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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Katipunan, by 
+J. Brecknock Watson (AKA Francis St. Clair)
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Katipunan
+       or The Rise and Fall of the Filipino Commune
+
+Author: J. Brecknock Watson (AKA Francis St. Clair)
+
+Release Date: October 1, 2011 [EBook #37587]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE KATIPUNAN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project
+Gutenberg. (This book was produced from scanned images of
+public domain material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                             THE KATIPUNAN
+
+                             An Illustrated
+                   Historical and Biographical Study
+                 of the Society which Brought about the
+                     Insurrection of 1896-98 & 1899
+                   Taken From Spanish State Documents
+
+                                   By
+                           FRANCIS ST. CLAIR
+
+                                 Manila
+                  Tip. "Amigos del Pais," Palacio 258
+                                  1902
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                             THE KATIPUNAN
+                                   Or
+               The Rise and Fall of the Filipino Commune
+
+
+                                   By
+                           FRANCIS ST. CLAIR
+
+                                 Manila
+                  Tip. "Amigos del Pais," Palacio 258
+                                  1902
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                       TO THE HONORABLE FILIPINOS
+                            Who, True to the
+                             Principles of
+                               Patriotism
+
+
+have not harbored in their hearts sentiments of ingratitude toward that
+noble Nation which raised them to the level of civilization to which
+they have attained, not have at any time conspired against the lawfully
+constituted authorities, Spanish or American, of this Archipelago.
+
+To such honorable Filipinos as these, it gives me the greatest pleasure
+to dedicate this small work, as a token of the genuine respect in
+which they are held by
+
+
+    The Author.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+«Manila, 21st (Aug. '96).--The Governor General to the Colonial
+Minister:
+
+
+    Vast organization of secret societies discovered with anti-national
+    tendencies.
+
+    Twenty-two persons detained, among them the Gran Oriente
+    (of Philippine freemasonry) of the Philippines, and others of
+    importance.....................................................
+    ...............................................................
+    Immediate action taken and special judge will be designated for
+    greater activity in the proceedings............................
+    ...............................................................
+
+        --Blanco.
+
+
+Such was the telegram sent by Gen. Blanco and read by Sr. Castellano
+in the Spanish Camara, announcing the discovery of the revolutionary
+movement headed by the Katipunan, the bastard child of Filipino
+freemasonry.
+
+Freemasonry in the Philippines was but a pretext: under this pretext
+the enemies of Spain, in days of Spanish rule, and the enemies of
+the U. S. in these days of American rule, put themselves into close
+and secret communion, to earn out plans of revolt.
+
+This Filipino masonry cast its net far and wide, and in its meshes were
+caught many fish of all classes and conditions; some of them men of
+money who sought in masonry what money could easily purchase,--honors
+and titles, grand crosses and medals; others were men whose pockets
+were more or less replete, and whose aims were of a great variety of
+natures; whilst others were men whose treasuries were more or less
+empty and who sought in masonry what they did not care to earn by
+honest labor--a livelihood.
+
+Masonry was imported into the Archipelago, shortly after the Spanish
+Revolution, and was, during the first years of its life, confined
+to Spaniards; but later on it opened its doors to half-castes and
+indians. In 1887 it extended by leaps and bounds; but upon the
+coming of Gen. Weyler to the Archipelago, as Governor General, in
+1888, it dwindled away almost into nothingness. Gen. Weyler was,
+and has ever shown himself, a patriotic Spaniard; and he would not
+permit the existence here, under his Governorship, of anything which
+tended to the detriment of his country. Well did the masons of the
+Philippines and elsewhere know this, and hence the vicious and cruel
+campaign they carried on against him both in the Peninsular and Cuba,
+but more especially in the U. S. of America.
+
+The Katipunan, the bastard child of filipino masonry, that ungrateful
+offspring which was unfaithful even to the mother which brought it
+forth, was a society within the bosom of which was redeveloped the
+malay instinct which had lain dormant for some three centuries. This
+instinct, brutal, savage, intensely ignorant, immoral, ungodly;
+an instinct found still among some of the uncivilized tribes of the
+mountain fastnesses of Luzon; an instinct once almost blotted out after
+many years of most difficult labor and self-sacrifice on the part of
+the Religious Orders, once again burst forth in all its strength.
+
+The indian left to himself, deprived of the curbing influence of the
+christian religion, speedily falls back into the condition of depravity
+in which Urdaneta and Legazpi found him. The malay instinct, like the
+volcano, vomits forth when least expected; the history of the revolt of
+the Tagalogs gives overabundant proof of it. Take one by one the many
+leading characters in the revolution, and the instinct will be found
+so plainly marked, that it is unmistakable. Take for instance Marcelo
+H. del Pilar, in whose brain was conceived the plot of the Katipunan
+farsical-tragedy; Andrés Bonifacio, whose duty was the materializing
+of the plot; the Lunas, Juan especially, who had some time previous,
+in Paris, given an example of how easily the malay burned through the
+veneer of civilization to which the Filipino indian is susceptible;
+and so on, including the Aguinaldos, the Mabinis, the Agoncillos
+and even many of those, who in these days boast in public of their
+americanist ideas, and in private plot with treacherous zeal to
+overthrow the government of those they call their deliverers from
+Spanish tyranny. In them all may be traced the strange instinct
+of the old time filipino indian. Entering the fold of freemasonry,
+they threw off the bridle of religion which restrained them; loosing
+respect for Almighty God and for their faith they soon lost respect
+for others and for themselves. The result is well known. History,
+the history of the last five or six years, has shown it to us.
+
+It is of this society of notables--for such is the meaning of the full
+title of the Katipunan--that I wish to say a few words in the following
+pages. I have taken as a foundation for my study, a very concise
+statement of the whole situation, drawn up by Capt. Olegario Diaz,
+Commander of the Guardia Civil Veterana de Manila. This document being
+an official statement, is of vital interest in the study of the birth,
+life and internal corruption of that diabolical association which,
+gigantic though it was, comparatively speaking, could, by reason of
+its infantility, have been easily stifled, had it been dealt with,
+with a strong hand. I have taken the document as a base, and by a
+series of notes in the form of a somewhat more lengthy appendix,
+have endeavored to provide my readers with a file of interesting
+items of historical value.
+
+This pamphlet is not intended to be a history of the rebellion; I have
+endeavored to confine myself to the society which brought about the
+revolt, and if at any time I have strayed from the path I laid out
+for myself, it has been because there was by the wayside some flower
+I wished to pluck to add to the bouquet I herewith present to you.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+STATEMENT OF CAPT. OLEGARIO DIAZ [1]
+
+
+FREEMASONRY
+
+It is fully proved that freemasonry has been the principal factor
+for the development in these islands, not only of advanced (2)
+and anti-religious ideas, but chiefly for the foundation of secret
+societies, possessing a character especially separatist (3). This
+conviction I have come to after the examination of a countless number
+of documents, and the much correspondence this Corps (4) fell in with,
+after laborious work and investigations, in the possession of several
+well known filibusters (5) who are at the present time prisoners;
+these documents and parcels of correspondence were included in the
+military suit tried before Colonel D. Francisco Olive (6).
+
+«Some 20 years ago, there was installed in this country, a lodge
+dependent upon the Gr. Or. Español (7): a lodge which was inoffensive
+in its beginning because it was composed of peninsular Spaniards, with
+the absolute exclusion of the native element of the Archipelago. In
+this form it developed languidly until the year 1890.
+
+«During this epoch, the Filipino colony resident in Madrid, Hong-Kong
+and Paris, in the which figured as exalted separatists José Rizal (8),
+Marcelo H. del Pilar (9), Graciano Lopez, Mariano Ponce, Eduardo Lete,
+Antonio and Juan Luna (10), Julio Llorente, Salvador V. del Rosario,
+Doroteo Cortés (11), José Baza, Pedro Serrano (12), Moisés Salvador,
+Galicano Apacible and many others, who were in communication with
+the seditious elements of Manila, strove hard to influence don Miguel
+Morayta (13), (Grand master of the Oriente Español), in Madrid, and
+with whom they sustained close relations, to the end that the statutes
+should be reformed so that the native element might be affiliated,
+and even more, that lodges of a character exclusively Tagalog (14),
+might be created in the Archipelago. Conferences, general gatherings,
+and finally compromises of certain magnitude decided in the favor
+of the Filipinos, Morayta thus, unconsciously sowing the seed, the
+fruit of which we are to-day gathering.
+
+«D. Alejandro Roji, resident in this capital, Captain of Engineers, was
+nominated general delegate to direct the works, and with ample powers
+from Morayta, came the native school-teacher Pedro Serrano, who enjoyed
+in Manila the confidence and protection of the said Colonel, assisted
+by the Flores, lieutenants of Infantry, Numeriano Adriano, Ambrosio
+Rianzares, Juan Zulueta, Faustino Villaruel (15), Agustin de la Rosa,
+Ambrosio Salvador, Andrés Bonifacio (16), Apolinario Mabini (17),
+Estanislao Legaspi Domingo Franco (18), Román Basa, Deodato Arellano,
+Antonio Salazar, Felipe Zamora, Nazario Constantino, Bonifacio Arevalo,
+Pedro Casimiro, Dionisio Ferraz, Timoteo Paez and a thousand others,
+all indians, but having a career or a comfortable social position;
+they commenced a silent and tenacious propaganda which resulted in
+180 Tagalog lodges, extended throughout the territory of Luzon and
+part of the Bisayas, being constituted in 5 years. The character of
+the native (19), so propitious to all the mysterious and symbolic,
+easily accustomed itself to the ridiculous practices of freemasonry:
+the initiations (20), the proofs (21), the oaths (22), attributes,
+signs and pass words, and the pseudonyms, all and everything surrounded
+by shade and mystery, appealed to the native and served him as an
+educative ladder which prepared his mind for his entry into other
+associations of graver transcendencies, according as the initiators
+and apostles of filibusterism, Rizal, Pilar, López, Cortés and Zulueta
+had forseen, as can be proved by that correspondence which has come
+to my hands.
+
+«In order to direct the organization of the lodges dependant upon the
+Gran Oriente Español, there was constituted by Morayta, a Gran Consejo
+Regional (23) which received its instructions from him, and which was
+presided over by Ambrosio Flores (h. Muza), and formed of Adriano,
+Villaruel, Flores (A), Mabini, Paez, Zamora, Mariano and Salazar. The
+newspaper La Solidaridad (24) which, in the previous year had been
+founded in Barcelona by M. Pilar, as a delegate of the propaganda of
+Manila, and the publishing centre of which was later on translated to
+Madrid, was declared the official organ of all Filipino masonry; and
+in its collaboration, all the Filipinos of a medium culture resident
+in the capital, took a hand, under the auspices and direction of its
+new proprietor, the oft-mentioned and ill-starred Morayta.
+
+«In 1893 the Gran Oriente Nacional, of which the Grand Master
+is Sr. Pantoja, reporter of the highest tribunal of justice,
+conceded powers to the lieutenant military councillor Sr. Lacasa,
+and the sergeant of Infantry, José Martin, to carry on propaganda
+in these islands among the native element, and in competition with
+the other Oriente. The result did not correspond to the efforts of
+the propagandists, who only succeeded in creating some few lodges
+in the Capital, in Cavite, Cagayan, Iloilo and Negros. How could it
+be expected to prosper, when the Gran Oriente Español had already
+catechized the masses of the country!
+
+«It must be declared, although it makes one blush to do so, that many
+peninsular Spaniards, and among them some holding important official
+positions in the country, have contributed to this propaganda,
+scandalous, and from all points of view, aimed at the integrity of
+the nation (25). Only candor can exculpate them. May the country
+pardon them.
+
+«From the first moments, both in the organ of Filipino freemasonry,
+La Solidaridad, and in the circulars which the Gran Oriente sent to
+Spain for the information of the brethren there resident, was commenced
+a coarse and shameless campaign against the Monastic Orders (26), and
+of scoffing and ridicule of religion. Later on, this campaign acquired
+a political character, attacking the government of the metropolis,
+and the authorities of the archipelago, demanding liberal reforms
+for the country, such as representation in the Cortes, the colonial
+Cámara, municipal autonomy, increase of individual rights etc. etc.,
+Let anyone with half an eye examine carefully the collections of the
+cited paper, and he will certainly meet with something contrary to
+the national unity, artfully and modestly hidden. Let him read the
+almost countless number of documents (27) pertaining to the Tagalog
+lodges, and sent by me to the judge, Señor Olive, which were united
+to the charges, and the most incredulous will be convinced that the
+lodges and their aids and abettors devoted themselves to something
+more than the propaganda of freemasonry. There is not a single one
+of the chiefs and organizers of the filibuster organizations up to
+this time discovered, who is not a freemason.»
+
+
+
+«LA PROPAGANDA» AND THE «ASOCIACION HISPANO-FILIPINA.»
