+<p>Waupun for a number of years maintained
+an independent military company, called the
+Waupun Light Guard. This organization had
+in its possession forty stand of arms belonging to
+the State, and uniforms for about twenty of its
+members. On the morning of April 19, I had
+gone down to the main street of the village to buy
+a paper. While discussing with Captain Clark
+of the military company, the events of the day, an
+agent of the State, who had just arrived on the
+morning train, approached us. He read to the
+Captain a notice that his company must at once be
+filled up to the regulation standard and reported
+for active duty, or surrender its arms, to be used by
+other companies going into service.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>I had not heretofore belonged to this company,
+but at once told the Captain that I would enlist,
+and aid him to fill his command to the required
+standard. A meeting was called for that night,
+and with the assistance of the patriotic people of
+the village and surrounding country, the company
+was filled up by nine o'clock of the next morning.
+A telegram was immediately sent to Madison,
+tendering service for the ninety-day call. We had
+acted promptly and swiftly, yet not quite swiftly
+enough. Twenty-three other companies had filed
+notice before us, and the quota of Wisconsin was
+full.</p>
+
+<p>Enthusiasm among the men ran high, however,
+and when on May 8 it was learned that no more
+ninety-day men could be accepted, it was determined
+by vote to tender service for the entire war,
+however long that might be. Those whose business
+was such that they could not leave home for
+longer than ninety days retired, but their places
+were quickly taken by others who were anxious to
+go. We were now accepted, and assigned to the
+Third Wisconsin Volunteers and ordered to rendevouz<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>
+at Fond du Lac as soon as camp equipage
+could be furnished.</p>
+
+<p>The former officers of the company were retained,
+with the consent of the newly-enlisted men,
+and additional non-commissioned officers were
+elected. Among the latter I was chosen First
+Sergeant, which position I held until promoted
+to a Second-Lieutenancy.</p>
+
+<p>We boarded at the best hotels in the village,
+until ordered into camp. We were drilled several
+hours each day, and prepared for the work in store
+for us by the study of tactics and army regulations.
+At length, after what seemed to us in our impatience
+an interminable delay, we went into
+camp at Fond du Lac on June 15, and for the first
+time lived in tents. We now had daily company
+and battalion drill, together with officers' school in
+tactics and sword exercise. Colonel Thomas H.
+Ruger, our commander, was a West Point graduate,
+and under his efficient direction we became,
+before we had been very long in the service, as
+thoroughly drilled and disciplined as any regiment
+of regulars. Indeed we all felt sure, while we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>
+were still at Fond du Lac, that we were already
+veterans.</p>
+
+<p>On June 28 appeared Captain McIntyre of the
+regular army to inspect us and muster us into the
+service of the United States. And here occurred a
+difficulty which illustrates how confidently the
+people of the North expected that the war would
+be of only short duration. Many of the best men
+in the company, who had been entirely willing to
+enlist "for the war," objected to being mustered
+in for a three-years' term of service as required by
+the instructions of the Federal Government. It was
+only after considerable persuasion that they were
+all finally induced to do so. Probably not one of
+them had the slightest idea that he would serve for
+three years, and then enlist again for another three
+years, before the great struggle would be ended.</p>
+
+<p>On the day after mustering in, uniforms were
+issued to us, consisting of light-grey trousers,
+mixed-grey blouse, and light-coloured hat. At
+first, they looked bright and fine, but they were of
+such poor quality, especially the trousers, that
+within ten days it was necessary to furnish the entire
+regiment with common blue workingmen's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>
+overalls, in order that we might with decency be
+seen upon the streets. Some money-loving patriot
+contractor had gathered in his reward from the
+State of Wisconsin by providing us with shoddy
+clothes; and in the end it came out of the pay of
+the Regiment.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><i>Departure for the Front</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>The preparations for departure were soon completed,
+and on July 12, 1861, we shouldered our
+knapsacks, strapped on our haversacks, containing
+several days' rations, and boarded the railroad
+cars for the seat of war in Virginia. The train of
+twenty-four coaches pulled out of the station amid
+the cheers and farewells of our many friends, who
+had gathered to see us off. All were in the best of
+spirits. It seemed to us as though we were setting
+out on a grand pleasure excursion. No thought of
+death or disaster appeared to cross the mind of
+anyone. And yet how many were saying farewell,
+never to return!</p>
+
+<p>Our route took us through Chicago, Toledo,
+Cleveland, and Erie. Everywhere we were
+feasted and toasted by the enthusiastic people<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>
+along the line. At Buffalo the entire population
+seemed to have turned out to welcome the wild
+woodsmen of the Northwest. The local military
+companies of that city escorted us through the principal
+streets; speeches were made by the mayor
+and prominent citizens. We were very soon convinced
+that we were, indeed, heroes in embryo.
+At Williamsport, Pennsylvania, we were given
+a reception surpassing anything that had gone
+before; even now, more than fifty years after, its
+pleasant recollections still linger in my mind.
+Tables were set along the sidewalk in the shade
+of magnificent trees, and these tables were literally
+loaded with all the good things that could tempt
+an epicure. There were, besides, fair ladies without
+number to welcome us, and wait upon our
+needs.</p>
+
+<p>On July 16 we reached Hagerstown, Maryland,
+where we went into camp, and where on the
+next day we were equipped with a complete outfit
+of muskets, ammunition, and camp utensils. The
+degree of preparation of the Federal Government
+for war at this time, may be judged from the fact
+that the muskets issued to us were old-time smooth-bore<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>
+Springfields, that had been rifled for a minie-ball;
+they were so light, that their barrels would
+spring after the rapid firing of a dozen shots.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><i>Service in Maryland</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>On the morning of July 17 we broke camp and
+started for Harpers Ferry, thirty miles distant.
+Now for the first time I began to realize what it
+was to be a soldier. I carried a knapsack laden
+with the various things that kind friends at home
+had thought necessary for a soldier's comfort, a
+haversack containing two days' rations, a musket
+with accoutrements, and forty rounds of ammunition,
+altogether weighing not less than fifty
+pounds. The weather was extremely hot and the
+roads very muddy, so that by the time we had gone
+fifteen miles I was entirely ready to go into camp.</p>
+
+<p>Our camp was pitched on the side of a hill.
+Our mess, in order to find as level a sleeping place
+as possible, pitched the tent in a low place, and in
+our ignorance of camp life we neglected to dig a
+ditch around it. A sudden shower came up soon
+after we had gone to sleep, and in a short time we
+found ourselves lying in a pool of water. And as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>
+if this were not misfortune enough, our tent pins,
+loosened by the soaking of the ground, suddenly
+pulled out, and down came our canvas shelter.
+Subsequent experience enabled me to sleep in wet
+blankets, or in no blankets at all, just as well as
+in the best bed; but at this time it was impossible.
+So gathering a rubber blanket around my shoulders,
+I found a large stone, and remained upon it
+for the rest of the night. In the morning we continued
+the march toward Harpers Ferry. Our
+camp for the next night was pitched on a bit of
+comparatively level ground on the east side of
+Maryland Heights, overlooking the little village
+of Sandy Hook, and about a mile distant from
+Harpers Ferry. A more thoroughly used-up lot
+of men than ours that night, it would be hard to
+find.</p>
+
+<p>My first military duty was to guard the ford at
+Harpers Ferry and the bridges across the canal.
+The region was historic ground, and I took this
+opportunity to visit the old arsenal, then in ruins,
+and the old engine-house where John Brown had
+battled so bravely for his life. I made it a point
+also to visit Jefferson's Rock, the view from which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>
+Jefferson, in his <i>Notes on Virginia</i>, says is worth a
+voyage across the Atlantic to see.</p>
+
+<p>On September 15, while encamped in the vicinity
+of Darnestown, we were ordered, late in the
+day, to break camp and take the road toward the
+west. Our destination was not disclosed to us,
+and there was a great deal of speculation among
+the men as to the object of this secret and hurried
+march. The next day we found out from citizens
+along the road that we were on the way to Frederick
+City, the capital of Maryland. We arrived
+there late on the afternoon of the 16th, and received
+an enthusiastic welcome from the citizens
+of that loyal town. Early the next morning, guards
+were stationed on all roads leading out of town,
+and detachments of men, accompanied by detectives,
+proceeded to arrest the members of the
+Maryland Legislature, who had assembled there
+for the purpose of passing an ordinance of secession.
+It was thus that Maryland was saved to the
+Union by the promptness of General McClellan.
+Her secessionist legislators found themselves,
+shortly after, assembled at Fort McHenry, with
+leisure to meditate upon their schemes.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>The Regiment remained in camp at Frederick
+City until late in October. The usual monotony
+of camp life, with its drills, dress parades, and
+guard mountings, was broken only by the arrival
+of the paymaster with crisp new greenbacks of the
+first issue, and by the appearance of new blue uniforms
+in exchange for our tattered array. To the
+old grey we bade adieu without a sigh of regret,
+and proudly donned the blue of United States
+soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>One interesting incident occurred during our
+stay here, which gave us a subject for discussion
+for several days. News had been brought to us of
+a large quantity of wheat, stored in a mill in Harpers
+Ferry, which was about to be ground into
+flour for the use of the Confederate army. An
+expedition to capture it was soon organized under
+command of Colonel John W. Geary of the
+Twenty-Eighth Pennsylvania. It was composed
+of a detachment of two hundred men from our regiment
+under command of Captain Bertram, with
+similar detachments from the Twelfth Massachusetts
+and Twenty-Eighth Pennsylvania, besides a
+section of artillery. The expedition was successful;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>
+the wheat was safely removed to the north
+side of the river, and the command was ready to
+return, when a large force of the enemy appeared,
+seemingly disposed for a fight. Our men were
+quite willing to accommodate them, and moved
+up the hill toward Bolivar Heights, where the
+enemy was already strongly posted with artillery.
+Skirmishing immediately commenced. But this
+soon proved too slow for our impatient men; they
+charged the Confederate position, and soon had
+the satisfaction of seeing the last of the Southerners
+disappear in the direction of Charlestown,
+leaving their artillery in our hands.</p>
+
+<p>In this engagement the heaviest fighting fell to
+the detachment of the Third Wisconsin; the piece
+of artillery was brought off by them as a trophy.
+This command also sustained all of the loss, having
+had six men killed and four wounded. The
+dead were brought back and buried with military
+honors in the cemetery at Frederick City. The
+fight had in a large measure been unnecessary, for
+the entire object of the expedition had been accomplished
+before the enemy appeared in force; yet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>
+the moral effect on the men was good, since it
+increased their self-confidence.</p>
+
+<p>On November 1 we rejoined the Division of
+General Banks, near Darnestown, where we remained
+until the beginning of the next month.
+The whole Division then moved to the vicinity of
+Frederick City, our Regiment being detailed in the
+city as provost guard. We built our barracks in
+the old barrack yard, and settled down for the
+winter to the regular routine of guard duty. Two
+companies were detailed each day&mdash;one for the
+guard-house, the other to patrol the city and preserve
+order. The snow, rain, and mud kept the
+ground in such condition that drilling was impossible;
+thus we had little to do but kill time with
+chess, checkers, cards, and dominoes. The winter
+wore slowly away in this uneventful manner. In
+January news was received of the victory of General
+Thomas at Somerset, Kentucky; also the capture
+of Roanoke Island, by General Burnside, and
+immediately after this, in February, the great victories
+of General Grant at Forts Henry and Donelson.
+The enthusiasm of the command over these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>
+successes knew no bounds, and our impatience to
+be on the move could scarcely be restrained.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><i>On the trail of Stonewall Jackson</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>At length the long-wished-for came. On the
+morning of February 25, 1862, we bade adieu to
+the barracks that had sheltered us so long, and
+boarding the cars moved to Sandy Hook, where
+we went into camp on the ground that we had left
+six months before. During the night there arrived
+a train of cars with a pontoon bridge, in charge of
+a detachment of United States engineers; and
+General McClellan came from Washington by
+special train, personally to supervise the movement.
+Our Regiment being largely composed of lumbermen
+and raftsmen from northern Wisconsin, who
+were accustomed to running rafts on the rivers of
+our State, readily made up a detail of a hundred
+experienced fellows to assist the engineers in laying
+the bridge. By noon it was constructed, 1300
+feet long, in a swift current and our Regiment, the
+advance of the army, was on its way into Dixie.</p>
+
+<p>We moved rapidly on to Bolivar Heights without
+seeing anything of the enemy, and halted there<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>
+for the night, happy in the thought that at last we
+were doing something. On February 28 a strong
+reconnoitering party of infantry, artillery, and cavalry,
+moved forward, and without opposition occupied
+Charlestown. It was a village of national
+reputation at that time, for there John Brown was
+tried and hung. It was one of the hottest secessionist
+spots in the State, any Union sentiment that
+might have existed, being carefully concealed.
+We remained there for several days quartered in
+the various churches and public buildings, while I
+improved the opportunity to visit the many points
+of interest. On March 2 came my commission as
+Second Lieutenant of Company D.</p>
+
+<p>On March 11 we once more moved forward in
+the direction of Winchester, the advance guard
+skirmishing with the enemy occasionally, but meeting
+no serious resistance. The next morning we
+turned out at four o'clock, and advancing through
+fields and woods for about an hour, came at length
+in sight of the entrenchments of Winchester, about
+a mile to the front. Our right and left companies
+were thrown forward as skirmishers, in preparation
+for a fight, but met with no resistance, and were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>
+soon clambering over the parapet of the deserted
+fort. They pushed on into the town, the remainder
+of the Regiment following closely after, and received
+from the mayor the formal surrender of the
+municipality. It was the first surrender of this interesting
+city, which is said to have been captured
+and recaptured more than thirty times during the
+war. We found here an apparently strong Union
+sentiment. As our Regiment marched in with
+colors flying and band playing, the citizens were
+rejoicing everywhere over their deliverance from
+the Confederates. Innumerable handkerchiefs
+were waving to welcome us, and in some instances
+the stars and stripes were displayed. We
+learned from citizens that General Stonewall
+Jackson had with 6,000 men, retreated the night
+before toward Strasburgh, taking with him quite
+a number of the Union citizens of the town.</p>
+
+<p>We now went into camp a short distance south
+of Winchester, where we remained until March
+22. Continually we were hearing of the glorious
+successes of the Western Army, and becoming
+more and more anxious that our Army of the Potomac
+should be given an opportunity to rival its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>
+achievements. A number of changes in the organization
+of the Division were made while we were
+here in camp. The only one of importance to us
+was the transfer of the Second Massachusetts to
+our Brigade in place of the Ninth New York, giving
+us Colonel Gordon of the Second Massachusetts
+as brigade commander in place of General
+Hamilton, our old leader. This circumstance was
+little liked at the time; but it was the beginning of
+our friendship with the Second Massachusetts,
+that remained very close throughout the war.</p>
+
+<p>On March 22 our Division left Winchester to
+proceed, as we believed, to Manassas Junction. At
+the end of a two days' march we were camping
+for the night about three miles east of Snicker's
+Gap, in the Blue Ridge. Rumors here began to
+circulate, that there had in our absence been considerable
+fighting at Winchester. It was reported
+that the Confederates had been defeated, but that
+General Shields had been wounded in the battle.
+We were not, therefore, surprised, the next morning,
+to be ordered to march back over the identical
+road upon which we had come. We reached
+Winchester the same night after a hard march of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>
+twenty-five miles, and learned from its citizens
+that there certainly had been a fight. We were
+informed that General Jackson had learned of our
+departure from Winchester, but had not heard that
+Shields was still encamped north of the city.
+Jackson had made a hasty move to recapture Winchester,
+but had been confronted by Shields near
+Kernstown. Here the Confederates had been
+completely routed and driven beyond Strasburgh,
+with heavy loss in killed and prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning after our arrival at Winchester,
+I went out to take a view of the battle-field, and
+was able to gain some idea of what the future held
+in store for us. The wounded had already been
+cared for, and some of the dead had been buried;
+but sixteen of our dead remained on the field, and
+something over three hundred of the enemy's. In
+one part of the battle-ground, covered with small
+timber and underbrush, where the enemy had for
+a time made a stubborn resistance, scarcely a bush
+or a tree but showed the marks of bullets at a
+height of from three to six feet from the ground.
+In my inexperience, I then wondered how any man
+could have lived in that thicket; and in truth, not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>
+many did live there long, for the ground was
+strewn with the dead.</p>
+
+<p>Returning to camp at noon, I found that we
+were again under orders to march. We started
+out near sundown, moving that night to Strasburgh,
+and found the bridge over Cedar Creek, two miles
+this side of Strasburgh, destroyed. It had been
+burned by Jackson at the time of his first retreat
+from Winchester. This precaution had in the recent
+fight proved to be his undoing, for in his hasty
+flight before Shield's Division, his army, which
+up to that place had preserved good order, was
+completely disorganized and suffered a loss of two
+hundred prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>We remained at Strasburgh for several days.
+During that time I was detailed on a general court
+martial to try some soldiers who had been arrested
+for depredations on private property. Their offence,
+as I was informed, consisted in stealing
+chickens and honey, against which stringent orders
+were at that time in force. The court convened in
+all dignity, and sent word to the General that it
+was ready to try the culprits. In a few minutes
+Adjutant Wilkins appeared, presented the compliments<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>
+of the General and informed us that the
+prisoners had escaped. We were requested to adjourn
+until they had been recaptured. As that
+court was never reconvened, it may be taken for
+granted that the prisoners were never recaptured.</p>
+
+<p>On the first day of April we again moved forward,
+driving the enemy in such haste that they
+left their dinners cooking on the fires. Several
+times during the day, they opened on us with artillery,
+but a few shots from our battery would
+quickly send them on again. On the 17th we
+made another attempt to get at Jackson's army,
+by moving one Division up the Shenandoah River
+on the west side, and the other into New Market
+from the southwest. Our Regiment was with the
+latter Division. After fording a river up to our
+armpits, and finding it as cold as melting snow
+from the mountains could make it, we found that
+the enemy had again shown his heels and once
+more was away to the south.</p>
+
+<p>During the next month we followed the retreating
+army of General Jackson to Harrisonburg,
+and then came back to Strasburgh. Here we
+made some little show of fortifying; but in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>
+main, we were as easy and unconcerned as though
+the war was over. And in fact, the good news
+received from all quarters, and the orders from the
+War Department to stop all recruiting, led us to
+believe that the contest was nearly ended. In
+camp, bets were freely offered, with no takers,
+that the Regiment would be back in Wisconsin by
+September. I remember writing to a friend, about
+this time, that my part of the work of suppressing
+the Rebellion seemed to be about done. How
+sadly were we mistaken!</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><i>The Tables Turned</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>We had a rude awakening from our dream of
+peace. While we had been idling in fancied security,
+General Jackson had gathered a large force
+with which to overwhelm us. Our first intimation
+of trouble came on the night of May 23, when we
+were hastily called to defend our railroad bridge
+toward Front Royal against the attack of the enemy.
+The next day we were in full retreat toward
+Winchester.</p>
+
+<p>When about half way to Winchester, the enemy,
+who had crossed from Front Royal, attacked<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>
+our train in the front. The Fifth Connecticut and
+Twenty-Eighth New York were hurried forward,
+with the rest of the command following, and the
+road was soon cleared. But this had hardly been
+accomplished, when the enemy attacked in the
+rear, and cut off about fifty wagons. At this new
+danger a halt was called, and with two regiments
+and a battery, General Banks hastened to the rear.
+The lost wagons were recovered, but the animals
+having all been driven off or killed, it was necessary
+to burn the vehicles. Among the wagons
+destroyed was one containing all the rations and
+cooking utensils of my Company. We succeeded
+at night in securing a few crackers from some of
+the more fortunate companies, but most of my men
+went supperless to bed. Moreover, there were
+prospects for a lively fight in the morning.</p>
+
+<p>I was awakened early by the picket-firing,
+which commenced at daybreak, and found myself
+thoroughly chilled from sleeping on the bare
+ground, without blankets or shelter. However,
+both hunger and cold were soon forgotten in the
+more pressing demands upon our attention. The
+position chosen by General Banks for the night's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>
+bivouac was probably the worst that could have
+been found between Strasburgh and the Potomac
+River. With seven regiments of infantry we occupied
+a small field lying between the outskirts of
+the city and the hills on the south. The enemy
+were in possession of the hills, where they had
+erected considerable fortifications. Colonel
+Gordon's Brigade was on the right of the road;
+that of Colonel Donnelly was on the left&mdash;all facing
+the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Our skirmishers were promptly advanced, and
+commenced firing on the enemy in their entrenchments.
+Supported by a battery in our rear, which
+fired over our heads into their position, we were
+maintaining a lively fire, when suddenly it was
+discovered that the enemy was passing around
+upon our right, with the evident intention of getting
+in our rear. The Twenty-Seventh Indiana and
+Twenty-Ninth Pennsylvania were hurriedly
+moved to the right, but had hardly reached their
+position when they were furiously assailed both
+in front and flank by the advancing Confederates.
+The Twenty-Ninth Pennsylvania received the first
+brunt of the attack, and soon was in full retreat.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>
+The Twenty-Seventh Indiana came in for the
+next attack, and they also fell back about a quarter
+of a mile to some stone walls on the outskirts of
+the city. Our Regiment and the Second Massachusetts,
+which as yet had scarcely been engaged,
+were now faced about and marched to the rear,
+until we reached the fenced lots on the outskirts of
+the town. Here we were halted, and opened fire
+on the enemy, who had appeared in large numbers
+upon our front.</p>
+
+<p>We had soon checked the Confederates immediately
+before us. I was looking around to see
+how things were going with the others, when I became
+aware that Company F and a portion of my
+Company were entirely alone. It appears that
+orders had been sent around by General Banks to
+fall back to the north side of the city; but we, being
+separated from the rest of the Regiment by an
+intervening street, had not heard them. There we
+were, fighting the whole Southern army by ourselves!
+I hastened to Captain Limbocker to call his
+attention to our position. He saw the situation at a
+glance, and left-facing the companies, marched
+double-quick through the back streets toward the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>
+main road of the city. By this time our men had
+discovered that they were in a close place, and
+moved rapidly. Just as we reached the main street
+and turned north, I stopped to speak to the Captain,
+who was in the rear. As I did so, I saw that
+the whole street behind us to the south was swarming
+with Confederate soldiers, not fifty feet away.
+They were in such confusion, however, that it was
+impossible for them to fire, and in fact they did not
+seem to try. From that point until we were clear
+of the street, it was simply a foot race, in which we
+were the winners. They evidently soon tired of
+the race, for before we were clear of the street they
+had some artillery in position, and shot and shell
+were flying harmlessly over our heads.</p>
+
+<p>We afterwards learned that Colonel Donnelly's
+Brigade, which at the beginning of the
+fight had been posted out of our sight on the left
+of the road, had also, like our Brigade, been assailed
+in front and in the flank; and that they also,
+had soon been forced back in full retreat.</p>
+
+<p>We rejoined our Regiment in the line, without
+further trouble. From our position we could see
+the enemy on the hills west of us, endeavoring by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>
+rapid marching to reach the road in our rear. We
+stopped only long enough to gather up our men,
+who had become scattered in coming through the
+streets of the city, and then moved on toward
+Martinsburg. We did no more fighting and no
+more running. All of General Banks's command
+was ahead of us except two sections of artillery,
+and detachments of the First Vermont and First
+Michigan Cavalry, which protected our rear and
+kept the enemy at a respectful distance. During
+the retreat, General Banks did all that lay in the
+power of any man to bring off his men without
+loss, giving personal attention to the posting of the
+rear guard.</p>
+
+<p>I suppose it was about eight o'clock in the morning
+when our Regiment began its march to Martinsburg,
+twenty-three miles distant. We arrived
+there at about five in the afternoon, without having
+stopped for dinner, and without rest. Indeed,
+we had no dinner to stop for, and the pursuing
+enemy were not inclined to let us rest. We expected
+to stop at Martinsburg, but General Banks
+did not deem it safe, so after a rest of a half hour<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>
+we were ordered to proceed to Williamsport,
+Maryland, twelve miles farther on.</p>
+
+<p>We arrived at the Potomac, opposite Williamsport,
+about ten o'clock that night, tired, hungry,
+and in no very good humor over the results of our
+two days' work. We managed to secure some
+salt pork and a few crackers for supper, after
+which we wrapped ourselves in our overcoats, and
+took such rest as could be obtained, amid the noise
+of men and teams crossing the ferry, and the calls
+of stragglers who were coming in and seeking their
+regiments. At three o'clock in the morning we
+were aroused, and ordered to the ferry. About
+an hour later we were across the Potomac on the
+Maryland side, drawn up in line of battle and
+waiting for the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>General Banks was untiring in his efforts to
+bring our train over safely, even riding into the
+water to save mules that had lost their footing, and
+were in danger of drowning. He made a speech
+to the men, telling them that the enemy had advanced
+no farther than Martinsburg, and that
+20,000 men had been sent to cut off their retreat.</p>
+
+<p>The roll call taken at this time showed that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>
+eleven men of Company D were missing. Four of
+these came in the next day, having taken a different
+route than ours through the mountains.
+Four others turned up in Libby prison. Most of
+our men had thrown away their knapsacks, some
+their haversacks and canteens, and sixteen had lost
+their guns.</p>
+
+<p>We remained at Williamsport until June 10,
+receiving new supplies of camp and garrison equipage
+to replace those that had been lost or destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>We were rejoiced during this time to hear that
+the Confederates had had the tables turned on
+them; that they were being severely pressed between
+Shields's and Frémont's armies; and that
+all the baggage and prisoners that they had captured
+from us had been retaken, with a good deal
+more besides.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of June 10 we again crossed
+into Virginia, and marched to Front Royal without
+interruption. We passed through Winchester
+on the 12th without stopping, however, for the
+General seemed to fear that our men would burn<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>
+the town in return for the treachery of its citizens
+during our retreat. Both men and women had
+fired on us from the windows, and had poured
+down scalding water as we passed through the
+streets. It was even reported to us that women
+had entered the hospitals, and shot sick men in
+their beds; but this last was later contradicted.</p>
+
+<p>We remained at Front Royal until July 6, during
+which time important changes were made in
+commanding officers. All the troops in northern
+and western Virginia were united under General
+John Pope&mdash;the three army corps being commanded
+by McDowell, Sigel, and Banks. A
+movement was made to concentrate the three corps
+in one locality east of the Blue Ridge, in the accomplishment
+of which we were marched over the
+mountains at Chester Gap on the hottest day I ever
+experienced. Eight men of my company were sun-struck
+that afternoon, resulting fatally in one case,
+and in permanent disability in the others. We
+camped at night on the headwaters of the Rappahannock,
+in a country described as naturally poor,
+and entirely ruined by cultivation. There was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>
+one exception to this, however, in the abundance
+of fruit. There were cherries and blackberries in
+plenty for everybody.</p>
+
+<p>While in camp near Little Washington, the unfortunate,
+bombastic orders of General Pope were
+published to the army; unfortunate, because they
+incited a degree of contempt for him which
+greatly impaired his usefulness. Many of his
+highflown phrases, such as "shame and disaster
+lurking in the rear," afforded a fine opportunity
+for the wits of the army, when, not three weeks
+later, his headquarters wagon and his personal
+baggage were captured by the enemy. About
+the first of August he arrived at the front, and on
+the next Sunday reviewed General Banks's corps.
+Pope's fine appearance, soldierly bearing, and evident
+knowledge of his business did much to inspire
+respect, and might even have made him
+popular, if we could only have forgotten that fool
+address to the army. He inaugurated, also, many
+real reforms. I don't know whether he was entirely
+responsible for it; but under his command
+the cavalry began to be of real service to the army,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>
+and the men could no longer ask, "Who ever saw
+a dead cavalryman?"</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><i>At Cedar Mountain</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>On August 7 we broke camp again and
+marched to Culpeper Court House. Here we
+learned that the enemy had been seen in considerable
+force near Cedar Mountain. We were not
+surprised, therefore, on the morning after our arrival,
+to be hastily formed and ordered off toward
+Cedar Mountain. We arrived at Cedar Run in
+the early afternoon, and found Crawford's
+Brigade of our Division already skirmishing with
+the enemy. Our Brigade immediately formed in
+line of battle on the right of the road, and threw
+out its skirmish line. At about four o'clock, my
+Company and four others were moved forward to
+reënforce the skirmishers.</p>
+
+<p>We had crossed Cedar Run Creek, and were
+waiting for further orders in a heavy stand of timber,
+when Captain Wilkins of General Williams's
+staff rode up, enquiring for General Banks. Lieutenant-Colonel
+Crane informed him that we had
+seen nothing of General Banks since we entered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>
+the woods. Captain Wilkins then explained to us
+that General Augur was meeting with considerable
+success on the left, and that General Crawford
+desired our Brigade to join his in a charge
+upon the right. The movement required the sanction
+of General Banks, who was, however, nowhere
+to be found, and time was so pressing that
+he almost felt justified in giving the order himself,
+as coming from General Banks. Captain Wilkins
+then turned and rode off, but had not been gone two
+minutes, and had not, I am confident, seen General
+Banks, when he returned, and gave Colonel Ruger
+orders to assemble the Regiment on the right of
+Crawford's Brigade and charge the enemy's lines.</p>
+
+<p>Our skirmish line was now called in; we
+formed in line of battle, and marched through the
+woods as rapidly as the nature of the ground
+would permit. We had soon come to its edge,
+and found before us an open field about a hundred
+and twenty-five yards across, separated from us
+by a rail fence. Immediately beyond the field,
+rose the thickly-timbered slope of the mountain;
+and there too, stationed directly in our front, was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>
+a battery of artillery. Of infantry, there were
+none to be seen.</p>
+
+<p>We hurried forward, pushed down the fence,
+and without stopping to reform our line started on
+a run for that battery. I noticed as we went, that
+Crawford's Brigade had not yet arrived, and that
+we were alone in the field. Suddenly, from the
+side of the slope and from the bushes and rocks on
+our front, arose the Confederate infantry, and
+poured into our ranks the most destructive musketry
+fire that I have ever experienced. Lieutenant-Colonel
+Crane was killed, and fell from his horse
+at the first volley. Major Scott was wounded,
+being carried off by his horse. Captain Hawley,
+of the company on our right, was wounded, and a
+third of his men were killed or wounded at the
+same time. The right began to fall back, some of
+the men helping off wounded comrades, others
+loading and firing at the enemy as they slowly retreated
+to the woods. On the left, all three of my
+companies were standing up to their work without
+flinching. My Company, though suffering severely,
+were fighting like veterans. We did not
+seem to be gaining any advantage, however, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>
+shortly the order came to fall back to the woods.
+My Company, and that of Captain O'Brien on the
+left, were the last to leave the field.</p>
+
+<p>Under the shelter of the woods we reformed our
+companies. I still had about twenty-five men,
+Captain O'Brien about as many more, and a number
+of men from Company F had joined me on the
+right. We at once returned to the edge of the
+woods, the Colonel leading back the two left companies,
+and opened fire on the enemy, who was
+preparing to cross the open field. We soon were
+sent to the right, however, in order to make room
+for the Tenth Maine, and saw no more active
+fighting for that day. At twilight, when we were
+threatened upon our right flank, we returned across
+Cedar Run to the ground from which we had
+started.</p>
+
+<p>Of the 8,000 men that were engaged in this
+battle, we lost about 2,000 in killed and wounded.</p>
+
+<p>The loss in our Regiment was 117, mostly from
+the six companies that started in the charge on the
+battery. Lieutenant-Colonel Crane was killed,
+and Captain O'Brien mortally wounded. O'Brien
+had at the first charge been severely wounded in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>
+the thigh. When we retreated to the woods, he
+had showed me that his shoe was full of blood.
+He had, however, returned to the fight after binding
+up his wound with his handkerchief, and had
+been killed at the edge of the woods. My Company
+had, out of forty-five men engaged, lost two
+killed and fourteen wounded. Of these all but
+two of the wounded had been struck in the field
+where we first drew the enemy's fire, and in a
+space of time which I am confident did not exceed
+three minutes.</p>
+
+<p>As some 30,000 or 40,000 troops were in the
+vicinity, who had not fired a shot, I supposed that
+the battle would be renewed in the morning; but it
+was not. The corps of General Sigel and McDowell
+were moved to the front, but occupied
+themselves only with gathering up the wounded.
+On the 11th the enemy sent in a flag of truce,
+asking for an armistice to bury the dead. This
+was readily granted, for we also had still on the
+battle-field many dead and severely wounded. On
+the 12th it was found that the Confederates had
+taken advantage of the truce to retreat during the
+night. Indeed, they retired in such haste that they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>
+left large numbers of their wounded in our hands.
+General Sigel pursued them to the Rapidan,
+while our Corps returned to Culpeper for a much-needed
+rest.</p>
+
+<p>A great deal of criticism has been heaped upon
+all those who were prominently connected with
+this battle. Banks has been assailed for fighting
+the battle at all. It has seemed to many, an inexcusable
+piece of folly that he should have ordered
+the attack in such apparent ignorance of the position
+and strength of the enemy, and so near sundown
+that even if he had been successful, he could
+not have reaped any advantage. I have, however,
+doubted whether he ever made the order; but
+when once it had been made, he was obliged to
+put in his whole command or abandon everything
+that had been gained. Captain Wilkins who
+brought the order for our charge, later wandered
+into the Confederate lines while carrying orders,
+and I never heard of him again.</p>
+
+<p>Pope has been criticized for not seeing that
+Banks was properly supported; but all the evidence
+obtainable shows that Pope did not wish or
+expect to fight a battle at that time. McDowell<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>
+has been criticized with particular bitterness for not
+going to the aid of Banks, and charges of treachery
+were freely made against him. It was quite generally
+believed, even in his own command, that
+McDowell had no heart in the cause; and this
+belief&mdash;which later gained public expression in
+the dying statement of Colonel Brodhead of the
+First Michigan Cavalry, that he "died a victim to
+the incompetency of Pope and the treachery of
+McDowell"&mdash;caused his retirement as a corps
+commander.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><i>The Army retreats Northward</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>We remained at Culpeper until August 18,
+when we were aroused at midnight and started
+on the road to the Rappahannock. We crossed
+over on the next day and went into camp about
+half a mile from the river. During all that day
+and night the army of General Pope was streaming
+across the Rappahannock to the north side, only a
+portion of his cavalry still remaining to the south.
+There was a great deal of speculation among the
+men as to the reason for this unexpected retrograde
+movement. It was rumored that General McClellan<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>
+had been compelled to withdraw his army
+from the Peninsula, and that General Lee, released
+from the defence of Richmond, was marching
+our way. For once, rumor was correct. It
+was not many days before the whole of Lee's army
+was hunting to find an unguarded point at which
+to cross the river.</p>
+
+<p>About noon on the day after our crossing, I was
+watching the movements of some of our cavalry
+who still remained on the other side of the river.
+I was standing on the top of one of the highest
+knolls in the vicinity, from which I had a splendid
+view of the country for a long distance southward.
+For nearly two miles the land was clear of timber
+or fences or any obstacle which could impede the
+movements of cavalry. Observing that our cavalry
+seemed to be coming back at rather a livelier
+pace than usual, I noticed what appeared to be
+either a large regiment or a small brigade of Confederate
+cavalry emerge from the woods to the
+south of the plain. They formed their lines and
+moved to the attack.</p>
+
+<p>Our men, also, were soon in motion. As they
+approached each other the two bodies increased<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>
+their pace, until both seemed to be moving at full
+speed. They met with a jar, and for some moments
+it was impossible to distinguish friend from foe.
+There could only be distinctly seen the flashing of
+sabres in the sunlight as blows were struck and
+parried, and the puffs of smoke from revolvers and
+carbines. For ten minutes or more the stirring
+fight went on without any apparent advantage to
+either side. But now another regiment of our
+cavalry, which had been out of sight up the river
+at the beginning of the fight, came down upon the
+Confederates at a hard gallop. It was but a
+minute before the latter were retreating back to the
+timber, perhaps hurried a little by a few shells
+from one of our shore batteries. A little later, I
+learned that our cavalry had taken about sixty
+prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>On the night of August 22 the enemy were expected
+to make an attempt to cross the Rappahannock
+at Beverly Ford, where I was stationed on
+picket duty. During the night, however, the river
+rose almost ten feet as the result of heavy rains in
+the mountains. By morning, it was so raging a torrent
+that crossing was impossible. As soon as it was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>
+light, the enemy opened fire on us with fourteen
+pieces of artillery. I had already withdrawn my
+men from the river bank and stationed them where
+they could pour a heavy fire upon the Confederates,
+should they attempt to lay a bridge. I was
+therefore in a good position to watch at leisure the
+artillery duel which ensued. For two hours the
+shot flew back and forth across the stream, without,
+however, great damage to our side. At the
+end of that time the Confederates apparently had
+had enough and withdrew from their position.</p>
+
+<p>The succeeding days were passed in hard
+marching, with hot weather, no tents or blankets,
+short rations, and a poor country to forage in. The
+enemy occasionally made demonstration as though
+to cross at the fords of the Rappahannock, but all
+the while moving up toward the mountains. On
+the evening of August 27, while we were in camp
+near Warrenton Junction, rumors began to circulate
+that they had appeared in large force at
+Manassas Junction, and were threatening to cut
+off our retreat to Washington. The next morning
+we were called out at three o'clock, and soon after
+were on the road to the Junction. The corps of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>
+Generals Heintzelman and Fitz-John Porter,
+which had been marching toward Warrenton, had
+also been turned back and were directly in our advance.
+We marched rapidly to Kettle River, a
+small stream about five miles from the Junction,
+where we were detailed to guard a train of ninety
+cars loaded with ammunition and provisions for our
+army. Here we learned that the enemy had on
+the previous day captured and destroyed at the
+Junction over a hundred and fifty cars loaded with
+supplies, but had in the morning encountered
+Hooker's advance division near Kettle Run, and
+had been driven with considerable loss beyond the
+Junction. We found on our arrival at Kettle
+Run, tangible evidence of the morning's fight, for
+a good many of the dead were still lying around.</p>
+
+<p>Cannonading commenced early on the morning
+after our arrival, in the direction of Manassas, and
+continued all day. It was evident that a severe battle
+was in progress. Reports of our successes were
+continually coming in; we appeared to be driving
+the enemy at all points. It was said that the Confederates
+were surrounded on three sides, and
+hopes were strong that they would be captured before<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>
+the main body of their army came up. The
+next morning, the battle was still in progress although
+it seemed to be farther away than it had
+been before. The most encouraging reports continued
+to reach us, and at night General Pope was
+credited with having said that our troops had won
+a complete victory.</p>
+
+<p>While the battle was in progress, we had been
+occupied in rebuilding the bridge across Kettle
+Run, which the enemy had destroyed on the first
+day of their raid. We had it completed, and our
+train of cars moved across to Bristoe Station by the
+morning of the second day of the battle. We
+bivouacked that night north of Broad Run, happy
+in the thought that our troops had indeed vanquished
+the foe.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning we were ordered to return to
+Bristoe. As we approached the station, dense
+clouds of smoke were rolling upwards from the
+place where we had left our cars. This gave us
+notice that the reports of victory had been false.
+The fact was, that the left wing of Pope's army
+had been driven back the night before, and it had
+been necessary to burn the cars in order to prevent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>
+their falling into the hands of the enemy. It had
+been possible to save only the supplies with which
+they were loaded. Our Corps, moreover, having
+received no notice of the reverse, was now in grave
+danger of being cut off from the remainder of the
+army. We managed, however, by rapid marching
+over a circuitous route to reach the north side of
+Bull Run in safety.</p>
+
+<p>The next day we marched to a short distance
+beyond Centerville. Here we were halted, and
+stood in the road on our arms during a driving rain,
+while the battle of Chantilly was being fought
+only a short distance to the north. We remained
+standing in the road&mdash;or at least were supposed to
+be standing&mdash;all that night, the rain pouring down
+in torrents most of the time. After darkness had
+set in, however, the men quietly began to disappear
+into the neighboring woods, and soon I alone
+of all my Company was actually standing in the
+road. I was not greatly troubled over the breach
+of orders, for I knew that at the first intimation of
+danger every man would be in his place. I too
+found for myself as dry a place as possible, and
+wrapping my rubber coat about me, tried to secure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>
+a snatch of much-needed sleep. But I soon awoke
+so thoroughly wet and cold that further slumber
+was out of the question. I thereupon sought a fire
+that some soldiers had built, and endeavored to
+extract a bit of comfort from its friendly heat.
+Just as I was beginning to feel its warmth, a number
+of staff officers came along and ordered the
+blaze extinguished, for, said they, it was against
+the orders of General Banks. I stepped back into
+the darkness so as not to be recognized, concluding
+that if General Banks wanted that fire put out, he
+would get no help from me. The men standing
+near, however, kicked the burning brands apart as
+though to put it out, and the officers passed on.
+But they were not fifty feet away before the fire
+had been rekindled and was again dispensing
+cheer. This scene was repeated at frequent intervals
+until daylight, the fire continuing to burn in
+spite of all orders.</p>
+
+<p>That morning we took the road about nine, and
+marched until midnight. On the morning after,
+we found that we were within the fortifications of
+Alexandria. Two days later we crossed the
+Potomac at Georgetown, and went into camp at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>
+Tennalleytown, D. C. Our wagons and camp
+equipage had preceded us. A mail also was
+awaiting us, the first that we had received since
+leaving Culpeper Court House.</p>
+
+<p>We now had leisure to reflect upon our situation.
+It was indeed humiliating. Here we were,
+after six months of campaigning, back again at the
+point where we had started. The Grand Army
+of the Potomac forced to seek the shelter of the
+fortifications of Washington! The actual fighting
+had usually been in our favor. Why was it,
+then, that we had been forced back? We believed
+that the answer lay entirely in the fact that
+we had been outgeneralled. We felt that Pope
+and McDowell were the Jonahs who should go
+overboard. And overboard they went, not to be
+heard of again during the war. The reappointment
+of McClellan to command was everywhere
+received with pleasure. So far as my acquaintance
+went, the feeling was unanimous in his favor.</p>
+
+<p>For several days we remained in camp enjoying
+the luxury of tents and beds after our strenuous
+experiences on the march. New regiments were
+in the meantime assigned to the old brigades.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>
+Ours received the Thirteenth New Jersey and the
+One Hundred Seventh New York, with a new
+corps commander in the person of General Mansfield.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><i>Moving Toward the Enemy</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>On September 5 it was definitely rumored in
+camp that the enemy had crossed into Maryland
+by way of Edward's Ferry. All of the Army of
+the Potomac were soon after moving up the river
+toward Darnestown, where a defensive position
+was taken and the enemy's movements awaited.
+There were no further developments until the
+10th, when an order came from General McClellan
+to store in Washington all of the officers' baggage
+and the company tents and property, and
+turn over the teams to be used in hauling provisions
+and ammunition. This looked more like business
+than anything we had yet seen.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning we began to move in earnest,
+passing through Darnestown, and on toward Frederick
+City. On the 12th we made a long march
+to Ijamsville, where we heard from one party of
+citizens that the enemy were evacuating Frederick<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>
+City, and from another that they were preparing to
+fight us at the crossing of the Monocacy River.
+In the morning, we were early on the road, marching
+rapidly to the ford of the Monocacy, and
+crossing without trouble. As we approached
+Frederick, we could hear the firing of the advance
+of Burnside's Corps, as they were driving the rear
+guard of the retreating enemy from the passes of
+the Catoctin Mountains, about five miles west of
+the city. Over 800 prisoners were sent back that
+day, mostly stragglers and deserters, who had
+soldiered as long as they wished.</p>
+
+<p>That night we camped near Frederick City, a
+large portion of our Regiment taking advantage of
+the opportunity to visit old friends and acquaintances
+in that place. We had been there so long
+during the past year that it seemed to us almost
+like home. The Confederates had been in possession
+for nearly a week, and many stories were
+told of the good people who had displayed their
+loyalty under adverse circumstances. The real
+heroine of the town was old Barbara Fritchie, who
+had kept a Union flag waving from her window
+during all the time of the Confederate occupation.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>
+Her name has been immortalized by Whittier. I
+know that in recent years it has been said that no
+such person ever lived, and that the flag was not
+displayed. But I heard the story told within
+twenty-four hours after the Confederate army had
+left Frederick, from persons who knew the circumstances,
+and I am going to believe it until there is
+more positive proof than I have yet seen, that it is
+not true.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><i>Battle of South Mountain</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>We were ready to march by four o'clock on the
+morning of the 14th. But we might as well have
+stayed in camp until seven. The road west from
+Frederick was a fine, broad turnpike, wide enough
+for two or three wagons abreast, but it was now
+completely choked with the ammunition and provision
+wagons of the troops in advance. Even
+after we did finally get started, and were clear of
+the town, we had to march through the fields and
+woods on either side of the road.</p>
+
+<p>When we reached the top of the Catoctin Mountains,
+we could hear the sound of artillery and
+musketry fire on the next mountain ridge beyond.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>
+Occasionally we could even catch a glimpse of the
+lines of our troops as they moved up the slopes to
+assault the position of the enemy. We were now
+rapidly marched down the mountain and turned
+off by a circuitous route to the right, in order to
+strike the enemy on the left flank. Before we
+could reach their position, however, it had already
+been carried by assault, and the enemy had taken
+advantage of the darkness to make good their retreat.
+Such was the battle of South Mountain.</p>
+
+<p>We now countermarched to the turnpike near
+Middletown, where we went into camp at one
+o'clock in the morning. We had been on the road
+for twenty-two consecutive hours, most of the time
+climbing over rocks and through brush on the
+mountain side. Again we were on the march, at
+eight o'clock the next morning, crossing South
+Mountain as we had crossed the Catoctin Mountains,
+with the wagon train occupying the road and
+the troops in the woods along the side. We passed
+through Boonsborough in the afternoon, and by
+night had reached nearly to Keedysville.</p>
+
+<p>The road was strewn with the muskets and
+other accoutrements of the enemy fleeing from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>
+South Mountain, together with a great deal of
+plunder that they had gathered in Maryland.
+There was every indication that they had retreated
+in a state of demoralization. The houses in Boonsborough
+and the vicinity were filled with their
+wounded, and we were constantly meeting squads
+of from twenty to one hundred prisoners who were
+being sent back from the front. Occasional artillery
+firing in the front seemed to indicate that we
+were being waited for not far ahead.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><i>Battle of Antietam</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>On the morning of the 16th we moved forward
+to a position behind a range of low hills near Antietam
+Creek, and there we remained until night,
+undisturbed save by occasional shots from the
+enemy's batteries, posted in the hills on the opposite
+side of the creek. The remainder of our
+army kept coming up all day, taking position as
+they arrived, until at night it was understood that
+they were all at hand with the exception of Franklin's
+Corps, which had gone to the relief of Harpers
+Ferry. At about nine o'clock we were
+called up and moved across Antietam Creek, close<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>
+to the enemy's lines, where we lay down to secure
+such rest as we might in preparation for the next
+day's fight. General Hooker's Corps lay in position,
+just in front of us.</p>
+
+<p>It was reported that night that Harpers Ferry
+had been surrendered by Colonel Miles without a
+struggle, and when the relieving force of General
+Franklin was within three miles. It was rumored
+also that Miles had been shot by the men of his
+own command when they learned that they had
+been surrendered.</p>
+
+<p>We were awakened soon after daylight by the
+sound of heavy cannonading in the front. It had
+been raining during the night, but now the sky
+was clear and the sun shining. The men hurried
+into the ranks, and the Corps formed in close column
+by companies. We moved a short distance to
+the right, then sat down to await developments.
+As battery after battery came into action, the artillery
+firing continually increased in rapidity, until
+for a few minutes the roar would be continuous.
+Then there would be a lull, and the sharp crack
+of the musketry would be heard, as the skirmishers
+pushed forward through the timber. Now the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>
+scattering musketry fire increased into crashing volleys;
+as more and more troops became engaged,
+the volleys developed into one continuous roar, like
+the roll of distant thunder.</p>
+
+<p>Within a few minutes we became aware by
+sight, as well as by sound, that a bloody battle was
+in progress; a constant stream of wounded men was
+coming back to the field hospital in the rear.
+Many were but slightly wounded and still clung to
+their muskets as they hurried back to have their
+wounds dressed. They would stop on their way,
+for a moment, hastily to tell how they were "driving
+the Johnnies" in the front. Others, more seriously
+hurt, were being helped along by comrades;
+while others, still more unfortunate, lay silent on
+stretchers as they were borne back by ambulance
+men and musicians. Soon, a number of ammunition
+wagons which had ventured too close to the
+front, came dashing by us to seek shelter behind a
+neighboring hill. They were followed shortly
+after by a dismounted cannon being dragged back
+for repairs. Now came a temporary lull in the
+musketry. The thunder of the artillery increased
+as if in compensation; but rising above all came<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>
+the cheers of our comrades in the front, announcing
+that the opening engagement had ended in victory.</p>
+
+<p>The pause in the musketry was of short duration.
+The enemy, largely reënforced, soon attacked
+in their turn, making desperate efforts to regain
+the ground that they had lost. Upon our
+side, more troops to the right and left came into
+action, and the battle was soon raging again with
+redoubled fury. The enemy in our immediate
+front seemed to have largely increased their artillery,
+and scattering shot and shell were dropping
+around us.</p>
+
+<p>At length our First Brigade was sent into action.
+We soon followed, at double-quick, in close column
+by companies. Passing rapidly through the
+woods, we emerged upon the field a little northeast
+of the old Dunkard church, and our Regiment
+deployed in line. The man&oelig;uvre was executed
+as though we had been on a parade ground instead
+of a battle-field. I have seldom seen it better done.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately on our right and about one hundred
+yards to the front, was posted one of our batteries
+of twelve-pound brass guns. It had evidently
+been in action for some time. All of its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>
+horses were killed or crippled, and the gunners
+were just falling back before the advancing Confederate
+line of battle. To the left of the battery,
+and stretching off to the woods directly in our
+front, stood the remnants of a brigade, still stubbornly
+contesting the advance of the enemy's infantry.
+Our Regiment moved forward to the battery,
+the artillerymen at the same time returning to
+their guns. The Second Massachusetts took
+position to the right; the Twenty-Seventh Indiana
+came up on the left.</p>
+
+<p>The Confederate infantry moved steadily
+across the corn-field, while the decimated brigade
+in its path fell back, step by step. We were
+obliged to wait before commencing fire, until they
+could be moved out of the way. Then we opened
+fire from one end of the line to the other. The
+enemy were handicapped by the fact that they
+were moving diagonally across our front, instead
+of directly toward us, and our fire was terribly
+severe, so it was not long before they broke and
+ran back to the woods. Immediately, however,
+another line was coming up, this time confronting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span>
+us squarely. And now commenced the work in
+earnest.</p>
+
+<p>Our position was in a stubble-field. The ground
+in front of us sloped gently downward, so that we
+were fifteen or twenty feet higher than the enemy.
