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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of An Enquiry into the Causes of the Frequent
+Executions at Tyburn (1725), by Bernard Mandeville and Malvin R. Zirker
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: An Enquiry into the Causes of the Frequent Executions at Tyburn (1725)
+
+Author: Bernard Mandeville
+        Malvin R. Zirker
+
+Release Date: October 6, 2011 [EBook #37650]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAUSES OF EXECUTIONS AT TYBURN (1725) ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY
+
+BERNARD MANDEVILLE,
+
+_AN ENQUIRY_
+
+INTO THE CAUSES
+
+OF THE
+
+FREQUENT EXECUTIONS
+
+AT
+
+_TYBURN_.
+
+(1725)
+
+_INTRODUCTION_
+
+BY MALVIN R. ZIRKER, JR.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PUBLICATION NUMBER 105
+
+WILLIAM ANDREWS CLARK MEMORIAL LIBRARY
+
+UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES
+
+1964
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL EDITORS
+
+Richard C. Boys, _University of Michigan_
+Earl R. Miner, _University of California, Los Angeles_
+Maximillian E. Novak, _University of California, Los Angeles_
+Lawrence Clark Powell, _Wm. Andrews Clark Memorial Library_
+
+
+ADVISORY EDITORS
+
+John Butt, _University of Edinburgh_
+James L. Clifford, _Columbia University_
+Ralph Cohen, _University of California, Los Angeles_
+Vinton A. Dearing, _University of California, Los Angeles_
+Arthur Friedman, _University of Chicago_
+Louis A. Landa, _Princeton University_
+Samuel H. Monk, _University of Minnesota_
+Everett T. Moore, _University of California, Los Angeles_
+James Sutherland, _University College, London_
+H. T. Swedenberg, Jr., _University of California, Los Angeles_
+
+
+CORRESPONDING SECRETARY
+
+Edna C. Davis, _Clark Memorial Library_
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+The _Enquiry into the Causes of the Frequent Executions at Tyburn_ was
+originally published as a series of letters to the _British Journal_.
+The first letter appeared on February 27, 1725;[1] just twelve days
+before, Jonathan Wild, self-proclaimed "Thief-Catcher General of _Great
+Britain_ and _Ireland_," had been arrested and imprisoned in Newgate.
+Thus the _Enquiry_ had a special timeliness and forms a part of the
+contemporary interest in the increasingly notorious activities of Wild.
+Wild's systematic exploitation of the London underworld and his callous
+betrayal of his colleagues in criminality (he received £40 from the
+government for each capital conviction he could claim) had created
+public protest since at least 1718 when an act (which Mandeville cites
+in his Preface) directed against receivers of stolen goods was passed,
+most probably with the primary intention of curtailing Wild's
+operations. Wild's notoriety was at its peak in 1724-5 after his
+successful apprehension of Joseph Blake ("Blueskin") and Jack Sheppard,
+the latter figure becoming a kind of national hero after his five
+escapes from prison (he was recaptured by Wild each time).[2]
+
+The timeliness of Mandeville's pamphlet extends, of course, beyond its
+interest in Jonathan Wild, who after all receives comparatively little
+of Mandeville's attention. The spectacle of Tyburn itself and the civil
+and moral failures it represented was one which Londoners could scarcely
+ignore and which for some provided a morbid fascination. Mandeville's
+vivid description of the condemned criminal in Newgate, his journey to
+Tyburn, and his "turning off," must have been strikingly forceful to his
+contemporaries, who knew all too well the accuracy of his description.
+
+"Tyburn Fair" was a holiday. Apprentices deserted their posts,
+pickpockets, dram-dealers and other free-lance caterers, prostitutes,
+grub-street elegiasts armed with dying speeches or commemorative verses,
+went to theirs, to swell the enormous and unruly holiday mob, a mob
+given a certain tone by the presence of the respectable or aristocratic
+curious (Boswell says "I must confess that I myself am never absent from
+a public execution") who came in their coaches or even rode along with
+the condemned in his cart. The mob at Tyburn reached enormous
+proportions. Thirty thousand people witnessed an execution in 1776;
+eighty thousand an execution in Moorfields in 1767.[3] Richardson, in
+_Familiar Letters on Important Occasions_ (Letter CLX) refers to the
+"pressure of the mob, which is prodigious, nay, almost incredible."
+
+When such popular madness was climaxed by the generally unrepentant
+criminal's drunken bravado (Richardson's criminals "grew most shamefully
+daring and wanton.... They swore, laugh'd and talked obscenely"[4]), and
+by their glorification by the mob (according to Fielding the criminal at
+Tyburn was "triumphant," and enjoyed the "compassion of the meek and
+tender-hearted, and ... the applause, admiration, and envy, of all the
+bold and hardened"[5]), serious-minded men rightly wondered what valid
+end the execution of the law served. And of course it was not merely
+that the criminal died unrepentant or that the spectators remained
+unedified and undeterred. The scene at Tyburn also reflected society's
+failure to utilize a significant portion of its "most useful members," a
+failure disturbing to the dominant mercantile attitude of the time which
+valued "the bodies of men" as potential sources of wealth (Mandeville's
+concern with the usefulness of the lower class is obvious throughout the
+first part of the _Fable of the Bees_ and in the _Essay on Charity, and
+Charity-schools_).
+
+Mandeville's subject, then, was one familiar to his readers and one
+whose importance they recognized. His attitude toward his subject was
+for the most part a thoroughly conventional one. For instance, his
+primary assumption that the penal code must be harsh since its function
+is to deter, not to reclaim, pervades eighteenth-century thought on the
+subject and is clearly reflected in the number of offences carrying the
+death penalty (160 when Blackstone wrote; 220 in the early nineteenth
+century). Its logical culmination may be found in arguments such as
+George Ollyffe presented in 1731. Ollyffe, noting that the frequency of
+the death penalty was not deterring criminals, suggests that more
+horrible forms of punishment be devised, such as breaking on the wheel,
+"by which the Criminals run through ten thousand thousand of the most
+exquisite Agonies ... during the unconceivable Torture of their
+bruised, broken, and disjointed Limbs," or "twisting a little Cord hard
+about their Arms or Legs," which would produce the "keenest Anguish."[6]
+Ollyffe's public-spirited ingenuity should be a warning to modern
+readers who assume that Mandeville's attitude is unusually harsh and
+unfeeling.
+
+Most of Mandeville's specific proposals too may be paralleled in the
+many pamphlets of the time concerned with the criminal and the lower
+class. To point out some of the similarities between Mandeville's and
+Fielding's proposals (which he states most fully in _An Enquiry into the
+late Increase of Robbers_, 1751) is not to posit direct influence but to
+suggest the uniformity of opinion on these matters during many years.
+Both Mandeville and Fielding argue for closer control over receivers of
+stolen goods, against advertising in the paper to recover stolen goods,
+against the false compassion of the tender-hearted who fail to prosecute
+or of juries which fail to convict the guilty, against the
+indiscriminate imprisonment of young with old, hardened criminals with
+first offenders, men with women, and against frequent pardons. They
+agree in demanding that the condemned should meet his death, soberly,
+shortly after his conviction.[7]
+
+Mandeville's suggestion that the bodies of the executed be turned over
+to surgeons for dissection is not to be found in Fielding's pamphlet. It
+does, however, become a part of the "Act for preventing the horrid Crime
+of Murder" (25 Geo. II. c. 37), an act for which Fielding is often given
+credit.[8] This suggestion, and that in Chapter VI to trade felons into
+slavery (which as far as I know is Mandeville's own), clearly stem from
+the impulse to increase the deterrent power of the law by making it more
+terrible.
+
+What distinguishes Mandeville's pamphlet (in addition to the
+characteristically hard-headed bluntness of its author) is a quality
+present in one degree or another in all his work: an exuberant delight
+in creating scene. Throughout the _Fable of the Bees_, for example, but
+especially in the first part, the argument is punctuated by vivid scenes
+in which an idea is acted out or illustrated. Invariably these scenes
+have a merit and interest beyond that owing to their function in the
+argument. They are lively, vivid, picturesque, humorous or touching in
+their own right. The reader can scarcely doubt that Mandeville enjoyed
+composing them--he admits as much in the Preface to the _Enquiry_ when
+he acknowledges, in defending the "lowness" of his subject, the
+"Pleasure there is in imitating Nature in what Shape soever."
+
+The gusto and vitality of the description of the events at Tyburn well
+illustrate Mandeville's art. He puts us on the scene, lets us see and
+hear the various actors, gives us telling detail: a bully rolling in the
+mire; a putrified wig; a drunken old woman on a bulk; refuse flying
+through the air; trollops in rags; a gin seller "squeez'd up in a
+corner"; carcasses of dogs and cats. The scene is filled with objects
+and has movement as well: the mob is a torrent which "bursts through the
+gate," a "floating multitude." There is "jostling," "kicking dirt,"
+"rolling"; peddlers "stir about," and one who has "ventured in the
+Middle of the Current" is "fluctuating in the irregular Stream." The air
+is filled with "oaths and vile expressions," and "loud laughter"; a
+peddler "tears his Throat with crying his commodity." Mandeville orders
+his scene spatially and chronologically, and he enforces its vividness
+by relating the action in the present tense. Its basic unity, however,
+is owing to the evaluation and control provided by the various tones of
+the narrator's voice, which is alternately scornful and disgusted
+("abandoned Rakehells") and almost playfully ironic ("he is the
+prettiest Fellow among them who is the least shock'd at Nastiness";
+"their darling Cordial, the grand Preservative of Sloth, Jeneva").
+
+For one reader at least Mandeville is eminently successful in capturing
+what must have been the appalling uproar and the dismaying quality of
+the events at Tyburn. His vivid, circumstantial realism sets the
+_Enquiry_ apart, as far as I know, from all other pamphlets dealing with
+this sorry subject. If his views for the most part are conventional, his
+style and technique are not, and in this respect the _Enquiry_ is best
+compared not with other pamphlets but with Hogarth's portrayal of the
+demise of the idle apprentice (Plate XI of the _Industrious and Idle
+Apprentice_, 1747), in which Hogarth represents visually many of the
+same details which Mandeville reports and in which he conveys a
+comparable sense of the violent and brutal activity of the Tyburn mob.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION
+
+
+[Footnote 1: See "A Note on the Text" below.]
+
+[Footnote 2: A useful account of Wild's career and fame appears in
+William R. Irwin's _The Making of Jonathan Wild_ (New York, 1941), pp.
+3-32.]
+
+[Footnote 3: The figures are taken from Leon Radzinowicz' _A History of
+English Criminal Law_ (New York, 1948-56), vol. I, p. 175, n. 45.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Compare the hero of Swift's "_Clever_ Tom Clinch _going to
+be hanged_" (1726), "Who hung like a Hero, and never would flinch." He
+"Rode stately through _Holbourn_, to die in his Calling," and adjured
+his friends to "Take Courage, dear Comrades, and be not afraid, / Nor
+slip this Occasion to follow your Trade."]
+
+[Footnote 5: Henry Fielding, "An Enquiry into the Causes of the late
+Increase of Robbers," _Works_, ed. Henley (London, 1903), vol. 13, p.
+122. Fielding might have added that the criminal-hero also enjoyed the
+amorous admiration of the fair: when clever Tom Clinch rode by "The
+Maids to the Doors and the Balconies ran, / And said, lack-a-day! he's a
+proper young Man"; according to Mrs. Peachum "The youth in his cart hath
+the air of a lord, / And we cry, There dies an Adonis!"]
+
+[Footnote 6: George Ollyffe, _An Essay Humbly Offer'd, for an Act of
+Parliament to prevent Capital Crimes, and the Loss of many Lives; and to
+Promote a desirable Improvement and Blessing in the Nation_, second
+edition, (London, 1731), p. 8.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Fielding's and Mandeville's positions may be compared to
+that of an anonymous pamphleteer writing in 1701: "I might add, that it
+were not amiss, if after Condemnation they were allowed nothing but
+Bread and Water; a good way to humble them, and bring them to a sense of
+their Condition, as to a future state, and to put a stop to their
+murthering their Keepers, and attempting to break Gaol. And it were
+well, if a Particular Habit (Black the most proper Colour) were assigned
+them, at least at their Executions; and that they might not be suffered
+to make their Exits in gay Clothes (as they sometimes do like Men that
+Triumph) but rather as becomes Those, who are just going to undergo the
+Curse of the Law, and that are intended to be a Warning to Others." R.
+J., _Hanging not punishment enough, for Murtherers, High-way Men, and
+House-Breakers_, p. 21.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Both the criminal and the "mob" detested the anatomists. In
+the British Journal of March 20, 1725--one of the issues in which
+Mandeville's letters appeared--a captured murderer is reported to have
+said "d----n my Soul; but I desire I may not be Anatomiz'd." In the same
+issue is recorded a mob's assault on a doctor whom they suspected,
+rightly it seems, of grave-robbing. He was forced to flee for his life
+and his stable was "pulled down."]
+
+
+
+
+A NOTE ON THE TEXT
+
+
+The letters (which Mandeville tells us were composed before Wild's
+capture) appeared in nos. 128-133 of the _British Journal_ (Feb. 27,
+Mar. 6, Mar. 13, Mar. 20, Mar. 27, and Apr. 3, 1725). The differences
+between the text of the newspapers and that of the pamphlet have some
+significance, for what alterations there are suggest that Mandeville was
+a fairly careful editor. The Preface to the pamphlet is entirely
+new--its addition is one of several changes Mandeville made to put the
+articles in pamphlet form. He also, for example, added a Table of
+Contents, and gave headings to each chapter and, in one instance,
+changed "Papers" to "Chapters."
+
+Throughout minor changes (not clearly purposeful) in punctuation,
+italicization, and capitalization occur, and occasionally a word is
+changed ("Holland" becomes "Leyden," p. 27) or a word is inserted ("none
+of them should" becomes "none of them likewise should," p. 13), but only
+three changes may be called substantial. (1) In the first newspaper
+article the following sentence appeared in the text in brackets after
+the footnoted sentence on p. 3 of the pamphlet: "Here I beg leave to
+observe, that the greatest Part of this Treatise was wrote some Months
+before Jonathan Wild was apprehended; and that as nothing was said of
+him, but what may be equally applied to any one, who either now follows,
+or shall take upon him the same Employment, I keep to the original
+Manuscript, imagining the Reader will be better pleased to see the
+Author's Sentiments concerning Jonathan, and the Trade he drove before
+his Commitment, than any Alterations that might be expected from
+what has happen'd since." (2) The phrase on p. 17, "with Applause,
+and repeated with Impunity," corrects the newspaper version "with
+Impunity, and repeated with Applause." (3) On p. 25, lines 3 through
+17 appear only in the pamphlet, the newspaper version reading merely
+"... of Course, we seldom meet with any Thing that is edifying, or
+moving."
+
+The pamphlet is reproduced from the copy at the Huntington Library.
+
+
+
+
+AN
+ENQUIRY
+INTO THE
+CAUSES
+OF THE
+FREQUENT EXECUTIONS
+AT
+_TYBURN_:
+
+AND
+
+_A_ PROPOSAL _for some_ REGULATIONS _concerning_
+FELONS _in_ PRISON, _and the good
+Effects to be Expected from them_.
+
+To which is Added,
+
+A Discourse on TRANSPORTATION, and a Method
+to render that Punishment more Effectual.
+
+By _B. MANDEVILLE_, M.D.
+
+_Oderunt peccare Mali formidine Poenę._
+
+_LONDON_,
+Printed: And Sold by _F. Roberts_ in _Warwick-Lane_.
+MDCCXXV.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+The Design of this small Treatise, is to lessen if not prevent the
+common Practice of Thieving, and save many Lives of the loose and
+indigent Vulgar, of which now such great Numbers are yearly lavish'd
+away for Trifles. In order to this, I have endeavour'd to set in a true
+Light the destructive Consequences of _Theftbote_, and the Damage the
+Publick sustains from the Trade that is drove by Thiefcatchers, and the
+various ways now in vogue of compounding Felonies, by which the Safety
+as well as Maintenance of Thieves and Pilferers are industriously taken
+care of, and the Laws that enforce Prosecution altogether eluded.
+
+To the same Purpose I have pointed at the Licentiousness and other
+Disorders of _Newgate_, arising from the wrong Method we have of
+treating common Felons in Prison. I have describ'd the Transactions of
+Execution Day, with the Procession to _Tyburn_, and demonstrated what
+small Advantage they are of, as well to the condemn'd themselves, whose
+grand Affair it is to prepare themselves for another World, as to their
+Companions who should be deterred, or the rest of the Spectators, who
+should be struck with the Awfulness of the Solemnity. I have likewise
+searched into the Origin of Courage, and the wrong Judgments that are
+differently pass'd on the dying Behaviour of Malefactors, shew'd the ill
+Consequences as well as Absurdity of our mistaking Drunkenness for
+Intrepidity, and a senseless Deportment for Undauntedness; and touch'd
+on the several Neglects and Mismanagements that are accessary, and one
+way or other contribute to the Encrease and Support of Felons, and
+consequently, the Frequency of Executions. Afterwards I have in a
+Chapter by it self offer'd some Proposals for a better Usage, and more
+proper Treatment of common Felons in Confinement, and made a Pathetical
+Representation of the good Effects we might probably expect from such
+wholesome Regulations. To these I have added a Discourse on
+Transportation, and a Method of rendering that Punishment not only more
+effectual on the Criminals, but likewise advantagious to the Publick in
+the most extraordinary manner.
+
+I am not so vain as to place any Merit in the Performance, or promise my
+self the Applause of many: on the contrary, I expect to be censur'd, and
+perhaps deservedly, for the uncouth Decorations I have intermix'd with
+my Subject. Men of Taste and Politeness will think themselves very
+little oblig'd to me for entertaining them with the meanest and most
+abject part of low Life, for almost a whole Chapter together; and tell
+me that the Inside of _Newgate_, either on an Execution Day, or any
+other, is not a Scene they ought to be troubled with; and that the
+Exactness of a Picture among the Judicious is of little Worth where the
+noble manner is wanting. To this I could answer that, if I have
+trespassed against the Laws either of Elegance or Formality, I was
+forc'd to it by what is superior to all Laws, Necessity. When a Man is
+to inspire his Readers with an Aversion to what they are unacquainted
+with, he can never compass his End without furnishing them first with a
+general Idea of the Thing against which he wou'd raise their
+Indignation: I could add that, when a Piece is lively and tolerably
+finish'd, the good-natured Critick will pardon the Meaness of the
+Design, for the sake of the Colouring and the Application of the Master.
+But if neither of these Excuses are thought sufficient, I must plead
+guilty, and confess that the Pleasure there is in imitating Nature in
+what Shape soever is so bewitching, that it over-rules the Dictates of
+Art, and often forces us to offend against our own Judgment.
+
+As there are in this City not a few Men of Business and good
+Understanding, whose Leisure allows them not to read much beyond the
+Publick News, and most of them are concern'd in the Contents of this
+Pamphlet, I caused the several Chapters of it to be Printed in as many
+Papers of the _British_ Journal; imagining that its having been
+dispers'd, and, as it were, advertis'd in that manner, could give no
+Offence to the more Curious, who would chuse to have it entire by it
+self, and peruse it in a Character less troublesome to the Eyes.
+
+In the first Chapter I should have taken notice of a Clause in an Act of
+Parliament that was made in the Fourth Year of His present Majesty, and
+is call'd, _An Act for the further Preventing Robbery, Burglary, and
+other Felonies_, &c. The candid Reader I hope will pardon the Neglect,
+occasion'd by the small Acquaintance I have with the Law, and give me
+leave in this Place to repair that Omission. The Words are these.
+
+    And whereas there are several Persons who have secret Acquaintance
+    with Felons, and who make it their Business to help Persons to their
+    stollen Goods, and by that Means gain Money from them, which is
+    divided between them and the Felons, where-by they greatly encourage
+    such Offenders: Be it Enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That
+    whenever any Person taketh Money or Reward, directly or indirectly,
+    under Pretence, or upon account of helping any Person or Persons to
+    any stollen Goods or Chattels, every such Person so taking Money or
+    Reward, as aforesaid (unless such Person doth apprehend, or cause to
+    be apprehended such Felon who stole the same, and cause such Felon
+    to be brought to his Trial for the same, and give Evidence against
+    him) shall be guilty of Felony, and suffer the Pains and Penalties
+    of Felony, according to the felony committed in stealing such Goods,
+    and in such and the same manner, as if such Offender had himself
+    stole such Goods and Chattels, in the manner and with such
+    Circumstances as the same were stollen.
+
+Since the Printing of these Chapters, in the Paper aforesaid, I have
+likewise been inform'd; that, as receiving Money for assisting others in
+the Recovery of their stolen Goods, is by this Act made Felony; so by
+the known Rules of Law, whoever is aiding and assisting thereto is of
+Course guilty as an Accessary, and to incurr the same Punishment as the
+Principal: and it cannot be doubted; but that he, who pays Money on such
+an Occasion, is accessary to the Receiving of it; which well deserves
+the Reflection of those who make no Scruple of redeeming the Goods that
+had been stolen from them; as likewise does another Thing, which is,
+that if he who takes Money for stolen Goods is a principal Felon, and
+that he who pays it is a Felon, as being accessary, then he who by
+publick Advertisements with Promises of Secrecy, and that no Questions
+shall be asked, invites others to commit Felony, is guilty of a great
+Misdemeanour, tho' it produce no Effect; but, if it do, the Person
+publishing such Advertisement will be an Accessary likewise.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+  OF THEFTBOTE; _or, the Crime
+  of Compounding of Felony_.                                      Page 1
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+  _Of the ill Consequences of_ THEFTBOTE,
+  _and the Licentiousness of Felons in_
+  Newgate.                                                             9
+
+CHAP. III.
+
+  _Of Execution Day, the Journey to_ Tyburn,
+  and _a Word in behalf of Anatomical
+  Dissections._                                                       18
+
+CHAP. IV.
+
+  _Of the wrong Judgments that are pass'd
+  on the dying Behaviour of Malefactors._                             28
+
+CHAP. V.
+
+  _Of Regulations concerning_ FELONS _in
+  Prison, and the good Effects to be expected
+  from them._                                                         37
+
+CHAP. VI.
+
+  _Of_ TRANSPORTATION: _And a
+  Method to render that Punishment more
+  effectual._                                                         46
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+    _Of_ THEFTBOTE; _or, the Crime of Compounding of Felony._
+
+
+The Multitude of unhappy Wretches, that every Year are put to Death for
+Trifles in our great Metropolis, has long been afflicting to Men of Pity
+and Humanity; and continues to give great Uneasiness to every Person,
+who has a Value for his Kind. Many good Projects have been thought of to
+cure this Evil, by sapping the Foundation of it: A Society has been set
+up to reform our Manners; and neither Workhouses, nor Discipline on
+small Crimes, have been wanting: An Act has been made against prophane
+Cursing and Swearing; and many Charity Schools have been erected. But
+the Event has not answer'd hitherto the good Design of those Endeavours.
+This City abounds as much with loose, lazy, and dishonest Poor; there
+is as much Mischief done by ordinary Felons; and Executions for Theft
+and Burglary are as frequent, at least, as ever: Nay, it is believed,
+that _London_ is more pester'd with low Villany than any other Place
+whatever, the Proportion of Bigness between them not left unconsider'd.
+As there is no Effect without a Cause, so something must be the Reason
+of this Calamity. I have long and carefully examined into this Matter,
+and am forced to ascribe the Mischief complained of to two palpable
+Evils, distinct from those we have in common with other large overgrown
+Cities. One regards Prosecutions; the other the Treatment that is given
+to Malefactors after they are taken. I shall begin with the first: I
+mean the Neglect of them, occasion'd by our shameful Negotiations with
+Thieves, or their Agents, for the Recovery of stolen Goods, by which, in
+Reality, we become Aiders and Abetters to them.
+
+The Law of _England_ is so tender of Mens Lives, that whoever justly
+prosecutes, and convicts a Person of a Capital Crime, has nothing to
+answer for to his Conscience, but, on the contrary, has done a Service
+to his Country, without Offence to God, or the least Breach of Charity
+to his Neighbour. But as every Body has not Strength of Mind and
+Resolution enough to perform Duties that are repugnant to his Nature,
+so, making Allowances for Human Frailties, I could excuse the
+Backwardness of a meek home-bred Person, who should complain, That to
+appear in open Court, and speak before a Judge, are terrible Things to
+him. But I think it unpardonable, that a Man should knowingly act
+against the Law, and by so doing powerfully contribute to the Increase,
+as well as Safety and Maintenance, of Pilferers and Robbers, from no
+other Principle, than a criminal Selfishness, accompany'd with an utter
+Disregard to the Publick: Yet nothing is more common among us.[9] As
+soon as any Thing is missing, suspected to be stolen, the first Course
+we steer is directly to the Office of Mr. _Jonathan Wild_. If what we
+want is a Trinket, either enamel'd, or otherwise curiously wrought; if
+there is Painting about it; if it be a particular Ring, the Gift of a
+Friend; or any Thing which we esteem above the real Value, and offer
+more for it than Mr. _Thief_ can make of it, we are look'd upon as good
+Chaps, and welcome to redeem it. But if it be plain Gold or Silver, we
+shall hardly see it again, unless we pay the Worth of it. Some Years
+ago, it is true, a Man might, for half a Piece, have fetch'd back a
+Snuff-Box that weigh'd twenty or thirty Shillings: But this was in the
+Infancy of the Establishment. Now they are grown wiser, and calculate
+exactly what such a Thing will melt down for: To offer less is thought
+unreasonable; and unless Mr. _Thief-catcher_ stands your Friend indeed,
+if you have it, you will seldom save any Thing but the Fashion. If in
+this Place you can hear no Tidings of your Goods, it is counted a Sign,
+that they are in the Hands of irregular Practitioners, that steal
+without Permission of the Board. In this Case we immediately put in an
+Advertisement in some News-Paper or other, with a Promise, that such a
+Reward will be given, and no Questions asked. I own, that in the
+Printing of these short Epistles there is no manner of Harm, if we
+abstract the Act itself from the Concern the Publick has in it. The
+Tenor of them is rather benevolent than injurious: And a Panegyrist on
+the present Times might justly say of them, That in no Performances the
+true Spirit of Christianity was so conspicuous as in these: That they
+were not only free from Calumny and ill Language, but likewise so void
+of Reproach, that speaking to a Thief, we never call'd him so in those
+charitable Addresses: That in them the very Catalogues of Injuries
+receiv'd, were penn'd with as little Heat, or Resentment, as ever
+Tradesman shew'd in a Bill of Parcels directed to his best Customer:
+That here we are so far from hating our Enemy, that we proffer him a
+Recompence for his Trouble, if he will condescend to let us have our
+own again; and leaving all Revenge to God, to shew that we are willing
+to forgive and forget, we consult, in the most effectual Manner, the
+Safety of a Person that deserves Hanging for the Wrong he has done us.
+Yet, notwithstanding the kind Constructions that may be put on these
+Civil Offers, they all tend to the _Compounding of Felony_, and are the
+Occasion of a double Mischief: They invite the Indigent and Lazy to pick
+Pockets, and render the Negligent more careless than probably they would
+be, was this Practice abolish'd. A Pocket-Book, or Memorandum, may be
+stole from a Man that is of vast Concern to him, and yet of no Use but
+to the Owner: If this be taken by a regular Thief, a listed Pilferer, it
+is easily recover'd for a small Reward. I don't suppose any one so
+silly, that therefore he would go to Places, and into Companies, on
+Purpose to have his Pocket pick'd; but I can't help thinking, that if
+those Things were never to be heard of again, and the Loss
+irretrievable, many young Rakes, and other loose Reprobates, would be
+under greater Apprehensions, and more upon their Guard, at least when
+they had such a Charge about them, than the Generality of them now are.
+And again, if nothing could be made of Letters, Papers, and Things of
+that Nature, such as have no known Worth, and are not readily turned
+into Money, the numbers of Whores and Rogues, young and old, that are
+employ'd in the Diving Trade, would decrease considerably; many of them,
+from a Principle of Prudence, refusing to meddle with any Thing else.
+For as on most of the Things now spoke of, no real Value can be set, the
+Punishment would be inconsiderable, if any, should the Things be found
+upon them, or themselves be taken in the Fact. Most Men will agree to
+all this, whilst unconcern'd; but when private Interest is touch'd, it
+soon stifles these Considerations. I should be a Fool, says one, when a
+Thing of Value is stolen from me, not to get it back, if I can, for a
+Trifle. If I lose a Sword, or a Watch, I must have another; and to save
+the Fashion in these Things is considerable: It is better to lose the
+Half than the Whole. I have nothing to do with the Thief, says another,
+if I have my own again, it is all I want: What Good would it do to me to
+have a poor Fellow hang'd? A Third, more compassionate, will tell us,
+that if he knew the Thief, he would not meddle with him; and that he
+would lose ten times the Value of what has been taken from him, rather
+than be the Occasion of a Man's Death. To these I reply, that the
+Legislators seem to have known how the Generality of Men would argue,
+and what Excuses they would make; they had an Eye on the Frailty of our
+Nature; consider'd, that all Prosecutions are troublesome, and often
+very expensive; that most Men preferred their own Interest, their Ease
+and Pleasure, to any Regard of the Publick; and therefore they provided
+against our Passions with so much Severity. _Compounding of Felony_ is
+not prohibited under a small Penalty, or attoned for by a little Fine;
+it is next to Felony; and the most creditable Citizen, that is convicted
+of it, ceases to be an honest Man.
+
+The Offence in our Law is call'd THEFTBOTE; of which my Lord Chief
+Justice _Coke_ says, "That it is an Offence beyond Misprision of Felony;
+for that is only a bare Concealment of his bare Knowledge: But that it
+is THEFTBOTE when the Owner not only knows of the Felony, but takes of
+the Thief his Goods again, or Amends for the same to favour or maintain
+him, that is, not to prosecute him, to the Intent he may escape. The
+Punishment of THEFTBOTE is Ransom and Imprisonment." THEFTBOTE (as
+described by Act of Parliament) _est emenda furti capta absque
+consideratione curię domini regis_. Sir _Matthew Hale_, in his _Pleas of
+the Crown_, says, "That THEFTBOTE is more than a bare Misprision of
+Felony, and is, where the Owner doth not only know the Felony, but takes
+his Goods again, or other Amends, not to prosecute."
+
+This Rigour of the Legislature is a full Demonstration, that they
+thought it a Crime of the most pernicious Consequence to the Society;
+yet it is become familiar to us; and our Remissness in several Matters,
+relating to Felons, is not to be parallell'd in any other civiliz'd
+Nation. That Rogues should be industriously dispers'd throughout the
+City and Suburbs; that different Hours and Stations should be observ'd
+among them, and regular Books kept of stollen Goods; that the
+Superintendent in this hopeful Oeconomy should almost every Sessions,
+for a Reward, betray, prosecute, and hang one or more of this his
+Acquaintance, and at the same Time keep on his Correspondence amongst
+the Survivors, whom, one after another, he sends all to their Triangular
+Home; that Magistrates should not only know and see this, but likewise
+continue to make use of such a Person for an Evidence, and in a manner
+own that they are beholden to him in the Administration of Justice;
+That, I say, all these Things should be Facts, is something very
+extraordinary, in the Principal City, and the Home Management of a
+Kingdom, so formidable abroad, and of such Moment in the Balance of
+_Europe_, as that of _Great Britain_.
+
+The Mischief that one Man can do as a Thief, is a very Trifle to what he
+may be the Occasion of, as an Agent or Concealer of Felons. The longer
+this Practice continues, the more the Number of Rogues must hourly
+encrease; and therefore it is high Time that regular Book-keeping of
+stolen Goods should cease, and that all Gangs and Knots of Thieves
+should be broke and destroy'd as much as is possible, at least, none of
+them suffer'd to form themselves into Societies that are under
+Discipline, and act by Order of a Superior. It is highly criminal in any
+Man, for Lucre, to connive at a Piece of Felony which he could have
+hinder'd: But a profess'd Thief-Catcher, above all, ought to be severely
+punish'd, if it can be proved that he has suffer'd a known Rogue to go
+on in his Villany, tho' but one Day, after it was in his Power to
+apprehend and convict him, more especially if it appears that he was a
+Sharer in the Profit.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+    _Of the ill Consequences of_ THEFTBOTE, _and the Licentiousness of
+    Felons in Newgate._
+
+
+Often, when I have spoke against _Theftbote_, after the same manner as
+now I have been writing, I have heard Men of Worth and good Sense come
+into my Sentiments, who yet, after all, would tell me, That if I had
+lost any Thing myself, they believ'd that I would be glad to have it
+again with as little Cost and Trouble as I could. This I never denied,
+and am still willing to own. We are all partial and unfit Judges in our
+own Cause; but the most that can be made of this, is, That in that Case
+neither I nor any Body else, that has had any Thing stolen from him,
+ought to be consulted about the Matter: We are ill qualified, and
+therefore incapable of determining any Thing rightly concerning it. I
+have another Reason why this ought to be referred rather to those who
+never lost any Thing by Thieves and Pilferers, than others who have been
+Sufferers that Way: Rogues, it is true, have a thousand Stratagems, and
+a Person may be very careful, and yet have his Pocket pick'd, if ever he
+appears in the Street, or a Crowd: Yet, if we divide Mankind into two
+Classes, that the one will be more exempt from those Misfortunes than
+the other, is undeniable. A Man, who is always upon his Guard in the
+Streets, and suspects all Crowds; that is temperate in his Liquor;
+avoids, as much as is possible, unseasonable Hours; never gives Ear to
+Night-walkers; a Man that abroad is always watchful over himself, and
+every Thing about him, and at home takes Care of his Doors and Bolts,
+his Shutters, Locks, and Bars; such a one, I say, is in less Danger than
+others, who are unthinking, and never mind what Companies they thrust
+themselves into; or such as will be drunk, go home late in the dark
+unattended, and scruple not to talk and converse with lewd Women, as
+they meet them; or that are careless of themselves as well as of the
+securing and fastening of their Houses. It is evident then which Class
+would yield the most proper Judges; whom if it was left to, I don't
+question but the sober, careful, and wiser Part of the Nation would
+agree, that the Practice in vogue, and Method made use of to recover
+stolen Goods, even tho' there was no express Law against it, is, on many
+Accounts, mischievous to the Publick, and visibly destructive to the
+Interest of honest Property, and our Security in the Enjoyment of it.
+
+There is no greater Encouragement for Men to follow any Labour or
+Handicraft, than that they are paid as soon as they have done their
+Work, without any further Trouble. It is from such a Consideration as
+this, that to encrease the publick Security, the Law not only punishes
+Stealing, but likewise makes it Felony, knowingly to buy stolen Goods;
+and moreover perpetuates honest Property, and renders the Right of it
+inalienable from the injured Owner, who seizes his Goods in what Hands
+soever he finds them. These two additional Precautions are of admirable
+Use in hampering common Villains, and strengthening the Law against
+Theft. From the first, a Rogue, after he has made himself liable to be
+hang'd, may be still disappointed, and miss his chief Aim; for as Money
+is what he wants, if no Body will purchase what he offers, he is never
+the nearer. The Second makes that he is never safe, tho' he is rid of
+the Goods, and the Money in his Pocket; for tho' they are gone through
+half a Dozen Hands, as soon as the Right Owner lays Claim to the Things
+stole, every one is oblig'd to discover where he had them; and by this
+Means it is seldom difficult to find out the Thief, or the Receiver of
+stolen Goods. To leap these two Barriers, and free himself at once of
+the Trouble there is in finding a safe Purchaser, and all Apprehensions
+of future Danger, a Rogue could not wish or imagine any Thing more
+effectual than that he might lodge what he has stole in the Hands of the
+Owner himself, and so receive a Reward for his Pains, and, at the same
+Time, a Pardon for his Crime, of him, whose Prosecution was the only
+Thing he had to fear. It is evident then, that the friendly Commerce,
+and amicable Negotiations, now in vogue, between Thieves and those that
+are robb'd by them, are the greatest Encouragement of low Villany that
+can be invented, and as sure a Way to keep up the Breed of Rogues, and
+promote the Interest of them, as either our Fishery or the Coal Trade
+are constant Nurseries for Sailors.
+
+I am not ignorant, that in the present Conjuncture, as Cases might be
+stated, it would be very harsh, and seem to be the Height of Injustice,
+if we should hinder People from redeeming stolen Goods on all
+Emergencies whatever. A Man may be vigilant and careful, and his
+Servants the same, and yet, their Eyes being one Moment turn'd from the
+Counter, a Shop-Book may be snatched, and carried off, perhaps, a Month
+before _Christmas_. This may put a Tradesman of good Business in great
+Distress: Must he lose it? I say, Yes, if the Publick is to be preferr'd
+to a private Interest. In the mean time, I know very well what every
+Body would do in that Case: But that the Whole suffers by the
+Redemption, I prove thus: Let us say, that this Year twelve Shop-Books
+are stole, that are all recover'd for two or three Guineas apiece got
+for them, and no Body punish'd. You may expect that next Year you will
+have forty or fifty stole, and in a few Years nothing will be more
+common. And again, let us suppose that last Year an hundred Shop-Books
+were stole; but, by vertue of some effectual Law for that Purpose, not
+one redeemed. The Consequence, in all Probability, would be, that the
+next Year you would hardly have ten Shop-Books stole; and if, thro' the
+strict Observance of the Law, none of them likewise should be redeem'd,
+you would hear no more of that Practice.