+
+At the end of the year 1888, Marcelo del Pilar, a lawyer of Bulacán,
+and a frenetic filibuster, considering himself in peril of deportation
+in consequence of juridical proceedings formed against him in
+the said province, decided to translate his residence to Spain,
+under the shelter of a certain element of the country (28). In those
+days was created in Manila a committee of propaganda (29) formed by
+Doroteo Cortés, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, Pedro Serrano and Deodato
+Arellano, under the presidency of the first named, its mission being
+the gathering from among the better class and more wealthy element,
+funds for the propagation throughout the Archipelago, of all classes
+of pamphlets and proclamations written to depreciate and cast slurs
+upon the Monastic Orders (30), and upon Religion; and likewise
+for the implantation in the country democratic doctrines; finally
+the nomination was agreed to of a delegation which should depend
+directly upon the committee recently constituted, and which should
+have its residence in Barcelona, its duty being to make overtures
+to the public authorities for the concession to the Archipelago of
+greater liberties and of representation in the Cortes in the first
+place. And in order to sustain and defend these ideals together with
+some few more, the foundation was authorized of a bi-monthly newspaper.
+
+«The committee of propaganda fully fulfilled its mission; it overcame
+all the wealthy element of Luzon (31), gathered grand quantities,
+and Marcelo del Pilar set off for the Peninsular, installing himself
+comfortably in the «Ciudad Condal»  [2] at the expense of his
+countrymen (32).
+
+«In January 1889, he commenced the campaign in union with his companion
+of the delegation Mariano Ponce. They founded the paper La Solidaridad
+and constituted the Hispano-Filipino association, into which were
+drawn a large number of the native students residing in Barcelona
+[3]. The committee made great progress in Manila, added to the number
+of its followers and collected funds in return for subscriptions to
+La Solidaridad which, day by day, had more readers; it distributed
+books, pamphlets and proclamations of the worst class, for which a
+good price was collected.
+
+«The association had increased hand over hand; its aspirations (33)
+were most radical; and considering its action limited in Barcelona,
+it determined to translate its headquarters to Madrid, where it
+would have a wider field for its pretensions. About this same time
+Serrano, Rizal, Luna, López etc., were united to the delegation and
+they succeeded in implanting Tagalog masonry in their country (34),
+and from this precise moment, commenced their relations with Morayta.
+
+«In January 1890 the «Asociacion Hispano-Filipina,» [4] the delegation,
+and the paper La Solidaridad were installed in Madrid. Morayta
+accepted the presidency of the Association and became proprietor of
+the newspaper from which such good results were expected, it counting
+with an increased output to supply enforced subscriptions among masons
+and their associates at the rate of a peso a head.
+
+«From that moment Morayta was made the idol of the turbulent indians,
+who considered him as their redeemer; no one is ignorant of the
+labors undertaken by the said personage in Spain, both in the realms
+of journalism and around and about the powers that be, on behalf of
+the securing representation in the Cortes, the liberty of association
+(35) and that of the press, municipal autonomy and even under a hidden
+guise, of that of the colony; in the memory of all is preserved
+the remembrance of the banquet given by the Filipinos inspired by
+Morayta, to Sr. Labra, the autonomist deputy for Cuba, and no one has
+forgotten the proposition presented to the Congress by Sr. Junoy, the
+republican deputy, also inspired by the Association and the delegation
+presided over and protected by Morayta. And who finally, does not
+feel indignation upon calling to mind the articles published in La
+Solidaridad by the Filipinos Kalipulako (M. Ponce), Jaena (G. Lopez),
+Dimas-Alang (José Rizal), Eduardo Lete, Taga-Ilog (Antonio Luna),
+Juan Totoo (J. Zulueta) and Kupang or Maitalagá (M. del Pilar)?
+
+«What Spaniard is not fired to anger, upon reading the books and
+pamphlets written by Rizal, Luna and Lopez and the infinite number of
+printed libels which circulate here full of falsities and loathsome
+calumnies against the most sacred and venerated, the Fatherland? Have
+we forgotten, perhaps, Dr. Blumentritt (36) who repaid our most
+generous hospitality by making common cause with our enemies? Do
+we not call to mind, peradventure, that all the filipino colony in
+Spain and a good portion of that here resident, sympathised with that
+ungrateful man, conferring upon him the honor of banqueting him and
+extending to him their congratulations?
+
+«Fortunately these labors obtained no practical result in the peninsula
+(37), but they caused the native element of some amount of culture
+to harbor imaginary ills and want of confidence in the Metropolis,
+covert discontent with the authorities of the islands (38), and
+finally, sowed the seed of aspirations which could never be realized
+[5]. but a seed which is to-day, unfortunately, bearing fruit.
+
+«A casino of recreation known as the Centro Filipino, was also
+organized in Madrid: a revolutionary club was the only thing to
+which that center could be compared. There Spain was discussed,
+criticized and slandered under the shelter of the law of association
+which prevails in the Peninsula, and shielded by the hypocrisy and
+deception so proper of cowards.
+
+«Personal rivalries and the want of morality in the administration of
+the funds (39) remitted from Manila by the committee of propaganda,
+gave rise to a grave disagreement between the two apostles of filipino
+filibusterism, Rizal and Pilar; with the former sided the young
+and impetuous element; with the latter the mature and thoughtful
+(40). Both elaborated the same material, but each using a different
+process; the one boldly insolent and hostile, the other masked with
+hypocrisy and calm. Both being ambitious, each found the world too
+small to contain him. This state of things ceased with the coming
+of Rizal to these islands in 1892 (41), Pilar remaining the absolute
+possessor of the field at Madrid.
+
+«In the meanwhile the committee of propaganda was not inactive. It
+created delegations throughout the archipelago, and by their means
+introduced the La Solidaridad and all kinds of revolutionary printed
+matter into the utmost corners of the archipelago.
+
+
+
+THE «LIGA FILIPINA»
+
+«Rizal, magnanimously pardoned by His Excellency the Captain General
+of the Archipelago, D. Eulogio Despujol (42), after the making of a
+thousand and one lying protests of repentance, reached this capital in
+May 1892, being received by his countrymen with extraordinary proofs
+of enthusiasm and rejoicing; and converting himself into an apostle
+of filibusterism, commenced a campaign of scandalous propaganda.
+
+«Three days after his arrival he convoked a large reunion (43) in
+the house of the Chinese half-caste Ongjungco in Tondo, and under his
+presidentship there gathered Franco, property owner; Flores, Lieutenant
+of Infantry; Rianzares, lawyer; Zulueta, government employee; Adriano,
+notary; Reyes, tailor; Paez, business agent; Francisco, industrial;
+Serrano, school-teacher; A. Salvador, contractor; Salazar, industrial;
+Mariano, property owner; Legaspi, industrial; José, property owner;
+Bonifacio, warehouse porter; Plata, curial; Villareal, tailor; Rosa,
+book-keeper; Arellano, military employee; M. Salvador, industrial;
+Arévalo, dentist; Rosario, merchant; Santillán, industrial; Ramos,
+industrial; Joven, property owner; Villaruel, merchant; Mabini,
+lawyer; Nacpil, silversmith; and many other Filipinos well known by
+their ideas. To this assembly Rizal made known the motive which had
+inspired him to call it together, which was no other than the creation
+of a secret society to be known as the «Liga Filipina», founded for
+the purpose of fomenting the advancement and culture of the country and
+the attaining, later on, of emancipation from Spain (44). He read out a
+list of provisional regulations drawn up by himself; these regulations
+were unanimously approved; a commission formed of Ambrosio Salvador
+and Deodato Arellano as president and secretary respectively, was at
+once nominated for the studying and development of Rizal's project,
+and the reunion was dissolved till it should be again convoked.
+
+«The opportune deportation of Rizal (45), Cortes and Salvador,
+upset the plans of the «oath bound» conspirators and the panic thus
+brought about dispersed them for the moment. In the beginning of the
+year 1893 they re-assumed the work (46), sometimes in the house of
+Domingo Franco, and at others in that of Deodato Arellano; and after
+it had been agreed that they should be ruled by the regulations of
+Rizal, and votes having been cast, the Supreme Council of the «Liga»
+was constituted in the following form:
+
+
+            President                   Franco.
+            Secretary & Treasurer       Arellano.
+            Fiscal                      Francisco.
+                                     /  Zulueta.
+                                     |  Legaspi.
+                                     |  Paez.
+                                     |  Bonifacio.
+            Councillors              +  Nacpil.
+                                     |  Adriano.
+                                     |  Mabini.
+                                     |  Rianzares.
+                                     \  Flores.
+
+
+«Before continuing, and in order that the facts which follow
+may be better understood, I will give some idea of the «Liga»
+according to the mentioned regulations. Its determined ends (47),
+were the independence of the islands; its means, the propaganda of
+advanced political ideas (48), availing themselves of conferences,
+books, pamphlets and the paper «La Solidaridad» which was declared
+the official organ of the association; the culture of the country
+by means of study, and its material advancement by stimulating the
+creation of large enterprises and industries; and, as a final means,
+armed rebellion (49). The catechised or initiated submitted themselves
+to a solemn oath before a human skull, which they afterwards kissed,
+signing with their own blood (50) a compromising document, after
+making the corresponding incision in one of their arms.
+
+«All those initiated incurred the duty of making propaganda (51) by all
+means in their power, and of increasing the number of the associates,
+of preserving under severest penalties, the most impenetrable silence
+on all matters relating to the «Liga» and blind obedience to their
+superiors. The association was governed by a Supreme Council with
+residence in Manila, and composed of a President, a Treasurer, a
+Fiscal, a Secretary and twelve Councillors; for the Peninsular and
+Hong-Kong, the delegations composed of Marcelo del Pilar and Ildefonso
+Laurel [6].
+
+"In each province was formed a provincial council with the same
+organizations as the Supreme Council, but with only six councillors,
+who, in their turn, had under their orders as many popular councils as
+there should be pueblos in the province in which the council should
+be constituted. The popular councils with analogous organization to
+the provincial councils, had jurisdiction within the demarcation of a
+pueblo; they depended directly upon the respective provincial council
+and the provincial upon the Supreme.
+
+"All the members of the Supreme Council were to constitute in the
+capital of Manila a popular council formed of their converts within
+the zone of their residences; and all the members had to recruit among
+the natives of some culture, till the society should be thoroughly
+developed.
+
+"Each treasurer collected a peso as entrance fee from the initiated and
+a medio (half) peso, as a monthly subscription for each member. With
+the said funds there was created a central deposit in the treasury
+of the Supreme Council, for the covering of the expenses of the
+delegations, and the sustainment of the Solidaridad; and it was agreed
+that once there should be sufficient capital, great enterprises,
+of a nature undetermined, should be undertaken.
+
+"The eternal question of money in this class of organizations
+(52) gave rise to a serious falling out between Rizal and the Liga
+(53), on which account their official relations were severed. The
+subscriptions were badly collected, and those encharged with the
+custody and turning in of what few funds did exist misapplied them
+(54); this was what brought about the decadence of the league and
+the cause of its falling into discredit and disrepute and for its
+not prospering, in spite of the fact that among those who aided
+it with their moral and metalic aid, but without formal or written
+compromise (55), were a number of shameless filibusters, so much the
+more repugnant as the brilliant social position they held under the
+protection of Spain was elevated. Among many others may be cited the
+wealthy proprietors Pedro and Francisco Roxas (56), Mariano Linjap,
+Telesforo Chuidian, Luis R. Yangco, Antonio and Juan Luna, Felipe
+Zamora, Eduardo Litonjua, Marcelino de los Santos, Máximo Paterno
+(57) and Nazario Constantino (58).
+
+"Of the members of the Supreme Council, only the following succeeded
+in forming popular councils: Estanislao Legaspi who organized one
+in Tondo, known as Talang Bakero; Andrés Bonifacio, one in Trozo,
+known as Mayon; and Francisco Nacpil, one in Santa Cruz, known as
+Mactan (59). The rest of the members of the Supreme Council only
+succeeded in forming the following fruitless sections: Flores, one
+in Ermita and Malate; Zulueta in Binondo; Rianzares in San Nicolás;
+Francisco in Quiapo; Adriano and Mabini in Sampaloc and Nagtajan,
+and Salvador in Pandacan.
+
+"In the provinces also the Liga enjoyed such slow progress, that it was
+not possible to organize to popular councils, but sections only, and
+these were organized in the Laguna, by Vicente Reyes; in Batangas by
+Felipe Agoncillo (60); in Nueva Ecija, Bentus and Natividad; in Tarlac
+the notary del Rosario, and in Bulacán, Pampanga and other provinces
+wealthy persons of the same. In time, there was not a Filipino of
+wealth or career or of medium social position, who did not pertain to,
+or aid and abet the Liga, apart from a few most honorable exceptions
+(61) which it pleases me to recognize.