+About a hundred yards in our front was a rail
+fence, beyond which lay another open field. The
+previous day, that field had contained a luxuriant
+growth of ripening corn; now it was cut by bullets
+and trampled by men and horses, until scarce a
+vestige of the crop remained.</p>
+
+<p>For a time, the enemy came on rapidly, without
+firing a shot. Their right, like our left, was "in
+the air" and about even with us. They were as
+gallant fellows as ever moved to an assault. One
+could but admire the steady courage with which
+they approached us; great gaps being made in
+their lines at every discharge of our grape- and
+canister-laden twelve-pounders, and our bullets
+also wore them away at every step. A portion of
+these stern fighters reached the fence; none came
+farther. They there stopped and opened fire on
+our lines. From our higher ground we could see
+the steady stream of their wounded being helped<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span>
+to the rear. Still they held on, returning fire for
+fire; and we too were suffering terribly. At
+length the Confederates had been reduced to a
+mere handful; it was hopeless to hold on any
+longer, and they fell back toward the woods. But
+before they had reached there, another of their
+brigades was coming up behind them. The newcomers,
+however, halted and opened fire at nearly
+double the distance that their predecessors
+had taken. Soon they also began to waver, then
+suddenly broke, and joined their comrades in the
+flight to the woods.</p>
+
+<p>As they all disappeared toward the timber,
+General Hooker rode up and ordered us to fix
+bayonets and pursue. With a whoop and hurrah
+our Regiment and the Twenty-Seventh Indiana
+started down through the corn-field, General
+Hooker himself leading like a captain. It was
+such traits as this that made him popular, even
+with those who did not think him fit for high command.
+We had passed fairly into the corn-field,
+which was literally strewn with the dead bodies
+of Confederates, when a staff officer rode up, and
+ordered us to get out of the way, for General Sumner<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>
+wished to put in a division at that point. This
+was all that prevented us from assaulting a position
+with about a hundred and fifty men, which a few
+minutes later Sedgwick's Division, with five or
+six thousand, failed to carry.</p>
+
+<p>We moved back out of the corn-field to our
+old position, and immediately after Sedgwick's
+Division came in from the northeast. As they
+moved forward in perfect line to the attack, they
+presented a splendid sight, even to old soldiers,
+and we had little doubt that they would sweep
+everything before them. They marched in three
+parallel lines, one behind the other, and about
+seventy-five yards apart. The brigade and field
+officers, aware of the peculiar danger of being on
+horseback in such a place, all marched with their
+men on foot. The only mounted officer in the entire
+division was old General Sumner himself,
+who rode a little in the rear of his first line. He
+was then nearly seventy years of age, perfectly
+grey but still proudly erect. As he stretched his
+tall form to its full height on his horse, in order to
+see what might be in front of his men, he was the
+most conspicuous object on the field, and undoubtedly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>
+was the target for every Confederate sharpshooter
+in sight.</p>
+
+<p>No resistance of consequence was met until the
+advance brigade was out of sight in the woods, and
+the Second Brigade was just at the edge. Then
+a heavy musketry fire showed that the enemy had
+reformed their lines and were making a stubborn
+fight. Their artillery also now opened fire, and
+shells and round shot began to fall in our neighborhood.
+It soon became evident to us, who were
+spectators of the fight, that General Sumner's formation
+had been a serious mistake. His second
+and third brigades were exposed to a heavy fire
+from the enemy, yet they could not reply on account
+of the line in front of them. They soon
+broke up in confusion, therefore, and fell back out
+of range. The leading brigade held on for over
+half an hour, to the position that it had gained in
+the woods, when it also fell back, with but a
+small portion of the magnificent line which a short
+time before had so gallantly gone forward to the
+attack.</p>
+
+<p>The remnant of our Regiment, together with
+portions of several other like commands, were now<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>
+stationed at the edge of the woods behind a battery
+of artillery. There was little more active
+fighting, however, in that part of the field during
+the remainder of the day. At one time the enemy
+made an attempt to recover the lost ground in the
+corn-field, but the batteries easily drove them back
+to the woods. Soon after twelve o'clock we were
+relieved by fresh troops and moved a short distance
+to the rear. With the friendly aid of a rail fence
+we now built a fire, and prepared our dinner of
+hardtack and coffee, and remained quiet for the
+rest of the day. To the left the firing continued
+until late in the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>Many of our gallant boys laid down their lives
+that bloody day on the battle-field of Antietam.
+In the morning, our Regiment had taken into the
+fight twelve officers and not quite 300 enlisted
+men. The number was thus small because our
+wounded from Cedar Mountain had not yet rejoined
+us, and hard marching had sent others to
+the hospital. Of the twelve officers, we lost one
+killed and seven severely wounded. The Colonel
+had been hit in the head by a bullet, which had
+cut just deep enough to draw blood; while I had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>
+received a severe bruise from a spent ball. Of
+our 300 privates, we lost 194 in killed and
+wounded. The Twenty-Seventh Indiana on our
+left, had lost about half of its men; the Second
+Massachusetts on the right, had suffered in about
+the same proportion.</p>
+
+<p>In my Company, of the thirty men whom I took
+into the field, two had been killed, two mortally
+wounded, and sixteen so severely hurt, that they
+were ordered to the hospital. Of all that Company,
+only one had escaped without the mark of
+a bullet upon his person or his clothes. Every one
+of our color-guard, composed of a corporal from
+each company, had been shot down before the
+battle was over. As its bearers fell, the flag had
+been passed along the line until it had come into
+the hands of one of my privates, Joseph Collins,
+who carried it the remainder of the day. The
+color-bearers of the enemy had been even more unfortunate.
+On our charge into the corn-field, our
+men picked up several of their banners that had
+fallen with their bearers.</p>
+
+<p>When night at length put a merciful end to the
+battle, all along the line, both thoroughly-worn-out<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>
+armies were, I am sure, glad for the chance to
+rest. I know that I, for one, was completely exhausted.
+The sun had scarcely set before I had
+wrapped myself in my overcoat, and with my haversack
+for a pillow, was sound asleep, quite oblivious
+of the fact that the field of the dead was
+only a few steps away. In the morning we were
+early astir expecting a renewal of the fight. Our
+men threw away all of their old muskets, and
+armed themselves with the new Springfield rifles of
+the improved pattern, picked up on the battle-field.
+Ammunition and rations were issued, and every
+preparation made to receive the enemy. All was
+quiet, however, and so remained for the rest of the
+day. At about noon, General Franklin's Corps
+came up from Harpers Ferry and took position on
+our right.</p>
+
+<p>During that afternoon I went over the corn-field
+that had been the scene of the hardest fighting
+the previous day. It was a sight which once seen
+could never be forgotten. The dead lay as they
+had fallen, and in such dreadful numbers! Several
+times had the ground been fought over; the
+bodies of brave men were so thickly strewn over it,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>
+that one might for rods have walked on corpses
+without touching the ground.</p>
+
+<p>When we advanced our lines, the morning of
+the 19th, the enemy had disappeared. Only his
+picket line still remained, and that surrendered
+without resistance. These prisoners appeared to
+be dazed with discouragement; many of them
+seemed glad to have been taken. Like the thousands
+whom we had captured during the heat of
+the battle, they were destitute of clothing, and their
+haversacks contained nothing but raw corn.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><i>In Winter Quarters</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>So far as we were concerned, the battle of Antietam
+ended active campaigning for the winter of
+1862. During the next two months we moved
+about between Harpers Ferry and the mouth of
+Antietam Creek, doing occasional guard duty, and
+for the most part passing the time uneventfully.
+On October 1 President Lincoln visited our camp
+at Maryland Heights. It seemed to me that he
+did full justice to his reputation for homeliness.
+He came entirely unannounced, but we hurriedly
+turned out the Regiment and presented arms. For<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>
+a time, on account of their greenness, the new regiments
+in camp furnished a source of amusement.
+Most of them had received large bounties on enlistment,
+and the old soldiers taunted them as
+bounty-bought; they were told that the Government
+could have secured mules much cheaper.</p>
+
+<p>On November 13 came my commission as First
+Lieutenant of Company E. This did not materially
+change my position, for I had been in command
+of a company ever since the battle of Antietam.
+On November 17 we went into winter
+camp at Fairfax Station, but sometime in January
+removed to Stafford Court House. In the meantime
+McClellan had been finally removed from
+the command of the Army of the Potomac; and
+Burnside, who had followed him, had in his turn,
+been relieved after the battle of Fredericksburg,
+by General Joe Hooker.</p>
+
+<p>Hooker was evidently determined to build up
+a thoroughly efficient army, and spent the winter
+in constant efforts toward improving the condition
+and effectiveness of his troops. Inspections became
+extremely rigid; they extended not only to
+arms and equipment, but to camp and garrison<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span>
+equipage, policing, and sanitation. Regiments
+reaching the highest standard for general efficiency
+and appearance were awarded leaves of absence
+for two officers at a time for fifteen days each, and
+furloughs for two men at a time, in each company,
+for the same period. Regiments that at first were
+not up to standard, were in the course of the winter
+given their furloughs as they attained efficiency.</p>
+
+<p>Our Regiment was one of the eleven in the entire
+army which, when the first inspection was
+made, proved to be in the highest degree of efficiency.
+Leaves of absence and furloughs commenced
+at once, and before spring all who cared
+to go had a chance to visit their homes. The distance
+to Wisconsin was too great to make it profitable
+for me to return; so I visited a sister in New
+York State, taking advantage of this opportunity
+to see the sights of New York City and Washington.</p>
+
+<p>During the winter the army was gradually
+strengthened by the return of convalescents.
+Thus our Regiment was able by spring once more
+to muster about 400 muskets. Many of the permanently
+disabled officers were transferred to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span>
+invalid corps, and those who were sick were discharged,
+thus giving way to more vigorous and
+able-bodied men. The army was now in the best
+condition that it had ever been in, and we all
+looked forward to a successful campaign.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><i>Chancellorsville</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>On the morning of April 27, 1863, we left our
+winter camp at Stafford Court House and marched
+to Kelly's Ford on the Rappahannock. Pontoon
+bridges had been laid ahead of us, and the
+Eleventh Corps had already crossed. Early on
+the morning of the 29th, we followed, and started
+at once for Germanna Ford on the Rapidan, twelve
+miles off. Three corps of the Army of the Potomac
+were engaged in the expedition&mdash;the Fifth,
+Eleventh and Twelfth. Our Corps, the Twelfth,
+after crossing, pushed on to the head of the column,
+and our Brigade was given the position of honor
+in the advance. We carried eight days' rations
+and a hundred rounds of ammunition. In addition,
+several pack mules laden with boxes of cartridges
+followed each regiment, so that we felt sure
+we were out for business. The men were in good<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span>
+spirits, however, and notwithstanding the heavy
+loads marched rapidly.</p>
+
+<p>We arrived at the ford in about four hours, without
+alarming the enemy. A portion of the Regiment
+were deployed as skirmishers under cover
+of the woods, three or four hundred yards from the
+river bank. At the word of command they moved
+on the run down to the river. Here each man
+hastily found for himself such shelter as he could,
+behind trees and brush, and opened fire on the
+enemy who were occupying some buildings on the
+opposite side. As we approached the river about
+a dozen Confederates started to run up the hill
+back of their position, in an attempt to escape.
+Our men were excellent marksmen, however, and
+after two had been killed and several others
+wounded, the rest of the enemy hastened back to
+the shelter of the buildings. Occasionally some
+fellow would fire at us from a window, but the
+puff of smoke from his gun would make him immediately
+the target for every musket within range,
+and that practice was soon discouraged. In less
+than ten minutes from the time when the skirmish
+commenced, the Southerners had hung out a white<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span>
+rag and surrendered. The swift-flowing Rapidan,
+nearly three hundred feet wide, separated
+them from us, but we compelled them to wade
+over. In this way, without a casualty to ourselves,
+we bagged 101 prisoners, and not a man
+escaped to the enemy to give warning of our approach.</p>
+
+<p>We had just secured our prisoners when General
+Slocum came up. He immediately took in
+the situation, and ordered us to cross the river and
+secure the heights on the other side. We had had
+a good time laughing at our prisoners as we made
+them cross over to us, with the water up to their
+armpits; but when we had to go in ourselves, it did
+not seem so funny. It was still early in the spring,
+and the water was icy cold from the melting snow
+in the mountains. Moreover, the current was so
+swift that some mounted officers and cavalry who
+went in ahead of us could scarcely keep a footing.
+If a horse stumbled, he was washed off his feet in
+an instant and carried down stream. In fact, one
+man was drowned in such an accident, and several
+others had narrow escapes. We prepared for
+crossing by placing our ammunition and provisions,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>
+and such valuables as would be injured by the
+water, on the ends of the muskets or on our heads,
+and plunged in. We had the small men distributed
+among the large ones, and in this way
+crossed without serious trouble. We were followed
+in the same manner by the Second Massachusetts.
+Once across we pushed rapidly for the
+hill overlooking the ford, where we took a strong
+position and threw out our pickets.</p>
+
+<p>The pontoon train had by this time come up,
+and a bridge was soon built. The remainder of
+our Corps and the Eleventh Corps then crossed
+and went into camp ahead of us. We now gathered
+about our fires, and dried out our clothes in
+order to have them once more in comfortable shape
+by bed-time.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning we moved to Chancellorsville,
+where we arrived early in the day. It is a
+very big name for a very small place; at that time
+it contained only one house. The position which
+we had thus gained uncovered the road to United
+States Ford, on the Rappahannock. Here another
+pontoon bridge was laid, and General
+Hooker crossed it with his force. We were all in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span>
+the best of spirits, for in securing this advantage of
+position we thought that the victory had already
+been gained.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of May 1 our Brigade engaged
+in a successful reconnoissance toward Fredericksburg,
+in which we captured a number of prisoners.
+On our return to Chancellorsville we were sent to
+occupy a slight rise of ground at Hazel Grove,
+about a mile southwest of Chancellor House.
+Here, in a sharp skirmish with the enemy, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Scott was shot through the head by a
+chance ball and instantly killed. During the afternoon,
+General Hooker rode around the lines,
+jubilant over the success of his movements. Several
+times he remarked that now he had got the
+Confederates where he wanted them, and they
+would have to fight us on our own ground or be
+destroyed. At that time the army still had unbounded
+confidence in him; but it seemed to me a
+bit curious that the man who was ready at Antietam
+to lead 150 men to a charge on the whole
+Southern army, should now get into entrenchment
+when he had at his command 150,000 soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>The night passed off without incident. At<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span>
+about ten o'clock the next morning it was discovered
+that the enemy were moving wagon trains
+toward the southwest. Birney's Division of the
+Fifth Corps, which had been in position somewhere
+in our rear, was sent out at about noon to
+stop them. A sharp musketry fire for a minute or
+two indicated to us that the attack had been made,
+and soon after several hundred Southern prisoners
+were sent back to us under guard. At about
+four in the afternoon, our Regiment was ordered to
+deploy as skirmishers through the woods upon the
+left of Birney, to capture Confederate stragglers
+who were believed to be lurking there in large
+numbers. Obedient to these orders we piled up
+our knapsacks, overcoats, and other baggage, behind
+the breastworks we had built, and moved
+forward into the woods. We had advanced
+about half a mile from our entrenchments, when
+the storm broke loose in the rear. The army of
+Stonewall Jackson had struck the Eleventh Corps
+in the flank and rear, and had brushed it away
+like a swarm of flies before a hurricane. I was
+afterward told that the defeated Corps came
+tumbling along through the woods, an indiscriminate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span>
+mass of flying men, pack mules with their
+packs turned, and stray artillery horses. Nor did
+they bring up until they were stopped at Chancellorsville
+by three regiments of Hooker's cavalry.
+However, the best troops in the world could not,
+if struck in the same way, have stood against such
+an attack.</p>
+
+<p>Our line was now halted to await developments.
+Very soon a Confederate battery was in position
+on the hill which we had just left, and was throwing
+shells over toward Chancellor House. Directly
+in our front, to the south, another battery was
+firing in the same direction. We were hidden from
+this second battery by timber and underbrush, but
+were so close to it that in the intervals of the firing
+we could distinctly hear the strokes of swabs and
+rammers as the guns were swabbed out, and the
+charges rammed home. From my position I could
+see the battery near our old entrenchments, as it
+came up and commenced firing. However, it did
+not remain there long. The fire from our own
+batteries, near the Chancellor House, blew up two
+caissons or their limber chests, and the rest of the
+Southern battery sought a safer place.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span>The roar of artillery and musketry still continued
+around the Chancellor House and to the west
+of it; but we could tell by the sound of the firing
+that the Confederate advance had been stayed.
+By seven o'clock darkness had settled over the
+field, bringing with it for a time comparative quiet.
+We began to look around now, for a way out of
+the woods, and back to our Corps. Our scouts
+soon found that Geary's Division still held the entrenchments
+which they had built the night before,
+and that we might return safely through their
+lines to the Chancellor House. By nine o'clock,
+therefore, we were once more in line of battle
+with the rest of the Brigade, in the woods west
+of the House.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after our return, occurred the confusion
+in which Stonewall Jackson was mortally
+wounded. Our picket line had been driven in by
+the enemy, and we had fired a volley or two into
+the woods on our front. At the same time we had
+been fired on in the darkness by the Thirteenth
+New Jersey. General Jackson was struck just at
+this time, in the woods into which we had fired.
+It has been presumed that he was hit by his own<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>
+men, but there is a possibility that the bullet came
+from the Third Wisconsin.</p>
+
+<p>We secured but little sleep that night. Our artillery
+continued throwing shot and shell over our
+heads into the woods fronting us, where the enemy
+were supposed to be in force. At midnight the
+Confederates again attacked us; but Birney's Division,
+which had been cut off from us in the afternoon
+by Jackson's attack, struck them with fixed
+bayonets in the flank at the same time that we
+opened on them in the front&mdash;and of course we
+made short work of them. We had now regained
+the ground where we had left our knapsacks, but
+for fear of another attack, the officers would not
+let us go up after them. So we shivered miserably
+through the night, and in the morning arose thoroughly
+chilled.</p>
+
+<p>The enemy, however, soon gave us enough to do
+to warm our blood. Birney's Division had, during
+the night, taken a new position in our advance, at
+Hazel Grove. It was attacked early Sunday
+morning, and in the course of an hour driven back
+with the reported loss of one of its batteries. As
+Birney's men passed back over us, the enemy came<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span>
+on, flushed with victory, and in some disorder.
+But in a few minutes we sent them back, in worse
+disorder than they had come. We followed
+them for a quarter of a mile, but there encountered
+a second line. In a short time we had the satisfaction
+of seeing their backs, also, dimly in the distance.
+Colonel Colgrove of the Twenty-Seventh
+Indiana, who was commanding the Brigade, now
+ordered a bayonet charge; but before we were
+fairly started, General Ruger sent orders not to
+advance any farther. Soon the enemy attacked
+again; but after a stubborn fight we sent them
+back for a third time, their ranks disorganized and
+the ground thickly strewn with their dead.</p>
+
+<p>It was now near nine o'clock. We had been
+fighting continuously for three hours, and all of the
+ammunition that we carried had been exhausted.
+That carried by the pack mules had been distributed,
+also, and was nearly all fired away. The
+muskets had become so heated and foul that it was
+difficult to load them. Some of the pieces were
+so hot that the cartridge would explode as soon as
+it struck the bottom of the gun, and before the man
+had been able to aim. Because of this, we were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>
+relieved by a fresh brigade, and marched back
+about a mile to the rear. From there we were sent
+to a position a little northeast of the Chancellor
+House, where we built breastworks and remained
+until the army was withdrawn across the river.</p>
+
+<p>All the rest of the day we could hear the firing
+to our right, and the next day, off in the direction
+of Fredericksburg, where Sedgwick's Corps was
+engaged; but we made no move. We only sat
+around, wearily watching the time pass away,
+until the night of the 5th, when preparations began
+to be made for the withdrawal of the army to the
+north bank of the river. The night was cold and
+rainy. Our blankets and overcoats had been lost,
+for we had left them on the second night of the
+battle to pick up stragglers, and fires were not permitted,
+lest they reveal our movement. As we
+shivered through the long, dark hours, all the admiration
+vanished that we had previously felt for
+Fighting Joe Hooker.</p>
+
+<p>Toward day we silently withdrew from the entrenchments
+we had made, and marched off to the
+river. We found when we came near, however,
+that the approaches to the bridge were still<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span>
+crowded with the moving troops; we had, therefore,
+to double-quick back to the entrenchments,
+and wait until the bridge was cleared. Then we
+crossed over, the last of the army, entirely unmolested
+except for a few shells thrown by a Confederate
+battery.</p>
+
+<p>We now returned to Stafford Court House, and
+at night pitched our tents on the very ground we
+had left ten days before. We were all thoroughly
+discouraged over the outcome of our expedition,
+and feeling, as one of our officers expressed it,
+"that we had gone out for wool, and come back
+shorn." The old soldiers who took part in that
+movement cannot think of it, to this day, but with
+the strongest feelings of disgust.</p>
+
+<p>The camp that we occupied on our return to
+Stafford Court House was one of the best we ever
+had. It was an old orchard, with a vacant field
+near by for a drill and parade ground. Our
+friends, the Second Massachusetts, occupied one
+end of the orchard and we the other. Between us
+was a good baseball ground, where we amused
+ourselves at playing ball or pitching quoits. Every
+night after supper, the officers of the two regiments<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span>
+would get together for a big game, while the
+rank and file would follow suit, and our drill
+ground would present an animated sight. Thus
+we whiled away the time with considerable comfort,
+often speculating on the possibility of the enemy
+coming across the river to attack us. So many
+regiments of two-year men and nine-months men
+were being mustered out of the service, that we
+did not consider it at all likely that we would cross
+the river until our ranks were filled by the conscription
+which had then been ordered.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><i>A Cavalry Expedition</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>On June 6 this easy life came to an end. The
+company commanders of our Regiment were summoned
+to the Colonel's tent, and informed that the
+Regiment had been selected to accompany a cavalry
+expedition. We were instructed to leave behind
+all baggage not carried on the persons of the
+men, and to take only those who could march thirty
+miles a day. The expedition was to be composed
+of the two best regiments in each corps&mdash;the Second
+Massachusetts and ourselves having been selected
+from the Twelfth.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>We left our camp at about six o'clock and
+marched that night to Spott Tavern, fifteen miles
+away. The next day we reached Bealeton Station,
+where we bivouacked in the woods until the
+night of the 8th, awaiting the arrival of our cavalry.
+We were joined here by a number of other
+regiments, the whole force being under command
+of General Ames. Our State pride was highly
+gratified to find four Wisconsin regiments in this
+detail of picked commands from every corps.</p>
+
+<p>On the night of the 8th, our whole force, infantry,
+artillery, and cavalry, moved down to the
+Rappahannock at Beverly Ford. The next
+morning, a portion of the Third Wisconsin was
+deployed to cover the crossing; but the enemy had
+not discovered us, and we passed over without
+trouble. The cavalry now pushed on to Brandy
+Station, on the railroad; the infantry following,
+with our detachment in the lead. The cavalry
+were soon briskly engaged, and in a little while
+Colonel Davis, their commanding officer, was
+brought back mortally wounded. The infantry
+was now disposed on the flanks, to guard the cavalry
+from being taken at a disadvantage. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>
+fighting soon became general, being mostly by detached
+companies deployed as skirmishers. At
+one time, in advancing with my Company to clear
+out a piece of woods, I had a lively fight for a
+short time; five men out of the twenty with me
+were severely wounded before we drove the enemy
+from their shelter. At another time, Company
+D succeeded in getting on the flank and rear
+of a North Carolina regiment, and captured over
+a hundred prisoners. Some of our cavalry regiments
+were pretty severely handled at the beginning
+of the fight, especially before the infantry
+came up. On the whole, however, the expedition
+was a success, resulting in the capture of the headquarters
+of the Confederate cavalry leader, General
+J. E. B. Stuart, together with many valuable
+papers and orders relating to the contemplated invasion
+of the North.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><i>Gettysburg</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>We now recrossed Beverly Ford and went into
+camp until the 12th. Then we learned that the
+Confederate army was on the move toward the
+North, and that our army was marching to Manassas<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span>
+Junction and Centerville. We therefore
+marched in the same direction, and on the 16th
+rejoined our Corps near Centerville. Reaching
+Leesburg on the 18th, we went into camp. We
+had no definite information as to the location of
+the Confederate army, but rather suspected that it
+was moving into the Shenandoah Valley. This
+suspicion was confirmed when we learned that
+they had occupied Winchester and Martinsburg.
+We heard of them next as crossing the Potomac at
+Williamsport and marching into Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>During our stay at Leesburg, several men from
+a New York regiment were shot for desertion.
+They were the first executions for that crime in our
+army, and for a time, they produced a great sensation.
+On the 26th we crossed the Potomac at
+Edward's Ferry, and proceeded up the river to the
+mouth of the Monocacy; thence we moved across
+to Frederick City, where we went into camp early
+on the afternoon of the 28th.</p>
+
+<p>During the night I learned that our Division
+was under marching orders to strike for Williamsport
+in the morning, and destroy the bridge on
+which the enemy had crossed the Potomac. We<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>
+were to destroy, also, all boats and ferries that
+might be used by the Confederates in a retreat.
+Then we were to rejoin the army if we could; if
+not, to move west to Cumberland, and rejoin as
+opportunity offered. With morning, however,
+came a change of commanders, and with it also,
+a change of orders. General Hooker had been
+superseded by General Meade, and now we were
+ordered northward to follow the army that had
+gone ahead.</p>
+
+<p>At noon on July 1, while we were preparing
+our dinner at Two Taverns, some eight miles
+south of Gettysburg, the distant rumbling of artillery
+to the north announced to us the opening
+of a great battle. The cannonading became more
+and more furious as the minutes passed, until in
+the distance it sounded like one continual roll of
+thunder. At length came the order to march, and
+in five minutes we were on the road to the front
+as fast as our strength could take us. As we
+trudged along, we met hundreds of Confederate
+prisoners being sent to the rear, as well as a good
+many of our own wounded, on their way to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>
+field hospitals. Of stragglers, there were exceptionally
+few.</p>
+
+<p>On the run we reached Cemetery Ridge, where
+we learned that the First and Eleventh corps had
+been compelled to fall back through the town of
+Gettysburg. They had taken a new position on a
+ridge east of the city. A portion of our Brigade
+now filed off to the right, across Rock Creek,
+thence north about half a mile; and then, having
+deployed about half of our Regiment as skirmishers,
+advanced toward the west until we were
+sharply engaged with the enemy's skirmishers.
+Only a little over two hours had passed from the
+time when we received the order to march eight
+miles distant, before we were in position on the
+extreme right of the line of battle, checking the advance
+of the enemy in that direction. There we
+remained until sunset, when we were relieved by
+the cavalry, and recrossed Rock Creek to the
+west side.</p>
+
+<p>As the remainder of our Corps had come up,
+they took position on the right of the First Corps.
+We now rejoined them there, our own right resting
+on Rock Creek. Immediately we began to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span>
+throw up breastworks, and by evening had built
+for ourselves quite respectable entrenchments. It
+rained during most of the night; but in spite of
+that and the enemy, we secured a good rest for the
+next day's work.</p>
+
+<p>Early the next morning we were stirring, in anticipation
+of an attack; but until noon there was
+nothing but skirmishing in our vicinity. Then
+the storm broke loose on the extreme left of the
+line, near Little Round Top, where Sickles's
+Corps was situated. The place was entirely hidden
+from our sight, and from the sounds we could
+form no opinion as to how things were going;
+but we were constantly receiving reports that
+Sickles was either holding his own or driving the
+enemy before him. In the light of subsequent
+events, these reports seem to have been purposely
+colored, in order to keep up our spirits. Occasional
+demonstrations along our front kept us in constant
+expectation of being attacked, but nothing of the
+sort occurred.</p>
+
+<p>About six o'clock we were hurried out of our
+entrenchments at a double-quick toward Little
+Round Top, where it was understood that Sickles's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span>
+Third Corps had been driven back with severe
+loss. But before we arrived, the enemy had been
+repulsed, and the firing ceased. We were now
+started back to our entrenchments. We found, however,
+upon our arrival, that the enemy had in our
+absence taken possession of them. It was exasperating
+to see them benefitting by our labors, but we
+were somewhat consoled by the capture of a picket
+of twenty Confederates, who in the darkness had
+wandered into our line as we approached. We
+were now obliged to form a new line, connecting
+with our forces on the left as before, but swinging
+back at an angle on the right to Rock Creek. We
+thus presented to the enemy a semi-circular front,
+which they could not penetrate without being
+subjected to a cross fire from both sides.</p>
+
+<p>During the night we remained unmolested. At
+daylight the firing commenced. The ground occupied
+by the enemy's skirmishers was a rocky bit
+of woodland which furnished abundant cover for
+sharpshooters. For a while they annoyed us, but
+by nine o'clock we had dislodged them, and
+driven them back to the cover of their breastworks.
+On our left the enemy were making desperate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span>
+efforts to dislodge from their entrenchments
+Greene's Brigade and the troops of the First
+Corps. Six times they came up to the assault, and
+six times were repulsed, leaving the ground over
+which they advanced literally covered with their
+dead. At about eleven o'clock a portion of our
+Division followed up these successes by charging
+the Confederates in our front and sweeping them
+entirely out of our entrenchments. They retired
+only a short distance, however, showing that they
+had not abandoned the contest.</p>
+
+<p>For nearly two hours, complete quiet now succeeded
+the roar and din of the battle. Not a
+cannon was fired. Only an occasional musket shot
+disturbed the silence that prevailed from one end
+of the field to the other. We all felt, however,
+that this was but a lull before the final burst
+of the storm. The losses in our Regiment had thus
+far been light, and our spirits ran high. We felt
+entire confidence that no force that the Southerners
+could bring against us could by direct assault
+break our line at any point.</p>
+
+<p>About one o'clock, the first shot was fired in the
+tremendous artillery duel that preceded the last<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span>
+desperate attempt to penetrate our center at Cemetery
+Ridge. In five minutes three hundred guns
+were pouring into one another, their deadly showers
+of shot and shell, and making fearful havoc of
+every thing that was not sheltered. From our position
+in the woods we could see nothing of what
+was going on in other parts of the line; but the air
+above was filled with screaming shells, as they
+flew back and forth on their deadly errand. In
+some instances, shells from the Confederate batteries
+in front of the Second Corps would pass entirely
+over our lines, and land near the enemy in
+our front; a great many of them fell in the open
+space in our rear.</p>
+
+<p>At one time during the progress of the cannonade,
+a battery was placed in position on a hill
+across Rock Creek directly in front of our Regiment,
+and began to drop shells unpleasantly close
+to us. But our friends of Battery M, of the First
+New York Artillery, who had been with us since
+the Brigade was organized, seemed to get their
+range at once, and promptly silenced them. On a
+trip over the field, the next day, I found the position<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span>
+where they had been stationed marked by a
+dozen dead horses and two exploded caissons.</p>
+
+<p>During the cannonading, I took occasion to go
+back into the woods a short distance in order to
+get a view of what was going on. Everything in
+sight gave evidence of the severity of the fire. All
+those who were not actively engaged had sought
+the shelter of rocks and trees or the inequalities of
+the ground. Here and there mounted officers and
+orderlies were riding across the field, although at
+first sight it seemed as though a bird could scarcely
+fly over it unharmed.</p>
+
+<p>In the course of an hour the terrific artillery fire
+slackened. Then for a few minutes it nearly
+ceased. In the interval of silence, Pickett's Division
+of Confederates was marching to the
+charge. From my position I could not see them
+coming on, but I knew that they were charging by
+the old familiar Southern yell. Soon that was
+drowned in the roar of musketry and artillery.
+For a time all was turmoil and confusion. At
+length the hearty cheers of our comrades rang out,
+and we knew that the Confederate tide of invasion
+had been safely rolled back.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span>While this assault was being made on the center,
+constant demonstrations were being made on
+our front, and we momentarily expected an attack.
+None came, however, although during all the rest
+of the day the enemy presented an unshaken line.
+At night they silently withdrew, and on the morning
+of the 4th our reconnoitering parties could find
+nothing of them east of Seminary Ridge, save
+their dead and severely wounded, whom they had
+left on the field.</p>
+
+<p>I spent some time that day going over the
+ground occupied by the enemy in front of the
+Twelfth Corps, and that over which Pickett had
+made his now famous charge. From what I saw, I
+felt certain that the enemy's losses were double our
+own. Where they had assaulted Geary's Division
+on the evening of the 2nd and on the morning
+of the 3rd, the ground was so strewn with
+their dead that it would have been possible to
+walk for rods on dead bodies.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the 5th the enemy was on
+the road back to Virginia. We started the same
+day following hard after them, on parallel roads
+to the east. When they reached Williamsport,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>
+however, they turned on us with a bold front. It
+had been raining almost constantly for several
+weeks and the Potomac was a raging torrent,
+which could not be forded. We were in hopes that
+it might thus continue until our forces could be
+concentrated to overwhelm them. On the morning
+of the 13th, however, when we were ready to
+move forward to the attack, they were gone. The
+river had fallen during the night, and they had
+made good their retreat.</p>
+
+<p>For a time our Regiment led in the pursuit to the
+ford at Falling Waters. Then we were filed out
+to the side of the road to make way for General
+Kilpatrick's Cavalry Brigade. They had scarcely
+passed out of sight through a patch of woods,
+when the roar of artillery and the sharp crack of
+musketry announced that the enemy had been
+found. We moved forward as rapidly as possible,
+but were not in time to take any part in the
+conflict. It appeared that when the cavalry had
+emerged from the woods they had found a brigade
+of Confederate infantry posted as a rear guard, on
+a ridge overlooking the ford at Falling Waters.
+They had immediately charged the enemy's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span>
+breastworks and had captured over a thousand
+prisoners. They had won, besides, as trophies of
+their skirmish, two pieces of artillery and four or
+five colors inscribed with all the battles of the
+Army of Northern Virginia. No further pursuit
+was made. All of Lee's army, save only this rear
+guard, had escaped safely to the south side of the
+Potomac.</p>
+
+<p>At about this time I sent to my home in Wisconsin
+the following letter concerning Lee's invasion:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>I have wished a good many times that the rebs could
+have had a month more among the people of Pennsylvania.
+What little sympathy I had for them is gone now.
+I cannot appreciate that disposition which will swindle a
+friend to compensate for what an enemy has stolen from
+you. In some cases the farmers would sell our men provisions
+at reasonable rates and even give them something,
+but the majority would ask from $.60 to $1.00 a loaf for
+bread, and $.25 a quart for milk, and all such things in
+proportion.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Our Corps now moved down the river to Harpers
+Ferry, and crossing into Virginia, marched<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span>
+leisurely along the eastern side of the Blue Ridge.
+We found the abandoned fields through which
+we passed overgrown with blackberry bushes, and
+literally black with the ripened fruit. Every night
+the men would go out from camp, and within easy
+range find as many berries as they could eat. And
+they were the best medicine we ever used. I
+knew of cases of diarrhea that had become almost
+chronic, soon cured by this diet.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><i>On Draft Riot duty</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>On July 31 we went into camp near Kelly's
+Ferry on the Rappahannock, where for the next
+two weeks we did guard duty along the river and
+rested from the fatigue of the long marches we
+had made since leaving Stafford Court House.
+On August 15 came orders to move. The next
+morning we marched down to Rappahannock
+Station in company with two other old regiments
+of the Brigade, and boarded the cars for Alexandria,
+on our way to New York. We were
+joined at the station by five other regiments from
+the different brigades, all under command of General
+Ruger.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span>It seems that during the Confederate invasion
+of Pennsylvania, the New York militia regiments
+had been called off for duty in Washington, Baltimore,
+and other places. A riotous mob in New
+York City had taken advantage of this circumstance
+to break out in defiance of the authorities,
+and in resistance to the execution of the draft.
+They had for several days held the city in a reign
+of terror, and it had been necessary to stop all proceedings
+under the draft.</p>
+
+<p>After a wait of several days, we embarked
+at Alexandria on the steamer "Merrimac," and
+proceeded down the Potomac to the ocean, thence
+to New York City. We landed at the foot of
+Canal Street, and quietly marched to the City
+Hall Park, where we arrived at about ten o'clock
+on Saturday night. Barracks had been provided
+for the enlisted men, but the officers' tents had not
+arrived. This did not trouble us much, however,
+as we had been without tents much of the time
+during the past two months. Wrapped in our rubber
+blankets, we lay on the grass and slept, as the
+landlady in <i>Rob Roy</i> says, "like a good sword in
+its scabbard." We awoke in the morning to find<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span>
+the sun well up in the heavens, and the park surrounded
+by a crowd of curious people, surprised to
+see a number of fairly well-dressed officers, sleeping
+on the ground like a lot of vagrants.</p>
+
+<p>The next day, tents were pitched and cots prepared,
+and we were enjoying the delights of camp
+life amid all the surroundings of civilization. We
+had our dress parades and guard mountings with
+all the pomp and show that 300 men can make, to
+the delight of the great crowds who had come to
+see the veterans of Antietam and Gettysburg.
+Soon after our arrival I was detailed for duty in
+the provost marshal's office of the Fifth District of
+New York, where the rioting had been most desperate.
+I had charge of the guard stationed there
+to preserve order and see that those who brought
+substitutes or recruits were promptly admitted.</p>
+
+<p>There were no disturbances in the city while
+we were there, except such as our men made for
+themselves, at the instigation of the police. We
+had plenty of bold fellows in the Regiment, who
+wanted no better amusement than to raid a saloon
+that had been the headquarters of the rioters.
+They would get out of camp at night, and gather<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span>
+in such a saloon pointed out to them by the police.
+Then they would get up a row on some pretext,
+and pitch bartenders and bummers out of doors,
+and smash everything breakable about the place.
+Everyone in the Regiment could find a way to enjoy
+himself, and a policeman to help him, and
+would have been content to stay in the city much
+longer than we did.</p>
+
+<p>On September 6 came orders to return to our
+camp. We marched down to the Battery in the
+evening, and were conveyed in small boats to the
+steamer "Mississippi." In the morning, when I
+awoke, we were rolling and pitching in a manner
+that I had never before experienced in my limited
+travels by water. A few of the officers had become
+seasick on our way up to New York, and
+those of us who escaped had enjoyed the fun of
+laughing at them. I did not propose therefore to
+give up now. So I dressed and started for breakfast.
+One smell of the coffee, and I had business
+on deck. But after gazing steadily over the side
+of the vessel for a time, I felt better, and by noon
+had recovered my appetite.</p>
+
+<p>We arrived at Alexandria on the 9th. On<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span>
+the 13th we reached our camp at Kelly's Ferry,
+and found the Thirteenth New Jersey drawn up
+in line to welcome us back to the old Brigade.
+We did not, however, remain long in camp.
+Rumors began to float about, that Lee was sending
+a part of his army to reënforce Bragg in northwestern
+Georgia. Within two days we were
+again on the march to the Rapidan, behind which
+the enemy had retired. We reached Raccoon
+Ford on the 16th, and our Regiment and the
+Second Massachusetts were detailed to support
+pickets at the Ford.</p>
+
+<p>We camped in the woods near the river, with
+sentinels at night down to the bank, but during the
+day they were withdrawn to the most convenient
+cover in the neighborhood. The enemy were
+camped just behind the hills on the other side.
+Just about this time they appeared to be having a
+religious revival. While visiting my sentinels
+after dark, I could hear them preaching, praying,
+and singing, whole regiments apparently being
+thus engaged. Under orders from Corps headquarters
+we refrained from firing upon their pickets
+and they reciprocated the courtesy, which made it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span>
+much pleasanter for the sentinels on both sides of
+the river.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><i>With the Army of the Cumberland</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>After two days of this picket duty we were relieved
+by a Connecticut regiment and rejoined our
+Corps. We found that we were under orders to
+march the next day to Brandy Station, on the
+railroad. We did not know it at the time, but
+we were about to take our leave from the old Army
+of the Potomac, with which we had been associated
+since its organization. We had fought side
+by side in some of the hardest battles in the war;
+and had we been consulted in the matter, we
+would doubtless have voted to stay where we
+were, and help it to finish Lee's army. However,
+we were not consulted, and the necessities of war
+now called us to the Army of the Cumberland at
+Chattanooga.</p>
+
+<p>On the night of the 24th, we bivouacked at
+Brandy Station, where the paymaster worked all
+night paying off the troops, and where we saw the
+Eleventh Corps being loaded for Alexandria.
+The next morning we marched to Bealeton Station,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span>
+where, after a wait of a day, we also loaded
+up and started. The cars were ordinary freight
+trucks, with rough board benches set crosswise,
+and the men were crowded in as thick as they
+could be seated.</p>
+
+<p>We pulled out of Washington over the Baltimore
+&amp; Ohio Railroad, the trains containing forty
+or fifty cars each. As we approached the mountains
+the size of the trains was reduced to about
+seven cars; but on reaching the western slope, the
+old number was restored. We crossed the Ohio
+at Benwood, on a pontoon bridge. Another lot
+of cars was awaiting us on the opposite side, and
+we went on through Columbus, Dayton, Indianapolis,
+and Louisville. On this trip through Ohio
+and Indiana we were everywhere reminded that
+we were among friends. Our train stopped for
+a time at Columbus, Xenia, and Dayton, and it
+seemed as though the citizens of those towns could
+not do enough for us. At every station along the
+road great crowds of people were gathered, and
+cheered us as we passed along.</p>
+
+<p>We stopped briefly at Louisville, then went on
+again through Nashville, and past the battle-field<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span>
+of Murfreesboro. We debarked from the cars at
+Stevenson, Alabama, on Sunday morning, just a
+week from the time we had started. We certainly
+were glad enough to be released after seven
+days and nights of railroad travelling, cramped up
+so tightly that there was scarce room either to sit
+up or lie down. Our arrival was none too soon.
+The long line of railroad from Nashville southward,
+had been practically unguarded, and the
+enemy's cavalry under General Wheeler succeeded
+soon after our arrival in tearing it up in several
+places.</p>
+
+<p>We now had several weeks of racing up and
+down the railroad line, infantry after cavalry, and
+with the usual result. In the end, however, the
+road was cleared, with the whole "Red Star"
+Division distributed between Murfreesboro and
+Stevenson. Our Regiment was stationed at Wartrace,
+where there was a junction with a short railroad
+running to Shelbyville&mdash;the Nashville &amp;
+Chattanooga Railroad. It was a curiosity. The
+cross-ties were about five feet apart, and the rails
+were of wood, surmounted by a running surface of
+light iron. Frequently the wooden rails would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span>
+spread, and then there would be a wreck; in fact,
+scarcely a day passed on which there would not
+be an accident of some kind. Large details of
+men from our Regiment were set to work to bring
+the road in repair, and by Christmas it was in fairly
+good condition.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after we were established at Wartrace,
+I secured leave of absence to go to Chattanooga in
+search of my brother, who had enlisted in the
+Tenth Wisconsin. I had not heard of him since
+the battle of Chickamauga. My route was by
+rail to Bridgeport on the Tennessee River, then in
+a small captured Confederate steamer called
+"Paint Rock," up the Tennessee to Chattanooga.</p>
+
+<p>The "Paint Rock" was loaded to its utmost
+capacity with hardtack for the starving Union
+men who held Chattanooga. The river route to
+that town had only recently been opened up by
+General Hooker, with the Eleventh Corps and
+the Second Division of our Corps. Previously it
+had been necessary to wheel all supplies sixty
+miles over a mountain road, where teams could
+scarcely haul the forage for their own trip. Even<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>
+now the boats could run only to within eight miles
+of the city.</p>
+
+<p>The fifty-mile river trip brought me at the end
+of the day to the landing at Kelly's Ferry. Then
+I had an eight-mile walk before me to the camps,
+where I arrived late in the evening. I soon
+found the regiment or the small remnant of it that
+I was looking for; but then I learned that my
+brother was beyond doubt a prisoner in the hands
+of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>I spent a day in visiting about Chattanooga.
+The enemy occupied a line from the Tennessee
+River, above town, to the point of Lookout Mountain
+below. At no place were they near enough
+to throw shells into the city, save from their heavy
+guns on Lookout Mountain. From these, shells
+came over all day at intervals of ten or fifteen
+minutes and exploded high in the air over either
+our camps or the city. So far as I could see, however,
+they did little damage.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after my return to my Regiment, I was
+detailed to investigate the killing of a negro by a
+white man, not far from our post. The evidence
+showed that it was a most unprovoked murder, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span>
+I so reported. The man was thereupon arrested
+and sent to the provost marshal at Tullahoma. I
+never learned what was finally done with him.
+The curious thing about the affair was the frank
+astonishment of the man that anyone should take
+notice of the killing of a mere "nigger."</p>
+
+<p>Toward the end of November a large number
+of Confederate prisoners, who had been captured
+in the battles of Lookout Mountain and Missionary
+Ridge, were being sent northward over the
+railroad. We often had conversation with them
+while the trains were stopping at our station. Some
+were still defiant, but most of them were discouraged,
+and many predicted that the Confederacy
+could not last six months longer. An unusually
+large number of deserters of all ranks from colonel
+downward, were also coming in, and they likewise
+professed to believe that the Confederacy was
+tottering.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><i>The Third Veteranizes</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>In December a general order was issued from
+the War Department, providing for the reënlistment
+of veteran regiments. It provided for a liberal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span>
+bounty for all who reënlisted as veterans after
+two years' service; but it offered what was a
+greater temptation than anything else, the chance
+to go home for thirty days as a regiment, with the
+opportunity to recruit up to the full standard. I
+explained to my Company all the advantages of
+this arrangement. Their term of service would
+not expire until the end of June. By that time the
+fighting would probably be well over with. By
+reënlisting now they would secure the bounty, the
+thirty days furlough, and the honorable record of
+veteran soldiers, and it would be possible to preserve
+our organization from the beginning to the
+end of the war.</p>
+
+<p>Just about this time I was called away from
+camp to Tullahoma, to sit on the court martial of
+Colonel E. L. Price of the One Hundred Forty-Fifth
+New York Regiment, on charges of misbehaviour
+in battle. When the court adjourned
+over the Christmas holidays and I returned to my
+Regiment, I was informed by my First Sergeant
+that the men of my Company had been talking over
+the matter of reënlisting, and that more than three-fourths
+of them were ready to do so if I would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span>
+stay with them. The contagion spread. By
+Christmas all but two of the officers, and 240 out
+of 300 enlisted men present with the Regiment,
+had, in the language of the day, "veteranized."</p>
+
+<p>On Christmas this surviving remnant of the
+thousand men of the Third, who had so gayly left
+the State two-and-a-half years before, started on
+their return. It was a beautiful day, and for us
+one of perfect happiness. We were going home
+with a record that none could surpass and few
+commands could equal. We were the first regiment
+from Wisconsin, and I believe the first in the
+army, to reënlist.</p>
+
+<p>At Madison the arms were stored, and the men
+scattered to their homes to enjoy their thirty-days'
+furlough. I was just in time to take part in a New
+Year's dance, and go home in the morning on the
+coldest day ever known in Wisconsin.</p>
+
+<p>The month of January, 1864, which we spent
+in Wisconsin, was a season of continuous festivities.
+The only drawback was the extreme cold,
+which to us who had just come from the South,
+seemed more severe than it had ever been before.
+Everyone seemed to be determined to give<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span>
+the returned soldiers the best time of their lives.
+Some of the croakers thought it too gay for people
+who were engaged in a death struggle for the life
+of the Nation. Those of us, however, who had
+been at the front, were disposed to be merry while
+we could, and leave the future to care for itself.
+Recruiting was going on all the time. Our veterans
+proved the best recruiting officers in the State.
+They brought in their brothers and cousins, schoolmates
+and friends, so that when we were ready to
+return once more to the south, we had added 300
+men to our rolls, picked from the very flower of
+Wisconsin's citizenry.</p>
+
+<p>On February 2 the veterans of the Regiment assembled
+at Madison. On the 4th we were again
+on our way south, and reached Tullahoma the
+night of the 9th. On the 12th we started out for
+Fayetteville, the seat of Lincoln County, Tennessee,
+where we arrived at noon on the following day.
+On our way we passed through Lynchburg, where
+there was pointed out to us the house, or rather the
+ruins of the house, which was said to have been
+the birthplace of Davy Crockett. At Mulberry,
+a little farther on, I met a middle-aged citizen who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span>
+said that he had never known what a United
+States flag looked like until he had seen one carried
+by our soldiers in this war.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><i>Reorganizing Lincoln County</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>Lincoln County was one of the richest, as well
+as the most violent of Secession counties in Tennessee.
+Its people boasted that it had cast 2,500
+votes for Secession, and not one for the Union;
+the few Union men in the county had not dared to
+go to the polls. A few months previous to our
+coming a small detachment of Northern troops
+had been captured there by guerrillas. The
+prisoners had been taken to the bank of the Elk
+River and three of them deliberately murdered.
+A fourth had only escaped by leaping
+into the river and swimming off in the confusion.
+When he had reported the matter to headquarters,
+Colonel Ketcham of the One Hundred Fiftieth
+New York had been sent to collect an assessment
+of $30,000 from the citizens of the county for the
+benefit of the families of the murdered soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>Our mission in Lincoln County was to hunt
+down the guerrillas who infested it, and to care for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span>
+the refugees from Chattanooga and other places
+in the rear of the army, who had lost their means of
+gaining a livelihood. We supported the refugees
+by forced levies of corn and bacon from the
+wealthy planters of the vicinity, while our
+mounted force soon disposed of the guerrillas,
+capturing a number and frightening the rest out
+of the county. We had a novel way of administering
+justice. For instance, about two months
+after our arrival a number of these young offenders,
+whose parents lived in the vicinity and were substantial
+farmers, stole from a citizen mules valued
+at $400. The Colonel immediately assessed the
+amount on the fathers, and with the money thus
+collected paid for the mules. That was our policy
+all through&mdash;to make the wealthy Confederates
+pay for the damage done by their lawless
+colleagues. And this method had a good effect,
+for it soon put an end to the thievery.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after we arrived, our mounted men captured
+a Confederate officer named Boone, a grandson
+of the famous Daniel. On him was found a
+list of all the guerrillas in the county. When I examined
+him, he told me that he had been sent to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span>
+muster these fellows into the Confederate army;
+but his plans were spoiled. Instead he went to
+Johnson's Island, a prisoner, and his little memorandum
+book remained in my possession.</p>
+
+<p>Among the names on the list were those of two
+Miller boys, whose mother and sister lived in town.
+The Captain of our mounted men, and several
+other officers, boarded with the family, for the
+people in Fayetteville were usually glad to take
+in Union officers as boarders, in order that they
+might secure from our rations the otherwise unobtainable
+luxuries of sugar and coffee. Several
+days after the capture of Boone's list, the Captain
+brought in both of the young Millers as prisoners.