+
+Besides, when a Man steals what is of no Value but to me, and can have
+no other View than that I should redeem it, and be his Pay-Master
+myself, the Felony becomes, in a manner, a compound Action, in which, as
+soon as I comply, I join with the Thief: And if we consider that the
+changing of Property from one Man to another, is seldom of any
+Consequence to the Publick, and that all the Mischief that can befal it
+from Theft, that is, the Loss of Goods that Way sustain'd by private
+Persons, consists in this, That those who committed it, gain their
+Point, and come off with Impunity, let who will be the Thief, or the
+Receiver; if, I say, we consider these two Things, it will appear, that
+in the Case I have mentioned, myself, who for my own Ends assisted the
+Thief with Money, and secured him from Prosecution, had the greatest
+Share in the Transaction, and consequently was, of the two, the most
+injurious to the civil Society. Without me the Rogue would not only have
+been disappointed, but likewise, whilst he continued in Possession of
+the Thing stole, remained in the perpetual Dread of being prosecuted for
+what he never had any Benefit from; and it is not probable that a Man
+who had been twice so served, would ever make such another Attempt.
+
+These Things well deserve the Consideration of wise Men, and I desire
+the compassionate Part of Mankind to reflect on what daily Experience
+teaches us of common Felons, and they will easily find out, that
+unseasonable Pity may prove the greatest Cruelty. The oftner a young
+Rogue steals with Impunity, the sooner he'll be a thorough-paced
+Villain, that will venture on more hazardous Undertakings; and the more
+numerous the Examples of such are, the more loose People will enter into
+the Fraternity, of which, whether it be great or small, very few ever
+arrive to a middle Age. Some are cunning enough never to be taken in a
+Fact; but no Subtlety can save them from the Impeachment of others. A
+licens'd Practitioner may be skreen'd and protected some Years, if he
+sticks to Discipline, and pays the greatest Part of his Earnings for his
+Security; but if he rides resty, and squabbles about the Contribution
+required of him, he is in a dangerous Way. It is possible that a
+dextrous Youth may be esteemed, and be a Favourite to the Superintendent
+a great while; but when he grows very notorious, he is hunted like a
+Deer, and the Premium on his Head betrays him. He may baffle his
+Prosecutor, find a Flaw in an Indictment, elude the Force of an
+Evidence, come off once or twice, be reprieved, break Goal, or be
+pardoned, the Gallows will be his Portion at last. The Wretch that is
+train'd up to stealing, is the Property of the Hangman: He can never
+entirely leave off his Trade: Many, after Transportation, have, with
+great Hazard of their Lives, found the Way back again to _Newgate_. A
+Thief bred must be hang'd if he lives.
+
+From all which appears, what I undertook to prove, That Remissness as to
+Prosecutions, occasion'd by the bare-faced Compositions of Felony, is
+one of the grand Causes of that lamentable Complaint, the Frequency of
+Executions; and should we compare the Droves that are carried to
+_Tyburn_ for Slaughter, with those others that are sent to _Smithfield_
+for the same Purpose, we would find the modern Thief-Catcher subservient
+to the Executioner in the same Manner, as the wealthy Grazier is to the
+needy Butcher; and that of the Cattle in either Sense, few are kill'd by
+the one that were never cherish'd by the other.
+
+I am now come to the second Cause, which is the Treatment Felons receive
+after they are taken, both in _Newgate_ and their Journey from thence to
+the Gallows: First, It is wrong to suffer such Numbers of them to be and
+converse together; for nothing but the utmost Corruption can be expected
+from a Company of forty or fifty People in a Prison, who, every one of
+them, singly consider'd, were all the worst of Thousands before they
+met. Secondly, It is an Encouragement to Vice, that the most dissolute
+of both Sexes, and generally young People too, should live promiscuously
+in the same Place, and have Access to one another. For the rest, the
+Licentiousness of the Place is abominable, and there are no low Jests
+so filthy, no Maxims so destructive to good Manners, or Expressions so
+vile and prophane, but what are utter'd there with Applause, and
+repeated with Impunity. They eat and drink what they can purchase, every
+Body has Admittance to them, and they are debarr'd from nothing but
+going out. Their most serious Hours they spend in mock Tryals, and
+instructing one another in cross Questions, to confound Witnesses; and
+all the Stratagems and Evasions that can be of Service, to elude the
+Charge that shall be made against them; or else in reading Lectures on
+some Branch or other of their Profession, the various Arts and Methods
+of Stealing, or the Glory, as well as Usefulness of invincible Impudence
+on all offensive and defensive Emergencies. As villainous Pawn-brokers,
+and all Receivers of stolen Goods, have good Reasons to be liberal to
+those they have dealt with, when in this Distress, so no Felons are here
+in Want, and reduced to the Allowance of the Prison, but Novices and
+silly Creatures, that have the least deserved to be punish'd; whereas
+the Veteran Rogues, and such as have been great Traders, are well
+provided for. This keeps them up in Debauchery; and many, after
+Condemnation, persist in their riotous Courses, and pampering their
+Bodies, whilst the Care that is taken of their Souls is very mean. For
+such is the Noise and Confusion all around them, that even the best
+dispos'd have not sufficient Opportunities to prepare themselves for
+another World; and the Helps they receive in Spirituals are, all Things
+consider'd, no better than the Accounts we have of them after every
+Session.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. III.
+
+    _Of Execution Day, the Journey to _Tyburn_, and a Word in behalf of
+    Anatomical Dissections._
+
+
+When the Day of Execution is come, among extraordinary Sinners, and
+Persons condemned for their Crimes, who have but that Morning to live,
+one would expect a deep Sense of Sorrow, with all the Signs of a
+thorough Contrition, and the utmost Concern; that either Silence, or a
+sober Sadness, should prevail; and that all, who had any Business there,
+should be grave and serious, and behave themselves, at least, with
+common Decency, and a Deportment suitable to the Occasion. But the very
+Reverse is true. The horrid Aspects of Turnkeys and Gaolers, in
+Discontent and Hurry; the sharp and dreadful Looks of Rogues, that beg
+in Irons, but would rob you with greater Satisfaction, if they could;
+the Bellowings of half a dozen Names at a time, that are perpetually
+made in the Enquiries after one another; the Variety of strong Voices,
+that are heard, of howling in one Place, scolding and quarrelling in
+another, and loud Laughter in a third; the substantial Breakfasts that
+are made in the midst of all this; the Seas of Beer that are swill'd;
+the never-ceasing Outcries for more; and the bawling Answers of the
+Tapsters as continual; the Quantity and Varieties of more entoxicating
+Liquors, that are swallow'd in every Part of _Newgate_; the Impudence,
+and unseasonable Jests of those, who administer them; their black Hands,
+and Nastiness all over; all these, joined together, are astonishing and
+terrible, without mentioning the Oaths and Imprecations, that from every
+Corner are echo'd a about, for Trifles; or the little, light, and
+general Squallor of the Gaol itself, accompany'd with the melancholy
+Noise of Fetters, differently sounding, according to their Weight: But
+what is most shocking to a thinking Man, is, the Behaviour of the
+Condemn'd, whom (for the greatest Part) you'll find, either drinking
+madly, or uttering the vilest Ribaldry, and jeering others, that are
+less impenitent; whilst the Ordinary bustles among them, and, shifting
+from one to another, distributes Scraps of good Counsel to unattentive
+Hearers; and near him, the Hangman, impatient to be gone, swears at
+their Delays; and, as fast as he can, does his Part, in preparing them
+for their Journey.
+
+At last, out they set; and with them a Torrent of Mob bursts thorough
+the Gate. Amongst the lower Rank, and working People, the idlest, and
+such as are most fond of making Holidays, with Prentices and Journeymen
+to the meanest Trades, are the most honourable Part of these floating
+Multitudes. All the rest are worse. The Days being known before-hand,
+they are a Summons to all Thieves and Pickpockets, of both Sexes, to
+meet. Great Mobs are a Safeguard to one another, which makes these Days
+Jubilees, on which old Offenders, and all who dare not shew their Heads
+on any other, venture out of their Holes; and they resemble Free Marts,
+where there is an Amnesty for all Outlaws. All the Way, from _Newgate_
+to _Tyburn_, is one continued Fair, for Whores and Rogues of the meaner
+Sort. Here the most abandon'd Rakehells may light on Women as shameless:
+Here Trollops, all in Rags, may pick up Sweethearts of the same
+Politeness: And there are none so lewd, so vile, or so indigent, of
+either Sex, but at the Time and Place aforesaid, they may find a
+Paramour. Where the Croud is the least, which, among the Itinerants, is
+no where very thin, the Mob is the rudest; and here, jostling one
+another, and kicking Dirt about, are the most innocent Pastimes. Now you
+see a Man, without Provocation, push his Companion in the Kennel; and
+two Minutes after, the Sufferer trip up the other's Heels, and the
+first Aggressor lies rolling in the more solid Mire: And he is the
+prettiest Fellow among them, who is the least shock'd at Nastiness, and
+the most boisterous in his Sports. No modern Rabble can long subsist
+without their darling Cordial, the grand Preservative of Sloth,
+_Jeneva_, that infallible Antidote against Care and frugal Reflexion;
+which, being repeated removes all Pain of sober Thought, and in a little
+Time cures the tormenting Sense of the most pressing Necessities. The
+Traders, who vent it among the Mob on these Occasions, are commonly the
+worst of both Sexes, but most of them weather-beaten Fellows, that have
+mis-spent their Youth. Here stands an old Sloven, in a Wig actually
+putrify'd, squeez'd up in a Corner, and recommends a Dram of it to the
+Goers-by: There another in Rags, with several Bottles in a Basket, stirs
+about with it, where the Throng is the thinnest, and tears his Throat
+with crying his Commodity; and further off, you may see the Head of a
+third, who has ventur'd in the Middle of the Current, and minds his
+Business, as he is fluctuating in the irregular Stream: Whilst higher
+up, an old decrepit Woman sits dreaming with it on a Bulk; and over
+against her, in a Soldier's Coat, her termagant Daughter sells the
+Sots-Comfort with great Dispatch. The intelligible Sounds, that are
+heard among them, are Oaths and vile Expressions, with Wishes of
+Damnation at every other Word, pronounced promiscuously against
+themselves, or those they speak to, without the least Alteration in the
+Meaning.
+
+As these undisciplined Armies have no particular Enemies to encounter,
+but Cleanliness and good Manners, so nothing is more entertaining to
+them, than the dead Carcasses of Dogs and Cats, or, for want of them,
+Rags, and all Trompery that is capable of imbibing Dirt. These, well
+trampled in Filth, and, if possible, of the worst sort, are, by the
+Ringleaders, flung as high and as far as a strong Arm can carry them,
+and commonly directed where the Throng is the thickest: Whilst these
+ill-boding Meteors are shooting thro' the Air, the Joy and Satisfaction
+of the Beholders is visible in every Countenance and Gesture; and more
+audibly express'd by the great Shouts that accompany them in their
+Course; and, as the Projectiles come nearer the Earth, are turn'd into
+loud Laughter, which is more or less violent in Proportion to the
+Mischief promis'd by the Fall. And to see a good Suit of Cloaths spoiled
+by this Piece of Gallantry, is the tip-top of their Diversion, which
+they seldom go home without enjoying: For tho' no People in their Senses
+would venture among them on Foot, in any tolerable Dress, yet there are
+young Rakes of Fortune, who care not what they lavish, or destroy: Of
+these the maddest sort will often, after a Night's Debauch, mix with
+Crowds, and thrust themselves in the midst of the most abominable
+Rabble, where they seldom fail of meeting with such Adventures.
+
+Tho' before setting out, the Prisoners took care to swallow what they
+could, to be drunk, and stifle their Fear; yet the Courage that strong
+Liquors can give, wears off, and the Way they have to go being
+considerable, they are in Danger of recovering, and, without repeating
+the Dose, Sobriety would often overtake them: For this Reason they must
+drink as they go; and the Cart stops for that Purpose three or four, and
+sometimes half a dozen Times, or more, before they come to their
+Journey's End. These Halts always encrease the Numbers about the
+Criminals; and more prodigiously, when they are very notorious Rogues.
+The whole March, with every Incident of it, seems to be contrived on
+Purpose, to take off and divert the Thoughts of the Condemned from the
+only Thing that should employ them. Thousands are pressing to mind the
+Looks of them. Their _quondam_ Companions, more eager than others, break
+through all Obstacles to take Leave: And here you may see young
+Villains, that are proud of being so, (if they knew any of the
+Malefactors,) tear the Cloaths off their Backs, by squeezing and
+creeping thro' the Legs of Men and Horses, to shake Hands with him; and
+not to lose, before so much Company, the Reputation there is in having
+had such a valuable Acquaintance. It is incredible what a Scene of
+Confusion all this often makes, which yet grows worse near the Gallows;
+and the violent Efforts of the most sturdy and resolute of the Mob on
+one Side, and the potent Endeavours of rugged Goalers, and others, to
+beat them off, on the other; the terrible Blows that are struck, the
+Heads that are broke, the Pieces of swingeing Sticks, and Blood, that
+fly about, the Men that are knock'd down and trampled upon, are beyond
+Imagination, whilst the Dissonance of Voices, and the Variety of
+Outcries, for different Reasons, that are heard there, together with the
+Sound of more distant Noises, make such a Discord not to be parallel'd.
+If we consider, besides all this, the mean Equipages of the Sheriffs
+Officers, and the scrubby Horses that compose the Cavalcade, the
+Irregularity of the March, and the Want of Order among all the
+Attendants, we shall be forced to confess, that these Processions are
+very void of that decent Solemnity that would be required to make them
+awful. At the very Place of Execution, the most remarkable Scene is a
+vast Multitude on Foot, intermixed with many Horsemen and
+Hackney-Coaches, all very dirty, or else cover'd with Dust, that are
+either abusing one another, or else staring at the Prisoners, among whom
+there is commonly very little Devotion; and in that, which is practis'd
+and dispatch'd there, of Course, there is as little good Sense as there
+is Melody. It is possible that a Man of extraordinary Holiness, by
+anticipating the Joys of Heaven, might embrace a violent Death in such
+Raptures, as would dispose him to the singing of Psalms: But to require
+this Exercise, or expect it promiscuously of every Wretch that comes to
+be hang'd, is as wild and extravagant as the Performance of it is
+commonly frightful and impertinent: Besides this, there is always at
+that Place, such a mixture of Oddnesses and Hurry, that from what
+passes, the best dispos'd Spectator seldom can pick out any thing that
+is edifying or moving.
+
+Here I must observe, that the Possibility of Pardons and Reprieves, that
+often come very late, and which, with or without Grounds, most Criminals
+continue to hope for, 'till they are hang'd, is another great Clog, that
+keeps attach'd to the World those that are less abandon'd, and more
+relenting than the Generality of them; and who, without that Hindrance,
+would, in all Probability, prepare themselves for certain Death, which
+overtakes many whilst they are still doubting of it. The Ordinary and
+Executioner, having performed their different Duties, with small
+Ceremony, and equal Concern, seem to be tired, and glad it is over.
+
+The Tragedy being ended, the next Entertainment is a Squabble between
+the Surgeons and the Mob, about the dead Bodies of the Malefactors that
+are not to be hanged in Chains. They have suffer'd the Law, (cries the
+Rabble,) and shall have no other Barbarities put upon them: We know what
+you are, and will not leave them before we see them buried. If the
+others are numerous, and resolute enough to persist in their Enterprize,
+a Fray ensues: From whence I shall take an Opportunity of saying
+something upon the Occasion of it. I have no Design that savours of
+Cruelty, or even Indecency, towards a human Body; but shall endeavour to
+demonstrate, that the superstitious Reverence of the Vulgar for a
+Corpse, even of a Malefactor, and the strong Aversion they have against
+dissecting them, are prejudicial to the Publick; For as Health and sound
+Limbs are the most desirable of all Temporal Blessings, so we ought to
+encourage the Improvement of Physick and Surgery, wherever it is in our
+Power. The Knowledge of Anatomy is inseparable from the Studies of
+either; and it is almost impossible for a Man to understand the Inside
+of our Bodies, without having seen several of them skilfully dissected.
+Kings and Princes are open'd, and have their Hearts and Bowels taken
+out, and embalm'd. It is not then Ignominious, much less offensive to
+the dead Body, which may be interred with as much Decency, after
+Dissection, as if it never had been touch'd. But suppose that many of
+our common Thieves were not to be buried at all, and some of them made
+Skeletons; and that several Parts of others, variously prepared, should
+be preserved for the Instruction of Students? What if it was a Disgrace
+to the surviving Relations of those, who had Lectures read upon their
+Bodies, and were made use of for Anatomical Preparations? The Dishonour
+would seldom reach beyond the Scum of the People; and to be dissected,
+can never be a greater Scandal than being hanged. The University of
+_Leyden_ in _Holland_ have a Power given them by the Legislature to
+demand, for this Purpose, the Bodies of ordinary Rogues executed within
+that Province; but, with us, it is the general Complaint of all
+Professors of Anatomy, that they can get none to dissect: Where then
+shall we find a readier Supply; and what Degree of People are fitter for
+it than those I have named? When Persons of no Possessions of their own,
+that have slipp'd no Opportunity of wronging whomever they could, die
+without Restitution, indebted to the Publick, ought not the injur'd
+Publick to have a Title to, and the Disposal of, what the others have
+left? And is any Thing more reasonable, than that they should enjoy that
+Right, especially when they only make use of it for commendable
+Purposes? What is done for the common Good, every Member of the Society
+may, at one time or other, receive an Advantage from; and therefore
+quarrelsome People, that love fighting, act very preposterously and
+inconsistent with their Interest, when they venture to have their Bones
+broke, for endeavouring to deprive Surgeons of the Means to understand
+the Structure of them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. IV.
+
+    _Of the wrong Judgments that are pass'd on the dying Behaviour of
+    Malefactors._
+
+
+Having finish'd the Picture I proposed to draw of modern Executions, and
+the Crowds that usually attend them, I shall make some Remarks on the
+Judgments that are commonly passed on the dying Behaviour of our
+ordinary Felons. In a rich and potent Kingdom, where worldly Glory is
+not in Contempt, and to think meanly of our selves seldom taught by
+Example, whatever it may be by Precept, nothing is counted more
+provoking, or less to be born with Patience, than to be called a Coward.
+The vilest Rogues, and most despicable Villains, may own a thousand
+Crimes, and often brag of the most abominable Actions; but there is
+scarce one, who will confess that he has no Courage. Our general Esteem
+for Valour, which is demonstrable from what I have said, as it is of
+great Use to a warlike Nation, is very commendable; and Fortitude ought
+ever to keep its Place amongst the Cardinal Virtues: But the Notions
+which the Vulgar have of Courage, as well as Honour and Shame, are full
+of dangerous Errors. Compliments, as well as Reproaches, when ill
+applied, are often the Causes of great Mischief; and I am persuaded,
+that the Perverseness of Opinion now reigning amongst us, both in
+applauding and discommending the Conduct of Criminals in their last
+Hours, is an accessary Evil, that very much contributes to what is the
+Subject of our grand Complaint, the Frequency of Executions. To explain
+my self on this Matter in the clearest Manner I am able, I beg leave to
+begin with it from the Bottom.
+
+In all living Creatures, that fall under our Senses, we perceive an
+Instinct of Self-Preservation; and the more sensible they are, the
+greater Aversion they discover to the Dissolution of their Being. Man,
+the most perfect of them, sets an inestimable Value on Life, and knows
+no Fear equal to the Horror he has against Death. This is to be
+understood only of Man, in the State of Nature, before he has made
+Reflections on himself, and what he sees of the Creation; but when,
+after that his Reason demonstrates to him that there must have been a
+first Cause; that the World is govern'd by an intelligent Being; that
+himself, a Compound of Soul and Body, is indebted to that Being for all
+he enjoys, and that there is a strong Probability of a Life after this:
+When, moreover, he considers himself as incorporated in a Community of
+vast Numbers, that all together make one Body politick, the Welfare of
+which he finds universally esteemed, as a Concern superior to all
+others: When, I say, he finds and reflects on all this, he plainly sees,
+that the Fear of Death, must, on many Accounts, be prejudicial to the
+publick Good and common Security, in which he has a Share. It is a
+Virtue then to conquer it; and if we inspect into the early OEconomy of
+all Nations, we shall find, that the most powerful Motives made use of
+to induce Man to lessen this Fear, and moderate the Fondness which
+Nature has given us of Life, had their Origin from Religion, or a
+publick Spirit; that is, in other Words, from a Representation of his
+Duty either to God or his Country. Thus holy Martyrs have suffer'd with
+Fortitude for their Faith, and, in Confidence of eternal Happiness,
+hasten'd to Death with Alacrity, and even rejoiced in the Midst of
+Flames. And thus there have been valiant Men, in all Ages, that have
+exposed themselves to the greatest Hazards, in Defence of their Laws and
+Liberties, and, animated by a zealous Love for their Country, sacrific'd
+their Lives to the publick Welfare. As Men of this Sort have every
+where deservedly gained the general Applause, and the Virtue they are
+possess'd of has been honoured by the Name of Courage; so, on the
+contrary, the Fearful and Pusillanimous, that ever prefer their own
+Safety to all other Considerations, and are therefore never to be relied
+upon, are as justly despis'd, and the ignominious Word, by which we
+reproach the Vice that enslaves them, is Cowardice.
+
+From what has been said it is evident, that the original Reason why
+Courage is generally esteemed, is, because it is taken for granted, that
+both the Principle we act from, and the End we labour for in conquering
+our Fears, are praise-worthy, and have a visible Tendency, either to the
+Good of others, or our own spiritual Felicity. Nothing, therefore, is
+more unjust, than that we should continue our Esteem for Valour when it
+degenerates, and both the Motive Men set out with, and the Scope they
+aim at, are palpably destructive. Anger, Pride, Envy, and several other
+Passions, are capable of subduing Fear. But, as these Principles are
+evil in themselves, so it is impossible that the End to be obtain'd by
+them should be commendable. What perverse and miserable Judges are we
+then, that applaud a Person's Intrepidity in fighting a Duel, when in
+the Act itself, we see him willfully violate the Laws of God and Man?
+But should human Honour here break in upon me, and my Reasoning, how
+right soever, be overpower'd by the irresistable Clamour of the
+fashionable World, what can be said for the senseless Intimidity of a
+vulgar Rogue, who not only professes an utter Disregard to Honour and
+Conscience, but has likewise, at his first Setting out, as a Preliminary
+to his Business, disclaim'd all Pretences to common Honesty? Why should
+we delight in the Intrepidity, tho' it was real, of a Villain in his
+Impiety? Why should Christians be pleased to see a great Sinner give up
+his Ghost impenitent; or imagine that he dies bravely, because he bids
+Defiance to Heaven, and boldly plunges himself into an Abyss of eternal
+Misery? Yet nothing is more common amongst us: And the further a Man is
+removed from Repentance, nay, the more void he seems to be of all
+Religion, and the less Concern he discovers for Futurity, the more he is
+admired by our sprightly People: Whereas, he who shews but the least
+Sorrow for his Sins, or, by his Tears, or Dismality of Gestures, lets us
+know that he is under Apprehensions of the divine Wrath, is a weak silly
+Creature, not worth looking at: And he only, in the Opinion of many,
+dies like a Man, who, in reality, goes off most like a Brute. But some
+of my Readers, perhaps, will have nothing to do with Christianity.
+Suppose, then, we lay by that Consideration; I grant, that to subdue
+the Terrors of Death is a manifest Token of Intrepidity, and promise to
+pay Homage to true Courage wheresoever I can meet with it; only let us
+not be imposed upon, but try the Valour of this undaunted Hero, whether
+it be genuine. No Man can conquer the Fear of Death, but by something
+superior to it: What is the Power that supports him in the Conflict, and
+what Principle does he act from? It is not his Innocence, for his Guilt
+is publick, and his Crimes are proved upon him. It is not Zeal for
+Religion, nor the Love of his Country: He pretends to neither. Yet it
+must be some mighty Principle of vast Force and Efficacy; for if he acts
+consistently, he despises not only Death, but the Wrath of Omnipotence,
+and a Punishment just at Hand, that shall be everlasting. Will you say
+that he firmly believes that there is no God, nor Life after this, and
+that Man is wholly mortal? Suppose it; that's no Support against Death
+itself: But look narrowly into him, and you will alter your Opinion,
+even as to that. The Enthusiasm of Atheists has other Symptoms;
+deplorable as it is, the Appearance of it is more sedate, and they make
+some Pretences to Reasoning: But what Probability is there, that a poor
+Rascal, who was brought up in Ignorance, and perhaps cannot read, one
+who never troubled his Head with thinking, much less with thinking on
+abstruse Matters, and Metaphysicks, should so far lose himself in the
+Mazes of Philosophy, as to become a speculative Atheist.
+
+Since, then, we can find no Principle from which it is possible a common
+Villain should derive his Undauntedness, it is evident that what we see
+is spurious, and the Bravery we admire only counterfeited, and false at
+Bottom. The Terror of Death inwardly excruciates him; But his Fear of
+shewing this, of being called a Coward, and laugh'd at by his
+Companions, has some Command over his outward Appearance; therefore,
+(not to be found out,) sometimes he swears or scoffs at Religion; at
+others he mixes forc'd Laughter with the vilest Language, and trys all
+the Strength of Brutality to keep down a struggling Conscience, and
+appear more atheistical and obdurate than, to his Sorrow, he feels
+himself to be. But his Impudence would soon fail him, and his
+inexhaustible Stock be but a weak Match for the Agonies he suffers, if
+he took not Refuge in strong Liquors. These are his only Support, and
+Drunkenness the Cause of his Intrepidity. Should I be told, that in many
+of them no Signs are seen either of Fear or Ebriety, it would be of no
+Force against my Assertion: As great Fear sinks, so hard Drinking raises
+the Spirits: They are two Enemies, that, when equally match'd, may, by
+mutual Conflict, easily disarm and hinder the Operations or each other.
+Let a curious Observer mind the continual Changes of the Prisoner's
+unsettled Behaviour, the wild Manner of his Actions, and, above all, the
+greedy Haste, with which he throws down every Thing potable and
+intoxicating, and he will soon perceive that our Sham-Hero drinks
+neither with Comfort, nor for Pleasure, and seems to expect no other
+Benefit from it, than that it may take away his Senses, and hinder him
+from thinking. Are not they fine Judges, who are imposed upon by such
+pusillanimous Wretches, that are so far from having conquer'd the Fear
+of Death, that they go out of the World without having ever dared one
+Moment soberly to think of it; and of whom it can only be said, that
+they died hard and unmov'd, because they were senseless, and with the
+Courage of a Stone suffer'd themselves, without Thought, to drop into
+Eternity?
+
+The Mischief that these Patterns of Impenitence, together with the
+Applause that is given them, must produce in a vast and opulent City,
+will appear from the following Consideration. It is necessary to the
+publick Peace and Security, that Burglary, Robbing in the Streets, or on
+the Highway, and all those Crimes where Violence is mix'd with
+Injustice, should be capitally punish'd: But considering on the one
+hand, how much more prone Men are to Ease and Pleasure, than they are to
+Industry and Labour; and, on the other, the Generality of human Wants,
+and the unequal Distributions of Fortune to supply them, it must be
+acknowledg'd, that where Men are without Shame and Education, and
+consequently not affected with the Ties either of Honour or Religion,
+Poverty itself is a strong Temptation to Thieving, when Opportunities
+offer. The greatest Charity, therefore, and Compassion we can shew to
+our Fellow-Creatures, is an extraordinary Severity, and never-ceasing
+Watchfulness in a Government against the first Approaches of Dishonesty.
+It is with this View that the Provision of the Legislature, that such
+Offenders should be punish'd with Death, is to be vindicated; tho' the
+Punishment is greater than the Laws, framed by God himself for the
+_Jewish_ Commonwealth, inflicted; or what natural Justice, proportioning
+the Punishment to the Crime, seems to require: For it is not the Death
+of those poor Souls that is chiefly aim'd at in Executions, but the
+Terror we would have it strike in others of the same loose Principles:
+And, for the same Reason, these Executions are little better than
+Barbarity, and sporting away the Lives of the indigent Vulgar, if those
+valuable Sacrifices we are obliged to make to the publick Safety, are
+render'd insignificant. If no Remedy can be found for these Evils, it
+would be better that Malefactors should be put to Death in private; for
+our publick Executions are become Decoys, that draw in the Necessitous,
+and, in effect, as cruel as frequent Pardons; instead of giving Warning,
+they are examplary the wrong Way, and encourage where they should deter.
+The small Concern, and seeming Indolence of the Condemn'd, harden the
+Profligates that behold them, and confirm to them, by ocular
+Demonstration, what they encourage one another with in viler Language,
+(low, as it is, permit me to mention it,) _That there is nothing in
+being hang'd, but awry Neck, and a wet pair of Breeches._
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. V.
+
+    _Of Regulations concerning_ FELONS _in Prison, and the good Effects
+    to be expected from them._
+
+
+What has been said in the foregoing Chapters, in relation to common
+_Felons_, has pointed at the evil Customs, Mismanagements, and perverse
+Opinions, that prevail amongst us. I shall now conclude what I proposed
+to publish on this Subject with offering some Proposals towards a better
+Usage of them in Prison; and the good Effect such Alterations, in all
+Probability, would produce. All which, without Arrogance or Presumption,
+I submit to better Judgment.
+
+_First_, I would have every one of the Malefactors lock'd up by himself;
+and they should never be suffer'd to converse together. It would not be
+a very great Expence (where Chimneys, convenient Windows, Order, and
+Beauty would be out of the Question:) to build an hundred small Rooms,
+perhaps, of twelve Foot Square, that would be strong, beyond the
+Possibility of being forced by naked Hands; and, to prevent all Hopes of
+breaking Goal, I would have it a Custom made, to search, suspected or
+not, all Prisoners, and the Places they are in, every Night before
+Bed-time. The Rooms I speak of, I would rather have obscure, than
+otherwise; and the small Light they had, far beyond Reach. They, should
+all have such Conveniences, that those, who were shut up in them,
+should, during their Stay, have no Occasion to stir out of them on any
+Account. Thus we might secure Prisoners, without galling them with
+Irons, before we are sure that they deserve to be punish'd at all.
+
+_Secondly_, I would have a Law made, to fix a certain number of Days,
+after which the Condemned should not have the Benefit of Pardons or
+Reprieves, tho' they might be obtain'd. This Time elaps'd, they should
+have one Day to bid farewell to Friends and Relations: After which, they
+should have three times four and twenty Hours allow'd them, for no other
+Purpose, than to make their Peace with Heaven, and prepare themselves
+for Death. During this time, they should be inaccessible to all but a
+sober Keeper, to take Care of them, and a Clergyman, to assist them in
+Spirituals. And here I beg leave to observe, that Men of Reputation, who
+live in Credit, and by their Learning, or exemplary Lives, have acquired
+the Publick Esteem, are fitter for this Task, than others of small
+Parts, and no Repute; that, labouring under narrow Circumstances, for a
+poor Salary, and some miserable Perquisites, take upon them this weighty
+Province, as a Livelihood and Business, to be constantly follow'd. The
+more Respect and Reverence are paid to Divines, and the higher their
+Dignity is, the greater Opportunity they have of making themselves
+serviceable in every Branch of their Function, but more especially that
+Part of it now under Consideration. In other Protestant Countries,
+beyond Sea, the Ministers of the National Church perform this Office,
+either by Turns, or as the Criminal, and sometimes the Magistrate,
+desire it. In most Employments Use makes Perfectness, but here it
+incapacitates: and was a Man, even of the greatest Prudence and
+Watchfulness over himself, always to converse with Rogues, and do
+nothing else but instruct and attend Malefactors in their last Hours,
+the very Habit he would contract from it, would spoil him for that
+Purpose: And it is impossible, but constant Practice wou'd, in a little
+Time, wear out, or at least take off the greatest Part of that
+Earnestness and Concern, which ought to be inseparable from the Charge I
+speak of.
+
+The greater Provision we made for the Souls and future Happiness of
+these short-liv'd Sinners, the less Indulgence we should have for their
+Bodies and sensual Appetites: And I would have it strictly observed,
+that from the Moment their Death was fixed, 'till their Execution, they
+should receive nothing for Sustenance but Bread and Water; and of either
+what they would. I would, moreover, have it enacted, That every Year a
+certain number of dead Bodies, not under six, should be allowed to
+Physicians and Surgeons, for Anatomical Uses, not to be made choice of
+till after Death, in such a Manner, that no Felon could be sure this
+would not be his Lot.
+
+If they should complain, that the miserable Diet they were confined to,
+was a Severity that disturbed their Thoughts, and hinder'd their
+Devotion, it would be a Sign, that their Minds were not yet turned the
+right Way: But this Grievance, a short Time and Necessity will never
+fail to cure. The harsher that Article may seem, the more Efficacy it
+would be of, in deterring Rogues from Mischief: For I do not doubt but
+most of them would look upon the wholsome Regulations in Prison here
+mentioned, as the most considerable Part of the Punishment they were to
+suffer; though, I confess, that what I have in View by this low Diet,
+chiefly regards the eternal Welfare of those unhappy People, as it
+would be instrumental to an early Repentance. When, free from Fumes of
+Food, and all intoxicating Comforts, the serious Thoughts of a Criminal
+shall be obliged to dwell upon his wretched Self, and behold the
+Prospect of a future State so near, so certainly to come, the loosest
+and most abandon'd will be brought to Reason. Death being unavoidable,
+and nothing upon Earth to save him, Self-defence will make him turn his
+Eyes elsewhere: His continued Abstinence will help to clear his
+Understanding; then searching after Truth, he will be soon convinced of
+the Folly and Weakness of those Arguments, by which he had been used to
+harden his Conscience, keep out Remorse, and fortify his Steadiness in
+Guilt.
+
+When a Man thus wean'd from the World, and all the Hopes of Life, should
+be drawn forth from his dark and solitary Dungeon, once more enjoy the
+open Air, and see himself exposed to gazing Multitudes, there met on
+purpose to feed their Curiosity at his Expence; when the Paleness of his
+Countenance, and the Shaking of every Limb, should, without Disguise,
+reveal the Motions of his Heart; and his Spirits neither confounded, nor
+buoy'd up by inebriating Liquors, should discover their real Condition
+and Incapacity to uphold their trembling Tenement; the Spectacle would
+be awful, and strike the Hearts of the Beholders: When seated on the
+ignominious Cart, by his restless Posture, the Distortion of his
+Features, and the continual wringing of his Hands, he should disclose
+his Woe within, and the utmost depth of Sorrow: When we should hear his
+shrill Cries and sad Complaints interrupted with bitter Sobs and anxious
+Groans, and now and then, at sudden Starts, see Floods of Tears gushing
+from his distracted Eyes, how thoroughly would the Concurrence of so
+many strong Evidences convince us of the Pangs, the amazing Horror, and
+unspeakable Agonies of his excruciated Soul!
+
+Common Stubbornness and Stupidity could not be Proof against all this;
+and the Licentious Rabble of both Sexes, that make now the most
+considerable part of those dismal Processions, would not attend in such
+tumultuous Crowds. Few Profligates would be able to stand the Shock of
+Sounds and Actions so really tragical: Many would run away for fear of
+rouzing the Lion kept chain'd within, and waking a guilty Conscience
+from the Lethargy they have thrown it in with so much Labour. They would
+not follow long to behold a Scene so little to their Purpose; and
+whatever Multitudes of them might set out with these Penitents, they
+would drop off, and dwindle away by Degrees; even the most obdurate
+would sicken at such a Sight, and turning from it to less displeasing
+Objects, seek after more suitable Diversions. The Absence of so many
+Rake-hells, that only take delight in Mischief, would render these
+Tragedies more solemn, and, at the same Time, make room for Spectators
+of a better Sort, and lesser Sinners, on whom, in all Probability, they
+would have a more desirable Effect. It is not to be express'd, what
+lasting and useful Impressions such Shews would make: Many that are
+conscious of their Frailty, and the small Power they have of conquering
+their Passions, would take an Opportunity from them of adoring the
+divine Mercy, for having preserved them hitherto from falling into such
+Crimes; even the Voluptuous, that in the Enjoyment of Youth and Vigour,
+are enamour'd with Life for the sake of Pleasure, would be startled at
+them, and thank God that this was not their Case; and several by the
+Fear of Death only, become more serious and reflecting.