+
+"At the commencement of the year 1894 and when the league had reached
+the age of one year, the members agreed to the dissolution of the
+society, both on account of the discords which continually sprung up in
+its bosom, and for the fear of discovery by the authorities which had
+already perceived something of the goings on (62). A grand assembly
+of the leaders was called together and it was determined to gather
+in as many documents as had been drawn up or circulated, and make a
+bonfire of them, so that all compromising indications should be made
+to disappear. The society became dissolved but it took a form more
+hypocritical. The popular councils re-entered the masonic lodges, and
+these took up the work of the Liga, a thing very easy to accomplish,
+when we remember that there was not a single member of the society
+who was not a freemason.
+
+"There remained however, as a living remembrance of the Liga, a
+committee formed of the lawyer Numeriano Adriano and Deodato Arellano
+(a brother-in-law of Pilar) president and secretary, who had at their
+orders some 20 or 30 members from among the most important of the
+defunct Liga and who were known under the name of the compromisarios
+(63). These enjoyed no special organization and worked with almost
+entire independence. Their mission was the propagation of the La
+Solidaridad and the gathering of funds for the sustainment of the
+paper, and of the delegations in the Peninsula and elsewhere, with
+which they sustained active political correspondence. The work was
+continued with greater cunning by the lodges and by the compromisarios;
+and they succeeded in keeping alive the spirit of protest in a good
+part (the most influential) of the native element till the end of
+the year 1895.
+
+«About this time the populous empire of China was defeated by the
+Japanese, and the Japanese Empire, having won the laurels of victory so
+easily, began to consider the weaving of a net of preponderance in the
+Occident. The Filipinos who followed with interest and satisfaction
+our contrarieties in Cuba, considered the occasion propitious for
+the Empire of the Rising Sun to copy in these islands the conduct
+of the Americans in the Antilles. Japan became the fashion in the
+Archipelago and its inhabitants were chosen as models of culture (64),
+wealth, of liberty and strength. They sighed for their protection and
+assistance, and to the attaining of it they uselessly directed their
+efforts. Doroteo Cortés emigrated to Yokohama (65), and with him Ramos,
+Baza, Español and others, where they established a separatist committee
+in correspondence with that of Manila. Marcelo del Pilar prepared to
+leave Madrid to join them, but died suddenly in Barcelona and finally
+the foolish political schemers dreamed of the liberation of Rizal
+(66) who had been deported to Dapitan, in order that he also should
+follow Cortés and the others. From Manila there departed frequently
+parties of wealthy Filipinos who went to Japan under the pretext of
+making recreative, instructive or artistic voyages, but in reality
+to conspire, and it is assured that they were listened to by some of
+the official element of that nation (67). The Japanese corvette Kongo
+(68) arrived in Manila in the month of May and no one could explain
+its sudden appearance in the bay; but on the other hand the officers
+were mysteriously banqueted by a commission of Filipinos in the Bazar
+Japones (69) where they lodged. Causalities perhaps, but....
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                        K. K. K. N. M. A. N. B.
+
+     KATAASTAASANG KALAGAYAN KATIPUNAN NANG MANGA ANAK NANG BAYAN.
+
+             Supreme Society of the Sons of the People [7].
+
+
+Whilst Rizal, in Manila, was engaged in the organization of the
+"Liga Filipina" into which only the well-to-do or educated classes
+could enter (70), an attempt which, for that time, failed on account
+of his immediate deportation, Marcelo H. del Pilar, from Madrid,
+in July 1892, advised the creation of another association, which
+was to be similar thereto, but which was to include the agricultural
+laborers and persons of little or no education and instruction (71),
+but who directed in the localities by the caciques and chiefs, were
+to form an enormous nucleus which should, at the proper time, give
+forth the cry of rebellion. He (Pilar) provided minute instructions
+concerning the organization and forwarded a project of regulations.
+
+"Deodato Arellano (brother in-law of Marcelo), Andrés Bonifacio,
+Ladislao Dina and Teodoro Plata where those commissioned to carry into
+practice the project of Pilar (72); they discussed the regulations and
+added to them making them still more terrifying, agreeing that they
+should all immediately proceed with the preparatory works, and they
+were not interrupted till the conspiracy was discovered on the 19th of
+August of this year (1896). Both the said organizers and the others who
+composed the first Supreme Council, belonged to the «Liga filipina».
+
+"The organization given to the society was analogous to that enjoyed by
+the «Liga» (73) but amplified to the extent of anarchism, swearing
+hatred and destruction to everything of a character or nature Spanish
+(74), and sowing the seed of a race-hatred which has developed to
+a great extent (75). The Supreme, the Provincial and the popular
+Councils, the sections and the delegations ruled this horrible
+association. The first governed the whole Tagalog Katipunan (76);
+the second, that corresponding to a pueblo and the sections were
+sub-divisions or fractions into which the popular councils were
+divided. Those commissioned to form sections were called delegations,
+and whilst they remained unconstituted, they depended directly upon
+the Supreme Council. Every associate paid an entrance fee of a medio
+peso, and a monthly subscription of a real. The collections were made
+by the respective treasurers and passed into the central treasury
+of the Supreme Council. The funds so gathered were utilized for the
+succor of the brethren in their afflictions and sicknesses, for the
+covering the expenses of the works of propaganda, and for the secret
+acquisition of fire and other arms (77).
+
+«As in freemasonry, the initiations (78) were performed with a wealth
+of the ridiculous, and with unending extravagances; but of such a
+nature, that the ignorant indian was fascinated and became converted
+into a slave of his oath.
+
+«The initiated were masked (79) as also was the person to be initiated;
+before a table was placed a skull and crossbones, a triangle and two
+candles; the person about to be initiated was told that the object of
+the Katipunan [8] was the liberating of the Tagalog people, and the
+expulsion of the Spaniards from the archipelago, or their destruction
+(80); following this, came a series of questions and replies in the
+which the martyrdom of Gomez, Burgos and Zamora (81), native priests
+judged and condemned for their part in the rebellion of Cavite in 1872
+was exalted, and they passed on to the proofs (82) which consisted in
+imitating an assassination, a suicide, etc. This was followed by the
+taking of an oath of striving to effect the liberation of the people
+till death, an oath which demanded a blind obedience to the commands
+of the superior and the preservation of the secrets of the association
+under the pain of death (83). Finally, to terminate the ceremony,
+they made with a dagger especially adapted to that use, an incision
+in the arm of the person initiated and with the blood which flowed
+from the wound thus made, the new katipunero signed his compromise
+(see note 50.)
+
+«The initiated were called brethren and had their «sacred words»
+and their special signs of recognition. They were ruled by a code
+which established punishments ranging from whipping till death (84)
+and received no orders from anyone, or had no intercourse with anyone,
+except with their immediate superiors. The details which might be
+made mention of are infinite and curious, but it would make this
+short memorial unending to speak of them all.
+
+"All the matters of importance and organization were dealt with
+in assemblies (85) constituted by the Supreme Councils and all the
+presidents of the provincial and popular councils. The accords were
+taken and discussions decided by a nominal votation and at least by
+a majority of votes.
+
+"Both the Supreme, the provincial and the popular Councils and the
+sections held their periodical sessions in the which were discussed a
+thousand different affairs, and the decisions of the Councils had to
+be submitted to the approval of the immediate superior. The gatherings
+were always held in different houses and localities, no day being set
+aside as fixed, but the days of festivities or those upon which was
+observed some ecclesiastical feast were chosen for that purpose (86),
+under the pretext of banquets or dances in which the authorities had no
+suspicion, and because on the said days these semi-public rejoicings
+were permitted without the necessity of seeking the license of the
+governing authorities.
+
+«Both the provincial and the popular councils and the sections were
+known by special names; the initiated were "baptized" with symbolic
+appellations; and the documents were drawn up in the Tagalog dialect,
+the most important being in secret code.
+
+"The first Supreme Council was constituted on the 15th of July 1892,
+and was as follows:
+
+
+            President           Deodato Arellano.
+            Secretary           Andrés Bonifacio.
+            Treasurer           Valentin Diaz.
+                              / Ladislao Dina.
+            Councillors       + Bricio Pantas.
+                              \ Teodoro Plata.
+
+
+Delegates were immediately appointed to establish sections in Tondo,
+Binondo, Trozo, Sta. Cruz, Nagtajan, Sampaloc, Quiapo, Dilao (Paco)
+and Intramuros. Commissioners set out with all rapidity to the
+neighboring pueblos and provinces, and in a few weeks councils
+were in working order in Caloocan, Malabon, Mandaloyan, San Juan
+del Monte, Pandacan, Sta. Ana, and Pasay. In the Capital of Cavite
+was constituted a popular council, and sections in Noveleta, Cavite
+Viejo and Imus. The same occurred in San Isidro, Gapan and several
+other pueblos of these provinces.
+
+'Andrés Bonifacio, Secretary of the Supreme Council, displayed a
+notable audacity and energy, and this united to a clear intelligence,
+gave him a great predominance over his companions. This predominance
+he asserted, and in 1893 brought about the destitution from the
+presidency, of Deodato Arellano, Román Baza (87), chief clerk of
+the Comandancia General de Marina being elevated to that office. On
+account of the want of character and initiative on the part of the new
+president, Bonifacio decided, by a coup-d'état if we may so call it,
+to depose him also, putting himself in that office and becoming the
+«dictator» of the Katipunan.
+
+"Under the Presidency of Bonifacio, the society commenced an era of
+febrile activity; the greater number of the tribunales of the pueblos
+were converted into centres of propaganda, which were directed by the
+municipalities. Pamphlets and proclamations against the friars and
+the whole Spanish element were circulated in profusion (88). Injuries
+and outrages were invented, and by these and a thousand and one other
+infamous means, little by little, hatred and revenge were inculcated
+into the mind of the indian.
+
+"In 1895 Bonifacio took the first decisive steps towards the
+organizing of an armed rebellion; he sent different delegations to
+Dapitan to confer with Rizal and receive his advice and instruction
+(89); he opened negotiations with the Japanese Government (90),
+but did not succeed therein. But with his immense ascendancy over
+the popular masses, an ascendancy beyond imagination, he declared
+himself dictator. The secret aiders of the Katipunan who pertained
+to the upper classes, offered funds of considerable amount, with the
+which were acquired a good number of arms which were landed on the
+coast of Cavite and Batangas with the aid of wealthy persons (91).
+
+«In August of this year (1896) exaltation among the masses reached
+its full height, and Bonifacio realizing the fact, prepared what
+was necessary in order that in a short time, the conspiracy which
+was to take effect on the same day and hour in almost all Luzon,
+should be in readiness. The plan of the attack and taking of Manila
+was coarsely conceived but it might have been successful and massacre,
+sacking and pillage would have crowned the iniquitous work.
+
+"At this time the Supreme Council was was composed as follows.
+
+
+            President           Andrés Bonifacio.
+            Secretary           Emilio Jacinto.
+            Treasurer           Enrique Pacheco.
+            Fiscal              Pío Valenzuela (92).
+                             /  Hermenegildo Reyes.
+                             |  Teodoro Plata.
+                             |  Balbino Florentino.
+                             |  Bricio Pantas.
+                             |  Pantaleón Torres.
+            Councillors      +  José Trinidad.
+                             |  Francisco Carreón.
+                             |  Aguedo del Rosario.
+                             |  Vicente Molina.
+                             |  Alejandro Santiago.
+                             \  José T. Santiago.
+
+
+"In Tondo existed the popular Council Catagalugan presided over by
+Alejandro Santiago; and the sections Cabuhayan, Catotohanan, Pagtibain,
+Calingaan and Bagongsilang, presided over by Hilarion Cruz, Braulio
+Rivera, Cipriano Pacheco, Nicolás Rivera, and Deogracias Fajardo.
+
+"In Sta. Cruz the popular Council Laonlaan presided over by Julian
+Nepomuceno, and the sections Tanglao and Dimas Alang [9] by Procopio
+Bonifacio and Restituto Javier.
+
+"In Trozo the popular Council Dapitan [10] presided over by Francisco
+Carreón, and the sections Silanganan and Alapaap, by Juan de la Cruz
+and R. Concha.
+
+"In Binondo the popular Council Ilog Pasig by Faustino Mañalac.
+
+"In Concepción and Dilao (Paco) the popular Council Mahiganti,
+presided over by Rafael Gutiérrez, and the sections Panday and Ilog
+with a delegation in Ermita.
+
+"But why continue? It would not be exaggerating to assert that the
+fourth of the native population pertained to the Katipunan, and the
+task of consigning more names would be useless, as nothing new would
+be discovered.
+
+"Astounding is the number of the initiated; in Manila and its province
+alone they exceed 14,000, and in the provinces of Cavite, Batangas,
+Laguna and Nueva Ecija there are no less than 20,000. Adding to
+this number those of the remainder of Luzon, the total will ascend
+to an enormous mass of "illusioned" who bowed in obedience to an
+inquisitous schemer. It must be recognized, however, that Bonifacio
+is not a common man; of active character, energetic and bold, gifted
+with a facility of expression in his language which suggested itself
+to his countrymen; of a criterion clear but badly cultivated by the
+reading of books of an elevated style and a pernicious character [11]
+and possessed of an unfathomable ambition--such was the warehouse
+porter who had charge of the store house of the foreign commercial
+house of Fressel and Co. in Calle Nueva, Binondo [12].