+They were forwarded to Corps headquarters
+at Tullahoma. The elder, instead of being sent
+North as a prisoner of war, was tried by court
+martial and sentenced to be hanged in the public
+square of Fayetteville. That did not suit some
+of us; so we found means to send Mrs. Miller
+to Shelbyville, where she secured Judge Cooper,
+a well-known Unionist and former member of
+Congress, to go to Washington, and lay the case
+before President Lincoln. It was well known<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span>
+that no death sentence was ever executed with the
+President's consent, if there was any reasonable excuse
+for avoiding it. His usual magnanimity did
+not fail in this case, and the boy was sent North
+as an ordinary prisoner of war.</p>
+
+<p>When the President's amnesty proclamation
+was issued, we were given the duty of reorganizing
+Lincoln County under its provisions. I was appointed
+provost marshal, and in that position administered
+oaths of allegiance to several thousand
+repentant and unrepentant Secessionists. When
+the election was held, returns were made to me,
+and by me tabulated, and sent to the military
+governor at Nashville. Commissions were then
+issued by him to the officials who had been elected,
+so that when we left, the county was ready to resume
+civil government.</p>
+
+<p>In administering the oath of allegiance, the demand
+for blanks was so great that the ordinary
+sources could not furnish a sufficient supply. It
+was necessary, therefore, for me to open a printing
+office. So I took possession of an old printing establishment,
+and set several men to work. The
+press was broken down and the type badly "pi'd";<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span>
+but we soon had the machinery repaired, and by
+combining the stock of three printing offices, secured
+sufficient type to run our establishment with
+success.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to these other duties, I had to listen
+to everyone in the county who sought redress for a
+grievance of any kind. Some had had horses
+taken by our army, or by bushwhackers; some had
+been robbed of money or other valuables; some
+wanted permits to carry firearms, which were of
+course never granted; and others needed assistance
+from the Government to keep from starving. One
+man came with a case parallel to that of the
+woman who wanted a "pass to raise geese." He
+wanted a "pass to raise a crup." I told him to go
+on and raise his crop, or do whatever he pleased,
+so long as he remained loyal to the Government.
+He said his neighbors had told him he could not
+raise a crop without a permit from the Federals,
+and that every man who took the oath of allegiance
+was branded in the forehead with the letters
+"U. S."</p>
+
+<p>One day a woman came to me, who said she
+had heard that we paid $10,000 to the widows of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span>
+men killed by guerrillas. I explained to her that
+we had done that only for the widows of three
+Union soldiers. I told her, however, that if she
+could give me any information about where the
+guerrillas could be found, we would capture and
+punish them. She said she did not know, but that
+she had heard some shots in the woods. She had
+not seen her man since, and she was sure they had
+killed him. After parleying awhile she started
+out of the door. But before she went out, she
+turned and called back to me, "That ai'nt the
+wust of 't; they stole my old mare, too!"</p>
+
+<p>When we first arrived at Fayetteville not a person
+was to be seen on the streets, although before
+the war it had been a place of 2,000 inhabitants.
+There was not a vestige of any kind of business
+left in the town. Even the stores and taverns were
+vacant. The people soon made their appearance,
+however, when they found that we had come to
+stay, and before very long we had established the
+most friendly relations with them. By the time we
+were ready to leave, almost every family in town
+had its friends among the soldiers. They were
+very sociable, and always seemed glad to have the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span>
+Federal officers call on them. The young ladies
+would sing and play the piano beautifully, and
+make things quite homelike for us after the routine
+of the day's work. Twenty years later, while
+passing through Fayetteville on my way to Atlanta,
+I received courtesies from a citizen who only
+knew me by reputation as one of the officers of the
+Third Wisconsin.</p>
+
+<p>It was curious to see what a difference slavery
+had made in the social life of these people. Everywhere
+work was considered disgraceful for a
+white man, and as only the occupation of the
+"nigger." In order to succeed socially, it was
+necessary to own slaves. The idea of hiring
+labor, or of being rich without negroes, was apparently
+incomprehensible. And in fact it was
+true that all of the people who had obtained any
+sort of success, intellectually or otherwise, had
+owned slaves.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the men who resided in the vicinity had
+served in the Confederate army. Some had been
+discharged on account of wounds or sickness, while
+others, and probably most of them, had deserted
+when they became sure that the fight was hopeless.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>My office was a common resort for these people
+after they had taken the oath of amnesty. They
+would sit around by the hour, and spin their yarns
+about the Confederate service. The recent deserters
+had to be sent to headquarters at Tullahoma for
+examination; and as we could communicate only
+with a strong escort, I would sometimes have half
+a dozen of them paroled to report to me daily until
+I could arrange to send on a party.</p>
+
+<p>In all my dealings with these people, I found
+scarcely any who really desired the success of the
+Union cause. There were plenty of them, probably
+the majority, who thought the Confederacy a
+failure, and wished to get back into the Union on
+the best possible terms; but they still clung to their
+old ideas. However, that did not interfere with
+our friendship and the good time that we had
+while we were there. And when the day at
+length came when we were obliged to leave, I
+think that they really were, as they professed to be,
+sorry at our going. And well they might be, for
+the regiment of Tennessee Union Cavalry, that
+occupied the town after we left, proceeded at once
+to kill several of the most prominent men who had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span>
+not taken the amnesty oath, and at least one who
+had.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of April 28, 1864, we said
+farewell to our Fayetteville friends and started out
+on the campaign which a year later was to end at
+Raleigh, North Carolina, with the surrender of
+Johnston's army and the end of the war. With us
+was a company of Tennessee Union Cavalry, commanded
+by Captain Brixey, which had been sent
+to Lincoln County to hunt bushwhackers. On
+leaving Fayetteville they had taken a horse belonging
+to Judge Chilcote, a prominent citizen,
+who had been of much assistance to me in the
+provost marshal's office in restoring civil government,
+and who had at the election been chosen
+county clerk. The Judge followed us, and asked
+to have his horse restored. Colonel Hawley of
+our Regiment at once compelled Captain Brixey to
+give it up. He did so with apparent reluctance,
+and then secretly sent a number of his men over a
+by-road to intercept the Judge on his return and
+kill him. This cowardly deed accomplished, the
+men rejoined their command. Brixey then pushed
+on ahead to Tullahoma, and on the next day left<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span>
+for the mountains of East Tennessee. The murder
+was reported to us that night. The Colonel
+sent back Captain Gardner with his mounted men
+to investigate, but the murderers had fled as soon
+as their deed became known, and nothing more
+could be done. After this outrage, Brixey never
+dared to rejoin our army. Some time later he
+was killed by Confederates in northwestern
+Georgia.</p>
+
+<p>During our stay at Fayetteville our Corps and
+the old Eleventh of the Army of the Potomac
+were consolidated, and became known as the
+Twentieth Corps of the Army of the Cumberland.
+The command was given to General Hooker.
+Our portion of the army would very much have
+preferred General H. W. Slocum, who was sent
+to Vicksburg. In the reorganization we became
+the Second Brigade of the First Division, with
+General Thomas H. Ruger commanding the
+Brigade and General A. S. Williams commanding
+the Division. At the suggestion of the officers
+of the Eleventh Corps, our old badge, the five-pointed
+star, was retained as the badge of the new
+corps.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span></p>
+<h2><i>Opening of the Atlanta Campaign</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>Our Regiment reached Tullahoma on April 30,
+to find that the rest of our Brigade had already
+gone to the front. We started out on the next day
+to join them, and on May 4 crossed the Tennessee
+River at Bridgeport. On the 7th we passed over
+the battle-field of Chickamauga, where signs of the
+conflict were still everywhere in evidence. On
+the night of the 8th we crossed the mountains by
+way of Nickajack Pass, and joined our Brigade
+at daylight the next morning. This passage over
+the mountains was interesting. The night was extremely
+dark and perfectly quiet. The men in
+charge of the wagon train had placed lighted
+candles on the rocks along the road, at intervals of
+about a hundred feet, in order to guide themselves
+and those who came after. These were still flickering
+when we came along.</p>
+
+<p>Our march to Atlanta was now well under way.
+The enemy continually fell back, and in most
+cases without offering serious resistance. The
+three armies of General Sherman, marching in
+parallel lines, seemed to be able to carry everything<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span>
+before them. On the 10th we again
+crossed the mountains at Snake Creek Gap, going
+into camp on the other side until the 13th. On
+the night of the 10th we were visited by a tremendous
+wind and rain storm, which blew down
+our tents, and raised the water in the creek so high
+that we had to move our camp or be drowned.
+At about this time, also, an order was read to the
+troops announcing the great success of the Army of
+the Potomac in the opening battles of the final
+campaign against Richmond.</p>
+
+<p>On the 14th we were moved to the extreme left
+to support General Howard, who was there engaged
+with the enemy. We arrived at about
+sundown, just as the Confederates were driving in
+a brigade of the Fourth Corps and threatening to
+capture a battery of artillery. As we moved forward
+in line of battle, ready to receive the advancing
+enemy, General Williams called out to the
+fleeing soldiers of the Fourth Corps to get back
+out of the way, for he had a division there from
+the Army of the Potomac that would protect them.
+All of which goes to show that even major-generals
+are human, and when they get a chance like<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span>
+to exult over their rivals. We checked the advance
+of the enemy without much trouble.</p>
+
+<p>At about noon on the 15th, General Butterfield,
+with our Third Division, moved forward to attack
+an earthwork and a four-gun battery, which the
+enemy held in his front. We moved forward on
+the left to support him; and encountering little opposition
+at first, advanced somewhat farther than
+the Third Division. We took position in the edge
+of a woods, where we made use of a rail fence and
+some logs to build a breastwork in anticipation of
+an attack, which the skirmish firing in front warned
+us was coming. We soon had sight of the advancing
+enemy. A few volleys from us, however,
+and they broke and ran. In a short time
+they again came up, with a new line. We disposed
+of that almost as quickly as the first. A
+third time they repeated the attempt, and again we
+beat them back.</p>
+
+<p>Now came the order to pursue. My Company,
+and the companies on my right, moved forward
+about two hundred yards in the woods. Suddenly
+we found that we were on the flank of a
+Brigade that was still stubbornly fighting with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span>
+troops of the Twenty-Third Corps and the left
+companies of our Regiment. They were in a
+peach orchard, the nearest of them not fifty yards
+away. I hastily wheeled my Company, and
+Company H to the left, and opened fire. At such
+short range, and in such a crowd, every shot must
+have counted. The Confederates did not wait
+for much, but skedaddled as fast as their legs could
+carry them.</p>
+
+<p>Just as the last of them were disappearing from
+sight, I saw a man in Confederate uniform come
+running toward my Company, hatless, but with gun
+in hand. I supposed that he was coming in to
+give himself up. He came within twenty yards
+of us, then apparently noticed for the first time
+that we were Yankees. He immediately started
+to run back. I called to him to surrender, but it
+only increased his speed. Finding that he did
+not stop, two of my men fired at him, and both hit
+him. He fell dead almost instantly upon the
+field. I went forward then and examined him.
+He was a mere boy, not over twenty years of age.
+In his pocket we found his order, not two weeks
+old, from the conscript officer of his district, notifying<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span>
+him to join the army. I have seen fields of
+battle in front of our Regiment, covered over with
+the dead, without experiencing the pang of regret
+that I felt for this poor lad who, scarcely out from
+home, and too frightened and confused to know
+what to do, thus sadly met his fate.</p>
+
+<p>The loss of our Regiment in this fight was one
+killed and thirty-one wounded. Many of the
+wounded subsequently died, among them Reverend
+John M. Springer, the Chaplain of the
+Regiment. When drafted in 1863, he had been
+a Methodist minister in Monroe, Wisconsin. Believing
+this to be a call of duty he had refused to
+allow his church to secure a substitute, and had reported
+at Madison for service. When our Regiment
+was about to leave Wisconsin for the front,
+after the veteran furlough, we officers had been introduced
+to him in the Executive Chamber at the
+Capitol, where we had assembled on the invitation
+of the Governor. When sent for, Springer had
+been found doing sentinel duty before the gate of
+Camp Randall. We had elected him Chaplain,
+and he had joined us at Fayetteville as soon as he
+could secure his discharge as a private. On the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span>
+morning of the battle, when the prospects seemed
+good for a lively fight, he had come to me and
+asked for a musket and some ammunition, for he
+did not wish to be lurking in the rear while we
+were in danger at the front. At my suggestion,
+he had previously posted himself in the tactics, so I
+now told him to take the place of a Lieutenant in
+my Company. He was the first man hit, and died
+in the hospital a few days later.</p>
+
+<p>By a strange coincidence, our picket found on
+the field in our front the dead body of the Chaplain
+of the Georgia Regiment with which we had
+been engaged. We were told by some of the
+wounded prisoners that he had been shot in coming
+up to recover the body of his son, a captain in the
+Regiment, who had been killed early in the fight.</p>
+
+<p>In this battle, for the first time in my experience,
+Confederate soldiers who might have escaped
+came in and gave themselves up as prisoners. I
+think as many as forty did this. They were all
+thoroughly discouraged, and the same feeling
+seems to have run through their whole army, for
+they were more quickly and easily beaten than I
+had ever seen them before.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span>It was understood on our part that in order to
+give the Army of the Tennessee time to get below
+Resaca and cut off their retreat, we were not to
+push the attack against the enemy. They were
+too quick for us, however; the next morning they
+had abandoned Resaca, leaving behind them six
+heavy guns and large quantities of provisions and
+ammunition.</p>
+
+<p>On the 19th we came up to them again at Cassville,
+where we drove them into their entrenched
+lines and occupied the town. We expected a
+fight in the morning, but once more they were gone,
+this time across the Etowah River. After a rest
+of four days at Cassville, we again went forward,
+crossing the Etowah on a pontoon bridge without
+resistance.</p>
+
+<p>On the 25th we had nearly reached Dallas
+when we were turned back to assist General
+Geary, who had encountered a division of Hood's
+Corps, entrenched on the Marietta road to our left,
+at a place called New Hope Church. On our
+arrival we found that Geary's Division had already
+pushed back the enemy's skirmishers until
+the latter were thought to be in their main line of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span>
+works, from which position we were ordered to
+drive them. The country was heavily timbered,
+and underbrush so obscured the view that it was
+impossible to see in any direction more than a few
+rods. When we came within sight of the enemy
+we found that a six-gun battery was posted a little
+in front of their line of infantry. The latter
+awaited us behind a breastwork, evidently hastily
+constructed of logs and earth, nevertheless affording
+fairly good shelter. As soon as we came
+within range, the battery opened on us with round
+shot and shell; then, as we came nearer, with
+grape and canister. But we pushed steadily on
+until we were less than sixty yards from them,
+when we halted; for we had lost so many men,
+and had become so disorganized in the march
+through the timber and brush that the impetus of
+our charge was gone. The regiments on both
+sides of us had already done the same. We
+sheltered ourselves as well as we could, behind
+trees and fallen timber, and opened fire on their
+battery, receiving a hot fire in return from their
+infantry. We succeeded, however, in driving off
+the Confederate gunners, and prevented the cannon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span>
+from being worked for the remainder of the
+day.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><i>Wounded and in Hospital</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>When we had first come within range of the
+grape-shot, my scabbard had been struck and cut
+in two at a point just below where I grasped it
+with my left hand. Later, when my men had
+sheltered themselves and had commenced firing,
+I was again struck. I was at the time resting on
+one knee in a position where I could watch the
+battery, and direct our fire upon it, for I was determined
+that the enemy should not have an opportunity
+to take it away so long as we had a
+chance to capture it. My attention had just been
+called to something on the left, when a bullet
+struck the front of my cap, cutting the figure "3"
+out of the bugle, and glancing from the bone, cut
+a gash across my forehead. For a time I lost all
+interest in that battle. When I regained my feet,
+Colonel Hawley, who was standing near, told me
+to get back to the hospital. I succeeded in finding
+my way to a small ravine that we had crossed,
+thinking as I got back of the line, that there were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span>
+a thousand bullets flying, to every one nearer
+the front. At the small brook in the ravine, I
+tried to wash off the blood which was blinding
+me, but had such poor success that I concluded
+to follow the Colonel's advice and have the wound
+dressed. I considered it not much of a clip, and
+thought that in three days at the most I would be
+back with my company. It was about two months
+before I rejoined, and a good many years before I
+entirely recovered.</p>
+
+<p>On my way back to the hospital, I met in succession
+General Williams who commanded the
+Division, General Hooker who commanded the
+Corps, General Thomas who commanded the
+Army of the Cumberland, and General Sherman
+who commanded the Department. Each
+stopped and asked if I was much hurt&mdash;when I
+told that it was only a scratch, they were eager
+for information as to the situation at the front. I
+explained that we had driven the artillerymen
+from their guns, but that the infantry in their
+breastworks had been too much for us. Then each
+kindly told me to go to the hospital.</p>
+
+<p>At the hospital I found Dr. Conley, our Regimental<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span>
+Surgeon, who dressed my wound and gave
+me a blanket to lie down on. I got away to one
+side and tried to sleep, but the Doctor disturbed me
+so often to look at my wound that this was impossible.
+I finally lost all patience with him and
+ordered him to let me alone; but he afterwards explained
+that he feared I would go to sleep and
+wake up in the next world.</p>
+
+<p>This fight is known in the North as the Battle
+of Dallas, or the Battle of Pumpkinvine Creek, and
+in the South as the Battle of New Hope Church.
+In the engagement, our Regiment lost eighteen
+men killed and ninety-two wounded. This loss
+was quite unevenly distributed among the companies.
+Mine had sixteen men severely wounded,
+two of whom subsequently died. Company A,
+on my left, had six men killed and twenty-one
+wounded. Captain Hunter of Company F was
+wounded by a canister shot, in one of his legs near
+the knee-joint, and died shortly after. Captain
+Ruger of the Brigade staff also received a severe
+wound in the knee, which incapacitated him for
+further service during the war.</p>
+
+<p>On the afternoon of the day following the battle,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span>
+I thought I was strong enough to go back to my
+Regiment. So I started out, against the protests of
+the surgeons; but after going about a quarter of a
+mile, my legs gave out, and I was obliged to return
+and obey directions. I remained at the field hospital
+for about three and a half days. During
+most of that time the surgeons were busy at the
+amputating table. On the morning of the 29th all
+of the slightly wounded were sent off with the
+wagon train. The more seriously wounded were
+sent off late in the afternoon in the ambulances.
+Captains Hunter, Ruger, and I went in the same
+ambulance, I was on the seat with the driver.</p>
+
+<p>At Kingston, where we arrived on the 30th,
+a long train of freight cars for the slightly
+wounded, and hospitals cars for the severely
+wounded was waiting, ready to start for Chattanooga.
+Captain Hunter was, however, too ill to
+go, and I would not leave him, so we waited over
+together until June 2. The ride to Chattanooga
+was a very severe one for poor Hunter, and he appeared
+to be much the worse for it. He recovered
+temporarily under the careful treatment at Chattanooga,
+of Doctor Persons of the First Wisconsin<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span>
+Cavalry, but on June 8 began to sink rapidly, and
+died on the afternoon of the following day.</p>
+
+<p>My wound was not dangerous, yet it was serious
+enough to entitle me to a leave of absence. I
+took advantage of it to return for a pleasant week
+to my Wisconsin home; then rejoined my Regiment
+near the Chattahoochee River on July 17.
+During my absence it had followed the fortunes
+of the Twentieth Corps, having had no hard fighting
+and but few casualties on the picket line. The
+term of service of the men who had not reënlisted
+had expired on June 29, and they had been mustered
+out. The officers in the various regiments,
+however, who wished to be mustered out, found
+themselves conscripted for a longer term. Their
+applications had been approved until they had
+reached General Thomas; but he had forwarded
+them to Washington with recommendations for
+dishonorable discharge. Discovering this danger,
+the officers had withdrawn their applications. A
+number in the Twenty-Ninth Pennsylvania had,
+however, been dishonorably discharged under
+such circumstances, and at the time this seemed to
+us an injustice.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span></p>
+<h2><i>The Siege of Atlanta</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>On the day that I rejoined the Regiment the
+army moved forward across the Chattahoochee
+River. During the next three days a farther advance
+was made across Peach Tree Creek, and
+we were now but a few miles from the fortifications
+of Atlanta. On the afternoon of the 20th,
+General Hood, the new Confederate commander
+who had succeeded Johnston, came out of his entrenchments
+and made a furious attack on our
+lines. The brunt of it fell on our Corps, which
+was somewhat in advance of the others. Our
+Regiment being in the second line was not engaged,
+for the first line repulsed the enemy along
+the entire front. The fighting was very severe,
+the Confederates coming up to the attack again
+and again. The loss in our Corps was about
+2,000 killed and wounded; that of the enemy
+must have been double that number.</p>
+
+<p>On the night of the 21st I went on picket duty
+with instructions to advance my picket line if possible,
+for the enemy's pickets were so close that
+their stray bullets were causing much annoyance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span>
+in our camp. We were not very successful during
+the night; but in the morning, when the whole
+Brigade picket line under Major Smith of the
+One Hundred Fiftieth New York, moved forward,
+the enemy had disappeared. As was now
+becoming quite usual, a number of their men remained
+behind to be taken prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>Major Smith's orders were to advance until he
+found the enemy. So we slowly pushed forward
+through their strong but abandoned works, and encountered
+no serious opposition until within about
+a mile of their fortifications immediately surrounding
+the city. We met their picket line on a hill,
+and drove it back a half mile, but they brought
+out against us such a strong force that we in turn
+were obliged to fall back, taking our stand on the
+hills where we had first met their pickets. From
+this position they did not seriously attempt to dislodge
+us.</p>
+
+<p>From our vantage we could see all of their
+man&oelig;uvers. Apparently there were not more
+than 2,000 or 3,000 troops to prevent our entry
+into the city. I have always believed that if there
+had been someone high enough in command to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span>
+have used the troops where I was that day, Atlanta
+could have been captured much more easily
+than it was six weeks later. At about six o'clock
+our Corps came up, and our picket line, once more
+moving forward, drove the Confederate skirmishers
+to within two hundred yards of their forts.</p>
+
+<p>The next day a battery of twenty-pound <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'parrot'">Parrott</ins>
+guns was planted on the hill and commenced
+throwing shells into the city over our heads. The
+enemy replied with spirit, and we received many
+of their compliments that were intended for the
+battery. Our men protected themselves by throwing
+up an earthwork in front of the camp, with a
+ditch behind it wide enough and deep enough to
+shelter all in case of necessity. The officers all
+had heavy earth barricades built in front of their
+tents, and these furnished fairly good protection.</p>
+
+<p>I remember to have been one night in the Colonel's
+tent when the shells were flying pretty
+lively. We were just discussing whether his embankment
+would stop a shell, when one came
+along and buried itself in the ground a little in
+front without exploding. The Colonel went out
+and found that it had gone two feet into the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span>
+ground. One of the other officers present expressed
+the opinion that it would have gone
+through the breastwork if it had struck properly.
+The words were scarcely out of his mouth when
+another shell struck the work, penetrating about
+two-thirds of the way, and exploding without
+damage.</p>
+
+<p>At another time we were not so fortunate. A
+shell struck the barricade of Captain Orton of
+Company K, passed through, and exploded in the
+tent, mortally wounding him and seriously wounding
+Lieutenants Barager, Blanchard, and
+Schweers, who were with him. Lieutenant Barager
+served until the end of the war; but a few
+years after its close, he became, as a consequence
+of that shock, a physical and mental wreck.</p>
+
+<p>The enemy's sharpshooters were close enough
+to us to keep dropping their bullets incessantly
+into our camp. It was at first rather annoying to
+have them come pattering around whenever anyone
+moved, but in time we became so accustomed
+to the missiles, that we went about our ordinary
+business as though there were no Confederates
+within forty miles. On one occasion the Thirteenth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span>
+New Jersey went out in front of the line and
+captured thirty-five of the enemy's pickets, and
+burned the houses where the marksmen had been
+stationed.</p>
+
+<p>On July 28 General Hooker was at his own
+request relieved of the command of our Corps.
+He had taken offence at being jumped by General
+Howard for the command of the Army of the
+Tennessee, after the death of General McPherson
+in the battle of July 22. I do not believe that
+the highest officers generally sympathized with
+Hooker, but the Corps as a whole felt that his loss
+was a serious blow. He had large personal influence
+on his troops. During an active campaign,
+virtually every soldier in his Corps saw him almost
+daily. If there was a picket line to be established,
+he personally examined it; if an assault was
+made on the enemy, he was with the foremost, always
+brave to the extreme of recklessness. He
+was, moreover, careful of the welfare of his men.
+He made his commissaries attend strictly to business,
+and his Corps would often be furnished with
+the delicacies of army rations when others were
+short or had nothing but hardtack and salt pork.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span>
+It was a common remark all through the army
+that Joe Hooker fed his men the best, and fought
+them the best, of any of the corps commanders.
+Of course his men worshipped him and under him
+were invincible; for the same reason the enemy
+dreaded him worse than anything else mortal.</p>
+
+<p>The newspapers of the day said that the appointment
+of General Howard was the work of
+President Lincoln. But it was reported in the
+Corps, that General Sherman had been the prime
+mover. It was freely whispered among us that
+Sherman, with all his great talents and acknowledged
+ability, was affected with the same weakness
+that was said to have troubled Napoleon&mdash;the
+not being able to look with complacency on the
+great personal popularity of a subordinate. Sherman
+was reported to have allowed this feeling to
+break forth into positive insult of General Hooker
+and his Corps in the presence of subordinates.
+For instance, on the night after the battle of Peach
+Tree Creek, before any returns of casualties had
+been made, Hooker told Sherman that he had
+lost that day nearly 2,000 men. "Oh pshaw!"
+answered Sherman, "that's nothing; they'll all be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span>
+back in the morning." Later it was found that
+1,700 members of the Corps had been killed or
+wounded, and that they had successfully repulsed
+the whole Confederate army with a reported loss
+to the latter of 6,000.</p>
+
+<p>Before leaving, General Hooker invited all the
+colonels in the Corps to call on him, and told
+them frankly his reasons for resigning. He said
+that during the whole campaign he had been subjected
+to unbearable insults and indignities, and
+his Corps and its performances had been underrated
+and disparaged. And now, to have promoted
+over him a junior officer from this Department,
+whose rank and service were far below his,
+was the last straw; his reputation as a soldier and
+his honor as a man would not, he said, admit of his
+remaining.</p>
+
+<p>The enemy's picket line had been temporarily
+quieted by the advance of the Thirteenth New
+Jersey, but was now again annoying us. These
+pickets were on a ridge about two hundred yards
+in front of their main line of works, and not more
+than four hundred yards from our camp. They
+had lines of pits dug all along their position and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span>
+could at any time communicate with their main
+line. Our pickets were also located in pits, but
+could only be relieved at night. It was determined
+to reverse this order of things. So at daylight
+on July 30, at a preconcerted signal, our
+whole Brigade picket line, under command of
+Lieutenant-Colonel Morse of the Second Massachusetts,
+jumped out of their pits, crossed the intervening
+space at a run, and captured the enemy's
+entire line, numbering seven officers and ninety-seven
+men.</p>
+
+<p>A regiment was immediately sent out to reënforce
+our men, and breastworks were hastily
+thrown up. From their forts and main breastworks,
+the enemy poured into us a shower of shot
+and shell; but our men held their position all day,
+many of them firing as much as two hundred
+rounds of ammunition. At night the position was
+made impregnable against anything save a movement
+in large force; and in the morning the enemy
+were compelled to withdraw their artillery
+and close the embrasures of their forts.</p>
+
+<p>For some weeks there was not much change in
+the situation, so far as we were concerned. There<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span>
+was much hard work for the men in the trenches,
+and they were all getting anxious for the capture
+of Atlanta. I believe nine-tenths of them would
+rather have fought the matter out in an open battle
+than to have kept on scraping and shoveling
+to dig them out. It seemed to us at the time that
+between our army and that of the Confederates,
+there had been enough dirt dug, from Louisville
+to Atlanta, to have built all the railroads in the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p>For a time in our advanced position, firing on
+the picket line was constant, and there were many
+casualties. In a week or two, however, a sort of
+truce was established, and firing ceased. Just before
+I had rejoined my Regiment on the Chattahoochee,
+our pickets had been quite friendly with
+the pickets of the enemy. They had traded coffee
+for tobacco, and had offered to take letters and
+send them to Union prisoners in their hands. I
+should at this time have liked to send a letter to my
+brother. But now they would not go as far as
+that; nothing would induce them to meet us between
+the picket lines for trading; to all our advances<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span>
+they replied that their orders forbade them
+to do so.</p>
+
+<p>On August 25 important changes were made
+in the disposition of our troops. Our Corps was
+withdrawn from before Atlanta and moved back
+to the Chattahoochee River. The rest of the
+army was moved around to the south of Atlanta,
+temporarily abandoning its communications; this
+was in order, by threatening his flank, to compel
+Hood to come out of his works and fight us in the
+open.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout that day our heavy guns poured a
+constant stream of shot and shell into the city. As
+soon as darkness had settled down on the camps,
+we silently folded our tents and moved back. I
+had been on picket duty that night; it was still and
+clear, and the slightest sound could be heard at a
+great distance. As I passed along the picket line,
+from man to man, and gave them the word to follow
+instructions&mdash;which were for each man, as I
+passed him, to leave his post and go back silently
+to the rear&mdash;I could hear the Confederates changing
+their relief just a little in my front. In one case
+I heard the old sentinel tell the new one to "keep<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span>
+a sharp watch on those Yanks over there," for
+they were up to something and he believed they
+were going to attack.</p>
+
+<p>At the railroad bridge over the Chattahoochee,
+where we took position, earthworks had already
+been built. We strengthened them and built new
+ones, so that by the night of the 26th we were
+in condition to fight the whole of Hood's army.
+Hood was, however, too busy south of Atlanta,
+where Sherman now was, to trouble us; and we
+had several days of complete quiet. It was a great
+relief, after our experiences in the trenches, to be
+able to walk around without hearing the bullets
+whistle about our ears. Not the least of our enjoyment
+was, to have a good river close at hand to
+bathe in.</p>
+
+<p>During our stay here, General Slocum arrived
+and took command of the Corps. When he made
+his first tour around the camp, he was given a royal
+reception by his old command. They had all
+been anxious to have as their leader someone who
+had been identified with them in the Army of the
+Potomac. With that army they had won their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span>
+laurels, and they wished still to be known as a
+part of it.</p>
+
+<p>Slocum was a very different type of man from
+Hooker. The latter was brilliant and dashing,
+and in the excitement of battle his ardor and personal
+courage carried him where the fire was
+hottest. Slocum, on the contrary, reminded one of
+the descriptions of Marlborough. Cool and unimpassioned
+he directed a battle as he would a review.
+Without particularly avoiding danger, he
+would not rush recklessly into it. Hooker was an
+inveterate boaster. Slocum usually said nothing.
+I think most men would have considered Hooker
+the better leader, and Slocum the better man.</p>
+
+<p>Late on the night of September 1, while I was
+on picket duty, I heard in the direction of Atlanta
+what I at first thought was artillery. The rumbling
+kept increasing in intensity until it seemed
+like the heaviest firing I had ever heard. Finally,
+a number of terrific explosions lit up the air. At
+six miles distance they seemed like bright flashes
+of lightning. I knew then that the enemy were
+blowing up their powder magazines. I supposed,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span>
+however, that Sherman was fighting his way into
+Atlanta from the south.</p>
+
+<p>At daylight a reconnoitering party was sent out
+toward the city. They found it evacuated, except
+for a small rear guard of cavalry which was
+soon driven out. The remainder of the Corps
+moved up in the afternoon, our Regiment reaching
+the city at about dark. Sherman's flanking movement
+had been completely successful. He had
+met Hood on the Macon Railroad, near Jonesboro,
+and had beaten him terribly. The Confederate
+commander had been obliged to evacuate Atlanta
+at once, blowing up eighty cars of ammunition
+which had been cut off by the capture of the
+railroad at Jonesboro. He had been compelled to
+destroy, also, the large rolling mill of the city,
+which was said to have been the only mill in the
+South where plating for gunboats could be manufactured.</p>
+
+<p>We found more Union sentiment in Atlanta
+than anywhere else in the South. As our Brigade
+entered the city, at about nine o'clock at night,
+many of the women brought out buckets of water
+for us to drink. They were very bitter against<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span>
+Hood's army, which they said had robbed them
+of everything that could be carried off, with the
+excuse that the Yankees would steal it anyway.
+They were agreeably disappointed to find that the
+Yankees did not rob them of a thing.</p>
+
+<p>Immense quantities of tobacco were abandoned
+by the Secessionist citizens who left town. This
+fact ruined the sutlers' trade in that article. On
+the day before Atlanta fell, tobacco sold in our
+camps at a dollar a plug, and fifteen cents for cigars.
+On the day after, plug tobacco passed about
+for five cents, and cigars were twenty-five cents a
+hundred. Our men found tobacco in every conceivable
+place. One lot of twenty boxes was dug
+out from under a big ash-heap. It was, however,
+the only plunder obtained, for the most stringent
+orders were issued against pillaging occupied
+houses.</p>
+
+<p>The effects of the Union bombardment could
+everywhere be seen in the city. Almost every
+house had the marks on it of shot and shell. One
+man showed me a dozen shells that had struck in
+his garden. The families remaining in the city had
+all built in their yards bombproofs, to which they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span>
+had fled for safety whenever the shelling was in
+progress.</p>
+
+<p>On September 6 Sherman's army came back
+from Jonesboro, and went into camp in the vicinity
+of town. For a time we enjoyed the luxury of
+complete rest, after our four months of continuous
+campaigning. On September 23 our Regiment
+received from Wisconsin 200 fresh recruits, who
+had just been secured under the draft. Every one
+was a substitute, and a splendid lot of men they
+were physically, representing almost every nation
+in Europe&mdash;English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, Germans,
+French, Norwegians, and I don't know
+how many others. Some of them could not speak
+a word of English. Over a dozen were full-blooded
+Chippewa Indians, who until they put on
+the uniforms of the United States Army, had
+never worn the clothing of civilized people. They
+were all excellent raw material, and in the course
+of time made good soldiers. I recall only two of
+the entire 200 who deserted.</p>
+
+<p>About the first of October, Hood set out on his
+trip to the North, in the attempt to starve us out of
+Atlanta. On October 3 Sherman started after him<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span>
+with all of the army except our Corps, which was
+left to hold the town. Our camps were now
+changed around so as to defend the city on a
+shorter line. Our Brigade was moved from the
+south to the northwest side, and set to work to
+build new breastworks, or rather to rebuild the old
+ones of the Confederates.</p>
+
+<p>The enemy succeeded in getting upon our railroad
+to the North, and for about twenty days we
+were completely cut off without news or provisions.
+However, they had left us the whole of the country
+southward to forage in; and this, together with
+the rice we had captured in the city, and the "beef
+dried on the hoof," as the men called the cattle
+that were driven in, kept us a long way from starving.
+Every week our forage trains would run out
+into the country to the south, and gather in from
+500 to 700 wagon-loads of corn, besides living,
+while they were out, on the best that the land
+afforded. Moreover, we had our provisions all to
+ourselves; for on September 10 Sherman had ordered
+all the citizens of the town to leave either to
+the North or to the South.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span>On October 11 our Regiment went out for the
+first time on a foraging expedition. There were
+2,500 men in the detachment, and a train of about
+500 wagons. About fifteen miles south of Atlanta
+we found plenty of corn for the animals;
+and for the men, abundance of sweet potatoes and
+other dainties not laid down in the army menu.
+In two days we had our wagons laden with all
+that could be hauled away. About a fortnight
+later we went out again and brought in over 800
+wagons of corn.</p>
+
+<p>The forage which we thus gathered was the
+salvation of our animals and beef cattle. The
+mules had been on half rations of grain all summer,
+quite without hay, and the whole country in
+the vicinity of Atlanta had been grazed over until
+it was as bare as a city street. The beeves that
+had been driven down from Louisville, had for
+weeks nothing to eat save the leaves and sprouts
+on the bushes. It was a standing joke among the
+men that the commissary always killed for beef
+those animals that could not survive until the next
+day.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span></p>
+<h2><i>The March to the Sea</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>On October 29 came the first through trains
+from Chattanooga, after the movement of Hood to
+the North. On the same day came orders to reduce
+baggage and prepare for marching. Soon,
+rumors were spreading about the camp that we
+were to start on a fifty days' campaign, without
+communications. On November 4 we were ready
+to move. I wrote numerous letters of good-bye to
+friends at home, telling them that they would
+hear from me next at Charleston or Savannah. I
+hoped that it would be Charleston, for I wanted
+the people of South Carolina who started the war
+to feel its effects and to reap their share of the horrors.</p>
+
+<p>On November 5 we started out and marched
+three miles from town. The next day, however,
+we returned in order to wait until the Army of the
+Tennessee might be paid off. This gave us a
+chance to vote in the Presidential election, which
+we had come very near missing. Our Regiment
+gave Lincoln 304 votes and McClellan 21. For
+another full week we remained in Atlanta, our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span>
+Regiment being occupied the entire time in tearing
+up railroad tracks and destroying everything
+of value in the city. By the time we were ready
+to leave, Atlanta was worth little more to the Confederates
+than any other piece of ground of similar
+size. On November 15 we started out in earnest
+on the now famous "March to the Sea." Our
+last view of Atlanta, the prize for which we had
+so long struggled, was a column of dense smoke
+from its burning buildings; we had destroyed
+everything in town except the churches and private
+residences.</p>
+
+<p>Our expedition numbered about 50,000 men,
+under the command of Sherman. Thomas's army
+remained behind to look after Hood. We took
+with us only about twenty days' rations, for the
+country through which we passed was expected
+to furnish the remainder of our needs. The army
+proceeded in two columns&mdash;the right wing under
+Howard making for Macon; the left under Slocum
+making for Augusta. Each corps, also,
+took a different route in order to be able to subsist
+more easily on the country.</p>
+
+<p>Our Corps proceeded along the Augusta railroad,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span>
+which we destroyed as we went along by
+burning the ties and twisting the heated rails.
+Parts of the country were poor and furnished little
+forage. Other portions, however, compensated
+by giving us an abundance of sweet potatoes and
+pork, with occasional lots of corn meal, flour, and
+sorghum, and, for the first arrivals on the plantation,
+chickens and turkeys. On our route we
+found plenty of good horses and mules, and all
+the forage that we could carry off. Occasionally,
+also the enterprising forager would capture some
+apple-jack or corn whiskey.</p>
+
+<p>At Madison we turned and took the road to
+Milledgeville, the capital of Georgia. Geary's
+Division, however, followed up the railroad to the
+Oconee River, and destroyed the Oconee bridge.
+We entered Milledgeville on the 22nd without
+opposition, and camped in the state-house yard.
+During our stay, our Regiment and the One Hundred
+Seventh New York guarded the city.
+I took up my quarters with an acquaintance of one
+of my Wisconsin friends, and saw to it that his
+house and family were not molested. He had
+several hundred bales of cotton stored near town,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span>
+which Sherman had consented to have bonded;
+but some zealous officer or officious "bummer,"
+had set fire to it before it could be saved.</p>
+
+<p>Upon our approach to Milledgeville, Governor
+Brown of Georgia, had released all of the convicts
+in the State Prison at that place. In celebration
+of their freedom, their first act was to destroy the
+old prison. Our first work was to destroy the
+Milledgeville arsenal, in which was stored a large
+quantity of Confederate arms and ammunition.
+We carried out and threw into the river, all of the
+ammunition in the magazine, and burned up all of
+the arms and equipment. Besides several thousand
+stands of good arms, there were a lot of old-fashioned
+rifles and shot-guns, and thousands of
+pikes and bowie knives that had been manufactured
+by the State for the militia, with which to
+repel Yankees. In the state-house were millions
+of dollars of Georgia State money, in bills of all
+denominations and to these the men helped themselves
+without limit. All of the cotton in the vicinity
+that could be burned without endangering
+good buildings, was destroyed, and that which
+was stored in the city was bonded not to be turned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span>
+over to the Confederate Government, or used for its
+benefit. I was sent out with a detachment of men
+to search the stores for tobacco, and found enough
+to load several wagons, which kept the army supplied
+with that article until we reached Savannah.</p>
+
+<p>From Milledgeville we marched eastward
+toward Sandersville, through a very poor country.
+At Buffalo Creek, a swampy stream about eight
+miles from Sandersville, we found that the seven
+bridges crossing it had been burned&mdash;the negroes
+told us that this had been done by the people of
+Sandersville. We were delayed about three
+hours in repairing the bridges, so did not arrive at
+Sandersville until the next morning. For the last
+two days we had been on slim rations, and Sandersville
+was well supplied. Of course there was
+a general rush for eatables, and the town was soon
+raided. The citizens hurried to Sherman to make
+complaint and get protection.</p>
+
+<p>He turned on them and asked, "Which of you
+was it who set fire to those bridges yesterday?"
+They all denied having done it, but admitted that
+it had been done by citizens of the town.
+"Well," said he, "those that make war must take<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span>
+the consequences," which was all the consolation
+they got. Later, we found the man who fired the
+bridges; he was promptly arrested and his property
+burned.</p>
+
+<p>As we entered Sandersville we had a sharp
+skirmish with Wheeler's Confederate Cavalry, in
+which two of them were killed. Our Indians
+seemed to think it was not exactly right to leave
+the dead bodies with their scalps on. They soon
+fell into the civilized custom of making war, however,
+and did not afterward express any desire to
+take scalps.</p>
+
+<p>From Sandersville we turned south until we
+reached the Georgia Central Railroad at Tennille
+Station. We burned the railway buildings there,
+and proceeded along the line, tearing it up as we
+went along.</p>
+
+<p>On November 28 we passed near the home of
+the Honorable Herschel V. Johnson.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> By prodding<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span>
+into the ground with their ramrods, some of
+our foragers found there a lot of more or less valuable
+papers and letters, which had for safe-keeping
+been buried in his cabbage patch. Some of
+the letters from his son, who was an officer on
+Hood's staff, afforded us much amusement. Our
+mess forager found here, also, a stock of flour that
+lasted until we reached Savannah.</p>
+
+<p>Thus far, we had almost always found sufficient
+provisions along the line of march to feed
+the command fairly well. Now, however, we
+were obliged to send out strong parties of foragers
+for long distances on our flanks, to search the country
+in order to get enough to eat. Wherever we
+went we destroyed everything that might be of
+value to the enemy. On the 29th, near Bostwick,
+we burned up millions of feet of bridge timber, all
+got out and framed for bridges, that the Confederates
+expected to build when the Yankees were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span>
+driven out. I noticed that some of the timbers
+were marked Strawberry Plains and Chattanooga
+Creek.</p>
+
+<p>On December 3 our column crossed the Millen
+&amp; Augusta Railroad near Millen, and destroyed
+as much of it as we could. We were
+now in a level, sandy country, thickly covered
+with pine timber, and plantations were few and
+scattered. On the 4th we heard cannonading in
+the distance, which was said by citizens to be
+at Charleston, South Carolina, seventy miles
+away. On the 7th we found our road for a distance
+obstructed with felled timber, which, however,
+so little delayed the march that those in the
+rear would not have known of it. On the 8th,
+after passing Springfield, the trains and pack-mules
+were left behind, with the Third Division
+as a guard, while the First and Second Divisions
+pushed on rapidly toward Savannah.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><i>In Front of Savannah</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>We encountered the enemy in force for the
+first time fourteen miles from Savannah, in Monteith
+Swamp, where they had built an earthwork<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span>
+across the road and felled trees in front of it. The
+First Brigade of our Division was sent around to
+their left, and our Brigade to their right, while the
+Third Brigade moved forward on the center. Our
+plan was to hold their attention to the front, while
+we got around on their rear. They discovered us
+in time, however, to escape. Captain Kleven of
+Company H, who with his skirmishers, was in
+advance of our Brigade, made a rapid movement
+forward as soon as he saw the enemy falling back,
+and succeeded in capturing three prisoners. The
+First Brigade opened fire at about the same time,
+sending a few bullets over our way, and severely
+wounding in the foot, Captain Buck of Company
+B. The Third Brigade also came up in time to
+claim a share in the honor of capturing the three
+prisoners. Finally, to settle the dispute, the prisoners
+themselves were brought to Division headquarters,
+where they pointed out Captain Kleven
+as their captor.</p>
+
+<p>At Monteith Station we captured the post-office
+and a considerable mail. The letters, which
+were mostly written by the soldiers whom we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span>
+had tried to capture the day before, afforded the
+men an abundance of fun.</p>
+
+<p>On the 10th we marched to within about four
+miles of Savannah, where we were stopped by the
+entrenched enemy. While we were getting into
+line, a detail of foragers, gathered along the banks
+of the Savannah River, spied a small steamer
+coming up the stream from the city. They hid
+themselves along the shore until the boat was directly
+opposite, when they opened a musketry fire
+and compelled the craft to surrender. It proved to
+be a Confederate dispatch boat on its way up the
+river to warn the fleet that Sherman and his army
+had arrived. The fleet did not receive the warning,
+and interesting developments followed. The
+men who had captured the prize did not know its
+value, and after stripping it of everything they
+wanted, set fire to it.</p>
+
+<p>The country between our lines and those of the
+enemy was a big rice plantation, which overflowed
+at every high tide, and which could be kept under
+water by closing the flood-gates. The only means
+of access to the city were the narrow causeways
+built through this swamp. At the point where we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span>
+were located, the Savannah River is divided by
+Argyle Island into two channels, the main or navigable
+one being near the Georgia shore. The
+island is about ten miles long, and at our end something
+like a mile wide. It was occupied by a large
+rice plantation, which naturally overflowed
+about two feet at high tide, but which had been
+ditched and diked so that the flow was regulated
+at the flood-gates. If we could control these, we
+could keep the island passable. The plantation
+buildings were situated on the east side, near the
+channel, where a number of acres rose high
+enough above the general surface to be safe from
+overflow.</p>
+
+<p>On the evening of the 11th our Regiment was
+ordered across to Argyle Island. There were on
+hand but two or three skiffs, and only a portion of
+the men could be brought over that night. In the
+morning the crossing was being continued, when
+suddenly the discovery was made that three
+steamers were coming around the bend of the
+river on their way to Savannah. Owing to the
+vigilance of our foragers on the previous day, they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span>
+had received no warning of the presence of Sherman's
+army.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Winegar of Battery M, First New
+York Artillery, had his rifled guns in position on
+a slight elevation along the shore, where he commanded
+the river for a stretch of nearly a mile.
+As soon as the steamers, which were a part of
+Commodore Tattnall's Mosquito Fleet, came
+into plain view, he opened on them. They probably
+had never before been under fire for their
+crews seemed confused. The first craft, which
+was a gunboat, commenced immediately backing
+and turning. The second, the armed tender
+"Resolute," started to do the same, but was run
+into by the third, and so badly crippled that she
+drifted ashore against Argyle Island. The other
+two vessels managed to escape up the river.</p>
+
+<p>While the miniature naval battle was going on,
+our men who were on the island, under command
+of Captain Barager, had hastened to the scene.
+When the "Resolute" drifted ashore, they were on
+hand to prevent the officers and crew from making
+their escape in small boats, as they had started to
+do. There were twenty prisoners in all. We<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span>
+afterwards had a fine lot of fun listening to the
+officers as they accused one another of being the
+cause of the disaster. The "Resolute" was towed
+over to the Georgia shore, near the battery, but
+could not be repaired in time to be of any service
+in our future operations on the island.</p>
+
+<p>The question of rations was at this time becoming
+vital. One day's allowance had been issued
+to us on the day after our arrival in front of Savannah.
+We were, therefore, on the lookout for anything
+that might serve to supplement our supplies.
+As soon as my Company had come across to the
+island, we took the shortest route to the plantation
+buildings on the east side. Not a thing was
+left; those who had come before us had already
+absorbed everything. But at the landing I found
+a good six-oared boat that would carry about ten
+men besides the rowers. Impressing a crew of
+negroes to row the boat, I started for a plantation
+on the other side of the river, about half a mile up,
+thinking that I would be the first man of Sherman's
+army to invade South Carolina. On landing,
+however, I was told by the blacks that two of
+our "bummers" had been there the day before,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span>
+and in an altercation with the plantation hands
+had killed one of them. The funeral was just
+going on when we arrived. Subsequent events
+made me believe that Wheeler's Cavalry, and not
+our men were responsible for this tragedy.</p>
+
+<p>I placed a sentinel out on the only road by
+which a mounted force could approach, and then
+began a search for eatables. We soon were rewarded
+by a good supply of sweet potatoes and
+sorghum. In the boat-house we found a fine lot
+of boats; as these were especially valuable for our
+purposes, we shoved them all out into the river to
+float down to our landing on the island. We had
+just loaded up our supplies, when my sentinel came
+running in with the report that a large force of cavalry
+were coming. We hastily pulled back to the
+island and waited for them; but they did not
+come to close quarters and soon retired.</p>
+
+<p>Three days later I was sent out with Captain
+Barager's Company and my own to take possession
+of this plantation. We knew that the
+enemy now held it in some force, but we did not
+know how strong they were. I had secured boats
+enough on our first raid to be able to take over both<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span>
+of our companies at one time. We started in the
+morning, when it was as yet scarcely light, hoping
+to come upon the enemy unexpectedly. Their
+sentinels discovered us, however, and fired on us
+while crossing. We landed about a quarter of a
+mile from the plantation buildings and rapidly
+pushed forward. I sent Barager with his Company
+to the right, while I took the direct course to
+the rice mill, in which the enemy were sheltered.</p>
+
+<p>The country was broken up into a mass of
+ditches, dykes, and canals. We found that our
+only road was along a narrow dyke, and that we
+should either have to return or charge them in
+single file. We did not retreat. In less time than
+it takes to tell this story, we had the mill. They
+gave us one volley and hit nobody. We did not
+fire a shot. They escaped with their guns and
+ammunition, but we captured all their provisions,
+including their breakfast cooking on the fire. For
+the first time in three days we had all that we
+wanted to eat. Colonel Hawley came over soon
+after, with three more companies, but toward night
+the Confederates appeared in such force that we
+again withdrew to the island.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span>The next morning the enemy brought down a
+section of artillery to the Smith Plantation, as it
+was called, and commenced shelling our island
+camp. I was sent with my Company to get as
+close as possible to them on our side of the river,
+and either silence them or drive them off. I got
+up within about a hundred and fifty yards of
+them and opened fire. They immediately turned
+their guns on us, and for a few minutes gave it to
+us hot. We had good shelter, however, and lost
+only one man&mdash;John Furlong, a veteran of Company
+E. It took me about twenty minutes to
+drive off the battery, but their infantry held out
+all day.</p>
+
+<p>On the 19th the whole Brigade crossed over to
+the Smith Plantation, with a section of artillery.
+Entrenchments were built at all commanding
+points, and preparation made to hold the position.
+On the 20th Colonel Hawley made a reconnoissance
+in force toward Union Causeway, the only
+Confederate outlet from Savannah, but found the
+enemy in such strength that he could not reach it.
+But from our position we could see the lines of
+their wagons leaving the city. On the morning of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span>
+the 21st it was found that the enemy had evacuated
+Savannah, and our troops moved in and took
+possession.</p>
+
+<p>We now received orders to recross the river to
+the Georgia side and march to Savannah. We
+had nothing but flatboats to cross in, and a strong
+wind was against us, so that we made slow progress
+while our Regiment covered the crossing.
+When all the rest had passed over, and we were
+about half embarked, the enemy swarmed down
+upon us by the thousand. They had us surrounded
+on three sides, with a river behind; and
+our chances for seeing Savannah were not brilliant.