+
+Thus much we should gain, at least, in Behalf of Religion, from every
+Execution, even of the most sorry Felons, who, void of Sense and
+Goodness, only grieve because they are to die, and go they know not
+where: But it is more than probable, that some of them would become good
+Christians, and make exemplary Ends. When the Condemn'd should, in every
+Respect, receive the Treatment I have requir'd, and by this Means,
+undisturb'd by earthly Cares, have Leisure, in sober Sadness, to review
+their past Life, and examine into the Multitude, as well as Enormity of
+their Offences; then, after thorough Contrition, and an open Confession
+in Behalf of Justice, animated by Faith, betake to constant Prayer; we
+ought to believe that thus exerting themselves in the Work of Salvation,
+by the good Guidance of able Divines, and their own unwearied
+Endeavours, many of them would find Favour in the Sight of the Almighty;
+and that several, even as they went to Death, would be regenerated, and
+comforted from above with a strong Assurance of Forgiveness. What a
+visible Alteration would it not make in them, when they should perceive
+their Spirits, that the Moment before were overwhelm'd with Grief, or
+fill'd with black Despair, cherish'd and enlighten'd by the powerful
+Beams of heavenly Grace and Clemency: Transported with the Prospect of
+approaching Bliss they then would wish to die, and rejoice that they
+should be made Examples to frighten Evil-doers from their Ways.
+
+But when they should consider, what Acts of Devotion and unfeigned
+Piety, what Works of superlative Charity would be necessary, if they
+were to live, to atone for the heinous Crimes and manifold
+Transgressions they had been guilty of against God and their Neighbour,
+how would it rouze their Souls, and how eager would it not render them,
+in the most profitable Manner, to spend the small Remains of Life!
+Sometimes they would deter the wicked and in the same Breath solicite
+Heaven for their Conversion: At others, reasoning from the Changes they
+had experienced within, they would combat Impiety with Vehemence, and
+conjure Unbelievers no longer to doubt of an everlasting Futurity: They
+would paint to them, in the strongest Colours, the Horrors they had felt
+from an accusing Conscience, and the Abyss of Misery they had been
+plunged in, whilst yet labouring under the dire Reflection on eternal
+Vengeance; And thus, mixing fervent Prayers with strenuous Exhortation,
+they would employ the few Moments, that were left them, in Exercises
+intirely spiritual and holy.
+
+How such Conversions would affect the Minds of all that saw or heard
+them, cannot be better imagin'd than by examining our selves. When we
+had seen an half-starv'd Wretch, that look'd like Death, come shivering
+from his Prison, and hardly able to speak or stand, get with Difficulty
+on the slow uncomfortable Carriage; where, at the first Rumbling of it,
+he should begin to weep, and as he went, dissolve in Tears, and lose
+himself in incoherent Lamentations, it would move us to Compassion. But
+with what Astonishment would it not fill us, to behold the same
+Creature, near the fatal Tree, become lively, glow with Zeal, and, in
+Strength of Voice and Action, excell the most vigorous Preachers! All
+this we might expect; and that those of Wit and Genius, as certainly
+there are among them, would often light on new and convincing Arguments
+to warn the Sinner: Nay, some of them prove stupendious Orators, that
+would not only spread Amazement all around them, but likewise find
+uncommon Ways to reach the Heart with Violence, and force Repentance on
+their Hearers. It is Stupidity to doubt the vast Use such Executions
+would be of, to compass Happiness both here and hereafter; and should we
+regard the first only, it would be no Exaggeration to assert, that one
+of them would be more serviceable to the Peace and Security of this
+immense City, than a thousand of those that are now so frequent among
+us.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VI.
+
+    _Of_ TRANSPORTATION: _And a Method to render that Punishment more
+    effectual._
+
+
+When I concluded the last, I thought not to have tired the Reader any
+longer with the Subject of Malefactors: But it has been remonstated to
+me since, that what I had wrote, would seem very defective, and this
+Treatise be, in reality, imperfect, if I said nothing of Transportation;
+which, for some Years last past, on many Occasions, has been
+substituted, and inflicted in the room of capital Punishment; and
+having, at the same Time, been furnish'd with a Hint concerning this
+Affair, that may be of admirable Use, I cannot forbear imparting it to
+the Publick. There is no doubt but the Design of Transporting Felons,
+instead of hanging them, when their Crimes were not very enormous, was
+just and commendable, and it was reasonable to expect that it would have
+proved a powerful Remedy against the grand Evil I have all along
+complain'd of, and which has been so often repeated. But our subtle
+Criminals have found out Means hitherto to render it ineffectual: Some
+have made their Escape in the Voyage itself; others, condemn'd to this
+Punishment, never have been put on board; several have reach'd the
+Plantations, but been return'd again by the first Shipping, and great
+Numbers have been come back before half their Time was expir'd. Those
+that are forced to stay, do very little Service themselves, and spoil
+the other Slaves, teaching the _Africans_ more Villany and Mischief than
+ever they could have learn'd without the Examples and Instructions of
+such _Europeans_. We have loud Complaints from all the Islands, that we
+send such Numbers, and they know not what to do with them. As they come
+from _England_, and are to serve _English_ Men, their Colour, as well as
+Country and Language, plead for them; and the Masters that complain of
+them, are to blame themselves for treating them with less Severity than
+they do the innocent, as well as unfortunate Blacks, and more remisly
+than they ought, if they consider'd that these Country Men of theirs are
+sent thither on purpose to work, and are condemn'd to Hard Labour, as a
+Punishment for their Crimes. The mild Usage our Felons receive beyond
+Sea, and the many Examples of such as come back before their Time, with
+Impunity, have quite destroy'd the End which Transportation was design'd
+for. The Criminals have no dread against it, remain as they were
+themselves, and do no Service to others.
+
+To redress this, there is an Expedient that may immediately be put
+into practice, and is, to my thinking, every way unexceptionable;
+for it would effectually prevent the returning of the Felons,
+make them serviceable in the most extraordinary Manner, and,
+at the same Time, be terrible beyond Expression. The Use I would put
+them to is, the Redemption of Slaves, that in _Morocco_, as well as
+_Tunis_, _Algiers_, and other Places on the Coast of _Barbary_, groan
+under a miserable Servitude. Should it be objected, that such abandon'd
+People would turn Mahometans, and our selves become accessary to their
+eternal Ruin, I would ask what Surety we had for those that were there
+already. Amongst our Seafaring Men, the Practice of Piety is very
+scarce: Abundance of them lead very bad Lives, who yet, as to the Love
+of their Country, and the _Meum & Tuum_, are very honest Fellows. There
+are not many that are well grounded in the Principles of their Religion,
+or would be capable of maintaining it against an Adversary of the least
+Ability; and we are not certain, that under great Temptations, they
+would remain stedfast to the Christian Faith. The Danger then of
+Apostacy being the same in both, we must be manifestly the Gainers, when
+we change lazy cowardly Thieves, and incorrigible Rogues for brave,
+laborious, and useful People. It would be no difficult Matter to enter
+into Negotiations with the several Powers of _Barbary_ for this Purpose;
+neither is it reasonable to imagine, that they would scruple to take our
+Felons on account of the bad Lives they had led, or refuse any for their
+Impudence, Wickedness, or Aversion to Labour. They consider and manage
+their Slaves as we do our Cattle; and it is their Age, their Health, the
+Soundness of their Limbs, and their Strength, they examine into, with
+little Regard to their Temper or their Morals: They are ever watchful
+over them, without trusting to their Honesty, or expecting any voluntary
+Obedience from them. If bought Servants are able, Masters there have
+sure Ways to make them work. They laugh at Stubborness and refractory
+Spirits, and their steady Severity is a sovereign Remedy against Sloth,
+and all other Failings of the Will: From all which it is highly
+probable, that a Barbarian would be glad to change an elderly honest
+Man, pretty well worn, and above Fifty, for a sturdy House-breaker of
+Five and twenty: And as to those that might be pretty equal, as to Years
+and Abilities, what if we should give them three for two, or two for
+one? I am sure we could be no Losers. Those likewise that are known to
+be in Quality superior to common Sailors, might be redeem'd by still a
+greater Number of Felons; or, at the worst, they could be no Sufferers
+by the Exchanges of the others.
+
+What I am speaking of, I confess would be a very severe Punishment for
+Felony; but I cannot imagine, how we can think on the Rigour of it,
+without reflecting, at the same Time, on the Inhumanity we are guilty of
+in the small Concern we often shew, for many Years, for the Captivity of
+those who have deserv'd no Punishment at all. The greater the Calamities
+are of that cruel Bondage, the more reasonable it is, that the Guilty
+should suffer it rather than the Innocent. It is unpardonable not to
+deliver from the Yoke of Infidels, when it is in our Power, our Fellow
+Subjects, whom we have no Complaint against. When sufficient Sums cannot
+be rais'd to redeem them with Money, what should hinder us from doing it
+at the Expence of Miscreants, whom it is Injustice not to punish, and
+who, out of Chains, cannot be otherwise than noxious to the Publick? If
+this be duly weigh'd, I doubt not, but what, at first, seems to be the
+greatest Objection to this Proposal, would, on further Reflection, be
+found an unanswerable Argument why we should embrace it. There would
+likewise be room always, with fresh Supplies of Felons, to release
+those, who might be cured, or, at least, thought to have been
+sufficiently punish'd; and, to prevent all Tricks and Escapes, this
+Service might be perform'd by Men of War instead of Merchant Men, or
+Transports. This effectual Manner of Transportation, as Felons are
+treated, and Things are managed now, would be more dreadful than
+hanging, whilst it was only talk'd of; but when it came to the Push, and
+Criminals came near, and under the Gallows, there would be very few, if
+they were sober enough to think at all, that, before the Cart drove
+away, would not change their Minds, put off the evil Hour if they could,
+and chuse Slavery, or any Thing else, to avoid immediate Death. But
+then, if the Regulations I have offer'd in the foregoing Chapter
+were likewise to be put in Practice, the forc'd Abstinence, and
+unavoidable Sobriety in Prison, with the other Preparations before
+Detail, and the Journey from _Newgate_ to _Tyburn_, without Hopes
+of Pardon or Reprieve, would strike great Terror even at a Distance; by
+which Means, the Thoughts of either would be insupportable, and there
+would be no great Purchase in the Choice. The Horror loose People would
+conceive against such Proceedings, would be of inestimable Consequence
+to the Nation, and Thousands that are yet unborn would, deterr'd by the
+Rigour of those Laws, turn their Hands to honest Labour, and die in
+their Beds in their own Country, that without them, and Things remaining
+as they are, will either be hanged, or transported long before the End
+of this Century. But if what I propose should not lessen the Number of
+Felons so much as ought to be expected, it would clear us at least from
+the Blame of not having endeavoured it; and from Transportation we
+should have the Satisfaction, that the Kingdom would not lose so many
+Inhabitants by it as it does now, though the same Numbers were sent
+abroad. But, what is infinitely more valuable, that Punishment likewise
+would rid without Slaughter, or Probability of Return, the Country of
+the Vermin of Society, that, perpetually nibbling at our Property,
+destroy the Comforts of secure and undisturb'd Possession, at the same
+Time that it would furnish us with an Opportunity of performing the most
+charitable Action in the World; for such I will not scruple to call the
+redeeming and restoring to their Friends, without their Cost,
+industrious Mariners, that lost their Liberties, and became Sufferers
+in an honest Calling, and were led into dreadful Captivity by Infidels,
+whilst, in promoting the Interest of Commerce and Navigation, they were
+labouring for the Safety, the Wealth, and Glory of their Country.
+
+I shall be told by some of my Readers, that they are ready to contribute
+to the Redemption of unfortunate Captives with their Purses; but that
+among Christians, free-born Subjects ought never to be made Slaves for
+any Reason, or at any Rate whatever. But this is a Singularity peculiar
+to _Englishmen_, more built on an Excess of Good-nature, than any sound
+Reason. _France_ and _Spain_ make use of Malefactors in their Gallies,
+and the _Hugonots_ of the first would never have complained of that
+Punishment, had it never been inflicted on any but Thieves and Villains.
+But these are _Roman_ Catholick Countries, and arbitrary Kingdoms: Of
+_Holland_ you can say neither, and yet the great Cities of it have all
+Work-houses for Criminals. At _Amsterdam_ there is one, where Felons are
+kept constantly employ'd in rasping of _Brasil_ Wood: To earn at this as
+much as they spend is not to be done without excessive Labour, though
+they fare as hard as they work; yet they are obliged to get more than
+their Maintenance costs considerably. They have a Task set them, which
+if they do not perform, the Neglect of their Hands is reveng'd on their
+Bellies; and they are stinted in their Allowance in Proportion to the
+Deficiency. In this Place a very strict Hand is kept over them; no
+Offences are left unpunished, and they are often drubb'd even for ill
+Language. The Periods of Time, for which Felons are condemned to this
+Rasp-house, are vastly different, according as their great Crimes, or
+slighter Trespasses deserve this Tuition, and themselves are young or
+old Offenders, and judged to be more or less incorrigible, from six
+Weeks to ninety nine Years. These are not called Slaves; but such is
+their Abode, their Diet, and their Discipline, that of those who were to
+be confined there for any considerable Number of Years, I don't believe
+there ever was one who would not have thought it a glorious Preferment,
+if, instead of it, he might have taken his Chance, and been sold for a
+Slave in _Turky_.
+
+We have, I own, no open Enemies in _Africk_ more than any where else at
+present; and our most gracious Sovereign has, by his Clemency and
+powerful Influence over the Emperor of _Morocco_, procured Liberty to
+those of his Subjects that had been taken in _English_ Ships: But it is
+wrong from thence to infer, that there are no Slaves in _Turky_ of the
+_British_ Nation.
+
+Among those that are brought up to the Sea, there are many, that, by
+several Accidents, are left ashore in Foreign Parts, and are
+necessitated to enter themselves on any Ships they can meet with. If
+this be done in Time of Peace, and when they are not summoned to serve
+their own Country, they are guilty of no Fault. But as all Mariners, as
+well as Soldiers, share the Fate of those on whose Side they engage, so
+many of our Sailors are Slaves in _Turky_, that were taken in _French_,
+_Dutch_, and other Ships, and are consequently not reclaimable by any
+Treaty made with _Great Britain_. Tho' these might not deserve the same
+Regard altogether with those that were taken in Ships of the _British_
+Nation; yet, as they are our Countrymen, and have committed no Crime,
+their Redemption ought not to be deferred one Moment, if they might be
+had in Exchange for others, whom we have judged not worthy to live
+amongst us. Besides, as we are at Peace now with all those Rovers, so
+half a Year hence, some or other of them may fall out with us; their
+Friendship is not much to be depended upon: Let the Provision but be
+made, and Felons kept at hard Labour, and under strict Discipline at
+home, till they are wanted abroad, and we shall find, that the
+Institution it self, the very Name of it, will be of vast Use, before
+the Thing itself is put into Practice.
+
+
+_FINIS._
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[Footnote 9: _This was wrote some Months before_ Jonathan Wild _was
+apprehended_.]
+
+
+
+
+THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY
+
+_Publications in Print_
+
+=1948-1949=
+
+     16. Nevil Payne's _Fatal Jealousy_ (1673).
+
+     17. Nicholas Rowe's _Some Account of the Life of Mr. William
+     Shakespeare_ (1709).
+
+     18. "Of Genius," in _The Occasional Paper_, Vol. III, No. 10
+     (1719); and Aaron Hill's Preface to _The Creation_ (1720).
+
+
+=1949-1950=
+
+     22. Samuel Johnson's _The Vanity of Human Wishes_ (1749) and _Two
+     Rambler_ papers (1750).
+
+     23. John Dryden's _His Majesties Declaration Defended_ (1681).
+
+
+=1950-1951=
+
+     26. Charles Macklin's _The Man of the World_ (1792).
+
+
+=1951-1952=
+
+     31. Thomas Gray's _An Elegy Wrote in a Country Church Yard_ (1751);
+     and _The Eton College Manuscript_.
+
+
+=1952-1953=
+
+     41. Bernard Mandeville's _A Letter to Dion_ (1732).
+
+
+=1953-1954=
+
+     45. John Robert Scott's _Dissertation on the Progress of the Fine
+     Arts_. (1800).
+
+
+=1954-1955=
+
+     49. Two St. Cecilia's Day Sermons (1696-1697).
+
+     51. Lewis Maidwell's _An Essay upon the Necessity and Excellency of
+     Education_ (1705).
+
+     52. Pappity Stampoy's _A Collection of Scotch Proverbs_ (1663).
+
+
+=1958-1959=
+
+     75. John Joyne, _A Journal_ (1679)
+
+     76. André Dacier, _Preface to Aristotle's Art of Poetry_ (1705).
+
+
+=1959-1960=
+
+     80. [P. Whalley's] _An Essay on the Manner of Writing History_
+     (1746).
+
+     83. _Sawney and Colley (1742) and other Pope Pamphlets._
+
+     84. Richard Savage's _An Author to be lett_ (1729).
+
+
+=1960-1961=
+
+     85-86. _Essays on the Theatre from Eighteenth-Century Periodicals._
+
+     87. Daniel Defoe, _Of Captain Mission and his Crew_ (1728).
+
+     90. Henry Needler, _Works_ (1728).
+
+
+=1961-1962=
+
+     93. John Norris, _Cursory Reflections Upon a Book Call'd. An Essay
+     Concerning Human Understanding_ (1690).
+
+     94. An Collins, _Divine Songs and Meditacions_ (1653).
+
+     95. _An Essay on the New Species of Writing Founded by Mr.
+     Fielding_ (1751).
+
+     96. _Hanoverian Ballads._
+
+
+=1962-1963=
+
+     97. Myles Davies, _Athenae Britannicae_ (1716-1719).
+
+     98. _Select Hymns Taken Out of Mr. Herbert's Temple_ (1697).
+
+     99. Thomas Augustine Arne, _Artaxerxes_ (1761).
+
+     100. Simon Patrick, _A Brief Account of the New Sect of
+     Latitude-Men_ (1662).
+
+     101-102. Richard Hurd, _Letters on Chivalry and Romance_ (1762).
+
+
+
+
+William Andrews Clark Memorial Library: University of California, Los
+Angeles
+
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+University of Michigan
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+University of California, Los Angeles
+
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+University of California, Los Angeles
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+Wm. Andrews Clark Memorial Library
+
+_Corresponding Secretary_: Mrs. Edna C. Davis, Wm. Andrews Clark
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+The Society's purpose is to publish reprints (usually facsimile
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+The publications for 1963-1964 are in part subsidized by funds
+generously given to the Society in memory of the late Professor Edward
+N. Hooker, one of its co-founders.
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+PUBLICATIONS FOR 1963-1964
+
+     SAMUEL RICHARDSON, _Clarissa_: Preface, Hints of Prefaces, and
+     Postscript. Introduction by R. F. Brissenden.
+
+     THOMAS D'URFEY, _Wonders in the Sun, or the Kingdom of the Birds_
+     (1706). Introduction by William W. Appleton.
+
+     DANIEL DEFOE, _A Brief History of the Poor Palatine Refugees_
+     (1709). Introduction by John Robert Moore.
+
+     BERNARD MANDEVILLE, _An Enquiry into the Causes of the Frequent
+     Executions at Tyburn_ (1725). Introduction by Malvin R. Zirker, Jr.
+
+     JOHN OLDMIXON, _An Essay on Criticism_ (1728). Introduction by R.
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of An Enquiry into the Causes of the Frequent
+Executions at Tyburn (1725), by Bernard Mandeville and Malvin R. Zirker
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: An Enquiry into the Causes of the Frequent Executions at Tyburn (1725)
+
+Author: Bernard Mandeville
+        Malvin R. Zirker
+
+Release Date: October 6, 2011 [EBook #37650]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAUSES OF EXECUTIONS AT TYBURN (1725) ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<h4><span style="letter-spacing: 2pt">
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="smcap">The Augustan Reprint Society</span></span></h4>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<h3><span style="letter-spacing: 2pt">BERNARD MANDEVILLE,</span></h3>
+
+<h1><span style="letter-spacing: 3pt"><i>AN ENQUIRY</i></span></h1>
+
+<h3><span style="letter-spacing: 2pt">INTO THE CAUSES</span></h3>
+
+<h4><span style="letter-spacing: 2pt">OF THE</span></h4>
+
+<h3><span style="letter-spacing: 2pt">FREQUENT EXECUTIONS</span></h3>
+
+<h4>AT</h4>
+
+<h1><span style="letter-spacing: 3pt"><i>TYBURN</i></span>.</h1>
+
+<h3><span style="letter-spacing: 2pt">(1725)</span></h3>
+
+<h4><span style="letter-spacing: 2pt"><i>INTRODUCTION</i></span></h4>
+
+<h2><span style="letter-spacing: 2pt"><span class="smcap">By</span> MALVIN R. ZIRKER, <span class="smcap">Jr.</span></span></h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;">
+<img src="images/001print.png" alt="" title="" height="59" width="100" />
+</div>
+
+<h5><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt">PUBLICATION NUMBER 105</span></h5>
+
+<h4><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt">WILLIAM ANDREWS CLARK MEMORIAL LIBRARY</span></h4>
+
+<h5><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt"><span class="smcap">University of California, Los Angeles</span></span></h5>
+
+<h3><span style="letter-spacing: 2pt">1964
+</span>
+</h3>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+
+
+<h3>
+GENERAL EDITORS</h3>
+<p style="text-align: center">
+Richard C. Boys, <i>University of Michigan</i><br />
+Earl R. Miner, <i>University of California, Los Angeles</i><br />
+Maximillian E. Novak, <i>University of California, Los Angeles</i><br />
+Lawrence Clark Powell, <i>Wm. Andrews Clark Memorial Library</i></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">&nbsp;
+</p>
+<h3 style="text-align: center">
+
+ADVISORY EDITORS</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: center;" >John Butt, <i>University of Edinburgh</i><br />
+James L. Clifford, <i>Columbia University</i><br />
+Ralph Cohen, <i>University of California, Los Angeles</i><br />
+Vinton A. Dearing, <i>University of California, Los Angeles</i><br />
+Arthur Friedman, <i>University of Chicago</i><br />
+Louis A. Landa, <i>Princeton University</i><br />
+Samuel H. Monk, <i>University of Minnesota</i><br />
+Everett T. Moore, <i>University of California, Los Angeles</i><br />
+James Sutherland, <i>University College, London</i><br />
+H. T. Swedenberg, Jr., <i>University of California, Los Angeles</i></p>
+<h3>CORRESPONDING SECRETARY</h3>
+<p style="text-align: center">Edna C. Davis, <i>Clark Memorial Library</i><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[i]</a></span>
+
+
+
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>INTRODUCTION</h2>
+
+
+<p>The <i>Enquiry into the Causes of the Frequent Executions at Tyburn</i>
+was originally published as a series of letters to the <i>British Journal</i>.
+The first letter appeared on February 27, 1725;<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> just twelve days before,
+Jonathan Wild, self-proclaimed "Thief-Catcher General of <i>Great
+Britain</i> and <i>Ireland</i>," had been arrested and imprisoned in Newgate.
+Thus the <i>Enquiry</i> had a special timeliness and forms a part of the contemporary
+interest in the increasingly notorious activities of Wild.
+Wild's systematic exploitation of the London underworld and his callous
+betrayal of his colleagues in criminality (he received
+£40 from the
+government for each capital conviction he could claim) had created
+public protest since at least 1718 when an act (which Mandeville cites
+in his Preface) directed against receivers of stolen goods was passed,
+most probably with the primary intention of curtailing Wild's operations.
+Wild's notoriety was at its peak in 1724-5 after his successful apprehension
+of Joseph Blake ("Blueskin") and Jack Sheppard, the latter
+figure becoming a kind of national hero after his five escapes from
+prison (he was recaptured by Wild each time).<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>The timeliness of Mandeville's pamphlet extends, of course, beyond
+its interest in Jonathan Wild, who after all receives comparatively
+little of Mandeville's attention. The spectacle of Tyburn itself and the
+civil and moral failures it represented was one which Londoners could
+scarcely ignore and which for some provided a morbid fascination.
+Mandeville's vivid description of the condemned criminal in Newgate,
+his journey to Tyburn, and his "turning off," must have been strikingly
+forceful to his contemporaries, who knew all too well the accuracy of
+his description.</p>
+
+<p>"Tyburn Fair" was a holiday. Apprentices deserted their posts,
+pickpockets, dram-dealers and other free-lance caterers, prostitutes,
+grub-street elegiasts armed with dying speeches or commemorative
+verses, went to theirs, to swell the enormous and unruly holiday mob,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[ii]</a></span>
+a mob given a certain tone by the presence of the respectable or aristocratic
+curious (Boswell says "I must confess that I myself am never
+absent from a public execution") who came in their coaches or even
+rode along with the condemned in his cart. The mob at Tyburn reached
+enormous proportions. Thirty thousand people witnessed an execution
+in 1776; eighty thousand an execution in Moorfields in 1767.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> Richardson,
+in <i>Familiar Letters on Important Occasions</i> (Letter CLX) refers
+to the "pressure of the mob, which is prodigious, nay, almost incredible."</p>
+
+<p>When such popular madness was climaxed by the generally unrepentant
+criminal's drunken bravado (Richardson's criminals "grew most
+shamefully daring and wanton.... They swore, laugh'd and talked obscenely"<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>),
+and by their glorification by the mob (according to Fielding
+the criminal at Tyburn was "triumphant," and enjoyed the "compassion
+of the meek and tender-hearted, and ... the applause, admiration,
+and envy, of all the bold and hardened"<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>), serious-minded men rightly
+wondered what valid end the execution of the law served. And of course
+it was not merely that the criminal died unrepentant or that the spectators
+remained unedified and undeterred. The scene at Tyburn also
+reflected society's failure to utilize a significant portion of its "most
+useful members," a failure disturbing to the dominant mercantile attitude
+of the time which valued "the bodies of men" as potential sources
+of wealth (Mandeville's concern with the usefulness of the lower class
+is obvious throughout the first part of the <i>Fable of the Bees</i> and in the
+<i>Essay on Charity, and Charity-schools</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Mandeville's subject, then, was one familiar to his readers and
+one whose importance they recognized. His attitude toward his subject
+was for the most part a thoroughly conventional one. For instance,
+his primary assumption that the penal code must be harsh since its
+function is to deter, not to reclaim, pervades eighteenth-century thought
+on the subject and is clearly reflected in the number of offences carrying
+the death penalty (160 when Blackstone wrote; 220 in the early
+nineteenth century). Its logical culmination may be found in arguments
+such as George Ollyffe presented in 1731. Ollyffe, noting that the frequency
+of the death penalty was not deterring criminals, suggests that
+more horrible forms of punishment be devised, such as breaking on the
+wheel, "by which the Criminals run through ten thousand thousand of
+the most exquisite Agonies ... during the unconceivable Torture of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[iii]</a></span>
+their bruised, broken, and disjointed Limbs," or "twisting a little Cord
+hard about their Arms or Legs," which would produce the "keenest
+Anguish."<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> Ollyffe's public-spirited ingenuity should be a warning to
+modern readers who assume that Mandeville's attitude is unusually
+harsh and unfeeling.</p>
+
+<p>Most of Mandeville's specific proposals too may be paralleled in
+the many pamphlets of the time concerned with the criminal and the
+lower class. To point out some of the similarities between Mandeville's
+and Fielding's proposals (which he states most fully in <i>An Enquiry into
+the late Increase of Robbers</i>, 1751) is not to posit direct influence
+but to suggest the uniformity of opinion on these matters during many
+years. Both Mandeville and Fielding argue for closer control over receivers
+of stolen goods, against advertising in the paper to recover
+stolen goods, against the false compassion of the tender-hearted who
+fail to prosecute or of juries which fail to convict the guilty, against
+the indiscriminate imprisonment of young with old, hardened criminals
+with first offenders, men with women, and against frequent pardons.
+They agree in demanding that the condemned should meet his death,
+soberly, shortly after his conviction.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p>
+
+<p>Mandeville's suggestion that the bodies of the executed be turned
+over to surgeons for dissection is not to be found in Fielding's pamphlet.
+It does, however, become a part of the "Act for preventing the horrid
+Crime of Murder" (25 Geo. II. c. 37), an act for which Fielding is
+often given credit.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> This suggestion, and that in Chapter VI to trade
+felons into slavery (which as far as I know is Mandeville's own),
+clearly stem from the impulse to increase the deterrent power of the law
+by making it more terrible.</p>
+
+<p>What distinguishes Mandeville's pamphlet (in addition to the characteristically
+hard-headed bluntness of its author) is a quality present
+in one degree or another in all his work: an exuberant delight in creating
+scene. Throughout the <i>Fable of the Bees</i>, for example, but especially
+in the first part, the argument is punctuated by vivid scenes in
+which an idea is acted out or illustrated. Invariably these scenes have
+a merit and interest beyond that owing to their function in the argument.
+They are lively, vivid, picturesque, humorous or touching in their own
+right. The reader can scarcely doubt that Mandeville enjoyed composing
+them&mdash;he admits as much in the Preface to the <i>Enquiry</i> when he
+acknowledges, in defending the "lowness" of his subject, the "Pleasure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span>
+there is in imitating Nature in what Shape soever."</p>
+
+<p>The gusto and vitality of the description of the events at Tyburn
+well illustrate Mandeville's art. He puts us on the scene, lets us see
+and hear the various actors, gives us telling detail: a bully rolling in
+the mire; a putrified wig; a drunken old woman on a bulk; refuse flying
+through the air; trollops in rags; a gin seller "squeez'd up in a corner";
+carcasses of dogs and cats. The scene is filled with objects and has
+movement as well: the mob is a torrent which "bursts through the gate,"
+a "floating multitude." There is "jostling," "kicking dirt," "rolling";
+peddlers "stir about," and one who has "ventured in the Middle of the
+Current" is "fluctuating in the irregular Stream." The air is filled with
+"oaths and vile expressions," and "loud laughter"; a peddler "tears
+his Throat with crying his commodity." Mandeville orders his scene
+spatially and chronologically, and he enforces its vividness by relating
+the action in the present tense. Its basic unity, however, is owing to
+the evaluation and control provided by the various tones of the narrator's
+voice, which is alternately scornful and disgusted ("abandoned
+Rakehells") and almost playfully ironic ("he is the prettiest Fellow
+among them who is the least shock'd at Nastiness"; "their darling Cordial,
+the grand Preservative of Sloth, Jeneva").</p>
+
+<p>For one reader at least Mandeville is eminently successful in capturing
+what must have been the appalling uproar and the dismaying
+quality of the events at Tyburn. His vivid, circumstantial realism sets
+the <i>Enquiry</i> apart, as far as I know, from all other pamphlets dealing
+with this sorry subject. If his views for the most part are conventional,
+his style and technique are not, and in this respect the <i>Enquiry</i> is best
+compared not with other pamphlets but with Hogarth's portrayal of the
+demise of the idle apprentice (Plate XI of the <i>Industrious and Idle Apprentice</i>,
+1747), in which Hogarth represents visually many of the same
+details which Mandeville reports and in which he conveys a comparable
+sense of the violent and brutal activity of the Tyburn mob.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>FOOTNOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION</h3>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> See "A Note on the Text" below.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> A useful account of Wild's career and fame appears in William R. Irwin's
+<i>The Making of Jonathan Wild</i> (New York, 1941), pp. 3-32.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> The figures are taken from Leon Radzinowicz' <i>A History of English Criminal
+Law</i> (New York, 1948-56), vol. I, p. 175, n. 45.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Compare the hero of Swift's "<i>Clever</i> Tom Clinch <i>going to be hanged</i>" (1726),
+"Who hung like a Hero, and never would flinch." He "Rode stately through
+<i>Holbourn</i>, to die in his Calling," and adjured his friends to "Take Courage,
+dear Comrades, and be not afraid, / Nor slip this Occasion to follow your
+Trade."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Henry Fielding, "An Enquiry into the Causes of the late Increase of Robbers,"
+<i>Works</i>, ed. Henley (London, 1903), vol. 13, p. 122. Fielding might
+have added that the criminal-hero also enjoyed the amorous admiration of the
+fair: when clever Tom Clinch rode by "The Maids to the Doors and the Balconies
+ran, / And said, lack-a-day! he's a proper young Man"; according to
+Mrs. Peachum "The youth in his cart hath the air of a lord, / And we cry,
+There dies an Adonis!"</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> George Ollyffe, <i>An Essay Humbly Offer'd, for an Act of Parliament to prevent
+Capital Crimes, and the Loss of many Lives; and to Promote a desirable
+Improvement and Blessing in the Nation</i>, second edition, (London,
+1731), p. 8.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Fielding's and Mandeville's positions may be compared to that of an anonymous
+pamphleteer writing in 1701: "I might add, that it were not amiss, if
+after Condemnation they were allowed nothing but Bread and Water; a good
+way to humble them, and bring them to a sense of their Condition, as to a
+future state, and to put a stop to their murthering their Keepers, and attempting
+to break Gaol. And it were well, if a Particular Habit (Black the most
+proper Colour) were assigned them, at least at their Executions; and that
+they might not be suffered to make their Exits in gay Clothes (as they sometimes
+do like Men that Triumph) but rather as becomes Those, who are just
+going to undergo the Curse of the Law, and that are intended to be a Warning
+to Others." R. J., <i>Hanging not punishment enough, for Murtherers, High-way
+Men, and House-Breakers</i>, p. 21.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Both the criminal and the "mob" detested the anatomists. In the British
+Journal of March 20, 1725&mdash;one of the issues in which Mandeville's letters
+appeared&mdash;a captured murderer is reported to have said "d&mdash;&mdash;n my Soul; but
+I desire I may not be Anatomiz'd." In the same issue is recorded a mob's
+assault on a doctor whom they suspected, rightly it seems, of grave-robbing.
+He was forced to flee for his life and his stable was "pulled down."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span></p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>A NOTE ON THE TEXT</h3>
+
+
+<p>The letters (which Mandeville tells us were composed before
+Wild's capture) appeared in nos. 128-133 of the <i>British Journal</i> (Feb.
+27, Mar. 6, Mar. 13, Mar. 20, Mar. 27, and Apr. 3, 1725). The differences
+between the text of the newspapers and that of the pamphlet
+have some significance, for what alterations there are suggest that
+Mandeville was a fairly careful editor. The Preface to the pamphlet
+is entirely new&mdash;its addition is one of several changes Mandeville
+made to put the articles in pamphlet form. He also, for example, added
+a Table of Contents, and gave headings to each chapter and, in
+one instance, changed "Papers" to "Chapters."</p>
+
+<p>Throughout minor changes (not clearly purposeful) in punctuation,
+italicization, and capitalization occur, and occasionally a word is
+changed ("Holland" becomes "Leyden," p. 27) or a word is inserted
+("none of them should" becomes "none of them likewise should," p.