+
+"His proclamations, pamphlets, and circulars although not a model of
+literature were possessed of a certain amount of culture.
+
+"In Calle Clavel, in the dwelling house of Alejandro Santiago, the
+Katipunan possessed a secret printing establishment, in which were
+prepared many most injurious and insulting publications. There also was
+edited and published the paper Kalayaan (Liberty) (93) which only twice
+saw the light and which was supposed to have been printed in Yokohama,
+(it bearing the name of that town as the place of publication) and
+was published over the signature of Marcelo H. del Pilar. This was
+all false, all studied out for the purpose of throwing dust in the
+eyes of the local authorities. The paper was edited by Bonifacio, his
+brother-in-law Teodoro Plata and the secretary of the Supreme Council,
+Emilio Jacinto, a young student of law, of no scanty intelligence.
+
+"On the 19th of August last (1896) the conspiracy was denounced and
+a great number of imprisonments were made by this Corps. Bonifacio
+and those more closely connected with him in his schemes, fled aghast
+to the neighboring pueblo of Caloocan and there remained hidden in
+the house of the Capitan Municipal (a native) and in that of the
+Capitán Pasado (also a native) Adriano de J, father-in-law to Andrés
+Bonifacio. On the 23rd Bonifacio set out for the barrio of Balintauac,
+followed by some 200 inhabitants of Caloocan; on the 24th they were
+combatted by the Civil Guard in the fields of the said pueblo and
+fled to their former hiding place.
+
+"The Supreme Council convoked a large assembly to be held on the
+following day in the said barrio, to which gathered more than 500
+members; there a discussion took place concerning the steps which
+would have to be taken in view of the failure of the conspiracy, and
+of the imprisonments which were being made. Some, feeling repentant,
+desired to return to a legal status, submitting to the Spanish
+authority but the president Bonifacio protested, proposing immediate
+rebellion. Both propositions were put to the vote, and as a result,
+that of the president gained by an immense majority; so much for the
+prestige of Andrés Bonifacio! (94).
+
+"The orders were circulated with rapidity throughout Manila, Cavite,
+Nueva Ecija and other provinces, commanding that armed rebellion
+should commence at day-break of Sunday the 30th. The day and hour
+assigned finally arrived, and the whole province of Manila broke out;
+the rebels committing a thousand and one abuses and crimes upon as many
+Europeans and loyal natives as were encountered. Like wild beasts they
+attacked the waterworks and the powder station situated at San Juan
+del Monte from whence they were valiantly driven back by a section
+of artillery and another of the 70th regiment. Simultaneously they
+attempted to invade the suburb of Sampaloc by way of Santa Mesa and
+there also they were combatted and dispersed by 60 Veteran Guards
+who prevented, by their defence, a day of mourning for the city of
+Manila. All Cavite, except the capital, arose in insurrection on
+the afternoon of the 31st., assassinating and disarming the whole
+of the Civil Guard of the province, after an heroic defence on the
+part of the latter. They assaulted the convents and estates of the
+Religious Orders and murdered the defenseless ministers of the Lord
+(95). On the 3rd of September the capital of Nueva Ecija was attacked
+by large masses of rebels, and the colony [13] and the Civil Guard
+heroically resisted until the arrival, from Manila, of a column which
+combatted the enemy and saved that handful of Spaniards from a certain
+death. But why continue to relate events so well known to all [14].
+
+
+
+DENOUNCEMENT OF THE CONSPIRACY AND ITS DISCOVERER.
+
+"Teodoro Patiño. A name which all Spaniards should pronounce with
+pleasure, because, by his repentance, inspired by divine Providence
+(96), Spain was saved from an unending series of bitter experiences.
+
+"Patiño, a workman in the printing establishment of the Diario de
+Manila, pertained to the Katipunan of Tondo, as did also the majority
+of the compositors and book binders of the said establishment.
+
+"Repentant and fearful of the increase of the association, and of
+the criminal projects it pursued, he decided to denounce it to
+his sister, a student of the College of Looban, directed by the
+learned and virtuous Sisters of Mercy (97). His sister made known
+the denunciation to her Superior who called Patiño into her presence;
+and realizing the gravity which surrounded the matter, sent him to the
+Rev. P. Mariano Gil, parish priest of Tondo (98), a suburb of Manila;
+to this Rev. Father, Patiño repeated all that he had manifested, and
+all that he could know, he being only a simple initiated member. He
+affirmed that in the printing establishment of the Diario receipts
+and proclamations were printed, and daggers were secretly made for
+the Katipunan, and he offered, moreover, to make known where the
+lithographic stones used for the printing were hidden.
+
+"Srs. Grund and Cortés, lieutenants of the sub-division of the Veterana
+of that district, were called to the convent by P. Gil, who expounded
+to them all that had occurred. These officers made known the facts to
+their chiefs, and constituted themselves into a "cuartelillo". That
+same night there fell into the power of P. Gil the lithographic stones,
+some receipts and printed regulations of the Katipunan: objects which
+were placed at the disposition of this Corps. In the "cuartelillo"
+Patiño was minutely examined, and immediate proceedings were commenced
+for the arrest of 22 oath bound katipuneros, whose houses were also
+searched. In this search an abundance of documents and effects which
+justified the denunciation were encountered. From that time no stone
+was left unturned by the officers and guards of this Corps, who for
+15 days worked unceasingly and untiringly that their labor might be
+crowned with the greatest success.
+
+"More than 500 prisoners of importance, among those who were convicted
+and among those who confessed, were handed over to the Courts of
+Justice together with all the documents, books, pamphlets, seals,
+attributes and the archives of the Supreme Council. The back of the
+vast conspiracy was broken; some of the guilty have already expiated
+their crimes (99), many have suffered deportation, (100) whilst no
+few still remain in prison awaiting the decision of human justice.
+
+"If with our aid we have contributed to the salvation of this portion
+of Spanish territory, what better recompense and reward for this
+Section of the Guardia Civil Veterana?
+
+"Manila, 28th October 1896--Olegario Diaz--Signed--The document bears
+a seal which reads: Sección de Guardia Civil Veterana.--Manila.
+
+
+
+Here ends the document which forms the text. In continuation follow
+the notes with their corresponding numbers.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                 NOTES.
+
+                 These notes are, as regards historical
+                   matter, chiefly taken from Spanish
+                    official documents drawn up as a
+                      result of juridical procee-
+                         dings against certain
+                          individuals accused
+                              of treason.
+
+
+Note 2. In that period of time in which the evil effects of freemasonry
+began to tell upon the public and private life of the government
+officials and upon the morals of the people in general, the Civil
+Governor of Manila, D. Justo Martin Lunas (1886), gave a ball to
+which the cream of Manila society was invited. Among the selections
+for the evening was an extravagant item, nothing more or less than
+... a can-can! This in itself was enough; but what made the matter
+so much the worse was that the governor had invited the venerable
+Archbishop of Manila to the ball. The news of the innovation spread
+far and wide, and very soon the whole city was in a state of wild
+excitement. In the defense of public morals the Archbishop deemed it
+necessary to issue a pastoral letter condemning such spectacles.
+
+Although not directed at that particular "school of scandal", this
+pastoral was interpreted by all those concerned, as well as by the
+public in general, as a severe lesson for Sr. Lunas and those who
+had gathered in the government house to dance the can-can or to take
+pleasure therein. Hence Sr. Luna and his party considered themselves
+offended, and did not hesitate to take revenge when an opportunity
+occurred, upon the aged and infirm Archbishop who did all he had done,
+in defense of the morals of his flock.
+
+From this event sprung the seed which gave rise, later on, to the
+famous, or rather infamous manifestation of '88: an insensate campaign
+inspired against the Religious Orders by these offended ones and
+their followers (See note 30).
+
+The Civil Governor at that time was D. José Centeno y García an active
+propagator of freemasonry, holding the 33rd degree. He, together
+with Sr. Quiroja, fostered and godfathered the "manifestation". In
+this semi-official insult to Archbishop Payo, an insult so ably
+analysed by Sr. Retana [15], we have one of the best examples that
+could be furnished of the methods adopted by the masonic enemies of
+the Catholic faith in this archipelago. This manifestation, fostered
+by a governor who drew down upon himself the righteous ire of all
+honorable men and women by reason of his protection of the houses
+of ill-fame in and about the city, was a truly masonic invention by
+which many, in fact some 98% of those who signed it, were grossly
+deceived. The following notes taken from the analysis of Sr. Retana,
+will give an idea of the real value of the "manifestation" and the
+part the people had therein. In the Suburb of Sta. Cruz there were
+144 people who signed the document, that is to say there were 144
+names. Of these no less than 56 were unknown, 3 were minors and 3 did
+not recognize their signatures; 52 were natives and 8 were Chinese
+half-castes. In Sampaloc: 61 signatures, all of which were of indians
+none of whom followed trades or professions which necessitated the
+use of brain power. In Malate: 38 signatures, 31 of indians, only 15
+of whom understood Spanish. In Binondo: 41, 31 of whom were indians;
+five minors. In Sta. Ana, out of 104, the number of minors was 14,
+and 50 did not understand Spanish; 66 were indians. In Caloocan: 80
+signatures of which 55 were indians who did not understand Spanish; 38
+were laborers, 7 were minors. In Navotas: 140 signatures; 49 laborers,
+and 49 fishermen; 127 did not understand Spanish. In Mariquina:
+68, 38 of whom were laborers, 51 did not understand Spanish. In San
+Fernando de Dilao (Paco): 35; 6 minors and all indians. In San Mateo,
+50 signatures; 39 laborers, 45 indians, 41 of whom did not understand
+Spanish. In San Miguel 49; and here comes the crowning piece of the
+magnificent work, for of these 49 no fewer than 16 had died! yes died
+previous to the drawing up of the document and therefore could not
+possibly have signed it; moreover 7 did not recognize their signatures,
+and all were indians.
+
+In recapitulation; there were 810 signatures; of these 85 did not
+declare on examination, 56 were unknown, 39 were minors, 22 did not
+recognize their signatures and 16 had died previous to the drawing
+up of the document (Feb. 20th 1888). This brings the 810 down to
+592. Of these 592 signatures 208 were of laborers, 50 of fishermen,
+31 of carpenters, 7 washermen and 5 barbers: a total of 301 persons
+whose occupations called for no particular amount of education, and
+whose interest and concern in such a movement as this may be judged
+from their social standing. Deducting these 301 from the remaining 592
+we have 291 left for further analysis. Of these 25 were of tailors,
+4 singers (!) and 3 school masters; 58 escribientes whose occupation
+it is to make clean copies of documents and other manuscript, the most
+that can be said of the majority of them being that they can write
+well, not an uncommon thing anyhow for a filipino; 11 of musicians,
+men who lead the life of crickets, enjoying hunger by day and noise
+by night; 9 type-setters, men who after having set a dozen columns
+of material could not tell you anything of the subject they were
+composing, in other words, men who like the escribientes reproduce
+mechanically without knowing what they are reproducing; this gives us
+107 of another grade leaving 184 to be divided among the many odds
+and ends of occupations followed by the native to earn his "fish
+and rice". No less than 384 of the number did not understand Spanish
+and 13 could not write. In the matter of races: ONE was a Spaniard,
+Enrique Rodriguez de los Palacios who called himself a merchant and
+was domiciled in Binondo. Upon investigation it turned out that he
+also had been fooled and that he had signed the protest because he had
+been told that other Spaniards had also signed it; as to its contents
+he affirmed that he knew nothing. One was a Spanish mestizo, 66 were
+Chinese half-castes and 524 were indians. So much for the famous
+manifestation which resulted in giving a most decisive blow to the
+moral and social standing of those who prepared and those who signed
+it. Those concerned therein learned the bitter lesson that "they who
+dig pits for their neighbors are apt to fall therein themselves."
+
+The common opinion has always been that the document in question
+was drawn up by Doroteo Cortés (see note 11) who had on several
+occasions been under police vigilance; had been expelled from Navotas
+and compelled to reside within the walled city, later on pardoned,
+but still kept under police surveillance. But however that may be,
+the document was infamous in the extreme, and was the precursor of
+the modern campaign against the Religious Orders. From that time to
+this present, this campaign has continued to spread, and is still
+being fostered by the Federal Party.