+Nevertheless, we faced about and prepared to
+fight them. Our friends of the Second Massachusetts
+came, without orders, back to our assistance,
+and placed themselves where they could
+cover our flanks. We were sheltered behind a
+dyke, and the enemy could not get at us save by
+charging across an open rice field; this they did
+not have the nerve to do, so that when darkness
+settled down we got off safely to the island. I
+think there was not a man in our command, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span>
+thanked his lucky stars that it was not some of
+Lee's veterans that had us in that fix that night.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><i>In Savannah</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>The next day, we crossed without interruption
+from the island to the Georgia shore, which we
+reached by four o'clock, and then marched toward
+Savannah. We went into camp on the bank of
+the river about two miles from the city, and this
+ended on our part the "March to the Sea."</p>
+
+<p>Just twenty-five days had elapsed from the time
+our army left Atlanta until it signalled the fleet off
+the coast. During that time our wing had
+marched 300 miles, destroyed over 400 miles of
+railroad and an amount of cotton that can hardly
+be estimated, and most of the time had lived off the
+country. Of our immense train of 2,500 wagons
+not one had been captured on the route. We had
+moreover secured an almost entirely new stock of
+mules and horses. And to crown all, we had
+won Savannah with an immense amount of the
+spoils of war. It was everywhere the opinion that
+Sherman had struck the hardest blow at the Rebellion
+that it had yet received, and at the least<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span>
+cost. The troops were in high spirits over their
+continued successes. The feeling prevailed that
+they had but to start for a place, and it was theirs.
+The confidence in Sherman was unlimited. When
+we left Atlanta, on what was considered the most
+perilous movement of the war, I never heard a
+single expression of doubt as to our ultimate success.
+The Confederates whom we encountered
+considered him the ablest general that had commanded
+troops in the war, and feared him more
+than any other.</p>
+
+<p>We remained at Savannah until January 17,
+1865. Our camp was in a beautiful grove of live
+oaks and pine, festooned with Spanish moss, and
+the weather was delightful. The work was comparatively
+light, and the men were confidently
+looking forward to the end of the war. We
+built new fortifications around the city on nearly
+the same lines as the old Revolutionary works.
+New roads were constructed across Hutchinson
+Island and northward into South Carolina. We
+were also busy, in order that supplies might be
+brought in as fast as needed, in clearing out the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span>
+Savannah River, which the enemy had closed
+with obstructions.</p>
+
+<p>The citizens of Savannah seemed well pleased
+with their change of rulers. They uniformly
+treated us with courtesy, and displayed a sociability
+that we did not usually encounter in the South.
+In return, General Sherman showed them every
+possible consideration. I was never in a captured
+place where private property was respected and
+protected as it was here, or where citizens were allowed
+so many privileges. Employment was furnished
+to those who wanted it, and a large amount
+of provisions was placed at the disposal of the
+mayor of the city for distribution among the destitute.</p>
+
+<p>A good story was told on the Episcopal rector
+of the town. He had been deputized by the rest
+of the clergy to wait on General Sherman, and get
+permission to preach. When he stated his business,
+Sherman at once replied, "Of course you
+can preach; that is just what I want you to do."</p>
+
+<p>The preacher then stammered out an enquiry
+whether he would be compelled to pray for the
+President of the United States. "Pray for Jeff.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span>
+Davis or the Devil, if you want to," replied Sherman;
+"I think you had better pray for them, for
+they need it more than Lincoln."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><i>Marching Northward</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>On January 17 we crossed the Savannah River
+on our bridge of flatboats, and started on our new
+campaign to the North. We were at the outset
+met by such fearful weather that we were virtually
+brought to a standstill. Only a portion of our
+army had yet crossed to the South Carolina side,
+when a freshet of unprecedented height raised the
+river so suddenly that it swept away the bridge,
+overflowed Hutchinson Island, and carried off a
+lot of wagons and mules that were just about to
+start. The freshet came before there had been a
+drop of rain in our vicinity; but it began to rain
+immediately after, and it seemed as though it
+would never stop. The country everywhere became
+a perfect quagmire, and a dry spot was hard
+to find.</p>
+
+<p>Slowly we proceeded up the east side of
+the Savannah River, the remainder of Sherman's
+army following on the right side. On the 29th,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span>
+at Robertsville, we encountered a strong force of
+Wheeler's Cavalry, which delayed our column for
+a short time. Our Regiment was sent to the front
+to drive them off. The two right companies, under
+command of Captain Haskins, deployed as
+skirmishers, and soon swept the enemy away like
+chaff before the wind. On the 30th we opened
+communications with Sherman at Sister's Ferry,
+where he had brought the remainder of his army
+across into South Carolina.</p>
+
+<p>We now left Savannah River, marching almost
+directly north. Profiting by our previous experiences,
+we early organized a foraging party of four
+men from each company. They had permission
+to mount themselves with captured animals as
+soon as possible. In a short time they not only had
+mounts, but sufficient pack animals to carry several
+days' provisions for the Regiment. The first time
+they came into camp they presented a motley appearance,
+riding horses and mules, and displaying
+every variety of saddle and harness known to man.
+But they were soon as well mounted as the cavalry,
+and had transportation and equipment for
+any service. As we marched northward, the enemy's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span>
+cavalry became more and more active on our
+flanks, so that our foragers were compelled to unite
+for protection. Our detail and that from the Second
+Massachusetts, under Lieutenant Thompson,
+were united almost from the start.</p>
+
+<p>The low ground and the constant rains made
+marching so difficult that we rarely covered more
+than twelve miles in a day. Much of the way we
+were obliged to corduroy the roads for the trains.
+For this purpose we used fence rails when they
+were to be had; when there were none, we cut
+timber and brush. Reaching the Charleston &amp;
+Augusta Railroad at Graham Station on February
+7, we spent the next four days in destroying
+the tracks toward Augusta.</p>
+
+<p>While we were in camp at Graham Station,
+Colonel Hawley, who now commanded our
+Brigade, and General Slocum, our Corps commander,
+had an argument as to the best method of
+tearing up a railroad track. Hawley contended
+that it was best to line up the men along the track,
+and at the word of command have them pick it
+up and turn it over. Slocum protested that this
+could not be done. A bet was made of a bottle<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span>
+of Apollinaris water, or something else, and Hawley
+sent for his old Regiment to try the experiment.
+When the order came to fall in without arms, our
+men were cooking their supper. Captain Woodford
+of Hawley's staff went along the line, while
+we were forming, and explained that the Colonel
+had made a bet as to what the Regiment could do.
+We were soon lined up along the track, and the
+command was given to take hold and lift. In the
+hands of those brawny men, that railroad was a
+plaything. It went over so fast, that some of the
+staff officers who had gathered to watch the performance,
+had to move lively to escape the flying
+rails and ties.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>From Graham Station we marched northward
+through constant rain and mud, subsisting entirely
+on the country, without drawing rations except
+coffee or sugar, and generally we had plenty to
+eat; corn meal and bacon constituted our usual bill
+of fare. The army was in fine spirits. In thus<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span>
+picking up a living in such a country, where the
+only products of the soil seemed to be tar and rosin,
+and pitch pines the only visible vegetation, they
+felt confident of their ability to find a living anywhere.</p>
+
+<p>Our Corps did not enter Columbia, but crossed
+the Saluda River about ten miles above. The
+Fifteenth and Seventeenth Corps of the Army of
+the Tennessee occupied the city, and destroyed
+everything in it. They released about sixty Union
+officers who were confined there; and between them
+and the soldiers and the whiskey that was found
+Columbia soon ceased to exist. Scarcely a
+private residence, even, was left. The only thing
+that would not burn was the new state-house, said
+to have been the finest in the Union, and this was
+mined and blown up. South Carolina was having
+a bitter taste of the horrors of war.</p>
+
+<p>On February 21 we struck at Winnsboro the
+railroad running between Columbia and Charlotteville;
+and following this northward for a distance,
+destroyed it as we went along. Then
+turning toward the northeast, by way of Rocky<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span>
+Mount, Hanging Rock, and Chesterfield, we
+marched to Fayetteville, North Carolina.</p>
+
+<p>During the entire march from Columbia to Fayetteville
+we had but three pleasant days; the rain
+was almost continuous. Our road, most of the
+way, was through swamps and creeks, where
+bridges had to be built and roads corduroyed.
+Frequently, from early morning until midnight, we
+worked in rain and mud to get our trains along for
+six or eight miles. The rough work soon wore out
+our clothing&mdash;many of the men were barefooted;
+many were wearing citizen's dress; the whole
+army looked more like Falstaff's ragged regiment
+than soldiers of the United States. But we met
+little opposition from the enemy. The spirit of
+four years before seemed to have been beaten out
+of them. We felt that the only Confederate troops
+that would still give us serious fighting, were those
+with Lee at Richmond.</p>
+
+<p>Arriving at Fayetteville on March 12, we once
+more opened communication with the fleet, by way
+of Wilmington and Cape Fear River. On the
+15th we set out on our way to Goldsboro, and
+the first night went early into camp, about ten<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span>
+miles from Fayetteville. At eight o'clock, however,
+we were sent out again into a dark and stormy
+night to go to the assistance of General Kilpatrick's
+Cavalry, which had met the enemy. For
+five miles we waded through mud and water to
+the place of danger, and bivouacked for the night
+in line, facing the enemy. In the morning we had
+some sharp skirmishing, but in the afternoon the
+enemy were driven from their position.</p>
+
+<p>On the 19th General Carlin's Division of the
+Fourteenth Corps was attacked and thrown into
+confusion by General Joe Johnston's army near
+Bentonville. Our Brigade was rapidly pushed
+forward with a number of others, and formed
+in line of battle near the left of the Corps.
+The enemy made several attacks, the brunt of
+which fell upon the troops to the right, and then
+retreated. This battle, which the Union Army
+nicknamed the Battle of Acorn Run, in compliment
+to the badge of the Fourteenth Corps, was
+the last in which our Regiment was engaged during
+the war.</p>
+
+<p>On the 22nd, we advanced once more, and
+found that the enemy was gone. Two days later<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span>
+we arrived at Goldsboro, and occupied the city
+without opposition. On the 27th, for the first
+time since we had left Savannah, rations were issued
+to the troops.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><i>Peace</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>We began the last campaign of the war on
+April 10, entering Raleigh on the 13th without
+resistance. The next day we again began to organize
+our foraging parties, and to make preparations
+for a campaign back through Georgia. During
+the day, however, everything was changed.
+General Johnston, following Lee's surrender on
+April 9, had sent in asking for terms.</p>
+
+<p>On April 20 I wrote home the following letter:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<div class="signature1"><span class="smcap">Camp of the 3rd Wis. Vet. Infty.</span></div>
+<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">Raleigh, N. C., April 20, 1864.</span></div>
+
+<p>My Dear &mdash;&mdash;:
+</p>
+
+<p>The Angel of Peace has spread his wings over our
+country once more. The glad tidings were announced to
+the army last night by General Sherman in general orders.
+As soon as the agreement which he had made with General
+Johnston and higher authorities could be ratified at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span>
+Washington, peace would be restored from the Potomac
+to the Rio Grande. It was a glorious day for us who
+have seen the thing through from the beginning to the end.
+General Sherman also says that he expects "soon to have
+the pleasure of conducting this army to its homes," and I
+believe that within six weeks you will see me in Chicago
+"home from the wars."</p>
+
+<p>I don't know just exactly what the terms of surrender
+are, but it is the opinion of high officers that no troops will
+be needed for garrison duty in the South. The rebels
+have been so completely whipped that they will never want
+to try another rebellion. I understand that Jeff. made no
+stipulation for his personal safety, but said he was willing
+to take his trial before the courts, and trust to the mercy
+of the American people. The only difficulty in the negotiations
+was on the question of the confiscation of landed
+property, and I have not learned how that was arranged.
+But I believe that we have been so completely victorious
+that we can afford to be merciful, and that a general
+amnesty will do more to cement the Union than the most
+rigorous punishment. The punishment that the South has
+already endured is like Cain's "greater than they can
+bear." The destruction of life in this war in the South
+has been terrible.</p>
+
+<p>The news that Johnston had asked for terms on which to
+surrender his army was published on the 16th. On the
+morning of the 17th a gloom was thrown over the whole<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span>
+army by the announcement of the assassination of the
+President, which was reported to have occurred on the
+11th. I never saw such a gloomy, sad time since I have
+been in the army as that. I don't think we knew how
+much we did think of him until then. Many expressed
+the opinion that if it had been Andy Johnson and Stanton,
+it would not have been much of a calamity. The next
+day we had New York papers of the 14th which made no
+mention of the murder, and we all thought we had been
+hoaxed. Then the explanation was made that the operator
+at Morehead City had made an error, and that the
+assassination had been on the 14th instead of the 11th, and
+now I hardly know what to believe about it. We shall
+probably get more news today.</p>
+
+<p>We are about to move our camp, and now for the first
+time comfort instead of safety is considered in the selection.
+Just think of it! I can hardly realize it. No more skirmishing,
+no more digging trenches and building breastworks,
+no more whistling bullets, rattling grape-shot, or
+screaming shells, no more friends and comrades to be
+killed or wounded.</p>
+
+<p>I don't know what has become of all my letters lately.
+The mail has come in here three times, and I have not had
+a letter. My last letters were dated in February, except
+one from * * * of March 7. I suppose they will all
+come in a heap one of these days. * * * The weather
+is very fine though almost too warm. We have occasional<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span>
+showers, and vegetation is growing fine. This part of
+North Carolina is very fine country and crops look well.</p>
+
+<p>A great many of Lee's paroled army are coming in here,
+and they seem more pleased at being whipped or at getting
+home than we do at having gained a victory. Some
+of them say they cheered louder when they surrendered
+than Grant's army when they captured them.</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>Our camps were now overrun with citizens and
+paroled Confederate soldiers, who were hunting
+for horses that they had lost; some of them had
+come as far as sixty or seventy miles. We gave
+them all the spare horses that we had, for we knew
+that the Government would have to help them in
+some way to keep them from starvation. We
+also issued to them large quantities of rations, for
+there was nothing eatable left in all the track of
+Sherman's army. On the 29th, general orders
+were issued announcing the formal surrender of
+Johnston's army.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><i>Homeward</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>On the next day began the march to Washington.
+We entered Richmond on May 11, and on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span>
+the 15th camped near the old battle-field of Chancellorsville.
+On the 24th we marched into
+Washington, where the Union army passed in review
+before all the dignitaries of our Nation, the
+representatives of foreign lands, and the immense
+throngs of people who had gathered from far and
+near to see Sherman's veterans. For this review,
+we selected from our Regiment, eight companies
+of thirty-two men each&mdash;the best drilled soldiers
+that we had. It was my place to ride in the rear
+of the Regiment as it marched down Pennsylvania
+Avenue, and no command made a better
+show than ours. From the Capitol to the reviewing
+stand, the marching and wheeling were simply
+perfect.</p>
+
+<p>We now went into camp near Bladensburg,
+where all of the men whose terms of service expired
+before October 1 were mustered out and sent
+home. On June 6, General Hawley issued his
+farewell order to the old Brigade. When it was
+broken up on the next day, the officers of the Second
+Massachusetts sent to the officers of our regiment
+the formal expression of the feeling with
+which they parted from us. We replied in a similar<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span>
+letter. Even now, after a lapse of twenty-six
+years, it stirs the blood to read these two messages.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span></p>
+<p>The Western veteran regiments still had work
+before them, and were not mustered out. They
+were organized as a provisional Brigade under<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span>
+Hawley's command, and ordered to Louisville,
+Kentucky. Our Regiment left the east on June 11,
+travelling by way of the Baltimore &amp; Ohio Railroad
+to Parkersburg, and then down the Ohio
+River to Louisville. Here the Regiment was filled
+up with men from other Wisconsin commands, that
+were mustered out of service, until we had about
+1,500 on our muster rolls. It was rumored, and
+in fact intended, that we should go to Mexico to
+drive out the French. The programme was entirely
+changed, however, when news came of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span>
+voluntary withdrawal of the French soldiers, and
+orders were issued to muster out our Regiment.</p>
+
+<p>A considerable number of our old veterans did
+not want to go home. A company was made up
+of those who wished to enter the services of the
+Juarez government in Mexico&mdash;at least they
+wished to go, if I would go in command. I was not
+quite ready, however, to become a soldier of fortune.
+When our duty to the Federal Government
+had been accomplished, I was as anxious as any
+to be mustered out of the army of war, and return
+to the army of peace.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182"></a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">183</a></span></p>
+<h2>INDEX</h2>
+
+
+<div>
+Agnew, Lieut. John, of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Alexandria (Va.), <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; Army of Potomac at, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ames, Gen. Adelbert, commands expedition, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Armies</span>&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cumberland, Third Wisconsin joins, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">reorganized, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at New Hope Church, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hood's, plunders Atlanta, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jackson's, at Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Johnston's, at Bentonville, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">surrenders, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Northern Virginia, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">battleflags captured, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">paroled, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Potomac, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Washington, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">consolidated, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Third Wisconsin leaves, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sherman's, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">advance, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Atlanta, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Savannah, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in South Carolina, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Georgia, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tennessee, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">destroys Columbia, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas's, opposes Hood, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Western, successful, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Western Virginia, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Atlanta (Ga.), <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">exposed, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">march to, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">besieged, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>-<a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">evacuated, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Union army near, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">destroyed, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Augur, Gen. Christopher C., at Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Augusta (Ga.), <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Slocum marches toward, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Augusta Railroad, destroyed, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Babcock, Lieut. Justin D., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Baltimore (Md.), threatened, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Baltimore &amp; Ohio Railroad, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Banks, Gen. Nathaniel P., <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">commands corps <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">retreats, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">protects Winchester, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">criticized, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Barager, Capt. Charles R., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;<br /><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wounded, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Sherman's campaign, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Battles</span>&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Acorn Run, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antietam, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>-<a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bentonville, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bolivar Heights, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cassville, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Catoctin Mountains, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>-<a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chantilly, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dallas, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>-<a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fort Donelson, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fort Henry, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fredericksburg, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>-<a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonesboro, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kettle Run, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lookout Mountain, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Manassas, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Monteith Swamp, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Murfreesboro, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New Hope Church, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>-<a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peach Tree Creek, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pumpkinvine Creek, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Resaca, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>-<a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roanoke Island, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Somerset, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">South Mountain, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Winchester, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Bealeton Station (Va.), <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bentonville (N. C.), Sherman at, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Benwood (W. Va.), <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bertram, Capt. Henry, at Bolivar Heights, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span>Biers, Lieut. Elon G., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Birney, Gen. David B., at Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bladensburg (Md.), army encamped near, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Blanchard, Lieut. Edward L., wounded, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bolivar Heights (Va.), <a href="#Page_15">15</a>. See also Battles.<br />
+<br />
+Boone, &mdash;&mdash;, Confederate officer, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Boone, Daniel, grandson captured, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Boonsborough (Md.), <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bostwick (Ga.), lumber destroyed, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bragg, Gen. Braxton, reënforced, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brandy Station (Va.), <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bridgeport (Ala.), <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bristoe Station (Va.), cars burned at, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brixey, Capt. Calvin, murders citizen, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">killed, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Broad Run (Va.), <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brodhead, Col. Thornton F., death, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brown, John, at Harpers Ferry, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hung, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Brown, Gov. Joseph E., releases convicts, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Buck, Capt. Wilson S., wounded, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Buena Vista (Wis.), school at, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Buffalo (N. Y.), reception at, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bull Run (Va.), <a href="#Page_44">44</a>. See also Battles: Manassas.<br />
+<br />
+Butterfield, Gen. Daniel, in skirmish, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burnside, Gen. Ambrose E., at Roanoke Island, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">removed, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Camp Randall (Wis.), <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Camp Slocum (Washington, D. C.), <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Carlin, Gen. William P., at Bentonville, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cassville (Ga.), occupied, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cemetery Ridge (Pa.), <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">charge on, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See also Battles: Gettysburg.</span><br />
+<br />
+Centerville (Va.), <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Century Magazine</i>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chancellor House (Va.), <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Charleston (S. C.), <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Charleston &amp; Augusta Railroad, destroyed, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span>Charlestown (Va.), <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Charlotteville (S. C.), railroad destroyed, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chattanooga (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">campaign at, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Chesterfield (S. C.), <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chicago (Ill.), <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chilcote, Judge &mdash;&mdash;, murdered, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chippewa Indians, in Wisconsin regiment, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Sandersville, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Clark, Capt. Andrew, commands militia, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clark, Lieut. David B., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cleveland (Ohio), <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Colby, Lieut. Lewis, of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Colgrove, Col. Silas, at Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Collins, Joseph, killed, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Columbia (S. C.), <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Columbus (Ohio), reception at, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Comey, Capt. Henry N., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Conley, Surg. J. Griffin, of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Connecticut, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifth Regiment, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Cooper, Judge Henry, appeals to Lincoln, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Corps</span>&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First (Sigel's), <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, at Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Hooker's), at Antietam, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Second, at Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Third (McDowell's), <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Heintzelman's), <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Sickles's), at Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fourth, defeated, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifth (Banks's), <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Porter's), <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sixth (Franklin's), <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Sedgwick's), at Fredericksburg, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ninth (Burnside's), at Catoctin Mountains, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eleventh, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twelfth, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fourteenth, at Bentonville, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifteenth, destroys Columbia, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seventeenth, destroys Columbia, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twentieth, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in Atlanta campaign, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Savannah campaign, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at New Hope Church, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Peach Tree Creek, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-Third, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">For Confederate Corps, see names of commanders.</span><br />
+<br />
+Crane, Lieut. Col. Louis H., at Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">killed, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Crawford, Gen. Samuel W., at Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>-<a href="#Page_34">34</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Creeks</span>&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antietam, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Buffalo, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cedar Run, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peach Tree, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rock, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Crowninshield, Capt. Francis W., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Culpeper (Va.), <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Culpeper Court House (Va.), <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cumberland (Md.), <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cutter, Lieut. George H., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Dallas, (Ga.), <a href="#Page_122">122</a>. See also Battles.<br />
+<br />
+Daniels, Capt. Nahum, of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Darnestown (Md.), <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Davis, Col. &mdash;&mdash;, killed, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Davis, Jefferson, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">surrenders, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Dayton (Ohio), <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Donnelly, Col. Dudley, commands brigade, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Douglas, Stephen A., presidential candidate, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Du Bois, Lieut. John B., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Edwards Ferry (Md.), crossed, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Englishmen, in Wisconsin regiment, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span>Erie (Pa.), <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Fairfax Station (Va.), winter camp at, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Falling Waters (Md.), <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fayetteville (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">county seat, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Fayetteville (N. C.), <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fond du Lac (Wis.), <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Fords</span>&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beverly, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">crossed, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Germanna, skirmish at, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>-<a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kelly's, crossed, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Raccoon, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">United States, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Forts</span>&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Donelson, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McHenry, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sumter, surrenders, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Fox, Adj. John A., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Francis, Maj. James, of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Franklin, Gen. William B., at Harpers Ferry, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antietam, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Frederick City (Md.), <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>-<a href="#Page_49">49</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">capital, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cemetery at, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Fredericksburg (Va.), skirmish at, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Freeman, Lieut. William W., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Frémont, Gen. John C., <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.<br />
+<br />
+French, in Wisconsin regiment, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>; in Mexico, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fritchie, Barbara, displays flag, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Front Royal (Va.), <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Furlong, John, killed, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Gaps</span>&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chester, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Snake Creek, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Snicker's, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Gardner, Capt. Silas E., investigates murder, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Geary, Gen. John W., <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Bolivar Heights, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">New Hope Church, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Georgetown (Md.), <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Georgia, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">secession, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">regiment from, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">campaign in, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">restored, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Georgia Central Railroad, destroyed, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Germans, in Wisconsin regiment, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Giddings, Capt. Ephraim, of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Goldsboro (N. C.), <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">occupied, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Goodrich, Lieut. John D., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gordon, Col. George H., commands brigade, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Graham Station (S. C.), <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Grant, Gen. Ulysses S., <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Greene, Gen. George S., at Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Hagerstown (Md.), <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hamilton, Gen. Charles S., commands brigade, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hanging Rock (S. C.), <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Harpers Ferry (Va.), <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">expedition to, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">surrenders, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Harrisonburg (Va.), <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Haskins, Capt. Alexander D., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Robertsville, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Hawes, Q. M. Edwin A., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hawley, Gen. William, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wounded, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">commands brigade, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at New Hope Church, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Atlanta, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savannah, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Carolina campaign, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">farewell order, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Hazel Grove (Va.), skirmish at, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hegg, Lieut. Oliver A., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Heintzelman, Gen. Samuel P., commands corps, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hill, Lieut. Algie S., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: Elsewhere spelled Hinkley">Hinckley</ins>, Capt. Julian W., <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">early life, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">promoted, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wounded, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>-<a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Hood, Gen. John B., <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at New Hope Church, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peach</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tree Creek, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Atlanta, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonesboro, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Nashville campaign, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Hooker, Gen. Joseph, commands army, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">corps, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">superseded, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Antietam, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New Hope Church, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">resigns, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">characterized, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>-<a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Howard, Gen. Oliver O., <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">commands army wing, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Army of Tennessee, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Hubbell, Lieut. Abner, of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hunter, Capt. James W., wounded, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Ijamsville (Md.), <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Indiana, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-Seventh Regiment, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Antietam, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Indianapolis (Ind.), <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Irish, in Wisconsin regiment, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Islands</span>&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Argyle, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">described, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hutchinson, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Johnson's, military prison on, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Jackson, Gen. Thomas J. (Stonewall), <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-<a href="#Page_22">22</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Kernstown, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">killed, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Jefferson, Thomas, cited, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jefferson Rock (Va.), visited, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Johnson, Andrew, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Johnson, Hon. Herschel V., sketch, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Johnston, Gen. Joseph E., superseded, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Bentonville, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">surrenders, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Jonesboro (Ga.), <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Juarez, Benito P., service with, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Keedysville (Md.), <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kelly's Ferry (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kelly's Ferry (Va.), <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kernstown (Va.), skirmish at, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ketcham, Col. John H., assesses damages, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kettle Run (Va.), <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">skirmish at, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Kilpatrick, Gen. Hugh J., at Falling Waters, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">skirmish, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Kingston (Ga.), <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kleven, Capt. John E., <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Monteith Swamp, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Kopff, Asst. Surg. Thomas, of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Lee, Gen. Robert E., <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Rappahannock River, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richmond, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">surrenders, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Leesburg (Va.), executions at, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lewis, Gov. James T., <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Libby prison, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lieurance, Lieut. Stephen, of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Limbocker, Capt. George W., <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lincoln, President Abraham, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">call for troops, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Maryland Heights, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pardons, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appoints Howard, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">votes for, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">assassinated, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Lincoln County (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">guerrillas in, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reorganized, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>-<a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Little Round Top (Pa.), <a href="#Page_84">84</a>. See also Battles: Gettysburg.<br />
+<br />
+Little Washington (Va.), <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Losses: at Bolivar Heights, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Winchester, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in retreat to Martinsburg, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>-<a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antietam, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>-<a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New Hope Church, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peach Tree Creek, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Louisville (Ky.), <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lynchburg (Tenn.), birthplace of David Crockett, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+McAlpine, Lieut. William T., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+McClellan, Gen. George B., <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arrests legislature, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">retreats, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reappointed, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">removed, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">votes for, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+McDowell, Gen. Irvin, commands corps, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">criticized, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">removed, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+McIntyre, Capt. James B., mustering officer, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Macon (Ga.), march toward, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Macon Railroad, captured, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.<br />
+<br />
+McPherson, Gen. James B., killed, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Madison (Ga.), <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Madison (Wis.), <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">veterans at, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span>Maine, Tenth Regiment, at Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Manassas Junction (Va.), <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>. See also Battles.<br />
+<br />
+Mansfield, Gen. Joseph K., commands corps, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Marietta (Ga.), <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Marvin, Q. M. Joseph T., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Martinsburg (W. Va.), retreat to, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">confederates at, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Maryland, legislature arrested, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lee enters, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plundered, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Maryland Heights (Md.), <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lincoln at, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Massachusetts, Second Regiment, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter of, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>-<a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter to, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Antietam, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Germanna Ford, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Raccoon Ford, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Atlanta, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in South Carolina, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twelfth Regiment, at Bolivar Heights, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Meade, Gen. George G., commands Army of Potomac, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mehan, Capt. Dennis, of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+"Merrimac," Third Wisconsin embarks on, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mexico, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Michigan, First Cavalry, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Middleton (Md.), <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Miles, Col. Dixon S., surrenders Harpers Ferry, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Milledgeville (Ga.), <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">capital city, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arsenal destroyed at, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Millen (Ga.), railroad destroyed, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Millen &amp; Augusta Railroad, destroyed, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Miller, &mdash;&mdash;, captured, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Miller, Mrs. &mdash;&mdash;, secures aid, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br />
+<br />
+"Mississippi," Third Wisconsin embarks on, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Monroe (Wis.), <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Monteith Station (Ga.), mail captured, at, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Montgomery (Ala.), confederate capital, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Moran, Lieut. Edward V., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morehead City (N. C.), <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morse, Lieut. Col. Charles F., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Atlanta, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Mountains</span>&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Blue Ridge, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Catoctin, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">skirmish at, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">crossed, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cedar, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lookout, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">South, crossed, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Mulberry (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Munn, Surg. Curtis E., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Murfreesboro (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Nashville (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">military governor at, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Nashville &amp; Chattanooga Railroad, described, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.<br />
+<br />
+New Jersey, Thirteenth Regiment, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">transferred, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Atlanta, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+New Market (Va.), man&oelig;uver at, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.<br />
+<br />
+New York (City), <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">draft riot, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+New York (State), draft riot, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">regiment, deserters executed, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Artillery, at Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Savannah, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ninth Regiment, transferred, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-Eighth Regiment, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">One Hundred Seventh Regiment, transferred, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Milledgeville, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">One Hundred Forty-Fifth Regiment, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">One Hundred Fiftieth Regiment, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Nickajack Pass (Ga.), crossed, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br />
+<br />
+North Carolina, described, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Norwegians, in Wisconsin regiment, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Oakey, Capt. Daniel A., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+O'Brien, Capt. Moses, killed, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ohio, trip through, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Orton, Capt. Thomas E., wounded, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+"Paint Rock", captured steamer, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Parker, Capt. Theodore K., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Parkersburg (W. Va.), <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Parks, Maj. Warham, of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pennsylvania, invaded, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-Eighth Regiment, at Bolivar Heights, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-Ninth Regiment, retreats, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">officers discharged, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Perkins, Capt. William E., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Persons, Surg. Horace T., of First Wisconsin Cavalry, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span>Phalen, Capt. Edward A., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pickett, Gen. George E., charge at Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pope, Gen. John, commands army, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">criticized, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">retreats, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Manassas, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">removed, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Portage County (Wis.), <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Porter, Gen. Fitz John, commands corps, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Price, Col. Edward L., court martialed, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Prisons</span>&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fort McHenry, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Johnson's Island, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Libby, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Proctor, Lieut. Edwin F., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Raleigh (N. C.), campaign, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rappahannock Station (Va.), <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.<br />
+<br />
+"Red Star" Division, guards railroad track, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Resaca (Ga.), enemy abandon, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br />
+<br />
+"Resolute", armed tender, captured, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Richardson, Lieut. Moses P., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Richardson, Lieut. Jesse, of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Richmond (Va.), campaign against, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lee at, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Union army, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Rivers</span>&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cape Fear, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chattahoochee, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>-<a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">crossed, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elk, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Etowah, crossed, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Monocacy, enemy at, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oconee, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ohio, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">crossed, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Potomac, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">crossed, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rapidan, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rappahannock, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">crossed, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rio Grande, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saluda, crossed, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savannah, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">naval battle in, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>-<a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">described, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">cleared, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">crossed, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shenandoah, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tennessee, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">crossed, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Robertsville (S. C.), skirmish at, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rocky Mount (S. C.), <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ruger, Gen. Thomas H., West Point graduate, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">commands expedition, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">brigade, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Ruger, Capt. William, wounded, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Sandersville (Ga.), plundered, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">skirmish at, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Sandy Hook (Md.), <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Savannah (Ga.), <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sherman at, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">skirmish, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">evacuated, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>-<a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Schweers, Capt. John M., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Scotch, in Wisconsin regiment, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Scott, Lieut. Col. John W., wounded, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">killed, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Secession, conventions, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Georgia, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lincoln County, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maryland, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">South Carolina, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Sedgwick, Gen. John, at Antietam, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fredericksburg, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Seminary Ridge (Pa.), <a href="#Page_89">89</a>. See also Battles: Gettysburg.<br />
+<br />
+Shelbyville (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shenandoah Valley, campaign in, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sherman, Gen. William T., <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Georgia campaign, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Carolina campaign, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at New Hope Church, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Atlanta, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonesboro, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Milledgeville, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savannah, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sister's Ferry, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">announces peace, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">grand review, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">characterized, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Shields, Gen. James, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Kernstown, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wounded, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Sigel, Gen. Franz, commands corps, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Sister's Ferry (S. C.), Sherman at, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Slocum, Gen. Henry W., at Germanna Ford, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicksburg, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Graham Station, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">commands corps, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">army wing, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on "Sherman's March", <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">characterized, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Smith, Maj. Alfred B., commands brigade picket line, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Smith Plantation, in South Carolina, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>-<a href="#Page_161">161</a>.<br />
+<br />
+South Carolina, secedes, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">begins war, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">campaign in, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Springer, Rev. Isaac E., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Springer, Rev. John M., killed, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Springfield (Ga.), <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Spott Tavern (Va.), <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stafford Court House (Va.), <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">winter camp, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Stanton, Edwin M., <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stevenson, Lieut. Col. George W., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stevenson (Ala.), <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Strasburg (Va.), <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Strawberry Plains (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stuart, Gen. James E. B., headquarters captured, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sumner, Gen. Edwin V., at Antietam, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>-<a href="#Page_59">59</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Tattnall, Commodore Josiah, commands fleet, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Taylor, Adj. Asher C., of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tennalleytown (D. C.), Army of Potomac at, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tennessee, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Union Cavalry Regiment, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Tennille Station (Ga.), railroad buildings destroyed, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thayer, Capt. George A., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thomas, Gen. George H., at Somerset, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New Hope Church, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">disapproves resignations, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">opposes Hood, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Thompson, Lieut. George J., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thompson, Lieut. Jed C., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Toledo (Ohio), <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Toombs, Lieut. William D., of Second Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tullahoma (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">corps headquarters, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Two Taverns (Pa.), <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Van Brunt, Capt. Ralph, of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vermont, First Regiment, rear guard, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vicksburg (Miss.), <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span>Virginia, departure for, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Warrenton Junction (Va.), <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wartrace (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Washington (D. C.), <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Army of Potomac in, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">threatened, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">peace ratified at, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">march to, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">grand review, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Waupun (Wis.), campaign of 1860 at, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Light Guard, organized, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>-<a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Welsh, in Wisconsin regiment, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br />
+<br />
+West Point (N. Y.), Military Academy, graduates, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wheeler, Gen. Joseph, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Sandersville, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Robertsville, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Whittier, John G., poem, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Williams, Gen. Alpheus S., <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New Hope Church, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Williamsport (Md.), <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Confederates at, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Williamsport (Pa.), reception at, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wilkins, Capt. William D., <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Wilmington (N. C.), fleet at, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Winchester (Va.), <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">skirmish at, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">captured, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">retreat to, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">threatened, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Confederates at, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Winegar, Capt. Charles E., captures steamer, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Winnsboro (S. C.), railroad track destroyed, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">quota filled, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tenth Regiment, at Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Woodford, Capt. Jasper, of Third Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Xenia (Ohio), reception at, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span></p>
+<h2>PUBLICATIONS OF WISCONSIN HISTORY COMMISSION</h2>
+
+<h3><i>Series of Original Narratives</i></h3>
+
+
+<p>1. <span class="smcap">A View of the Vicksburg Campaign.</span> By William Freeman Vilas,
+LL. D., Lieutenant-Colonel of Twenty-Third Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry.
+With two appendices: I, Wisconsin Soldiers in the Vicksburg
+Campaign, by Colonel Vilas; II, Selected Bibliography of the Vicksburg
+Campaign (material thereon in the Wisconsin Historical Library), by
+Minnie Myrtle Oakley. Illustrated by a portrait of Colonel Vilas and
+a map of the campaign. 8vo., pp. xiii+104. Published August, 1908.</p>
+
+<p>2. <span class="smcap">Capture and Escape: a Narrative of Army and Prison Life.</span> By
+John Azor Kellogg, Colonel of Sixth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry and
+Brevet Brigadier-General. Illustrated by a portrait of the author. 8vo.,
+pp. xvi+201. Published November, 1908.</p>
+
+<p>3. <span class="smcap">Three Wisconsin Cushings: a Sketch of the Lives of Howard B.,
+Alonzo H., and William B. Cushing, children of a Pioneer Family of
+Waukesha County.</span> By Theron Wilber Haight, First-Lieutenant,
+U. S. V. Illustrated by a wartime group of officers, three portraits, and
+three facsimiles. 8vo., pp. xiv+109. Index. Published April, 1910.</p>
+
+<p>4. <span class="smcap">The Chattanooga Campaign: with especial reference to Wisconsin's
+participation therein.</span> By Michael Hendrick Fitch, Lieutenant-Colonel
+of Twenty-first Wisconsin Infantry. Illustrated by six maps.
+8vo., pp. xiii+255. Index. Published March, 1911.</p>
+
+<p>5. <span class="smcap">A Bibliography of Wisconsin's participation in the War between
+the States: based on material in the Wisconsin Historical Library.</span>
+By Isaac Samuel Bradley, Assistant Superintendent of said Library.
+8vo., pp. ix+42. Index. Published May, 1911.</p>
+
+<p>6. <span class="smcap">Wisconsin Women in the War between the States.</span> By Ethel
+Alice Hurn, B. A. Illustrated by a portrait and six views. 8vo., pp.
+xix+190. Index. Published May, 1911.</p>
+
+<p>7. <span class="smcap">A Narrative of Service with the Third Wisconsin Infantry.</span> By
+Julian Wisner Hinkley, sometime acting Major of said Regiment. Illustrated
+by a portrait of the author. 8vo., pp. xiii+197. Index. Published
+November, 1912.</p>
+
+<p>8. <span class="smcap">The Diary of an Artillery Private.</span> By Rev. Jenkin Lloyd-Jones.
+<i>In preparation.</i></p>
+
+
+<h3><i>Series of Reprints</i></h3>
+
+<p>1. <span class="smcap">The Battle of Gettysburg.</span> By Frank Aretas Haskell, Colonel of
+Thirty-sixth Wisconsin Infantry. Illustrated by a portrait of the author
+and two maps. 8vo. First edition: pp. xxiii+185; published
+November, 1908. Second edition (with "Tribute to Adjutant Haskell"
+by Col. J. A. Watrous): pp. xxviii+192; Index; published April, 1910.</p>
+
+<p>2. <span class="smcap">Civil War Messages and Proclamations of Wisconsin War Governors.</span>
+With explanatory notes by Asa C. Tilton and Frederick Merk,
+of the staff of the Wisconsin Historical Library. <i>In press.</i></p>
+
+
+<h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> H. V. Johnson was born in Burke County, Georgia, in 1812.
+He served his State as Federal Senator from 1848 to 1849, and as
+Governor from 1853 to 1857. In 1860 he was nominated for the
+Vice-Presidency on the ticket of Stephen A. Douglas. He opposed
+to the last the secession of Georgia, but ultimately cast his lot with
+his State, and was elected to the Confederate Senate. After the
+war he was active in securing the restoration of Georgia to her
+political rights in the Union. In 1866 he was again chosen to the
+Federal Senate, but was unable to serve under the reconstruction
+acts of Congress. He died in Jefferson County, Georgia, in 1880.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> A detailed description of the manner of destroying railroad track
+during Sherman's Campaign is given by Gen. H. W. Slocum, "Sherman's
+March from Savannah to Bentonville," in <i>Century Magazine</i>
+Old Series, xxxiv, p. 930.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> This correspondence was as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><div class="signature2">Second Massachusetts Infantry,</div>
+<div class="signature1">Camp Slocum, Washington, D. C,</div>
+<div class="signature2">June 4, 1865.</div>
+
+<p>We, the undersigned, officers of the Second Massachusetts Infantry, wish to express
+to the officers of the Third Wisconsin Infantry our heartfelt regret that the
+fortunes of the service are about to separate our respective organizations.
+</p>
+
+<p>From the campaign of 1862, in the Shenandoah Valley to the present glorious
+close of this bloody war, we have fought and marched side by side with you in
+almost every rebellious state. To have been brigaded together for so long a time
+is in itself remarkable; no less so is it that between our two regiments there should
+always have existed such strong feelings of friendship and mutual regard, untinged
+by the slightest shadow of jealousy.
+</p><p>
+As we recall now, some of the hard positions we have been in, we cannot help
+remembering how often our anxiety was lessened by the knowledge that the old
+Third Wisconsin was close at hand to support us. We know that you have had
+the same thoughts about us. Nothing in this whole war will be pleasanter for us
+to look back upon than this feeling of mutual respect and reliance. It not only
+elevated the tone of both our regiments, but we honestly believe, it went a great
+way toward making our brigade and division what they are now acknowledged to
+be&mdash;among the very best organizations of the army.
+</p><p>
+We assure you that in our own State, wherever the Second Massachusetts is
+known, its brother regiment is also famous. Whenever any of us have been at
+home, among the first inquiries would be, "How is the Third Wisconsin?" It
+has been with pride that we have answered, "It is the same staunch old regiment
+that fought at Antietam and Chancellorsville."
+</p><p>
+These are not compliments but expressions of plain, honest feelings. We have
+been knit together by deeds not words; deeds, which, as time goes on, we shall look
+back upon with continually increasing pride.
+</p><p>
+Together we have shared dangers and hardships, victories and defeats; and it is
+hard now for us to part; but in the natural order of things, the war being over, you
+go towards your homes in the west, we stay near ours in the east. Let us not,
+however, though separated by thousands of miles, forget these old associations. Let
+us rather cherish them with the fondest recollections: let it be a story to hand down
+to our children and children's children, how the Second Massachusetts and Third
+Wisconsin fought shoulder to shoulder through the great rebellion, and achieved
+together glory and renown. We ask you to accept this testimonial as a slight evidence
+of our affection and esteem. We bid you farewell, and God bless you, one
+and all,
+</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">
+C. F. Morse, Lieutenant Colonel, Com.; James Francis, Major; C. E. Munn,
+Surgeon; John A. Fox, Adjutant; E. A. Hawes, Quartermaster; Captains&mdash;Daniel
+Oakey, F. W. Crowninshield, E. A. Phalen, George A. Thayer,
+Theodore K. Parker, Dennis Mehan, Henry N. Comey, William E.
+Perkins; First Lieutenants&mdash;George J. Thompson, Jesse Richardson, Moses P.
+Richardson, William T. McAlpine, Jed C. Thompson, William D. Toombs.
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<div class="signature2">Third Wisconsin V. V. Infantry,</div>
+<div class="signature">Camp Slocum, near Washington, D. C.</div>
+<div class="signature2">June 7, 1865.</div>
+
+<p> To the officers of the Second Massachusetts Veteran Volunteer Infantry:</p>
+
+<p>The undersigned, officers of the Third Wisconsin Veteran Volunteer Infantry,
+tender their heartfelt thanks for your friendly communication of the 4th inst. It
+was with mingled feelings of pride and pleasure, not, however, unmixed with pain,
+that we perused it&mdash;pride at being thus associated with a regiment, which by patient
+endurance, good discipline, and unflinching bravery, has won for itself so honorable
+a name as the Second Massachusetts; pleasure at the thought that, even
+amid the stirring scenes of active war, the finer attributes of humanity are not forgotten,
+and that friendship, one of the noblest sentiments of the soul, still asserts
+her claims; pain at the recollection of the many gallant and brave, whose names
+have been associated with yours in the great struggle now happily terminated, but
+who have given their lives for a country they loved so well.
+</p><p>
+That "every rose has its thorn" was never more apparent to us than now. While
+in the toil and suffering of our active campaigns, we have looked forward with unmixed
+joy to the time when the angel of peace should once more spread her wings
+over the land, and we should return home to enjoy the sweets of social and civil
+life, but now that the hour is at hand when we must say farewell to those with
+whom we have been associated in the service of our common country, when we
+must join the parting hand with you, our companions and brothers in arms, our joy
+is mingled with sadness and our smiles with tears.
+</p><p>
+We accept your communication, not only as a manifestation of personal regard,
+but also as a fraternal greeting from the east to the west, which rising superior to
+local jealousies and factional strife, and remembering only the mingled dust of our
+dead on many battlefields, and the common country for which they sacrificed their
+all, proclaims us, in heart and in country, one and inseparable.
+</p><p>
+In parting, we assure you that, highly as we prize this expression of sentiment
+toward us, and sacredly as we will preserve it as the highest honor yet received, it
+is not needed to secure remembrance. The ineffaceable pictures of the past deeply
+engraven in our hearts, and lit up by the eternal flame of friendship will ever keep
+the Second Massachusetts Veteran Volunteer Infantry prominent among our pleasing
+memories in the future.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Wishing you all success and happiness and Heaven's best blessing, we bid you
+farewell. We are, brothers, yours fraternally,
+</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">
+George W. Stevenson, Lieutenant-Colonel; Warham Parks, Major; J. G. Conley,
+Surgeon; T. J. Kopff, Assistant Surgeon; A. C. Taylor, Adjutant; J. T.
+Marvin, Quartermaster; I. E. Springer, Chaplain. Captains&mdash;Ralph Van
+Brunt, Julian W. <ins title="Transcriber's Note: Elsewhere spelling is Hinkley">Hinckley</ins>, N. Daniels, E. Giddings, A. D. Haskins, C.
+R. Barager, J. Woodford, John M. Schweers, John E. Kleven. First
+Lieutenants&mdash;Stephen Lieurance, Oliver A. Hegg, J. D. Goodrich, John
+Agnew, John B. Du Bois, Abner Hubbell, J. D. Babcock, W. W.
+Freeman, George H. Cutter. Second Lieutenants&mdash;E. V. Moran, Lewis
+Colby, Edwin F. Proctor, Elon G. Biers, David Clark, A. S. Hill.</p></blockquote></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="tn"><h3>Transcriber's Note:</h3>
+
+<p>Archaic and variable spellings such as "rendevouz", "reconnoissance" and
+"reënforce" were retained.</p>
+
+<p>The book title on page 1 of the original reads "SERVICE IN" but
+elsewhere reads "A NARRATIVE OF SERVICE WITH THE THIRD WISCONSIN INFANTRY".</p>
+
+<p>Page 131, "The next day a battery of twenty-pound parrot guns was planted
+on the hill ..." Changed to "Parrott guns".</p>
+
+<p>Only Footnote 3 on page 180 and the index give spelling as Hinckley, elsewhere Hinkley.</p>
+
+<p>Corrections made are indicated by dotted lines under the corrected text.
+Move the cursor over the word and the original text
+will <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'apprear'">appear</ins>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NARRATIVE OF SERVICE WITH THE THIRD WISCONSIN INFANTRY***</p>
+<p>******* This file should be named 37754-h.txt or 37754-h.zip *******</p>
+<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br />
+<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/7/7/5/37754">http://www.gutenberg.org/3/7/7/5/37754</a></p>
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, A Narrative of Service with the Third
+Wisconsin Infantry, by Julian Wisner Hinkley
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: A Narrative of Service with the Third Wisconsin Infantry
+
+
+Author: Julian Wisner Hinkley
+
+
+
+Release Date: October 14, 2011  [eBook #37754]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NARRATIVE OF SERVICE WITH THE
+THIRD WISCONSIN INFANTRY***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Julia Neufeld and the Online Distributed Proofreading
+Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by
+Internet Archive (http://www.archive.org/)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustration.
+      See 37754-h.htm or 37754-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/37754/37754-h/37754-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/37754/37754-h.zip)
+
+
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      http://www.archive.org/details/narrativeserv05hinkrich
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+      Text in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_).
+
+      Small capital text has been replaced by ALL CAPITALS.
+
+
+
+
+
+SERVICE WITH THE THIRD WISCONSIN INFANTRY
+
+
+[Illustration: JULIAN WISNER HINKLEY
+From a photograph taken in July, 1864]
+
+
+Wisconsin History Commission: Original Papers, No. 7
+
+A NARRATIVE OF SERVICE WITH THE THIRD WISCONSIN INFANTRY
+
+by
+
+JULIAN WISNER HINKLEY
+
+Captain of Company E, and Sometime Acting Major of Said Regiment
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Wisconsin History Commission
+September, 1912
+
+Twenty-Five Hundred Copies Printed
+
+Copyright, 1912
+The Wisconsin History Commission
+(in behalf of the State of Wisconsin)
+
+Opinions or errors of fact on the part of the respective authors of
+the Commission's publications (whether Reprints or Original
+Narratives) have not been modified or corrected by the Commission.
+For all statements, of whatever character, the Author alone is
+responsible
+
+Democrat Printing Co., State Printer
+
+
+
+
+Contents
+
+
+                                           PAGE
+
+  WISCONSIN HISTORY COMMISSION             viii
+
+  EDITOR'S PREFACE                           ix
+
+  SERVICE WITH THE THIRD WISCONSIN INFANTRY:
+
+      Enlistment and training                 1
+
+      Departure for the front                 7
+
+      Service in Maryland                     9
+
+      On the trail of Stonewall Jackson      15
+
+      The tables turned                      22
+
+      At Cedar Mountain                      32
+
+      The Army retreats northward            38
+
+      Moving toward the enemy                47
+
+      Battle of South Mountain               49
+
+      Battle of Antietam                     51
+
+      In winter quarters                     63
+
+      Chancellorsville                       66
+
+      A cavalry expedition                   78
+
+      Gettysburg                             80
+
+      On draft riot duty                     92
+
+      With the Army of the Cumberland        97
+
+      The Third veteranizes                 102
+
+      Reorganizing Lincoln County           106
+
+      Opening of the Atlanta campaign       116
+
+      Wounded and in hospital               124
+
+      The siege of Atlanta                  129
+
+      The march to the sea                  146
+
+      In front of Savannah                  153
+
+      In Savannah                           163
+
+      Marching northward                    166
+
+      Peace                                 173
+
+      Homeward                              176
+
+  INDEX                                     183
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATION
+
+   Portrait of the Author _Frontispiece_
+
+
+
+
+WISCONSIN HISTORY COMMISSION
+
+
+  (Organized under the provisions of Chapter 298,
+      Laws of 1905, as amended by Chapter 378,
+      Laws of 1907, Chapter 445, Laws of 1909,
+      and Chapter 628, Laws of 1911)
+
+  FRANCIS E. McGOVERN
+      _Governor of Wisconsin_
+
+  CHARLES E. ESTABROOK
+      _Representing Department of Wisconsin, Grand
+        Army of the Republic_
+
+  REUBEN G. THWAITES
+      _Superintendent of the State Historical Society of
+        Wisconsin_
+
+  CARL RUSSELL FISH
+      _Professor of American History in the University of
+        Wisconsin_
+
+  MATTHEW S. DUDGEON
+      _Secretary of the Wisconsin Library Commission_
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Chairman_, COMMISSIONER ESTABROOK
+  _Secretary and Editor_, COMMISSIONER THWAITES
+  _Committee on Publications_, COMMISSIONERS THWAITES
+      AND FISH
+
+
+
+
+EDITOR'S PREFACE
+
+
+The author of this volume was born at Vernon, Connecticut, on March 12,
+1838, of a long line of New England ancestry; he was sixth in order of
+descent from Governor Thomas Hinkley of Plymouth Colony. Coming to
+Wisconsin in his eleventh year, Julian grew to young manhood on his
+father's farm at Waupun and in Portage County. In 1858, our author left
+the farm and started life for himself--teaching school in winter, and
+working as a carpenter each summer.