+13), but only three changes may be called substantial. (1) In the first
+newspaper article the following sentence appeared in the text in brackets
+after the footnoted sentence on p. 3 of the pamphlet: "Here I beg
+leave to observe, that the greatest Part of this Treatise was wrote
+some Months before Jonathan Wild was apprehended; and that as nothing
+was said of him, but what may be equally applied to any one, who
+either now follows, or shall take upon him the same Employment, I
+keep to the original Manuscript, imagining the Reader will be better
+pleased to see the Author's Sentiments concerning Jonathan, and the
+Trade he drove before his Commitment, than any Alterations that might
+be expected from what has happen'd since." (2) The phrase on p. 17,
+"with Applause, and repeated with Impunity," corrects the newspaper
+version "with Impunity, and repeated with Applause." (3) On p. 25,
+lines 3 through 17 appear only in the pamphlet, the newspaper version
+reading merely "... of Course, we seldom meet with any Thing that
+is edifying, or moving."</p>
+
+<p>The pamphlet is reproduced from the copy at the Huntington Library.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1a" id="Page_1a">[1]</a></span>
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+
+
+
+<div style="text-align: center;">
+	<table border="2" style="border-color: #808080; width: 340px;"  summary="">
+		<tbody><tr>
+			<td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px;">
+
+
+
+
+<h4>&nbsp;
+</h4>
+<h4>
+AN</h4>
+			<h2>
+<span style="letter-spacing: 8pt">ENQUIRY</span></h2>
+			<h4>
+INTO THE</h4>
+			<h1>
+<span style="letter-spacing: 8pt">CAUSES</span></h1>
+			<h4>
+OF THE</h4>
+			<h4>
+FREQUENT EXECUTIONS</h4>
+			<h4>
+AT</h4>
+			<h2>
+<span style="letter-spacing: 8pt">
+<i>TYBURN</i></span>:</h2>
+			<h5>
+AND</h5>
+			<p style="text-indent: -1em; margin-left: 1em">
+<i>A</i> <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt"> <span class="smcap">Proposal</span></span> <i>for some</i> <span class="smcap">
+<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt">Regulations</span>
+</span><i>concerning</i>
+<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt">
+<span class="smcap">Felons</span></span> <i>in</i>
+<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt"> <span class="smcap">Prison</span></span>, <i>and the good
+Effects to be Expected from them</i>.</p></td>
+		</tr>
+		<tr>
+			<td style="border-color: rgb(128, 128, 128); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(128, 128, 128); padding: 1px 4px;">
+
+
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center;" >To which is Added,</p>
+
+<p style="text-indent: -1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">A Discourse on
+<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt"> <span class="smcap">Transportation</span></span>, and a Method
+to render that Punishment more Effectual.</p></td>
+		</tr>
+		<tr>
+			<td style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(128, 128, 128); border-right: 1px solid rgb(128, 128, 128); border-color: rgb(128, 128, 128); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(128, 128, 128); padding: 1px 4px;">
+
+
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center;">By
+<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt"> <i>B. MANDEVILLE</i>, M.D.</span></p></td>
+		</tr>
+		<tr>
+			<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(128, 128, 128); padding: 1px 4px;">
+
+
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center;" >
+
+
+
+
+<i>Oderunt peccare Mali formidine P&oelig;n&aelig;.</i></p></td>
+		</tr>
+		<tr>
+			<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(128, 128, 128); padding: 1px 4px;">
+
+
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center;" >
+
+
+
+
+<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt">
+
+
+
+
+<i>LONDON</i>,<br />
+</span>Printed: And Sold by <i>F. Roberts</i> in <i>Warwick-Lane</i>.<br />
+MDCCXXV.</p></td>
+		</tr>
+	</tbody></table>
+</div>
+<p>
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2a" id="Page_2a">[2]</a></span>
+<br />
+
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+
+
+<img src="images/preface.png" alt="" title="graphic" height="195" width="500" />
+</div>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3a" id="Page_3a">[3]</a></span>
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>THE</h3>
+
+<h2>PREFACE</h2>
+
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 97px;">
+<img src="images/t.png" width="97" height="100" alt="T" title="" /></div>
+<p>HE Design of this small
+Treatise, is to lessen if
+not prevent the common
+Practice of Thieving,
+and save many
+Lives of the loose and
+indigent Vulgar, of which now such
+great Numbers are yearly lavish'd away
+for Trifles. In order to this, I have endeavour'd
+to set in a true Light the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4a" id="Page_4a">[4]</a></span>
+destructive Consequences of <i>Theftbote</i>,
+and the Damage the Publick sustains
+from the Trade that is drove by
+Thiefcatchers, and the various ways
+now in vogue of compounding Felonies,
+by which the Safety as well as Maintenance
+of Thieves and Pilferers are industriously
+taken care of, and the Laws that
+enforce Prosecution altogether eluded.</p>
+
+<p>To the same Purpose I have pointed
+at the Licentiousness and other Disorders
+of <i>Newgate</i>, arising from the wrong
+Method we have of treating common
+Felons in Prison. I have describ'd the
+Transactions of Execution Day, with
+the Procession to <i>Tyburn</i>, and demonstrated
+what small Advantage they are
+of, as well to the condemn'd themselves,
+whose grand Affair it is to prepare<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5a" id="Page_5a">[5]</a></span>
+themselves for another World, as to
+their Companions who should be deterred,
+or the rest of the Spectators, who
+should be struck with the Awfulness of
+the Solemnity. I have likewise searched
+into the Origin of Courage, and the
+wrong Judgments that are differently
+pass'd on the dying Behaviour of Malefactors,
+shew'd the ill Consequences as
+well as Absurdity of our mistaking
+Drunkenness for Intrepidity, and a senseless
+Deportment for Undauntedness; and
+touch'd on the several Neglects and
+Mismanagements that are accessary, and
+one way or other contribute to the Encrease
+and Support of Felons, and consequently,
+the Frequency of Executions.
+Afterwards I have in a Chapter by it
+self offer'd some Proposals for a better
+Usage, and more proper Treatment of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6a" id="Page_6a">[6]</a></span>
+common Felons in Confinement, and
+made a Pathetical Representation of the
+good Effects we might probably expect
+from such wholesome Regulations. To
+these I have added a Discourse on
+Transportation, and a Method of rendering
+that Punishment not only more
+effectual on the Criminals, but likewise
+advantagious to the Publick in the
+most extraordinary manner.</p>
+
+<p>I am not so vain as to place any Merit
+in the Performance, or promise my
+self the Applause of many: on the contrary,
+I expect to be censur'd, and perhaps
+deservedly, for the uncouth Decorations
+I have intermix'd with my Subject.
+Men of Taste and Politeness will
+think themselves very little oblig'd to
+me for entertaining them with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7a" id="Page_7a">[7]</a></span>
+meanest and most abject part of low
+Life, for almost a whole Chapter together;
+and tell me that the Inside of
+<i>Newgate</i>, either on an Execution Day,
+or any other, is not a Scene they
+ought to be troubled with; and that the
+Exactness of a Picture among the
+Judicious is of little Worth where
+the noble manner is wanting. To this
+I could answer that, if I have trespassed
+against the Laws either of Elegance
+or Formality, I was forc'd to it by
+what is superior to all Laws, Necessity.
+When a Man is to inspire his Readers
+with an Aversion to what they
+are unacquainted with, he can never
+compass his End without furnishing
+them first with a general Idea
+of the Thing against which he wou'd
+raise their Indignation: I could add that,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8a" id="Page_8a">[8]</a></span>
+when a Piece is lively and tolerably finish'd,
+the good-natured Critick will
+pardon the Meaness of the Design, for
+the sake of the Colouring and the Application
+of the Master. But if neither
+of these Excuses are thought sufficient,
+I must plead guilty, and confess
+that the Pleasure there is in imitating
+Nature in what Shape soever is so bewitching,
+that it over-rules the Dictates
+of Art, and often forces us to offend against
+our own Judgment.</p>
+
+<p>As there are in this City not a few
+Men of Business and good Understanding,
+whose Leisure allows them not to
+read much beyond the Publick News,
+and most of them are concern'd in the
+Contents of this Pamphlet, I caused the
+several Chapters of it to be Printed in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9a" id="Page_9a">[9]</a></span>
+as many Papers of the <i>British</i> Journal;
+imagining that its having been dispers'd,
+and, as it were, advertis'd in that manner,
+could give no Offence to the more
+Curious, who would chuse to have it
+entire by it self, and peruse it in a
+Character less troublesome to the
+Eyes.</p>
+
+<p>In the first Chapter I should have
+taken notice of a Clause in an Act of
+Parliament that was made in the Fourth
+Year of His present Majesty, and is
+call'd, <i>An Act for the further Preventing
+Robbery, Burglary, and other Felonies</i>,
+&amp;c. The candid Reader I hope will
+pardon the Neglect, occasion'd by the
+small Acquaintance I have with the
+Law, and give me leave in this Place to
+repair that Omission. The Words are
+these.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10a" id="Page_10a">[10]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+	<p>
+	And whereas there are several Persons
+who have secret Acquaintance with Felons,
+	and who make it their Business to help
+Persons to their stollen Goods, and by that
+Means gain Money from them, which is divided
+between them and the Felons,
+	where-by
+they greatly encourage such Offenders:
+Be it Enacted by the Authority aforesaid,
+	That whenever any Person taketh Money
+or Reward, directly or indirectly, under Pretence,
+or upon account of helping any Person
+or Persons to any stollen Goods or Chattels,
+every such Person so taking Money or
+Reward, as aforesaid (unless such Person
+doth apprehend, or cause to be apprehended
+such Felon
+	who stole the same, and cause
+such Felon
+	to be brought to his Trial for
+the same, and give Evidence against him)
+shall be guilty of Felony,
+	and suffer the
+Pains and Penalties of Felony,
+	according
+to the  felony  committed in stealing such
+Goods, and in such and the same manner,
+as if such Offender had himself stole such
+Goods and Chattels, in the manner and
+with such Circumstances as the same were
+stollen.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11a" id="Page_11a">[11]</a></span></p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>Since the Printing of these Chapters,
+in the Paper aforesaid, I have likewise
+been inform'd; that, as receiving Money
+for assisting others in the Recovery
+of their stolen Goods, is by this
+Act made Felony; so by the known
+Rules of Law, whoever is aiding and
+assisting thereto is of Course guilty as
+an Accessary, and to incurr the same
+Punishment as the Principal: and it
+cannot be doubted; but that he, who
+pays Money on such an Occasion, is
+accessary to the Receiving of it; which
+well deserves the Reflection of those who
+make no Scruple of redeeming the
+Goods that had been stolen from them;
+as likewise does another Thing, which
+is, that if he who takes Money for stolen
+Goods is a principal Felon, and that
+he who pays it is a Felon, as being<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12a" id="Page_12a">[12]</a></span>
+accessary, then he who by publick Advertisements
+with Promises of Secrecy,
+and that no Questions shall be asked,
+invites others to commit Felony, is guilty
+of a great Misdemeanour, tho' it produce
+no Effect; but, if it do, the Person
+publishing such Advertisement will
+be an Accessary likewise.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;">
+<img src="images/i_022.png" alt="" title="graphica" height="169" width="250" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13a" id="Page_13a">[13]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4>THE</h4>
+
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+
+<h4>
+CHAP. I.</h4>
+<div style="text-align: center;">
+	<table border="0" width="280"  summary="">
+		<tbody><tr>
+			<td>
+<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; ">
+<span class="smcap">Of Theftbote</span>; <i>or, the Crime<br />
+of Compounding of Felony</i>. </p></td>
+			<td align="right" valign="bottom" style="width: 17%;">Page <a href="#Page_1">1</a></td>
+		</tr>
+	</tbody></table>
+</div>
+<h4>
+CHAP. II.</h4>
+<div style="text-align: center;">
+	<table border="0" width="280" summary="">
+		<tbody><tr>
+			<td>
+<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em; ">
+<i>Of the ill Consequences of</i> <span class="smcap">Theftbote</span>,
+<i>and the Licentiousness of Felons in</i>
+Newgate.</p>
+			</td>
+			<td align="right" valign="bottom" style="width: 17%;"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td>
+		</tr>
+</tbody></table>
+</div>
+<h4>
+CHAP. III.</h4>
+<div style="text-align: center;">
+	<table border="0" width="280"  summary="">
+		<tbody><tr>
+			<td>
+<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em; ">
+<i>Of Execution Day, the Journey to</i> Tyburn,
+<i>and a Word in behalf of Anatomical
+Dissections</i>.</p>
+			</td>
+			<td align="right" valign="bottom" style="width: 17%;"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td>
+		</tr>
+	</tbody></table>
+</div>
+<h4>
+CHAP. IV.</h4>
+<div style="text-align: center;">
+	<table border="0" width="280"  summary="">
+		<tbody><tr>
+			<td>
+<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em; ">
+<i>Of the wrong Judgments that are pass'd
+on the dying Behaviour of Malefactors.</i></p></td>
+			<td align="right" valign="bottom" style="width: 17%;"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td>
+		</tr>
+	</tbody></table>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14a" id="Page_14a">[14]</a></span></div>
+<h4>
+CHAP. V.</h4>
+<div style="text-align: center;">
+	<table border="0" width="280"  summary="">
+		<tbody><tr>
+			<td>
+<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em; ">
+<i>Of Regulations concerning</i> <span class="smcap">Felons</span> <i>in
+Prison, and the good Effects to be expected
+from them</i>.</p>
+			</td>
+			<td align="right" valign="bottom" style="width: 17%;"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td>
+		</tr>
+</tbody></table>
+</div>
+<h4>
+CHAP. VI.</h4>
+<div style="text-align: center;">
+	<table border="0" width="280"  summary="">
+		<tbody><tr>
+			<td>
+			<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em; ">
+<i>Of</i> <span class="smcap">Transportation</span>: <i>And a Method to render that Punishment more effectual</i>.
+</p></td>
+			<td align="right" valign="bottom" style="width: 17%;"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td>
+		</tr>
+</tbody></table>
+</div>
+<p>
+&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;">
+<img src="images/i_024.png" alt="" title="graphicb" height="163" width="260" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/chap1.png" alt="" title="chap" height="182" width="500" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CHAP. I.</h2>
+
+<div style="text-align: center;">
+	<table border="0" width="290"  summary="">
+		<tbody><tr>
+			<td>
+			<h3 style="text-indent:-2em; margin-left:2em; "><i>Of&nbsp;</i><span class="smcap">Theftbote</span>;&nbsp;<i>or,&nbsp;the Crime&nbsp;of Compounding of Felony.</i></h3>
+			</td>
+		</tr>
+	</tbody></table></div>
+
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 97px;">
+<img src="images/chap1t.png" width="97" height="100" alt="T" title="" /></div>
+<p>HE Multitude of unhappy
+Wretches, that every
+Year are put to Death for
+Trifles in our great Metropolis,
+has long been afflicting
+to Men of Pity and
+Humanity; and continues
+to give great Uneasiness to
+every Person, who has a Value for his Kind.
+Many good Projects have been thought of to
+cure this Evil, by sapping the Foundation of
+it: A Society has been set up to reform our
+Manners; and neither Workhouses, nor Discipline
+on small Crimes, have been wanting:
+An Act has been made against prophane Cursing
+and Swearing; and many Charity Schools
+have been erected. But the Event has not
+answer'd hitherto the good Design of those
+Endeavours. This City abounds as much with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span>
+loose, lazy, and dishonest Poor; there is as
+much Mischief done by ordinary Felons; and
+Executions for Theft and Burglary are as frequent,
+at least, as ever: Nay, it is believed,
+that <i>London</i> is more pester'd with low Villany
+than any other Place whatever, the Proportion
+of Bigness between them not left unconsider'd.
+As there is no Effect without a Cause,
+so something must be the Reason of this Calamity.
+I have long and carefully examined
+into this Matter, and am forced to ascribe the
+Mischief complained of to two palpable Evils,
+distinct from those we have in common with
+other large overgrown Cities. One regards
+Prosecutions; the other the Treatment that
+is given to Malefactors after they are taken. I
+shall begin with the first: I mean the Neglect
+of them, occasion'd by our shameful Negotiations
+with Thieves, or their Agents, for
+the Recovery of stolen Goods, by which, in
+Reality, we become Aiders and Abetters to
+them.</p>
+
+<p>The Law of <i>England</i> is so tender of Mens
+Lives, that whoever justly prosecutes, and
+convicts a Person of a Capital Crime, has nothing
+to answer for to his Conscience, but,
+on the contrary, has done a Service to his
+Country, without Offence to God, or the least
+Breach of Charity to his Neighbour. But as
+every Body has not Strength of Mind and Resolution
+enough to perform Duties that are
+repugnant to his Nature, so, making Allowances<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span>
+for Human Frailties, I could excuse the
+Backwardness of a meek home-bred Person,
+who should complain, That to appear in open
+Court, and speak before a Judge, are terrible
+Things to him. But I think it unpardonable,
+that a Man should knowingly act against the
+Law, and by so doing powerfully contribute
+to the Increase, as well as Safety and Maintenance,
+of Pilferers and Robbers, from no
+other Principle, than a criminal Selfishness,
+accompany'd with an utter Disregard to the
+Publick: Yet nothing is more common among
+us.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> As soon as any Thing is missing,
+suspected to be stolen, the first Course we
+steer is directly to the Office of Mr. <i>Jonathan
+Wild</i>. If what we want is a Trinket, either
+enamel'd, or otherwise curiously wrought;
+if there is Painting about it; if it be a particular
+Ring, the Gift of a Friend; or any
+Thing which we esteem above the real Value,
+and offer more for it than Mr. <i>Thief</i>
+can make of it, we are look'd upon as good
+Chaps, and welcome to redeem it. But if it
+be plain Gold or Silver, we shall hardly see
+it again, unless we pay the Worth of it. Some
+Years ago, it is true, a Man might, for half
+a Piece, have fetch'd back a Snuff-Box that
+weigh'd twenty or thirty Shillings: But this
+was in the Infancy of the Establishment. Now
+they are grown wiser, and calculate exactly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>
+what such a Thing will melt down for: To
+offer less is thought unreasonable; and unless
+Mr. <i>Thief-catcher</i> stands your Friend indeed,
+if you have it, you will seldom save
+any Thing but the Fashion. If in this Place
+you can hear no Tidings of your Goods, it is
+counted a Sign, that they are in the Hands
+of irregular Practitioners, that steal without
+Permission of the Board. In this Case we immediately
+put in an Advertisement in some
+News-Paper or other, with a Promise,
+that such a Reward will be given, and no
+Questions asked. I own, that in the Printing of
+these short Epistles there is no manner of
+Harm, if we abstract the Act itself from the
+Concern the Publick has in it. The Tenor
+of them is rather benevolent than injurious:
+And a Panegyrist on the present Times might
+justly say of them, That in no Performances
+the true Spirit of Christianity was so conspicuous
+as in these: That they were not only
+free from Calumny and ill Language, but
+likewise so void of Reproach, that speaking
+to a Thief, we never call'd him so in those
+charitable Addresses: That in them the very
+Catalogues of Injuries receiv'd, were penn'd
+with as little Heat, or Resentment, as ever
+Tradesman shew'd in a Bill of Parcels directed
+to his best Customer: That here we are
+so far from hating our Enemy, that we proffer
+him a Recompence for his Trouble, if he
+will condescend to let us have our own<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>
+again; and leaving all Revenge to God, to
+shew that we are willing to forgive and forget,
+we consult, in the most effectual Manner,
+the Safety of a Person that deserves Hanging
+for the Wrong he has done us. Yet, notwithstanding
+the kind Constructions that may
+be put on these Civil Offers, they all tend to
+the <i>Compounding of Felony</i>, and are the Occasion
+of a double Mischief: They invite
+the Indigent and Lazy to pick Pockets, and
+render the Negligent more careless than probably
+they would be, was this Practice abolish'd.
+A Pocket-Book, or Memorandum,
+may be stole from a Man that is of vast Concern
+to him, and yet of no Use but to the
+Owner: If this be taken by a regular Thief,
+a listed Pilferer, it is easily recover'd for a
+small Reward. I don't suppose any one so
+silly, that therefore he would go to Places,
+and into Companies, on Purpose to have his
+Pocket pick'd; but I can't help thinking,
+that if those Things were never to be heard
+of again, and the Loss irretrievable, many
+young Rakes, and other loose Reprobates,
+would be under greater Apprehensions, and
+more upon their Guard, at least when they
+had such a Charge about them, than the Generality
+of them now are. And again, if nothing
+could be made of Letters, Papers, and
+Things of that Nature, such as have no known
+Worth, and are not readily turned into Money,
+the numbers of Whores and Rogues,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>
+young and old, that are employ'd in the Diving
+Trade, would decrease considerably;
+many of them, from a Principle of Prudence,
+refusing to meddle with any Thing else. For
+as on most of the Things now spoke of, no
+real Value can be set, the Punishment would
+be inconsiderable, if any, should the Things
+be found upon them, or themselves be taken
+in the Fact. Most Men will agree to all
+this, whilst unconcern'd; but when private
+Interest is touch'd, it soon stifles these Considerations.
+I should be a Fool, says one,
+when a Thing of Value is stolen from me,
+not to get it back, if I can, for a Trifle. If
+I lose a Sword, or a Watch, I must have another;
+and to save the Fashion in these
+Things is considerable: It is better to lose
+the Half than the Whole. I have nothing to
+do with the Thief, says another, if I have my
+own again, it is all I want: What Good
+would it do to me to have a poor Fellow
+hang'd? A Third, more compassionate, will
+tell us, that if he knew the Thief, he would
+not meddle with him; and that he would
+lose ten times the Value of what has been
+taken from him, rather than be the Occasion
+of a Man's Death. To these I reply,
+that the Legislators seem to have known
+how the Generality of Men would argue,
+and what Excuses they would make; they
+had an Eye on the Frailty of our Nature;
+consider'd, that all Prosecutions are troublesome,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>
+and often very expensive; that most
+Men preferred their own Interest, their Ease
+and Pleasure, to any Regard of the Publick;
+and therefore they provided against
+our Passions with so much Severity. <i>Compounding
+of Felony</i> is not prohibited under a
+small Penalty, or attoned for by a little Fine;
+it is next to Felony; and the most creditable
+Citizen, that is convicted of it, ceases
+to be an honest Man.</p>
+
+<p>The Offence in our Law is call'd <span class="smcap">Theftbote</span>;
+of which my Lord Chief Justice <i>Coke</i>
+says, "That it is an Offence beyond Misprision
+of Felony; for that is only a bare
+Concealment of his bare Knowledge: But
+that it is <span class="smcap">Theftbote</span> when the Owner
+not only knows of the Felony, but takes
+of the Thief his Goods again, or Amends
+for the same to favour or maintain him,
+that is, not to prosecute him, to the
+Intent he may escape. The Punishment
+of <span class="smcap">Theftbote</span> is Ransom and
+Imprisonment." <span class="smcap">Theftbote</span> (as described
+by Act of Parliament) <i>est emenda furti
+capta absque consideratione curi&aelig; domini regis</i>.
+Sir <i>Matthew Hale</i>, in his <i>Pleas of the
+Crown</i>, says, "That <span class="smcap">Theftbote</span> is more
+than a bare Misprision of Felony, and is,
+where the Owner doth not only know the
+Felony, but takes his Goods again, or other
+Amends, not to prosecute."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This Rigour of the Legislature is a full
+Demonstration, that they thought it a Crime
+of the most pernicious Consequence to the
+Society; yet it is become familiar to us;
+and our Remissness in several Matters, relating
+to Felons, is not to be parallell'd in any
+other civiliz'd Nation. That Rogues should
+be industriously dispers'd throughout the City
+and Suburbs; that different Hours and
+Stations should be observ'd among them, and
+regular Books kept of stollen Goods; that
+the Superintendent in this hopeful Oeconomy
+should almost every Sessions, for a Reward,
+betray, prosecute, and hang one or
+more of this his Acquaintance, and at the
+same Time keep on his Correspondence amongst
+the Survivors, whom, one after another,
+he sends all to their Triangular Home;
+that Magistrates should not only know and
+see this, but likewise continue to make use
+of such a Person for an Evidence, and in a
+manner own that they are beholden to him
+in the Administration of Justice; That, I
+say, all these Things should be Facts, is
+something very extraordinary, in the Principal
+City, and the Home Management of
+a Kingdom, so formidable abroad, and of
+such Moment in the Balance of <i>Europe</i>,
+as that of <i>Great Britain</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Mischief that one Man can do as a
+Thief, is a very Trifle to what he may be the
+Occasion of, as an Agent or Concealer of Felons.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>
+The longer this Practice continues, the
+more the Number of Rogues must hourly
+encrease; and therefore it is high Time that
+regular Book-keeping of stolen Goods should
+cease, and that all Gangs and Knots of Thieves
+should be broke and destroy'd as much as is
+possible, at least, none of them suffer'd to
+form themselves into Societies that are under
+Discipline, and act by Order of a Superior.
+It is highly criminal in any Man, for
+Lucre, to connive at a Piece of Felony which
+he could have hinder'd: But a profess'd
+Thief-Catcher, above all, ought to be severely
+punish'd, if it can be proved that he has
+suffer'd a known Rogue to go on in his Villany,
+tho' but one Day, after it was in his
+Power to apprehend and convict him, more
+especially if it appears that he was a Sharer
+in the Profit.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CHAP. II.</h2>
+
+<div style="text-align: center;">
+	<table border="0" width="335"  summary="">
+		<tbody><tr>
+			<td>
+			<h3 style=" text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">
+			<i>Of&nbsp;the ill Consequences of&nbsp;</i><span class="smcap">Theftbote</span>,
+&nbsp;<i>and the Licentiousness&nbsp;of&nbsp;Felons&nbsp;in&nbsp; </i>Newgate.</h3>
+			</td>
+		</tr>
+	</tbody></table></div>
+
+
+<p>Often, when I have spoke against   <i>Theftbote</i>,
+after the same manner as now I have
+been writing, I have heard Men of Worth
+and good Sense come into my Sentiments,
+who yet, after all, would tell me, That if II<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>
+had lost any Thing myself, they believ'd that
+I would be glad to have it again with as little
+Cost and Trouble as I could. This I never denied,
+and am still willing to own. We are all partial
+and unfit Judges in our own Cause; but
+the most that can be made of this, is, That
+in that Case neither I nor any Body else, that
+has had any Thing stolen from him, ought to
+be consulted about the Matter: We are ill
+qualified, and therefore incapable of determining
+any Thing rightly concerning it. I
+have another Reason why this ought to be
+referred rather to those who never lost any
+Thing by Thieves and Pilferers, than others
+who have been Sufferers that Way: Rogues,
+it is true, have a thousand Stratagems, and a
+Person may be very careful, and yet have his
+Pocket pick'd, if ever he appears in the
+Street, or a Crowd: Yet, if we divide Mankind
+into two Classes, that the one will be
+more exempt from those Misfortunes than the
+other, is undeniable. A Man, who is always
+upon his Guard in the Streets, and suspects
+all Crowds; that is temperate in his Liquor;
+avoids, as much as is possible, unseasonable
+Hours; never gives Ear to Night-walkers;
+a Man that abroad is always watchful over
+himself, and every Thing about him, and at
+home takes Care of his Doors and Bolts, his
+Shutters, Locks, and Bars; such a one, I say,
+is in less Danger than others, who are unthinking,
+and never mind what Companies<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>
+they thrust themselves into; or such as will
+be drunk, go home late in the dark unattended,
+and scruple not to talk and converse
+with lewd Women, as they meet them; or
+that are careless of themselves as well as of
+the securing and fastening of their Houses.
+It is evident then which Class would yield the
+most proper Judges; whom if it was left to,
+I don't question but the sober, careful, and
+wiser Part of the Nation would agree, that
+the Practice in vogue, and Method made use
+of to recover stolen Goods, even tho' there
+was no express Law against it, is, on many
+Accounts, mischievous to the Publick, and
+visibly destructive to the Interest of honest
+Property, and our Security in the Enjoyment
+of it.</p>
+
+<p>There is no greater Encouragement for
+Men to follow any Labour or Handicraft,
+than that they are paid as soon as they have
+done their Work, without any further Trouble.
+It is from such a Consideration as this,
+that to encrease the publick Security, the Law
+not only punishes Stealing, but likewise makes
+it Felony, knowingly to buy stolen Goods;
+and moreover perpetuates honest Property,
+and renders the Right of it inalienable from
+the injured Owner, who seizes his Goods in
+what Hands soever he finds them. These
+two additional Precautions are of admirable
+Use in hampering common Villains, and
+strengthening the Law against Theft. From<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>
+the first, a Rogue, after he has made himself
+liable to be hang'd, may be still disappointed,
+and miss his chief Aim; for as Money
+is what he wants, if no Body will purchase
+what he offers, he is never the nearer.
+The Second makes that he is never safe, tho' he
+is rid of the Goods, and the Money in his
+Pocket; for tho' they are gone through half
+a Dozen Hands, as soon as the Right Owner
+lays Claim to the Things stole, every one is
+oblig'd to discover where he had them; and
+by this Means it is seldom difficult to find
+out the Thief, or the Receiver of stolen
+Goods. To leap these two Barriers, and free
+himself at once of the Trouble there is in
+finding a safe Purchaser, and all Apprehensions
+of future Danger, a Rogue could not
+wish or imagine any Thing more effectual
+than that he might lodge what he has stole
+in the Hands of the Owner himself, and so
+receive a Reward for his Pains, and, at the
+same Time, a Pardon for his Crime, of him,
+whose Prosecution was the only Thing he
+had to fear. It is evident then, that the
+friendly Commerce, and amicable Negotiations,
+now in vogue, between Thieves and
+those that are robb'd by them, are the greatest
+Encouragement of low Villany that can
+be invented, and as sure a Way to keep up
+the Breed of Rogues, and promote the Interest
+of them, as either our Fishery or the Coal
+Trade are constant Nurseries for Sailors.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I am not ignorant, that in the present Conjuncture,
+as Cases might be stated, it would
+be very harsh, and seem to be the Height of
+Injustice, if we should hinder People from
+redeeming stolen Goods on all Emergencies
+whatever. A Man may be vigilant and careful,
+and his Servants the same, and yet, their
+Eyes being one Moment turn'd from the
+Counter, a Shop-Book may be snatched, and
+carried off, perhaps, a Month before <i>Christmas</i>.
+This may put a Tradesman of good
+Business in great Distress: Must he lose it? I
+say, Yes, if the Publick is to be preferr'd to
+a private Interest. In the mean time, I know
+very well what every Body would do in that
+Case: But that the Whole suffers by the Redemption,
+I prove thus: Let us say, that this
+Year twelve Shop-Books are stole, that are
+all recover'd for two or three Guineas apiece
+got for them, and no Body punish'd.
+You may expect that next Year you will
+have forty or fifty stole, and in a few Years
+nothing will be more common. And again,
+let us suppose that last Year an hundred
+Shop-Books were stole; but, by vertue of
+some effectual Law for that Purpose, not one
+redeemed. The Consequence, in all Probability,
+would be, that the next Year you
+would hardly have ten Shop-Books stole;
+and if, thro' the strict Observance of the Law,
+none of them likewise should be redeem'd,
+you would hear no more of that Practice.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Besides, when a Man steals what is of no
+Value but to me, and can have no other View
+than that I should redeem it, and be his Pay-Master
+myself, the Felony becomes, in a
+manner, a compound Action, in which, as
+soon as I comply, I join with the Thief: And
+if we consider that the changing of Property
+from one Man to another, is seldom of any
+Consequence to the Publick, and that all the
+Mischief that can befal it from Theft, that
+is, the Loss of Goods that Way sustain'd by
+private Persons, consists in this, That those
+who committed it, gain their Point, and come
+off with Impunity, let who will be the Thief,
+or the Receiver; if, I say, we consider these two
+Things, it will appear, that in the Case I have
+mentioned, myself, who for my own Ends assisted
+the Thief with Money, and secured
+him from Prosecution, had the greatest Share
+in the Transaction, and consequently was, of
+the two, the most injurious to the civil Society.
+Without me the Rogue would not only
+have been disappointed, but likewise, whilst
+he continued in Possession of the Thing stole,
+remained in the perpetual Dread of being prosecuted
+for what he never had any Benefit
+from; and it is not probable that a Man who
+had been twice so served, would ever make
+such another Attempt.</p>
+
+<p>These Things well deserve the Consideration
+of wise Men, and I desire the compassionate
+Part of Mankind to reflect on what daily<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>
+Experience teaches us of common Felons,
+and they will easily find out, that unseasonable
+Pity may prove the greatest Cruelty. The
+oftner a young Rogue steals with Impunity,
+the sooner he'll be a thorough-paced Villain,
+that will venture on more hazardous Undertakings;
+and the more numerous the Examples
+of such are, the more loose People will
+enter into the Fraternity, of which, whether
+it be great or small, very few ever arrive to
+a middle Age. Some are cunning enough
+never to be taken in a Fact; but no Subtlety
+can save them from the Impeachment of others.
+A licens'd Practitioner may be skreen'd
+and protected some Years, if he sticks to Discipline,
+and pays the greatest Part of his Earnings
+for his Security; but if he rides resty,
+and squabbles about the Contribution required
+of him, he is in a dangerous Way. It is
+possible that a dextrous Youth may be esteemed,
+and be a Favourite to the Superintendent
+a great while; but when he grows very notorious,
+he is hunted like a Deer, and the
+Premium on his Head betrays him. He may
+baffle his Prosecutor, find a Flaw in an Indictment,
+elude the Force of an Evidence,
+come off once or twice, be reprieved, break
+Goal, or be pardoned, the Gallows will be
+his Portion at last. The Wretch that is train'd
+up to stealing, is the Property of the Hangman:
+He can never entirely leave off his
+Trade: Many, after Transportation, have,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>
+with great Hazard of their Lives, found the
+Way back again to <i>Newgate</i>. A Thief bred
+must be hang'd if he lives.</p>
+
+<p>From all which appears, what I undertook
+to prove, That Remissness as to Prosecutions,
+occasion'd by the bare-faced Compositions of
+Felony, is one of the grand Causes of that
+lamentable Complaint, the Frequency of Executions;
+and should we compare the Droves
+that are carried to <i>Tyburn</i> for Slaughter, with
+those others that are sent to <i>Smithfield</i> for the
+same Purpose, we would find the modern
+Thief-Catcher subservient to the Executioner
+in the same Manner, as the wealthy Grazier
+is to the needy Butcher; and that of the
+Cattle in either Sense, few are kill'd by the one
+that were never cherish'd by the other.</p>
+
+<p>I am now come to the second Cause, which
+is the Treatment Felons receive after they are
+taken, both in <i>Newgate</i> and their Journey
+from thence to the Gallows: First, It is wrong
+to suffer such Numbers of them to be and
+converse together; for nothing but the utmost
+Corruption can be expected from a Company
+of forty or fifty People in a Prison, who, every
+one of them, singly consider'd, were all
+the worst of Thousands before they met. Secondly,
+It is an Encouragement to Vice, that
+the most dissolute of both Sexes, and generally
+young People too, should live promiscuously
+in the same Place, and have Access to
+one another. For the rest, the Licentiousness<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>
+of the Place is abominable, and there are no
+low Jests so filthy, no Maxims so destructive
+to good Manners, or Expressions so vile and
+prophane, but what are utter'd there with
+Applause, and repeated with Impunity. They
+eat and drink what they can purchase, every
+Body has Admittance to them, and they are
+debarr'd from nothing but going out. Their
+most serious Hours they spend in mock Tryals,
+and instructing one another in cross Questions,
+to confound Witnesses; and all the
+Stratagems and Evasions that can be of Service,
+to elude the Charge that shall be made
+against them; or else in reading Lectures on
+some Branch or other of their Profession, the
+various Arts and Methods of Stealing, or
+the Glory, as well as Usefulness of invincible
+Impudence on all offensive and defensive Emergencies.
+As villainous Pawn-brokers,
+and all Receivers of stolen Goods, have good
+Reasons to be liberal to those they have dealt
+with, when in this Distress, so no Felons are
+here in Want, and reduced to the Allowance
+of the Prison, but Novices and silly Creatures,
+that have the least deserved to be punish'd;
+whereas the Veteran Rogues, and such as
+have been great Traders, are well provided
+for. This keeps them up in Debauchery;
+and many, after Condemnation, persist in
+their riotous Courses, and pampering their
+Bodies, whilst the Care that is taken of their
+Souls is very mean. For such is the Noise<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>
+and Confusion all around them, that even the
+best dispos'd have not sufficient Opportunities
+to prepare themselves for another World; and
+the Helps they receive in Spirituals are, all
+Things consider'd, no better than the Accounts
+we have of them after every Session.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CHAP. III.</h2>
+
+<div style="text-align: center;">
+	<table border="0" width="350" summary="">
+		<tbody><tr>
+			<td>
+			<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em; ">
+			<i>Of Execution Day, the Journey to</i> Tyburn,
+<i>and a Word in behalf of Anatomical Dissections.</i></h3></td>
+		</tr>
+	</tbody></table></div>
+
+
+<p>When the Day of Execution is come,
+among extraordinary Sinners, and Persons
+condemned for their Crimes, who have
+but that Morning to live, one would expect
+a deep Sense of Sorrow, with all the Signs
+of a thorough Contrition, and the utmost
+Concern; that either Silence, or a sober Sadness,
+should prevail; and that all, who had
+any Business there, should be grave and serious,
+and behave themselves, at least, with
+common Decency, and a Deportment suitable
+to the Occasion. But the very Reverse
+is true. The horrid Aspects of Turnkeys
+and Gaolers, in Discontent and Hurry; the
+sharp and dreadful Looks of Rogues, that
+beg in Irons, but would rob you with greater
+Satisfaction, if they could; the Bellowings of
+half a dozen Names at a time, that are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>
+perpetually made in the Enquiries after one another;
+the Variety of strong Voices, that are
+heard, of howling in one Place, scolding and
+quarrelling in another, and loud Laughter in
+a third; the substantial Breakfasts that are
+made in the midst of all this; the Seas of Beer
+that are swill'd; the never-ceasing Outcries
+for more; and the bawling Answers of the
+Tapsters as continual; the Quantity and Varieties
+of more entoxicating Liquors, that are
+swallow'd in every Part of <i>Newgate</i>; the Impudence,
+and unseasonable Jests of those, who
+administer them; their black Hands, and
+Nastiness all over; all these, joined together,
+are astonishing and terrible, without mentioning
+the Oaths and Imprecations, that from
+every Corner are echo'd a about, for Trifles;
+or the little, light, and general Squallor of the
+Gaol itself, accompany'd with the melancholy
+Noise of Fetters, differently sounding, according
+to their Weight: But what is most
+shocking to a thinking Man, is, the Behaviour
+of the Condemn'd, whom (for the greatest
+Part) you'll find, either drinking madly,
+or uttering the vilest Ribaldry, and jeering
+others, that are less impenitent; whilst the
+Ordinary bustles among them, and, shifting
+from one to another, distributes Scraps of
+good Counsel to unattentive Hearers; and
+near him, the Hangman, impatient to be gone,
+swears at their Delays; and, as fast as he can,
+does his Part, in preparing them for their Journey.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>At last, out they set; and with them a Torrent
+of Mob bursts thorough the Gate. Amongst
+the lower Rank, and working People,
+the idlest, and such as are most fond of making
+Holidays, with Prentices and Journeymen
+to the meanest Trades, are the most honourable
+Part of these floating Multitudes.
+All the rest are worse. The Days being
+known before-hand, they are a Summons to
+all Thieves and Pickpockets, of both Sexes,
+to meet. Great Mobs are a Safeguard to one
+another, which makes these Days Jubilees,
+on which old Offenders, and all who dare not
+shew their Heads on any other, venture out
+of their Holes; and they resemble Free
+Marts, where there is an Amnesty for all
+Outlaws. All the Way, from <i>Newgate</i> to
+<i>Tyburn</i>, is one continued Fair, for Whores
+and Rogues of the meaner Sort. Here the
+most abandon'd Rakehells may light on Women
+as shameless: Here Trollops, all in Rags,
+may pick up Sweethearts of the same Politeness:
+And there are none so lewd, so vile,
+or so indigent, of either Sex, but at the Time
+and Place aforesaid, they may find a Paramour.