+
+Another of the advanced ideas which saw the light of day during
+the interim governorship of D. José Centeno y Garcia, a 33rd
+degree freemason and a stout republican, was the toleration, for
+the first time in the history of the Archipelago, of houses of
+prostitution. Centeno was a governor who, having erred considerably
+during his governorship, attempted some years later to regain public
+confidence by the publication of an insulting pamphlet against the
+Religious Orders. This novelty of semi-official houses of ill-fame was,
+for Manila, a most genuine expression of modern democracy. Scandals
+until then unheard of or undreamed of in Manila, became the order
+of the day. White girls imported or inveigled, were hired out by
+their mistresses to pander to the sensual appetites of blacks, merely
+because the said black-skinned sensualists were wealthy enough to pay
+the price demanded. What edification! Fundicion street became a centre
+in which the scandals daily increased in number and importance. The
+native weaned after many long years of careful training at the hands of
+the Religious Orders, from the vices in which he was found submerged
+at the time of the Spanish Conquest, was brought face to face with
+the same scandalous surroundings, introduced by people of the same
+white race which had removed his forefathers therefrom. Gradually but
+surely this leaven of corruption has eaten its way into the customs
+of the people, and to-day we are witnesses of its terrible effects. A
+comparison of the public morals of to-day with those of 20 years or
+so ago, would reveal facts which would astound many of those who are
+at a loss to account for the reason of the existence of the "querida"
+evil among so many of the Filipinos of modern Manila. A quarter of
+a century ago Manila was a paradise to what it is to-day, crimes so
+common in these days that they are scarcely worth recording, were
+unheard of; and even drunkenness was almost entirely confined to
+foreign sailors. What Manila is to-day it owes to the advanced and
+anti religious ideas introduced by freemasonry and modern democracy.
+
+
+
+Note 3. Separatism, vulgarly called filibusterism, has always,
+in the Philippines, been marked by essential characteristics. It
+was always, under the circumstances by which it was surrounded,
+necessarily anti-patriotic. One thing which helped to give it the
+robust life it enjoyed among the middle class of people, was the
+supposition of the existence of a Tagalog civilization anterior
+to the discovery of the archipelago by the famous Magallanes. This
+fantastic doctrine was preached and propagated principally by two
+of the more prominent Filipinos, Pedro Paterno and José Rizal. The
+former, much less cultured than Rizal, was the one to whom the most
+insensate ideas on this subject were owing, and this because although
+Rizal upheld the idea, he was led to do so by his perverse character
+rather than by his belief; whilst Paterno really believes in this
+pre-Spanish civilization, and that to such a degree that many of his
+own country-men call him a fool and ridicule him. Another essential
+mark was the enmity demonstrated against the Religious Orders. But few,
+if any at all of the propagators of the doctrines of separatism labored
+outside of the four walls of the masonic lodge room. In other words
+they were freemasons. Masonry was to them a medium through which they
+might carry on their conspiracies; it was an excuse for the creation
+of the spirit of association, till then unknown in the Philippines.
+
+The aims of separatism may be classed as direct and indirect. The
+indirect aim was the independence of the country from the yoke of
+Spain. At the best this idea of independence was but second hand,
+a lesson learned by heart by a scholar whose power of thought was
+insufficient to enable him to grasp the true meaning of the words of
+the lesson. The average Filipino lacks the sentiment of nationality;
+hence in the minds of the majority of the people independence is
+but the enjoyment of the unbridled liberty to do as they please,
+in fact to revert to the times of their ancestors when everyone who
+could exert an authority was a king, a prince or a ruler of some
+description. To the Filipino it is of little importance whether his
+sovereign or his supreme ruler be the King of Spain or the President
+of the U. S. of America, as long as he is protected from his "friends"
+and from his own country-men and may enjoy his cock-fighting and have
+the necessary supply of rice and fish for his daily sustenance.
+
+The direct aims of the separatists were those they sought in public,
+viz: representation in the Spanish Cortes, the expulsion of the
+Religious Orders, etc., etc. The result of representation in the Cortes
+would have been a veritable comedy; that of the expulsion of the Friars
+a decided tragedy for Spain, in as much as the Religious was ever the
+backbone of the administration of the colony. The consequences of the
+independence of the country would have been equally disastrous. There
+would have been the tremendous preponderance of the black over the
+white and eventually inter-tribal disputes and even armed struggles
+for the mastery. This would entail the complete stagnation of the
+moral and material progress of the people, who would gradually but
+surely drift back into the savage ways of their ancestors. And at
+last, who knows but that Japan or perhaps China would have to step
+in to save the inhabitants from becoming cannibals.
+
+This doctrine of separatism was the doctrine disseminated by Filipino
+masonry, a daughter of Spanish freemasonry. Filipino freemasonry
+however, was to a great extent addicted to views not held or sustained
+by the Gr. Or. Español, and hence did not make common cause with
+Universal Freemasonry, although it used its ritual, its signs and
+its name, to shield from public view those of its labors which could
+not be allowed to see the light of day. Hence the diving into the
+subject of Universal Freemasonry is somewhat irrelevant to our present
+study, suffice it to say that the brotherhood, universal as it is,
+suffers no other division than that into families. Its aim is one;
+its methods one; its doctrine one [16]; it is the worldly imitation
+of the unparalleled Catholic unity of divine foundation.
+
+The Spanish family was founded in 1811 by the Count de
+Grasse-Tilley. On the 21st of February 1804 the Supreme Council
+of Charleston issued a circular to the Count in which it said
+among other things which demonstrate the aim of the foundation:
+"Above the idea of country is the idea of humanity"; "frontiers are
+capricious demarcations imposed by the use of force." And others of
+the same nature.
+
+When the Count set forth to found the Spanish Supreme Council he was
+armed with a letters patent issued by the Supreme Council of Charleston
+containing this sentence: "the masonic solidity will never be effective
+whilst the brethren do not recognize one only power, as is one only
+the earth we inhabit, and one also the horizon we contemplate.... To
+unify, therefore, the masonic labors we all journey to the one end to
+which the work of this Supreme Council is directed, and hence what
+we have pointed out to Spain as one of the points in which is more
+necessary than elsewhere the one direction to which we refer."
+
+In 1882 Spanish freemasons were divided into different Orientes each
+of which claimed continuity with the institution of Grasse-Tilley;
+the matter was finally settled by the Supreme Council of Charleston.
+
+Opinion is divided on the question of the responsibility of the
+Spanish freemason lodges or rather the ruling "Oriente" for the
+beliefs and practices of their filipino brethren. That they were
+indirectly responsible is more than certain; and oft-times they were
+so indirectly. D. Manuel Sastrón ex-Deputy to the Spanish Cortes,
+ex-Civil Governor of the Philippines, speaking on this subject says:
+"It is not possible for us on any account to fall in line with these
+suspicious reasonings: never have we had a disposition to form a part
+of such a sect, because we are old time Christians; but we repeat that
+we cannot believe nor do we imagine that any masonic centre composed of
+peninsular Spaniards could tolerate, and much less foment consciously,
+the propagation of doctrines which, whatever masonry brought about
+in the Philippines, could have given origin to the congregation of
+separatist elements."
+
+"Nevertheless side by side with this firm conviction we repeat
+what we tersely maintained, viz: that freemasonry has been the
+medium which marshalled the element which generalled the Filipino
+insurrection. Filibusterism knew how to exploit it to a fine point."
+
+
+
+"We do not find it inconvenient to affirm, but just the opposite, we
+repeat with pleasure and absolute belief that Spanish freemasonry was
+ignorant of the true ends of the Filipino masons. But it is proved to
+our way of thinking, to the point of evidence, that Filipino masonry
+pursued no other ends than the independence of those islands (the
+Philippines.)" [17]
+
+It must be noted that this is the opinion of a Spanish patriot, for
+a patriot Sastrón certainly was, and what is more natural than that
+a true patriot should doubt the possibility of his own countrymen
+mixing themselves up in anti-patriotic movements: Yet while Sastrón
+and other writers would redeem their fellow countrymen from such a
+stain as that of treason, I am inclined to believe that the asserted
+ignorance of the Spanish freemason was too often official, that is
+to say it was not genuine, but limited to the members of the society
+who enjoyed the privileges of the lower degrees.
+
+There are two sides to every question, however, and that the "other
+side" may be given a fair hearing, I will quote a declaration of
+Antonio Luna on this subject. Luna, among the many statements made
+before the Lieut. Col. in command of the Cuartel de Caballeria, on the
+8th of October 1896, confessed that "in the year 1890 or 91, of his
+own free-will, he formed a masonic project based on Spanish masonry:
+a project which might, at its proper time be applied to filibuster
+conspiracy. This project was discussed and approved by the Oriente
+Español in Madrid; but that center did not know the secondary ends
+to which it would be applied.... Of his own free-will he manifested
+that his ideas were, when he formed the project, anti-Spanish...."
+
+With rare exceptions the Filipinos who left their native soil to
+finish their education in the Spanish peninsula, were those to whom
+the real work of separatism is owing. The Filipino at home who has
+fallen into line with his foreign educated brother is but a blind
+worker. And the Filipino who went to Spain was as a rule, a very
+general rule, taken under the sheltering care of Miguel Morayta (see
+note 13). The responsibility therefore for the ideas inculcated into
+the minds of those "students" lies, and that heavily, upon Morayta,
+the chief of that family of freemasonry which claims ignorance of the
+aims of its filipino membership. The only logical excuse that can be
+brought forwards is that filipino freemasonry degenerated. When once it
+took root in the Archipelago it spread with wonderful rapidity. The
+adepts were for the most part Chinese half-castes; and little by
+little that strange train of thought of the native, whether he be
+full blooded or mixed, a train of thought which, like the filipino
+pony is accustomed to walk backwards when it should go forwards,
+or like the patient carabao which too often lies down just at the
+moment when its services are the most needed to drag a load over a
+mud hole, carried the would-be citizens of an independent country to
+the verge of political insanity. Certain it is that as the idea of
+separation became more and more developed the Spanish masons who were
+member of the Filipino lodges severed their connection therewith. But
+yet it does not appear within the limits of common sense to believe
+that the Spanish masons were ignorant; the greater probability is
+that they were too indulgent, too confiding. To hold too fast to the
+excuse of ignorance is to profess oneself very ignorant. But whether
+it was ignorance or the wanting of even that species of patriotism
+which one expects to find in beasts of burden (for every horse knows
+his own stables) the black fact still remains that Spanish masonry
+gave birth to, and fostered, Filipino freemasonry or in other words,
+the katipunan.
+
+However, be the degree of ignorance what it may, we cannot overlook
+the fact that the actions of the Tagalog freemasons, the katipunan
+if you will, for the one and the other are the same thing under
+different names, were the cause of no little surprise to the Grand
+Oriente Español. The filipino mason was a traitor to the mother which
+gave him being and nourished him into activity: a traitor who used
+the cover of the freemason lodge only that he might the easier and
+safer hatch out his plot to gain, by the most brutal means imaginable,
+the independence of his country.
+
+In his declaration made in the presence of Colonel Francisco Olive
+y Garcia and others on the 23rd of September 1896, Moises Salvador
+Francisco, of Quiapo (Manila) stated that "in April 1891 he came to
+Manila bringing with him a copy of the agreements arrived at by the
+Junta of Madrid, and these he handed over to Timoteo Paez to see if
+masonic lodges could be established as a commencement of the work. In
+the following year of 1892 Pedro Serrano arrived from Spain and then
+Masonry (native) was introduced into the Philippines, the first lodge
+instituted being the Nilad."
+
+To give some idea of the separatist aims which gave life and
+nourishment to the Tagalog revolt, I will quote a few extracts taken
+from masonic documents, and from the declarations, made by persons
+complicated in the conspiracy. These declarations were made in the
+presence of the appointed judge, Col. D. Francisco Olive y Garcia,
+and others, and are of capital interest in the study of the rise and
+fall of the filipino "commune".
+
+The citations are as follows:
+
+I. In an act of Session of the Katipunan Sur at the commencement of
+the year 1896, the session being opened, the president don Agustin
+Tantoko, a native priest [18], invited the membership present to
+express its opinion concerning the questions proposed, viz: how
+ought we to act towards society; towards ourselves; and how ought
+we to act in case of surprise. Mariano Kalisan considered, dealing
+with the first question, that "as their principal object was not to
+leave alive any Spaniard in all the future Filipino republic" they
+should procure to make friends with them as much as possible in order
+to be able to carry out their plans with more surety when the time
+should arrive to give the cry of independence. D. Gabino Tantoko,
+brother of the president, considered that the said principle should
+be carried out especially in dealing with the members of the Religious
+Orders. Both propositions were accepted.
+
+As regards the second question, Epifanio Ramos proposed that meetings
+should be held as seldom as possible "in order to avoid scandals".
+
+In case of surprise, Hermenegildo García considered that "the
+strongest fort lay in denial." The brothers Tantoko remarked that such
+surprise was almost impossible seeing that they had determined "not
+to leave alive any of those who might surprise them." The president
+moreover remarked that, from that time forward, in case of danger,
+"they should destroy all the papers they held in their power, such
+as acts, receipts, letters, plans and especially the arms they held,
+in case the blow they were to deal in Manila should not succeed." This
+was accepted unanimously.
+
+In reply to a question, the president affirmed that "all the sections
+of Katipunan existing in the future Filipino republic pursued the
+same end: viz: the independence of the Filipino people, the release
+from the yoke of the step-mother [19] Spain."