+
+On April 19, 1861, Mr. Hinkley enlisted in the Waupun Light Guard for
+three months. But the services of the organization were not accepted for
+that short term by the State military authorities, so on May 8 they were
+proffered and accepted for the war, and the organization became Company
+E of the Third Wisconsin Infantry. Hinkley was at the organization
+appointed First-Sergeant; but on February 6, 1862, he was commissioned
+Second-Lieutenant of his company, became First-Lieutenant on November 1
+following, and on May 4, 1863, took command of the Company as Captain.
+He continued to serve the Third Wisconsin until its final discharge and
+payment in Madison on August 26, 1865, but during the last few months of
+this period was the acting Major of the Regiment. Since the war, Major
+Hinkley has been largely engaged in erecting public buildings, and has a
+wide acquaintance throughout Northeast Wisconsin.
+
+The Commission is much pleased at this opportunity to publish Major
+Hinkley's _Narrative_. The book has only in part been written from
+memory. It has been made up from several excellent sources: (1) A
+manuscript diary kept from day to day, or week to week, by Mr. Hinkley
+during the years of his service; (2) several contemporary letters
+written by him, either to the local press of his section of the State,
+or to relatives and friends at home; and lastly (3), a manuscript
+narrative written by the author several years after the war, for the
+edification of his children. The work of amalgamating these diverse
+materials has fallen to the lot of the editorial department of the
+Commission; the result, however, has been passed upon in detail by
+Major Hinkley, and in its present continuous form accepted by him as his
+final narrative. This method of compilation has secured a manuscript
+possessing a contemporaneous flavor and accuracy, not usual with
+reminiscences. The Commissioners feel that the book is an interesting
+and valuable contribution to the literature of the war, being the
+view-point of a company commander in one of the most active of Wisconsin
+regiments, throughout the entire period of the struggle.
+
+                                              R. G. T.
+
+  WISCONSIN HISTORICAL LIBRARY
+
+          September, 1912
+
+
+
+
+SERVICE WITH THE THIRD WISCONSIN INFANTRY
+
+
+
+
+_Enlistment and Training_
+
+
+The presidential election of 1860 found me just become of age. I
+exercised my newly-acquired rights of citizenship, in the then little
+village of Waupun, Wisconsin, by participating in the hurrahing and
+torchlight processions that in those days characterized a political
+campaign. I was a carpenter by trade, but immediately after the election
+went to teach a country school in the backwoods town of Buena Vista, in
+Portage County. Daily papers in that sparsely settled community were of
+course an unknown luxury, and it was only through the weeklies that we
+heard of the gathering storm in the Nation. From them we learned how
+State after State in the South were holding conventions, that they were
+passing ordinances of secession, and that the delegates were gathering
+at Montgomery, Alabama, to organize the Confederate States of America.
+
+In the North, few people seemed as yet to realize that a great war was
+impending. The Southern newspapers boastfully asserted that secession
+might be accomplished in peace, for the Northerners were a nation of
+shopkeepers and mechanics, who would never fight to prevent it. And
+these statements, reprinted in the Northern papers, were far from
+soothing, for there is nothing that so quickly arouses the combativeness
+of men, and especially of young men, as the intimation that they are
+cowards. Thus were the younger and more hot-headed men on both sides
+being stirred to warlike feeling by newspaper writers, until such
+hostile sentiment was aroused that war was inevitable.
+
+Immediately after the secession of South Carolina, I had expressed my
+intention, in conversation with my friends, that should war follow, I
+would have a hand in it. This determination grew as events drifted on
+from bad to worse. I cannot say that I was very strongly animated by a
+love for the Union in the abstract, or that I considered the abolition
+of slavery worth fighting for; but I felt that the dismemberment of the
+Union by armed force, submitted to without a struggle, would be a
+disgrace to the whole North.
+
+The events of the following winter and spring are a part of the history
+of the Nation. Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated on March 4, 1861. On
+April 12, Fort Sumter was fired upon, and surrendered on the 14th. On
+April 15 Lincoln issued his call for troops, and the war had burst upon
+the Nation in all its fury.
+
+Waupun for a number of years maintained an independent military company,
+called the Waupun Light Guard. This organization had in its possession
+forty stand of arms belonging to the State, and uniforms for about
+twenty of its members. On the morning of April 19, I had gone down to
+the main street of the village to buy a paper. While discussing with
+Captain Clark of the military company, the events of the day, an agent
+of the State, who had just arrived on the morning train, approached us.
+He read to the Captain a notice that his company must at once be filled
+up to the regulation standard and reported for active duty, or surrender
+its arms, to be used by other companies going into service.
+
+I had not heretofore belonged to this company, but at once told the
+Captain that I would enlist, and aid him to fill his command to the
+required standard. A meeting was called for that night, and with the
+assistance of the patriotic people of the village and surrounding
+country, the company was filled up by nine o'clock of the next morning.
+A telegram was immediately sent to Madison, tendering service for the
+ninety-day call. We had acted promptly and swiftly, yet not quite
+swiftly enough. Twenty-three other companies had filed notice before us,
+and the quota of Wisconsin was full.
+
+Enthusiasm among the men ran high, however, and when on May 8 it was
+learned that no more ninety-day men could be accepted, it was determined
+by vote to tender service for the entire war, however long that might
+be. Those whose business was such that they could not leave home for
+longer than ninety days retired, but their places were quickly taken by
+others who were anxious to go. We were now accepted, and assigned to the
+Third Wisconsin Volunteers and ordered to rendevouz at Fond du Lac as
+soon as camp equipage could be furnished.
+
+The former officers of the company were retained, with the consent of
+the newly-enlisted men, and additional non-commissioned officers were
+elected. Among the latter I was chosen First Sergeant, which position I
+held until promoted to a Second-Lieutenancy.
+
+We boarded at the best hotels in the village, until ordered into camp.
+We were drilled several hours each day, and prepared for the work in
+store for us by the study of tactics and army regulations. At length,
+after what seemed to us in our impatience an interminable delay, we went
+into camp at Fond du Lac on June 15, and for the first time lived in
+tents. We now had daily company and battalion drill, together with
+officers' school in tactics and sword exercise. Colonel Thomas H. Ruger,
+our commander, was a West Point graduate, and under his efficient
+direction we became, before we had been very long in the service, as
+thoroughly drilled and disciplined as any regiment of regulars. Indeed
+we all felt sure, while we were still at Fond du Lac, that we were
+already veterans.
+
+On June 28 appeared Captain McIntyre of the regular army to inspect us
+and muster us into the service of the United States. And here occurred a
+difficulty which illustrates how confidently the people of the North
+expected that the war would be of only short duration. Many of the best
+men in the company, who had been entirely willing to enlist "for the
+war," objected to being mustered in for a three-years' term of service
+as required by the instructions of the Federal Government. It was only
+after considerable persuasion that they were all finally induced to do
+so. Probably not one of them had the slightest idea that he would serve
+for three years, and then enlist again for another three years, before
+the great struggle would be ended.
+
+On the day after mustering in, uniforms were issued to us, consisting of
+light-grey trousers, mixed-grey blouse, and light-coloured hat. At
+first, they looked bright and fine, but they were of such poor quality,
+especially the trousers, that within ten days it was necessary to
+furnish the entire regiment with common blue workingmen's overalls, in
+order that we might with decency be seen upon the streets. Some
+money-loving patriot contractor had gathered in his reward from the
+State of Wisconsin by providing us with shoddy clothes; and in the end
+it came out of the pay of the Regiment.
+
+
+
+
+_Departure for the Front_
+
+
+The preparations for departure were soon completed, and on July 12,
+1861, we shouldered our knapsacks, strapped on our haversacks,
+containing several days' rations, and boarded the railroad cars for the
+seat of war in Virginia. The train of twenty-four coaches pulled out of
+the station amid the cheers and farewells of our many friends, who had
+gathered to see us off. All were in the best of spirits. It seemed to us
+as though we were setting out on a grand pleasure excursion. No thought
+of death or disaster appeared to cross the mind of anyone. And yet how
+many were saying farewell, never to return!
+
+Our route took us through Chicago, Toledo, Cleveland, and Erie.
+Everywhere we were feasted and toasted by the enthusiastic people along
+the line. At Buffalo the entire population seemed to have turned out to
+welcome the wild woodsmen of the Northwest. The local military companies
+of that city escorted us through the principal streets; speeches were
+made by the mayor and prominent citizens. We were very soon convinced
+that we were, indeed, heroes in embryo. At Williamsport, Pennsylvania,
+we were given a reception surpassing anything that had gone before; even
+now, more than fifty years after, its pleasant recollections still
+linger in my mind. Tables were set along the sidewalk in the shade of
+magnificent trees, and these tables were literally loaded with all the
+good things that could tempt an epicure. There were, besides, fair
+ladies without number to welcome us, and wait upon our needs.
+
+On July 16 we reached Hagerstown, Maryland, where we went into camp, and
+where on the next day we were equipped with a complete outfit of
+muskets, ammunition, and camp utensils. The degree of preparation of the
+Federal Government for war at this time, may be judged from the fact
+that the muskets issued to us were old-time smooth-bore Springfields,
+that had been rifled for a minie-ball; they were so light, that their
+barrels would spring after the rapid firing of a dozen shots.
+
+
+
+
+_Service in Maryland_
+
+
+On the morning of July 17 we broke camp and started for Harpers Ferry,
+thirty miles distant. Now for the first time I began to realize what it
+was to be a soldier. I carried a knapsack laden with the various things
+that kind friends at home had thought necessary for a soldier's comfort,
+a haversack containing two days' rations, a musket with accoutrements,
+and forty rounds of ammunition, altogether weighing not less than fifty
+pounds. The weather was extremely hot and the roads very muddy, so that
+by the time we had gone fifteen miles I was entirely ready to go into
+camp.
+
+Our camp was pitched on the side of a hill. Our mess, in order to find
+as level a sleeping place as possible, pitched the tent in a low place,
+and in our ignorance of camp life we neglected to dig a ditch around it.
+A sudden shower came up soon after we had gone to sleep, and in a short
+time we found ourselves lying in a pool of water. And as if this were
+not misfortune enough, our tent pins, loosened by the soaking of the
+ground, suddenly pulled out, and down came our canvas shelter.
+Subsequent experience enabled me to sleep in wet blankets, or in no
+blankets at all, just as well as in the best bed; but at this time it
+was impossible. So gathering a rubber blanket around my shoulders, I
+found a large stone, and remained upon it for the rest of the night. In
+the morning we continued the march toward Harpers Ferry. Our camp for
+the next night was pitched on a bit of comparatively level ground on the
+east side of Maryland Heights, overlooking the little village of Sandy
+Hook, and about a mile distant from Harpers Ferry. A more thoroughly
+used-up lot of men than ours that night, it would be hard to find.
+
+My first military duty was to guard the ford at Harpers Ferry and the
+bridges across the canal. The region was historic ground, and I took
+this opportunity to visit the old arsenal, then in ruins, and the old
+engine-house where John Brown had battled so bravely for his life. I
+made it a point also to visit Jefferson's Rock, the view from which
+Jefferson, in his _Notes on Virginia_, says is worth a voyage across the
+Atlantic to see.
+
+On September 15, while encamped in the vicinity of Darnestown, we were
+ordered, late in the day, to break camp and take the road toward the
+west. Our destination was not disclosed to us, and there was a great
+deal of speculation among the men as to the object of this secret and
+hurried march. The next day we found out from citizens along the road
+that we were on the way to Frederick City, the capital of Maryland. We
+arrived there late on the afternoon of the 16th, and received an
+enthusiastic welcome from the citizens of that loyal town. Early the
+next morning, guards were stationed on all roads leading out of town,
+and detachments of men, accompanied by detectives, proceeded to arrest
+the members of the Maryland Legislature, who had assembled there for the
+purpose of passing an ordinance of secession. It was thus that Maryland
+was saved to the Union by the promptness of General McClellan. Her
+secessionist legislators found themselves, shortly after, assembled at
+Fort McHenry, with leisure to meditate upon their schemes.
+
+The Regiment remained in camp at Frederick City until late in October.
+The usual monotony of camp life, with its drills, dress parades, and
+guard mountings, was broken only by the arrival of the paymaster with
+crisp new greenbacks of the first issue, and by the appearance of new
+blue uniforms in exchange for our tattered array. To the old grey we
+bade adieu without a sigh of regret, and proudly donned the blue of
+United States soldiers.
+
+One interesting incident occurred during our stay here, which gave us a
+subject for discussion for several days. News had been brought to us of
+a large quantity of wheat, stored in a mill in Harpers Ferry, which was
+about to be ground into flour for the use of the Confederate army. An
+expedition to capture it was soon organized under command of Colonel
+John W. Geary of the Twenty-Eighth Pennsylvania. It was composed of a
+detachment of two hundred men from our regiment under command of Captain
+Bertram, with similar detachments from the Twelfth Massachusetts and
+Twenty-Eighth Pennsylvania, besides a section of artillery. The
+expedition was successful; the wheat was safely removed to the north
+side of the river, and the command was ready to return, when a large
+force of the enemy appeared, seemingly disposed for a fight. Our men
+were quite willing to accommodate them, and moved up the hill toward
+Bolivar Heights, where the enemy was already strongly posted with
+artillery. Skirmishing immediately commenced. But this soon proved too
+slow for our impatient men; they charged the Confederate position, and
+soon had the satisfaction of seeing the last of the Southerners
+disappear in the direction of Charlestown, leaving their artillery in
+our hands.
+
+In this engagement the heaviest fighting fell to the detachment of the
+Third Wisconsin; the piece of artillery was brought off by them as a
+trophy. This command also sustained all of the loss, having had six men
+killed and four wounded. The dead were brought back and buried with
+military honors in the cemetery at Frederick City. The fight had in a
+large measure been unnecessary, for the entire object of the expedition
+had been accomplished before the enemy appeared in force; yet the moral
+effect on the men was good, since it increased their self-confidence.
+
+On November 1 we rejoined the Division of General Banks, near
+Darnestown, where we remained until the beginning of the next month. The
+whole Division then moved to the vicinity of Frederick City, our
+Regiment being detailed in the city as provost guard. We built our
+barracks in the old barrack yard, and settled down for the winter to the
+regular routine of guard duty. Two companies were detailed each day--one
+for the guard-house, the other to patrol the city and preserve order.
+The snow, rain, and mud kept the ground in such condition that drilling
+was impossible; thus we had little to do but kill time with chess,
+checkers, cards, and dominoes. The winter wore slowly away in this
+uneventful manner. In January news was received of the victory of
+General Thomas at Somerset, Kentucky; also the capture of Roanoke
+Island, by General Burnside, and immediately after this, in February,
+the great victories of General Grant at Forts Henry and Donelson. The
+enthusiasm of the command over these successes knew no bounds, and our
+impatience to be on the move could scarcely be restrained.
+
+
+
+
+_On the trail of Stonewall Jackson_
+
+
+At length the long-wished-for came. On the morning of February 25, 1862,
+we bade adieu to the barracks that had sheltered us so long, and
+boarding the cars moved to Sandy Hook, where we went into camp on the
+ground that we had left six months before. During the night there
+arrived a train of cars with a pontoon bridge, in charge of a detachment
+of United States engineers; and General McClellan came from Washington
+by special train, personally to supervise the movement. Our Regiment
+being largely composed of lumbermen and raftsmen from northern
+Wisconsin, who were accustomed to running rafts on the rivers of our
+State, readily made up a detail of a hundred experienced fellows to
+assist the engineers in laying the bridge. By noon it was constructed,
+1300 feet long, in a swift current and our Regiment, the advance of the
+army, was on its way into Dixie.
+
+We moved rapidly on to Bolivar Heights without seeing anything of the
+enemy, and halted there for the night, happy in the thought that at
+last we were doing something. On February 28 a strong reconnoitering
+party of infantry, artillery, and cavalry, moved forward, and without
+opposition occupied Charlestown. It was a village of national reputation
+at that time, for there John Brown was tried and hung. It was one of the
+hottest secessionist spots in the State, any Union sentiment that might
+have existed, being carefully concealed. We remained there for several
+days quartered in the various churches and public buildings, while I
+improved the opportunity to visit the many points of interest. On March
+2 came my commission as Second Lieutenant of Company D.
+
+On March 11 we once more moved forward in the direction of Winchester,
+the advance guard skirmishing with the enemy occasionally, but meeting
+no serious resistance. The next morning we turned out at four o'clock,
+and advancing through fields and woods for about an hour, came at length
+in sight of the entrenchments of Winchester, about a mile to the front.
+Our right and left companies were thrown forward as skirmishers, in
+preparation for a fight, but met with no resistance, and were soon
+clambering over the parapet of the deserted fort. They pushed on into
+the town, the remainder of the Regiment following closely after, and
+received from the mayor the formal surrender of the municipality. It was
+the first surrender of this interesting city, which is said to have been
+captured and recaptured more than thirty times during the war. We found
+here an apparently strong Union sentiment. As our Regiment marched in
+with colors flying and band playing, the citizens were rejoicing
+everywhere over their deliverance from the Confederates. Innumerable
+handkerchiefs were waving to welcome us, and in some instances the stars
+and stripes were displayed. We learned from citizens that General
+Stonewall Jackson had with 6,000 men, retreated the night before toward
+Strasburgh, taking with him quite a number of the Union citizens of the
+town.
+
+We now went into camp a short distance south of Winchester, where we
+remained until March 22. Continually we were hearing of the glorious
+successes of the Western Army, and becoming more and more anxious that
+our Army of the Potomac should be given an opportunity to rival its
+achievements. A number of changes in the organization of the Division
+were made while we were here in camp. The only one of importance to us
+was the transfer of the Second Massachusetts to our Brigade in place of
+the Ninth New York, giving us Colonel Gordon of the Second Massachusetts
+as brigade commander in place of General Hamilton, our old leader. This
+circumstance was little liked at the time; but it was the beginning of
+our friendship with the Second Massachusetts, that remained very close
+throughout the war.
+
+On March 22 our Division left Winchester to proceed, as we believed, to
+Manassas Junction. At the end of a two days' march we were camping for
+the night about three miles east of Snicker's Gap, in the Blue Ridge.
+Rumors here began to circulate, that there had in our absence been
+considerable fighting at Winchester. It was reported that the
+Confederates had been defeated, but that General Shields had been
+wounded in the battle. We were not, therefore, surprised, the next
+morning, to be ordered to march back over the identical road upon which
+we had come. We reached Winchester the same night after a hard march of
+twenty-five miles, and learned from its citizens that there certainly
+had been a fight. We were informed that General Jackson had learned of
+our departure from Winchester, but had not heard that Shields was still
+encamped north of the city. Jackson had made a hasty move to recapture
+Winchester, but had been confronted by Shields near Kernstown. Here the
+Confederates had been completely routed and driven beyond Strasburgh,
+with heavy loss in killed and prisoners.
+
+On the morning after our arrival at Winchester, I went out to take a
+view of the battle-field, and was able to gain some idea of what the
+future held in store for us. The wounded had already been cared for, and
+some of the dead had been buried; but sixteen of our dead remained on
+the field, and something over three hundred of the enemy's. In one part
+of the battle-ground, covered with small timber and underbrush, where
+the enemy had for a time made a stubborn resistance, scarcely a bush or
+a tree but showed the marks of bullets at a height of from three to six
+feet from the ground. In my inexperience, I then wondered how any man
+could have lived in that thicket; and in truth, not many did live there
+long, for the ground was strewn with the dead.
+
+Returning to camp at noon, I found that we were again under orders to
+march. We started out near sundown, moving that night to Strasburgh, and
+found the bridge over Cedar Creek, two miles this side of Strasburgh,
+destroyed. It had been burned by Jackson at the time of his first
+retreat from Winchester. This precaution had in the recent fight proved
+to be his undoing, for in his hasty flight before Shield's Division, his
+army, which up to that place had preserved good order, was completely
+disorganized and suffered a loss of two hundred prisoners.
+
+We remained at Strasburgh for several days. During that time I was
+detailed on a general court martial to try some soldiers who had been
+arrested for depredations on private property. Their offence, as I was
+informed, consisted in stealing chickens and honey, against which
+stringent orders were at that time in force. The court convened in all
+dignity, and sent word to the General that it was ready to try the
+culprits. In a few minutes Adjutant Wilkins appeared, presented the
+compliments of the General and informed us that the prisoners had
+escaped. We were requested to adjourn until they had been recaptured. As
+that court was never reconvened, it may be taken for granted that the
+prisoners were never recaptured.
+
+On the first day of April we again moved forward, driving the enemy in
+such haste that they left their dinners cooking on the fires. Several
+times during the day, they opened on us with artillery, but a few shots
+from our battery would quickly send them on again. On the 17th we made
+another attempt to get at Jackson's army, by moving one Division up the
+Shenandoah River on the west side, and the other into New Market from
+the southwest. Our Regiment was with the latter Division. After fording
+a river up to our armpits, and finding it as cold as melting snow from
+the mountains could make it, we found that the enemy had again shown his
+heels and once more was away to the south.
+
+During the next month we followed the retreating army of General Jackson
+to Harrisonburg, and then came back to Strasburgh. Here we made some
+little show of fortifying; but in the main, we were as easy and
+unconcerned as though the war was over. And in fact, the good news
+received from all quarters, and the orders from the War Department to
+stop all recruiting, led us to believe that the contest was nearly
+ended. In camp, bets were freely offered, with no takers, that the
+Regiment would be back in Wisconsin by September. I remember writing to
+a friend, about this time, that my part of the work of suppressing the
+Rebellion seemed to be about done. How sadly were we mistaken!
+
+
+
+
+_The Tables Turned_
+
+
+We had a rude awakening from our dream of peace. While we had been
+idling in fancied security, General Jackson had gathered a large force
+with which to overwhelm us. Our first intimation of trouble came on the
+night of May 23, when we were hastily called to defend our railroad
+bridge toward Front Royal against the attack of the enemy. The next day
+we were in full retreat toward Winchester.
+
+When about half way to Winchester, the enemy, who had crossed from Front
+Royal, attacked our train in the front. The Fifth Connecticut and
+Twenty-Eighth New York were hurried forward, with the rest of the
+command following, and the road was soon cleared. But this had hardly
+been accomplished, when the enemy attacked in the rear, and cut off
+about fifty wagons. At this new danger a halt was called, and with two
+regiments and a battery, General Banks hastened to the rear. The lost
+wagons were recovered, but the animals having all been driven off or
+killed, it was necessary to burn the vehicles. Among the wagons
+destroyed was one containing all the rations and cooking utensils of my
+Company. We succeeded at night in securing a few crackers from some of
+the more fortunate companies, but most of my men went supperless to bed.
+Moreover, there were prospects for a lively fight in the morning.
+
+I was awakened early by the picket-firing, which commenced at daybreak,
+and found myself thoroughly chilled from sleeping on the bare ground,
+without blankets or shelter. However, both hunger and cold were soon
+forgotten in the more pressing demands upon our attention. The position
+chosen by General Banks for the night's bivouac was probably the worst
+that could have been found between Strasburgh and the Potomac River.
+With seven regiments of infantry we occupied a small field lying between
+the outskirts of the city and the hills on the south. The enemy were in
+possession of the hills, where they had erected considerable
+fortifications. Colonel Gordon's Brigade was on the right of the road;
+that of Colonel Donnelly was on the left--all facing the enemy.
+
+Our skirmishers were promptly advanced, and commenced firing on the
+enemy in their entrenchments. Supported by a battery in our rear, which
+fired over our heads into their position, we were maintaining a lively
+fire, when suddenly it was discovered that the enemy was passing around
+upon our right, with the evident intention of getting in our rear. The
+Twenty-Seventh Indiana and Twenty-Ninth Pennsylvania were hurriedly
+moved to the right, but had hardly reached their position when they were
+furiously assailed both in front and flank by the advancing
+Confederates. The Twenty-Ninth Pennsylvania received the first brunt of
+the attack, and soon was in full retreat. The Twenty-Seventh Indiana
+came in for the next attack, and they also fell back about a quarter of
+a mile to some stone walls on the outskirts of the city. Our Regiment
+and the Second Massachusetts, which as yet had scarcely been engaged,
+were now faced about and marched to the rear, until we reached the
+fenced lots on the outskirts of the town. Here we were halted, and
+opened fire on the enemy, who had appeared in large numbers upon our
+front.
+
+We had soon checked the Confederates immediately before us. I was
+looking around to see how things were going with the others, when I
+became aware that Company F and a portion of my Company were entirely
+alone. It appears that orders had been sent around by General Banks to
+fall back to the north side of the city; but we, being separated from
+the rest of the Regiment by an intervening street, had not heard them.
+There we were, fighting the whole Southern army by ourselves! I hastened
+to Captain Limbocker to call his attention to our position. He saw the
+situation at a glance, and left-facing the companies, marched
+double-quick through the back streets toward the main road of the city.
+By this time our men had discovered that they were in a close place, and
+moved rapidly. Just as we reached the main street and turned north, I
+stopped to speak to the Captain, who was in the rear. As I did so, I saw
+that the whole street behind us to the south was swarming with
+Confederate soldiers, not fifty feet away. They were in such confusion,
+however, that it was impossible for them to fire, and in fact they did
+not seem to try. From that point until we were clear of the street, it
+was simply a foot race, in which we were the winners. They evidently
+soon tired of the race, for before we were clear of the street they had
+some artillery in position, and shot and shell were flying harmlessly
+over our heads.
+
+We afterwards learned that Colonel Donnelly's Brigade, which at the
+beginning of the fight had been posted out of our sight on the left of
+the road, had also, like our Brigade, been assailed in front and in the
+flank; and that they also, had soon been forced back in full retreat.
+
+We rejoined our Regiment in the line, without further trouble. From our
+position we could see the enemy on the hills west of us, endeavoring by
+rapid marching to reach the road in our rear. We stopped only long
+enough to gather up our men, who had become scattered in coming through
+the streets of the city, and then moved on toward Martinsburg. We did no
+more fighting and no more running. All of General Banks's command was
+ahead of us except two sections of artillery, and detachments of the
+First Vermont and First Michigan Cavalry, which protected our rear and
+kept the enemy at a respectful distance. During the retreat, General
+Banks did all that lay in the power of any man to bring off his men
+without loss, giving personal attention to the posting of the rear
+guard.
+
+I suppose it was about eight o'clock in the morning when our Regiment
+began its march to Martinsburg, twenty-three miles distant. We arrived
+there at about five in the afternoon, without having stopped for dinner,
+and without rest. Indeed, we had no dinner to stop for, and the pursuing
+enemy were not inclined to let us rest. We expected to stop at
+Martinsburg, but General Banks did not deem it safe, so after a rest of
+a half hour we were ordered to proceed to Williamsport, Maryland,
+twelve miles farther on.
+
+We arrived at the Potomac, opposite Williamsport, about ten o'clock that
+night, tired, hungry, and in no very good humor over the results of our
+two days' work. We managed to secure some salt pork and a few crackers
+for supper, after which we wrapped ourselves in our overcoats, and took
+such rest as could be obtained, amid the noise of men and teams crossing
+the ferry, and the calls of stragglers who were coming in and seeking
+their regiments. At three o'clock in the morning we were aroused, and
+ordered to the ferry. About an hour later we were across the Potomac on
+the Maryland side, drawn up in line of battle and waiting for the enemy.
+
+General Banks was untiring in his efforts to bring our train over
+safely, even riding into the water to save mules that had lost their
+footing, and were in danger of drowning. He made a speech to the men,
+telling them that the enemy had advanced no farther than Martinsburg,
+and that 20,000 men had been sent to cut off their retreat.
+
+The roll call taken at this time showed that eleven men of Company D
+were missing. Four of these came in the next day, having taken a
+different route than ours through the mountains. Four others turned up
+in Libby prison. Most of our men had thrown away their knapsacks, some
+their haversacks and canteens, and sixteen had lost their guns.
+
+We remained at Williamsport until June 10, receiving new supplies of
+camp and garrison equipage to replace those that had been lost or
+destroyed.
+
+We were rejoiced during this time to hear that the Confederates had had
+the tables turned on them; that they were being severely pressed between
+Shields's and Fremont's armies; and that all the baggage and prisoners
+that they had captured from us had been retaken, with a good deal more
+besides.
+
+On the morning of June 10 we again crossed into Virginia, and marched to
+Front Royal without interruption. We passed through Winchester on the
+12th without stopping, however, for the General seemed to fear that our
+men would burn the town in return for the treachery of its citizens
+during our retreat. Both men and women had fired on us from the windows,
+and had poured down scalding water as we passed through the streets. It
+was even reported to us that women had entered the hospitals, and shot
+sick men in their beds; but this last was later contradicted.
+
+We remained at Front Royal until July 6, during which time important
+changes were made in commanding officers. All the troops in northern and
+western Virginia were united under General John Pope--the three army
+corps being commanded by McDowell, Sigel, and Banks. A movement was made
+to concentrate the three corps in one locality east of the Blue Ridge,
+in the accomplishment of which we were marched over the mountains at
+Chester Gap on the hottest day I ever experienced. Eight men of my
+company were sun-struck that afternoon, resulting fatally in one case,
+and in permanent disability in the others. We camped at night on the
+headwaters of the Rappahannock, in a country described as naturally
+poor, and entirely ruined by cultivation. There was one exception to
+this, however, in the abundance of fruit. There were cherries and
+blackberries in plenty for everybody.
+
+While in camp near Little Washington, the unfortunate, bombastic orders
+of General Pope were published to the army; unfortunate, because they
+incited a degree of contempt for him which greatly impaired his
+usefulness. Many of his highflown phrases, such as "shame and disaster
+lurking in the rear," afforded a fine opportunity for the wits of the
+army, when, not three weeks later, his headquarters wagon and his
+personal baggage were captured by the enemy. About the first of August
+he arrived at the front, and on the next Sunday reviewed General Banks's
+corps. Pope's fine appearance, soldierly bearing, and evident knowledge
+of his business did much to inspire respect, and might even have made
+him popular, if we could only have forgotten that fool address to the
+army. He inaugurated, also, many real reforms. I don't know whether he
+was entirely responsible for it; but under his command the cavalry began
+to be of real service to the army, and the men could no longer ask,
+"Who ever saw a dead cavalryman?"
+
+
+
+
+_At Cedar Mountain_
+
+
+On August 7 we broke camp again and marched to Culpeper Court House.
+Here we learned that the enemy had been seen in considerable force near
+Cedar Mountain. We were not surprised, therefore, on the morning after
+our arrival, to be hastily formed and ordered off toward Cedar Mountain.
+We arrived at Cedar Run in the early afternoon, and found Crawford's
+Brigade of our Division already skirmishing with the enemy. Our Brigade
+immediately formed in line of battle on the right of the road, and threw
+out its skirmish line. At about four o'clock, my Company and four others
+were moved forward to reenforce the skirmishers.
+
+We had crossed Cedar Run Creek, and were waiting for further orders in a
+heavy stand of timber, when Captain Wilkins of General Williams's staff
+rode up, enquiring for General Banks. Lieutenant-Colonel Crane informed
+him that we had seen nothing of General Banks since we entered the
+woods. Captain Wilkins then explained to us that General Augur was
+meeting with considerable success on the left, and that General Crawford
+desired our Brigade to join his in a charge upon the right. The movement
+required the sanction of General Banks, who was, however, nowhere to be
+found, and time was so pressing that he almost felt justified in giving
+the order himself, as coming from General Banks. Captain Wilkins then
+turned and rode off, but had not been gone two minutes, and had not, I
+am confident, seen General Banks, when he returned, and gave Colonel
+Ruger orders to assemble the Regiment on the right of Crawford's Brigade
+and charge the enemy's lines.
+
+Our skirmish line was now called in; we formed in line of battle, and
+marched through the woods as rapidly as the nature of the ground would
+permit. We had soon come to its edge, and found before us an open field
+about a hundred and twenty-five yards across, separated from us by a
+rail fence. Immediately beyond the field, rose the thickly-timbered
+slope of the mountain; and there too, stationed directly in our front,
+was a battery of artillery. Of infantry, there were none to be seen.
+
+We hurried forward, pushed down the fence, and without stopping to
+reform our line started on a run for that battery. I noticed as we went,
+that Crawford's Brigade had not yet arrived, and that we were alone in
+the field. Suddenly, from the side of the slope and from the bushes and
+rocks on our front, arose the Confederate infantry, and poured into our
+ranks the most destructive musketry fire that I have ever experienced.
+Lieutenant-Colonel Crane was killed, and fell from his horse at the
+first volley. Major Scott was wounded, being carried off by his horse.
+Captain Hawley, of the company on our right, was wounded, and a third of
+his men were killed or wounded at the same time. The right began to fall
+back, some of the men helping off wounded comrades, others loading and
+firing at the enemy as they slowly retreated to the woods. On the left,
+all three of my companies were standing up to their work without
+flinching. My Company, though suffering severely, were fighting like
+veterans. We did not seem to be gaining any advantage, however, and
+shortly the order came to fall back to the woods. My Company, and that
+of Captain O'Brien on the left, were the last to leave the field.
+
+Under the shelter of the woods we reformed our companies. I still had
+about twenty-five men, Captain O'Brien about as many more, and a number
+of men from Company F had joined me on the right. We at once returned to
+the edge of the woods, the Colonel leading back the two left companies,
+and opened fire on the enemy, who was preparing to cross the open field.
+We soon were sent to the right, however, in order to make room for the
+Tenth Maine, and saw no more active fighting for that day. At twilight,
+when we were threatened upon our right flank, we returned across Cedar
+Run to the ground from which we had started.
+
+Of the 8,000 men that were engaged in this battle, we lost about 2,000
+in killed and wounded.
+
+The loss in our Regiment was 117, mostly from the six companies that
+started in the charge on the battery. Lieutenant-Colonel Crane was
+killed, and Captain O'Brien mortally wounded. O'Brien had at the first
+charge been severely wounded in the thigh. When we retreated to the
+woods, he had showed me that his shoe was full of blood. He had,
+however, returned to the fight after binding up his wound with his
+handkerchief, and had been killed at the edge of the woods. My Company
+had, out of forty-five men engaged, lost two killed and fourteen
+wounded. Of these all but two of the wounded had been struck in the
+field where we first drew the enemy's fire, and in a space of time which
+I am confident did not exceed three minutes.
+
+As some 30,000 or 40,000 troops were in the vicinity, who had not fired
+a shot, I supposed that the battle would be renewed in the morning; but
+it was not. The corps of General Sigel and McDowell were moved to the
+front, but occupied themselves only with gathering up the wounded. On
+the 11th the enemy sent in a flag of truce, asking for an armistice to
+bury the dead. This was readily granted, for we also had still on the
+battle-field many dead and severely wounded. On the 12th it was found
+that the Confederates had taken advantage of the truce to retreat during
+the night. Indeed, they retired in such haste that they left large
+numbers of their wounded in our hands. General Sigel pursued them to the
+Rapidan, while our Corps returned to Culpeper for a much-needed rest.
+
+A great deal of criticism has been heaped upon all those who were
+prominently connected with this battle. Banks has been assailed for
+fighting the battle at all. It has seemed to many, an inexcusable piece
+of folly that he should have ordered the attack in such apparent
+ignorance of the position and strength of the enemy, and so near sundown
+that even if he had been successful, he could not have reaped any
+advantage. I have, however, doubted whether he ever made the order; but
+when once it had been made, he was obliged to put in his whole command
+or abandon everything that had been gained. Captain Wilkins who brought
+the order for our charge, later wandered into the Confederate lines
+while carrying orders, and I never heard of him again.
+
+Pope has been criticized for not seeing that Banks was properly
+supported; but all the evidence obtainable shows that Pope did not wish
+or expect to fight a battle at that time. McDowell has been criticized
+with particular bitterness for not going to the aid of Banks, and
+charges of treachery were freely made against him. It was quite
+generally believed, even in his own command, that McDowell had no heart
+in the cause; and this belief--which later gained public expression in
+the dying statement of Colonel Brodhead of the First Michigan Cavalry,
+that he "died a victim to the incompetency of Pope and the treachery of
+McDowell"--caused his retirement as a corps commander.
+
+
+
+
+_The Army retreats Northward_
+
+
+We remained at Culpeper until August 18, when we were aroused at
+midnight and started on the road to the Rappahannock. We crossed over on
+the next day and went into camp about half a mile from the river. During
+all that day and night the army of General Pope was streaming across the
+Rappahannock to the north side, only a portion of his cavalry still
+remaining to the south. There was a great deal of speculation among the
+men as to the reason for this unexpected retrograde movement. It was
+rumored that General McClellan had been compelled to withdraw his army
+from the Peninsula, and that General Lee, released from the defence of
+Richmond, was marching our way. For once, rumor was correct. It was not
+many days before the whole of Lee's army was hunting to find an
+unguarded point at which to cross the river.
+
+About noon on the day after our crossing, I was watching the movements
+of some of our cavalry who still remained on the other side of the
+river. I was standing on the top of one of the highest knolls in the
+vicinity, from which I had a splendid view of the country for a long
+distance southward. For nearly two miles the land was clear of timber or
+fences or any obstacle which could impede the movements of cavalry.
+Observing that our cavalry seemed to be coming back at rather a livelier
+pace than usual, I noticed what appeared to be either a large regiment
+or a small brigade of Confederate cavalry emerge from the woods to the
+south of the plain. They formed their lines and moved to the attack.
+
+Our men, also, were soon in motion. As they approached each other the
+two bodies increased their pace, until both seemed to be moving at full
+speed. They met with a jar, and for some moments it was impossible to
+distinguish friend from foe. There could only be distinctly seen the
+flashing of sabres in the sunlight as blows were struck and parried, and
+the puffs of smoke from revolvers and carbines. For ten minutes or more
+the stirring fight went on without any apparent advantage to either
+side. But now another regiment of our cavalry, which had been out of
+sight up the river at the beginning of the fight, came down upon the
+Confederates at a hard gallop. It was but a minute before the latter
+were retreating back to the timber, perhaps hurried a little by a few
+shells from one of our shore batteries. A little later, I learned that
+our cavalry had taken about sixty prisoners.
+
+On the night of August 22 the enemy were expected to make an attempt to
+cross the Rappahannock at Beverly Ford, where I was stationed on picket
+duty. During the night, however, the river rose almost ten feet as the
+result of heavy rains in the mountains. By morning, it was so raging a
+torrent that crossing was impossible. As soon as it was light, the
+enemy opened fire on us with fourteen pieces of artillery. I had already
+withdrawn my men from the river bank and stationed them where they could
+pour a heavy fire upon the Confederates, should they attempt to lay a
+bridge. I was therefore in a good position to watch at leisure the
+artillery duel which ensued. For two hours the shot flew back and forth
+across the stream, without, however, great damage to our side. At the
+end of that time the Confederates apparently had had enough and withdrew
+from their position.
+
+The succeeding days were passed in hard marching, with hot weather, no
+tents or blankets, short rations, and a poor country to forage in. The
+enemy occasionally made demonstration as though to cross at the fords of
+the Rappahannock, but all the while moving up toward the mountains. On
+the evening of August 27, while we were in camp near Warrenton Junction,
+rumors began to circulate that they had appeared in large force at
+Manassas Junction, and were threatening to cut off our retreat to
+Washington. The next morning we were called out at three o'clock, and
+soon after were on the road to the Junction. The corps of Generals
+Heintzelman and Fitz-John Porter, which had been marching toward
+Warrenton, had also been turned back and were directly in our advance.
+We marched rapidly to Kettle River, a small stream about five miles from
+the Junction, where we were detailed to guard a train of ninety cars
+loaded with ammunition and provisions for our army. Here we learned that
+the enemy had on the previous day captured and destroyed at the Junction
+over a hundred and fifty cars loaded with supplies, but had in the
+morning encountered Hooker's advance division near Kettle Run, and had
+been driven with considerable loss beyond the Junction. We found on our
+arrival at Kettle Run, tangible evidence of the morning's fight, for a
+good many of the dead were still lying around.
+
+Cannonading commenced early on the morning after our arrival, in the
+direction of Manassas, and continued all day. It was evident that a
+severe battle was in progress. Reports of our successes were continually
+coming in; we appeared to be driving the enemy at all points. It was
+said that the Confederates were surrounded on three sides, and hopes
+were strong that they would be captured before the main body of their
+army came up. The next morning, the battle was still in progress
+although it seemed to be farther away than it had been before. The most
+encouraging reports continued to reach us, and at night General Pope was
+credited with having said that our troops had won a complete victory.
+
+While the battle was in progress, we had been occupied in rebuilding the
+bridge across Kettle Run, which the enemy had destroyed on the first day
+of their raid. We had it completed, and our train of cars moved across
+to Bristoe Station by the morning of the second day of the battle. We
+bivouacked that night north of Broad Run, happy in the thought that our
+troops had indeed vanquished the foe.
+
+The next morning we were ordered to return to Bristoe. As we approached
+the station, dense clouds of smoke were rolling upwards from the place
+where we had left our cars. This gave us notice that the reports of
+victory had been false. The fact was, that the left wing of Pope's army
+had been driven back the night before, and it had been necessary to burn
+the cars in order to prevent their falling into the hands of the enemy.
+It had been possible to save only the supplies with which they were
+loaded. Our Corps, moreover, having received no notice of the reverse,
+was now in grave danger of being cut off from the remainder of the army.
+We managed, however, by rapid marching over a circuitous route to reach
+the north side of Bull Run in safety.
+
+The next day we marched to a short distance beyond Centerville. Here we
+were halted, and stood in the road on our arms during a driving rain,
+while the battle of Chantilly was being fought only a short distance to
+the north. We remained standing in the road--or at least were supposed
+to be standing--all that night, the rain pouring down in torrents most
+of the time. After darkness had set in, however, the men quietly began
+to disappear into the neighboring woods, and soon I alone of all my
+Company was actually standing in the road. I was not greatly troubled
+over the breach of orders, for I knew that at the first intimation of
+danger every man would be in his place. I too found for myself as dry a
+place as possible, and wrapping my rubber coat about me, tried to
+secure a snatch of much-needed sleep. But I soon awoke so thoroughly
+wet and cold that further slumber was out of the question. I thereupon
+sought a fire that some soldiers had built, and endeavored to extract a
+bit of comfort from its friendly heat. Just as I was beginning to feel
+its warmth, a number of staff officers came along and ordered the blaze
+extinguished, for, said they, it was against the orders of General
+Banks. I stepped back into the darkness so as not to be recognized,
+concluding that if General Banks wanted that fire put out, he would get
+no help from me. The men standing near, however, kicked the burning
+brands apart as though to put it out, and the officers passed on. But
+they were not fifty feet away before the fire had been rekindled and was
+again dispensing cheer. This scene was repeated at frequent intervals
+until daylight, the fire continuing to burn in spite of all orders.
+
+That morning we took the road about nine, and marched until midnight. On
+the morning after, we found that we were within the fortifications of
+Alexandria. Two days later we crossed the Potomac at Georgetown, and
+went into camp at Tennalleytown, D. C. Our wagons and camp equipage had
+preceded us. A mail also was awaiting us, the first that we had received
+since leaving Culpeper Court House.
+
+We now had leisure to reflect upon our situation. It was indeed
+humiliating. Here we were, after six months of campaigning, back again
+at the point where we had started. The Grand Army of the Potomac forced
+to seek the shelter of the fortifications of Washington! The actual
+fighting had usually been in our favor. Why was it, then, that we had
+been forced back? We believed that the answer lay entirely in the fact
+that we had been outgeneralled. We felt that Pope and McDowell were the
+Jonahs who should go overboard. And overboard they went, not to be heard
+of again during the war. The reappointment of McClellan to command was
+everywhere received with pleasure. So far as my acquaintance went, the
+feeling was unanimous in his favor.
+
+For several days we remained in camp enjoying the luxury of tents and
+beds after our strenuous experiences on the march. New regiments were in
+the meantime assigned to the old brigades. Ours received the Thirteenth
+New Jersey and the One Hundred Seventh New York, with a new corps
+commander in the person of General Mansfield.
+
+
+
+
+_Moving Toward the Enemy_
+
+
+On September 5 it was definitely rumored in camp that the enemy had
+crossed into Maryland by way of Edward's Ferry. All of the Army of the
+Potomac were soon after moving up the river toward Darnestown, where a
+defensive position was taken and the enemy's movements awaited. There
+were no further developments until the 10th, when an order came from
+General McClellan to store in Washington all of the officers' baggage
+and the company tents and property, and turn over the teams to be used
+in hauling provisions and ammunition. This looked more like business
+than anything we had yet seen.
+
+The next morning we began to move in earnest, passing through
+Darnestown, and on toward Frederick City. On the 12th we made a long
+march to Ijamsville, where we heard from one party of citizens that the
+enemy were evacuating Frederick City, and from another that they were
+preparing to fight us at the crossing of the Monocacy River. In the
+morning, we were early on the road, marching rapidly to the ford of the
+Monocacy, and crossing without trouble. As we approached Frederick, we
+could hear the firing of the advance of Burnside's Corps, as they were
+driving the rear guard of the retreating enemy from the passes of the
+Catoctin Mountains, about five miles west of the city. Over 800
+prisoners were sent back that day, mostly stragglers and deserters, who
+had soldiered as long as they wished.
+
+That night we camped near Frederick City, a large portion of our
+Regiment taking advantage of the opportunity to visit old friends and
+acquaintances in that place. We had been there so long during the past
+year that it seemed to us almost like home. The Confederates had been in
+possession for nearly a week, and many stories were told of the good
+people who had displayed their loyalty under adverse circumstances. The
+real heroine of the town was old Barbara Fritchie, who had kept a Union
+flag waving from her window during all the time of the Confederate
+occupation. Her name has been immortalized by Whittier. I know that in
+recent years it has been said that no such person ever lived, and that
+the flag was not displayed. But I heard the story told within
+twenty-four hours after the Confederate army had left Frederick, from
+persons who knew the circumstances, and I am going to believe it until
+there is more positive proof than I have yet seen, that it is not true.
+
+
+
+
+_Battle of South Mountain_
+
+
+We were ready to march by four o'clock on the morning of the 14th. But
+we might as well have stayed in camp until seven. The road west from
+Frederick was a fine, broad turnpike, wide enough for two or three
+wagons abreast, but it was now completely choked with the ammunition and
+provision wagons of the troops in advance. Even after we did finally get
+started, and were clear of the town, we had to march through the fields
+and woods on either side of the road.
+
+When we reached the top of the Catoctin Mountains, we could hear the
+sound of artillery and musketry fire on the next mountain ridge beyond.
+Occasionally we could even catch a glimpse of the lines of our troops as
+they moved up the slopes to assault the position of the enemy. We were
+now rapidly marched down the mountain and turned off by a circuitous
+route to the right, in order to strike the enemy on the left flank.
+Before we could reach their position, however, it had already been
+carried by assault, and the enemy had taken advantage of the darkness to
+make good their retreat. Such was the battle of South Mountain.
+
+We now countermarched to the turnpike near Middletown, where we went
+into camp at one o'clock in the morning. We had been on the road for
+twenty-two consecutive hours, most of the time climbing over rocks and
+through brush on the mountain side. Again we were on the march, at eight
+o'clock the next morning, crossing South Mountain as we had crossed the
+Catoctin Mountains, with the wagon train occupying the road and the
+troops in the woods along the side. We passed through Boonsborough in
+the afternoon, and by night had reached nearly to Keedysville.
+
+The road was strewn with the muskets and other accoutrements of the
+enemy fleeing from South Mountain, together with a great deal of
+plunder that they had gathered in Maryland. There was every indication
+that they had retreated in a state of demoralization. The houses in
+Boonsborough and the vicinity were filled with their wounded, and we
+were constantly meeting squads of from twenty to one hundred prisoners
+who were being sent back from the front. Occasional artillery firing in
+the front seemed to indicate that we were being waited for not far
+ahead.
+
+
+
+
+_Battle of Antietam_
+
+
+On the morning of the 16th we moved forward to a position behind a range
+of low hills near Antietam Creek, and there we remained until night,
+undisturbed save by occasional shots from the enemy's batteries, posted
+in the hills on the opposite side of the creek. The remainder of our
+army kept coming up all day, taking position as they arrived, until at
+night it was understood that they were all at hand with the exception of
+Franklin's Corps, which had gone to the relief of Harpers Ferry. At
+about nine o'clock we were called up and moved across Antietam Creek,
+close to the enemy's lines, where we lay down to secure such rest as we
+might in preparation for the next day's fight. General Hooker's Corps
+lay in position, just in front of us.
+
+It was reported that night that Harpers Ferry had been surrendered by
+Colonel Miles without a struggle, and when the relieving force of
+General Franklin was within three miles. It was rumored also that Miles
+had been shot by the men of his own command when they learned that they
+had been surrendered.
+
+We were awakened soon after daylight by the sound of heavy cannonading
+in the front. It had been raining during the night, but now the sky was
+clear and the sun shining. The men hurried into the ranks, and the Corps
+formed in close column by companies. We moved a short distance to the
+right, then sat down to await developments. As battery after battery
+came into action, the artillery firing continually increased in
+rapidity, until for a few minutes the roar would be continuous. Then
+there would be a lull, and the sharp crack of the musketry would be
+heard, as the skirmishers pushed forward through the timber. Now the
+scattering musketry fire increased into crashing volleys; as more and
+more troops became engaged, the volleys developed into one continuous
+roar, like the roll of distant thunder.
+
+Within a few minutes we became aware by sight, as well as by sound, that
+a bloody battle was in progress; a constant stream of wounded men was
+coming back to the field hospital in the rear. Many were but slightly
+wounded and still clung to their muskets as they hurried back to have
+their wounds dressed. They would stop on their way, for a moment,
+hastily to tell how they were "driving the Johnnies" in the front.
+Others, more seriously hurt, were being helped along by comrades; while
+others, still more unfortunate, lay silent on stretchers as they were
+borne back by ambulance men and musicians. Soon, a number of ammunition
+wagons which had ventured too close to the front, came dashing by us to
+seek shelter behind a neighboring hill. They were followed shortly after
+by a dismounted cannon being dragged back for repairs. Now came a
+temporary lull in the musketry. The thunder of the artillery increased
+as if in compensation; but rising above all came the cheers of our
+comrades in the front, announcing that the opening engagement had ended
+in victory.
+
+The pause in the musketry was of short duration. The enemy, largely
+reenforced, soon attacked in their turn, making desperate efforts to
+regain the ground that they had lost. Upon our side, more troops to the
+right and left came into action, and the battle was soon raging again
+with redoubled fury. The enemy in our immediate front seemed to have
+largely increased their artillery, and scattering shot and shell were
+dropping around us.
+
+At length our First Brigade was sent into action. We soon followed, at
+double-quick, in close column by companies. Passing rapidly through the
+woods, we emerged upon the field a little northeast of the old Dunkard
+church, and our Regiment deployed in line. The manoeuvre was executed as
+though we had been on a parade ground instead of a battle-field. I have
+seldom seen it better done.
+
+Immediately on our right and about one hundred yards to the front, was
+posted one of our batteries of twelve-pound brass guns. It had evidently
+been in action for some time. All of its horses were killed or
+crippled, and the gunners were just falling back before the advancing
+Confederate line of battle. To the left of the battery, and stretching
+off to the woods directly in our front, stood the remnants of a brigade,
+still stubbornly contesting the advance of the enemy's infantry. Our
+Regiment moved forward to the battery, the artillerymen at the same time
+returning to their guns. The Second Massachusetts took position to the
+right; the Twenty-Seventh Indiana came up on the left.