+Where the Croud is the least, which,
+among the Itinerants, is no where very thin,
+the Mob is the rudest; and here, jostling one
+another, and kicking Dirt about, are the most
+innocent Pastimes. Now you see a Man,
+without Provocation, push his Companion in
+the Kennel; and two Minutes after, the Sufferer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>
+trip up the other's Heels, and the first
+Aggressor lies rolling in the more solid Mire:
+And he is the prettiest Fellow among them,
+who is the least shock'd at Nastiness, and the
+most boisterous in his Sports. No modern
+Rabble can long subsist without their darling
+Cordial, the grand Preservative of Sloth, <i>Jeneva</i>,
+that infallible Antidote against Care and
+frugal Reflexion; which, being repeated removes
+all Pain of sober Thought, and in a
+little Time cures the tormenting Sense of the
+most pressing Necessities. The Traders, who
+vent it among the Mob on these Occasions,
+are commonly the worst of both Sexes, but
+most of them weather-beaten Fellows, that
+have mis-spent their Youth. Here stands an
+old Sloven, in a Wig actually putrify'd, squeez'd
+up in a Corner, and recommends a Dram of
+it to the Goers-by: There another in Rags,
+with several Bottles in a Basket, stirs about
+with it, where the Throng is the thinnest, and
+tears his Throat with crying his Commodity;
+and further off, you may see the Head of a
+third, who has ventur'd in the Middle of the
+Current, and minds his Business, as he is fluctuating
+in the irregular Stream: Whilst higher
+up, an old decrepit Woman sits dreaming
+with it on a Bulk; and over against her, in
+a Soldier's Coat, her termagant Daughter sells
+the Sots-Comfort with great Dispatch. The
+intelligible Sounds, that are heard among
+them, are Oaths and vile Expressions, with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>
+Wishes of Damnation at every other Word,
+pronounced promiscuously against themselves,
+or those they speak to, without the least Alteration
+in the Meaning.</p>
+
+<p>As these undisciplined Armies have no particular
+Enemies to encounter, but Cleanliness
+and good Manners, so nothing is more entertaining
+to them, than the dead Carcasses
+of Dogs and Cats, or, for want of them,
+Rags, and all Trompery that is capable of
+imbibing Dirt. These, well trampled in Filth,
+and, if possible, of the worst sort, are, by the
+Ringleaders, flung as high and as far as a
+strong Arm can carry them, and commonly
+directed where the Throng is the thickest:
+Whilst these ill-boding Meteors are shooting
+thro' the Air, the Joy and Satisfaction of the
+Beholders is visible in every Countenance and
+Gesture; and more audibly express'd by the
+great Shouts that accompany them in their
+Course; and, as the Projectiles come nearer
+the Earth, are turn'd into loud Laughter,
+which is more or less violent in Proportion
+to the Mischief promis'd by the Fall. And
+to see a good Suit of Cloaths spoiled by this
+Piece of Gallantry, is the tip-top of their Diversion,
+which they seldom go home without
+enjoying: For tho' no People in their
+Senses would venture among them on Foot,
+in any tolerable Dress, yet there are young
+Rakes of Fortune, who care not what they
+lavish, or destroy: Of these the maddest sort<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>
+will often, after a Night's Debauch, mix with
+Crowds, and thrust themselves in the midst
+of the most abominable Rabble, where they
+seldom fail of meeting with such Adventures.</p>
+
+<p>Tho' before setting out, the Prisoners took
+care to swallow what they could, to be drunk,
+and stifle their Fear; yet the Courage that
+strong Liquors can give, wears off, and the
+Way they have to go being considerable,
+they are in Danger of recovering, and, without
+repeating the Dose, Sobriety would often
+overtake them: For this Reason they must
+drink as they go; and the Cart stops for that
+Purpose three or four, and sometimes half a
+dozen Times, or more, before they come to
+their Journey's End. These Halts always encrease
+the Numbers about the Criminals; and
+more prodigiously, when they are very notorious
+Rogues. The whole March, with every
+Incident of it, seems to be contrived on
+Purpose, to take off and divert the Thoughts
+of the Condemned from the only Thing that
+should employ them. Thousands are pressing
+to mind the Looks of them. Their <i>quondam</i>
+Companions, more eager than others, break
+through all Obstacles to take Leave: And
+here you may see young Villains, that are
+proud of being so, (if they knew any of the
+Malefactors,) tear the Cloaths off their Backs,
+by squeezing and creeping thro' the Legs of
+Men and Horses, to shake Hands with him;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>
+and not to lose, before so much Company,
+the Reputation there is in having had such a
+valuable Acquaintance. It is incredible what
+a Scene of Confusion all this often makes,
+which yet grows worse near the Gallows; and
+the violent Efforts of the most sturdy and resolute
+of the Mob on one Side, and the potent
+Endeavours of rugged Goalers, and others,
+to beat them off, on the other; the
+terrible Blows that are struck, the Heads that
+are broke, the Pieces of swingeing Sticks, and
+Blood, that fly about, the Men that are
+knock'd down and trampled upon, are beyond
+Imagination, whilst the Dissonance of
+Voices, and the Variety of Outcries, for different
+Reasons, that are heard there, together
+with the Sound of more distant Noises, make
+such a Discord not to be parallel'd. If we
+consider, besides all this, the mean Equipages
+of the Sheriffs Officers, and the scrubby Horses
+that compose the Cavalcade, the Irregularity
+of the March, and the Want of Order
+among all the Attendants, we shall be forced
+to confess, that these Processions are very
+void of that decent Solemnity that would be
+required to make them awful. At the very
+Place of Execution, the most remarkable
+Scene is a vast Multitude on Foot, intermixed
+with many Horsemen and Hackney-Coaches,
+all very dirty, or else cover'd with Dust, that
+are either abusing one another, or else staring
+at the Prisoners, among whom there is commonly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>
+very little Devotion; and in that, which
+is practis'd and dispatch'd there, of Course,
+there is as little good Sense as there is Melody.
+It is possible that a Man of extraordinary
+Holiness, by anticipating the Joys of
+Heaven, might embrace a violent Death in
+such Raptures, as would dispose him to the
+singing of Psalms: But to require this Exercise,
+or expect it promiscuously of every
+Wretch that comes to be hang'd, is as wild
+and extravagant as the Performance of it is
+commonly frightful and impertinent: Besides
+this, there is always at that Place, such a mixture
+of Oddnesses and Hurry, that from what
+passes, the best dispos'd Spectator seldom can
+pick out any thing that is edifying or moving.</p>
+
+<p>Here I must observe, that the Possibility of
+Pardons and Reprieves, that often come very
+late, and which, with or without Grounds,
+most Criminals continue to hope for, 'till they
+are hang'd, is another great Clog, that keeps
+attach'd to the World those that are less abandon'd,
+and more relenting than the Generality
+of them; and who, without that Hindrance,
+would, in all Probability, prepare themselves
+for certain Death, which overtakes many
+whilst they are still doubting of it. The Ordinary
+and Executioner, having performed
+their different Duties, with small Ceremony,
+and equal Concern, seem to be tired, and glad
+it is over.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Tragedy being ended, the next Entertainment
+is a Squabble between the Surgeons
+and the Mob, about the dead Bodies of
+the Malefactors that are not to be hanged in
+Chains. They have suffer'd the Law, (cries
+the Rabble,) and shall have no other Barbarities
+put upon them: We know what you are,
+and will not leave them before we see them
+buried. If the others are numerous, and resolute
+enough to persist in their Enterprize,
+a Fray ensues: From whence I shall take an
+Opportunity of saying something upon the
+Occasion of it. I have no Design that savours
+of Cruelty, or even Indecency, towards a human
+Body; but shall endeavour to demonstrate,
+that the superstitious Reverence of the
+Vulgar for a Corpse, even of a Malefactor,
+and the strong Aversion they have against dissecting
+them, are prejudicial to the Publick;
+For as Health and sound Limbs are the most
+desirable of all Temporal Blessings, so we
+ought to encourage the Improvement of Physick
+and Surgery, wherever it is in our Power.
+The Knowledge of Anatomy is inseparable
+from the Studies of either; and it is almost
+impossible for a Man to understand the
+Inside of our Bodies, without having seen several
+of them skilfully dissected. Kings and
+Princes are open'd, and have their Hearts and
+Bowels taken out, and embalm'd. It is not
+then Ignominious, much less offensive to the
+dead Body, which may be interred with as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>
+much Decency, after Dissection, as if it never
+had been touch'd. But suppose that many
+of our common Thieves were not to be buried
+at all, and some of them made Skeletons;
+and that several Parts of others, variously
+prepared, should be preserved for the Instruction
+of Students? What if it was a Disgrace
+to the surviving Relations of those, who had
+Lectures read upon their Bodies, and were
+made use of for Anatomical Preparations?
+The Dishonour would seldom reach beyond
+the Scum of the People; and to be dissected,
+can never be a greater Scandal than being
+hanged. The University of <i>Leyden</i> in <i>Holland</i>
+have a Power given them by the Legislature
+to demand, for this Purpose, the
+Bodies of ordinary Rogues executed within
+that Province; but, with us, it is the general
+Complaint of all Professors of Anatomy,
+that they can get none to dissect: Where
+then shall we find a readier Supply; and
+what Degree of People are fitter for it than
+those I have named? When Persons of no
+Possessions of their own, that have slipp'd
+no Opportunity of wronging whomever they
+could, die without Restitution, indebted to
+the Publick, ought not the injur'd Publick to
+have a Title to, and the Disposal of, what
+the others have left? And is any Thing more
+reasonable, than that they should enjoy that
+Right, especially when they only make use of
+it for commendable Purposes? What is done<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>
+for the common Good, every Member of
+the Society may, at one time or other, receive
+an Advantage from; and therefore
+quarrelsome People, that love fighting, act
+very preposterously and inconsistent with their
+Interest, when they venture to have their
+Bones broke, for endeavouring to deprive
+Surgeons of the Means to understand the
+Structure of them.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CHAP. IV.</h2>
+
+<div style="text-align: center;">
+	<table border="0" width="350"  summary="">
+		<tbody><tr>
+			<td>
+
+<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">
+<i>Of the wrong Judgments that are pass'd on
+the dying Behaviour of Malefactors.</i></h3>
+
+
+			</td>
+		</tr>
+	</tbody></table>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Having finish'd the Picture I proposed
+to draw of modern Executions, and
+the Crowds that usually attend them, I shall
+make some Remarks on the Judgments that
+are commonly passed on the dying Behaviour
+of our ordinary Felons. In a rich and potent
+Kingdom, where worldly Glory is not
+in Contempt, and to think meanly of our
+selves seldom taught by Example, whatever
+it may be by Precept, nothing is counted
+more provoking, or less to be born with Patience,
+than to be called a Coward. The
+vilest Rogues, and most despicable Villains,
+may own a thousand Crimes, and often brag
+of the most abominable Actions; but there
+is scarce one, who will confess that he has
+no Courage. Our general Esteem for Valour,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>
+which is demonstrable from what I have
+said, as it is of great Use to a warlike Nation,
+is very commendable; and Fortitude
+ought ever to keep its Place amongst the
+Cardinal Virtues: But the Notions which the
+Vulgar have of Courage, as well as Honour
+and Shame, are full of dangerous Errors.
+Compliments, as well as Reproaches, when
+ill applied, are often the Causes of great Mischief;
+and I am persuaded, that the Perverseness
+of Opinion now reigning amongst us, both
+in applauding and discommending the Conduct
+of Criminals in their last Hours, is an
+accessary Evil, that very much contributes to
+what is the Subject of our grand Complaint,
+the Frequency of Executions. To explain
+my self on this Matter in the clearest Manner
+I am able, I beg leave to begin with it
+from the Bottom.</p>
+
+<p>In all living Creatures, that fall under our
+Senses, we perceive an Instinct of Self-Preservation;
+and the more sensible they are,
+the greater Aversion they discover to the Dissolution
+of their Being. Man, the most perfect
+of them, sets an inestimable Value on
+Life, and knows no Fear equal to the Horror
+he has against Death. This is to be understood
+only of Man, in the State of Nature,
+before he has made Reflections on himself,
+and what he sees of the Creation; but when,
+after that his Reason demonstrates to him that
+there must have been a first Cause; that the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>
+World is govern'd by an intelligent Being;
+that himself, a Compound of Soul and Body,
+is indebted to that Being for all he enjoys, and
+that there is a strong Probability of a Life
+after this: When, moreover, he considers
+himself as incorporated in a Community of
+vast Numbers, that all together make one Body
+politick, the Welfare of which he finds
+universally esteemed, as a Concern superior
+to all others: When, I say, he finds and reflects
+on all this, he plainly sees, that the Fear
+of Death, must, on many Accounts, be prejudicial
+to the publick Good and common Security,
+in which he has a Share. It is a Virtue
+then to conquer it; and if we inspect
+into the early OEconomy of all Nations, we
+shall find, that the most powerful Motives
+made use of to induce Man to lessen this
+Fear, and moderate the Fondness which Nature
+has given us of Life, had their Origin
+from Religion, or a publick Spirit; that is,
+in other Words, from a Representation of his
+Duty either to God or his Country. Thus
+holy Martyrs have suffer'd with Fortitude
+for their Faith, and, in Confidence of eternal
+Happiness, hasten'd to Death with Alacrity,
+and even rejoiced in the Midst of Flames.
+And thus there have been valiant Men, in all
+Ages, that have exposed themselves to the
+greatest Hazards, in Defence of their Laws
+and Liberties, and, animated by a zealous
+Love for their Country, sacrific'd their Lives<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>
+to the publick Welfare. As Men of this
+Sort have every where deservedly gained the
+general Applause, and the Virtue they are
+possess'd of has been honoured by the Name
+of Courage; so, on the contrary, the Fearful
+and Pusillanimous, that ever prefer their own
+Safety to all other Considerations, and are
+therefore never to be relied upon, are as justly
+despis'd, and the ignominious Word, by
+which we reproach the Vice that enslaves
+them, is Cowardice.</p>
+
+<p>From what has been said it is evident, that
+the original Reason why Courage is generally
+esteemed, is, because it is taken for granted,
+that both the Principle we act from, and
+the End we labour for in conquering our
+Fears, are praise-worthy, and have a visible
+Tendency, either to the Good of others, or
+our own spiritual Felicity. Nothing, therefore,
+is more unjust, than that we should continue
+our Esteem for Valour when it degenerates,
+and both the Motive Men set out with,
+and the Scope they aim at, are palpably destructive.
+Anger, Pride, Envy, and several
+other Passions, are capable of subduing Fear.
+But, as these Principles are evil in themselves,
+so it is impossible that the End to be obtain'd
+by them should be commendable. What
+perverse and miserable Judges are we then,
+that applaud a Person's Intrepidity in fighting
+a Duel, when in the Act itself, we see him
+willfully violate the Laws of God and Man?<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>
+But should human Honour here break in
+upon me, and my Reasoning, how right soever,
+be overpower'd by the irresistable Clamour
+of the fashionable World, what can be
+said for the senseless Intimidity of a vulgar
+Rogue, who not only professes an utter Disregard
+to Honour and Conscience, but has
+likewise, at his first Setting out, as a Preliminary
+to his Business, disclaim'd all Pretences
+to common Honesty? Why should we
+delight in the Intrepidity, tho' it was real, of
+a Villain in his Impiety? Why should Christians
+be pleased to see a great Sinner give up
+his Ghost impenitent; or imagine that he
+dies bravely, because he bids Defiance to
+Heaven, and boldly plunges himself into an
+Abyss of eternal Misery? Yet nothing is more
+common amongst us: And the further a
+Man is removed from Repentance, nay, the
+more void he seems to be of all Religion,
+and the less Concern he discovers for Futurity,
+the more he is admired by our sprightly
+People: Whereas, he who shews but the
+least Sorrow for his Sins, or, by his Tears, or
+Dismality of Gestures, lets us know that he
+is under Apprehensions of the divine Wrath,
+is a weak silly Creature, not worth looking
+at: And he only, in the Opinion of many,
+dies like a Man, who, in reality, goes off most
+like a Brute. But some of my Readers, perhaps,
+will have nothing to do with Christianity.
+Suppose, then, we lay by that Consideration;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>
+I grant, that to subdue the Terrors
+of Death is a manifest Token of Intrepidity,
+and promise to pay Homage to true Courage
+wheresoever I can meet with it; only let us
+not be imposed upon, but try the Valour of
+this undaunted Hero, whether it be genuine.
+No Man can conquer the Fear of Death, but
+by something superior to it: What is the
+Power that supports him in the Conflict, and
+what Principle does he act from? It is not
+his Innocence, for his Guilt is publick, and his
+Crimes are proved upon him. It is not Zeal
+for Religion, nor the Love of his Country:
+He pretends to neither. Yet it must be
+some mighty Principle of vast Force and Efficacy;
+for if he acts consistently, he despises
+not only Death, but the Wrath of Omnipotence,
+and a Punishment just at Hand, that
+shall be everlasting. Will you say that he
+firmly believes that there is no God, nor Life
+after this, and that Man is wholly mortal?
+Suppose it; that's no Support against Death
+itself: But look narrowly into him, and you
+will alter your Opinion, even as to that.
+The Enthusiasm of Atheists has other Symptoms;
+deplorable as it is, the Appearance of
+it is more sedate, and they make some Pretences
+to Reasoning: But what Probability
+is there, that a poor Rascal, who was brought
+up in Ignorance, and perhaps cannot read,
+one who never troubled his Head with thinking,
+much less with thinking on abstruse Matters,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>
+and Metaphysicks, should so far lose himself
+in the Mazes of Philosophy, as to become
+a speculative Atheist.</p>
+
+<p>Since, then, we can find no Principle from
+which it is possible a common Villain should
+derive his Undauntedness, it is evident that
+what we see is spurious, and the Bravery we
+admire only counterfeited, and false at Bottom.
+The Terror of Death inwardly excruciates
+him; But his Fear of shewing this,
+of being called a Coward, and laugh'd at by
+his Companions, has some Command over his
+outward Appearance; therefore, (not to be
+found out,) sometimes he swears or scoffs at
+Religion; at others he mixes forc'd Laughter
+with the vilest Language, and trys all the
+Strength of Brutality to keep down a struggling
+Conscience, and appear more atheistical
+and obdurate than, to his Sorrow, he feels
+himself to be. But his Impudence would soon
+fail him, and his inexhaustible Stock be but
+a weak Match for the Agonies he suffers, if
+he took not Refuge in strong Liquors. These
+are his only Support, and Drunkenness the
+Cause of his Intrepidity. Should I be told,
+that in many of them no Signs are seen either
+of Fear or Ebriety, it would be of no Force
+against my Assertion: As great Fear sinks,
+so hard Drinking raises the Spirits: They are
+two Enemies, that, when equally match'd,
+may, by mutual Conflict, easily disarm and
+hinder the Operations or each other. Let a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>
+curious Observer mind the continual Changes
+of the Prisoner's unsettled Behaviour, the
+wild Manner of his Actions, and, above all,
+the greedy Haste, with which he throws
+down every Thing potable and intoxicating,
+and he will soon perceive that our Sham-Hero
+drinks neither with Comfort, nor for
+Pleasure, and seems to expect no other Benefit
+from it, than that it may take away his
+Senses, and hinder him from thinking. Are
+not they fine Judges, who are imposed upon
+by such pusillanimous Wretches, that are so
+far from having conquer'd the Fear of Death,
+that they go out of the World without having
+ever dared one Moment soberly to think
+of it; and of whom it can only be said, that
+they died hard and unmov'd, because they
+were senseless, and with the Courage of a
+Stone suffer'd themselves, without Thought,
+to drop into Eternity?</p>
+
+<p>The Mischief that these Patterns of Impenitence,
+together with the Applause that is
+given them, must produce in a vast and opulent
+City, will appear from the following Consideration.
+It is necessary to the publick
+Peace and Security, that Burglary, Robbing
+in the Streets, or on the Highway, and all
+those Crimes where Violence is mix'd with
+Injustice, should be capitally punish'd: But
+considering on the one hand, how much
+more prone Men are to Ease and Pleasure,
+than they are to Industry and Labour; and,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>
+on the other, the Generality of human Wants,
+and the unequal Distributions of Fortune to
+supply them, it must be acknowledg'd, that
+where Men are without Shame and Education,
+and consequently not affected with the
+Ties either of Honour or Religion, Poverty
+itself is a strong Temptation to Thieving,
+when Opportunities offer. The greatest Charity,
+therefore, and Compassion we can shew
+to our Fellow-Creatures, is an extraordinary
+Severity, and never-ceasing Watchfulness in
+a Government against the first Approaches of
+Dishonesty. It is with this View that the
+Provision of the Legislature, that such Offenders
+should be punish'd with Death, is to be
+vindicated; tho' the Punishment is greater
+than the Laws, framed by God himself for
+the <i>Jewish</i> Commonwealth, inflicted; or
+what natural Justice, proportioning the Punishment
+to the Crime, seems to require: For
+it is not the Death of those poor Souls that
+is chiefly aim'd at in Executions, but the
+Terror we would have it strike in others of
+the same loose Principles: And, for the same
+Reason, these Executions are little better than
+Barbarity, and sporting away the Lives of the
+indigent Vulgar, if those valuable Sacrifices
+we are obliged to make to the publick Safety,
+are render'd insignificant. If no Remedy
+can be found for these Evils, it would be better
+that Malefactors should be put to Death
+in private; for our publick Executions are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>
+become Decoys, that draw in the Necessitous,
+and, in effect, as cruel as frequent Pardons;
+instead of giving Warning, they are examplary
+the wrong Way, and encourage where
+they should deter. The small Concern, and
+seeming Indolence of the Condemn'd, harden
+the Profligates that behold them, and confirm
+to them, by ocular Demonstration, what
+they encourage one another with in viler Language,
+(low, as it is, permit me to mention
+it,) <i>That there is nothing in being hang'd, but
+awry Neck, and a wet pair of Breeches</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CHAP. V.</h2>
+
+<div style="text-align: center;">
+	<table border="0" width="380"  summary="">
+		<tbody><tr>
+			<td>
+
+<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">
+<i>Of Regulations concerning</i> <span class="smcap">Felons</span> <i>in Prison,
+and the good Effects to be expected from
+them.</i></h3>
+
+
+			</td>
+		</tr>
+	</tbody></table>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>What has been said in the foregoing
+Chapters, in relation to common <i>Felons</i>,
+has pointed at the evil Customs, Mismanagements,
+and perverse Opinions, that
+prevail amongst us. I shall now conclude what
+I proposed to publish on this Subject with offering
+some Proposals towards a better Usage
+of them in Prison; and the good Effect such
+Alterations, in all Probability, would produce.
+All which, without Arrogance or Presumption,
+I submit to better Judgment.</p>
+
+<p><i>First</i>, I would have every one of the Malefactors
+lock'd up by himself; and they should<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>
+never be suffer'd to converse together. It
+would not be a very great Expence (where
+Chimneys, convenient Windows, Order, and
+Beauty would be out of the Question:) to
+build an hundred small Rooms, perhaps, of
+twelve Foot Square, that would be strong,
+beyond the Possibility of being forced by naked
+Hands; and, to prevent all Hopes of
+breaking Goal, I would have it a Custom
+made, to search, suspected or not, all Prisoners,
+and the Places they are in, every Night
+before Bed-time. The Rooms I speak of, I
+would rather have obscure, than otherwise;
+and the small Light they had, far beyond
+Reach. They, should all have such Conveniences,
+that those, who were shut up in them,
+should, during their Stay, have no Occasion
+to stir out of them on any Account. Thus
+we might secure Prisoners, without galling
+them with Irons, before we are sure that they
+deserve to be punish'd at all.</p>
+
+<p><i>Secondly</i>, I would have a Law made, to fix
+a certain number of Days, after which the
+Condemned should not have the Benefit of
+Pardons or Reprieves, tho' they might be obtain'd.
+This Time elaps'd, they should have
+one Day to bid farewell to Friends and Relations:
+After which, they should have three
+times four and twenty Hours allow'd them,
+for no other Purpose, than to make their
+Peace with Heaven, and prepare themselves
+for Death. During this time, they should be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>
+inaccessible to all but a sober Keeper, to take
+Care of them, and a Clergyman, to assist them
+in Spirituals. And here I beg leave to observe,
+that Men of Reputation, who live in
+Credit, and by their Learning, or exemplary
+Lives, have acquired the Publick Esteem, are
+fitter for this Task, than others of small Parts,
+and no Repute; that, labouring under narrow
+Circumstances, for a poor Salary, and
+some miserable Perquisites, take upon them
+this weighty Province, as a Livelihood and
+Business, to be constantly follow'd. The more
+Respect and Reverence are paid to Divines,
+and the higher their Dignity is, the greater
+Opportunity they have of making themselves
+serviceable in every Branch of their Function,
+but more especially that Part of it now under
+Consideration. In other Protestant Countries,
+beyond Sea, the Ministers of the National
+Church perform this Office, either by
+Turns, or as the Criminal, and sometimes the
+Magistrate, desire it. In most Employments
+Use makes Perfectness, but here it incapacitates:
+and was a Man, even of the greatest
+Prudence and Watchfulness over himself, always
+to converse with Rogues, and do nothing
+else but instruct and attend Malefactors
+in their last Hours, the very Habit he would
+contract from it, would spoil him for that
+Purpose: And it is impossible, but constant
+Practice wou'd, in a little Time, wear out, or
+at least take off the greatest Part of that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>
+Earnestness and Concern, which ought to be
+inseparable from the Charge I speak of.</p>
+
+<p>The greater Provision we made for the
+Souls and future Happiness of these short-liv'd
+Sinners, the less Indulgence we should
+have for their Bodies and sensual Appetites:
+And I would have it strictly observed, that
+from the Moment their Death was fixed, 'till
+their Execution, they should receive nothing
+for Sustenance but Bread and Water; and of
+either what they would. I would, moreover,
+have it enacted, That every Year a certain number
+of dead Bodies, not under six, should be
+allowed to Physicians and Surgeons, for Anatomical
+Uses, not to be made choice of till
+after Death, in such a Manner, that no Felon
+could be sure this would not be his Lot.</p>
+
+<p>If they should complain, that the miserable
+Diet they were confined to, was a Severity
+that disturbed their Thoughts, and hinder'd
+their Devotion, it would be a Sign, that their
+Minds were not yet turned the right Way:
+But this Grievance, a short Time and Necessity
+will never fail to cure. The harsher that
+Article may seem, the more Efficacy it would
+be of, in deterring Rogues from Mischief:
+For I do not doubt but most of them would
+look upon the wholsome Regulations in Prison
+here mentioned, as the most considerable
+Part of the Punishment they were to suffer;
+though, I confess, that what I have in View
+by this low Diet, chiefly regards the eternal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>
+Welfare of those unhappy People, as it would
+be instrumental to an early Repentance. When,
+free from Fumes of Food, and all intoxicating
+Comforts, the serious Thoughts of a Criminal
+shall be obliged to dwell upon his
+wretched Self, and behold the Prospect of a
+future State so near, so certainly to come, the
+loosest and most abandon'd will be brought
+to Reason. Death being unavoidable, and
+nothing upon Earth to save him, Self-defence
+will make him turn his Eyes elsewhere: His
+continued Abstinence will help to clear his
+Understanding; then searching after Truth,
+he will be soon convinced of the Folly and
+Weakness of those Arguments, by which he
+had been used to harden his Conscience, keep
+out Remorse, and fortify his Steadiness in
+Guilt.</p>
+
+<p>When a Man thus wean'd from the World,
+and all the Hopes of Life, should be drawn
+forth from his dark and solitary Dungeon,
+once more enjoy the open Air, and see himself
+exposed to gazing Multitudes, there met
+on purpose to feed their Curiosity at his Expence;
+when the Paleness of his Countenance,
+and the Shaking of every Limb, should,
+without Disguise, reveal the Motions of his
+Heart; and his Spirits neither confounded,
+nor buoy'd up by inebriating Liquors, should
+discover their real Condition and Incapacity
+to uphold their trembling Tenement; the
+Spectacle would be awful, and strike the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>
+Hearts of the Beholders: When seated on
+the ignominious Cart, by his restless Posture,
+the Distortion of his Features, and the continual
+wringing of his Hands, he should disclose
+his Woe within, and the utmost depth
+of Sorrow: When we should hear his shrill
+Cries and sad Complaints interrupted with
+bitter Sobs and anxious Groans, and now and
+then, at sudden Starts, see Floods of Tears
+gushing from his distracted Eyes, how thoroughly
+would the Concurrence of so many
+strong Evidences convince us of the Pangs,
+the amazing Horror, and unspeakable Agonies
+of his excruciated Soul!</p>
+
+<p>Common Stubbornness and Stupidity could
+not be Proof against all this; and the Licentious
+Rabble of both Sexes, that make now
+the most considerable part of those dismal
+Processions, would not attend in such tumultuous
+Crowds. Few Profligates would
+be able to stand the Shock of Sounds and
+Actions so really tragical: Many would run
+away for fear of rouzing the Lion kept chain'd
+within, and waking a guilty Conscience from
+the Lethargy they have thrown it in with so
+much Labour. They would not follow long
+to behold a Scene so little to their Purpose;
+and whatever Multitudes of them might set
+out with these Penitents, they would drop off,
+and dwindle away by Degrees; even the most
+obdurate would sicken at such a Sight, and
+turning from it to less displeasing Objects, seek<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>
+after more suitable Diversions. The Absence
+of so many Rake-hells, that only take delight
+in Mischief, would render these Tragedies
+more solemn, and, at the same Time, make
+room for Spectators of a better Sort, and lesser
+Sinners, on whom, in all Probability, they
+would have a more desirable Effect. It is not
+to be express'd, what lasting and useful Impressions
+such Shews would make: Many
+that are conscious of their Frailty, and the
+small Power they have of conquering their
+Passions, would take an Opportunity from
+them of adoring the divine Mercy, for having
+preserved them hitherto from falling into
+such Crimes; even the Voluptuous, that in the
+Enjoyment of Youth and Vigour, are enamour'd
+with Life for the sake of Pleasure,
+would be startled at them, and thank God
+that this was not their Case; and several by
+the Fear of Death only, become more serious
+and reflecting.</p>
+
+<p>Thus much we should gain, at least, in
+Behalf of Religion, from every Execution,
+even of the most sorry Felons, who, void of
+Sense and Goodness, only grieve because they
+are to die, and go they know not where:
+But it is more than probable, that some of
+them would become good Christians, and
+make exemplary Ends. When the Condemn'd
+should, in every Respect, receive the Treatment
+I have requir'd, and by this Means, undisturb'd
+by earthly Cares, have Leisure, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>
+sober Sadness, to review their past Life, and
+examine into the Multitude, as well as Enormity
+of their Offences; then, after thorough
+Contrition, and an open Confession in Behalf
+of Justice, animated by Faith, betake to constant
+Prayer; we ought to believe that thus
+exerting themselves in the Work of Salvation,
+by the good Guidance of able Divines,
+and their own unwearied Endeavours, many
+of them would find Favour in the Sight of
+the Almighty; and that several, even as they
+went to Death, would be regenerated, and
+comforted from above with a strong Assurance
+of Forgiveness. What a visible Alteration
+would it not make in them, when
+they should perceive their Spirits, that the
+Moment before were overwhelm'd with
+Grief, or fill'd with black Despair, cherish'd
+and enlighten'd by the powerful Beams of
+heavenly Grace and Clemency: Transported
+with the Prospect of approaching Bliss they
+then would wish to die, and rejoice that they
+should be made Examples to frighten Evil-doers
+from their Ways.</p>
+
+<p>But when they should consider, what Acts
+of Devotion and unfeigned Piety, what Works
+of superlative Charity would be necessary, if
+they were to live, to atone for the heinous
+Crimes and manifold Transgressions they had
+been guilty of against God and their Neighbour,
+how would it rouze their Souls, and
+how eager would it not render them, in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>
+most profitable Manner, to spend the small
+Remains of Life! Sometimes they would deter
+the wicked and in the same Breath solicite
+Heaven for their Conversion: At others,
+reasoning from the Changes they had experienced
+within, they would combat Impiety
+with Vehemence, and conjure Unbelievers no
+longer to doubt of an everlasting Futurity:
+They would paint to them, in the strongest
+Colours, the Horrors they had felt from an
+accusing Conscience, and the Abyss of Misery
+they had been plunged in, whilst yet labouring
+under the dire Reflection on eternal
+Vengeance; And thus, mixing fervent Prayers
+with strenuous Exhortation, they would
+employ the few Moments, that were left
+them, in Exercises intirely spiritual and holy.</p>
+
+<p>How such Conversions would affect the
+Minds of all that saw or heard them, cannot
+be better imagin'd than by examining our
+selves. When we had seen an half-starv'd
+Wretch, that look'd like Death, come shivering
+from his Prison, and hardly able to speak
+or stand, get with Difficulty on the slow
+uncomfortable Carriage; where, at the first
+Rumbling of it, he should begin to weep, and
+as he went, dissolve in Tears, and lose himself
+in incoherent Lamentations, it would move
+us to Compassion. But with what Astonishment
+would it not fill us, to behold the same
+Creature, near the fatal Tree, become lively,
+glow with Zeal, and, in Strength of Voice<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>
+and Action, excell the most vigorous Preachers!
+All this we might expect; and that those
+of Wit and Genius, as certainly there are among
+them, would often light on new and convincing
+Arguments to warn the Sinner: Nay,
+some of them prove stupendious Orators, that
+would not only spread Amazement all around
+them, but likewise find uncommon Ways to
+reach the Heart with Violence, and force Repentance
+on their Hearers. It is Stupidity to
+doubt the vast Use such Executions would be
+of, to compass Happiness both here and hereafter;
+and should we regard the first only, it
+would be no Exaggeration to assert, that one
+of them would be more serviceable to the
+Peace and Security of this immense City, than
+a thousand of those that are now so frequent
+among us.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CHAP. VI.</h2>
+
+<div style="text-align: center;">
+	<table border="0" width="360" summary="">
+		<tbody><tr>
+			<td>
+
+<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">
+<i>Of </i><span class="smcap">Transportation</span>: <i>And a Method
+to render that Punishment more effectual.</i></h3>
+
+
+			</td>
+		</tr>
+	</tbody></table>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>When I concluded the last, I thought
+not to have tired the Reader any longer
+with the Subject of Malefactors: But it has
+been remonstated to me since, that what I
+had wrote, would seem very defective, and
+this Treatise be, in reality, imperfect, if I said
+nothing of Transportation; which, for some
+Years last past, on many Occasions, has been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>
+substituted, and inflicted in the room of capital
+Punishment; and having, at the same
+Time, been furnish'd with a Hint concerning
+this Affair, that may be of admirable Use, I
+cannot forbear imparting it to the Publick.
+There is no doubt but the Design of Transporting
+Felons, instead of hanging them, when
+their Crimes were not very enormous, was
+just and commendable, and it was reasonable
+to expect that it would have proved a powerful
+Remedy against the grand Evil I have
+all along complain'd of, and which has been
+so often repeated. But our subtle Criminals
+have found out Means hitherto to render it
+ineffectual: Some have made their Escape in
+the Voyage itself; others, condemn'd to this
+Punishment, never have been put on board;
+several have reach'd the Plantations, but been
+return'd again by the first Shipping, and great
+Numbers have been come back before half
+their Time was expir'd. Those that are forced
+to stay, do very little Service themselves,
+and spoil the other Slaves, teaching the <i>Africans</i>
+more Villany and Mischief than ever they
+could have learn'd without the Examples and
+Instructions of such <i>Europeans</i>. We have
+loud Complaints from all the Islands, that we
+send such Numbers, and they know not what
+to do with them. As they come from <i>England</i>,
+and are to serve <i>English</i> Men, their Colour,
+as well as Country and Language, plead
+for them; and the Masters that complain of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>
+them, are to blame themselves for treating
+them with less Severity than they do the innocent,
+as well as unfortunate Blacks, and
+more remisly than they ought, if they consider'd
+that these Country Men of theirs are
+sent thither on purpose to work, and are condemn'd
+to Hard Labour, as a Punishment for
+their Crimes. The mild Usage our Felons
+receive beyond Sea, and the many Examples
+of such as come back before their Time, with
+Impunity, have quite destroy'd the End which
+Transportation was design'd for. The Criminals
+have no dread against it, remain as they
+were themselves, and do no Service to others.</p>
+
+<p>To redress this, there is an Expedient that
+may immediately be put into practice, and
+is, to my thinking, every way unexceptionable;
+for it would effectually prevent the returning
+of the Felons, make them serviceable
+in the most extraordinary Manner, and,
+at the same Time, be terrible beyond Expression.