+
+II. In a document dated the 12th of June 1896 and giving instructions
+to those who should carry out the proposed slaughter of all the
+Spaniards in Manila, we read:
+
+"2nd. Once the signal is given every bro. shall fulfill the duty
+imposed upon him by this Gr. Reg. Log. without considerations of any
+kind, neither of parentage, friendship nor of gratitude, etc."
+
+"4th. The blow having been struck at the Captain General and the other
+Spanish Authorities, the loyals shall attack the convents and shall
+behead their infamous inhabitants, respecting the wealth contained
+in the said convents; this shall be gathered ... etc."
+
+"6th. On the following day the bbro. designated shall bury all the
+bodies of their hateful oppressors in the field of Bagumbayan together
+with their wives and children, and on the site shall later on be raised
+a monument commemorative of the independence of the G. N. F. (Gran
+Nación Filipina)."
+
+"7th. The bodies of the members of the Religious Orders shall not be
+buried, but burned in just payment for the felonies (sic) which they
+committed during life against the Filipino nation during the three
+hundred years of their nefarious domination." [20]
+
+This infamous document is signed by the president of the
+executive commission by the Gr. Mast. adj. Giordano Bruno, and the
+Gr. Sec. Galileo. [21]
+
+III. In his declaration made before Col. Olive y García, the second
+Lieutenant D. Benedicto Nijaga y Polonis, a native of Carbeyeng,
+province of Samar, stated that the conspiracy was entered into for
+the purpose of securing from Spain, by peaceful means, or by the
+process of revolution, the independence of the country. He affirmed
+moreover that, in the case of revolution, the aid of Japan was to be
+sought and that the co-operation of the native troops was expected:
+and that the plan of campaign of the rebels who were in San Mateo,
+was to "fall upon Manila", the native infantry sent out to meet the
+attack to pass over to the rebel ranks.
+
+IV. In his declaration made in Manila before the same judge, Pio
+Valenzuela y Alejandrino stated that he was one of the members of the
+Interior Supreme Council of the Katipunan, the aim of which was to
+collect a large amount of money and promote a general rising in order
+to declare the independence of the islands under the protectorate
+of the Empire of Japan. Further on he stated that the rising was to
+have taken place at 7 o'clock p. m. on the 29th of August, entry being
+made into Manila and its suburbs, the rebels "killing the Spaniards,
+and the natives and Chinese who did not wish to follow them, and
+then devoting themselves to the sacking of the town, to robbery and
+incendiarism and the violation of women."
+
+V. Romualdo de J., sculptor of Sta. Cruz, Manila, declared that he had
+founded the Katipunan in 1888, the year in which the manifestation
+against the Archbishop was made; he defined the aim of the society
+to be "the killing of all the Spaniards and the taking possession of
+the islands."
+
+VI. In his declaration made in Cavite, September 3, 1896, Alfonso
+Ocampo affirmed that according to the plans formulated, they
+were "to make the assault, killing and robbing all the peninsular
+Spaniards." And moreover, that "the rebellion had for its object the
+assassination of all the peninsular Spaniards, the violation and
+beheading afterwards of their wives and of their children even to
+the youngest."
+
+Many others might be cited; with these six samples an idea may be
+gathered of the progressive idea advocated or fostered by Rizal,
+Pilar, Lopez, Ponce, the Lunas, Rosario, Cortés, and others who were
+inspired by Morayta, the Grand Master of the Gran Oriente Español.
+
+
+
+Note 4. The then Civil Governor of Manila, in a report to the Colonial
+Minister concerning what was taking place in Manila says, speaking
+of this Corps:
+
+"... this Corps of Vigilance which, although composed of no more than
+45 persons including the inspectors of the same ... renders a service
+(to the Government in secret service work) which should be confided
+to 100 persons, considering the nature and the amount of the work
+undertaken and performed daily, from the day of the formation of the
+Corps to this day: a period of about a year. The interesting body of
+police which under my orders has performed such valuable services,
+is that which has attained greatest success in the fruitful labor of
+making clear the vandalistic events we have been experiencing."
+
+
+
+Note 5. Filibusters: more properly called separatists. Noah Webster
+describes a filibuster as a "lawless military adventurer, especially
+one in quest of plunder; a free-booter, a pirate." Hence, taken
+in its true meaning, the word does not apply to the separatists of
+the Philippines. Retana classifies the filibuster in three groups:
+the first: he who, thinking little or nothing of the independence
+of his country, showed more or less aversion to the peninsular
+Spaniards. 2. He who, under the pretext or without it, of illustrating
+his countrymen, inculcated into their minds political ideas which,
+without meriting the qualification of subversive, tended to incite
+them against supposed oppressions of the Spaniards; against all
+things which appeared behind the times, hence according to their way
+of arguing, against the Religious Corporations, to which they owed
+everything except their anti-Spaniardism. As a rule those belonging
+to this group professed great love for the mother-country and did
+not preach ideas of independence; they held the belief that theirs
+was the duty to prepare the way for the emancipation which should
+be attained by their grandchildren. And 3. Those whose aim was to
+attain the emancipation of their country as soon as possible. This
+latter group were the true separatists. It is however difficult to
+distinguish between the filibuster so called, and the true separatist;
+perhaps the only admissible distinction is that the separatist is a man
+of peaceful methods whilst the filibuster is a man of struggles. Rizal
+was more or less a separatist, Andrés Bonifacio a veritable filibuster.
+
+
+
+Note 6. Sr. Olive was a gentleman who well deserved the respect and
+honor paid to him by his nation, and the hatred of those whose plans of
+treachery he thwarted and who, in spiteful revenge, have gone so far as
+to accuse him of using torture and other forcible means of extorting
+confessions, many of which they claim to have been false. Sr. Olive
+was too kind-hearted a man to stoop to such methods even had the
+circumstances demanded the use of moderate physical persuasion.
+
+At one time Sr. Olive was the Governor of the Marianas Islands
+concerning the which he wrote and published a very interesting
+memoir. He was at that time Lieut. Colonel.
+
+Later on he was made Colonel and as such was placed at the head of
+one of the sections of the Guardia Civil of Manila. He was secretary
+of the sub-inspection of arms of the Philippines. When a state of
+war was declared, the charges which were at that time being prepared
+in connection with the insurrection, were handed over to Sr. Olive,
+who with a zeal worthy of praise, and an energy too seldom exerted,
+commenced to deal out strict justice to the enemies of their
+country. About a year and a half ago Sr. Olive was made General
+of Brigade.
+
+
+
+Note 7. According to a pamphlet written by a pseudonymous freemason and
+printed in Paris in 1896, the first lodge founded in the Philippines
+was that established in Cavite about 1860 under the name of Luz
+Filipina and subject to the Gr. Or. Lusitian, enjoying immediate
+correspondence with the Portuguese lodges of Macao and Hong-Kong
+which served as intermediaries between that lodge and those of other
+neighboring countries.
+
+Another statement however, from the pen of Sr. Nicolas Diaz y Pérez
+who formed his data from the original documents of the lodges, places
+the first foundation at the end of the year 1834. At this time,
+says Sr. Diaz, D. Mariano Marti, who died twenty-seven years later,
+whilst on his return to Spain, founded, together with others, lodges
+in various parts of the Archipelago, but they did not prosper and soon
+dissolved. The epoch of intrigues which produced so much disquietude
+and perversion of moral customs and ideas, more especially in the
+Tagal provinces, commenced about 1868. The masonic activity at that
+time was owing greatly to the political intriguers who were deported
+from Spain to this archipelago, where their influence was felt in no
+small degree, to the detriment of public morals.
+
+About 1872, during the interim government of Gen. Blanco Valderrama,
+a lodge was founded in Sampaloc, subject to the Gr. Or. Esp.,
+and composed entirely of peninsular Spaniards with the exclusion
+of natives.
+
+In the same year D. Rufino Pascual Torrejón reached Manila and united
+his efforts to those of Marti, founding lodges purely Spanish.
+
+On the first of March 1874 was created the lodge "Luz de Oriente" under
+the obedience of the Gr. Or. de Esp., the Gr. Comend. being D. Juan
+de la Somera. This was really the first successful establishment of
+masonry in the Philippines. The cited Sr. Diaz y Pérez says on this
+point; "It may be said that freemasonry regularly constituted in the
+Philippines, dates from the 1st. of March 1874, with the creation of
+the lodge Luz de Oriente...."
+
+On the 1st of March 1875 was installed the Gr. L. Departmental,
+D. Rufino Pascual Torrejon being the Gr. President.
+
+Up to the year 1884 the lodges of the Philippines did not admit to
+their membership either indians or half-castes; but since that time,
+and upon the initiative of the Gr. Mast. of the Gr. Or. Esp. the doors
+of the lodges were opened to all indians and half-castes who could read
+or write. Later on purely native lodges were founded and from that time
+Spain lost, little by little but surely, her hold upon the people,
+with the result that she eventually lost her colony. What masonry
+has accomplished in other parts of the world it also accomplished
+here very effectually. It laid the foundation for the undermining of
+society, bringing forth a generation of traitors and building up a
+kingdom for anti-Christ.
+
+As has been proved over and over again by the many masonic documents
+which have been discovered, freemasonry was ever anti-Catholic
+in the Philippines; but it was not until it had degenerated into
+filibusterism that the anti-Spanish spirit really took shape. Year
+by year this spirit spread and more, especially among the natives
+and half-castes of less intellectual capacity. Among this element,
+separatist ideas spread with marvelous rapidity owing to the
+peculiarity of the character of the native and of the half-caste,
+more especially the Chinese half-caste. (See note 19).
+
+Up to 1890, even Filipino masonry enjoyed but insignificant
+development. By 1892, however, it had spread widely, and in the
+following year Manila was gifted with a female lodge founded on the
+18th of July of that year, under the name of "La Semilla", of which
+Rosario Villareal, the daughter of Faustino Villareal, was declared
+the Ven. Gr. Mistress.
+
+From this time the element of politico-social decomposition
+gained ground among the native and half-caste population. New ideas
+continually gave place to the old and as the aims and purposes of the
+lodges degenerated, these centers of anti-catholic propaganda became
+more and more anti-Spanish.
+
+Isabelo de los Reyes, in an attempted defense of his "friends",
+makes the important confession that "Filipino freemasonry was not so
+inoffensive as it was believed.... The "Liga" at least was a school of
+conspiracy, and in truth, the Filipinos did not turn out bad pupils."
+
+Another demonstration of the inoffensiveness of freemasonry is the
+following series of facts taken from a pamphlet published in 1896 in
+Paris by Antonio Regidor under the pseudonym of Francisco Engracio
+Vergara. Regidor was a distinguished figure in the attempted revolt
+of 1872, and hence may justly be supposed to know something of the
+matter of which he speaks. He says:
+
+"By reason of the rising of Cavite many Filipinos characterized as
+progressives were deported to Marianas.... To the masons of Hong-Kong
+was owing the flight of several Filipinos...."
+
+"The foreign masons distributed arms in Negros, Mindanao and Jolo. The
+official bank of Singapore distributed in Cebu, Leyte and Bohol over
+£80,000 stg., and that of Hong-Kong more than £200,000 in Panay and
+Negros.... The French freemasons at the petition of brother Paraiso,
+went to aid also the escape of the deported in Marianas."
+
+
+
+Note 8. Rizal and others: Of this group Rizal, Pilar, the Lunas and
+Cortés, formed the more guilty part, they being men of superior
+education and more enlightened minds. Rizal was the center upon
+which almost everything connected with the revolt turned. During
+his younger days he lived with his parents in Calamba, where they
+occupied a stretch of land owned by the Dominican Corporation. The
+Rizal family was one of those most favored by the Dominicans [22],
+and one of those ungrateful ones too, which commenced law-suit against
+the said Corporation to unjustly possess themselves of the land they
+held at rent.
+
+Rizal received his secondary education at the Ateneo Municipal
+conducted by the Jesuit Fathers, and was always a bright attentive and
+successful pupil. At that time he was secretary of the Sodality of the
+Blessed Virgin and Promoter of the Apostleship of Prayer. Whilst he
+remained true to the traditions of Catholic Spain, he was an upright
+pious youth. Much of his time he spent in carving wooden images of the
+Blessed Virgin and of the Sacred Heart, and in writing compositions,
+some of them remarkable for their beauty, in which were reflected a
+pure love for Spain.
+
+Having attained the degree of Bachelor he left the Ateneo and passed to
+the University of Manila, continuing his studies under the Dominican
+Fathers. There he studied medicine with great success for some years,
+and at length went to Europe to terminate his career and take his
+degrees.
+
+Rizal left school like so many other filipino students, overloaded
+with science he was unable to direct, full of pride because of his
+accomplishments, and very ambitious. He terminated his studies in
+Madrid and Germany, in both of which places he fell in with a class
+of people who utilized him as a tool to accomplish an end at that
+time unknown to him. They filled his head with new and false ideas,
+making him vain promises which appealed to his pride, and by their
+dark arts made of him a separatist. He also studied English and
+German, his studies in this latter language making him enthusiastic
+in the things of Germany and, in an extraordinary degree, with those
+of protestantism.