+
+The Confederate infantry moved steadily across the corn-field, while the
+decimated brigade in its path fell back, step by step. We were obliged
+to wait before commencing fire, until they could be moved out of the
+way. Then we opened fire from one end of the line to the other. The
+enemy were handicapped by the fact that they were moving diagonally
+across our front, instead of directly toward us, and our fire was
+terribly severe, so it was not long before they broke and ran back to
+the woods. Immediately, however, another line was coming up, this time
+confronting us squarely. And now commenced the work in earnest.
+
+Our position was in a stubble-field. The ground in front of us sloped
+gently downward, so that we were fifteen or twenty feet higher than the
+enemy. About a hundred yards in our front was a rail fence, beyond which
+lay another open field. The previous day, that field had contained a
+luxuriant growth of ripening corn; now it was cut by bullets and
+trampled by men and horses, until scarce a vestige of the crop remained.
+
+For a time, the enemy came on rapidly, without firing a shot. Their
+right, like our left, was "in the air" and about even with us. They were
+as gallant fellows as ever moved to an assault. One could but admire the
+steady courage with which they approached us; great gaps being made in
+their lines at every discharge of our grape- and canister-laden
+twelve-pounders, and our bullets also wore them away at every step. A
+portion of these stern fighters reached the fence; none came farther.
+They there stopped and opened fire on our lines. From our higher ground
+we could see the steady stream of their wounded being helped to the
+rear. Still they held on, returning fire for fire; and we too were
+suffering terribly. At length the Confederates had been reduced to a
+mere handful; it was hopeless to hold on any longer, and they fell back
+toward the woods. But before they had reached there, another of their
+brigades was coming up behind them. The newcomers, however, halted and
+opened fire at nearly double the distance that their predecessors had
+taken. Soon they also began to waver, then suddenly broke, and joined
+their comrades in the flight to the woods.
+
+As they all disappeared toward the timber, General Hooker rode up and
+ordered us to fix bayonets and pursue. With a whoop and hurrah our
+Regiment and the Twenty-Seventh Indiana started down through the
+corn-field, General Hooker himself leading like a captain. It was such
+traits as this that made him popular, even with those who did not think
+him fit for high command. We had passed fairly into the corn-field,
+which was literally strewn with the dead bodies of Confederates, when a
+staff officer rode up, and ordered us to get out of the way, for General
+Sumner wished to put in a division at that point. This was all that
+prevented us from assaulting a position with about a hundred and fifty
+men, which a few minutes later Sedgwick's Division, with five or six
+thousand, failed to carry.
+
+We moved back out of the corn-field to our old position, and immediately
+after Sedgwick's Division came in from the northeast. As they moved
+forward in perfect line to the attack, they presented a splendid sight,
+even to old soldiers, and we had little doubt that they would sweep
+everything before them. They marched in three parallel lines, one behind
+the other, and about seventy-five yards apart. The brigade and field
+officers, aware of the peculiar danger of being on horseback in such a
+place, all marched with their men on foot. The only mounted officer in
+the entire division was old General Sumner himself, who rode a little in
+the rear of his first line. He was then nearly seventy years of age,
+perfectly grey but still proudly erect. As he stretched his tall form to
+its full height on his horse, in order to see what might be in front of
+his men, he was the most conspicuous object on the field, and
+undoubtedly was the target for every Confederate sharpshooter in sight.
+
+No resistance of consequence was met until the advance brigade was out
+of sight in the woods, and the Second Brigade was just at the edge. Then
+a heavy musketry fire showed that the enemy had reformed their lines and
+were making a stubborn fight. Their artillery also now opened fire, and
+shells and round shot began to fall in our neighborhood. It soon became
+evident to us, who were spectators of the fight, that General Sumner's
+formation had been a serious mistake. His second and third brigades were
+exposed to a heavy fire from the enemy, yet they could not reply on
+account of the line in front of them. They soon broke up in confusion,
+therefore, and fell back out of range. The leading brigade held on for
+over half an hour, to the position that it had gained in the woods, when
+it also fell back, with but a small portion of the magnificent line
+which a short time before had so gallantly gone forward to the attack.
+
+The remnant of our Regiment, together with portions of several other
+like commands, were now stationed at the edge of the woods behind a
+battery of artillery. There was little more active fighting, however, in
+that part of the field during the remainder of the day. At one time the
+enemy made an attempt to recover the lost ground in the corn-field, but
+the batteries easily drove them back to the woods. Soon after twelve
+o'clock we were relieved by fresh troops and moved a short distance to
+the rear. With the friendly aid of a rail fence we now built a fire, and
+prepared our dinner of hardtack and coffee, and remained quiet for the
+rest of the day. To the left the firing continued until late in the
+afternoon.
+
+Many of our gallant boys laid down their lives that bloody day on the
+battle-field of Antietam. In the morning, our Regiment had taken into
+the fight twelve officers and not quite 300 enlisted men. The number was
+thus small because our wounded from Cedar Mountain had not yet rejoined
+us, and hard marching had sent others to the hospital. Of the twelve
+officers, we lost one killed and seven severely wounded. The Colonel had
+been hit in the head by a bullet, which had cut just deep enough to draw
+blood; while I had received a severe bruise from a spent ball. Of our
+300 privates, we lost 194 in killed and wounded. The Twenty-Seventh
+Indiana on our left, had lost about half of its men; the Second
+Massachusetts on the right, had suffered in about the same proportion.
+
+In my Company, of the thirty men whom I took into the field, two had
+been killed, two mortally wounded, and sixteen so severely hurt, that
+they were ordered to the hospital. Of all that Company, only one had
+escaped without the mark of a bullet upon his person or his clothes.
+Every one of our color-guard, composed of a corporal from each company,
+had been shot down before the battle was over. As its bearers fell, the
+flag had been passed along the line until it had come into the hands of
+one of my privates, Joseph Collins, who carried it the remainder of the
+day. The color-bearers of the enemy had been even more unfortunate. On
+our charge into the corn-field, our men picked up several of their
+banners that had fallen with their bearers.
+
+When night at length put a merciful end to the battle, all along the
+line, both thoroughly-worn-out armies were, I am sure, glad for the
+chance to rest. I know that I, for one, was completely exhausted. The
+sun had scarcely set before I had wrapped myself in my overcoat, and
+with my haversack for a pillow, was sound asleep, quite oblivious of the
+fact that the field of the dead was only a few steps away. In the
+morning we were early astir expecting a renewal of the fight. Our men
+threw away all of their old muskets, and armed themselves with the new
+Springfield rifles of the improved pattern, picked up on the
+battle-field. Ammunition and rations were issued, and every preparation
+made to receive the enemy. All was quiet, however, and so remained for
+the rest of the day. At about noon, General Franklin's Corps came up
+from Harpers Ferry and took position on our right.
+
+During that afternoon I went over the corn-field that had been the scene
+of the hardest fighting the previous day. It was a sight which once seen
+could never be forgotten. The dead lay as they had fallen, and in such
+dreadful numbers! Several times had the ground been fought over; the
+bodies of brave men were so thickly strewn over it, that one might for
+rods have walked on corpses without touching the ground.
+
+When we advanced our lines, the morning of the 19th, the enemy had
+disappeared. Only his picket line still remained, and that surrendered
+without resistance. These prisoners appeared to be dazed with
+discouragement; many of them seemed glad to have been taken. Like the
+thousands whom we had captured during the heat of the battle, they were
+destitute of clothing, and their haversacks contained nothing but raw
+corn.
+
+
+
+
+_In Winter Quarters_
+
+
+So far as we were concerned, the battle of Antietam ended active
+campaigning for the winter of 1862. During the next two months we moved
+about between Harpers Ferry and the mouth of Antietam Creek, doing
+occasional guard duty, and for the most part passing the time
+uneventfully. On October 1 President Lincoln visited our camp at
+Maryland Heights. It seemed to me that he did full justice to his
+reputation for homeliness. He came entirely unannounced, but we
+hurriedly turned out the Regiment and presented arms. For a time, on
+account of their greenness, the new regiments in camp furnished a source
+of amusement. Most of them had received large bounties on enlistment,
+and the old soldiers taunted them as bounty-bought; they were told that
+the Government could have secured mules much cheaper.
+
+On November 13 came my commission as First Lieutenant of Company E. This
+did not materially change my position, for I had been in command of a
+company ever since the battle of Antietam. On November 17 we went into
+winter camp at Fairfax Station, but sometime in January removed to
+Stafford Court House. In the meantime McClellan had been finally removed
+from the command of the Army of the Potomac; and Burnside, who had
+followed him, had in his turn, been relieved after the battle of
+Fredericksburg, by General Joe Hooker.
+
+Hooker was evidently determined to build up a thoroughly efficient army,
+and spent the winter in constant efforts toward improving the condition
+and effectiveness of his troops. Inspections became extremely rigid;
+they extended not only to arms and equipment, but to camp and garrison
+equipage, policing, and sanitation. Regiments reaching the highest
+standard for general efficiency and appearance were awarded leaves of
+absence for two officers at a time for fifteen days each, and furloughs
+for two men at a time, in each company, for the same period. Regiments
+that at first were not up to standard, were in the course of the winter
+given their furloughs as they attained efficiency.
+
+Our Regiment was one of the eleven in the entire army which, when the
+first inspection was made, proved to be in the highest degree of
+efficiency. Leaves of absence and furloughs commenced at once, and
+before spring all who cared to go had a chance to visit their homes. The
+distance to Wisconsin was too great to make it profitable for me to
+return; so I visited a sister in New York State, taking advantage of
+this opportunity to see the sights of New York City and Washington.
+
+During the winter the army was gradually strengthened by the return of
+convalescents. Thus our Regiment was able by spring once more to muster
+about 400 muskets. Many of the permanently disabled officers were
+transferred to the invalid corps, and those who were sick were
+discharged, thus giving way to more vigorous and able-bodied men. The
+army was now in the best condition that it had ever been in, and we all
+looked forward to a successful campaign.
+
+
+
+
+_Chancellorsville_
+
+
+On the morning of April 27, 1863, we left our winter camp at Stafford
+Court House and marched to Kelly's Ford on the Rappahannock. Pontoon
+bridges had been laid ahead of us, and the Eleventh Corps had already
+crossed. Early on the morning of the 29th, we followed, and started at
+once for Germanna Ford on the Rapidan, twelve miles off. Three corps of
+the Army of the Potomac were engaged in the expedition--the Fifth,
+Eleventh and Twelfth. Our Corps, the Twelfth, after crossing, pushed on
+to the head of the column, and our Brigade was given the position of
+honor in the advance. We carried eight days' rations and a hundred
+rounds of ammunition. In addition, several pack mules laden with boxes
+of cartridges followed each regiment, so that we felt sure we were out
+for business. The men were in good spirits, however, and
+notwithstanding the heavy loads marched rapidly.
+
+We arrived at the ford in about four hours, without alarming the enemy.
+A portion of the Regiment were deployed as skirmishers under cover of
+the woods, three or four hundred yards from the river bank. At the word
+of command they moved on the run down to the river. Here each man
+hastily found for himself such shelter as he could, behind trees and
+brush, and opened fire on the enemy who were occupying some buildings on
+the opposite side. As we approached the river about a dozen Confederates
+started to run up the hill back of their position, in an attempt to
+escape. Our men were excellent marksmen, however, and after two had been
+killed and several others wounded, the rest of the enemy hastened back
+to the shelter of the buildings. Occasionally some fellow would fire at
+us from a window, but the puff of smoke from his gun would make him
+immediately the target for every musket within range, and that practice
+was soon discouraged. In less than ten minutes from the time when the
+skirmish commenced, the Southerners had hung out a white rag and
+surrendered. The swift-flowing Rapidan, nearly three hundred feet wide,
+separated them from us, but we compelled them to wade over. In this way,
+without a casualty to ourselves, we bagged 101 prisoners, and not a man
+escaped to the enemy to give warning of our approach.
+
+We had just secured our prisoners when General Slocum came up. He
+immediately took in the situation, and ordered us to cross the river and
+secure the heights on the other side. We had had a good time laughing at
+our prisoners as we made them cross over to us, with the water up to
+their armpits; but when we had to go in ourselves, it did not seem so
+funny. It was still early in the spring, and the water was icy cold from
+the melting snow in the mountains. Moreover, the current was so swift
+that some mounted officers and cavalry who went in ahead of us could
+scarcely keep a footing. If a horse stumbled, he was washed off his feet
+in an instant and carried down stream. In fact, one man was drowned in
+such an accident, and several others had narrow escapes. We prepared for
+crossing by placing our ammunition and provisions, and such valuables
+as would be injured by the water, on the ends of the muskets or on our
+heads, and plunged in. We had the small men distributed among the large
+ones, and in this way crossed without serious trouble. We were followed
+in the same manner by the Second Massachusetts. Once across we pushed
+rapidly for the hill overlooking the ford, where we took a strong
+position and threw out our pickets.
+
+The pontoon train had by this time come up, and a bridge was soon built.
+The remainder of our Corps and the Eleventh Corps then crossed and went
+into camp ahead of us. We now gathered about our fires, and dried out
+our clothes in order to have them once more in comfortable shape by
+bed-time.
+
+The next morning we moved to Chancellorsville, where we arrived early in
+the day. It is a very big name for a very small place; at that time it
+contained only one house. The position which we had thus gained
+uncovered the road to United States Ford, on the Rappahannock. Here
+another pontoon bridge was laid, and General Hooker crossed it with his
+force. We were all in the best of spirits, for in securing this
+advantage of position we thought that the victory had already been
+gained.
+
+On the morning of May 1 our Brigade engaged in a successful
+reconnoissance toward Fredericksburg, in which we captured a number of
+prisoners. On our return to Chancellorsville we were sent to occupy a
+slight rise of ground at Hazel Grove, about a mile southwest of
+Chancellor House. Here, in a sharp skirmish with the enemy,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Scott was shot through the head by a chance ball and
+instantly killed. During the afternoon, General Hooker rode around the
+lines, jubilant over the success of his movements. Several times he
+remarked that now he had got the Confederates where he wanted them, and
+they would have to fight us on our own ground or be destroyed. At that
+time the army still had unbounded confidence in him; but it seemed to me
+a bit curious that the man who was ready at Antietam to lead 150 men to
+a charge on the whole Southern army, should now get into entrenchment
+when he had at his command 150,000 soldiers.
+
+The night passed off without incident. At about ten o'clock the next
+morning it was discovered that the enemy were moving wagon trains toward
+the southwest. Birney's Division of the Fifth Corps, which had been in
+position somewhere in our rear, was sent out at about noon to stop them.
+A sharp musketry fire for a minute or two indicated to us that the
+attack had been made, and soon after several hundred Southern prisoners
+were sent back to us under guard. At about four in the afternoon, our
+Regiment was ordered to deploy as skirmishers through the woods upon the
+left of Birney, to capture Confederate stragglers who were believed to
+be lurking there in large numbers. Obedient to these orders we piled up
+our knapsacks, overcoats, and other baggage, behind the breastworks we
+had built, and moved forward into the woods. We had advanced about half
+a mile from our entrenchments, when the storm broke loose in the rear.
+The army of Stonewall Jackson had struck the Eleventh Corps in the flank
+and rear, and had brushed it away like a swarm of flies before a
+hurricane. I was afterward told that the defeated Corps came tumbling
+along through the woods, an indiscriminate mass of flying men, pack
+mules with their packs turned, and stray artillery horses. Nor did they
+bring up until they were stopped at Chancellorsville by three regiments
+of Hooker's cavalry. However, the best troops in the world could not, if
+struck in the same way, have stood against such an attack.
+
+Our line was now halted to await developments. Very soon a Confederate
+battery was in position on the hill which we had just left, and was
+throwing shells over toward Chancellor House. Directly in our front, to
+the south, another battery was firing in the same direction. We were
+hidden from this second battery by timber and underbrush, but were so
+close to it that in the intervals of the firing we could distinctly hear
+the strokes of swabs and rammers as the guns were swabbed out, and the
+charges rammed home. From my position I could see the battery near our
+old entrenchments, as it came up and commenced firing. However, it did
+not remain there long. The fire from our own batteries, near the
+Chancellor House, blew up two caissons or their limber chests, and the
+rest of the Southern battery sought a safer place.
+
+The roar of artillery and musketry still continued around the Chancellor
+House and to the west of it; but we could tell by the sound of the
+firing that the Confederate advance had been stayed. By seven o'clock
+darkness had settled over the field, bringing with it for a time
+comparative quiet. We began to look around now, for a way out of the
+woods, and back to our Corps. Our scouts soon found that Geary's
+Division still held the entrenchments which they had built the night
+before, and that we might return safely through their lines to the
+Chancellor House. By nine o'clock, therefore, we were once more in line
+of battle with the rest of the Brigade, in the woods west of the House.
+
+Shortly after our return, occurred the confusion in which Stonewall
+Jackson was mortally wounded. Our picket line had been driven in by the
+enemy, and we had fired a volley or two into the woods on our front. At
+the same time we had been fired on in the darkness by the Thirteenth New
+Jersey. General Jackson was struck just at this time, in the woods into
+which we had fired. It has been presumed that he was hit by his own
+men, but there is a possibility that the bullet came from the Third
+Wisconsin.
+
+We secured but little sleep that night. Our artillery continued throwing
+shot and shell over our heads into the woods fronting us, where the
+enemy were supposed to be in force. At midnight the Confederates again
+attacked us; but Birney's Division, which had been cut off from us in
+the afternoon by Jackson's attack, struck them with fixed bayonets in
+the flank at the same time that we opened on them in the front--and of
+course we made short work of them. We had now regained the ground where
+we had left our knapsacks, but for fear of another attack, the officers
+would not let us go up after them. So we shivered miserably through the
+night, and in the morning arose thoroughly chilled.
+
+The enemy, however, soon gave us enough to do to warm our blood.
+Birney's Division had, during the night, taken a new position in our
+advance, at Hazel Grove. It was attacked early Sunday morning, and in
+the course of an hour driven back with the reported loss of one of its
+batteries. As Birney's men passed back over us, the enemy came on,
+flushed with victory, and in some disorder. But in a few minutes we sent
+them back, in worse disorder than they had come. We followed them for a
+quarter of a mile, but there encountered a second line. In a short time
+we had the satisfaction of seeing their backs, also, dimly in the
+distance. Colonel Colgrove of the Twenty-Seventh Indiana, who was
+commanding the Brigade, now ordered a bayonet charge; but before we were
+fairly started, General Ruger sent orders not to advance any farther.
+Soon the enemy attacked again; but after a stubborn fight we sent them
+back for a third time, their ranks disorganized and the ground thickly
+strewn with their dead.
+
+It was now near nine o'clock. We had been fighting continuously for
+three hours, and all of the ammunition that we carried had been
+exhausted. That carried by the pack mules had been distributed, also,
+and was nearly all fired away. The muskets had become so heated and foul
+that it was difficult to load them. Some of the pieces were so hot that
+the cartridge would explode as soon as it struck the bottom of the gun,
+and before the man had been able to aim. Because of this, we were
+relieved by a fresh brigade, and marched back about a mile to the rear.
+From there we were sent to a position a little northeast of the
+Chancellor House, where we built breastworks and remained until the army
+was withdrawn across the river.
+
+All the rest of the day we could hear the firing to our right, and the
+next day, off in the direction of Fredericksburg, where Sedgwick's Corps
+was engaged; but we made no move. We only sat around, wearily watching
+the time pass away, until the night of the 5th, when preparations began
+to be made for the withdrawal of the army to the north bank of the
+river. The night was cold and rainy. Our blankets and overcoats had been
+lost, for we had left them on the second night of the battle to pick up
+stragglers, and fires were not permitted, lest they reveal our movement.
+As we shivered through the long, dark hours, all the admiration vanished
+that we had previously felt for Fighting Joe Hooker.
+
+Toward day we silently withdrew from the entrenchments we had made, and
+marched off to the river. We found when we came near, however, that the
+approaches to the bridge were still crowded with the moving troops; we
+had, therefore, to double-quick back to the entrenchments, and wait
+until the bridge was cleared. Then we crossed over, the last of the
+army, entirely unmolested except for a few shells thrown by a
+Confederate battery.
+
+We now returned to Stafford Court House, and at night pitched our tents
+on the very ground we had left ten days before. We were all thoroughly
+discouraged over the outcome of our expedition, and feeling, as one of
+our officers expressed it, "that we had gone out for wool, and come back
+shorn." The old soldiers who took part in that movement cannot think of
+it, to this day, but with the strongest feelings of disgust.
+
+The camp that we occupied on our return to Stafford Court House was one
+of the best we ever had. It was an old orchard, with a vacant field near
+by for a drill and parade ground. Our friends, the Second Massachusetts,
+occupied one end of the orchard and we the other. Between us was a good
+baseball ground, where we amused ourselves at playing ball or pitching
+quoits. Every night after supper, the officers of the two regiments
+would get together for a big game, while the rank and file would follow
+suit, and our drill ground would present an animated sight. Thus we
+whiled away the time with considerable comfort, often speculating on the
+possibility of the enemy coming across the river to attack us. So many
+regiments of two-year men and nine-months men were being mustered out of
+the service, that we did not consider it at all likely that we would
+cross the river until our ranks were filled by the conscription which
+had then been ordered.
+
+
+
+
+_A Cavalry Expedition_
+
+
+On June 6 this easy life came to an end. The company commanders of our
+Regiment were summoned to the Colonel's tent, and informed that the
+Regiment had been selected to accompany a cavalry expedition. We were
+instructed to leave behind all baggage not carried on the persons of the
+men, and to take only those who could march thirty miles a day. The
+expedition was to be composed of the two best regiments in each
+corps--the Second Massachusetts and ourselves having been selected from
+the Twelfth.
+
+We left our camp at about six o'clock and marched that night to Spott
+Tavern, fifteen miles away. The next day we reached Bealeton Station,
+where we bivouacked in the woods until the night of the 8th, awaiting
+the arrival of our cavalry. We were joined here by a number of other
+regiments, the whole force being under command of General Ames. Our
+State pride was highly gratified to find four Wisconsin regiments in
+this detail of picked commands from every corps.
+
+On the night of the 8th, our whole force, infantry, artillery, and
+cavalry, moved down to the Rappahannock at Beverly Ford. The next
+morning, a portion of the Third Wisconsin was deployed to cover the
+crossing; but the enemy had not discovered us, and we passed over
+without trouble. The cavalry now pushed on to Brandy Station, on the
+railroad; the infantry following, with our detachment in the lead. The
+cavalry were soon briskly engaged, and in a little while Colonel Davis,
+their commanding officer, was brought back mortally wounded. The
+infantry was now disposed on the flanks, to guard the cavalry from being
+taken at a disadvantage. The fighting soon became general, being mostly
+by detached companies deployed as skirmishers. At one time, in advancing
+with my Company to clear out a piece of woods, I had a lively fight for
+a short time; five men out of the twenty with me were severely wounded
+before we drove the enemy from their shelter. At another time, Company D
+succeeded in getting on the flank and rear of a North Carolina regiment,
+and captured over a hundred prisoners. Some of our cavalry regiments
+were pretty severely handled at the beginning of the fight, especially
+before the infantry came up. On the whole, however, the expedition was a
+success, resulting in the capture of the headquarters of the Confederate
+cavalry leader, General J. E. B. Stuart, together with many valuable
+papers and orders relating to the contemplated invasion of the North.
+
+
+
+
+_Gettysburg_
+
+
+We now recrossed Beverly Ford and went into camp until the 12th. Then we
+learned that the Confederate army was on the move toward the North, and
+that our army was marching to Manassas Junction and Centerville. We
+therefore marched in the same direction, and on the 16th rejoined our
+Corps near Centerville. Reaching Leesburg on the 18th, we went into
+camp. We had no definite information as to the location of the
+Confederate army, but rather suspected that it was moving into the
+Shenandoah Valley. This suspicion was confirmed when we learned that
+they had occupied Winchester and Martinsburg. We heard of them next as
+crossing the Potomac at Williamsport and marching into Pennsylvania.
+
+During our stay at Leesburg, several men from a New York regiment were
+shot for desertion. They were the first executions for that crime in our
+army, and for a time, they produced a great sensation. On the 26th we
+crossed the Potomac at Edward's Ferry, and proceeded up the river to the
+mouth of the Monocacy; thence we moved across to Frederick City, where
+we went into camp early on the afternoon of the 28th.
+
+During the night I learned that our Division was under marching orders
+to strike for Williamsport in the morning, and destroy the bridge on
+which the enemy had crossed the Potomac. We were to destroy, also, all
+boats and ferries that might be used by the Confederates in a retreat.
+Then we were to rejoin the army if we could; if not, to move west to
+Cumberland, and rejoin as opportunity offered. With morning, however,
+came a change of commanders, and with it also, a change of orders.
+General Hooker had been superseded by General Meade, and now we were
+ordered northward to follow the army that had gone ahead.
+
+At noon on July 1, while we were preparing our dinner at Two Taverns,
+some eight miles south of Gettysburg, the distant rumbling of artillery
+to the north announced to us the opening of a great battle. The
+cannonading became more and more furious as the minutes passed, until in
+the distance it sounded like one continual roll of thunder. At length
+came the order to march, and in five minutes we were on the road to the
+front as fast as our strength could take us. As we trudged along, we met
+hundreds of Confederate prisoners being sent to the rear, as well as a
+good many of our own wounded, on their way to the field hospitals. Of
+stragglers, there were exceptionally few.
+
+On the run we reached Cemetery Ridge, where we learned that the First
+and Eleventh corps had been compelled to fall back through the town of
+Gettysburg. They had taken a new position on a ridge east of the city. A
+portion of our Brigade now filed off to the right, across Rock Creek,
+thence north about half a mile; and then, having deployed about half of
+our Regiment as skirmishers, advanced toward the west until we were
+sharply engaged with the enemy's skirmishers. Only a little over two
+hours had passed from the time when we received the order to march eight
+miles distant, before we were in position on the extreme right of the
+line of battle, checking the advance of the enemy in that direction.
+There we remained until sunset, when we were relieved by the cavalry,
+and recrossed Rock Creek to the west side.
+
+As the remainder of our Corps had come up, they took position on the
+right of the First Corps. We now rejoined them there, our own right
+resting on Rock Creek. Immediately we began to throw up breastworks,
+and by evening had built for ourselves quite respectable entrenchments.
+It rained during most of the night; but in spite of that and the enemy,
+we secured a good rest for the next day's work.
+
+Early the next morning we were stirring, in anticipation of an attack;
+but until noon there was nothing but skirmishing in our vicinity. Then
+the storm broke loose on the extreme left of the line, near Little Round
+Top, where Sickles's Corps was situated. The place was entirely hidden
+from our sight, and from the sounds we could form no opinion as to how
+things were going; but we were constantly receiving reports that Sickles
+was either holding his own or driving the enemy before him. In the light
+of subsequent events, these reports seem to have been purposely colored,
+in order to keep up our spirits. Occasional demonstrations along our
+front kept us in constant expectation of being attacked, but nothing of
+the sort occurred.
+
+About six o'clock we were hurried out of our entrenchments at a
+double-quick toward Little Round Top, where it was understood that
+Sickles's Third Corps had been driven back with severe loss. But before
+we arrived, the enemy had been repulsed, and the firing ceased. We were
+now started back to our entrenchments. We found, however, upon our
+arrival, that the enemy had in our absence taken possession of them. It
+was exasperating to see them benefitting by our labors, but we were
+somewhat consoled by the capture of a picket of twenty Confederates, who
+in the darkness had wandered into our line as we approached. We were now
+obliged to form a new line, connecting with our forces on the left as
+before, but swinging back at an angle on the right to Rock Creek. We
+thus presented to the enemy a semi-circular front, which they could not
+penetrate without being subjected to a cross fire from both sides.
+
+During the night we remained unmolested. At daylight the firing
+commenced. The ground occupied by the enemy's skirmishers was a rocky
+bit of woodland which furnished abundant cover for sharpshooters. For a
+while they annoyed us, but by nine o'clock we had dislodged them, and
+driven them back to the cover of their breastworks. On our left the
+enemy were making desperate efforts to dislodge from their
+entrenchments Greene's Brigade and the troops of the First Corps. Six
+times they came up to the assault, and six times were repulsed, leaving
+the ground over which they advanced literally covered with their dead.
+At about eleven o'clock a portion of our Division followed up these
+successes by charging the Confederates in our front and sweeping them
+entirely out of our entrenchments. They retired only a short distance,
+however, showing that they had not abandoned the contest.
+
+For nearly two hours, complete quiet now succeeded the roar and din of
+the battle. Not a cannon was fired. Only an occasional musket shot
+disturbed the silence that prevailed from one end of the field to the
+other. We all felt, however, that this was but a lull before the final
+burst of the storm. The losses in our Regiment had thus far been light,
+and our spirits ran high. We felt entire confidence that no force that
+the Southerners could bring against us could by direct assault break our
+line at any point.
+
+About one o'clock, the first shot was fired in the tremendous artillery
+duel that preceded the last desperate attempt to penetrate our center
+at Cemetery Ridge. In five minutes three hundred guns were pouring into
+one another, their deadly showers of shot and shell, and making fearful
+havoc of every thing that was not sheltered. From our position in the
+woods we could see nothing of what was going on in other parts of the
+line; but the air above was filled with screaming shells, as they flew
+back and forth on their deadly errand. In some instances, shells from
+the Confederate batteries in front of the Second Corps would pass
+entirely over our lines, and land near the enemy in our front; a great
+many of them fell in the open space in our rear.
+
+At one time during the progress of the cannonade, a battery was placed
+in position on a hill across Rock Creek directly in front of our
+Regiment, and began to drop shells unpleasantly close to us. But our
+friends of Battery M, of the First New York Artillery, who had been with
+us since the Brigade was organized, seemed to get their range at once,
+and promptly silenced them. On a trip over the field, the next day, I
+found the position where they had been stationed marked by a dozen dead
+horses and two exploded caissons.
+
+During the cannonading, I took occasion to go back into the woods a
+short distance in order to get a view of what was going on. Everything
+in sight gave evidence of the severity of the fire. All those who were
+not actively engaged had sought the shelter of rocks and trees or the
+inequalities of the ground. Here and there mounted officers and
+orderlies were riding across the field, although at first sight it
+seemed as though a bird could scarcely fly over it unharmed.
+
+In the course of an hour the terrific artillery fire slackened. Then for
+a few minutes it nearly ceased. In the interval of silence, Pickett's
+Division of Confederates was marching to the charge. From my position I
+could not see them coming on, but I knew that they were charging by the
+old familiar Southern yell. Soon that was drowned in the roar of
+musketry and artillery. For a time all was turmoil and confusion. At
+length the hearty cheers of our comrades rang out, and we knew that the
+Confederate tide of invasion had been safely rolled back.
+
+While this assault was being made on the center, constant demonstrations
+were being made on our front, and we momentarily expected an attack.
+None came, however, although during all the rest of the day the enemy
+presented an unshaken line. At night they silently withdrew, and on the
+morning of the 4th our reconnoitering parties could find nothing of them
+east of Seminary Ridge, save their dead and severely wounded, whom they
+had left on the field.
+
+I spent some time that day going over the ground occupied by the enemy
+in front of the Twelfth Corps, and that over which Pickett had made his
+now famous charge. From what I saw, I felt certain that the enemy's
+losses were double our own. Where they had assaulted Geary's Division on
+the evening of the 2nd and on the morning of the 3rd, the ground was so
+strewn with their dead that it would have been possible to walk for rods
+on dead bodies.
+
+On the morning of the 5th the enemy was on the road back to Virginia. We
+started the same day following hard after them, on parallel roads to the
+east. When they reached Williamsport, however, they turned on us with a
+bold front. It had been raining almost constantly for several weeks and
+the Potomac was a raging torrent, which could not be forded. We were in
+hopes that it might thus continue until our forces could be concentrated
+to overwhelm them. On the morning of the 13th, however, when we were
+ready to move forward to the attack, they were gone. The river had
+fallen during the night, and they had made good their retreat.
+
+For a time our Regiment led in the pursuit to the ford at Falling
+Waters. Then we were filed out to the side of the road to make way for
+General Kilpatrick's Cavalry Brigade. They had scarcely passed out of
+sight through a patch of woods, when the roar of artillery and the sharp
+crack of musketry announced that the enemy had been found. We moved
+forward as rapidly as possible, but were not in time to take any part in
+the conflict. It appeared that when the cavalry had emerged from the
+woods they had found a brigade of Confederate infantry posted as a rear
+guard, on a ridge overlooking the ford at Falling Waters. They had
+immediately charged the enemy's breastworks and had captured over a
+thousand prisoners. They had won, besides, as trophies of their
+skirmish, two pieces of artillery and four or five colors inscribed with
+all the battles of the Army of Northern Virginia. No further pursuit was
+made. All of Lee's army, save only this rear guard, had escaped safely
+to the south side of the Potomac.
+
+At about this time I sent to my home in Wisconsin the following letter
+concerning Lee's invasion:
+
+    I have wished a good many times that the rebs could have had a month
+    more among the people of Pennsylvania. What little sympathy I had
+    for them is gone now. I cannot appreciate that disposition which
+    will swindle a friend to compensate for what an enemy has stolen
+    from you. In some cases the farmers would sell our men provisions at
+    reasonable rates and even give them something, but the majority
+    would ask from $.60 to $1.00 a loaf for bread, and $.25 a quart for
+    milk, and all such things in proportion.
+
+Our Corps now moved down the river to Harpers Ferry, and crossing into
+Virginia, marched leisurely along the eastern side of the Blue Ridge.
+We found the abandoned fields through which we passed overgrown with
+blackberry bushes, and literally black with the ripened fruit. Every
+night the men would go out from camp, and within easy range find as many
+berries as they could eat. And they were the best medicine we ever used.
+I knew of cases of diarrhea that had become almost chronic, soon cured
+by this diet.
+
+
+
+
+_On Draft Riot duty_
+
+
+On July 31 we went into camp near Kelly's Ferry on the Rappahannock,
+where for the next two weeks we did guard duty along the river and
+rested from the fatigue of the long marches we had made since leaving
+Stafford Court House. On August 15 came orders to move. The next morning
+we marched down to Rappahannock Station in company with two other old
+regiments of the Brigade, and boarded the cars for Alexandria, on our
+way to New York. We were joined at the station by five other regiments
+from the different brigades, all under command of General Ruger.
+
+It seems that during the Confederate invasion of Pennsylvania, the New
+York militia regiments had been called off for duty in Washington,
+Baltimore, and other places. A riotous mob in New York City had taken
+advantage of this circumstance to break out in defiance of the
+authorities, and in resistance to the execution of the draft. They had
+for several days held the city in a reign of terror, and it had been
+necessary to stop all proceedings under the draft.
+
+After a wait of several days, we embarked at Alexandria on the steamer
+"Merrimac," and proceeded down the Potomac to the ocean, thence to New
+York City. We landed at the foot of Canal Street, and quietly marched to
+the City Hall Park, where we arrived at about ten o'clock on Saturday
+night. Barracks had been provided for the enlisted men, but the
+officers' tents had not arrived. This did not trouble us much, however,
+as we had been without tents much of the time during the past two
+months. Wrapped in our rubber blankets, we lay on the grass and slept,
+as the landlady in _Rob Roy_ says, "like a good sword in its scabbard."
+We awoke in the morning to find the sun well up in the heavens, and the
+park surrounded by a crowd of curious people, surprised to see a number
+of fairly well-dressed officers, sleeping on the ground like a lot of
+vagrants.
+
+The next day, tents were pitched and cots prepared, and we were enjoying
+the delights of camp life amid all the surroundings of civilization. We
+had our dress parades and guard mountings with all the pomp and show
+that 300 men can make, to the delight of the great crowds who had come
+to see the veterans of Antietam and Gettysburg. Soon after our arrival I
+was detailed for duty in the provost marshal's office of the Fifth
+District of New York, where the rioting had been most desperate. I had
+charge of the guard stationed there to preserve order and see that those
+who brought substitutes or recruits were promptly admitted.
+
+There were no disturbances in the city while we were there, except such
+as our men made for themselves, at the instigation of the police. We had
+plenty of bold fellows in the Regiment, who wanted no better amusement
+than to raid a saloon that had been the headquarters of the rioters.
+They would get out of camp at night, and gather in such a saloon
+pointed out to them by the police. Then they would get up a row on some
+pretext, and pitch bartenders and bummers out of doors, and smash
+everything breakable about the place. Everyone in the Regiment could
+find a way to enjoy himself, and a policeman to help him, and would have
+been content to stay in the city much longer than we did.
+
+On September 6 came orders to return to our camp. We marched down to the
+Battery in the evening, and were conveyed in small boats to the steamer
+"Mississippi." In the morning, when I awoke, we were rolling and
+pitching in a manner that I had never before experienced in my limited
+travels by water. A few of the officers had become seasick on our way up
+to New York, and those of us who escaped had enjoyed the fun of laughing
+at them. I did not propose therefore to give up now. So I dressed and
+started for breakfast. One smell of the coffee, and I had business on
+deck. But after gazing steadily over the side of the vessel for a time,
+I felt better, and by noon had recovered my appetite.
+
+We arrived at Alexandria on the 9th. On the 13th we reached our camp at
+Kelly's Ferry, and found the Thirteenth New Jersey drawn up in line to
+welcome us back to the old Brigade. We did not, however, remain long in
+camp. Rumors began to float about, that Lee was sending a part of his
+army to reenforce Bragg in northwestern Georgia. Within two days we were
+again on the march to the Rapidan, behind which the enemy had retired.
+We reached Raccoon Ford on the 16th, and our Regiment and the Second
+Massachusetts were detailed to support pickets at the Ford.
+
+We camped in the woods near the river, with sentinels at night down to
+the bank, but during the day they were withdrawn to the most convenient
+cover in the neighborhood. The enemy were camped just behind the hills
+on the other side. Just about this time they appeared to be having a
+religious revival. While visiting my sentinels after dark, I could hear
+them preaching, praying, and singing, whole regiments apparently being
+thus engaged. Under orders from Corps headquarters we refrained from
+firing upon their pickets and they reciprocated the courtesy, which made
+it much pleasanter for the sentinels on both sides of the river.
+
+
+
+
+_With the Army of the Cumberland_
+
+
+After two days of this picket duty we were relieved by a Connecticut
+regiment and rejoined our Corps. We found that we were under orders to
+march the next day to Brandy Station, on the railroad. We did not know
+it at the time, but we were about to take our leave from the old Army of
+the Potomac, with which we had been associated since its organization.
+We had fought side by side in some of the hardest battles in the war;
+and had we been consulted in the matter, we would doubtless have voted
+to stay where we were, and help it to finish Lee's army. However, we
+were not consulted, and the necessities of war now called us to the Army
+of the Cumberland at Chattanooga.
+
+On the night of the 24th, we bivouacked at Brandy Station, where the
+paymaster worked all night paying off the troops, and where we saw the
+Eleventh Corps being loaded for Alexandria. The next morning we marched
+to Bealeton Station, where, after a wait of a day, we also loaded up
+and started. The cars were ordinary freight trucks, with rough board
+benches set crosswise, and the men were crowded in as thick as they
+could be seated.
+
+We pulled out of Washington over the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, the
+trains containing forty or fifty cars each. As we approached the
+mountains the size of the trains was reduced to about seven cars; but on
+reaching the western slope, the old number was restored. We crossed the
+Ohio at Benwood, on a pontoon bridge. Another lot of cars was awaiting
+us on the opposite side, and we went on through Columbus, Dayton,
+Indianapolis, and Louisville. On this trip through Ohio and Indiana we
+were everywhere reminded that we were among friends. Our train stopped
+for a time at Columbus, Xenia, and Dayton, and it seemed as though the
+citizens of those towns could not do enough for us. At every station
+along the road great crowds of people were gathered, and cheered us as
+we passed along.
+
+We stopped briefly at Louisville, then went on again through Nashville,
+and past the battle-field of Murfreesboro. We debarked from the cars at
+Stevenson, Alabama, on Sunday morning, just a week from the time we had
+started. We certainly were glad enough to be released after seven days
+and nights of railroad travelling, cramped up so tightly that there was
+scarce room either to sit up or lie down. Our arrival was none too soon.
+The long line of railroad from Nashville southward, had been practically
+unguarded, and the enemy's cavalry under General Wheeler succeeded soon
+after our arrival in tearing it up in several places.
+
+We now had several weeks of racing up and down the railroad line,
+infantry after cavalry, and with the usual result. In the end, however,
+the road was cleared, with the whole "Red Star" Division distributed
+between Murfreesboro and Stevenson. Our Regiment was stationed at
+Wartrace, where there was a junction with a short railroad running to
+Shelbyville--the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad. It was a curiosity.
+The cross-ties were about five feet apart, and the rails were of wood,
+surmounted by a running surface of light iron. Frequently the wooden
+rails would spread, and then there would be a wreck; in fact, scarcely
+a day passed on which there would not be an accident of some kind. Large
+details of men from our Regiment were set to work to bring the road in
+repair, and by Christmas it was in fairly good condition.
+
+Shortly after we were established at Wartrace, I secured leave of
+absence to go to Chattanooga in search of my brother, who had enlisted
+in the Tenth Wisconsin. I had not heard of him since the battle of
+Chickamauga. My route was by rail to Bridgeport on the Tennessee River,
+then in a small captured Confederate steamer called "Paint Rock," up the
+Tennessee to Chattanooga.
+
+The "Paint Rock" was loaded to its utmost capacity with hardtack for the
+starving Union men who held Chattanooga. The river route to that town
+had only recently been opened up by General Hooker, with the Eleventh
+Corps and the Second Division of our Corps. Previously it had been
+necessary to wheel all supplies sixty miles over a mountain road, where
+teams could scarcely haul the forage for their own trip. Even now the
+boats could run only to within eight miles of the city.
+
+The fifty-mile river trip brought me at the end of the day to the
+landing at Kelly's Ferry. Then I had an eight-mile walk before me to the
+camps, where I arrived late in the evening. I soon found the regiment or
+the small remnant of it that I was looking for; but then I learned that
+my brother was beyond doubt a prisoner in the hands of the enemy.
+
+I spent a day in visiting about Chattanooga. The enemy occupied a line
+from the Tennessee River, above town, to the point of Lookout Mountain
+below. At no place were they near enough to throw shells into the city,
+save from their heavy guns on Lookout Mountain. From these, shells came
+over all day at intervals of ten or fifteen minutes and exploded high in
+the air over either our camps or the city. So far as I could see,
+however, they did little damage.
+
+Shortly after my return to my Regiment, I was detailed to investigate
+the killing of a negro by a white man, not far from our post. The
+evidence showed that it was a most unprovoked murder, and I so
+reported. The man was thereupon arrested and sent to the provost marshal
+at Tullahoma. I never learned what was finally done with him. The
+curious thing about the affair was the frank astonishment of the man
+that anyone should take notice of the killing of a mere "nigger."
+
+Toward the end of November a large number of Confederate prisoners, who
+had been captured in the battles of Lookout Mountain and Missionary
+Ridge, were being sent northward over the railroad. We often had
+conversation with them while the trains were stopping at our station.
+Some were still defiant, but most of them were discouraged, and many
+predicted that the Confederacy could not last six months longer. An
+unusually large number of deserters of all ranks from colonel downward,
+were also coming in, and they likewise professed to believe that the
+Confederacy was tottering.
+
+
+
+
+_The Third Veteranizes_
+
+
+In December a general order was issued from the War Department,
+providing for the reenlistment of veteran regiments. It provided for a
+liberal bounty for all who reenlisted as veterans after two years'
+service; but it offered what was a greater temptation than anything
+else, the chance to go home for thirty days as a regiment, with the
+opportunity to recruit up to the full standard. I explained to my
+Company all the advantages of this arrangement. Their term of service
+would not expire until the end of June. By that time the fighting would
+probably be well over with. By reenlisting now they would secure the
+bounty, the thirty days furlough, and the honorable record of veteran
+soldiers, and it would be possible to preserve our organization from the
+beginning to the end of the war.
+
+Just about this time I was called away from camp to Tullahoma, to sit on
+the court martial of Colonel E. L. Price of the One Hundred Forty-Fifth
+New York Regiment, on charges of misbehaviour in battle. When the court
+adjourned over the Christmas holidays and I returned to my Regiment, I
+was informed by my First Sergeant that the men of my Company had been
+talking over the matter of reenlisting, and that more than three-fourths
+of them were ready to do so if I would stay with them. The contagion
+spread. By Christmas all but two of the officers, and 240 out of 300
+enlisted men present with the Regiment, had, in the language of the day,
+"veteranized."
+
+On Christmas this surviving remnant of the thousand men of the Third,
+who had so gayly left the State two-and-a-half years before, started on
+their return. It was a beautiful day, and for us one of perfect
+happiness. We were going home with a record that none could surpass and
+few commands could equal. We were the first regiment from Wisconsin, and
+I believe the first in the army, to reenlist.
+
+At Madison the arms were stored, and the men scattered to their homes to
+enjoy their thirty-days' furlough. I was just in time to take part in a
+New Year's dance, and go home in the morning on the coldest day ever
+known in Wisconsin.
+
+The month of January, 1864, which we spent in Wisconsin, was a season of
+continuous festivities. The only drawback was the extreme cold, which to
+us who had just come from the South, seemed more severe than it had ever
+been before. Everyone seemed to be determined to give the returned
+soldiers the best time of their lives. Some of the croakers thought it
+too gay for people who were engaged in a death struggle for the life of
+the Nation. Those of us, however, who had been at the front, were
+disposed to be merry while we could, and leave the future to care for
+itself. Recruiting was going on all the time. Our veterans proved the
+best recruiting officers in the State. They brought in their brothers
+and cousins, schoolmates and friends, so that when we were ready to
+return once more to the south, we had added 300 men to our rolls, picked
+from the very flower of Wisconsin's citizenry.
+
+On February 2 the veterans of the Regiment assembled at Madison. On the
+4th we were again on our way south, and reached Tullahoma the night of
+the 9th. On the 12th we started out for Fayetteville, the seat of
+Lincoln County, Tennessee, where we arrived at noon on the following
+day. On our way we passed through Lynchburg, where there was pointed out
+to us the house, or rather the ruins of the house, which was said to
+have been the birthplace of Davy Crockett. At Mulberry, a little farther
+on, I met a middle-aged citizen who said that he had never known what a
+United States flag looked like until he had seen one carried by our
+soldiers in this war.
+
+
+
+
+_Reorganizing Lincoln County_
+
+
+Lincoln County was one of the richest, as well as the most violent of
+Secession counties in Tennessee. Its people boasted that it had cast
+2,500 votes for Secession, and not one for the Union; the few Union men
+in the county had not dared to go to the polls. A few months previous to
+our coming a small detachment of Northern troops had been captured there
+by guerrillas. The prisoners had been taken to the bank of the Elk River
+and three of them deliberately murdered. A fourth had only escaped by
+leaping into the river and swimming off in the confusion. When he had
+reported the matter to headquarters, Colonel Ketcham of the One Hundred
+Fiftieth New York had been sent to collect an assessment of $30,000 from
+the citizens of the county for the benefit of the families of the
+murdered soldiers.
+
+Our mission in Lincoln County was to hunt down the guerrillas who
+infested it, and to care for the refugees from Chattanooga and other
+places in the rear of the army, who had lost their means of gaining a
+livelihood. We supported the refugees by forced levies of corn and bacon
+from the wealthy planters of the vicinity, while our mounted force soon
+disposed of the guerrillas, capturing a number and frightening the rest
+out of the county. We had a novel way of administering justice. For
+instance, about two months after our arrival a number of these young
+offenders, whose parents lived in the vicinity and were substantial
+farmers, stole from a citizen mules valued at $400. The Colonel
+immediately assessed the amount on the fathers, and with the money thus
+collected paid for the mules. That was our policy all through--to make
+the wealthy Confederates pay for the damage done by their lawless
+colleagues. And this method had a good effect, for it soon put an end to
+the thievery.
+
+Shortly after we arrived, our mounted men captured a Confederate officer
+named Boone, a grandson of the famous Daniel. On him was found a list of
+all the guerrillas in the county. When I examined him, he told me that
+he had been sent to muster these fellows into the Confederate army; but
+his plans were spoiled. Instead he went to Johnson's Island, a prisoner,
+and his little memorandum book remained in my possession.
+
+Among the names on the list were those of two Miller boys, whose mother
+and sister lived in town. The Captain of our mounted men, and several
+other officers, boarded with the family, for the people in Fayetteville
+were usually glad to take in Union officers as boarders, in order that
+they might secure from our rations the otherwise unobtainable luxuries
+of sugar and coffee. Several days after the capture of Boone's list, the
+Captain brought in both of the young Millers as prisoners. They were
+forwarded to Corps headquarters at Tullahoma. The elder, instead of
+being sent North as a prisoner of war, was tried by court martial and
+sentenced to be hanged in the public square of Fayetteville. That did
+not suit some of us; so we found means to send Mrs. Miller to
+Shelbyville, where she secured Judge Cooper, a well-known Unionist and
+former member of Congress, to go to Washington, and lay the case before
+President Lincoln. It was well known that no death sentence was ever
+executed with the President's consent, if there was any reasonable
+excuse for avoiding it. His usual magnanimity did not fail in this case,
+and the boy was sent North as an ordinary prisoner of war.
+
+When the President's amnesty proclamation was issued, we were given the
+duty of reorganizing Lincoln County under its provisions. I was
+appointed provost marshal, and in that position administered oaths of
+allegiance to several thousand repentant and unrepentant Secessionists.
+When the election was held, returns were made to me, and by me
+tabulated, and sent to the military governor at Nashville. Commissions
+were then issued by him to the officials who had been elected, so that
+when we left, the county was ready to resume civil government.
+
+In administering the oath of allegiance, the demand for blanks was so
+great that the ordinary sources could not furnish a sufficient supply.
+It was necessary, therefore, for me to open a printing office. So I took
+possession of an old printing establishment, and set several men to
+work. The press was broken down and the type badly "pi'd"; but we soon
+had the machinery repaired, and by combining the stock of three printing
+offices, secured sufficient type to run our establishment with success.
+
+In addition to these other duties, I had to listen to everyone in the
+county who sought redress for a grievance of any kind. Some had had
+horses taken by our army, or by bushwhackers; some had been robbed of
+money or other valuables; some wanted permits to carry firearms, which
+were of course never granted; and others needed assistance from the
+Government to keep from starving. One man came with a case parallel to
+that of the woman who wanted a "pass to raise geese." He wanted a "pass
+to raise a crup." I told him to go on and raise his crop, or do whatever
+he pleased, so long as he remained loyal to the Government. He said his
+neighbors had told him he could not raise a crop without a permit from
+the Federals, and that every man who took the oath of allegiance was
+branded in the forehead with the letters "U. S."
+
+One day a woman came to me, who said she had heard that we paid $10,000
+to the widows of men killed by guerrillas. I explained to her that we
+had done that only for the widows of three Union soldiers. I told her,
+however, that if she could give me any information about where the
+guerrillas could be found, we would capture and punish them. She said
+she did not know, but that she had heard some shots in the woods. She
+had not seen her man since, and she was sure they had killed him. After
+parleying awhile she started out of the door. But before she went out,
+she turned and called back to me, "That ai'nt the wust of 't; they stole
+my old mare, too!"