+The Use I would put them to is,
+the Redemption of Slaves, that in <i>Morocco</i>,
+as well as <i>Tunis</i>, <i>Algiers</i>, and other Places
+on the Coast of <i>Barbary</i>, groan under a miserable
+Servitude. Should it be objected, that
+such abandon'd People would turn Mahometans,
+and our selves become accessary to their
+eternal Ruin, I would ask what Surety we
+had for those that were there already. Amongst
+our Seafaring Men, the Practice of
+Piety is very scarce: Abundance of them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>
+lead very bad Lives, who yet, as to the Love
+of their Country, and the <i>Meum &amp; Tuum</i>,
+are very honest Fellows. There are not many
+that are well grounded in the Principles
+of their Religion, or would be capable of
+maintaining it against an Adversary of the
+least Ability; and we are not certain, that
+under great Temptations, they would remain
+stedfast to the Christian Faith. The Danger
+then of Apostacy being the same in both, we
+must be manifestly the Gainers, when we
+change lazy cowardly Thieves, and incorrigible
+Rogues for brave, laborious, and useful
+People. It would be no difficult Matter to
+enter into Negotiations with the several Powers
+of <i>Barbary</i> for this Purpose; neither is
+it reasonable to imagine, that they would
+scruple to take our Felons on account of the
+bad Lives they had led, or refuse any for
+their Impudence, Wickedness, or Aversion to
+Labour. They consider and manage their
+Slaves as we do our Cattle; and it is their Age,
+their Health, the Soundness of their Limbs,
+and their Strength, they examine into, with
+little Regard to their Temper or their Morals:
+They are ever watchful over them, without
+trusting to their Honesty, or expecting any voluntary
+Obedience from them. If bought Servants
+are able, Masters there have sure Ways
+to make them work. They laugh at Stubborness
+and refractory Spirits, and their steady Severity
+is a sovereign Remedy against Sloth,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>
+and all other Failings of the Will: From all
+which it is highly probable, that a Barbarian
+would be glad to change an elderly honest Man,
+pretty well worn, and above Fifty, for a sturdy
+House-breaker of Five and twenty: And
+as to those that might be pretty equal, as to
+Years and Abilities, what if we should give
+them three for two, or two for one? I am
+sure we could be no Losers. Those likewise
+that are known to be in Quality superior to
+common Sailors, might be redeem'd by still
+a greater Number of Felons; or, at the worst,
+they could be no Sufferers by the Exchanges
+of the others.</p>
+
+<p>What I am speaking of, I confess would
+be a very severe Punishment for Felony; but
+I cannot imagine, how we can think on the
+Rigour of it, without reflecting, at the same
+Time, on the Inhumanity we are guilty
+of in the small Concern we often shew, for
+many Years, for the Captivity of those who
+have deserv'd no Punishment at all. The
+greater the Calamities are of that cruel Bondage,
+the more reasonable it is, that the
+Guilty should suffer it rather than the Innocent.
+It is unpardonable not to deliver from
+the Yoke of Infidels, when it is in our Power,
+our Fellow Subjects, whom we have no
+Complaint against. When sufficient Sums
+cannot be rais'd to redeem them with Money,
+what should hinder us from doing it at
+the Expence of Miscreants, whom it is Injustice<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>
+not to punish, and who, out of Chains,
+cannot be otherwise than noxious to the Publick?
+If this be duly weigh'd, I doubt not,
+but what, at first, seems to be the greatest
+Objection to this Proposal, would, on further
+Reflection, be found an unanswerable
+Argument why we should embrace it. There
+would likewise be room always, with fresh
+Supplies of Felons, to release those, who might
+be cured, or, at least, thought to have been
+sufficiently punish'd; and, to prevent all
+Tricks and Escapes, this Service might be
+perform'd by Men of War instead of Merchant
+Men, or Transports. This effectual
+Manner of Transportation, as Felons are
+treated, and Things are managed now, would
+be more dreadful than hanging, whilst it was
+only talk'd of; but when it came to the
+Push, and Criminals came near, and under
+the Gallows, there would be very few, if
+they were sober enough to think at all, that,
+before the Cart drove away, would not
+change their Minds, put off the evil Hour
+if they could, and chuse Slavery, or any
+Thing else, to avoid immediate Death. But
+then, if the Regulations I have offer'd in the
+foregoing Chapter were likewise to be put
+in Practice, the forc'd Abstinence, and unavoidable
+Sobriety in Prison, with the other
+Preparations before Detail, and the Journey
+from <i>Newgate</i> to <i>Tyburn</i>, without Hopes of
+Pardon or Reprieve, would strike great Terror<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>
+even at a Distance; by which Means,
+the Thoughts of either would be insupportable,
+and there would be no great Purchase in
+the Choice. The Horror loose People
+would conceive against such Proceedings,
+would be of inestimable Consequence to the
+Nation, and Thousands that are yet unborn
+would, deterr'd by the Rigour of those Laws,
+turn their Hands to honest Labour, and die
+in their Beds in their own Country, that
+without them, and Things remaining as they
+are, will either be hanged, or transported long
+before the End of this Century. But if what
+I propose should not lessen the Number of
+Felons so much as ought to be expected, it
+would clear us at least from the Blame of
+not having endeavoured it; and from Transportation
+we should have the Satisfaction,
+that the Kingdom would not lose so many
+Inhabitants by it as it does now, though the
+same Numbers were sent abroad. But, what
+is infinitely more valuable, that Punishment
+likewise would rid without Slaughter, or Probability
+of Return, the Country of the Vermin
+of Society, that, perpetually nibbling at
+our Property, destroy the Comforts of
+secure and undisturb'd Possession, at the same
+Time that it would furnish us with an Opportunity
+of performing the most charitable
+Action in the World; for such I will not
+scruple to call the redeeming and restoring
+to their Friends, without their Cost, industrious<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>
+Mariners, that lost their Liberties, and
+became Sufferers in an honest Calling, and
+were led into dreadful Captivity by Infidels,
+whilst, in promoting the Interest of Commerce
+and Navigation, they were labouring
+for the Safety, the Wealth, and Glory of
+their Country.</p>
+
+<p>I shall be told by some of my Readers, that
+they are ready to contribute to the Redemption
+of unfortunate Captives with their Purses;
+but that among Christians, free-born
+Subjects ought never to be made Slaves for any
+Reason, or at any Rate whatever. But
+this is a Singularity peculiar to <i>Englishmen</i>,
+more built on an Excess of Good-nature,
+than any sound Reason. <i>France</i> and <i>Spain</i>
+make use of Malefactors in their Gallies, and
+the <i>Hugonots</i> of the first would never have
+complained of that Punishment, had it never
+been inflicted on any but Thieves and Villains.
+But these are <i>Roman</i> Catholick Countries,
+and arbitrary Kingdoms: Of <i>Holland</i>
+you can say neither, and yet the great Cities
+of it have all Work-houses for Criminals.
+At <i>Amsterdam</i> there is one, where Felons are
+kept constantly employ'd in rasping of <i>Brasil</i>
+Wood: To earn at this as much as they spend
+is not to be done without excessive Labour,
+though they fare as hard as they work; yet
+they are obliged to get more than their
+Maintenance costs considerably. They have
+a Task set them, which if they do not perform,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>
+the Neglect of their Hands is reveng'd
+on their Bellies; and they are stinted in their
+Allowance in Proportion to the Deficiency.
+In this Place a very strict Hand is kept over
+them; no Offences are left unpunished, and
+they are often drubb'd even for ill Language.
+The Periods of Time, for which Felons are
+condemned to this Rasp-house, are vastly different,
+according as their great Crimes, or
+slighter Trespasses deserve this Tuition, and
+themselves are young or old Offenders, and
+judged to be more or less incorrigible, from
+six Weeks to ninety nine Years. These are
+not called Slaves; but such is their Abode,
+their Diet, and their Discipline, that of those
+who were to be confined there for any considerable
+Number of Years, I don't believe
+there ever was one who would not have
+thought it a glorious Preferment, if, instead
+of it, he might have taken his Chance, and
+been sold for a Slave in <i>Turky</i>.</p>
+
+<p>We have, I own, no open Enemies in
+<i>Africk</i> more than any where else at present;
+and our most gracious Sovereign has, by
+his Clemency and powerful Influence over
+the Emperor of <i>Morocco</i>, procured Liberty
+to those of his Subjects that had been taken
+in <i>English</i> Ships: But it is wrong from thence
+to infer, that there are no Slaves in <i>Turky</i>
+of the <i>British</i> Nation.</p>
+
+<p>Among those that are brought up to the
+Sea, there are many, that, by several Accidents,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>
+are left ashore in Foreign Parts, and
+are necessitated to enter themselves on any
+Ships they can meet with. If this be done
+in Time of Peace, and when they are not
+summoned to serve their own Country, they
+are guilty of no Fault. But as all Mariners,
+as well as Soldiers, share the Fate of those
+on whose Side they engage, so many of our
+Sailors are Slaves in <i>Turky</i>, that were taken
+in <i>French</i>, <i>Dutch</i>, and other Ships, and are
+consequently not reclaimable by any Treaty
+made with <i>Great Britain</i>. Tho' these might
+not deserve the same Regard altogether with
+those that were taken in Ships of the <i>British</i>
+Nation; yet, as they are our Countrymen,
+and have committed no Crime, their
+Redemption ought not to be deferred one
+Moment, if they might be had in Exchange
+for others, whom we have judged not worthy
+to live amongst us. Besides, as we are
+at Peace now with all those Rovers, so half
+a Year hence, some or other of them may
+fall out with us; their Friendship is not
+much to be depended upon: Let the Provision
+but be made, and Felons kept at hard
+Labour, and under strict Discipline at home,
+till they are wanted abroad, and we shall
+find, that the Institution it self, the very
+Name of it, will be of vast Use, before the
+Thing itself is put into Practice.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>FINIS.</i></h3>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>FOOTNOTE:</h2>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> <i>This was wrote some Months before</i> Jonathan Wild <i>was
+apprehended</i>.</p><hr />
+	<p>&nbsp;</p></div>
+
+<div class="technt">
+<div class="caption3">Transcriber's Notes.</div>
+
+<p>This file was derived from scanned images. With the exception of the
+errors that were corrected and indicated below, the original
+text is presented. </p>
+<p>Licence has been taken in 'block formatting' the quotation
+within the Preface; the text of: '<i>An Act for the further Preventing Robbery,
+Burglary, and other Felonies</i>, &amp;c.' </p>
+
+
+<p class="caption3">
+
+
+<span class="caption3">Typographical Errors Corrected:</span>
+</p>
+<p>Several minor typographical corrections were made (missing periods,
+commas, misspelling of 'and', etc.); but are not indicated here.
+
+The more substantial changes are:</p>
+
+
+
+
+page i.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tuburn <b>--&gt;</b> Tyburn -- Frequent Executions at Tyburn was originally<p>page v.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Goal.
+<b>--&gt;</b> Gaol. -- their Keepers, and attempting to break Gaol. </p>
+
+<p>page 48.&nbsp; extraordiary <b>--&gt;</b> extraordinary -- serviceable in the most extraordinary Manner,</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+<h2>
+THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY<br />
+<br />
+<i>Publications in Print</i></h2>
+<h4>
+<b>1948-1949</b><br />
+
+
+</h4>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>16. Nevil Payne's <i>Fatal Jealousy</i> (1673).</p>
+
+<p>17. Nicholas Rowe's <i>Some Account of the Life of Mr. William
+Shakespeare</i> (1709).</p>
+
+<p>18. "Of Genius," in <i>The Occasional Paper</i>, Vol. III, No. 10 (1719);
+and Aaron Hill's Preface to <i>The Creation</i> (1720).</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>1949-1950</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>22. Samuel Johnson's <i>The Vanity of Human Wishes</i> (1749) and
+	<i>Two
+Rambler papers</i> (1750).</p>
+
+<p>23. John Dryden's <i>His Majesties Declaration Defended</i> (1681).</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>1950-1951</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>26. Charles Macklin's <i>The Man of the World</i> (1792).</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>1951-1952</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>31. Thomas Gray's <i>An Elegy Wrote in a Country Church Yard</i> (1751);
+and <i>The Eton College Manuscript</i>.</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>1952-1953</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>41. Bernard Mandeville's <i>A Letter to Dion</i> (1732).</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>1953-1954</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>45. John Robert Scott's <i>Dissertation on the Progress of the Fine Arts</i>.
+	(1800)</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>1954-1955</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>49. Two St. Cecilia's Day Sermons (1696-1697).</p>
+
+<p>51. Lewis Maidwell's <i>An Essay upon the Necessity and Excellency
+of Education</i> (1705).</p>
+
+<p>52. Pappity Stampoy's <i>A Collection of Scotch Proverbs</i> (1663).</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>1958-1959</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>75. John Joyne, <i>A Journal</i> (1679)</p>
+
+<p>76. Andr&eacute; Dacier, <i>Preface to Aristotle's Art of Poetry</i> (1705).</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>1959-1960</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>80. [P. Whalley's] <i>An Essay on the Manner of Writing History</i> (1746).</p>
+
+<p>83. <i>Sawney and Colley (1742) and other Pope Pamphlets.</i></p>
+
+<p>84. Richard Savage's <i>An Author to be lett</i> (1729).</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>1960-1961</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>85-86. <i>Essays on the Theatre from Eighteenth-Century Periodicals.</i></p>
+
+<p>87. Daniel Defoe, <i>Of Captain Mission and his Crew</i> (1728).</p>
+
+<p>90. Henry Needler, <i>Works</i> (1728).</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>1961-1962</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>93. John Norris, <i>Cursory Reflections Upon a Book Call'd. An Essay
+Concerning Human Understanding</i> (1690).</p>
+
+<p>94. An Collins, <i>Divine Songs and Meditacions</i> (1653).</p>
+
+<p>95. <i>An Essay on the New Species of Writing Founded by Mr. Fielding</i>
+(1751).</p>
+
+<p>96. <i>Hanoverian Ballads.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<h4>1962-1963</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>97. Myles Davies, <i>Athenae Britannicae</i> (1716-1719).</p>
+
+<p>98. <i>Select Hymns Taken Out of Mr. Herbert's Temple</i> (1697).</p>
+
+<p>99. Thomas Augustine Arne, <i>Artaxerxes</i> (1761).</p>
+
+<p>100. Simon Patrick, <i>A Brief Account of the New Sect of Latitude-Men</i>
+(1662).</p>
+
+<p>101-102. Richard Hurd, <i>Letters on Chivalry and Romance</i> (1762).</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4>William Andrews Clark Memorial Library: University of California, Los Angeles
+
+</h4>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Augustan Reprint Society</span></h2>
+
+
+<h5>
+GENERAL EDITORS<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">R. C. Boys</span><br />
+University of Michigan<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Maximillian E. Novak</span><br />
+University of California, Los Angeles<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Earl Miner</span><br />
+University of California, Los Angeles<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Lawrence Clark Powell</span><br />
+Wm. Andrews Clark Memorial Library<br />
+<br />
+<i>Corresponding Secretary</i>: Mrs. Edna C. Davis, Wm. Andrews Clark Memorial Library<br />
+</h5>
+
+
+<p>The Society's purpose is to publish reprints (usually facsimile reproductions) of rare seventeenth and eighteenth
+century works. All income of the Society is devoted to defraying costs of publication and mailing.</p>
+
+<p>Correspondence concerning subscriptions in the United States and Canada should be addressed to the William
+Andrews Clark Memorial Library, 2205 West Adams Boulevard, Los Angeles, California. Correspondence concerning
+editorial matters may be addressed to any of the general editors. The membership fee is $5.00 a year for subscribers
+in the United States and Canada and 30/- for subscribers in Great Britain and Europe. British and European subscribers
+should address B. H. Blackwell, Broad Street, Oxford, England. Copies of back issues in print may be obtained
+from the Corresponding Secretary.</p>
+
+<p>The publications for 1963-1964 are in part subsidized by funds generously given to the Society in memory of the
+late Professor Edward N. Hooker, one of its co-founders.</p>
+
+
+<h4>PUBLICATIONS FOR 1963-1964</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Samuel Richardson</span>, <i>Clarissa</i>: Preface, Hints of Prefaces, and
+Postscript. Introduction by R. F. Brissenden.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thomas D'Urfey</span>, <i>Wonders in the Sun, or the Kingdom of the Birds</i>
+(1706). Introduction by William W. Appleton.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Daniel Defoe</span>, <i>A Brief History of the Poor Palatine Refugees</i> (1709).
+Introduction by John Robert Moore.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bernard Mandeville</span>, <i>An Enquiry into the Causes of the Frequent
+Executions at Tyburn</i> (1725). Introduction by Malvin R.
+Zirker, Jr.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Oldmixon</span>, <i>An Essay on Criticism</i> (1728). Introduction by
+R. J. Madden, C.S.B.</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>&nbsp;</h4>
+<h4>THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">William Andrews Clark Memorial Library</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">2205 WEST ADAMS BOULEVARD, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA  90018</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">Make check or money order payable to <span class="smcap">The Regents of the University of California</span>.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of An Enquiry into the Causes of the
+Frequent Executions at Tyburn (1725), by Bernard Mandeville and Malvin R. Zirker
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of An Enquiry into the Causes of the Frequent
+Executions at Tyburn (1725), by Bernard Mandeville and Malvin R. Zirker
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: An Enquiry into the Causes of the Frequent Executions at Tyburn (1725)
+
+Author: Bernard Mandeville
+        Malvin R. Zirker
+
+Release Date: October 6, 2011 [EBook #37650]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAUSES OF EXECUTIONS AT TYBURN (1725) ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY
+
+BERNARD MANDEVILLE,
+
+_AN ENQUIRY_
+
+INTO THE CAUSES
+
+OF THE
+
+FREQUENT EXECUTIONS
+
+AT
+
+_TYBURN_.
+
+(1725)
+
+_INTRODUCTION_
+
+BY MALVIN R. ZIRKER, JR.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PUBLICATION NUMBER 105
+
+WILLIAM ANDREWS CLARK MEMORIAL LIBRARY
+
+UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES
+
+1964
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL EDITORS
+
+Richard C. Boys, _University of Michigan_
+Earl R. Miner, _University of California, Los Angeles_
+Maximillian E. Novak, _University of California, Los Angeles_
+Lawrence Clark Powell, _Wm. Andrews Clark Memorial Library_
+
+
+ADVISORY EDITORS
+
+John Butt, _University of Edinburgh_
+James L. Clifford, _Columbia University_
+Ralph Cohen, _University of California, Los Angeles_
+Vinton A. Dearing, _University of California, Los Angeles_
+Arthur Friedman, _University of Chicago_
+Louis A. Landa, _Princeton University_
+Samuel H. Monk, _University of Minnesota_
+Everett T. Moore, _University of California, Los Angeles_
+James Sutherland, _University College, London_
+H. T. Swedenberg, Jr., _University of California, Los Angeles_
+
+
+CORRESPONDING SECRETARY
+
+Edna C. Davis, _Clark Memorial Library_
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+The _Enquiry into the Causes of the Frequent Executions at Tyburn_ was
+originally published as a series of letters to the _British Journal_.
+The first letter appeared on February 27, 1725;[1] just twelve days
+before, Jonathan Wild, self-proclaimed "Thief-Catcher General of _Great
+Britain_ and _Ireland_," had been arrested and imprisoned in Newgate.
+Thus the _Enquiry_ had a special timeliness and forms a part of the
+contemporary interest in the increasingly notorious activities of Wild.
+Wild's systematic exploitation of the London underworld and his callous
+betrayal of his colleagues in criminality (he received L40 from the
+government for each capital conviction he could claim) had created
+public protest since at least 1718 when an act (which Mandeville cites
+in his Preface) directed against receivers of stolen goods was passed,
+most probably with the primary intention of curtailing Wild's
+operations. Wild's notoriety was at its peak in 1724-5 after his
+successful apprehension of Joseph Blake ("Blueskin") and Jack Sheppard,
+the latter figure becoming a kind of national hero after his five
+escapes from prison (he was recaptured by Wild each time).[2]
+
+The timeliness of Mandeville's pamphlet extends, of course, beyond its
+interest in Jonathan Wild, who after all receives comparatively little
+of Mandeville's attention. The spectacle of Tyburn itself and the civil
+and moral failures it represented was one which Londoners could scarcely
+ignore and which for some provided a morbid fascination. Mandeville's
+vivid description of the condemned criminal in Newgate, his journey to
+Tyburn, and his "turning off," must have been strikingly forceful to his
+contemporaries, who knew all too well the accuracy of his description.
+
+"Tyburn Fair" was a holiday. Apprentices deserted their posts,
+pickpockets, dram-dealers and other free-lance caterers, prostitutes,
+grub-street elegiasts armed with dying speeches or commemorative verses,
+went to theirs, to swell the enormous and unruly holiday mob, a mob
+given a certain tone by the presence of the respectable or aristocratic
+curious (Boswell says "I must confess that I myself am never absent from
+a public execution") who came in their coaches or even rode along with
+the condemned in his cart. The mob at Tyburn reached enormous
+proportions. Thirty thousand people witnessed an execution in 1776;
+eighty thousand an execution in Moorfields in 1767.[3] Richardson, in
+_Familiar Letters on Important Occasions_ (Letter CLX) refers to the
+"pressure of the mob, which is prodigious, nay, almost incredible."
+
+When such popular madness was climaxed by the generally unrepentant
+criminal's drunken bravado (Richardson's criminals "grew most shamefully
+daring and wanton.... They swore, laugh'd and talked obscenely"[4]), and
+by their glorification by the mob (according to Fielding the criminal at
+Tyburn was "triumphant," and enjoyed the "compassion of the meek and
+tender-hearted, and ... the applause, admiration, and envy, of all the
+bold and hardened"[5]), serious-minded men rightly wondered what valid
+end the execution of the law served. And of course it was not merely
+that the criminal died unrepentant or that the spectators remained
+unedified and undeterred. The scene at Tyburn also reflected society's
+failure to utilize a significant portion of its "most useful members," a
+failure disturbing to the dominant mercantile attitude of the time which
+valued "the bodies of men" as potential sources of wealth (Mandeville's
+concern with the usefulness of the lower class is obvious throughout the
+first part of the _Fable of the Bees_ and in the _Essay on Charity, and
+Charity-schools_).
+
+Mandeville's subject, then, was one familiar to his readers and one
+whose importance they recognized. His attitude toward his subject was
+for the most part a thoroughly conventional one. For instance, his
+primary assumption that the penal code must be harsh since its function
+is to deter, not to reclaim, pervades eighteenth-century thought on the
+subject and is clearly reflected in the number of offences carrying the
+death penalty (160 when Blackstone wrote; 220 in the early nineteenth
+century). Its logical culmination may be found in arguments such as
+George Ollyffe presented in 1731. Ollyffe, noting that the frequency of
+the death penalty was not deterring criminals, suggests that more
+horrible forms of punishment be devised, such as breaking on the wheel,
+"by which the Criminals run through ten thousand thousand of the most
+exquisite Agonies ... during the unconceivable Torture of their
+bruised, broken, and disjointed Limbs," or "twisting a little Cord hard
+about their Arms or Legs," which would produce the "keenest Anguish."[6]
+Ollyffe's public-spirited ingenuity should be a warning to modern
+readers who assume that Mandeville's attitude is unusually harsh and
+unfeeling.
+
+Most of Mandeville's specific proposals too may be paralleled in the
+many pamphlets of the time concerned with the criminal and the lower
+class. To point out some of the similarities between Mandeville's and
+Fielding's proposals (which he states most fully in _An Enquiry into the
+late Increase of Robbers_, 1751) is not to posit direct influence but to
+suggest the uniformity of opinion on these matters during many years.
+Both Mandeville and Fielding argue for closer control over receivers of
+stolen goods, against advertising in the paper to recover stolen goods,
+against the false compassion of the tender-hearted who fail to prosecute
+or of juries which fail to convict the guilty, against the
+indiscriminate imprisonment of young with old, hardened criminals with
+first offenders, men with women, and against frequent pardons. They
+agree in demanding that the condemned should meet his death, soberly,
+shortly after his conviction.[7]
+
+Mandeville's suggestion that the bodies of the executed be turned over
+to surgeons for dissection is not to be found in Fielding's pamphlet. It
+does, however, become a part of the "Act for preventing the horrid Crime
+of Murder" (25 Geo. II. c. 37), an act for which Fielding is often given
+credit.[8] This suggestion, and that in Chapter VI to trade felons into
+slavery (which as far as I know is Mandeville's own), clearly stem from
+the impulse to increase the deterrent power of the law by making it more
+terrible.
+
+What distinguishes Mandeville's pamphlet (in addition to the
+characteristically hard-headed bluntness of its author) is a quality
+present in one degree or another in all his work: an exuberant delight
+in creating scene. Throughout the _Fable of the Bees_, for example, but
+especially in the first part, the argument is punctuated by vivid scenes
+in which an idea is acted out or illustrated. Invariably these scenes
+have a merit and interest beyond that owing to their function in the
+argument. They are lively, vivid, picturesque, humorous or touching in
+their own right. The reader can scarcely doubt that Mandeville enjoyed
+composing them--he admits as much in the Preface to the _Enquiry_ when
+he acknowledges, in defending the "lowness" of his subject, the
+"Pleasure there is in imitating Nature in what Shape soever."
+
+The gusto and vitality of the description of the events at Tyburn well
+illustrate Mandeville's art. He puts us on the scene, lets us see and
+hear the various actors, gives us telling detail: a bully rolling in the
+mire; a putrified wig; a drunken old woman on a bulk; refuse flying
+through the air; trollops in rags; a gin seller "squeez'd up in a
+corner"; carcasses of dogs and cats. The scene is filled with objects
+and has movement as well: the mob is a torrent which "bursts through the
+gate," a "floating multitude." There is "jostling," "kicking dirt,"
+"rolling"; peddlers "stir about," and one who has "ventured in the
+Middle of the Current" is "fluctuating in the irregular Stream." The air
+is filled with "oaths and vile expressions," and "loud laughter"; a
+peddler "tears his Throat with crying his commodity." Mandeville orders
+his scene spatially and chronologically, and he enforces its vividness
+by relating the action in the present tense. Its basic unity, however,
+is owing to the evaluation and control provided by the various tones of
+the narrator's voice, which is alternately scornful and disgusted
+("abandoned Rakehells") and almost playfully ironic ("he is the
+prettiest Fellow among them who is the least shock'd at Nastiness";
+"their darling Cordial, the grand Preservative of Sloth, Jeneva").
+
+For one reader at least Mandeville is eminently successful in capturing
+what must have been the appalling uproar and the dismaying quality of
+the events at Tyburn. His vivid, circumstantial realism sets the
+_Enquiry_ apart, as far as I know, from all other pamphlets dealing with
+this sorry subject. If his views for the most part are conventional, his
+style and technique are not, and in this respect the _Enquiry_ is best
+compared not with other pamphlets but with Hogarth's portrayal of the
+demise of the idle apprentice (Plate XI of the _Industrious and Idle
+Apprentice_, 1747), in which Hogarth represents visually many of the
+same details which Mandeville reports and in which he conveys a
+comparable sense of the violent and brutal activity of the Tyburn mob.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION
+
+
+[Footnote 1: See "A Note on the Text" below.]
+
+[Footnote 2: A useful account of Wild's career and fame appears in
+William R. Irwin's _The Making of Jonathan Wild_ (New York, 1941), pp.
+3-32.]
+
+[Footnote 3: The figures are taken from Leon Radzinowicz' _A History of
+English Criminal Law_ (New York, 1948-56), vol. I, p. 175, n. 45.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Compare the hero of Swift's "_Clever_ Tom Clinch _going to
+be hanged_" (1726), "Who hung like a Hero, and never would flinch." He
+"Rode stately through _Holbourn_, to die in his Calling," and adjured
+his friends to "Take Courage, dear Comrades, and be not afraid, / Nor
+slip this Occasion to follow your Trade."]
+
+[Footnote 5: Henry Fielding, "An Enquiry into the Causes of the late
+Increase of Robbers," _Works_, ed. Henley (London, 1903), vol. 13, p.
+122. Fielding might have added that the criminal-hero also enjoyed the
+amorous admiration of the fair: when clever Tom Clinch rode by "The
+Maids to the Doors and the Balconies ran, / And said, lack-a-day! he's a
+proper young Man"; according to Mrs. Peachum "The youth in his cart hath
+the air of a lord, / And we cry, There dies an Adonis!"]
+
+[Footnote 6: George Ollyffe, _An Essay Humbly Offer'd, for an Act of
+Parliament to prevent Capital Crimes, and the Loss of many Lives; and to
+Promote a desirable Improvement and Blessing in the Nation_, second
+edition, (London, 1731), p. 8.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Fielding's and Mandeville's positions may be compared to
+that of an anonymous pamphleteer writing in 1701: "I might add, that it
+were not amiss, if after Condemnation they were allowed nothing but
+Bread and Water; a good way to humble them, and bring them to a sense of
+their Condition, as to a future state, and to put a stop to their
+murthering their Keepers, and attempting to break Gaol. And it were
+well, if a Particular Habit (Black the most proper Colour) were assigned
+them, at least at their Executions; and that they might not be suffered
+to make their Exits in gay Clothes (as they sometimes do like Men that
+Triumph) but rather as becomes Those, who are just going to undergo the
+Curse of the Law, and that are intended to be a Warning to Others." R.
+J., _Hanging not punishment enough, for Murtherers, High-way Men, and
+House-Breakers_, p. 21.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Both the criminal and the "mob" detested the anatomists. In
+the British Journal of March 20, 1725--one of the issues in which
+Mandeville's letters appeared--a captured murderer is reported to have
+said "d----n my Soul; but I desire I may not be Anatomiz'd." In the same
+issue is recorded a mob's assault on a doctor whom they suspected,
+rightly it seems, of grave-robbing. He was forced to flee for his life
+and his stable was "pulled down."]
+
+
+
+
+A NOTE ON THE TEXT
+
+
+The letters (which Mandeville tells us were composed before Wild's
+capture) appeared in nos. 128-133 of the _British Journal_ (Feb. 27,
+Mar. 6, Mar. 13, Mar. 20, Mar. 27, and Apr. 3, 1725). The differences
+between the text of the newspapers and that of the pamphlet have some
+significance, for what alterations there are suggest that Mandeville was
+a fairly careful editor. The Preface to the pamphlet is entirely
+new--its addition is one of several changes Mandeville made to put the
+articles in pamphlet form. He also, for example, added a Table of
+Contents, and gave headings to each chapter and, in one instance,
+changed "Papers" to "Chapters."
+
+Throughout minor changes (not clearly purposeful) in punctuation,
+italicization, and capitalization occur, and occasionally a word is
+changed ("Holland" becomes "Leyden," p. 27) or a word is inserted ("none
+of them should" becomes "none of them likewise should," p. 13), but only
+three changes may be called substantial. (1) In the first newspaper
+article the following sentence appeared in the text in brackets after
+the footnoted sentence on p. 3 of the pamphlet: "Here I beg leave to
+observe, that the greatest Part of this Treatise was wrote some Months
+before Jonathan Wild was apprehended; and that as nothing was said of
+him, but what may be equally applied to any one, who either now follows,
+or shall take upon him the same Employment, I keep to the original
+Manuscript, imagining the Reader will be better pleased to see the
+Author's Sentiments concerning Jonathan, and the Trade he drove before
+his Commitment, than any Alterations that might be expected from
+what has happen'd since." (2) The phrase on p. 17, "with Applause,
+and repeated with Impunity," corrects the newspaper version "with
+Impunity, and repeated with Applause." (3) On p. 25, lines 3 through
+17 appear only in the pamphlet, the newspaper version reading merely
+"... of Course, we seldom meet with any Thing that is edifying, or
+moving."
+
+The pamphlet is reproduced from the copy at the Huntington Library.
+
+
+
+
+AN
+ENQUIRY
+INTO THE
+CAUSES
+OF THE
+FREQUENT EXECUTIONS
+AT
+_TYBURN_:
+
+AND
+
+_A_ PROPOSAL _for some_ REGULATIONS _concerning_
+FELONS _in_ PRISON, _and the good
+Effects to be Expected from them_.
+
+To which is Added,
+
+A Discourse on TRANSPORTATION, and a Method
+to render that Punishment more Effectual.
+
+By _B. MANDEVILLE_, M.D.
+
+_Oderunt peccare Mali formidine Poenae._
+
+_LONDON_,
+Printed: And Sold by _F. Roberts_ in _Warwick-Lane_.
+MDCCXXV.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+The Design of this small Treatise, is to lessen if not prevent the
+common Practice of Thieving, and save many Lives of the loose and
+indigent Vulgar, of which now such great Numbers are yearly lavish'd
+away for Trifles. In order to this, I have endeavour'd to set in a true
+Light the destructive Consequences of _Theftbote_, and the Damage the
+Publick sustains from the Trade that is drove by Thiefcatchers, and the
+various ways now in vogue of compounding Felonies, by which the Safety
+as well as Maintenance of Thieves and Pilferers are industriously taken
+care of, and the Laws that enforce Prosecution altogether eluded.
+
+To the same Purpose I have pointed at the Licentiousness and other
+Disorders of _Newgate_, arising from the wrong Method we have of
+treating common Felons in Prison. I have describ'd the Transactions of
+Execution Day, with the Procession to _Tyburn_, and demonstrated what
+small Advantage they are of, as well to the condemn'd themselves, whose
+grand Affair it is to prepare themselves for another World, as to their
+Companions who should be deterred, or the rest of the Spectators, who
+should be struck with the Awfulness of the Solemnity. I have likewise
+searched into the Origin of Courage, and the wrong Judgments that are
+differently pass'd on the dying Behaviour of Malefactors, shew'd the ill
+Consequences as well as Absurdity of our mistaking Drunkenness for
+Intrepidity, and a senseless Deportment for Undauntedness; and touch'd
+on the several Neglects and Mismanagements that are accessary, and one
+way or other contribute to the Encrease and Support of Felons, and
+consequently, the Frequency of Executions. Afterwards I have in a
+Chapter by it self offer'd some Proposals for a better Usage, and more
+proper Treatment of common Felons in Confinement, and made a Pathetical
+Representation of the good Effects we might probably expect from such
+wholesome Regulations. To these I have added a Discourse on
+Transportation, and a Method of rendering that Punishment not only more
+effectual on the Criminals, but likewise advantagious to the Publick in
+the most extraordinary manner.
+
+I am not so vain as to place any Merit in the Performance, or promise my
+self the Applause of many: on the contrary, I expect to be censur'd, and
+perhaps deservedly, for the uncouth Decorations I have intermix'd with
+my Subject. Men of Taste and Politeness will think themselves very
+little oblig'd to me for entertaining them with the meanest and most
+abject part of low Life, for almost a whole Chapter together; and tell
+me that the Inside of _Newgate_, either on an Execution Day, or any
+other, is not a Scene they ought to be troubled with; and that the
+Exactness of a Picture among the Judicious is of little Worth where the
+noble manner is wanting. To this I could answer that, if I have
+trespassed against the Laws either of Elegance or Formality, I was
+forc'd to it by what is superior to all Laws, Necessity. When a Man is
+to inspire his Readers with an Aversion to what they are unacquainted
+with, he can never compass his End without furnishing them first with a
+general Idea of the Thing against which he wou'd raise their
+Indignation: I could add that, when a Piece is lively and tolerably
+finish'd, the good-natured Critick will pardon the Meaness of the
+Design, for the sake of the Colouring and the Application of the Master.
+But if neither of these Excuses are thought sufficient, I must plead
+guilty, and confess that the Pleasure there is in imitating Nature in
+what Shape soever is so bewitching, that it over-rules the Dictates of
+Art, and often forces us to offend against our own Judgment.
+
+As there are in this City not a few Men of Business and good
+Understanding, whose Leisure allows them not to read much beyond the
+Publick News, and most of them are concern'd in the Contents of this
+Pamphlet, I caused the several Chapters of it to be Printed in as many
+Papers of the _British_ Journal; imagining that its having been
+dispers'd, and, as it were, advertis'd in that manner, could give no
+Offence to the more Curious, who would chuse to have it entire by it
+self, and peruse it in a Character less troublesome to the Eyes.
+
+In the first Chapter I should have taken notice of a Clause in an Act of
+Parliament that was made in the Fourth Year of His present Majesty, and
+is call'd, _An Act for the further Preventing Robbery, Burglary, and
+other Felonies_, &c. The candid Reader I hope will pardon the Neglect,
+occasion'd by the small Acquaintance I have with the Law, and give me
+leave in this Place to repair that Omission. The Words are these.
+
+    And whereas there are several Persons who have secret Acquaintance
+    with Felons, and who make it their Business to help Persons to their
+    stollen Goods, and by that Means gain Money from them, which is
+    divided between them and the Felons, where-by they greatly encourage
+    such Offenders: Be it Enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That
+    whenever any Person taketh Money or Reward, directly or indirectly,
+    under Pretence, or upon account of helping any Person or Persons to
+    any stollen Goods or Chattels, every such Person so taking Money or
+    Reward, as aforesaid (unless such Person doth apprehend, or cause to
+    be apprehended such Felon who stole the same, and cause such Felon
+    to be brought to his Trial for the same, and give Evidence against
+    him) shall be guilty of Felony, and suffer the Pains and Penalties
+    of Felony, according to the felony committed in stealing such Goods,
+    and in such and the same manner, as if such Offender had himself
+    stole such Goods and Chattels, in the manner and with such
+    Circumstances as the same were stollen.