+
+Among his own people he was the possessor of an exceptional
+intelligence and talent but outside his own circle his most famous
+accomplishments are but poor to the student of Literature. His sadly
+famous Noli me tangere and El Filibusterismo cannot pass for more
+than very second-hand for their ingenuity and literary taste, but
+they possess the quality of being a mirror in which is reflected the
+inclinations, character and perverse moral sense of their author. In
+them he is reflected as a restless spirit anxious for human glory,
+haughty and above all, anti-Spanish and ungrateful in the extreme.
+
+It was in Berlin that he published his Noli in 1886. That this novel
+was written by Rizal there in no doubt, but that the ideas therein
+expressed came directly from his own head is more than doubtful. Like
+the vast majority of Filipino productions, it is but a copy taken
+from models which had struck the fancy of the author. The pictures
+he draws therein of the disadvantages suffered by the Filipinos who
+have become españolized, are but reproductions prepared in his own
+coarse and crude way of thinking, of the most scurrilous anti-Spanish
+and anti-Catholic works of propaganda produced by the Bible Societies
+and spread abroad throughout the world as gospel truth. Taking away
+the insults hurled against the Church and the Religious Orders,
+and against Spain, there is absolutely nothing new in the novel. Its
+object was to attack the friars and the chiefs of the Guardia Civil,
+both of which the author well knew to be the sustainment and guarantee
+of peace and order in the Archipelago and consequently the strongest
+support of the Spanish sovereignty in the Philippines, a sovereignty
+he wished to overthrow. To a reader whose library consists of a half
+a dozen books of insignificant literary value, the noli of Rizal is a
+masterpiece; but to the reader who has seen a book with a cover, who
+has had some experience of that portion of the world which lies outside
+the limits of the town of his birth, and who is gifted with more or
+less ability to think for himself, and sift the wheat from the straw
+in a literary composition, noli me tangere is but a half-tone picture
+cut from a newspaper and colored with water-colors by a ... school-boy.
+
+Towards the end of 1887, Rizal returned to the Archipelago, remaining
+about two months, during the which he made active propaganda of the
+ideas and fancies he had picked up in Europe: ideas which he himself
+could not really understand.
+
+In February 1888 he left Manila for Japan, from whence he returned
+to Europe, living for a while in Paris and later on in London.
+
+In 1892 Rizal, relying upon the generous character of D. Eulogio
+Despujols, the then Governor General of the Archipelago, decided
+to return to Manila. From Hong-Kong where he was then residing, he
+wrote to the governor, asking permission to return to his home; the
+Governor replied by means of the Spanish Consul at Hong-Kong, that
+he had no reason to prohibit him from returning, and that he could
+do so when it so pleased him, providing he came with no intention to
+disturb the peace then reigning in the Islands.
+
+This Rizal lost no time in doing; he arrived together with his
+sister. The baggage of both was carefully examined and in one of the
+trunks was discovered a bundle of leaflets in the form of anti-friar
+proclamations which indicated the bad faith of a traitor. These were
+handed over to Despujols unknown to Rizal. The Governor preserved
+them in his desk for future reference. In an interview with the
+Governor, Rizal begged pardon for his father who was under sentence
+of deportation for certain events which had taken place in Calamba;
+this was granted him without reserve.
+
+Our hero soon forgot the aims he professed to the Governor; instead
+of thinking about his folks and making his arrangements for the
+colonizing scheme he professed to have worked out in Borneo, he set
+to work to stir up disrespect towards the authorities, and the spirit
+of political unrest. He together with Doroteo Cortés and José Basa
+were the objects of careful vigilance on the part of the secret police.
+
+After a few days a prolonged conference took place between the Governor
+General and Rizal. During this conference the latter made patent his
+political feelings, at the same time making protestations of respect
+for Spain. His political programme however was not in keeping with
+his protestations of patriotism, and this fact so angered Despujols,
+who now saw that Rizal's idea was to fool him, that he took from his
+drawer the proclamations discovered in the agitator's baggage and
+thrusting them under the nose of the traitor, said:
+
+--And these proclamations; what are they, what do they mean?
+
+Rizal taken by surprise and confounded, cowardly declared that they
+were the property of his sister, a declaration which only enraged
+the General the more, and he ordered his detention in Fort Santiago;
+on the following day he decreed his deportation to Dapitan.
+
+Whilst in exile his opinion and advice were sought concerning the
+advisability of immediate armed rebellion. But he, crafty, more or
+less far seeing and, above all, jealous of Bonifacio's increasing
+ascendancy over the people, refused to countenance the idea. Granting
+the unselfish desire he professed of seeking merely the independence
+of his country, Rizal's jealousy was justified. Bonifacio's one
+great idea was the presidency; Rizal's: the honor and glory of having
+prepared the way for, and eventually, by his labors accomplishing his
+country's deliverance from what he was pleased to call the oppression
+of the Spanish Government. Had such oppression existed, Rizal's idea
+would have been worthy of classifying as noble. George Washington well
+deserved the name of the "Father of his Country," for he, laying aside
+all selfish aims and desires, led a handful of men against a horde of
+mercenaries sent by a cruel monarch who oppressed his people, not only
+in the colonies but in the mother-country also. Washington was a man
+who deserved and received the respect of those against whom he fought,
+for he fought for a principle. Such an honor never has, and never
+can be received by Rizal from his own countrymen. The campaign Rizal
+fought was inspired by and worked out in the freemason lodges which
+used our "hero" as a willing tool. Rizal was a Filipino Garibaldi,
+never a Filipino Washington, and hence the honors paid to his memory
+as a "patriot" must emanate from the lodge rooms which made him what
+he was, and not from the people of his country.
+
+In Dapitan the Filipino agitator was not inactive. On one occasion
+he directed a letter (which never reached its destination on account
+of its having fallen into the hands of Spanish authorities) to the
+Capitan Municipal of the province of Batangas, giving him information
+of the work of filibusterism which was at that time being carried on.
+
+Rizal, tiring of his position in Dapitan, eventually asked permission
+of the Governor General, Gen. Blanco, to be sent to Cuba as physician
+to the Spanish forces there. Blanco agreed to the proposition and
+ordered his return to Manila in preparation for the voyage to Spain,
+where he was to be sent and placed at the disposition of the Minister
+of War.
+
+From Spain came word, however, that the petition could not be accepted;
+and for a very good reason. Rizal's idea of becoming an army surgeon,
+was a manifest pretence, his real aim was to aid the separatist
+movement there, if he ever got there, but primarily to make his
+escape at an intermediate port, Singapore probably, if opportunity
+occurred. Moreover, it having come to the ears of the authorities that
+certain people of Pampanga and Bulacan were preparing a reception for
+the agitator, the Governor ordered that he should not be allowed to
+leave Dapitan, and that should he have left there, he should not be
+allowed to land in Manila on his arrival, but be transferred to another
+ship which should carry him back to Mindanao. It happened that he had
+left Dapitan on board the S. S. España, and in due time he arrived
+at Manila. At 11 a. m. on the 6th of August the ship on which he came
+anchored in the bay and everyone landed except Rizal. A lieutenant of
+the Veterana went aboard and took possession of the person of Rizal,
+holding him as a prisoner till 7:30 p. m., at which time, through an
+error in the delivery of an order, he was allowed to disembark. This he
+did in company with his sister Narcisa, and they made their way to the
+office of the Captain of the Port and later on to the Comandancia of
+the Veterana. His sister not having been under sentence of deportation,
+was allowed to go to the home of her relatives.
+
+During the evening of the same day Gen. Blanco gave a reception
+at Malacañang at which were present the Archbishop of Manila, the
+Illust. Sr. Bernardino Nozaleda; Sr. Echaluce; Sr. Fernandez Victorio,
+President of Audiencia; Sr. Bores Romero, the Civil Director and
+others. During the reception Gen. Blanco received a telegram from the
+Governor of the province of Batangas stating that in the pueblo of
+Taal, in the house of the brother of the filibuster Felipe Agoncillo,
+had been discovered a quantity of arms and ammunition, among other
+things being 10 revolvers, 10 winchesters, 10 other guns, a case of
+explosive bullets, a quantity of dynamite, a Japanese flag, another
+composed of red and blue with a representation of the sun in the
+center surrounded by seven stars--the flag of the future Filipino
+republic. Blanco realizing the importance of the news, formed a
+committee from among those present, choosing those who were members
+of the Junta of Authorities, to take steps in the matter. Orders were
+immediately given that Rizal should be placed on board the cruiser
+Castilla which was stationed at Cavite; this was carried out, the
+start from Manila being made at 11 p. m. the same night. This action
+was considered necessary, in as much as the news of the landing of
+Rizal spread fast and caused no little stir among his followers.
+
+Whilst Rizal was on board the cruiser Castilla which was awaiting
+orders, the Katipunan revolt broke out in Manila and the suburbs. Very
+soon afterwards his voyage Spainwards was commenced on board the
+S. S. Colon, the insurrection becoming more and more wide-spread
+daily. On finding to what an extent Rizal was complicated in the
+work of the revolution, his return to the Archipelago, as a prisoner,
+was demanded, and so our "hero" returned to be judged as were so many
+of his fellow agitators, for the crimes for which he was morally and
+physically responsible.
+
+A council of war was constituted under the presidency of
+Lieut. Col. Tabares, Capt. Tavil de Andrade taking charge of the
+defense of the prisoner. The accusation preferred against him was that
+he was the chief organizer of the revolution. The trial took place in
+the hall of the Cuartel de España in the presence of a large audience
+among whom were his sister and the woman with whom he had been living
+in Dapitan. The charge having been read out, several declarations were
+made by Rizal, some before his voyage to Spain and others since his
+return were also read. During his trial Rizal denied the knowledge
+of several persons who were his intimate friends and co-workers;
+among them Maximo Inocencio and Mariano Linjap, and others with whom
+he had been in almost continual communication. He denied knowledge
+of the "Liga Filipina" stating that not only did he not found it,
+but that he was not aware of its existence. He affirmed ignorance of
+who Valenzuela was, and almost immediately afterwards stated that he
+had held an interview with him in Dapitan when that individual had
+been sent there by Bonifacio to consult him on the subject of armed
+rebellion. Throughout the whole trial he pursued the same tactics,
+proving that, of himself, he was but an ordinary Filipino indian who,
+when left to himself to stand on his own merits, gave no signs of
+particular judgement or power of thought. The Filipino on trial,
+even for some significant affair, cannot tell a lie to advantage:
+Rizal was no exception even in this. The trial being ended he was
+condemned to execution.
+
+Previous to meeting his death he confessed and received the Holy
+Communion from the hands of the Jesuit Fathers having after long
+consideration, made the following retraction of his errors:
+
+
+    "I declare myself Catholic and in this religion in which I was born
+    and educated I wish to live and die. I retract with all my heart
+    all my words, writings and actions that have been contrary to my
+    condition as a son of the Catholic Church. I believe and profess
+    whatever She teaches and I submit to whatever She demands. I
+    abominate masonry as an enemy of the Church and as a society
+    condemned by the Church.
+
+    "The diocesan prelate, as superior ecclesiastical authority, may
+    make public this spontaneous manifestation, to make reparation
+    for the scandals which may have been caused by my works, and that
+    God and my fellow-men may pardon me."
+
+    "Manila 29th December 1896.--José Rizal.--Witnesses: Juan del
+    Fresno, Chief of Picket.--Eloy Maure, Adjutant."
+
+
+He also entered the holy bonds of matrimony with the young woman
+with whom he had been living for some time in Mindanao. On the way
+to the place of his execution he remarked to one of the Fathers who
+accompanied him. Father, it is my pride that has brought me here."
+
+Of the political error committed by the Spanish Authorities in
+the execution of Rizal, I do not hold myself up as a judge. All
+governments, like human beings, commit mistakes and at times grave
+ones. The Spanish authorities, feeling themselves justified in so
+doing, ordered the execution of the prisoner who was responsible
+for one of the most bloody revolts since the time of the French
+revolution: the pattern taken by the Filipino leaders, for the means
+of the foundation of the Filipino republic. Rizal was executed on the
+Luneta. To assert that he was offered up as a victim to gratify the
+wishes of the Religious Orders is but a crude and vicious argument
+worthy of its inventors and propagators. Nothing, absolutely nothing,
+can be brought forward to prove such an assertion, but on the contrary,
+those members of the Religious Orders who concerned themselves in
+the stirring affairs of the revolution were, as a very general rule,
+opposed to harsh and extreme measures being taken; and among these
+was the Illustrious Archbishop of Manila, Sr. Nozaleda, a noble,
+tenderhearted and compassionate prelate, a prelate who has been dubbed
+by Foreman as "the blood-thirsty Archbishop". Had the friars held the
+reins of government as they are stated to have done, history would not
+have to record the names of so many, many people who were executed:
+people who were scarcely to be held as guilty, in as much as they
+were but sheep who thoughtlessly followed their shepherds without
+even looking to see where the road they trod would lead them.