+
+When we first arrived at Fayetteville not a person was to be seen on the
+streets, although before the war it had been a place of 2,000
+inhabitants. There was not a vestige of any kind of business left in the
+town. Even the stores and taverns were vacant. The people soon made
+their appearance, however, when they found that we had come to stay, and
+before very long we had established the most friendly relations with
+them. By the time we were ready to leave, almost every family in town
+had its friends among the soldiers. They were very sociable, and always
+seemed glad to have the Federal officers call on them. The young ladies
+would sing and play the piano beautifully, and make things quite
+homelike for us after the routine of the day's work. Twenty years later,
+while passing through Fayetteville on my way to Atlanta, I received
+courtesies from a citizen who only knew me by reputation as one of the
+officers of the Third Wisconsin.
+
+It was curious to see what a difference slavery had made in the social
+life of these people. Everywhere work was considered disgraceful for
+a white man, and as only the occupation of the "nigger." In order
+to succeed socially, it was necessary to own slaves. The idea of
+hiring labor, or of being rich without negroes, was apparently
+incomprehensible. And in fact it was true that all of the people who had
+obtained any sort of success, intellectually or otherwise, had owned
+slaves.
+
+Most of the men who resided in the vicinity had served in the
+Confederate army. Some had been discharged on account of wounds or
+sickness, while others, and probably most of them, had deserted when
+they became sure that the fight was hopeless.
+
+My office was a common resort for these people after they had taken the
+oath of amnesty. They would sit around by the hour, and spin their yarns
+about the Confederate service. The recent deserters had to be sent to
+headquarters at Tullahoma for examination; and as we could communicate
+only with a strong escort, I would sometimes have half a dozen of them
+paroled to report to me daily until I could arrange to send on a party.
+
+In all my dealings with these people, I found scarcely any who really
+desired the success of the Union cause. There were plenty of them,
+probably the majority, who thought the Confederacy a failure, and wished
+to get back into the Union on the best possible terms; but they still
+clung to their old ideas. However, that did not interfere with our
+friendship and the good time that we had while we were there. And when
+the day at length came when we were obliged to leave, I think that they
+really were, as they professed to be, sorry at our going. And well they
+might be, for the regiment of Tennessee Union Cavalry, that occupied the
+town after we left, proceeded at once to kill several of the most
+prominent men who had not taken the amnesty oath, and at least one who
+had.
+
+On the morning of April 28, 1864, we said farewell to our Fayetteville
+friends and started out on the campaign which a year later was to end at
+Raleigh, North Carolina, with the surrender of Johnston's army and the
+end of the war. With us was a company of Tennessee Union Cavalry,
+commanded by Captain Brixey, which had been sent to Lincoln County to
+hunt bushwhackers. On leaving Fayetteville they had taken a horse
+belonging to Judge Chilcote, a prominent citizen, who had been of much
+assistance to me in the provost marshal's office in restoring civil
+government, and who had at the election been chosen county clerk. The
+Judge followed us, and asked to have his horse restored. Colonel Hawley
+of our Regiment at once compelled Captain Brixey to give it up. He did
+so with apparent reluctance, and then secretly sent a number of his men
+over a by-road to intercept the Judge on his return and kill him. This
+cowardly deed accomplished, the men rejoined their command. Brixey then
+pushed on ahead to Tullahoma, and on the next day left for the
+mountains of East Tennessee. The murder was reported to us that night.
+The Colonel sent back Captain Gardner with his mounted men to
+investigate, but the murderers had fled as soon as their deed became
+known, and nothing more could be done. After this outrage, Brixey never
+dared to rejoin our army. Some time later he was killed by Confederates
+in northwestern Georgia.
+
+During our stay at Fayetteville our Corps and the old Eleventh of the
+Army of the Potomac were consolidated, and became known as the Twentieth
+Corps of the Army of the Cumberland. The command was given to General
+Hooker. Our portion of the army would very much have preferred General
+H. W. Slocum, who was sent to Vicksburg. In the reorganization we became
+the Second Brigade of the First Division, with General Thomas H. Ruger
+commanding the Brigade and General A. S. Williams commanding the
+Division. At the suggestion of the officers of the Eleventh Corps, our
+old badge, the five-pointed star, was retained as the badge of the new
+corps.
+
+
+
+
+_Opening of the Atlanta Campaign_
+
+
+Our Regiment reached Tullahoma on April 30, to find that the rest of our
+Brigade had already gone to the front. We started out on the next day to
+join them, and on May 4 crossed the Tennessee River at Bridgeport. On
+the 7th we passed over the battle-field of Chickamauga, where signs of
+the conflict were still everywhere in evidence. On the night of the 8th
+we crossed the mountains by way of Nickajack Pass, and joined our
+Brigade at daylight the next morning. This passage over the mountains
+was interesting. The night was extremely dark and perfectly quiet. The
+men in charge of the wagon train had placed lighted candles on the rocks
+along the road, at intervals of about a hundred feet, in order to guide
+themselves and those who came after. These were still flickering when we
+came along.
+
+Our march to Atlanta was now well under way. The enemy continually fell
+back, and in most cases without offering serious resistance. The three
+armies of General Sherman, marching in parallel lines, seemed to be able
+to carry everything before them. On the 10th we again crossed the
+mountains at Snake Creek Gap, going into camp on the other side until
+the 13th. On the night of the 10th we were visited by a tremendous wind
+and rain storm, which blew down our tents, and raised the water in the
+creek so high that we had to move our camp or be drowned. At about this
+time, also, an order was read to the troops announcing the great success
+of the Army of the Potomac in the opening battles of the final campaign
+against Richmond.
+
+On the 14th we were moved to the extreme left to support General Howard,
+who was there engaged with the enemy. We arrived at about sundown, just
+as the Confederates were driving in a brigade of the Fourth Corps and
+threatening to capture a battery of artillery. As we moved forward in
+line of battle, ready to receive the advancing enemy, General Williams
+called out to the fleeing soldiers of the Fourth Corps to get back out
+of the way, for he had a division there from the Army of the Potomac
+that would protect them. All of which goes to show that even
+major-generals are human, and when they get a chance like to exult over
+their rivals. We checked the advance of the enemy without much trouble.
+
+At about noon on the 15th, General Butterfield, with our Third Division,
+moved forward to attack an earthwork and a four-gun battery, which the
+enemy held in his front. We moved forward on the left to support him;
+and encountering little opposition at first, advanced somewhat farther
+than the Third Division. We took position in the edge of a woods, where
+we made use of a rail fence and some logs to build a breastwork in
+anticipation of an attack, which the skirmish firing in front warned us
+was coming. We soon had sight of the advancing enemy. A few volleys from
+us, however, and they broke and ran. In a short time they again came up,
+with a new line. We disposed of that almost as quickly as the first. A
+third time they repeated the attempt, and again we beat them back.
+
+Now came the order to pursue. My Company, and the companies on my right,
+moved forward about two hundred yards in the woods. Suddenly we found
+that we were on the flank of a Brigade that was still stubbornly
+fighting with troops of the Twenty-Third Corps and the left companies
+of our Regiment. They were in a peach orchard, the nearest of them not
+fifty yards away. I hastily wheeled my Company, and Company H to the
+left, and opened fire. At such short range, and in such a crowd, every
+shot must have counted. The Confederates did not wait for much, but
+skedaddled as fast as their legs could carry them.
+
+Just as the last of them were disappearing from sight, I saw a man in
+Confederate uniform come running toward my Company, hatless, but with
+gun in hand. I supposed that he was coming in to give himself up. He
+came within twenty yards of us, then apparently noticed for the first
+time that we were Yankees. He immediately started to run back. I called
+to him to surrender, but it only increased his speed. Finding that he
+did not stop, two of my men fired at him, and both hit him. He fell dead
+almost instantly upon the field. I went forward then and examined him.
+He was a mere boy, not over twenty years of age. In his pocket we found
+his order, not two weeks old, from the conscript officer of his
+district, notifying him to join the army. I have seen fields of battle
+in front of our Regiment, covered over with the dead, without
+experiencing the pang of regret that I felt for this poor lad who,
+scarcely out from home, and too frightened and confused to know what to
+do, thus sadly met his fate.
+
+The loss of our Regiment in this fight was one killed and thirty-one
+wounded. Many of the wounded subsequently died, among them Reverend John
+M. Springer, the Chaplain of the Regiment. When drafted in 1863, he had
+been a Methodist minister in Monroe, Wisconsin. Believing this to be a
+call of duty he had refused to allow his church to secure a substitute,
+and had reported at Madison for service. When our Regiment was about to
+leave Wisconsin for the front, after the veteran furlough, we officers
+had been introduced to him in the Executive Chamber at the Capitol,
+where we had assembled on the invitation of the Governor. When sent for,
+Springer had been found doing sentinel duty before the gate of Camp
+Randall. We had elected him Chaplain, and he had joined us at
+Fayetteville as soon as he could secure his discharge as a private. On
+the morning of the battle, when the prospects seemed good for a lively
+fight, he had come to me and asked for a musket and some ammunition, for
+he did not wish to be lurking in the rear while we were in danger at the
+front. At my suggestion, he had previously posted himself in the
+tactics, so I now told him to take the place of a Lieutenant in my
+Company. He was the first man hit, and died in the hospital a few days
+later.
+
+By a strange coincidence, our picket found on the field in our front the
+dead body of the Chaplain of the Georgia Regiment with which we had been
+engaged. We were told by some of the wounded prisoners that he had been
+shot in coming up to recover the body of his son, a captain in the
+Regiment, who had been killed early in the fight.
+
+In this battle, for the first time in my experience, Confederate
+soldiers who might have escaped came in and gave themselves up as
+prisoners. I think as many as forty did this. They were all thoroughly
+discouraged, and the same feeling seems to have run through their whole
+army, for they were more quickly and easily beaten than I had ever seen
+them before.
+
+It was understood on our part that in order to give the Army of the
+Tennessee time to get below Resaca and cut off their retreat, we were
+not to push the attack against the enemy. They were too quick for us,
+however; the next morning they had abandoned Resaca, leaving behind them
+six heavy guns and large quantities of provisions and ammunition.
+
+On the 19th we came up to them again at Cassville, where we drove them
+into their entrenched lines and occupied the town. We expected a fight
+in the morning, but once more they were gone, this time across the
+Etowah River. After a rest of four days at Cassville, we again went
+forward, crossing the Etowah on a pontoon bridge without resistance.
+
+On the 25th we had nearly reached Dallas when we were turned back to
+assist General Geary, who had encountered a division of Hood's Corps,
+entrenched on the Marietta road to our left, at a place called New Hope
+Church. On our arrival we found that Geary's Division had already pushed
+back the enemy's skirmishers until the latter were thought to be in
+their main line of works, from which position we were ordered to drive
+them. The country was heavily timbered, and underbrush so obscured the
+view that it was impossible to see in any direction more than a few
+rods. When we came within sight of the enemy we found that a six-gun
+battery was posted a little in front of their line of infantry. The
+latter awaited us behind a breastwork, evidently hastily constructed of
+logs and earth, nevertheless affording fairly good shelter. As soon as
+we came within range, the battery opened on us with round shot and
+shell; then, as we came nearer, with grape and canister. But we pushed
+steadily on until we were less than sixty yards from them, when we
+halted; for we had lost so many men, and had become so disorganized in
+the march through the timber and brush that the impetus of our charge
+was gone. The regiments on both sides of us had already done the same.
+We sheltered ourselves as well as we could, behind trees and fallen
+timber, and opened fire on their battery, receiving a hot fire in return
+from their infantry. We succeeded, however, in driving off the
+Confederate gunners, and prevented the cannon from being worked for the
+remainder of the day.
+
+
+
+
+_Wounded and in Hospital_
+
+
+When we had first come within range of the grape-shot, my scabbard had
+been struck and cut in two at a point just below where I grasped it with
+my left hand. Later, when my men had sheltered themselves and had
+commenced firing, I was again struck. I was at the time resting on one
+knee in a position where I could watch the battery, and direct our fire
+upon it, for I was determined that the enemy should not have an
+opportunity to take it away so long as we had a chance to capture it. My
+attention had just been called to something on the left, when a bullet
+struck the front of my cap, cutting the figure "3" out of the bugle, and
+glancing from the bone, cut a gash across my forehead. For a time I lost
+all interest in that battle. When I regained my feet, Colonel Hawley,
+who was standing near, told me to get back to the hospital. I succeeded
+in finding my way to a small ravine that we had crossed, thinking as I
+got back of the line, that there were a thousand bullets flying, to
+every one nearer the front. At the small brook in the ravine, I tried to
+wash off the blood which was blinding me, but had such poor success that
+I concluded to follow the Colonel's advice and have the wound dressed. I
+considered it not much of a clip, and thought that in three days at the
+most I would be back with my company. It was about two months before I
+rejoined, and a good many years before I entirely recovered.
+
+On my way back to the hospital, I met in succession General Williams who
+commanded the Division, General Hooker who commanded the Corps, General
+Thomas who commanded the Army of the Cumberland, and General Sherman who
+commanded the Department. Each stopped and asked if I was much
+hurt--when I told that it was only a scratch, they were eager for
+information as to the situation at the front. I explained that we had
+driven the artillerymen from their guns, but that the infantry in their
+breastworks had been too much for us. Then each kindly told me to go to
+the hospital.
+
+At the hospital I found Dr. Conley, our Regimental Surgeon, who dressed
+my wound and gave me a blanket to lie down on. I got away to one side
+and tried to sleep, but the Doctor disturbed me so often to look at my
+wound that this was impossible. I finally lost all patience with him and
+ordered him to let me alone; but he afterwards explained that he feared
+I would go to sleep and wake up in the next world.
+
+This fight is known in the North as the Battle of Dallas, or the Battle
+of Pumpkinvine Creek, and in the South as the Battle of New Hope Church.
+In the engagement, our Regiment lost eighteen men killed and ninety-two
+wounded. This loss was quite unevenly distributed among the companies.
+Mine had sixteen men severely wounded, two of whom subsequently died.
+Company A, on my left, had six men killed and twenty-one wounded.
+Captain Hunter of Company F was wounded by a canister shot, in one of
+his legs near the knee-joint, and died shortly after. Captain Ruger of
+the Brigade staff also received a severe wound in the knee, which
+incapacitated him for further service during the war.
+
+On the afternoon of the day following the battle, I thought I was
+strong enough to go back to my Regiment. So I started out, against the
+protests of the surgeons; but after going about a quarter of a mile, my
+legs gave out, and I was obliged to return and obey directions. I
+remained at the field hospital for about three and a half days. During
+most of that time the surgeons were busy at the amputating table. On the
+morning of the 29th all of the slightly wounded were sent off with the
+wagon train. The more seriously wounded were sent off late in the
+afternoon in the ambulances. Captains Hunter, Ruger, and I went in the
+same ambulance, I was on the seat with the driver.
+
+At Kingston, where we arrived on the 30th, a long train of freight cars
+for the slightly wounded, and hospitals cars for the severely wounded
+was waiting, ready to start for Chattanooga. Captain Hunter was,
+however, too ill to go, and I would not leave him, so we waited over
+together until June 2. The ride to Chattanooga was a very severe one for
+poor Hunter, and he appeared to be much the worse for it. He recovered
+temporarily under the careful treatment at Chattanooga, of Doctor
+Persons of the First Wisconsin Cavalry, but on June 8 began to sink
+rapidly, and died on the afternoon of the following day.
+
+My wound was not dangerous, yet it was serious enough to entitle me to a
+leave of absence. I took advantage of it to return for a pleasant week
+to my Wisconsin home; then rejoined my Regiment near the Chattahoochee
+River on July 17. During my absence it had followed the fortunes of the
+Twentieth Corps, having had no hard fighting and but few casualties on
+the picket line. The term of service of the men who had not reenlisted
+had expired on June 29, and they had been mustered out. The officers in
+the various regiments, however, who wished to be mustered out, found
+themselves conscripted for a longer term. Their applications had been
+approved until they had reached General Thomas; but he had forwarded
+them to Washington with recommendations for dishonorable discharge.
+Discovering this danger, the officers had withdrawn their applications.
+A number in the Twenty-Ninth Pennsylvania had, however, been
+dishonorably discharged under such circumstances, and at the time this
+seemed to us an injustice.
+
+
+
+
+_The Siege of Atlanta_
+
+
+On the day that I rejoined the Regiment the army moved forward across
+the Chattahoochee River. During the next three days a farther advance
+was made across Peach Tree Creek, and we were now but a few miles from
+the fortifications of Atlanta. On the afternoon of the 20th, General
+Hood, the new Confederate commander who had succeeded Johnston, came out
+of his entrenchments and made a furious attack on our lines. The brunt
+of it fell on our Corps, which was somewhat in advance of the others.
+Our Regiment being in the second line was not engaged, for the first
+line repulsed the enemy along the entire front. The fighting was very
+severe, the Confederates coming up to the attack again and again. The
+loss in our Corps was about 2,000 killed and wounded; that of the enemy
+must have been double that number.
+
+On the night of the 21st I went on picket duty with instructions to
+advance my picket line if possible, for the enemy's pickets were so
+close that their stray bullets were causing much annoyance in our camp.
+We were not very successful during the night; but in the morning, when
+the whole Brigade picket line under Major Smith of the One Hundred
+Fiftieth New York, moved forward, the enemy had disappeared. As was now
+becoming quite usual, a number of their men remained behind to be taken
+prisoners.
+
+Major Smith's orders were to advance until he found the enemy. So we
+slowly pushed forward through their strong but abandoned works, and
+encountered no serious opposition until within about a mile of their
+fortifications immediately surrounding the city. We met their picket
+line on a hill, and drove it back a half mile, but they brought out
+against us such a strong force that we in turn were obliged to fall
+back, taking our stand on the hills where we had first met their
+pickets. From this position they did not seriously attempt to dislodge
+us.
+
+From our vantage we could see all of their manoeuvers. Apparently there
+were not more than 2,000 or 3,000 troops to prevent our entry into the
+city. I have always believed that if there had been someone high enough
+in command to have used the troops where I was that day, Atlanta could
+have been captured much more easily than it was six weeks later. At
+about six o'clock our Corps came up, and our picket line, once more
+moving forward, drove the Confederate skirmishers to within two hundred
+yards of their forts.
+
+The next day a battery of twenty-pound Parrott guns was planted on the
+hill and commenced throwing shells into the city over our heads. The
+enemy replied with spirit, and we received many of their compliments
+that were intended for the battery. Our men protected themselves by
+throwing up an earthwork in front of the camp, with a ditch behind it
+wide enough and deep enough to shelter all in case of necessity. The
+officers all had heavy earth barricades built in front of their tents,
+and these furnished fairly good protection.
+
+I remember to have been one night in the Colonel's tent when the shells
+were flying pretty lively. We were just discussing whether his
+embankment would stop a shell, when one came along and buried itself in
+the ground a little in front without exploding. The Colonel went out and
+found that it had gone two feet into the ground. One of the other
+officers present expressed the opinion that it would have gone through
+the breastwork if it had struck properly. The words were scarcely out of
+his mouth when another shell struck the work, penetrating about
+two-thirds of the way, and exploding without damage.
+
+At another time we were not so fortunate. A shell struck the barricade
+of Captain Orton of Company K, passed through, and exploded in the tent,
+mortally wounding him and seriously wounding Lieutenants Barager,
+Blanchard, and Schweers, who were with him. Lieutenant Barager served
+until the end of the war; but a few years after its close, he became, as
+a consequence of that shock, a physical and mental wreck.
+
+The enemy's sharpshooters were close enough to us to keep dropping their
+bullets incessantly into our camp. It was at first rather annoying to
+have them come pattering around whenever anyone moved, but in time we
+became so accustomed to the missiles, that we went about our ordinary
+business as though there were no Confederates within forty miles. On one
+occasion the Thirteenth New Jersey went out in front of the line and
+captured thirty-five of the enemy's pickets, and burned the houses where
+the marksmen had been stationed.
+
+On July 28 General Hooker was at his own request relieved of the command
+of our Corps. He had taken offence at being jumped by General Howard for
+the command of the Army of the Tennessee, after the death of General
+McPherson in the battle of July 22. I do not believe that the highest
+officers generally sympathized with Hooker, but the Corps as a whole
+felt that his loss was a serious blow. He had large personal influence
+on his troops. During an active campaign, virtually every soldier in his
+Corps saw him almost daily. If there was a picket line to be
+established, he personally examined it; if an assault was made on the
+enemy, he was with the foremost, always brave to the extreme of
+recklessness. He was, moreover, careful of the welfare of his men. He
+made his commissaries attend strictly to business, and his Corps would
+often be furnished with the delicacies of army rations when others were
+short or had nothing but hardtack and salt pork. It was a common remark
+all through the army that Joe Hooker fed his men the best, and fought
+them the best, of any of the corps commanders. Of course his men
+worshipped him and under him were invincible; for the same reason the
+enemy dreaded him worse than anything else mortal.
+
+The newspapers of the day said that the appointment of General Howard
+was the work of President Lincoln. But it was reported in the Corps,
+that General Sherman had been the prime mover. It was freely whispered
+among us that Sherman, with all his great talents and acknowledged
+ability, was affected with the same weakness that was said to have
+troubled Napoleon--the not being able to look with complacency on the
+great personal popularity of a subordinate. Sherman was reported to have
+allowed this feeling to break forth into positive insult of General
+Hooker and his Corps in the presence of subordinates. For instance, on
+the night after the battle of Peach Tree Creek, before any returns of
+casualties had been made, Hooker told Sherman that he had lost that day
+nearly 2,000 men. "Oh pshaw!" answered Sherman, "that's nothing; they'll
+all be back in the morning." Later it was found that 1,700 members of
+the Corps had been killed or wounded, and that they had successfully
+repulsed the whole Confederate army with a reported loss to the latter
+of 6,000.
+
+Before leaving, General Hooker invited all the colonels in the Corps to
+call on him, and told them frankly his reasons for resigning. He said
+that during the whole campaign he had been subjected to unbearable
+insults and indignities, and his Corps and its performances had been
+underrated and disparaged. And now, to have promoted over him a junior
+officer from this Department, whose rank and service were far below his,
+was the last straw; his reputation as a soldier and his honor as a man
+would not, he said, admit of his remaining.
+
+The enemy's picket line had been temporarily quieted by the advance of
+the Thirteenth New Jersey, but was now again annoying us. These pickets
+were on a ridge about two hundred yards in front of their main line of
+works, and not more than four hundred yards from our camp. They had
+lines of pits dug all along their position and could at any time
+communicate with their main line. Our pickets were also located in pits,
+but could only be relieved at night. It was determined to reverse this
+order of things. So at daylight on July 30, at a preconcerted signal,
+our whole Brigade picket line, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Morse
+of the Second Massachusetts, jumped out of their pits, crossed the
+intervening space at a run, and captured the enemy's entire line,
+numbering seven officers and ninety-seven men.
+
+A regiment was immediately sent out to reenforce our men, and
+breastworks were hastily thrown up. From their forts and main
+breastworks, the enemy poured into us a shower of shot and shell; but
+our men held their position all day, many of them firing as much as two
+hundred rounds of ammunition. At night the position was made impregnable
+against anything save a movement in large force; and in the morning the
+enemy were compelled to withdraw their artillery and close the
+embrasures of their forts.
+
+For some weeks there was not much change in the situation, so far as we
+were concerned. There was much hard work for the men in the trenches,
+and they were all getting anxious for the capture of Atlanta. I believe
+nine-tenths of them would rather have fought the matter out in an open
+battle than to have kept on scraping and shoveling to dig them out. It
+seemed to us at the time that between our army and that of the
+Confederates, there had been enough dirt dug, from Louisville to
+Atlanta, to have built all the railroads in the United States.
+
+For a time in our advanced position, firing on the picket line was
+constant, and there were many casualties. In a week or two, however, a
+sort of truce was established, and firing ceased. Just before I had
+rejoined my Regiment on the Chattahoochee, our pickets had been quite
+friendly with the pickets of the enemy. They had traded coffee for
+tobacco, and had offered to take letters and send them to Union
+prisoners in their hands. I should at this time have liked to send a
+letter to my brother. But now they would not go as far as that; nothing
+would induce them to meet us between the picket lines for trading; to
+all our advances they replied that their orders forbade them to do so.
+
+On August 25 important changes were made in the disposition of our
+troops. Our Corps was withdrawn from before Atlanta and moved back to
+the Chattahoochee River. The rest of the army was moved around to the
+south of Atlanta, temporarily abandoning its communications; this was in
+order, by threatening his flank, to compel Hood to come out of his works
+and fight us in the open.
+
+Throughout that day our heavy guns poured a constant stream of shot and
+shell into the city. As soon as darkness had settled down on the camps,
+we silently folded our tents and moved back. I had been on picket duty
+that night; it was still and clear, and the slightest sound could be
+heard at a great distance. As I passed along the picket line, from man
+to man, and gave them the word to follow instructions--which were for
+each man, as I passed him, to leave his post and go back silently to the
+rear--I could hear the Confederates changing their relief just a little
+in my front. In one case I heard the old sentinel tell the new one to
+"keep a sharp watch on those Yanks over there," for they were up to
+something and he believed they were going to attack.
+
+At the railroad bridge over the Chattahoochee, where we took position,
+earthworks had already been built. We strengthened them and built new
+ones, so that by the night of the 26th we were in condition to fight the
+whole of Hood's army. Hood was, however, too busy south of Atlanta,
+where Sherman now was, to trouble us; and we had several days of
+complete quiet. It was a great relief, after our experiences in the
+trenches, to be able to walk around without hearing the bullets whistle
+about our ears. Not the least of our enjoyment was, to have a good river
+close at hand to bathe in.
+
+During our stay here, General Slocum arrived and took command of the
+Corps. When he made his first tour around the camp, he was given a royal
+reception by his old command. They had all been anxious to have as their
+leader someone who had been identified with them in the Army of the
+Potomac. With that army they had won their laurels, and they wished
+still to be known as a part of it.
+
+Slocum was a very different type of man from Hooker. The latter was
+brilliant and dashing, and in the excitement of battle his ardor and
+personal courage carried him where the fire was hottest. Slocum, on the
+contrary, reminded one of the descriptions of Marlborough. Cool and
+unimpassioned he directed a battle as he would a review. Without
+particularly avoiding danger, he would not rush recklessly into it.
+Hooker was an inveterate boaster. Slocum usually said nothing. I think
+most men would have considered Hooker the better leader, and Slocum the
+better man.
+
+Late on the night of September 1, while I was on picket duty, I heard in
+the direction of Atlanta what I at first thought was artillery. The
+rumbling kept increasing in intensity until it seemed like the heaviest
+firing I had ever heard. Finally, a number of terrific explosions lit up
+the air. At six miles distance they seemed like bright flashes of
+lightning. I knew then that the enemy were blowing up their powder
+magazines. I supposed, however, that Sherman was fighting his way into
+Atlanta from the south.
+
+At daylight a reconnoitering party was sent out toward the city. They
+found it evacuated, except for a small rear guard of cavalry which was
+soon driven out. The remainder of the Corps moved up in the afternoon,
+our Regiment reaching the city at about dark. Sherman's flanking
+movement had been completely successful. He had met Hood on the Macon
+Railroad, near Jonesboro, and had beaten him terribly. The Confederate
+commander had been obliged to evacuate Atlanta at once, blowing up
+eighty cars of ammunition which had been cut off by the capture of the
+railroad at Jonesboro. He had been compelled to destroy, also, the large
+rolling mill of the city, which was said to have been the only mill in
+the South where plating for gunboats could be manufactured.
+
+We found more Union sentiment in Atlanta than anywhere else in the
+South. As our Brigade entered the city, at about nine o'clock at night,
+many of the women brought out buckets of water for us to drink. They
+were very bitter against Hood's army, which they said had robbed them
+of everything that could be carried off, with the excuse that the
+Yankees would steal it anyway. They were agreeably disappointed to find
+that the Yankees did not rob them of a thing.
+
+Immense quantities of tobacco were abandoned by the Secessionist
+citizens who left town. This fact ruined the sutlers' trade in that
+article. On the day before Atlanta fell, tobacco sold in our camps at a
+dollar a plug, and fifteen cents for cigars. On the day after, plug
+tobacco passed about for five cents, and cigars were twenty-five cents a
+hundred. Our men found tobacco in every conceivable place. One lot of
+twenty boxes was dug out from under a big ash-heap. It was, however, the
+only plunder obtained, for the most stringent orders were issued against
+pillaging occupied houses.
+
+The effects of the Union bombardment could everywhere be seen in the
+city. Almost every house had the marks on it of shot and shell. One man
+showed me a dozen shells that had struck in his garden. The families
+remaining in the city had all built in their yards bombproofs, to which
+they had fled for safety whenever the shelling was in progress.
+
+On September 6 Sherman's army came back from Jonesboro, and went into
+camp in the vicinity of town. For a time we enjoyed the luxury of
+complete rest, after our four months of continuous campaigning. On
+September 23 our Regiment received from Wisconsin 200 fresh recruits,
+who had just been secured under the draft. Every one was a substitute,
+and a splendid lot of men they were physically, representing almost
+every nation in Europe--English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, Germans, French,
+Norwegians, and I don't know how many others. Some of them could not
+speak a word of English. Over a dozen were full-blooded Chippewa
+Indians, who until they put on the uniforms of the United States Army,
+had never worn the clothing of civilized people. They were all excellent
+raw material, and in the course of time made good soldiers. I recall
+only two of the entire 200 who deserted.
+
+About the first of October, Hood set out on his trip to the North, in
+the attempt to starve us out of Atlanta. On October 3 Sherman started
+after him with all of the army except our Corps, which was left to hold
+the town. Our camps were now changed around so as to defend the city on
+a shorter line. Our Brigade was moved from the south to the northwest
+side, and set to work to build new breastworks, or rather to rebuild the
+old ones of the Confederates.
+
+The enemy succeeded in getting upon our railroad to the North, and for
+about twenty days we were completely cut off without news or provisions.
+However, they had left us the whole of the country southward to forage
+in; and this, together with the rice we had captured in the city, and
+the "beef dried on the hoof," as the men called the cattle that were
+driven in, kept us a long way from starving. Every week our forage
+trains would run out into the country to the south, and gather in from
+500 to 700 wagon-loads of corn, besides living, while they were out, on
+the best that the land afforded. Moreover, we had our provisions all to
+ourselves; for on September 10 Sherman had ordered all the citizens of
+the town to leave either to the North or to the South.
+
+On October 11 our Regiment went out for the first time on a foraging
+expedition. There were 2,500 men in the detachment, and a train of about
+500 wagons. About fifteen miles south of Atlanta we found plenty of corn
+for the animals; and for the men, abundance of sweet potatoes and other
+dainties not laid down in the army menu. In two days we had our wagons
+laden with all that could be hauled away. About a fortnight later we
+went out again and brought in over 800 wagons of corn.
+
+The forage which we thus gathered was the salvation of our animals and
+beef cattle. The mules had been on half rations of grain all summer,
+quite without hay, and the whole country in the vicinity of Atlanta had
+been grazed over until it was as bare as a city street. The beeves that
+had been driven down from Louisville, had for weeks nothing to eat save
+the leaves and sprouts on the bushes. It was a standing joke among the
+men that the commissary always killed for beef those animals that could
+not survive until the next day.
+
+
+
+
+_The March to the Sea_
+
+
+On October 29 came the first through trains from Chattanooga, after the
+movement of Hood to the North. On the same day came orders to reduce
+baggage and prepare for marching. Soon, rumors were spreading about the
+camp that we were to start on a fifty days' campaign, without
+communications. On November 4 we were ready to move. I wrote numerous
+letters of good-bye to friends at home, telling them that they would
+hear from me next at Charleston or Savannah. I hoped that it would be
+Charleston, for I wanted the people of South Carolina who started the
+war to feel its effects and to reap their share of the horrors.
+
+On November 5 we started out and marched three miles from town. The next
+day, however, we returned in order to wait until the Army of the
+Tennessee might be paid off. This gave us a chance to vote in the
+Presidential election, which we had come very near missing. Our Regiment
+gave Lincoln 304 votes and McClellan 21. For another full week we
+remained in Atlanta, our Regiment being occupied the entire time in
+tearing up railroad tracks and destroying everything of value in the
+city. By the time we were ready to leave, Atlanta was worth little more
+to the Confederates than any other piece of ground of similar size. On
+November 15 we started out in earnest on the now famous "March to the
+Sea." Our last view of Atlanta, the prize for which we had so long
+struggled, was a column of dense smoke from its burning buildings; we
+had destroyed everything in town except the churches and private
+residences.
+
+Our expedition numbered about 50,000 men, under the command of Sherman.
+Thomas's army remained behind to look after Hood. We took with us only
+about twenty days' rations, for the country through which we passed was
+expected to furnish the remainder of our needs. The army proceeded in
+two columns--the right wing under Howard making for Macon; the left
+under Slocum making for Augusta. Each corps, also, took a different
+route in order to be able to subsist more easily on the country.
+
+Our Corps proceeded along the Augusta railroad, which we destroyed as
+we went along by burning the ties and twisting the heated rails. Parts
+of the country were poor and furnished little forage. Other portions,
+however, compensated by giving us an abundance of sweet potatoes and
+pork, with occasional lots of corn meal, flour, and sorghum, and, for
+the first arrivals on the plantation, chickens and turkeys. On our route
+we found plenty of good horses and mules, and all the forage that we
+could carry off. Occasionally, also the enterprising forager would
+capture some apple-jack or corn whiskey.
+
+At Madison we turned and took the road to Milledgeville, the capital of
+Georgia. Geary's Division, however, followed up the railroad to the
+Oconee River, and destroyed the Oconee bridge. We entered Milledgeville
+on the 22nd without opposition, and camped in the state-house yard.
+During our stay, our Regiment and the One Hundred Seventh New York
+guarded the city. I took up my quarters with an acquaintance of one of
+my Wisconsin friends, and saw to it that his house and family were not
+molested. He had several hundred bales of cotton stored near town,
+which Sherman had consented to have bonded; but some zealous officer or
+officious "bummer," had set fire to it before it could be saved.
+
+Upon our approach to Milledgeville, Governor Brown of Georgia, had
+released all of the convicts in the State Prison at that place. In
+celebration of their freedom, their first act was to destroy the old
+prison. Our first work was to destroy the Milledgeville arsenal, in
+which was stored a large quantity of Confederate arms and ammunition. We
+carried out and threw into the river, all of the ammunition in the
+magazine, and burned up all of the arms and equipment. Besides several
+thousand stands of good arms, there were a lot of old-fashioned rifles
+and shot-guns, and thousands of pikes and bowie knives that had been
+manufactured by the State for the militia, with which to repel Yankees.
+In the state-house were millions of dollars of Georgia State money, in
+bills of all denominations and to these the men helped themselves
+without limit. All of the cotton in the vicinity that could be burned
+without endangering good buildings, was destroyed, and that which was
+stored in the city was bonded not to be turned over to the Confederate
+Government, or used for its benefit. I was sent out with a detachment of
+men to search the stores for tobacco, and found enough to load several
+wagons, which kept the army supplied with that article until we reached
+Savannah.
+
+From Milledgeville we marched eastward toward Sandersville, through a
+very poor country. At Buffalo Creek, a swampy stream about eight miles
+from Sandersville, we found that the seven bridges crossing it had been
+burned--the negroes told us that this had been done by the people of
+Sandersville. We were delayed about three hours in repairing the
+bridges, so did not arrive at Sandersville until the next morning. For
+the last two days we had been on slim rations, and Sandersville was well
+supplied. Of course there was a general rush for eatables, and the town
+was soon raided. The citizens hurried to Sherman to make complaint and
+get protection.
+
+He turned on them and asked, "Which of you was it who set fire to those
+bridges yesterday?" They all denied having done it, but admitted that it
+had been done by citizens of the town. "Well," said he, "those that make
+war must take the consequences," which was all the consolation they
+got. Later, we found the man who fired the bridges; he was promptly
+arrested and his property burned.
+
+As we entered Sandersville we had a sharp skirmish with Wheeler's
+Confederate Cavalry, in which two of them were killed. Our Indians
+seemed to think it was not exactly right to leave the dead bodies with
+their scalps on. They soon fell into the civilized custom of making war,
+however, and did not afterward express any desire to take scalps.
+
+From Sandersville we turned south until we reached the Georgia Central
+Railroad at Tennille Station. We burned the railway buildings there, and
+proceeded along the line, tearing it up as we went along.
+
+On November 28 we passed near the home of the Honorable Herschel V.
+Johnson.[1] By prodding into the ground with their ramrods, some of our
+foragers found there a lot of more or less valuable papers and letters,
+which had for safe-keeping been buried in his cabbage patch. Some of the
+letters from his son, who was an officer on Hood's staff, afforded us
+much amusement. Our mess forager found here, also, a stock of flour that
+lasted until we reached Savannah.
+
+[1] H. V. Johnson was born in Burke County, Georgia, in 1812. He served
+his State as Federal Senator from 1848 to 1849, and as Governor from
+1853 to 1857. In 1860 he was nominated for the Vice-Presidency on the
+ticket of Stephen A. Douglas. He opposed to the last the secession of
+Georgia, but ultimately cast his lot with his State, and was elected to
+the Confederate Senate. After the war he was active in securing the
+restoration of Georgia to her political rights in the Union. In 1866 he
+was again chosen to the Federal Senate, but was unable to serve under
+the reconstruction acts of Congress. He died in Jefferson County,
+Georgia, in 1880.
+
+
+
+Thus far, we had almost always found sufficient provisions along the
+line of march to feed the command fairly well. Now, however, we were
+obliged to send out strong parties of foragers for long distances on our
+flanks, to search the country in order to get enough to eat. Wherever we
+went we destroyed everything that might be of value to the enemy. On the
+29th, near Bostwick, we burned up millions of feet of bridge timber, all
+got out and framed for bridges, that the Confederates expected to build
+when the Yankees were driven out. I noticed that some of the timbers
+were marked Strawberry Plains and Chattanooga Creek.
+
+On December 3 our column crossed the Millen & Augusta Railroad near
+Millen, and destroyed as much of it as we could. We were now in a level,
+sandy country, thickly covered with pine timber, and plantations were
+few and scattered. On the 4th we heard cannonading in the distance,
+which was said by citizens to be at Charleston, South Carolina, seventy
+miles away. On the 7th we found our road for a distance obstructed with
+felled timber, which, however, so little delayed the march that those in
+the rear would not have known of it. On the 8th, after passing
+Springfield, the trains and pack-mules were left behind, with the Third
+Division as a guard, while the First and Second Divisions pushed on
+rapidly toward Savannah.
+
+
+
+
+_In Front of Savannah_
+
+
+We encountered the enemy in force for the first time fourteen miles from
+Savannah, in Monteith Swamp, where they had built an earthwork across
+the road and felled trees in front of it. The First Brigade of our
+Division was sent around to their left, and our Brigade to their right,
+while the Third Brigade moved forward on the center. Our plan was to
+hold their attention to the front, while we got around on their rear.
+They discovered us in time, however, to escape. Captain Kleven of
+Company H, who with his skirmishers, was in advance of our Brigade, made
+a rapid movement forward as soon as he saw the enemy falling back, and
+succeeded in capturing three prisoners. The First Brigade opened fire at
+about the same time, sending a few bullets over our way, and severely
+wounding in the foot, Captain Buck of Company B. The Third Brigade also
+came up in time to claim a share in the honor of capturing the three
+prisoners. Finally, to settle the dispute, the prisoners themselves were
+brought to Division headquarters, where they pointed out Captain Kleven
+as their captor.
+
+At Monteith Station we captured the post-office and a considerable mail.
+The letters, which were mostly written by the soldiers whom we had
+tried to capture the day before, afforded the men an abundance of fun.
+
+On the 10th we marched to within about four miles of Savannah, where we
+were stopped by the entrenched enemy. While we were getting into line, a
+detail of foragers, gathered along the banks of the Savannah River,
+spied a small steamer coming up the stream from the city. They hid
+themselves along the shore until the boat was directly opposite, when
+they opened a musketry fire and compelled the craft to surrender. It
+proved to be a Confederate dispatch boat on its way up the river to warn
+the fleet that Sherman and his army had arrived. The fleet did not
+receive the warning, and interesting developments followed. The men who
+had captured the prize did not know its value, and after stripping it of
+everything they wanted, set fire to it.
+
+The country between our lines and those of the enemy was a big rice
+plantation, which overflowed at every high tide, and which could be kept
+under water by closing the flood-gates. The only means of access to the
+city were the narrow causeways built through this swamp. At the point
+where we were located, the Savannah River is divided by Argyle Island
+into two channels, the main or navigable one being near the Georgia
+shore. The island is about ten miles long, and at our end something like
+a mile wide. It was occupied by a large rice plantation, which naturally
+overflowed about two feet at high tide, but which had been ditched and
+diked so that the flow was regulated at the flood-gates. If we could
+control these, we could keep the island passable. The plantation
+buildings were situated on the east side, near the channel, where a
+number of acres rose high enough above the general surface to be safe
+from overflow.
+
+On the evening of the 11th our Regiment was ordered across to Argyle
+Island. There were on hand but two or three skiffs, and only a portion
+of the men could be brought over that night. In the morning the crossing
+was being continued, when suddenly the discovery was made that three
+steamers were coming around the bend of the river on their way to
+Savannah. Owing to the vigilance of our foragers on the previous day,
+they had received no warning of the presence of Sherman's army.
+
+Captain Winegar of Battery M, First New York Artillery, had his rifled
+guns in position on a slight elevation along the shore, where he
+commanded the river for a stretch of nearly a mile. As soon as the
+steamers, which were a part of Commodore Tattnall's Mosquito Fleet, came
+into plain view, he opened on them. They probably had never before been
+under fire for their crews seemed confused. The first craft, which was a
+gunboat, commenced immediately backing and turning. The second, the
+armed tender "Resolute," started to do the same, but was run into by the
+third, and so badly crippled that she drifted ashore against Argyle
+Island. The other two vessels managed to escape up the river.
+
+While the miniature naval battle was going on, our men who were on the
+island, under command of Captain Barager, had hastened to the scene.
+When the "Resolute" drifted ashore, they were on hand to prevent the
+officers and crew from making their escape in small boats, as they had
+started to do. There were twenty prisoners in all. We afterwards had a
+fine lot of fun listening to the officers as they accused one another of
+being the cause of the disaster. The "Resolute" was towed over to the
+Georgia shore, near the battery, but could not be repaired in time to be
+of any service in our future operations on the island.
+
+The question of rations was at this time becoming vital. One day's
+allowance had been issued to us on the day after our arrival in front of
+Savannah. We were, therefore, on the lookout for anything that might
+serve to supplement our supplies. As soon as my Company had come across
+to the island, we took the shortest route to the plantation buildings on
+the east side. Not a thing was left; those who had come before us had
+already absorbed everything. But at the landing I found a good six-oared
+boat that would carry about ten men besides the rowers. Impressing a
+crew of negroes to row the boat, I started for a plantation on the other
+side of the river, about half a mile up, thinking that I would be the
+first man of Sherman's army to invade South Carolina. On landing,
+however, I was told by the blacks that two of our "bummers" had been
+there the day before, and in an altercation with the plantation hands
+had killed one of them. The funeral was just going on when we arrived.
+Subsequent events made me believe that Wheeler's Cavalry, and not our
+men were responsible for this tragedy.
+
+I placed a sentinel out on the only road by which a mounted force could
+approach, and then began a search for eatables. We soon were rewarded by
+a good supply of sweet potatoes and sorghum. In the boat-house we found
+a fine lot of boats; as these were especially valuable for our purposes,
+we shoved them all out into the river to float down to our landing on
+the island. We had just loaded up our supplies, when my sentinel came
+running in with the report that a large force of cavalry were coming. We
+hastily pulled back to the island and waited for them; but they did not
+come to close quarters and soon retired.
+
+Three days later I was sent out with Captain Barager's Company and my
+own to take possession of this plantation. We knew that the enemy now
+held it in some force, but we did not know how strong they were. I had
+secured boats enough on our first raid to be able to take over both of
+our companies at one time. We started in the morning, when it was as yet
+scarcely light, hoping to come upon the enemy unexpectedly. Their
+sentinels discovered us, however, and fired on us while crossing. We
+landed about a quarter of a mile from the plantation buildings and
+rapidly pushed forward. I sent Barager with his Company to the right,
+while I took the direct course to the rice mill, in which the enemy were
+sheltered.
+
+The country was broken up into a mass of ditches, dykes, and canals. We
+found that our only road was along a narrow dyke, and that we should
+either have to return or charge them in single file. We did not retreat.
+In less time than it takes to tell this story, we had the mill. They
+gave us one volley and hit nobody. We did not fire a shot. They escaped
+with their guns and ammunition, but we captured all their provisions,
+including their breakfast cooking on the fire. For the first time in
+three days we had all that we wanted to eat. Colonel Hawley came over
+soon after, with three more companies, but toward night the Confederates
+appeared in such force that we again withdrew to the island.
+
+The next morning the enemy brought down a section of artillery to the
+Smith Plantation, as it was called, and commenced shelling our island
+camp. I was sent with my Company to get as close as possible to them on
+our side of the river, and either silence them or drive them off. I got
+up within about a hundred and fifty yards of them and opened fire. They
+immediately turned their guns on us, and for a few minutes gave it to us
+hot. We had good shelter, however, and lost only one man--John Furlong,
+a veteran of Company E. It took me about twenty minutes to drive off the
+battery, but their infantry held out all day.
+
+On the 19th the whole Brigade crossed over to the Smith Plantation, with
+a section of artillery. Entrenchments were built at all commanding
+points, and preparation made to hold the position. On the 20th Colonel
+Hawley made a reconnoissance in force toward Union Causeway, the only
+Confederate outlet from Savannah, but found the enemy in such strength
+that he could not reach it. But from our position we could see the lines
+of their wagons leaving the city. On the morning of the 21st it was
+found that the enemy had evacuated Savannah, and our troops moved in and
+took possession.
+
+We now received orders to recross the river to the Georgia side and
+march to Savannah. We had nothing but flatboats to cross in, and a
+strong wind was against us, so that we made slow progress while our
+Regiment covered the crossing. When all the rest had passed over, and we
+were about half embarked, the enemy swarmed down upon us by the
+thousand. They had us surrounded on three sides, with a river behind;
+and our chances for seeing Savannah were not brilliant. Nevertheless, we
+faced about and prepared to fight them. Our friends of the Second
+Massachusetts came, without orders, back to our assistance, and placed
+themselves where they could cover our flanks. We were sheltered behind a
+dyke, and the enemy could not get at us save by charging across an open
+rice field; this they did not have the nerve to do, so that when
+darkness settled down we got off safely to the island. I think there was
+not a man in our command, but thanked his lucky stars that it was not
+some of Lee's veterans that had us in that fix that night.
+
+
+
+
+_In Savannah_
+
+
+The next day, we crossed without interruption from the island to the
+Georgia shore, which we reached by four o'clock, and then marched toward
+Savannah. We went into camp on the bank of the river about two miles
+from the city, and this ended on our part the "March to the Sea."
+
+Just twenty-five days had elapsed from the time our army left Atlanta
+until it signalled the fleet off the coast. During that time our wing
+had marched 300 miles, destroyed over 400 miles of railroad and an
+amount of cotton that can hardly be estimated, and most of the time had
+lived off the country. Of our immense train of 2,500 wagons not one had
+been captured on the route. We had moreover secured an almost entirely
+new stock of mules and horses. And to crown all, we had won Savannah
+with an immense amount of the spoils of war. It was everywhere the
+opinion that Sherman had struck the hardest blow at the Rebellion that
+it had yet received, and at the least cost. The troops were in high
+spirits over their continued successes. The feeling prevailed that they
+had but to start for a place, and it was theirs. The confidence in
+Sherman was unlimited. When we left Atlanta, on what was considered the
+most perilous movement of the war, I never heard a single expression of
+doubt as to our ultimate success. The Confederates whom we encountered
+considered him the ablest general that had commanded troops in the war,
+and feared him more than any other.
+
+We remained at Savannah until January 17, 1865. Our camp was in a
+beautiful grove of live oaks and pine, festooned with Spanish moss, and
+the weather was delightful. The work was comparatively light, and the
+men were confidently looking forward to the end of the war. We built new
+fortifications around the city on nearly the same lines as the old
+Revolutionary works. New roads were constructed across Hutchinson Island
+and northward into South Carolina. We were also busy, in order that
+supplies might be brought in as fast as needed, in clearing out the
+Savannah River, which the enemy had closed with obstructions.
+
+The citizens of Savannah seemed well pleased with their change of
+rulers. They uniformly treated us with courtesy, and displayed a
+sociability that we did not usually encounter in the South. In return,
+General Sherman showed them every possible consideration. I was never in
+a captured place where private property was respected and protected as
+it was here, or where citizens were allowed so many privileges.
+Employment was furnished to those who wanted it, and a large amount of
+provisions was placed at the disposal of the mayor of the city for
+distribution among the destitute.
+
+A good story was told on the Episcopal rector of the town. He had been
+deputized by the rest of the clergy to wait on General Sherman, and get
+permission to preach. When he stated his business, Sherman at once
+replied, "Of course you can preach; that is just what I want you to do."
+
+The preacher then stammered out an enquiry whether he would be compelled
+to pray for the President of the United States. "Pray for Jeff. Davis
+or the Devil, if you want to," replied Sherman; "I think you had better
+pray for them, for they need it more than Lincoln."
+
+
+
+
+_Marching Northward_
+
+
+On January 17 we crossed the Savannah River on our bridge of flatboats,
+and started on our new campaign to the North. We were at the outset met
+by such fearful weather that we were virtually brought to a standstill.
+Only a portion of our army had yet crossed to the South Carolina side,
+when a freshet of unprecedented height raised the river so suddenly that
+it swept away the bridge, overflowed Hutchinson Island, and carried off
+a lot of wagons and mules that were just about to start. The freshet
+came before there had been a drop of rain in our vicinity; but it began
+to rain immediately after, and it seemed as though it would never stop.
+The country everywhere became a perfect quagmire, and a dry spot was
+hard to find.
+
+Slowly we proceeded up the east side of the Savannah River, the
+remainder of Sherman's army following on the right side. On the 29th,
+at Robertsville, we encountered a strong force of Wheeler's Cavalry,
+which delayed our column for a short time. Our Regiment was sent to the
+front to drive them off. The two right companies, under command of
+Captain Haskins, deployed as skirmishers, and soon swept the enemy away
+like chaff before the wind. On the 30th we opened communications with
+Sherman at Sister's Ferry, where he had brought the remainder of his
+army across into South Carolina.
+
+We now left Savannah River, marching almost directly north. Profiting by
+our previous experiences, we early organized a foraging party of four
+men from each company. They had permission to mount themselves with
+captured animals as soon as possible. In a short time they not only had
+mounts, but sufficient pack animals to carry several days' provisions
+for the Regiment. The first time they came into camp they presented a
+motley appearance, riding horses and mules, and displaying every variety
+of saddle and harness known to man. But they were soon as well mounted
+as the cavalry, and had transportation and equipment for any service. As
+we marched northward, the enemy's cavalry became more and more active
+on our flanks, so that our foragers were compelled to unite for
+protection. Our detail and that from the Second Massachusetts, under
+Lieutenant Thompson, were united almost from the start.