+
+Since the Printing of these Chapters, in the Paper aforesaid, I have
+likewise been inform'd; that, as receiving Money for assisting others in
+the Recovery of their stolen Goods, is by this Act made Felony; so by
+the known Rules of Law, whoever is aiding and assisting thereto is of
+Course guilty as an Accessary, and to incurr the same Punishment as the
+Principal: and it cannot be doubted; but that he, who pays Money on such
+an Occasion, is accessary to the Receiving of it; which well deserves
+the Reflection of those who make no Scruple of redeeming the Goods that
+had been stolen from them; as likewise does another Thing, which is,
+that if he who takes Money for stolen Goods is a principal Felon, and
+that he who pays it is a Felon, as being accessary, then he who by
+publick Advertisements with Promises of Secrecy, and that no Questions
+shall be asked, invites others to commit Felony, is guilty of a great
+Misdemeanour, tho' it produce no Effect; but, if it do, the Person
+publishing such Advertisement will be an Accessary likewise.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+  OF THEFTBOTE; _or, the Crime
+  of Compounding of Felony_.                                      Page 1
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+  _Of the ill Consequences of_ THEFTBOTE,
+  _and the Licentiousness of Felons in_
+  Newgate.                                                             9
+
+CHAP. III.
+
+  _Of Execution Day, the Journey to_ Tyburn,
+  and _a Word in behalf of Anatomical
+  Dissections._                                                       18
+
+CHAP. IV.
+
+  _Of the wrong Judgments that are pass'd
+  on the dying Behaviour of Malefactors._                             28
+
+CHAP. V.
+
+  _Of Regulations concerning_ FELONS _in
+  Prison, and the good Effects to be expected
+  from them._                                                         37
+
+CHAP. VI.
+
+  _Of_ TRANSPORTATION: _And a
+  Method to render that Punishment more
+  effectual._                                                         46
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+    _Of_ THEFTBOTE; _or, the Crime of Compounding of Felony._
+
+
+The Multitude of unhappy Wretches, that every Year are put to Death for
+Trifles in our great Metropolis, has long been afflicting to Men of Pity
+and Humanity; and continues to give great Uneasiness to every Person,
+who has a Value for his Kind. Many good Projects have been thought of to
+cure this Evil, by sapping the Foundation of it: A Society has been set
+up to reform our Manners; and neither Workhouses, nor Discipline on
+small Crimes, have been wanting: An Act has been made against prophane
+Cursing and Swearing; and many Charity Schools have been erected. But
+the Event has not answer'd hitherto the good Design of those Endeavours.
+This City abounds as much with loose, lazy, and dishonest Poor; there
+is as much Mischief done by ordinary Felons; and Executions for Theft
+and Burglary are as frequent, at least, as ever: Nay, it is believed,
+that _London_ is more pester'd with low Villany than any other Place
+whatever, the Proportion of Bigness between them not left unconsider'd.
+As there is no Effect without a Cause, so something must be the Reason
+of this Calamity. I have long and carefully examined into this Matter,
+and am forced to ascribe the Mischief complained of to two palpable
+Evils, distinct from those we have in common with other large overgrown
+Cities. One regards Prosecutions; the other the Treatment that is given
+to Malefactors after they are taken. I shall begin with the first: I
+mean the Neglect of them, occasion'd by our shameful Negotiations with
+Thieves, or their Agents, for the Recovery of stolen Goods, by which, in
+Reality, we become Aiders and Abetters to them.
+
+The Law of _England_ is so tender of Mens Lives, that whoever justly
+prosecutes, and convicts a Person of a Capital Crime, has nothing to
+answer for to his Conscience, but, on the contrary, has done a Service
+to his Country, without Offence to God, or the least Breach of Charity
+to his Neighbour. But as every Body has not Strength of Mind and
+Resolution enough to perform Duties that are repugnant to his Nature,
+so, making Allowances for Human Frailties, I could excuse the
+Backwardness of a meek home-bred Person, who should complain, That to
+appear in open Court, and speak before a Judge, are terrible Things to
+him. But I think it unpardonable, that a Man should knowingly act
+against the Law, and by so doing powerfully contribute to the Increase,
+as well as Safety and Maintenance, of Pilferers and Robbers, from no
+other Principle, than a criminal Selfishness, accompany'd with an utter
+Disregard to the Publick: Yet nothing is more common among us.[9] As
+soon as any Thing is missing, suspected to be stolen, the first Course
+we steer is directly to the Office of Mr. _Jonathan Wild_. If what we
+want is a Trinket, either enamel'd, or otherwise curiously wrought; if
+there is Painting about it; if it be a particular Ring, the Gift of a
+Friend; or any Thing which we esteem above the real Value, and offer
+more for it than Mr. _Thief_ can make of it, we are look'd upon as good
+Chaps, and welcome to redeem it. But if it be plain Gold or Silver, we
+shall hardly see it again, unless we pay the Worth of it. Some Years
+ago, it is true, a Man might, for half a Piece, have fetch'd back a
+Snuff-Box that weigh'd twenty or thirty Shillings: But this was in the
+Infancy of the Establishment. Now they are grown wiser, and calculate
+exactly what such a Thing will melt down for: To offer less is thought
+unreasonable; and unless Mr. _Thief-catcher_ stands your Friend indeed,
+if you have it, you will seldom save any Thing but the Fashion. If in
+this Place you can hear no Tidings of your Goods, it is counted a Sign,
+that they are in the Hands of irregular Practitioners, that steal
+without Permission of the Board. In this Case we immediately put in an
+Advertisement in some News-Paper or other, with a Promise, that such a
+Reward will be given, and no Questions asked. I own, that in the
+Printing of these short Epistles there is no manner of Harm, if we
+abstract the Act itself from the Concern the Publick has in it. The
+Tenor of them is rather benevolent than injurious: And a Panegyrist on
+the present Times might justly say of them, That in no Performances the
+true Spirit of Christianity was so conspicuous as in these: That they
+were not only free from Calumny and ill Language, but likewise so void
+of Reproach, that speaking to a Thief, we never call'd him so in those
+charitable Addresses: That in them the very Catalogues of Injuries
+receiv'd, were penn'd with as little Heat, or Resentment, as ever
+Tradesman shew'd in a Bill of Parcels directed to his best Customer:
+That here we are so far from hating our Enemy, that we proffer him a
+Recompence for his Trouble, if he will condescend to let us have our
+own again; and leaving all Revenge to God, to shew that we are willing
+to forgive and forget, we consult, in the most effectual Manner, the
+Safety of a Person that deserves Hanging for the Wrong he has done us.
+Yet, notwithstanding the kind Constructions that may be put on these
+Civil Offers, they all tend to the _Compounding of Felony_, and are the
+Occasion of a double Mischief: They invite the Indigent and Lazy to pick
+Pockets, and render the Negligent more careless than probably they would
+be, was this Practice abolish'd. A Pocket-Book, or Memorandum, may be
+stole from a Man that is of vast Concern to him, and yet of no Use but
+to the Owner: If this be taken by a regular Thief, a listed Pilferer, it
+is easily recover'd for a small Reward. I don't suppose any one so
+silly, that therefore he would go to Places, and into Companies, on
+Purpose to have his Pocket pick'd; but I can't help thinking, that if
+those Things were never to be heard of again, and the Loss
+irretrievable, many young Rakes, and other loose Reprobates, would be
+under greater Apprehensions, and more upon their Guard, at least when
+they had such a Charge about them, than the Generality of them now are.
+And again, if nothing could be made of Letters, Papers, and Things of
+that Nature, such as have no known Worth, and are not readily turned
+into Money, the numbers of Whores and Rogues, young and old, that are
+employ'd in the Diving Trade, would decrease considerably; many of them,
+from a Principle of Prudence, refusing to meddle with any Thing else.
+For as on most of the Things now spoke of, no real Value can be set, the
+Punishment would be inconsiderable, if any, should the Things be found
+upon them, or themselves be taken in the Fact. Most Men will agree to
+all this, whilst unconcern'd; but when private Interest is touch'd, it
+soon stifles these Considerations. I should be a Fool, says one, when a
+Thing of Value is stolen from me, not to get it back, if I can, for a
+Trifle. If I lose a Sword, or a Watch, I must have another; and to save
+the Fashion in these Things is considerable: It is better to lose the
+Half than the Whole. I have nothing to do with the Thief, says another,
+if I have my own again, it is all I want: What Good would it do to me to
+have a poor Fellow hang'd? A Third, more compassionate, will tell us,
+that if he knew the Thief, he would not meddle with him; and that he
+would lose ten times the Value of what has been taken from him, rather
+than be the Occasion of a Man's Death. To these I reply, that the
+Legislators seem to have known how the Generality of Men would argue,
+and what Excuses they would make; they had an Eye on the Frailty of our
+Nature; consider'd, that all Prosecutions are troublesome, and often
+very expensive; that most Men preferred their own Interest, their Ease
+and Pleasure, to any Regard of the Publick; and therefore they provided
+against our Passions with so much Severity. _Compounding of Felony_ is
+not prohibited under a small Penalty, or attoned for by a little Fine;
+it is next to Felony; and the most creditable Citizen, that is convicted
+of it, ceases to be an honest Man.
+
+The Offence in our Law is call'd THEFTBOTE; of which my Lord Chief
+Justice _Coke_ says, "That it is an Offence beyond Misprision of Felony;
+for that is only a bare Concealment of his bare Knowledge: But that it
+is THEFTBOTE when the Owner not only knows of the Felony, but takes of
+the Thief his Goods again, or Amends for the same to favour or maintain
+him, that is, not to prosecute him, to the Intent he may escape. The
+Punishment of THEFTBOTE is Ransom and Imprisonment." THEFTBOTE (as
+described by Act of Parliament) _est emenda furti capta absque
+consideratione curiae domini regis_. Sir _Matthew Hale_, in his _Pleas of
+the Crown_, says, "That THEFTBOTE is more than a bare Misprision of
+Felony, and is, where the Owner doth not only know the Felony, but takes
+his Goods again, or other Amends, not to prosecute."
+
+This Rigour of the Legislature is a full Demonstration, that they
+thought it a Crime of the most pernicious Consequence to the Society;
+yet it is become familiar to us; and our Remissness in several Matters,
+relating to Felons, is not to be parallell'd in any other civiliz'd
+Nation. That Rogues should be industriously dispers'd throughout the
+City and Suburbs; that different Hours and Stations should be observ'd
+among them, and regular Books kept of stollen Goods; that the
+Superintendent in this hopeful Oeconomy should almost every Sessions,
+for a Reward, betray, prosecute, and hang one or more of this his
+Acquaintance, and at the same Time keep on his Correspondence amongst
+the Survivors, whom, one after another, he sends all to their Triangular
+Home; that Magistrates should not only know and see this, but likewise
+continue to make use of such a Person for an Evidence, and in a manner
+own that they are beholden to him in the Administration of Justice;
+That, I say, all these Things should be Facts, is something very
+extraordinary, in the Principal City, and the Home Management of a
+Kingdom, so formidable abroad, and of such Moment in the Balance of
+_Europe_, as that of _Great Britain_.
+
+The Mischief that one Man can do as a Thief, is a very Trifle to what he
+may be the Occasion of, as an Agent or Concealer of Felons. The longer
+this Practice continues, the more the Number of Rogues must hourly
+encrease; and therefore it is high Time that regular Book-keeping of
+stolen Goods should cease, and that all Gangs and Knots of Thieves
+should be broke and destroy'd as much as is possible, at least, none of
+them suffer'd to form themselves into Societies that are under
+Discipline, and act by Order of a Superior. It is highly criminal in any
+Man, for Lucre, to connive at a Piece of Felony which he could have
+hinder'd: But a profess'd Thief-Catcher, above all, ought to be severely
+punish'd, if it can be proved that he has suffer'd a known Rogue to go
+on in his Villany, tho' but one Day, after it was in his Power to
+apprehend and convict him, more especially if it appears that he was a
+Sharer in the Profit.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+    _Of the ill Consequences of_ THEFTBOTE, _and the Licentiousness of
+    Felons in Newgate._
+
+
+Often, when I have spoke against _Theftbote_, after the same manner as
+now I have been writing, I have heard Men of Worth and good Sense come
+into my Sentiments, who yet, after all, would tell me, That if I had
+lost any Thing myself, they believ'd that I would be glad to have it
+again with as little Cost and Trouble as I could. This I never denied,
+and am still willing to own. We are all partial and unfit Judges in our
+own Cause; but the most that can be made of this, is, That in that Case
+neither I nor any Body else, that has had any Thing stolen from him,
+ought to be consulted about the Matter: We are ill qualified, and
+therefore incapable of determining any Thing rightly concerning it. I
+have another Reason why this ought to be referred rather to those who
+never lost any Thing by Thieves and Pilferers, than others who have been
+Sufferers that Way: Rogues, it is true, have a thousand Stratagems, and
+a Person may be very careful, and yet have his Pocket pick'd, if ever he
+appears in the Street, or a Crowd: Yet, if we divide Mankind into two
+Classes, that the one will be more exempt from those Misfortunes than
+the other, is undeniable. A Man, who is always upon his Guard in the
+Streets, and suspects all Crowds; that is temperate in his Liquor;
+avoids, as much as is possible, unseasonable Hours; never gives Ear to
+Night-walkers; a Man that abroad is always watchful over himself, and
+every Thing about him, and at home takes Care of his Doors and Bolts,
+his Shutters, Locks, and Bars; such a one, I say, is in less Danger than
+others, who are unthinking, and never mind what Companies they thrust
+themselves into; or such as will be drunk, go home late in the dark
+unattended, and scruple not to talk and converse with lewd Women, as
+they meet them; or that are careless of themselves as well as of the
+securing and fastening of their Houses. It is evident then which Class
+would yield the most proper Judges; whom if it was left to, I don't
+question but the sober, careful, and wiser Part of the Nation would
+agree, that the Practice in vogue, and Method made use of to recover
+stolen Goods, even tho' there was no express Law against it, is, on many
+Accounts, mischievous to the Publick, and visibly destructive to the
+Interest of honest Property, and our Security in the Enjoyment of it.
+
+There is no greater Encouragement for Men to follow any Labour or
+Handicraft, than that they are paid as soon as they have done their
+Work, without any further Trouble. It is from such a Consideration as
+this, that to encrease the publick Security, the Law not only punishes
+Stealing, but likewise makes it Felony, knowingly to buy stolen Goods;
+and moreover perpetuates honest Property, and renders the Right of it
+inalienable from the injured Owner, who seizes his Goods in what Hands
+soever he finds them. These two additional Precautions are of admirable
+Use in hampering common Villains, and strengthening the Law against
+Theft. From the first, a Rogue, after he has made himself liable to be
+hang'd, may be still disappointed, and miss his chief Aim; for as Money
+is what he wants, if no Body will purchase what he offers, he is never
+the nearer. The Second makes that he is never safe, tho' he is rid of
+the Goods, and the Money in his Pocket; for tho' they are gone through
+half a Dozen Hands, as soon as the Right Owner lays Claim to the Things
+stole, every one is oblig'd to discover where he had them; and by this
+Means it is seldom difficult to find out the Thief, or the Receiver of
+stolen Goods. To leap these two Barriers, and free himself at once of
+the Trouble there is in finding a safe Purchaser, and all Apprehensions
+of future Danger, a Rogue could not wish or imagine any Thing more
+effectual than that he might lodge what he has stole in the Hands of the
+Owner himself, and so receive a Reward for his Pains, and, at the same
+Time, a Pardon for his Crime, of him, whose Prosecution was the only
+Thing he had to fear. It is evident then, that the friendly Commerce,
+and amicable Negotiations, now in vogue, between Thieves and those that
+are robb'd by them, are the greatest Encouragement of low Villany that
+can be invented, and as sure a Way to keep up the Breed of Rogues, and
+promote the Interest of them, as either our Fishery or the Coal Trade
+are constant Nurseries for Sailors.
+
+I am not ignorant, that in the present Conjuncture, as Cases might be
+stated, it would be very harsh, and seem to be the Height of Injustice,
+if we should hinder People from redeeming stolen Goods on all
+Emergencies whatever. A Man may be vigilant and careful, and his
+Servants the same, and yet, their Eyes being one Moment turn'd from the
+Counter, a Shop-Book may be snatched, and carried off, perhaps, a Month
+before _Christmas_. This may put a Tradesman of good Business in great
+Distress: Must he lose it? I say, Yes, if the Publick is to be preferr'd
+to a private Interest. In the mean time, I know very well what every
+Body would do in that Case: But that the Whole suffers by the
+Redemption, I prove thus: Let us say, that this Year twelve Shop-Books
+are stole, that are all recover'd for two or three Guineas apiece got
+for them, and no Body punish'd. You may expect that next Year you will
+have forty or fifty stole, and in a few Years nothing will be more
+common. And again, let us suppose that last Year an hundred Shop-Books
+were stole; but, by vertue of some effectual Law for that Purpose, not
+one redeemed. The Consequence, in all Probability, would be, that the
+next Year you would hardly have ten Shop-Books stole; and if, thro' the
+strict Observance of the Law, none of them likewise should be redeem'd,
+you would hear no more of that Practice.
+
+Besides, when a Man steals what is of no Value but to me, and can have
+no other View than that I should redeem it, and be his Pay-Master
+myself, the Felony becomes, in a manner, a compound Action, in which, as
+soon as I comply, I join with the Thief: And if we consider that the
+changing of Property from one Man to another, is seldom of any
+Consequence to the Publick, and that all the Mischief that can befal it
+from Theft, that is, the Loss of Goods that Way sustain'd by private
+Persons, consists in this, That those who committed it, gain their
+Point, and come off with Impunity, let who will be the Thief, or the
+Receiver; if, I say, we consider these two Things, it will appear, that
+in the Case I have mentioned, myself, who for my own Ends assisted the
+Thief with Money, and secured him from Prosecution, had the greatest
+Share in the Transaction, and consequently was, of the two, the most
+injurious to the civil Society. Without me the Rogue would not only have
+been disappointed, but likewise, whilst he continued in Possession of
+the Thing stole, remained in the perpetual Dread of being prosecuted for
+what he never had any Benefit from; and it is not probable that a Man
+who had been twice so served, would ever make such another Attempt.
+
+These Things well deserve the Consideration of wise Men, and I desire
+the compassionate Part of Mankind to reflect on what daily Experience
+teaches us of common Felons, and they will easily find out, that
+unseasonable Pity may prove the greatest Cruelty. The oftner a young
+Rogue steals with Impunity, the sooner he'll be a thorough-paced
+Villain, that will venture on more hazardous Undertakings; and the more
+numerous the Examples of such are, the more loose People will enter into
+the Fraternity, of which, whether it be great or small, very few ever
+arrive to a middle Age. Some are cunning enough never to be taken in a
+Fact; but no Subtlety can save them from the Impeachment of others. A
+licens'd Practitioner may be skreen'd and protected some Years, if he
+sticks to Discipline, and pays the greatest Part of his Earnings for his
+Security; but if he rides resty, and squabbles about the Contribution
+required of him, he is in a dangerous Way. It is possible that a
+dextrous Youth may be esteemed, and be a Favourite to the Superintendent
+a great while; but when he grows very notorious, he is hunted like a
+Deer, and the Premium on his Head betrays him. He may baffle his
+Prosecutor, find a Flaw in an Indictment, elude the Force of an
+Evidence, come off once or twice, be reprieved, break Goal, or be
+pardoned, the Gallows will be his Portion at last. The Wretch that is
+train'd up to stealing, is the Property of the Hangman: He can never
+entirely leave off his Trade: Many, after Transportation, have, with
+great Hazard of their Lives, found the Way back again to _Newgate_. A
+Thief bred must be hang'd if he lives.
+
+From all which appears, what I undertook to prove, That Remissness as to
+Prosecutions, occasion'd by the bare-faced Compositions of Felony, is
+one of the grand Causes of that lamentable Complaint, the Frequency of
+Executions; and should we compare the Droves that are carried to
+_Tyburn_ for Slaughter, with those others that are sent to _Smithfield_
+for the same Purpose, we would find the modern Thief-Catcher subservient
+to the Executioner in the same Manner, as the wealthy Grazier is to the
+needy Butcher; and that of the Cattle in either Sense, few are kill'd by
+the one that were never cherish'd by the other.
+
+I am now come to the second Cause, which is the Treatment Felons receive
+after they are taken, both in _Newgate_ and their Journey from thence to
+the Gallows: First, It is wrong to suffer such Numbers of them to be and
+converse together; for nothing but the utmost Corruption can be expected
+from a Company of forty or fifty People in a Prison, who, every one of
+them, singly consider'd, were all the worst of Thousands before they
+met. Secondly, It is an Encouragement to Vice, that the most dissolute
+of both Sexes, and generally young People too, should live promiscuously
+in the same Place, and have Access to one another. For the rest, the
+Licentiousness of the Place is abominable, and there are no low Jests
+so filthy, no Maxims so destructive to good Manners, or Expressions so
+vile and prophane, but what are utter'd there with Applause, and
+repeated with Impunity. They eat and drink what they can purchase, every
+Body has Admittance to them, and they are debarr'd from nothing but
+going out. Their most serious Hours they spend in mock Tryals, and
+instructing one another in cross Questions, to confound Witnesses; and
+all the Stratagems and Evasions that can be of Service, to elude the
+Charge that shall be made against them; or else in reading Lectures on
+some Branch or other of their Profession, the various Arts and Methods
+of Stealing, or the Glory, as well as Usefulness of invincible Impudence
+on all offensive and defensive Emergencies. As villainous Pawn-brokers,
+and all Receivers of stolen Goods, have good Reasons to be liberal to
+those they have dealt with, when in this Distress, so no Felons are here
+in Want, and reduced to the Allowance of the Prison, but Novices and
+silly Creatures, that have the least deserved to be punish'd; whereas
+the Veteran Rogues, and such as have been great Traders, are well
+provided for. This keeps them up in Debauchery; and many, after
+Condemnation, persist in their riotous Courses, and pampering their
+Bodies, whilst the Care that is taken of their Souls is very mean. For
+such is the Noise and Confusion all around them, that even the best
+dispos'd have not sufficient Opportunities to prepare themselves for
+another World; and the Helps they receive in Spirituals are, all Things
+consider'd, no better than the Accounts we have of them after every
+Session.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. III.
+
+    _Of Execution Day, the Journey to _Tyburn_, and a Word in behalf of
+    Anatomical Dissections._
+
+
+When the Day of Execution is come, among extraordinary Sinners, and
+Persons condemned for their Crimes, who have but that Morning to live,
+one would expect a deep Sense of Sorrow, with all the Signs of a
+thorough Contrition, and the utmost Concern; that either Silence, or a
+sober Sadness, should prevail; and that all, who had any Business there,
+should be grave and serious, and behave themselves, at least, with
+common Decency, and a Deportment suitable to the Occasion. But the very
+Reverse is true. The horrid Aspects of Turnkeys and Gaolers, in
+Discontent and Hurry; the sharp and dreadful Looks of Rogues, that beg
+in Irons, but would rob you with greater Satisfaction, if they could;
+the Bellowings of half a dozen Names at a time, that are perpetually
+made in the Enquiries after one another; the Variety of strong Voices,
+that are heard, of howling in one Place, scolding and quarrelling in
+another, and loud Laughter in a third; the substantial Breakfasts that
+are made in the midst of all this; the Seas of Beer that are swill'd;
+the never-ceasing Outcries for more; and the bawling Answers of the
+Tapsters as continual; the Quantity and Varieties of more entoxicating
+Liquors, that are swallow'd in every Part of _Newgate_; the Impudence,
+and unseasonable Jests of those, who administer them; their black Hands,
+and Nastiness all over; all these, joined together, are astonishing and
+terrible, without mentioning the Oaths and Imprecations, that from every
+Corner are echo'd a about, for Trifles; or the little, light, and
+general Squallor of the Gaol itself, accompany'd with the melancholy
+Noise of Fetters, differently sounding, according to their Weight: But
+what is most shocking to a thinking Man, is, the Behaviour of the
+Condemn'd, whom (for the greatest Part) you'll find, either drinking
+madly, or uttering the vilest Ribaldry, and jeering others, that are
+less impenitent; whilst the Ordinary bustles among them, and, shifting
+from one to another, distributes Scraps of good Counsel to unattentive
+Hearers; and near him, the Hangman, impatient to be gone, swears at
+their Delays; and, as fast as he can, does his Part, in preparing them
+for their Journey.
+
+At last, out they set; and with them a Torrent of Mob bursts thorough
+the Gate. Amongst the lower Rank, and working People, the idlest, and
+such as are most fond of making Holidays, with Prentices and Journeymen
+to the meanest Trades, are the most honourable Part of these floating
+Multitudes. All the rest are worse. The Days being known before-hand,
+they are a Summons to all Thieves and Pickpockets, of both Sexes, to
+meet. Great Mobs are a Safeguard to one another, which makes these Days
+Jubilees, on which old Offenders, and all who dare not shew their Heads
+on any other, venture out of their Holes; and they resemble Free Marts,
+where there is an Amnesty for all Outlaws. All the Way, from _Newgate_
+to _Tyburn_, is one continued Fair, for Whores and Rogues of the meaner
+Sort. Here the most abandon'd Rakehells may light on Women as shameless:
+Here Trollops, all in Rags, may pick up Sweethearts of the same
+Politeness: And there are none so lewd, so vile, or so indigent, of
+either Sex, but at the Time and Place aforesaid, they may find a
+Paramour. Where the Croud is the least, which, among the Itinerants, is
+no where very thin, the Mob is the rudest; and here, jostling one
+another, and kicking Dirt about, are the most innocent Pastimes. Now you
+see a Man, without Provocation, push his Companion in the Kennel; and
+two Minutes after, the Sufferer trip up the other's Heels, and the
+first Aggressor lies rolling in the more solid Mire: And he is the
+prettiest Fellow among them, who is the least shock'd at Nastiness, and
+the most boisterous in his Sports. No modern Rabble can long subsist
+without their darling Cordial, the grand Preservative of Sloth,
+_Jeneva_, that infallible Antidote against Care and frugal Reflexion;
+which, being repeated removes all Pain of sober Thought, and in a little
+Time cures the tormenting Sense of the most pressing Necessities. The
+Traders, who vent it among the Mob on these Occasions, are commonly the
+worst of both Sexes, but most of them weather-beaten Fellows, that have
+mis-spent their Youth. Here stands an old Sloven, in a Wig actually
+putrify'd, squeez'd up in a Corner, and recommends a Dram of it to the
+Goers-by: There another in Rags, with several Bottles in a Basket, stirs
+about with it, where the Throng is the thinnest, and tears his Throat
+with crying his Commodity; and further off, you may see the Head of a
+third, who has ventur'd in the Middle of the Current, and minds his
+Business, as he is fluctuating in the irregular Stream: Whilst higher
+up, an old decrepit Woman sits dreaming with it on a Bulk; and over
+against her, in a Soldier's Coat, her termagant Daughter sells the
+Sots-Comfort with great Dispatch. The intelligible Sounds, that are
+heard among them, are Oaths and vile Expressions, with Wishes of
+Damnation at every other Word, pronounced promiscuously against
+themselves, or those they speak to, without the least Alteration in the
+Meaning.
+
+As these undisciplined Armies have no particular Enemies to encounter,
+but Cleanliness and good Manners, so nothing is more entertaining to
+them, than the dead Carcasses of Dogs and Cats, or, for want of them,
+Rags, and all Trompery that is capable of imbibing Dirt. These, well
+trampled in Filth, and, if possible, of the worst sort, are, by the
+Ringleaders, flung as high and as far as a strong Arm can carry them,
+and commonly directed where the Throng is the thickest: Whilst these
+ill-boding Meteors are shooting thro' the Air, the Joy and Satisfaction
+of the Beholders is visible in every Countenance and Gesture; and more
+audibly express'd by the great Shouts that accompany them in their
+Course; and, as the Projectiles come nearer the Earth, are turn'd into
+loud Laughter, which is more or less violent in Proportion to the
+Mischief promis'd by the Fall. And to see a good Suit of Cloaths spoiled
+by this Piece of Gallantry, is the tip-top of their Diversion, which
+they seldom go home without enjoying: For tho' no People in their Senses
+would venture among them on Foot, in any tolerable Dress, yet there are
+young Rakes of Fortune, who care not what they lavish, or destroy: Of
+these the maddest sort will often, after a Night's Debauch, mix with
+Crowds, and thrust themselves in the midst of the most abominable
+Rabble, where they seldom fail of meeting with such Adventures.
+
+Tho' before setting out, the Prisoners took care to swallow what they
+could, to be drunk, and stifle their Fear; yet the Courage that strong
+Liquors can give, wears off, and the Way they have to go being
+considerable, they are in Danger of recovering, and, without repeating
+the Dose, Sobriety would often overtake them: For this Reason they must
+drink as they go; and the Cart stops for that Purpose three or four, and
+sometimes half a dozen Times, or more, before they come to their
+Journey's End. These Halts always encrease the Numbers about the
+Criminals; and more prodigiously, when they are very notorious Rogues.
+The whole March, with every Incident of it, seems to be contrived on
+Purpose, to take off and divert the Thoughts of the Condemned from the
+only Thing that should employ them. Thousands are pressing to mind the
+Looks of them. Their _quondam_ Companions, more eager than others, break
+through all Obstacles to take Leave: And here you may see young
+Villains, that are proud of being so, (if they knew any of the
+Malefactors,) tear the Cloaths off their Backs, by squeezing and
+creeping thro' the Legs of Men and Horses, to shake Hands with him; and
+not to lose, before so much Company, the Reputation there is in having
+had such a valuable Acquaintance. It is incredible what a Scene of
+Confusion all this often makes, which yet grows worse near the Gallows;
+and the violent Efforts of the most sturdy and resolute of the Mob on
+one Side, and the potent Endeavours of rugged Goalers, and others, to
+beat them off, on the other; the terrible Blows that are struck, the
+Heads that are broke, the Pieces of swingeing Sticks, and Blood, that
+fly about, the Men that are knock'd down and trampled upon, are beyond
+Imagination, whilst the Dissonance of Voices, and the Variety of
+Outcries, for different Reasons, that are heard there, together with the
+Sound of more distant Noises, make such a Discord not to be parallel'd.
+If we consider, besides all this, the mean Equipages of the Sheriffs
+Officers, and the scrubby Horses that compose the Cavalcade, the
+Irregularity of the March, and the Want of Order among all the
+Attendants, we shall be forced to confess, that these Processions are
+very void of that decent Solemnity that would be required to make them
+awful. At the very Place of Execution, the most remarkable Scene is a
+vast Multitude on Foot, intermixed with many Horsemen and
+Hackney-Coaches, all very dirty, or else cover'd with Dust, that are
+either abusing one another, or else staring at the Prisoners, among whom
+there is commonly very little Devotion; and in that, which is practis'd
+and dispatch'd there, of Course, there is as little good Sense as there
+is Melody. It is possible that a Man of extraordinary Holiness, by
+anticipating the Joys of Heaven, might embrace a violent Death in such
+Raptures, as would dispose him to the singing of Psalms: But to require
+this Exercise, or expect it promiscuously of every Wretch that comes to
+be hang'd, is as wild and extravagant as the Performance of it is
+commonly frightful and impertinent: Besides this, there is always at
+that Place, such a mixture of Oddnesses and Hurry, that from what
+passes, the best dispos'd Spectator seldom can pick out any thing that
+is edifying or moving.
+
+Here I must observe, that the Possibility of Pardons and Reprieves, that
+often come very late, and which, with or without Grounds, most Criminals
+continue to hope for, 'till they are hang'd, is another great Clog, that
+keeps attach'd to the World those that are less abandon'd, and more
+relenting than the Generality of them; and who, without that Hindrance,
+would, in all Probability, prepare themselves for certain Death, which
+overtakes many whilst they are still doubting of it. The Ordinary and
+Executioner, having performed their different Duties, with small
+Ceremony, and equal Concern, seem to be tired, and glad it is over.
+
+The Tragedy being ended, the next Entertainment is a Squabble between
+the Surgeons and the Mob, about the dead Bodies of the Malefactors that
+are not to be hanged in Chains. They have suffer'd the Law, (cries the
+Rabble,) and shall have no other Barbarities put upon them: We know what
+you are, and will not leave them before we see them buried. If the
+others are numerous, and resolute enough to persist in their Enterprize,
+a Fray ensues: From whence I shall take an Opportunity of saying
+something upon the Occasion of it. I have no Design that savours of
+Cruelty, or even Indecency, towards a human Body; but shall endeavour to
+demonstrate, that the superstitious Reverence of the Vulgar for a
+Corpse, even of a Malefactor, and the strong Aversion they have against
+dissecting them, are prejudicial to the Publick; For as Health and sound
+Limbs are the most desirable of all Temporal Blessings, so we ought to
+encourage the Improvement of Physick and Surgery, wherever it is in our
+Power. The Knowledge of Anatomy is inseparable from the Studies of
+either; and it is almost impossible for a Man to understand the Inside
+of our Bodies, without having seen several of them skilfully dissected.
+Kings and Princes are open'd, and have their Hearts and Bowels taken
+out, and embalm'd. It is not then Ignominious, much less offensive to
+the dead Body, which may be interred with as much Decency, after
+Dissection, as if it never had been touch'd. But suppose that many of
+our common Thieves were not to be buried at all, and some of them made
+Skeletons; and that several Parts of others, variously prepared, should
+be preserved for the Instruction of Students? What if it was a Disgrace
+to the surviving Relations of those, who had Lectures read upon their
+Bodies, and were made use of for Anatomical Preparations? The Dishonour
+would seldom reach beyond the Scum of the People; and to be dissected,
+can never be a greater Scandal than being hanged. The University of
+_Leyden_ in _Holland_ have a Power given them by the Legislature to
+demand, for this Purpose, the Bodies of ordinary Rogues executed within
+that Province; but, with us, it is the general Complaint of all
+Professors of Anatomy, that they can get none to dissect: Where then
+shall we find a readier Supply; and what Degree of People are fitter for
+it than those I have named? When Persons of no Possessions of their own,
+that have slipp'd no Opportunity of wronging whomever they could, die
+without Restitution, indebted to the Publick, ought not the injur'd
+Publick to have a Title to, and the Disposal of, what the others have
+left? And is any Thing more reasonable, than that they should enjoy that
+Right, especially when they only make use of it for commendable
+Purposes? What is done for the common Good, every Member of the Society
+may, at one time or other, receive an Advantage from; and therefore
+quarrelsome People, that love fighting, act very preposterously and
+inconsistent with their Interest, when they venture to have their Bones
+broke, for endeavouring to deprive Surgeons of the Means to understand
+the Structure of them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. IV.
+
+    _Of the wrong Judgments that are pass'd on the dying Behaviour of
+    Malefactors._
+
+
+Having finish'd the Picture I proposed to draw of modern Executions, and
+the Crowds that usually attend them, I shall make some Remarks on the
+Judgments that are commonly passed on the dying Behaviour of our
+ordinary Felons. In a rich and potent Kingdom, where worldly Glory is
+not in Contempt, and to think meanly of our selves seldom taught by
+Example, whatever it may be by Precept, nothing is counted more
+provoking, or less to be born with Patience, than to be called a Coward.
+The vilest Rogues, and most despicable Villains, may own a thousand
+Crimes, and often brag of the most abominable Actions; but there is
+scarce one, who will confess that he has no Courage. Our general Esteem
+for Valour, which is demonstrable from what I have said, as it is of
+great Use to a warlike Nation, is very commendable; and Fortitude ought
+ever to keep its Place amongst the Cardinal Virtues: But the Notions
+which the Vulgar have of Courage, as well as Honour and Shame, are full
+of dangerous Errors. Compliments, as well as Reproaches, when ill
+applied, are often the Causes of great Mischief; and I am persuaded,
+that the Perverseness of Opinion now reigning amongst us, both in
+applauding and discommending the Conduct of Criminals in their last
+Hours, is an accessary Evil, that very much contributes to what is the
+Subject of our grand Complaint, the Frequency of Executions. To explain
+my self on this Matter in the clearest Manner I am able, I beg leave to
+begin with it from the Bottom.