+
+The low ground and the constant rains made marching so difficult that we
+rarely covered more than twelve miles in a day. Much of the way we were
+obliged to corduroy the roads for the trains. For this purpose we used
+fence rails when they were to be had; when there were none, we cut
+timber and brush. Reaching the Charleston & Augusta Railroad at Graham
+Station on February 7, we spent the next four days in destroying the
+tracks toward Augusta.
+
+While we were in camp at Graham Station, Colonel Hawley, who now
+commanded our Brigade, and General Slocum, our Corps commander, had an
+argument as to the best method of tearing up a railroad track. Hawley
+contended that it was best to line up the men along the track, and at
+the word of command have them pick it up and turn it over. Slocum
+protested that this could not be done. A bet was made of a bottle of
+Apollinaris water, or something else, and Hawley sent for his old
+Regiment to try the experiment. When the order came to fall in without
+arms, our men were cooking their supper. Captain Woodford of Hawley's
+staff went along the line, while we were forming, and explained that the
+Colonel had made a bet as to what the Regiment could do. We were soon
+lined up along the track, and the command was given to take hold and
+lift. In the hands of those brawny men, that railroad was a plaything.
+It went over so fast, that some of the staff officers who had gathered
+to watch the performance, had to move lively to escape the flying rails
+and ties.[2]
+
+[2] A detailed description of the manner of destroying railroad track
+during Sherman's Campaign is given by Gen. H. W. Slocum, "Sherman's
+March from Savannah to Bentonville," in _Century Magazine_ Old Series,
+xxxiv, p. 930.
+
+
+From Graham Station we marched northward through constant rain and mud,
+subsisting entirely on the country, without drawing rations except
+coffee or sugar, and generally we had plenty to eat; corn meal and bacon
+constituted our usual bill of fare. The army was in fine spirits. In
+thus picking up a living in such a country, where the only products of
+the soil seemed to be tar and rosin, and pitch pines the only visible
+vegetation, they felt confident of their ability to find a living
+anywhere.
+
+Our Corps did not enter Columbia, but crossed the Saluda River about ten
+miles above. The Fifteenth and Seventeenth Corps of the Army of the
+Tennessee occupied the city, and destroyed everything in it. They
+released about sixty Union officers who were confined there; and between
+them and the soldiers and the whiskey that was found Columbia soon
+ceased to exist. Scarcely a private residence, even, was left. The only
+thing that would not burn was the new state-house, said to have been the
+finest in the Union, and this was mined and blown up. South Carolina was
+having a bitter taste of the horrors of war.
+
+On February 21 we struck at Winnsboro the railroad running between
+Columbia and Charlotteville; and following this northward for a
+distance, destroyed it as we went along. Then turning toward the
+northeast, by way of Rocky Mount, Hanging Rock, and Chesterfield, we
+marched to Fayetteville, North Carolina.
+
+During the entire march from Columbia to Fayetteville we had but three
+pleasant days; the rain was almost continuous. Our road, most of the
+way, was through swamps and creeks, where bridges had to be built and
+roads corduroyed. Frequently, from early morning until midnight, we
+worked in rain and mud to get our trains along for six or eight miles.
+The rough work soon wore out our clothing--many of the men were
+barefooted; many were wearing citizen's dress; the whole army looked
+more like Falstaff's ragged regiment than soldiers of the United States.
+But we met little opposition from the enemy. The spirit of four years
+before seemed to have been beaten out of them. We felt that the only
+Confederate troops that would still give us serious fighting, were those
+with Lee at Richmond.
+
+Arriving at Fayetteville on March 12, we once more opened communication
+with the fleet, by way of Wilmington and Cape Fear River. On the 15th we
+set out on our way to Goldsboro, and the first night went early into
+camp, about ten miles from Fayetteville. At eight o'clock, however, we
+were sent out again into a dark and stormy night to go to the assistance
+of General Kilpatrick's Cavalry, which had met the enemy. For five miles
+we waded through mud and water to the place of danger, and bivouacked
+for the night in line, facing the enemy. In the morning we had some
+sharp skirmishing, but in the afternoon the enemy were driven from their
+position.
+
+On the 19th General Carlin's Division of the Fourteenth Corps was
+attacked and thrown into confusion by General Joe Johnston's army near
+Bentonville. Our Brigade was rapidly pushed forward with a number of
+others, and formed in line of battle near the left of the Corps. The
+enemy made several attacks, the brunt of which fell upon the troops to
+the right, and then retreated. This battle, which the Union Army
+nicknamed the Battle of Acorn Run, in compliment to the badge of the
+Fourteenth Corps, was the last in which our Regiment was engaged during
+the war.
+
+On the 22nd, we advanced once more, and found that the enemy was gone.
+Two days later we arrived at Goldsboro, and occupied the city without
+opposition. On the 27th, for the first time since we had left Savannah,
+rations were issued to the troops.
+
+
+
+
+_Peace_
+
+
+We began the last campaign of the war on April 10, entering Raleigh on
+the 13th without resistance. The next day we again began to organize our
+foraging parties, and to make preparations for a campaign back through
+Georgia. During the day, however, everything was changed. General
+Johnston, following Lee's surrender on April 9, had sent in asking for
+terms.
+
+On April 20 I wrote home the following letter:
+
+                            CAMP OF THE 3RD WIS. VET. INFTY.
+                                 RALEIGH, N. C., APRIL 20, 1864.
+
+    My Dear ----:
+
+    The Angel of Peace has spread his wings over our country once more.
+    The glad tidings were announced to the army last night by General
+    Sherman in general orders. As soon as the agreement which he had
+    made with General Johnston and higher authorities could be ratified
+    at Washington, peace would be restored from the Potomac to the Rio
+    Grande. It was a glorious day for us who have seen the thing through
+    from the beginning to the end. General Sherman also says that he
+    expects "soon to have the pleasure of conducting this army to its
+    homes," and I believe that within six weeks you will see me in
+    Chicago "home from the wars."
+
+    I don't know just exactly what the terms of surrender are, but it is
+    the opinion of high officers that no troops will be needed for
+    garrison duty in the South. The rebels have been so completely
+    whipped that they will never want to try another rebellion. I
+    understand that Jeff. made no stipulation for his personal safety,
+    but said he was willing to take his trial before the courts, and
+    trust to the mercy of the American people. The only difficulty in
+    the negotiations was on the question of the confiscation of landed
+    property, and I have not learned how that was arranged. But I
+    believe that we have been so completely victorious that we can
+    afford to be merciful, and that a general amnesty will do more to
+    cement the Union than the most rigorous punishment. The punishment
+    that the South has already endured is like Cain's "greater than they
+    can bear." The destruction of life in this war in the South has been
+    terrible.
+
+    The news that Johnston had asked for terms on which to surrender his
+    army was published on the 16th. On the morning of the 17th a gloom
+    was thrown over the whole army by the announcement of the
+    assassination of the President, which was reported to have occurred
+    on the 11th. I never saw such a gloomy, sad time since I have been
+    in the army as that. I don't think we knew how much we did think of
+    him until then. Many expressed the opinion that if it had been Andy
+    Johnson and Stanton, it would not have been much of a calamity. The
+    next day we had New York papers of the 14th which made no mention of
+    the murder, and we all thought we had been hoaxed. Then the
+    explanation was made that the operator at Morehead City had made an
+    error, and that the assassination had been on the 14th instead of
+    the 11th, and now I hardly know what to believe about it. We shall
+    probably get more news today.
+
+    We are about to move our camp, and now for the first time comfort
+    instead of safety is considered in the selection. Just think of it!
+    I can hardly realize it. No more skirmishing, no more digging
+    trenches and building breastworks, no more whistling bullets,
+    rattling grape-shot, or screaming shells, no more friends and
+    comrades to be killed or wounded.
+
+    I don't know what has become of all my letters lately. The mail has
+    come in here three times, and I have not had a letter. My last
+    letters were dated in February, except one from * * * of March 7. I
+    suppose they will all come in a heap one of these days. * * * The
+    weather is very fine though almost too warm. We have occasional
+    showers, and vegetation is growing fine. This part of North Carolina
+    is very fine country and crops look well.
+
+    A great many of Lee's paroled army are coming in here, and they seem
+    more pleased at being whipped or at getting home than we do at
+    having gained a victory. Some of them say they cheered louder when
+    they surrendered than Grant's army when they captured them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Our camps were now overrun with citizens and paroled Confederate
+soldiers, who were hunting for horses that they had lost; some of them
+had come as far as sixty or seventy miles. We gave them all the spare
+horses that we had, for we knew that the Government would have to help
+them in some way to keep them from starvation. We also issued to them
+large quantities of rations, for there was nothing eatable left in all
+the track of Sherman's army. On the 29th, general orders were issued
+announcing the formal surrender of Johnston's army.
+
+
+
+
+_Homeward_
+
+
+On the next day began the march to Washington. We entered Richmond on
+May 11, and on the 15th camped near the old battle-field of
+Chancellorsville. On the 24th we marched into Washington, where the
+Union army passed in review before all the dignitaries of our Nation,
+the representatives of foreign lands, and the immense throngs of people
+who had gathered from far and near to see Sherman's veterans. For this
+review, we selected from our Regiment, eight companies of thirty-two men
+each--the best drilled soldiers that we had. It was my place to ride in
+the rear of the Regiment as it marched down Pennsylvania Avenue, and no
+command made a better show than ours. From the Capitol to the reviewing
+stand, the marching and wheeling were simply perfect.
+
+We now went into camp near Bladensburg, where all of the men whose terms
+of service expired before October 1 were mustered out and sent home. On
+June 6, General Hawley issued his farewell order to the old Brigade.
+When it was broken up on the next day, the officers of the Second
+Massachusetts sent to the officers of our regiment the formal expression
+of the feeling with which they parted from us. We replied in a similar
+letter. Even now, after a lapse of twenty-six years, it stirs the blood
+to read these two messages.[3]
+
+[3] This correspondence was as follows:
+
+                            Second Massachusetts Infantry,
+                               Camp Slocum, Washington, D. C, June 4,
+                                    1865.
+
+    We, the undersigned, officers of the Second Massachusetts Infantry,
+    wish to express to the officers of the Third Wisconsin Infantry our
+    heartfelt regret that the fortunes of the service are about to
+    separate our respective organizations.
+
+    From the campaign of 1862, in the Shenandoah Valley to the present
+    glorious close of this bloody war, we have fought and marched side
+    by side with you in almost every rebellious state. To have been
+    brigaded together for so long a time is in itself remarkable; no less
+    so is it that between our two regiments there should always have
+    existed such strong feelings of friendship and mutual regard, untinged
+    by the slightest shadow of jealousy.
+
+    As we recall now, some of the hard positions we have been in, we
+    cannot help remembering how often our anxiety was lessened by the
+    knowledge that the old Third Wisconsin was close at hand to support
+    us. We know that you have had the same thoughts about us. Nothing in
+    this whole war will be pleasanter for us to look back upon than this
+    feeling of mutual respect and reliance. It not only elevated the tone
+    of both our regiments, but we honestly believe, it went a great way
+    toward making our brigade and division what they are now acknowledged
+    to be--among the very best organizations of the army.
+
+    We assure you that in our own State, wherever the Second Massachusetts
+    is known, its brother regiment is also famous. Whenever any of us
+    have been at home, among the first inquiries would be, "How is the
+    Third Wisconsin?" It has been with pride that we have answered, "It is
+    the same staunch old regiment that fought at Antietam and
+    Chancellorsville."
+
+    These are not compliments but expressions of plain, honest feelings.
+    We have been knit together by deeds not words; deeds, which, as time
+    goes on, we shall look back upon with continually increasing pride.
+
+    Together we have shared dangers and hardships, victories and defeats;
+    and it is hard now for us to part; but in the natural order of things,
+    the war being over, you go towards your homes in the west, we stay near
+    ours in the east. Let us not, however, though separated by thousands of
+    miles, forget these old associations. Let us rather cherish them with
+    the fondest recollections: let it be a story to hand down to our
+    children and children's children, how the Second Massachusetts and
+    Third Wisconsin fought shoulder to shoulder through the great
+    rebellion, and achieved together glory and renown. We ask you to accept
+    this testimonial as a slight evidence of our affection and esteem. We
+    bid you farewell, and God bless you, one and all,
+
+    C. F. Morse, Lieutenant Colonel, Com.; James Francis, Major; C. E.
+        Munn, Surgeon; John A. Fox, Adjutant; E. A. Hawes, Quartermaster;
+        Captains--Daniel Oakey, F. W. Crowninshield, E. A. Phalen, George
+        A. Thayer, Theodore K. Parker, Dennis Mehan, Henry N. Comey,
+        William E. Perkins; First Lieutenants--George J. Thompson, Jesse
+        Richardson, Moses P. Richardson, William T. McAlpine, Jed C.
+        Thompson, William D. Toombs.
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+                                 Third Wisconsin V. V. Infantry,
+                                   Camp Slocum, near Washington, D. C.
+                                           June 7, 1865.
+
+
+    To the officers of the Second Massachusetts Veteran Volunteer
+        Infantry:
+
+    The undersigned, officers of the Third Wisconsin Veteran Volunteer
+    Infantry, tender their heartfelt thanks for your friendly communication
+    of the 4th inst. It was with mingled feelings of pride and pleasure,
+    not, however, unmixed with pain, that we perused it--pride at being
+    thus associated with a regiment, which by patient endurance, good
+    discipline, and unflinching bravery, has won for itself so honorable a
+    name as the Second Massachusetts; pleasure at the thought that, even
+    amid the stirring scenes of active war, the finer attributes of
+    humanity are not forgotten, and that friendship, one of the noblest
+    sentiments of the soul, still asserts her claims; pain at the
+    recollection of the many gallant and brave, whose names have been
+    associated with yours in the great struggle now happily terminated,
+    but who have given their lives for a country they loved so well.
+
+    That "every rose has its thorn" was never more apparent to us than
+    now. While in the toil and suffering of our active campaigns, we have
+    looked forward with unmixed joy to the time when the angel of peace
+    should once more spread her wings over the land, and we should return
+    home to enjoy the sweets of social and civil life, but now that the
+    hour is at hand when we must say farewell to those with whom we have
+    been associated in the service of our common country, when we must join
+    the parting hand with you, our companions and brothers in arms, our joy
+    is mingled with sadness and our smiles with tears.
+
+    We accept your communication, not only as a manifestation of personal
+    regard, but also as a fraternal greeting from the east to the west,
+    which rising superior to local jealousies and factional strife, and
+    remembering only the mingled dust of our dead on many battlefields, and
+    the common country for which they sacrificed their all, proclaims us,
+    in heart and in country, one and inseparable.
+
+    In parting, we assure you that, highly as we prize this expression of
+    sentiment toward us, and sacredly as we will preserve it as the highest
+    honor yet received, it is not needed to secure remembrance. The
+    ineffaceable pictures of the past deeply engraven in our hearts, and
+    lit up by the eternal flame of friendship will ever keep the Second
+    Massachusetts Veteran Volunteer Infantry prominent among our pleasing
+    memories in the future.
+
+    Wishing you all success and happiness and Heaven's best blessing, we
+    bid you farewell. We are, brothers, yours fraternally,
+
+    George W. Stevenson, Lieutenant-Colonel; Warham Parks, Major; J. G.
+        Conley, Surgeon; T. J. Kopff, Assistant Surgeon; A. C. Taylor,
+        Adjutant; J. T. Marvin, Quartermaster; I. E. Springer, Chaplain.
+        Captains--Ralph Van Brunt, Julian W. Hinckley, N. Daniels, E.
+        Giddings, A. D. Haskins, C. R. Barager, J. Woodford, John M.
+        Schweers, John E. Kleven. First Lieutenants--Stephen Lieurance,
+        Oliver A. Hegg, J. D. Goodrich, John Agnew, John B. Du Bois, Abner
+        Hubbell, J. D. Babcock, W. W. Freeman, George H. Cutter. Second
+        Lieutenants--E. V. Moran, Lewis Colby, Edwin F. Proctor, Elon G.
+        Biers, David Clark, A. S. Hill.
+
+
+
+The Western veteran regiments still had work before them, and were not
+mustered out. They were organized as a provisional Brigade under
+Hawley's command, and ordered to Louisville, Kentucky. Our Regiment left
+the east on June 11, travelling by way of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad
+to Parkersburg, and then down the Ohio River to Louisville. Here the
+Regiment was filled up with men from other Wisconsin commands, that were
+mustered out of service, until we had about 1,500 on our muster rolls.
+It was rumored, and in fact intended, that we should go to Mexico to
+drive out the French. The programme was entirely changed, however, when
+news came of the voluntary withdrawal of the French soldiers, and
+orders were issued to muster out our Regiment.
+
+A considerable number of our old veterans did not want to go home. A
+company was made up of those who wished to enter the services of the
+Juarez government in Mexico--at least they wished to go, if I would go
+in command. I was not quite ready, however, to become a soldier of
+fortune. When our duty to the Federal Government had been accomplished,
+I was as anxious as any to be mustered out of the army of war, and
+return to the army of peace.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+  Agnew, Lieut. John, of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Alexandria (Va.), 92, 93, 95; Army of Potomac at, 45.
+
+  Ames, Gen. Adelbert, commands expedition, 79.
+
+  ARMIES--
+    Cumberland, Third Wisconsin joins, 97;
+      reorganized, 115;
+      at New Hope Church, 125.
+    Hood's, plunders Atlanta, 142.
+    Jackson's, at Chancellorsville, 71.
+    Johnston's, at Bentonville, 172;
+       surrenders, 114, 176.
+    Northern Virginia, 39, 81;
+      battleflags captured, 91;
+      paroled, 176.
+    Potomac, 17, 39, 41, 64, 66, 117, 159;
+      at Washington, 46;
+      consolidated, 115;
+      Third Wisconsin leaves, 97.
+    Sherman's, 176;
+      advance, 116;
+      at Atlanta, 143;
+      Savannah, 157;
+      in South Carolina, 158;
+      Georgia, 166.
+    Tennessee, 122, 133, 146;
+      destroys Columbia, 170.
+    Thomas's, opposes Hood, 147.
+    Western, successful, 17.
+    Western Virginia, 38, 43.
+
+  Atlanta (Ga.), 112, 143, 163, 164;
+    exposed, 131;
+    march to, 116;
+    besieged, 131-141;
+    evacuated, 140, 147;
+    Union army near, 129, 142, 145;
+    destroyed, 146, 147.
+
+  Augur, Gen. Christopher C., at Cedar Mountain, 33.
+
+  Augusta (Ga.), 168;
+    Slocum marches toward, 147.
+
+  Augusta Railroad, destroyed, 147, 148.
+
+
+  Babcock, Lieut. Justin D., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Baltimore (Md.), threatened, 93.
+
+  Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 98, 180.
+
+  Banks, Gen. Nathaniel P., 14, 45;
+    commands corps 30, 31;
+    retreats, 23, 25, 27, 28;
+    protects Winchester, 29;
+    at Cedar Mountain, 32, 33, 38;
+    criticized, 37.
+
+  Barager, Capt. Charles R., of Third Wisconsin, 180;
+    wounded, 132;
+    in Sherman's campaign, 157, 160.
+
+  BATTLES--
+    Acorn Run, 172.
+    Antietam, 51-63, 70, 94, 178.
+    Bentonville, 172.
+    Bolivar Heights, 13.
+    Cassville, 122.
+    Catoctin Mountains, 48.
+    Chancellorsville, 69-77, 177, 178.
+    Chantilly, 44.
+    Chickamauga, 100, 116.
+    Dallas, 122-126.
+    Fort Donelson, 14.
+    Fort Henry, 14.
+    Fredericksburg, 64, 76.
+    Gettysburg, 82-89, 94.
+    Jonesboro, 141.
+    Kettle Run, 42.
+    Lookout Mountain, 102.
+    Manassas, 42, 43.
+    Missionary Ridge, 102.
+    Monteith Swamp, 153, 154.
+    Murfreesboro, 99.
+    New Hope Church, 122-126.
+    Peach Tree Creek, 129, 134.
+    Pumpkinvine Creek, 126.
+    Resaca, 117-122.
+    Roanoke Island, 14.
+    Somerset, 14.
+    South Mountain, 50, 51.
+    Winchester, 18, 19.
+
+  Bealeton Station (Va.), 79, 97.
+
+  Bentonville (N. C.), Sherman at, 169.
+
+  Benwood (W. Va.), 98.
+
+  Bertram, Capt. Henry, at Bolivar Heights, 12, 13.
+
+  Biers, Lieut. Elon G., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Birney, Gen. David B., at Chancellorsville, 71, 74.
+
+  Bladensburg (Md.), army encamped near, 177.
+
+  Blanchard, Lieut. Edward L., wounded, 132.
+
+  Bolivar Heights (Va.), 15. See also Battles.
+
+  Boone, ----, Confederate officer, 107, 108.
+
+  Boone, Daniel, grandson captured, 107.
+
+  Boonsborough (Md.), 50, 51.
+
+  Bostwick (Ga.), lumber destroyed, 152.
+
+  Bragg, Gen. Braxton, reenforced, 96.
+
+  Brandy Station (Va.), 79, 97.
+
+  Bridgeport (Ala.), 100, 116.
+
+  Bristoe Station (Va.), cars burned at, 43.
+
+  Brixey, Capt. Calvin, murders citizen, 114;
+    killed, 115.
+
+  Broad Run (Va.), 43.
+
+  Brodhead, Col. Thornton F., death, 38.
+
+  Brown, John, at Harpers Ferry, 10;
+    hung, 16.
+
+  Brown, Gov. Joseph E., releases convicts, 149.
+
+  Buck, Capt. Wilson S., wounded, 154.
+
+  Buena Vista (Wis.), school at, 1.
+
+  Buffalo (N. Y.), reception at, 8.
+
+  Bull Run (Va.), 44. See also Battles: Manassas.
+
+  Butterfield, Gen. Daniel, in skirmish, 118.
+
+  Burnside, Gen. Ambrose E., at Roanoke Island, 14;
+    removed, 64.
+
+
+  Camp Randall (Wis.), 120.
+
+  Camp Slocum (Washington, D. C.), 178, 179.
+
+  Carlin, Gen. William P., at Bentonville, 172.
+
+  Cassville (Ga.), occupied, 122.
+
+  Cemetery Ridge (Pa.), 83;
+    charge on, 87.
+    See also Battles: Gettysburg.
+
+  Centerville (Va.), 44, 81.
+
+  _Century Magazine_, 169.
+
+  Chancellor House (Va.), 70, 72, 73, 76.
+
+  Charleston (S. C.), 146, 153.
+
+  Charleston & Augusta Railroad, destroyed, 168.
+
+  Charlestown (Va.), 13, 16.
+
+  Charlotteville (S. C.), railroad destroyed, 170.
+
+  Chattanooga (Tenn.), 101;
+    campaign at, 97, 100, 107, 127, 146.
+
+  Chesterfield (S. C.), 171.
+
+  Chicago (Ill.), 7, 174.
+
+  Chilcote, Judge ----, murdered, 114.
+
+  Chippewa Indians, in Wisconsin regiment, 143;
+    at Sandersville, 151.
+
+  Clark, Capt. Andrew, commands militia, 3.
+
+  Clark, Lieut. David B., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Cleveland (Ohio), 7.
+
+  Colby, Lieut. Lewis, of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Colgrove, Col. Silas, at Chancellorsville, 75.
+
+  Collins, Joseph, killed, 61.
+
+  Columbia (S. C.), 170, 171.
+
+  Columbus (Ohio), reception at, 98.
+
+  Comey, Capt. Henry N., of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  Conley, Surg. J. Griffin, of Third Wisconsin, 125, 126, 180.
+
+  Connecticut, 97;
+    Fifth Regiment, 23.
+
+  Cooper, Judge Henry, appeals to Lincoln, 108.
+
+  CORPS--
+    First (Sigel's), 30, at Cedar Mountain, 36;
+      (Hooker's), at Antietam, 52;
+      Gettysburg, 83, 86.
+    Second, at Gettysburg, 87.
+    Third (McDowell's), 30;
+      at Cedar Mountain, 36;
+      (Heintzelman's), 42;
+      (Sickles's), at Gettysburg, 84, 85.
+    Fourth, defeated, 117.
+    Fifth (Banks's), 30;
+      (Porter's), 42;
+      at Chancellorsville, 66, 71.
+    Sixth (Franklin's), 51, 62;
+      (Sedgwick's), at Fredericksburg, 76.
+    Ninth (Burnside's), at Catoctin Mountains, 48.
+    Eleventh, 97, 100, 115;
+      at Chancellorsville, 66, 69, 71;
+      Gettysburg, 83.
+    Twelfth, 78, 81, 91, 115;
+      at Chancellorsville, 66, 69, 89;
+      Gettysburg, 89.
+    Fourteenth, at Bentonville, 172.
+    Fifteenth, destroys Columbia, 170.
+    Seventeenth, destroys Columbia, 170.
+    Twentieth, 115, 128, 133, 134, 135, 139, 147;
+      in Atlanta campaign, 131, 138, 141, 144;
+      Savannah campaign, 170;
+      at New Hope Church, 125;
+      Peach Tree Creek, 129, 134, 135.
+    Twenty-Third, 119.
+    For Confederate Corps, see names of commanders.
+
+  Crane, Lieut. Col. Louis H., at Cedar Mountain, 32;
+    killed, 34, 35.
+
+  Crawford, Gen. Samuel W., at Cedar Mountain, 32-34.
+
+  CREEKS--
+    Antietam, 51, 63.
+    Buffalo, 150.
+    Cedar Run, 20, 32, 35.
+    Chattanooga, 153.
+    Peach Tree, 129.
+    Rock, 83, 85, 87.
+
+  Crowninshield, Capt. Francis W., of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  Culpeper (Va.), 37, 38.
+
+  Culpeper Court House (Va.), 32, 46.
+
+  Cumberland (Md.), 82.
+
+  Cutter, Lieut. George H., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+
+  Dallas, (Ga.), 122. See also Battles.
+
+  Daniels, Capt. Nahum, of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Darnestown (Md.), 11, 47.
+
+  Davis, Col. ----, killed, 79.
+
+  Davis, Jefferson, 166;
+    surrenders, 174.
+
+  Dayton (Ohio), 98.
+
+  Donnelly, Col. Dudley, commands brigade, 24, 26.
+
+  Douglas, Stephen A., presidential candidate, 151.
+
+  Du Bois, Lieut. John B., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+
+  Edwards Ferry (Md.), crossed, 47.
+
+  Englishmen, in Wisconsin regiment, 143.
+
+  Erie (Pa.), 7.
+
+
+  Fairfax Station (Va.), winter camp at, 64.
+
+  Falling Waters (Md.), 90.
+
+  Fayetteville (Tenn.), 108, 111, 112, 114, 115, 120;
+    county seat, 105.
+
+  Fayetteville (N. C.), 171, 172.
+
+  Fond du Lac (Wis.), 5, 6.
+
+  FORDS--
+    Beverly, 40;
+      crossed, 79, 80.
+    Germanna, skirmish at, 66-69.
+    Kelly's, crossed, 66.
+    Raccoon, 96.
+    United States, 69.
+
+  FORTS--
+    Donelson, 14.
+    Henry, 14.
+    McHenry, 11.
+    Sumter, surrenders, 3.
+
+  Fox, Adj. John A., of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  Francis, Maj. James, of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  Franklin, Gen. William B., at Harpers Ferry, 52;
+    Antietam, 62.
+
+  Frederick City (Md.), 12, 14, 47-49;
+    capital, 11;
+    cemetery at, 13.
+
+  Fredericksburg (Va.), skirmish at, 70.
+
+  Freeman, Lieut. William W., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Fremont, Gen. John C., 29.
+
+  French, in Wisconsin regiment, 143; in Mexico, 180, 181.
+
+  Fritchie, Barbara, displays flag, 48, 49.
+
+  Front Royal (Va.), 22, 29, 30.
+
+  Furlong, John, killed, 161.
+
+
+  GAPS--
+    Chester, 30.
+    Snake Creek, 117.
+    Snicker's, 18.
+
+  Gardner, Capt. Silas E., investigates murder, 115.
+
+  Geary, Gen. John W., 148;
+    at Bolivar Heights, 12;
+    Chancellorsville, 73;
+    Gettysburg, 89;
+    New Hope Church, 122.
+
+  Georgetown (Md.), 45.
+
+  Georgia, 96, 115, 149;
+    secession, 151;
+    regiment from, 121;
+    campaign in, 173;
+    restored, 152.
+
+  Georgia Central Railroad, destroyed, 151.
+
+  Germans, in Wisconsin regiment, 143.
+
+  Giddings, Capt. Ephraim, of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Goldsboro (N. C.), 171;
+    occupied, 173.
+
+  Goodrich, Lieut. John D., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Gordon, Col. George H., commands brigade, 18, 24.
+
+  Graham Station (S. C.), 168, 169.
+
+  Grant, Gen. Ulysses S., 14, 176.
+
+  Greene, Gen. George S., at Gettysburg, 86.
+
+
+  Hagerstown (Md.), 8.
+
+  Hamilton, Gen. Charles S., commands brigade, 18.
+
+  Hanging Rock (S. C.), 171.
+
+  Harpers Ferry (Va.), 9, 10, 62, 63, 91;
+    expedition to, 12;
+    surrenders, 52.
+
+  Harrisonburg (Va.), 21.
+
+  Haskins, Capt. Alexander D., of Third Wisconsin, 180;
+    at Robertsville, 167.
+
+  Hawes, Q. M. Edwin A., of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  Hawley, Gen. William, 115;
+    wounded, 34;
+    commands brigade, 168, 180;
+    at New Hope Church, 124, 125;
+    Atlanta, 131;
+    Savannah, 160, 161;
+    in Carolina campaign, 169;
+    farewell order, 177.
+
+  Hazel Grove (Va.), skirmish at, 70, 74.
+
+  Hegg, Lieut. Oliver A., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Heintzelman, Gen. Samuel P., commands corps, 42.
+
+  Hill, Lieut. Algie S., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Hinckley, Capt. Julian W., 180;
+    early life, 1;
+    promoted, 5, 16, 64;
+    wounded, 124-127.
+
+  Hood, Gen. John B., 152;
+    at New Hope Church, 122;
+    Peach
+    Tree Creek, 129;
+    Atlanta, 138, 139, 142;
+    Jonesboro, 141;
+    in Nashville campaign, 143, 146, 147.
+
+  Hooker, Gen. Joseph, commands army, 64;
+    corps, 115;
+    superseded, 82;
+    at Antietam, 52, 57;
+    Chancellorsville, 69, 70, 76;
+    Chattanooga, 100;
+    New Hope Church, 125;
+    resigns, 134, 135;
+    characterized, 133-135, 140.
+
+  Howard, Gen. Oliver O., 117;
+    commands army wing, 147;
+    Army of Tennessee, 133, 134.
+
+  Hubbell, Lieut. Abner, of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Hunter, Capt. James W., wounded, 126, 127;
+    death, 128.
+
+
+  Ijamsville (Md.), 47.
+
+  Indiana, 98;
+    Twenty-Seventh Regiment, 24, 25;
+    at Antietam, 55, 57, 61;
+    Chancellorsville, 75.
+
+  Indianapolis (Ind.), 98.
+
+  Irish, in Wisconsin regiment, 143.
+
+  ISLANDS--
+    Argyle, 157;
+      described, 156.
+    Hutchinson, 164, 166.
+    Johnson's, military prison on, 108.
+
+
+  Jackson, Gen. Thomas J. (Stonewall), 17, 20-22;
+    at Kernstown, 19;
+    Chancellorsville, 71, 74;
+    killed, 73.
+
+  Jefferson, Thomas, cited, 11.
+
+  Jefferson Rock (Va.), visited, 10.
+
+  Johnson, Andrew, 175.
+
+  Johnson, Hon. Herschel V., sketch, 151, 152.
+
+  Johnston, Gen. Joseph E., superseded, 129;
+    at Bentonville, 172;
+    surrenders, 114, 173, 174, 176.
+
+  Jonesboro (Ga.), 141, 143.
+
+  Juarez, Benito P., service with, 181.
+
+
+  Keedysville (Md.), 50.
+
+  Kelly's Ferry (Tenn.), 101.
+
+  Kelly's Ferry (Va.), 92, 96.
+
+  Kernstown (Va.), skirmish at, 19.
+
+  Ketcham, Col. John H., assesses damages, 106.
+
+  Kettle Run (Va.), 43;
+    skirmish at, 42.
+
+  Kilpatrick, Gen. Hugh J., at Falling Waters, 90;
+    skirmish, 172.
+
+  Kingston (Ga.), 127.
+
+  Kleven, Capt. John E., 180;
+    at Monteith Swamp, 154.
+
+  Kopff, Asst. Surg. Thomas, of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+
+  Lee, Gen. Robert E., 96, 97;
+    at Rappahannock River, 39;
+    Richmond, 171;
+    surrenders, 173, 176.
+
+  Leesburg (Va.), executions at, 81.
+
+  Lewis, Gov. James T., 120.
+
+  Libby prison, 29.
+
+  Lieurance, Lieut. Stephen, of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Limbocker, Capt. George W., 25, 26.
+
+  Lincoln, President Abraham, 166;
+    call for troops, 3;
+    at Maryland Heights, 63;
+    pardons, 109;
+    appoints Howard, 134;
+    votes for, 146;
+    assassinated, 175.
+
+  Lincoln County (Tenn.), 105;
+    guerrillas in, 106, 114;
+    reorganized, 109-111.
+
+  Little Round Top (Pa.), 84. See also Battles: Gettysburg.
+
+  Little Washington (Va.), 31.
+
+  Losses: at Bolivar Heights, 13;
+    Winchester, 19, 20;
+    in retreat to Martinsburg, 29;
+    Cedar Mountain, 34-36;
+    Antietam, 60-63;
+    Gettysburg, 89;
+    New Hope Church, 126;
+    Peach Tree Creek, 129, 134, 135.
+
+  Louisville (Ky.), 98, 145, 180.
+
+  Lynchburg (Tenn.), birthplace of David Crockett, 105.
+
+
+  McAlpine, Lieut. William T., of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  McClellan, Gen. George B., 15, 47;
+    arrests legislature, 11;
+    retreats, 39;
+    reappointed, 46;
+    removed, 64;
+    votes for, 146.
+
+  McDowell, Gen. Irvin, commands corps, 30;
+    at Cedar Mountain, 36;
+    criticized, 38;
+    removed, 46.
+
+  McIntyre, Capt. James B., mustering officer, 6.
+
+  Macon (Ga.), march toward, 147.
+
+  Macon Railroad, captured, 141.
+
+  McPherson, Gen. James B., killed, 133.
+
+  Madison (Ga.), 148.
+
+  Madison (Wis.), 4, 104, 120;
+    veterans at, 105.
+
+  Maine, Tenth Regiment, at Cedar Mountain, 35.
+
+  Manassas Junction (Va.), 18, 41, 81. See also Battles.
+
+  Mansfield, Gen. Joseph K., commands corps, 47.
+
+  Marietta (Ga.), 122.
+
+  Marvin, Q. M. Joseph T., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Martinsburg (W. Va.), retreat to, 27;
+    confederates at, 81.
+
+  Maryland, legislature arrested, 11;
+    Lee enters, 47;
+    plundered, 51.
+
+  Maryland Heights (Md.), 10;
+    Lincoln at, 63.
+
+  Massachusetts, Second Regiment, 18, 25, 77, 78;
+    letter of, 177-179;
+    letter to, 179;
+    at Antietam, 55, 61;
+    Germanna Ford, 69;
+    Raccoon Ford, 96;
+    Atlanta, 136;
+    in South Carolina, 162, 168;
+    Twelfth Regiment, at Bolivar Heights, 12.
+
+  Meade, Gen. George G., commands Army of Potomac, 82.
+
+  Mehan, Capt. Dennis, of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  "Merrimac," Third Wisconsin embarks on, 93.
+
+  Mexico, 180, 181.
+
+  Michigan, First Cavalry, 27.
+
+  Middleton (Md.), 50.
+
+  Miles, Col. Dixon S., surrenders Harpers Ferry, 52.
+
+  Milledgeville (Ga.), 150;
+    capital city, 148;
+    arsenal destroyed at, 149.
+
+  Millen (Ga.), railroad destroyed, 153.
+
+  Millen & Augusta Railroad, destroyed, 153.
+
+  Miller, ----, captured, 108.
+
+  Miller, Mrs. ----, secures aid, 108.
+
+  "Mississippi," Third Wisconsin embarks on, 95.
+
+  Monroe (Wis.), 120.
+
+  Monteith Station (Ga.), mail captured, at, 154.
+
+  Montgomery (Ala.), confederate capital, 1.
+
+  Moran, Lieut. Edward V., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Morehead City (N. C.), 175.
+
+  Morse, Lieut. Col. Charles F., of Second Massachusetts, 179;
+    at Atlanta, 136.
+
+  MOUNTAINS--
+    Blue Ridge, 18, 30, 92.
+    Catoctin, 49;
+      skirmish at, 48;
+      crossed, 50.
+    Cedar, 32.
+    Lookout, 101.
+    South, crossed, 50.
+
+  Mulberry (Tenn.), 105.
+
+  Munn, Surg. Curtis E., of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  Murfreesboro (Tenn.), 99.
+
+
+  Nashville (Tenn.), 98, 99;
+    military governor at, 109.
+
+  Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, described, 99.
+
+  New Jersey, Thirteenth Regiment, 96;
+    transferred, 47;
+    at Chancellorsville, 73;
+    Atlanta, 133, 135.
+
+  New Market (Va.), manoeuver at, 21.
+
+  New York (City), 65, 92, 95, 175;
+    draft riot, 93.
+
+  New York (State), draft riot, 94;
+    regiment, deserters executed, 81;
+    First Artillery, at Gettysburg, 87;
+      Savannah, 157;
+    Ninth Regiment, transferred, 18;
+    Twenty-Eighth Regiment, 23;
+    One Hundred Seventh Regiment, transferred, 47;
+      at Milledgeville, 148;
+    One Hundred Forty-Fifth Regiment, 103;
+    One Hundred Fiftieth Regiment, 106, 130.
+
+  Nickajack Pass (Ga.), crossed, 116.
+
+  North Carolina, described, 176.
+
+  Norwegians, in Wisconsin regiment, 143.
+
+
+  Oakey, Capt. Daniel A., of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  O'Brien, Capt. Moses, killed, 35, 36.
+
+  Ohio, trip through, 98.
+
+  Orton, Capt. Thomas E., wounded, 132.
+
+
+  "Paint Rock", captured steamer, 100.
+
+  Parker, Capt. Theodore K., of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  Parkersburg (W. Va.), 180.
+
+  Parks, Maj. Warham, of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Pennsylvania, invaded, 81, 91, 93;
+    Twenty-Eighth Regiment, at Bolivar Heights, 12;
+    Twenty-Ninth Regiment, retreats, 24;
+      officers discharged, 128.
+
+  Perkins, Capt. William E., of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  Persons, Surg. Horace T., of First Wisconsin Cavalry, 127.
+
+  Phalen, Capt. Edward A., of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  Pickett, Gen. George E., charge at Gettysburg, 88, 89.
+
+  Pope, Gen. John, commands army, 30;
+    criticized, 31, 37, 38;
+    retreats, 38;
+    at Manassas, 43;
+    removed, 46.
+
+  Portage County (Wis.), 1.
+
+  Porter, Gen. Fitz John, commands corps, 42.
+
+  Price, Col. Edward L., court martialed, 103.
+
+  PRISONS--
+    Fort McHenry, 11.
+    Johnson's Island, 109.
+    Libby, 29.
+
+  Proctor, Lieut. Edwin F., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+
+  Raleigh (N. C.), campaign, 114, 173.
+
+  Rappahannock Station (Va.), 92.
+
+  "Red Star" Division, guards railroad track, 99.
+
+  Resaca (Ga.), enemy abandon, 122.
+
+  "Resolute", armed tender, captured, 157, 158.
+
+  Richardson, Lieut. Moses P., of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  Richardson, Lieut. Jesse, of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  Richmond (Va.), campaign against, 117;
+    Lee at, 171;
+    Union army, 176.
+
+  RIVERS--
+    Cape Fear, 171.
+    Chattahoochee, 128, 137-139;
+      crossed, 129.
+    Elk, 106.
+    Etowah, crossed, 122.
+    Monocacy, enemy at, 48.
+    Oconee, 148.
+    Ohio, 180;
+      crossed, 98.
+    Potomac, 93, 174;
+      crossed, 28, 45, 81.
+    Rapidan, 37, 66, 96.
+    Rappahannock, 92;
+      crossed, 38, 40, 41, 66, 69, 79.
+    Rio Grande, 174.
+    Saluda, crossed, 170.
+    Savannah, 167;
+      naval battle in, 155-157;
+      described, 156;
+      cleared, 165;
+      crossed, 166.
+    Shenandoah, 21.
+    Tennessee, 100, 101;
+      crossed, 116.
+
+  Robertsville (S. C.), skirmish at, 107.
+
+  Rocky Mount (S. C.), 170.
+
+  Ruger, Gen. Thomas H., West Point graduate, 5;
+    at Cedar Mountain, 32;
+    Chancellorsville, 75;
+    commands expedition, 92;
+    brigade, 115.
+
+  Ruger, Capt. William, wounded, 126, 127.
+
+
+  Sandersville (Ga.), plundered, 150;
+    skirmish at, 151.
+
+  Sandy Hook (Md.), 10, 15.
+
+  Savannah (Ga.), 146, 150, 152, 153, 156, 158, 173;
+    Sherman at, 155, 163, 169;
+    skirmish, 162;
+    evacuated, 161, 162, 164-166.
+
+  Schweers, Capt. John M., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Scotch, in Wisconsin regiment, 143.
+
+  Scott, Lieut. Col. John W., wounded, 34;
+    killed, 70.
+
+  Secession, conventions, 1;
+    in Georgia, 151;
+    Lincoln County, 106;
+    Maryland, 11;
+    South Carolina, 2, 146.
+
+  Sedgwick, Gen. John, at Antietam, 58, 59;
+    Fredericksburg, 76.
+
+  Seminary Ridge (Pa.), 89. See also Battles: Gettysburg.
+
+  Shelbyville (Tenn.), 99, 108.
+
+  Shenandoah Valley, campaign in, 178.
+
+  Sherman, Gen. William T., 169;
+    Georgia campaign, 143, 147, 149, 163;
+    Carolina campaign, 176;
+    at New Hope Church, 125;
+    Atlanta, 116, 139, 143, 144;
+    Jonesboro, 141;
+    Milledgeville, 150;
+    Savannah, 155, 165;
+    Sister's Ferry, 167;
+    announces peace, 173, 174;
+    grand review, 177;
+    characterized, 134, 164.
+
+  Shields, Gen. James, 29;
+    at Kernstown, 19, 20;
+    wounded, 18.
+
+  Sigel, Gen. Franz, commands corps, 30;
+    at Cedar Mountain, 36, 37.
+
+  Sister's Ferry (S. C.), Sherman at, 167.
+
+  Slocum, Gen. Henry W., at Germanna Ford, 68;
+    Vicksburg, 115;
+    Graham Station, 168;
+    commands corps, 139;
+    army wing, 147;
+    on "Sherman's March", 169;
+    characterized, 140.
+
+  Smith, Maj. Alfred B., commands brigade picket line, 130.
+
+  Smith Plantation, in South Carolina, 158-161.
+
+  South Carolina, secedes, 2;
+    begins war, 146;
+    campaign in, 158, 164, 166, 167, 170.
+
+  Springer, Rev. Isaac E., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Springer, Rev. John M., killed, 120.
+
+  Springfield (Ga.), 153.
+
+  Spott Tavern (Va.), 79.
+
+  Stafford Court House (Va.), 77, 92;
+    winter camp, 64, 66.
+
+  Stanton, Edwin M., 175.
+
+  Stevenson, Lieut. Col. George W., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Stevenson (Ala.), 99.
+
+  Strasburg (Va.), 17, 20, 21.
+
+  Strawberry Plains (Tenn.), 153.
+
+  Stuart, Gen. James E. B., headquarters captured, 80.
+
+  Sumner, Gen. Edwin V., at Antietam, 57-59.
+
+
+  Tattnall, Commodore Josiah, commands fleet, 157.
+
+  Taylor, Adj. Asher C., of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Tennalleytown (D. C.), Army of Potomac at, 46.
+
+  Tennessee, 115;
+    Union Cavalry Regiment, 113, 114.
+
+  Tennille Station (Ga.), railroad buildings destroyed, 151.
+
+  Thayer, Capt. George A., of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  Thomas, Gen. George H., at Somerset, 14;
+    New Hope Church, 125;
+    disapproves resignations, 128;
+    opposes Hood, 147.
+
+  Thompson, Lieut. George J., of Second Massachusetts, 168, 179.
+
+  Thompson, Lieut. Jed C., of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  Toledo (Ohio), 7.
+
+  Toombs, Lieut. William D., of Second Massachusetts, 179.
+
+  Tullahoma (Tenn.), 102, 103, 105, 114, 115;
+    corps headquarters, 108, 113.
+
+  Two Taverns (Pa.), 82.
+
+
+  Van Brunt, Capt. Ralph, of Third Wisconsin, 180.
+
+  Vermont, First Regiment, rear guard, 27.
+
+  Vicksburg (Miss.), 115.
+
+  Virginia, departure for, 7.
+
+
+  Warrenton Junction (Va.), 41, 42.
+
+  Wartrace (Tenn.), 99, 100.
+
+  Washington (D. C.), 41, 47, 65, 98, 108, 128;
+    Army of Potomac in, 46;
+    threatened, 93;
+    peace ratified at, 174;
+    march to, 176;
+    grand review, 177.
+
+  Waupun (Wis.), campaign of 1860 at, 1;
+    Light Guard, organized, 3-5.
+
+  Welsh, in Wisconsin regiment, 143.
+
+  West Point (N. Y.), Military Academy, graduates, 5.
+
+  Wheeler, Gen. Joseph, 99, 159;
+    at Sandersville, 151;
+    at Robertsville, 167.
+
+  Whittier, John G., poem, 49.
+
+  Williams, Gen. Alpheus S., 115, 117;
+    at Cedar Mountain, 32;
+    New Hope Church, 125.
+
+  Williamsport (Md.), 28, 29;
+    Confederates at, 81, 89, 90.
+
+  Williamsport (Pa.), reception at, 8.
+
+  Wilkins, Capt. William D., 20;
+    at Cedar Mountain, 32, 33, 37.
+
+  Wilmington (N. C.), fleet at, 171.
+
+  Winchester (Va.), 20, 29;
+    skirmish at, 16;
+    captured, 17;
+    retreat to, 22;
+    threatened, 30;
+    Confederates at, 81.
+
+  Winegar, Capt. Charles E., captures steamer, 157.
+
+  Winnsboro (S. C.), railroad track destroyed, 170.
+
+  Wisconsin, 128;
+    quota filled, 4;
+    Tenth Regiment, at Chattanooga, 100.
+
+  Woodford, Capt. Jasper, of Third Wisconsin, 169, 180.
+
+
+  Xenia (Ohio), reception at, 98.
+
+
+
+
+PUBLICATIONS OF WISCONSIN HISTORY COMMISSION
+
+_Series of Original Narratives_
+
+
+1. A VIEW OF THE VICKSBURG CAMPAIGN. By William Freeman Vilas, LL. D.,
+Lieutenant-Colonel of Twenty-Third Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry. With
+two appendices: I, Wisconsin Soldiers in the Vicksburg Campaign, by
+Colonel Vilas; II, Selected Bibliography of the Vicksburg Campaign
+(material thereon in the Wisconsin Historical Library), by Minnie Myrtle
+Oakley. Illustrated by a portrait of Colonel Vilas and a map of the
+campaign. 8vo., pp. xiii+104. Published August, 1908.
+
+2. CAPTURE AND ESCAPE: A NARRATIVE OF ARMY AND PRISON LIFE. By John Azor
+Kellogg, Colonel of Sixth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry and Brevet
+Brigadier-General. Illustrated by a portrait of the author. 8vo., pp.
+xvi+201. Published November, 1908.
+
+3. THREE WISCONSIN CUSHINGS: A SKETCH OF THE LIVES OF HOWARD B., ALONZO
+H., AND WILLIAM B. CUSHING, CHILDREN OF A PIONEER FAMILY OF WAUKESHA
+COUNTY. By Theron Wilber Haight, First-Lieutenant, U. S. V. Illustrated
+by a wartime group of officers, three portraits, and three facsimiles.
+8vo., pp. xiv+109. Index. Published April, 1910.
+
+4. THE CHATTANOOGA CAMPAIGN: WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO WISCONSIN'S
+PARTICIPATION THEREIN. By Michael Hendrick Fitch, Lieutenant-Colonel of
+Twenty-first Wisconsin Infantry. Illustrated by six maps. 8vo., pp.
+xiii+255. Index. Published March, 1911.
+
+5. A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN'S PARTICIPATION IN THE WAR BETWEEN THE
+STATES: BASED ON MATERIAL IN THE WISCONSIN HISTORICAL LIBRARY. By Isaac
+Samuel Bradley, Assistant Superintendent of said Library. 8vo., pp.
+ix+42. Index. Published May, 1911.
+
+6. WISCONSIN WOMEN IN THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. By Ethel Alice Hurn,
+B. A. Illustrated by a portrait and six views. 8vo., pp. xix+190. Index.
+Published May, 1911.
+
+7. A NARRATIVE OF SERVICE WITH THE THIRD WISCONSIN INFANTRY. By Julian
+Wisner Hinkley, sometime acting Major of said Regiment. Illustrated by a
+portrait of the author. 8vo., pp. xiii+197. Index. Published November,
+1912.
+
+8. THE DIARY OF AN ARTILLERY PRIVATE. By Rev. Jenkin Lloyd-Jones. _In
+preparation._
+
+
+_Series of Reprints_
+
+1. THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG. By Frank Aretas Haskell, Colonel of
+Thirty-sixth Wisconsin Infantry. Illustrated by a portrait of the author
+and two maps. 8vo. First edition: pp. xxiii+185; published November,
+1908. Second edition (with "Tribute to Adjutant Haskell" by Col. J. A.
+Watrous): pp. xxviii+192; Index; published April, 1910.
+
+2. CIVIL WAR MESSAGES AND PROCLAMATIONS OF WISCONSIN WAR GOVERNORS. With
+explanatory notes by Asa C. Tilton and Frederick Merk, of the staff of
+the Wisconsin Historical Library. _In press._
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+Archaic and variable spellings such as "rendevouz", "reconnoissance"
+and "reenforce" were retained.
+
+The book title on page 1 of the original reads "SERVICE IN" but
+elsewhere reads "A NARRATIVE OF SERVICE WITH THE THIRD WISCONSIN INFANTRY".
+
+Page 131, "The next day a battery of twenty-pound parrot guns was planted
+on the hill ..." Changed to "Parrott guns".
+
+Only Footnote 3 on page 180 and the index give spelling as Hinckley;
+elsewhere Hinkley.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NARRATIVE OF SERVICE WITH THE
+THIRD WISCONSIN INFANTRY***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 37754.txt or 37754.zip *******
+
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