+
+In all living Creatures, that fall under our Senses, we perceive an
+Instinct of Self-Preservation; and the more sensible they are, the
+greater Aversion they discover to the Dissolution of their Being. Man,
+the most perfect of them, sets an inestimable Value on Life, and knows
+no Fear equal to the Horror he has against Death. This is to be
+understood only of Man, in the State of Nature, before he has made
+Reflections on himself, and what he sees of the Creation; but when,
+after that his Reason demonstrates to him that there must have been a
+first Cause; that the World is govern'd by an intelligent Being; that
+himself, a Compound of Soul and Body, is indebted to that Being for all
+he enjoys, and that there is a strong Probability of a Life after this:
+When, moreover, he considers himself as incorporated in a Community of
+vast Numbers, that all together make one Body politick, the Welfare of
+which he finds universally esteemed, as a Concern superior to all
+others: When, I say, he finds and reflects on all this, he plainly sees,
+that the Fear of Death, must, on many Accounts, be prejudicial to the
+publick Good and common Security, in which he has a Share. It is a
+Virtue then to conquer it; and if we inspect into the early OEconomy of
+all Nations, we shall find, that the most powerful Motives made use of
+to induce Man to lessen this Fear, and moderate the Fondness which
+Nature has given us of Life, had their Origin from Religion, or a
+publick Spirit; that is, in other Words, from a Representation of his
+Duty either to God or his Country. Thus holy Martyrs have suffer'd with
+Fortitude for their Faith, and, in Confidence of eternal Happiness,
+hasten'd to Death with Alacrity, and even rejoiced in the Midst of
+Flames. And thus there have been valiant Men, in all Ages, that have
+exposed themselves to the greatest Hazards, in Defence of their Laws and
+Liberties, and, animated by a zealous Love for their Country, sacrific'd
+their Lives to the publick Welfare. As Men of this Sort have every
+where deservedly gained the general Applause, and the Virtue they are
+possess'd of has been honoured by the Name of Courage; so, on the
+contrary, the Fearful and Pusillanimous, that ever prefer their own
+Safety to all other Considerations, and are therefore never to be relied
+upon, are as justly despis'd, and the ignominious Word, by which we
+reproach the Vice that enslaves them, is Cowardice.
+
+From what has been said it is evident, that the original Reason why
+Courage is generally esteemed, is, because it is taken for granted, that
+both the Principle we act from, and the End we labour for in conquering
+our Fears, are praise-worthy, and have a visible Tendency, either to the
+Good of others, or our own spiritual Felicity. Nothing, therefore, is
+more unjust, than that we should continue our Esteem for Valour when it
+degenerates, and both the Motive Men set out with, and the Scope they
+aim at, are palpably destructive. Anger, Pride, Envy, and several other
+Passions, are capable of subduing Fear. But, as these Principles are
+evil in themselves, so it is impossible that the End to be obtain'd by
+them should be commendable. What perverse and miserable Judges are we
+then, that applaud a Person's Intrepidity in fighting a Duel, when in
+the Act itself, we see him willfully violate the Laws of God and Man?
+But should human Honour here break in upon me, and my Reasoning, how
+right soever, be overpower'd by the irresistable Clamour of the
+fashionable World, what can be said for the senseless Intimidity of a
+vulgar Rogue, who not only professes an utter Disregard to Honour and
+Conscience, but has likewise, at his first Setting out, as a Preliminary
+to his Business, disclaim'd all Pretences to common Honesty? Why should
+we delight in the Intrepidity, tho' it was real, of a Villain in his
+Impiety? Why should Christians be pleased to see a great Sinner give up
+his Ghost impenitent; or imagine that he dies bravely, because he bids
+Defiance to Heaven, and boldly plunges himself into an Abyss of eternal
+Misery? Yet nothing is more common amongst us: And the further a Man is
+removed from Repentance, nay, the more void he seems to be of all
+Religion, and the less Concern he discovers for Futurity, the more he is
+admired by our sprightly People: Whereas, he who shews but the least
+Sorrow for his Sins, or, by his Tears, or Dismality of Gestures, lets us
+know that he is under Apprehensions of the divine Wrath, is a weak silly
+Creature, not worth looking at: And he only, in the Opinion of many,
+dies like a Man, who, in reality, goes off most like a Brute. But some
+of my Readers, perhaps, will have nothing to do with Christianity.
+Suppose, then, we lay by that Consideration; I grant, that to subdue
+the Terrors of Death is a manifest Token of Intrepidity, and promise to
+pay Homage to true Courage wheresoever I can meet with it; only let us
+not be imposed upon, but try the Valour of this undaunted Hero, whether
+it be genuine. No Man can conquer the Fear of Death, but by something
+superior to it: What is the Power that supports him in the Conflict, and
+what Principle does he act from? It is not his Innocence, for his Guilt
+is publick, and his Crimes are proved upon him. It is not Zeal for
+Religion, nor the Love of his Country: He pretends to neither. Yet it
+must be some mighty Principle of vast Force and Efficacy; for if he acts
+consistently, he despises not only Death, but the Wrath of Omnipotence,
+and a Punishment just at Hand, that shall be everlasting. Will you say
+that he firmly believes that there is no God, nor Life after this, and
+that Man is wholly mortal? Suppose it; that's no Support against Death
+itself: But look narrowly into him, and you will alter your Opinion,
+even as to that. The Enthusiasm of Atheists has other Symptoms;
+deplorable as it is, the Appearance of it is more sedate, and they make
+some Pretences to Reasoning: But what Probability is there, that a poor
+Rascal, who was brought up in Ignorance, and perhaps cannot read, one
+who never troubled his Head with thinking, much less with thinking on
+abstruse Matters, and Metaphysicks, should so far lose himself in the
+Mazes of Philosophy, as to become a speculative Atheist.
+
+Since, then, we can find no Principle from which it is possible a common
+Villain should derive his Undauntedness, it is evident that what we see
+is spurious, and the Bravery we admire only counterfeited, and false at
+Bottom. The Terror of Death inwardly excruciates him; But his Fear of
+shewing this, of being called a Coward, and laugh'd at by his
+Companions, has some Command over his outward Appearance; therefore,
+(not to be found out,) sometimes he swears or scoffs at Religion; at
+others he mixes forc'd Laughter with the vilest Language, and trys all
+the Strength of Brutality to keep down a struggling Conscience, and
+appear more atheistical and obdurate than, to his Sorrow, he feels
+himself to be. But his Impudence would soon fail him, and his
+inexhaustible Stock be but a weak Match for the Agonies he suffers, if
+he took not Refuge in strong Liquors. These are his only Support, and
+Drunkenness the Cause of his Intrepidity. Should I be told, that in many
+of them no Signs are seen either of Fear or Ebriety, it would be of no
+Force against my Assertion: As great Fear sinks, so hard Drinking raises
+the Spirits: They are two Enemies, that, when equally match'd, may, by
+mutual Conflict, easily disarm and hinder the Operations or each other.
+Let a curious Observer mind the continual Changes of the Prisoner's
+unsettled Behaviour, the wild Manner of his Actions, and, above all, the
+greedy Haste, with which he throws down every Thing potable and
+intoxicating, and he will soon perceive that our Sham-Hero drinks
+neither with Comfort, nor for Pleasure, and seems to expect no other
+Benefit from it, than that it may take away his Senses, and hinder him
+from thinking. Are not they fine Judges, who are imposed upon by such
+pusillanimous Wretches, that are so far from having conquer'd the Fear
+of Death, that they go out of the World without having ever dared one
+Moment soberly to think of it; and of whom it can only be said, that
+they died hard and unmov'd, because they were senseless, and with the
+Courage of a Stone suffer'd themselves, without Thought, to drop into
+Eternity?
+
+The Mischief that these Patterns of Impenitence, together with the
+Applause that is given them, must produce in a vast and opulent City,
+will appear from the following Consideration. It is necessary to the
+publick Peace and Security, that Burglary, Robbing in the Streets, or on
+the Highway, and all those Crimes where Violence is mix'd with
+Injustice, should be capitally punish'd: But considering on the one
+hand, how much more prone Men are to Ease and Pleasure, than they are to
+Industry and Labour; and, on the other, the Generality of human Wants,
+and the unequal Distributions of Fortune to supply them, it must be
+acknowledg'd, that where Men are without Shame and Education, and
+consequently not affected with the Ties either of Honour or Religion,
+Poverty itself is a strong Temptation to Thieving, when Opportunities
+offer. The greatest Charity, therefore, and Compassion we can shew to
+our Fellow-Creatures, is an extraordinary Severity, and never-ceasing
+Watchfulness in a Government against the first Approaches of Dishonesty.
+It is with this View that the Provision of the Legislature, that such
+Offenders should be punish'd with Death, is to be vindicated; tho' the
+Punishment is greater than the Laws, framed by God himself for the
+_Jewish_ Commonwealth, inflicted; or what natural Justice, proportioning
+the Punishment to the Crime, seems to require: For it is not the Death
+of those poor Souls that is chiefly aim'd at in Executions, but the
+Terror we would have it strike in others of the same loose Principles:
+And, for the same Reason, these Executions are little better than
+Barbarity, and sporting away the Lives of the indigent Vulgar, if those
+valuable Sacrifices we are obliged to make to the publick Safety, are
+render'd insignificant. If no Remedy can be found for these Evils, it
+would be better that Malefactors should be put to Death in private; for
+our publick Executions are become Decoys, that draw in the Necessitous,
+and, in effect, as cruel as frequent Pardons; instead of giving Warning,
+they are examplary the wrong Way, and encourage where they should deter.
+The small Concern, and seeming Indolence of the Condemn'd, harden the
+Profligates that behold them, and confirm to them, by ocular
+Demonstration, what they encourage one another with in viler Language,
+(low, as it is, permit me to mention it,) _That there is nothing in
+being hang'd, but awry Neck, and a wet pair of Breeches._
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. V.
+
+    _Of Regulations concerning_ FELONS _in Prison, and the good Effects
+    to be expected from them._
+
+
+What has been said in the foregoing Chapters, in relation to common
+_Felons_, has pointed at the evil Customs, Mismanagements, and perverse
+Opinions, that prevail amongst us. I shall now conclude what I proposed
+to publish on this Subject with offering some Proposals towards a better
+Usage of them in Prison; and the good Effect such Alterations, in all
+Probability, would produce. All which, without Arrogance or Presumption,
+I submit to better Judgment.
+
+_First_, I would have every one of the Malefactors lock'd up by himself;
+and they should never be suffer'd to converse together. It would not be
+a very great Expence (where Chimneys, convenient Windows, Order, and
+Beauty would be out of the Question:) to build an hundred small Rooms,
+perhaps, of twelve Foot Square, that would be strong, beyond the
+Possibility of being forced by naked Hands; and, to prevent all Hopes of
+breaking Goal, I would have it a Custom made, to search, suspected or
+not, all Prisoners, and the Places they are in, every Night before
+Bed-time. The Rooms I speak of, I would rather have obscure, than
+otherwise; and the small Light they had, far beyond Reach. They, should
+all have such Conveniences, that those, who were shut up in them,
+should, during their Stay, have no Occasion to stir out of them on any
+Account. Thus we might secure Prisoners, without galling them with
+Irons, before we are sure that they deserve to be punish'd at all.
+
+_Secondly_, I would have a Law made, to fix a certain number of Days,
+after which the Condemned should not have the Benefit of Pardons or
+Reprieves, tho' they might be obtain'd. This Time elaps'd, they should
+have one Day to bid farewell to Friends and Relations: After which, they
+should have three times four and twenty Hours allow'd them, for no other
+Purpose, than to make their Peace with Heaven, and prepare themselves
+for Death. During this time, they should be inaccessible to all but a
+sober Keeper, to take Care of them, and a Clergyman, to assist them in
+Spirituals. And here I beg leave to observe, that Men of Reputation, who
+live in Credit, and by their Learning, or exemplary Lives, have acquired
+the Publick Esteem, are fitter for this Task, than others of small
+Parts, and no Repute; that, labouring under narrow Circumstances, for a
+poor Salary, and some miserable Perquisites, take upon them this weighty
+Province, as a Livelihood and Business, to be constantly follow'd. The
+more Respect and Reverence are paid to Divines, and the higher their
+Dignity is, the greater Opportunity they have of making themselves
+serviceable in every Branch of their Function, but more especially that
+Part of it now under Consideration. In other Protestant Countries,
+beyond Sea, the Ministers of the National Church perform this Office,
+either by Turns, or as the Criminal, and sometimes the Magistrate,
+desire it. In most Employments Use makes Perfectness, but here it
+incapacitates: and was a Man, even of the greatest Prudence and
+Watchfulness over himself, always to converse with Rogues, and do
+nothing else but instruct and attend Malefactors in their last Hours,
+the very Habit he would contract from it, would spoil him for that
+Purpose: And it is impossible, but constant Practice wou'd, in a little
+Time, wear out, or at least take off the greatest Part of that
+Earnestness and Concern, which ought to be inseparable from the Charge I
+speak of.
+
+The greater Provision we made for the Souls and future Happiness of
+these short-liv'd Sinners, the less Indulgence we should have for their
+Bodies and sensual Appetites: And I would have it strictly observed,
+that from the Moment their Death was fixed, 'till their Execution, they
+should receive nothing for Sustenance but Bread and Water; and of either
+what they would. I would, moreover, have it enacted, That every Year a
+certain number of dead Bodies, not under six, should be allowed to
+Physicians and Surgeons, for Anatomical Uses, not to be made choice of
+till after Death, in such a Manner, that no Felon could be sure this
+would not be his Lot.
+
+If they should complain, that the miserable Diet they were confined to,
+was a Severity that disturbed their Thoughts, and hinder'd their
+Devotion, it would be a Sign, that their Minds were not yet turned the
+right Way: But this Grievance, a short Time and Necessity will never
+fail to cure. The harsher that Article may seem, the more Efficacy it
+would be of, in deterring Rogues from Mischief: For I do not doubt but
+most of them would look upon the wholsome Regulations in Prison here
+mentioned, as the most considerable Part of the Punishment they were to
+suffer; though, I confess, that what I have in View by this low Diet,
+chiefly regards the eternal Welfare of those unhappy People, as it
+would be instrumental to an early Repentance. When, free from Fumes of
+Food, and all intoxicating Comforts, the serious Thoughts of a Criminal
+shall be obliged to dwell upon his wretched Self, and behold the
+Prospect of a future State so near, so certainly to come, the loosest
+and most abandon'd will be brought to Reason. Death being unavoidable,
+and nothing upon Earth to save him, Self-defence will make him turn his
+Eyes elsewhere: His continued Abstinence will help to clear his
+Understanding; then searching after Truth, he will be soon convinced of
+the Folly and Weakness of those Arguments, by which he had been used to
+harden his Conscience, keep out Remorse, and fortify his Steadiness in
+Guilt.
+
+When a Man thus wean'd from the World, and all the Hopes of Life, should
+be drawn forth from his dark and solitary Dungeon, once more enjoy the
+open Air, and see himself exposed to gazing Multitudes, there met on
+purpose to feed their Curiosity at his Expence; when the Paleness of his
+Countenance, and the Shaking of every Limb, should, without Disguise,
+reveal the Motions of his Heart; and his Spirits neither confounded, nor
+buoy'd up by inebriating Liquors, should discover their real Condition
+and Incapacity to uphold their trembling Tenement; the Spectacle would
+be awful, and strike the Hearts of the Beholders: When seated on the
+ignominious Cart, by his restless Posture, the Distortion of his
+Features, and the continual wringing of his Hands, he should disclose
+his Woe within, and the utmost depth of Sorrow: When we should hear his
+shrill Cries and sad Complaints interrupted with bitter Sobs and anxious
+Groans, and now and then, at sudden Starts, see Floods of Tears gushing
+from his distracted Eyes, how thoroughly would the Concurrence of so
+many strong Evidences convince us of the Pangs, the amazing Horror, and
+unspeakable Agonies of his excruciated Soul!
+
+Common Stubbornness and Stupidity could not be Proof against all this;
+and the Licentious Rabble of both Sexes, that make now the most
+considerable part of those dismal Processions, would not attend in such
+tumultuous Crowds. Few Profligates would be able to stand the Shock of
+Sounds and Actions so really tragical: Many would run away for fear of
+rouzing the Lion kept chain'd within, and waking a guilty Conscience
+from the Lethargy they have thrown it in with so much Labour. They would
+not follow long to behold a Scene so little to their Purpose; and
+whatever Multitudes of them might set out with these Penitents, they
+would drop off, and dwindle away by Degrees; even the most obdurate
+would sicken at such a Sight, and turning from it to less displeasing
+Objects, seek after more suitable Diversions. The Absence of so many
+Rake-hells, that only take delight in Mischief, would render these
+Tragedies more solemn, and, at the same Time, make room for Spectators
+of a better Sort, and lesser Sinners, on whom, in all Probability, they
+would have a more desirable Effect. It is not to be express'd, what
+lasting and useful Impressions such Shews would make: Many that are
+conscious of their Frailty, and the small Power they have of conquering
+their Passions, would take an Opportunity from them of adoring the
+divine Mercy, for having preserved them hitherto from falling into such
+Crimes; even the Voluptuous, that in the Enjoyment of Youth and Vigour,
+are enamour'd with Life for the sake of Pleasure, would be startled at
+them, and thank God that this was not their Case; and several by the
+Fear of Death only, become more serious and reflecting.
+
+Thus much we should gain, at least, in Behalf of Religion, from every
+Execution, even of the most sorry Felons, who, void of Sense and
+Goodness, only grieve because they are to die, and go they know not
+where: But it is more than probable, that some of them would become good
+Christians, and make exemplary Ends. When the Condemn'd should, in every
+Respect, receive the Treatment I have requir'd, and by this Means,
+undisturb'd by earthly Cares, have Leisure, in sober Sadness, to review
+their past Life, and examine into the Multitude, as well as Enormity of
+their Offences; then, after thorough Contrition, and an open Confession
+in Behalf of Justice, animated by Faith, betake to constant Prayer; we
+ought to believe that thus exerting themselves in the Work of Salvation,
+by the good Guidance of able Divines, and their own unwearied
+Endeavours, many of them would find Favour in the Sight of the Almighty;
+and that several, even as they went to Death, would be regenerated, and
+comforted from above with a strong Assurance of Forgiveness. What a
+visible Alteration would it not make in them, when they should perceive
+their Spirits, that the Moment before were overwhelm'd with Grief, or
+fill'd with black Despair, cherish'd and enlighten'd by the powerful
+Beams of heavenly Grace and Clemency: Transported with the Prospect of
+approaching Bliss they then would wish to die, and rejoice that they
+should be made Examples to frighten Evil-doers from their Ways.
+
+But when they should consider, what Acts of Devotion and unfeigned
+Piety, what Works of superlative Charity would be necessary, if they
+were to live, to atone for the heinous Crimes and manifold
+Transgressions they had been guilty of against God and their Neighbour,
+how would it rouze their Souls, and how eager would it not render them,
+in the most profitable Manner, to spend the small Remains of Life!
+Sometimes they would deter the wicked and in the same Breath solicite
+Heaven for their Conversion: At others, reasoning from the Changes they
+had experienced within, they would combat Impiety with Vehemence, and
+conjure Unbelievers no longer to doubt of an everlasting Futurity: They
+would paint to them, in the strongest Colours, the Horrors they had felt
+from an accusing Conscience, and the Abyss of Misery they had been
+plunged in, whilst yet labouring under the dire Reflection on eternal
+Vengeance; And thus, mixing fervent Prayers with strenuous Exhortation,
+they would employ the few Moments, that were left them, in Exercises
+intirely spiritual and holy.
+
+How such Conversions would affect the Minds of all that saw or heard
+them, cannot be better imagin'd than by examining our selves. When we
+had seen an half-starv'd Wretch, that look'd like Death, come shivering
+from his Prison, and hardly able to speak or stand, get with Difficulty
+on the slow uncomfortable Carriage; where, at the first Rumbling of it,
+he should begin to weep, and as he went, dissolve in Tears, and lose
+himself in incoherent Lamentations, it would move us to Compassion. But
+with what Astonishment would it not fill us, to behold the same
+Creature, near the fatal Tree, become lively, glow with Zeal, and, in
+Strength of Voice and Action, excell the most vigorous Preachers! All
+this we might expect; and that those of Wit and Genius, as certainly
+there are among them, would often light on new and convincing Arguments
+to warn the Sinner: Nay, some of them prove stupendious Orators, that
+would not only spread Amazement all around them, but likewise find
+uncommon Ways to reach the Heart with Violence, and force Repentance on
+their Hearers. It is Stupidity to doubt the vast Use such Executions
+would be of, to compass Happiness both here and hereafter; and should we
+regard the first only, it would be no Exaggeration to assert, that one
+of them would be more serviceable to the Peace and Security of this
+immense City, than a thousand of those that are now so frequent among
+us.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VI.
+
+    _Of_ TRANSPORTATION: _And a Method to render that Punishment more
+    effectual._
+
+
+When I concluded the last, I thought not to have tired the Reader any
+longer with the Subject of Malefactors: But it has been remonstated to
+me since, that what I had wrote, would seem very defective, and this
+Treatise be, in reality, imperfect, if I said nothing of Transportation;
+which, for some Years last past, on many Occasions, has been
+substituted, and inflicted in the room of capital Punishment; and
+having, at the same Time, been furnish'd with a Hint concerning this
+Affair, that may be of admirable Use, I cannot forbear imparting it to
+the Publick. There is no doubt but the Design of Transporting Felons,
+instead of hanging them, when their Crimes were not very enormous, was
+just and commendable, and it was reasonable to expect that it would have
+proved a powerful Remedy against the grand Evil I have all along
+complain'd of, and which has been so often repeated. But our subtle
+Criminals have found out Means hitherto to render it ineffectual: Some
+have made their Escape in the Voyage itself; others, condemn'd to this
+Punishment, never have been put on board; several have reach'd the
+Plantations, but been return'd again by the first Shipping, and great
+Numbers have been come back before half their Time was expir'd. Those
+that are forced to stay, do very little Service themselves, and spoil
+the other Slaves, teaching the _Africans_ more Villany and Mischief than
+ever they could have learn'd without the Examples and Instructions of
+such _Europeans_. We have loud Complaints from all the Islands, that we
+send such Numbers, and they know not what to do with them. As they come
+from _England_, and are to serve _English_ Men, their Colour, as well as
+Country and Language, plead for them; and the Masters that complain of
+them, are to blame themselves for treating them with less Severity than
+they do the innocent, as well as unfortunate Blacks, and more remisly
+than they ought, if they consider'd that these Country Men of theirs are
+sent thither on purpose to work, and are condemn'd to Hard Labour, as a
+Punishment for their Crimes. The mild Usage our Felons receive beyond
+Sea, and the many Examples of such as come back before their Time, with
+Impunity, have quite destroy'd the End which Transportation was design'd
+for. The Criminals have no dread against it, remain as they were
+themselves, and do no Service to others.
+
+To redress this, there is an Expedient that may immediately be put
+into practice, and is, to my thinking, every way unexceptionable;
+for it would effectually prevent the returning of the Felons,
+make them serviceable in the most extraordinary Manner, and,
+at the same Time, be terrible beyond Expression. The Use I would put
+them to is, the Redemption of Slaves, that in _Morocco_, as well as
+_Tunis_, _Algiers_, and other Places on the Coast of _Barbary_, groan
+under a miserable Servitude. Should it be objected, that such abandon'd
+People would turn Mahometans, and our selves become accessary to their
+eternal Ruin, I would ask what Surety we had for those that were there
+already. Amongst our Seafaring Men, the Practice of Piety is very
+scarce: Abundance of them lead very bad Lives, who yet, as to the Love
+of their Country, and the _Meum & Tuum_, are very honest Fellows. There
+are not many that are well grounded in the Principles of their Religion,
+or would be capable of maintaining it against an Adversary of the least
+Ability; and we are not certain, that under great Temptations, they
+would remain stedfast to the Christian Faith. The Danger then of
+Apostacy being the same in both, we must be manifestly the Gainers, when
+we change lazy cowardly Thieves, and incorrigible Rogues for brave,
+laborious, and useful People. It would be no difficult Matter to enter
+into Negotiations with the several Powers of _Barbary_ for this Purpose;
+neither is it reasonable to imagine, that they would scruple to take our
+Felons on account of the bad Lives they had led, or refuse any for their
+Impudence, Wickedness, or Aversion to Labour. They consider and manage
+their Slaves as we do our Cattle; and it is their Age, their Health, the
+Soundness of their Limbs, and their Strength, they examine into, with
+little Regard to their Temper or their Morals: They are ever watchful
+over them, without trusting to their Honesty, or expecting any voluntary
+Obedience from them. If bought Servants are able, Masters there have
+sure Ways to make them work. They laugh at Stubborness and refractory
+Spirits, and their steady Severity is a sovereign Remedy against Sloth,
+and all other Failings of the Will: From all which it is highly
+probable, that a Barbarian would be glad to change an elderly honest
+Man, pretty well worn, and above Fifty, for a sturdy House-breaker of
+Five and twenty: And as to those that might be pretty equal, as to Years
+and Abilities, what if we should give them three for two, or two for
+one? I am sure we could be no Losers. Those likewise that are known to
+be in Quality superior to common Sailors, might be redeem'd by still a
+greater Number of Felons; or, at the worst, they could be no Sufferers
+by the Exchanges of the others.
+
+What I am speaking of, I confess would be a very severe Punishment for
+Felony; but I cannot imagine, how we can think on the Rigour of it,
+without reflecting, at the same Time, on the Inhumanity we are guilty of
+in the small Concern we often shew, for many Years, for the Captivity of
+those who have deserv'd no Punishment at all. The greater the Calamities
+are of that cruel Bondage, the more reasonable it is, that the Guilty
+should suffer it rather than the Innocent. It is unpardonable not to
+deliver from the Yoke of Infidels, when it is in our Power, our Fellow
+Subjects, whom we have no Complaint against. When sufficient Sums cannot
+be rais'd to redeem them with Money, what should hinder us from doing it
+at the Expence of Miscreants, whom it is Injustice not to punish, and
+who, out of Chains, cannot be otherwise than noxious to the Publick? If
+this be duly weigh'd, I doubt not, but what, at first, seems to be the
+greatest Objection to this Proposal, would, on further Reflection, be
+found an unanswerable Argument why we should embrace it. There would
+likewise be room always, with fresh Supplies of Felons, to release
+those, who might be cured, or, at least, thought to have been
+sufficiently punish'd; and, to prevent all Tricks and Escapes, this
+Service might be perform'd by Men of War instead of Merchant Men, or
+Transports. This effectual Manner of Transportation, as Felons are
+treated, and Things are managed now, would be more dreadful than
+hanging, whilst it was only talk'd of; but when it came to the Push, and
+Criminals came near, and under the Gallows, there would be very few, if
+they were sober enough to think at all, that, before the Cart drove
+away, would not change their Minds, put off the evil Hour if they could,
+and chuse Slavery, or any Thing else, to avoid immediate Death. But
+then, if the Regulations I have offer'd in the foregoing Chapter
+were likewise to be put in Practice, the forc'd Abstinence, and
+unavoidable Sobriety in Prison, with the other Preparations before
+Detail, and the Journey from _Newgate_ to _Tyburn_, without Hopes
+of Pardon or Reprieve, would strike great Terror even at a Distance; by
+which Means, the Thoughts of either would be insupportable, and there
+would be no great Purchase in the Choice. The Horror loose People would
+conceive against such Proceedings, would be of inestimable Consequence
+to the Nation, and Thousands that are yet unborn would, deterr'd by the
+Rigour of those Laws, turn their Hands to honest Labour, and die in
+their Beds in their own Country, that without them, and Things remaining
+as they are, will either be hanged, or transported long before the End
+of this Century. But if what I propose should not lessen the Number of
+Felons so much as ought to be expected, it would clear us at least from
+the Blame of not having endeavoured it; and from Transportation we
+should have the Satisfaction, that the Kingdom would not lose so many
+Inhabitants by it as it does now, though the same Numbers were sent
+abroad. But, what is infinitely more valuable, that Punishment likewise
+would rid without Slaughter, or Probability of Return, the Country of
+the Vermin of Society, that, perpetually nibbling at our Property,
+destroy the Comforts of secure and undisturb'd Possession, at the same
+Time that it would furnish us with an Opportunity of performing the most
+charitable Action in the World; for such I will not scruple to call the
+redeeming and restoring to their Friends, without their Cost,
+industrious Mariners, that lost their Liberties, and became Sufferers
+in an honest Calling, and were led into dreadful Captivity by Infidels,
+whilst, in promoting the Interest of Commerce and Navigation, they were
+labouring for the Safety, the Wealth, and Glory of their Country.
+
+I shall be told by some of my Readers, that they are ready to contribute
+to the Redemption of unfortunate Captives with their Purses; but that
+among Christians, free-born Subjects ought never to be made Slaves for
+any Reason, or at any Rate whatever. But this is a Singularity peculiar
+to _Englishmen_, more built on an Excess of Good-nature, than any sound
+Reason. _France_ and _Spain_ make use of Malefactors in their Gallies,
+and the _Hugonots_ of the first would never have complained of that
+Punishment, had it never been inflicted on any but Thieves and Villains.
+But these are _Roman_ Catholick Countries, and arbitrary Kingdoms: Of
+_Holland_ you can say neither, and yet the great Cities of it have all
+Work-houses for Criminals. At _Amsterdam_ there is one, where Felons are
+kept constantly employ'd in rasping of _Brasil_ Wood: To earn at this as
+much as they spend is not to be done without excessive Labour, though
+they fare as hard as they work; yet they are obliged to get more than
+their Maintenance costs considerably. They have a Task set them, which
+if they do not perform, the Neglect of their Hands is reveng'd on their
+Bellies; and they are stinted in their Allowance in Proportion to the
+Deficiency. In this Place a very strict Hand is kept over them; no
+Offences are left unpunished, and they are often drubb'd even for ill
+Language. The Periods of Time, for which Felons are condemned to this
+Rasp-house, are vastly different, according as their great Crimes, or
+slighter Trespasses deserve this Tuition, and themselves are young or
+old Offenders, and judged to be more or less incorrigible, from six
+Weeks to ninety nine Years. These are not called Slaves; but such is
+their Abode, their Diet, and their Discipline, that of those who were to
+be confined there for any considerable Number of Years, I don't believe
+there ever was one who would not have thought it a glorious Preferment,
+if, instead of it, he might have taken his Chance, and been sold for a
+Slave in _Turky_.
+
+We have, I own, no open Enemies in _Africk_ more than any where else at
+present; and our most gracious Sovereign has, by his Clemency and
+powerful Influence over the Emperor of _Morocco_, procured Liberty to
+those of his Subjects that had been taken in _English_ Ships: But it is
+wrong from thence to infer, that there are no Slaves in _Turky_ of the
+_British_ Nation.
+
+Among those that are brought up to the Sea, there are many, that, by
+several Accidents, are left ashore in Foreign Parts, and are
+necessitated to enter themselves on any Ships they can meet with. If
+this be done in Time of Peace, and when they are not summoned to serve
+their own Country, they are guilty of no Fault. But as all Mariners, as
+well as Soldiers, share the Fate of those on whose Side they engage, so
+many of our Sailors are Slaves in _Turky_, that were taken in _French_,
+_Dutch_, and other Ships, and are consequently not reclaimable by any
+Treaty made with _Great Britain_. Tho' these might not deserve the same
+Regard altogether with those that were taken in Ships of the _British_
+Nation; yet, as they are our Countrymen, and have committed no Crime,
+their Redemption ought not to be deferred one Moment, if they might be
+had in Exchange for others, whom we have judged not worthy to live
+amongst us. Besides, as we are at Peace now with all those Rovers, so
+half a Year hence, some or other of them may fall out with us; their
+Friendship is not much to be depended upon: Let the Provision but be
+made, and Felons kept at hard Labour, and under strict Discipline at
+home, till they are wanted abroad, and we shall find, that the
+Institution it self, the very Name of it, will be of vast Use, before
+the Thing itself is put into Practice.
+
+
+_FINIS._
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[Footnote 9: _This was wrote some Months before_ Jonathan Wild _was
+apprehended_.]
+
+
+
+
+THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY
+
+_Publications in Print_
+
+=1948-1949=
+
+     16. Nevil Payne's _Fatal Jealousy_ (1673).
+
+     17. Nicholas Rowe's _Some Account of the Life of Mr. William
+     Shakespeare_ (1709).
+
+     18. "Of Genius," in _The Occasional Paper_, Vol. III, No. 10
+     (1719); and Aaron Hill's Preface to _The Creation_ (1720).
+
+
+=1949-1950=
+
+     22. Samuel Johnson's _The Vanity of Human Wishes_ (1749) and _Two
+     Rambler_ papers (1750).
+
+     23. John Dryden's _His Majesties Declaration Defended_ (1681).
+
+
+=1950-1951=
+
+     26. Charles Macklin's _The Man of the World_ (1792).
+
+
+=1951-1952=
+
+     31. Thomas Gray's _An Elegy Wrote in a Country Church Yard_ (1751);
+     and _The Eton College Manuscript_.
+
+
+=1952-1953=
+
+     41. Bernard Mandeville's _A Letter to Dion_ (1732).
+
+
+=1953-1954=
+
+     45. John Robert Scott's _Dissertation on the Progress of the Fine
+     Arts_. (1800).
+
+
+=1954-1955=
+
+     49. Two St. Cecilia's Day Sermons (1696-1697).
+
+     51. Lewis Maidwell's _An Essay upon the Necessity and Excellency of
+     Education_ (1705).
+
+     52. Pappity Stampoy's _A Collection of Scotch Proverbs_ (1663).
+
+
+=1958-1959=
+
+     75. John Joyne, _A Journal_ (1679)
+
+     76. Andre Dacier, _Preface to Aristotle's Art of Poetry_ (1705).
+
+
+=1959-1960=
+
+     80. [P. Whalley's] _An Essay on the Manner of Writing History_
+     (1746).
+
+     83. _Sawney and Colley (1742) and other Pope Pamphlets._
+
+     84. Richard Savage's _An Author to be lett_ (1729).
+
+
+=1960-1961=
+
+     85-86. _Essays on the Theatre from Eighteenth-Century Periodicals._
+
+     87. Daniel Defoe, _Of Captain Mission and his Crew_ (1728).
+
+     90. Henry Needler, _Works_ (1728).
+
+
+=1961-1962=
+
+     93. John Norris, _Cursory Reflections Upon a Book Call'd. An Essay
+     Concerning Human Understanding_ (1690).
+
+     94. An Collins, _Divine Songs and Meditacions_ (1653).
+
+     95. _An Essay on the New Species of Writing Founded by Mr.
+     Fielding_ (1751).
+
+     96. _Hanoverian Ballads._
+
+
+=1962-1963=
+
+     97. Myles Davies, _Athenae Britannicae_ (1716-1719).
+
+     98. _Select Hymns Taken Out of Mr. Herbert's Temple_ (1697).
+
+     99. Thomas Augustine Arne, _Artaxerxes_ (1761).
+
+     100. Simon Patrick, _A Brief Account of the New Sect of
+     Latitude-Men_ (1662).
+
+     101-102. Richard Hurd, _Letters on Chivalry and Romance_ (1762).
+
+
+
+
+William Andrews Clark Memorial Library: University of California, Los
+Angeles
+
+THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY
+
+
+GENERAL EDITORS
+
+R. C. BOYS
+University of Michigan
+
+MAXIMILLIAN E. NOVAK
+University of California, Los Angeles
+
+EARL MINER
+University of California, Los Angeles
+
+LAWRENCE CLARK POWELL
+Wm. Andrews Clark Memorial Library
+
+_Corresponding Secretary_: Mrs. Edna C. Davis, Wm. Andrews Clark
+Memorial Library
+
+
+The Society's purpose is to publish reprints (usually facsimile
+reproductions) of rare seventeenth and eighteenth century works. All
+income of the Society is devoted to defraying costs of publication and
+mailing.
+
+Correspondence concerning subscriptions in the United States and Canada
+should be addressed to the William Andrews Clark Memorial Library, 2205
+West Adams Boulevard, Los Angeles, California. Correspondence concerning
+editorial matters may be addressed to any of the general editors. The
+membership fee is $5.00 a year for subscribers in the United States and
+Canada and 30/- for subscribers in Great Britain and Europe. British and
+European subscribers should address B. H. Blackwell, Broad Street,
+Oxford, England. Copies of back issues in print may be obtained from the
+Corresponding Secretary.
+
+The publications for 1963-1964 are in part subsidized by funds
+generously given to the Society in memory of the late Professor Edward
+N. Hooker, one of its co-founders.
+
+
+PUBLICATIONS FOR 1963-1964
+
+     SAMUEL RICHARDSON, _Clarissa_: Preface, Hints of Prefaces, and
+     Postscript. Introduction by R. F. Brissenden.
+
+     THOMAS D'URFEY, _Wonders in the Sun, or the Kingdom of the Birds_
+     (1706). Introduction by William W. Appleton.
+
+     DANIEL DEFOE, _A Brief History of the Poor Palatine Refugees_
+     (1709). Introduction by John Robert Moore.
+
+     BERNARD MANDEVILLE, _An Enquiry into the Causes of the Frequent
+     Executions at Tyburn_ (1725). Introduction by Malvin R. Zirker, Jr.
+
+     JOHN OLDMIXON, _An Essay on Criticism_ (1728). Introduction by R.
+     J. Madden, C.S.B.
+
+
+THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY
+
+William Andrews Clark Memorial Library
+
+2205 WEST ADAMS BOULEVARD, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90018
+
+Make check or money order payable to THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF
+CALIFORNIA.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of An Enquiry into the Causes of the
+Frequent Executions at Tyburn (1725), by Bernard Mandeville and Malvin R. Zirker
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAUSES OF EXECUTIONS AT TYBURN (1725) ***
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