+
+In politics Rizal had his party composed of a number of insignificant
+petty-lawyers, petty-doctors and others possessing academic titles and
+a semi-formed cerebral power. These were backed by a mass of the people
+of Calamba, Rizal's birthplace. In their eyes he was a "Messiah", a
+"Mahdi", their prophet and redeemer. As an individual he was bright
+and intelligent, and had he not been led astray by those who made a
+"cat's paw" of him, and who cruelly deserted him in his hour of need,
+he would doubtless have been one of the foremost Filipinos of to-day
+in that sphere of life in which God had placed him.
+
+A Spanish proverb says: "In blind man's land the one eyed man is a
+king." Rizal was a king.
+
+
+
+Note 9. Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaytan was a native of
+Bulacan. He was, by profession, a lawyer, and had been enabled to
+complete his studies in that direction through the good offices of the
+Augustinian Fathers of Manila, who had given him the money necessary
+to matriculate and to pay the cost of his title of "abogado." [23]
+
+Pilar left Manila for the peninsula about the end of '88 for fear of
+deportation: a punishment at that time staring him in the face. He
+was one of the earliest workers on the "La Solidaridad", the official
+organ of Filipino freemasonry in all its sections. He later on became
+its director.
+
+Pilar was another of the many malays whose ways were beyond human
+comprehension. Spaniards who have lived a life-time among the indians
+and studied them carefully from all points of view agree that the
+deeper one studies the native character the more incomprehensible it
+becomes. That is, the study of the average filipino: Pilar was one of
+the average. He was not gifted with the education enjoyed by Rizal,
+nor was he such a stupid visionary as Pedro Paterno; he possessed
+touches of the character of both.
+
+Like so many of those Filipinos who fed at the hands of the Religious
+Orders, he eventually turned to bite the hand that fed him. As in the
+case of the others who had done the like, he did so, not because he had
+cause to, but because he fell, as did they, under the evil influence
+of those who utilized them to work out their schemes of treachery.
+
+Pilar was sent to Spain as a delegate of the Committee of
+propaganda. Owing to this position of chief of the delegation in
+Madrid, and by reason of his intimate friendship with Morayta,
+he occupied a position from which neither Rizal nor even the whole
+of the progressive indians combined, could drive him. He held, for
+some time, high office in the Gr. Or. Esp. as will be seen from the
+following clipping taken from page 107 of the Annual of that Orient
+for the year 1894-95.
+
+
+                        "GRAN CONS. DE LA ORDEN
+                               1894-1895
+                    Muy Ven. Gran Maestre Presidente
+               Ven. H. Miguel Morayta y Sagrario, Gr. 33
+                  ...................................
+                        Ven. Gran Orador Adjunto
+              V. Marcelo H. del Pilar Gr. 33" (h. Kupang)
+
+
+It was Pilar who conceived the plan of the Katipunan; and yet after
+all it was not his conception, for the scheme he formed was at the
+best, a piece of patch work made up of the plans worked out in the
+various revolutions which had taken place in some part of the world.
+
+What Pilar's ambition was, it is hard to say; from his actions and
+writings one is almost driven to the supposition that he had none
+in particular, but was led to the separatist labors he performed by
+force of compromise.
+
+When the time was ripe for action Pilar determined to leave Madrid and
+make his way to Japan. He commenced the journey arriving at Barcelona,
+from whence he was to make his way east. There, however, he was taken
+suddenly ill, and died on the 4th of June 1896, in the Hospital of
+that city.
+
+In many things Pilar was superior to Rizal. Unlike that agitator, Pilar
+was not a sneaking, skulking petty-politician; he was straight-forward
+and had the courage of his opinions. What Pilar would have done if
+placed in the same circumstances as Rizal it is hard to say, but we
+may be assured that he would not have acted the coward as did Rizal.
+
+
+
+Note 10. Antonio and Juan Luna were two of four brothers. The former
+was a bacteriologist, the latter an artist who at one time, whilst
+he followed the instruction, and remained under the guidance of
+his master, showed no little talent. Antonio went to Spain in '88,
+and later on passed to Paris where he lived with his brother Juan
+who supported him. There he devoted himself to the study which made
+him famous; this he did in the laboratory of Dr. Roux. He became an
+assistant editor of the Solidaridad, the official organ of filipino
+freemasonry, and wrote many vicious articles in its columns over the
+pseudonym of Taga-Ilog. As a member of the freemason fraternity he
+was known as Gay Lussac.
+
+On his return to Manila he established, for a livelihood, a school
+of fencing, and like the vain, insensate "magpie in borrowed plumes"
+that he was, he once sent his seconds to a Spanish officer, inviting
+him to a duel!
+
+During the second half of the rebellion of '96, Aguinaldo offered
+Antonio the position of director of the War Department with the
+grade of General of Brigade. This honor, however, he declined. The
+Independencia speaking on this incident, says:--
+
+"The military knowledge of Sr. Luna, acquired during his captivity
+(sic) in the prisons of the peninsula (Spain), is to be found condensed
+in two small works, one concerning the organization of the army, having
+as its base the idea of obligatory service in which he demonstrates
+that Luzon might put on a war footing 250,000 to 400,000 men, and
+the whole archipelago as many as from 800,000 to 900,000. The other
+work is a practical course in field fortifications as adopted by the
+French and German armies." [24]
+
+Juan, from childhood, was of an artistic turn of mind and found among
+his many protectors those who sent him to Spain to study art. In
+Spain he met with Sr. Alejo Vera, a noteworthy artist, under whom
+he studied, receiving an exceptional education both in art and in
+morals, Sr. Vera being a Christian gentleman. Later on he went to
+Rome, and there formed part of the Spanish artistic colony. After some
+two or three years of study there he sent to Spain his first painting
+[25]. Being an artistic production of a Filipino indian it was received
+with open hands and given a reception greater than it really deserved,
+as a result of the influence of Luna's friends. From Rome he went
+to Paris. It was in that city that he committed the fiendish double
+murder which so startled and shocked his friends and acquaintances,
+his victims being his wife and his mother-in-law, sister and mother
+of a prominent political aspirant of modern Manila. The result of
+the trial was that the courts of Justice of Paris absolved him. He
+then returned to Madrid, and soon after, to Manila.
+
+What Spain did for the Filipino brought forth fruit in only a few of
+the people who fell under her beneficent christian influence. The Lunas
+were among the few. They, like so many other ungrateful children,
+repaid their benefactors by becoming leaders of the insensate and
+inexcusable revolt against them: a revolt, the first act of which was
+to be the brutal murder of all Spaniards irrespective of parentage or
+other claims of consideration. Both the brothers suffered arrest by
+the Spanish authorities for rebellion and sedition, but in spite of
+the degree to which they were complicated, they remained practically
+free from punishment, and ever at the right hand of the imbecile
+General Blanco, himself a freemason, and friend of the enemies of
+his country. Eventually the two brothers left the ante-chamber of
+the Governor to enter the security of the military prison.
+
+Both brothers eventually retracted their errors only to fall into
+them again as soon as the lying protests of repentance had fallen
+from their lips.
+
+Juan died in Hong-Kong; Antonio, after a career of militarism succumbed
+to the same unprincipled ambition which carried Andrés Bonifacio to
+an untimely grave.
+
+
+
+Note 11. Doroteo Cortés was banished by Governor Despujol in the year
+1893, to the province of La Union where he founded in San Fernando,
+the Capital, aided by Arturo Dancel, the lodge "Rousseau" and two
+others in the pueblos of San Juan and Agoó. He was a lawyer and became
+the president of the committee of Propaganda which was formed with
+the idea of gathering pecuniary resources for covering the expense
+of the distribution of all classes of pamphlets and anti-Religious
+proclamations. He was at one time the president of the Superior Supreme
+Council of the Katipunan [26], and received the funds collected for
+the payment of the expenses of the political commission sent to Japan
+to seek the aid and protection of that power. Cortés was a co-worker
+with Andrés Bonifacio and whilst the former devoted his efforts to the
+enlistment of people for the general rising throughout the country,
+the latter continued his negotiations with Japan to the end of forcing
+some international struggle between Spain and that Power [27]. By
+order of the Superior Council Cortés went to Japan to join Ramos and
+aid in the purchase of arms. Shortly after his arrival he communicated
+by letter with Ambrosio Bautista informing him that he had seen and
+spoken on the subject with the Japanese ministers of State and of
+Foreign Affairs [28], and that the said ministers "demanded guarantees"
+of the probable success of the undertaking before entering into the
+scheme. According to a statement of Isabelo de los Reyes, Cortés was
+"the first person of means and position who came to the decision of
+attacking, in the Philippines, the Religious Corporations. He was the
+soul of the manifestation of '88." (See appendix B.) At the time of
+the American occupation of the Archipelago the Cortés family showed
+themselves friendly to the new sovereignty and aided in many ways
+the establishment of good feeling between the two peoples.
+
+
+
+Note 12. Pedro Serrano, symbolic name Panday-Pira, was a 24th degree
+mason. He was a school-master of the municipal school of Quiapo. After
+having done considerable work of propaganda in masonry he abjured
+it. He was the cause of the entry into the lodges of hundreds of indian
+and half-caste clerks, laborers, employees, petty merchants and others
+of all classes and employments. He was accused by his fellow masons of
+exploiting the society [29] and of treason, of frequenting the Palace
+of the Archbishop and the College of San Juan de Letran, and of many
+things unbecoming a mason. In a document dated the 31st of March 1894,
+dispatched by the G. Cons. Reg. of Filipino masonry to the lodge
+Modestia, Serrano was denounced, and all masons were urged to flee
+from him. In the said document, a translation of which will be found
+in Appendix C, is poured forth the complaint of the president of the
+Gr. Cons. (h. Muza) of a leakage somewhere in the treasury in which
+were stored up the secrets of the treasonable labors being carried
+out in the Filipino lodges. By way of specific charges the president
+denounces Panday-Pira because he had the courage to give vent to his
+opinions concerning the doings of the Filipino lodges, to a foreign
+mason; because he was known to have, for some reason or other, visited
+the Archbishop's palace and Dominican College; that he had demanded
+the possession of certain documents, threatening the possessors if
+they did not give them up, etc. etc. On this account he was denounced
+as a traitor and dubbed "reptile", the pot calling the kettle black.
+
+
+
+Note 13. Morayta, the famous Don Miguel, the "papa" of the rebellious
+Filipinos! It is an almost world-wide belief that the number 13 is
+an unlucky number. If this be so, then Miguel Morayta well deserves
+his name, for in it there are thirteen letters; the first letter of
+each word commences with the thirteenth letter of the alphabet and
+it happens also that this miserable individual falls to note 13. I
+will therefore complete the coincidence by saying all I have to say
+of this person in thirteen lines.
+
+Morayta was at one time Gr. Master of the Gr. Or. de España, but was
+later on expelled therefrom, according to a masonic publication. In
+1888 he founded the Gr. Or. Español, the mother of the Katipunan. In
+1890 he took over the proprietorship of La Solidaridad then published
+by Marcelo del Pilar for separatist ends. Morayta was the idol of
+the Filipino students who sought education in the Peninsula. Using
+him as a means towards an end they aimed at, they banquetted him and
+thus assiduously attacking his stomach they finally captured him.
+
+
+
+Note 14. Tagalog: The Tagalogs are a branch of the Malay family
+which, in former times, dominated from Madagascar to the ends of the
+Pacific. They form part of what we might call the Malay-Chinee race,
+i. e. the cross between the female on the Malay side and the Chinee
+on the side of the male. This cross has been taking place from time
+immemorial, commencing long before the islands were discovered by
+the Spanish explorers. The present Tagalog indian enjoys more of the
+characteristics of the Chinee than of the Malay on account of the
+potency of the Chinee blood over the Malay.
+
+Going back to ancient times the probability is that the original
+Malay first became modified by its crossing with the inhabitants
+proper of the archipelago--the Negritos--marks of which mixture are
+still discernible in many of the Tagalogs.
+
+A second modification came through the mixture between the
+Malay-Negrito and the Indonesian, traces of which are seen in
+the light color of the skin in a portion, although small, of the
+Tagalogs. Another modification, the most marked, originated from the
+crossing of the Malay-Negrito-Indonesian with the Chinee, the Chinee
+being marked by the increase in stature, the elevation of the skull
+and other minor marks.
+
+During the last three centuries this hybrid Tagalog has undergone
+another small and gradual change by reason of a limited crossing with
+Spanish blood. This latter mixture however is insignificant in extent
+but always produces a superior type. As a people the Tagalogs number
+about one and a half millions, and inhabit the regions around about
+Manila. The traits of character of the four principal trunks from
+which the Tagalog of to-day is derived are, although still present in
+a greater or lesser degree, considerably modified by climatological
+and historical circumstances.
+
+At the coming of the Spaniards the Tagalogs, like the remaining native
+peoples of the archipelago, were met with in the depths of the savage
+ages, and were to a certain extent, of cannibalistic tendencies.
+
+The average Tagalog is not wanting in courage, a fact he has often
+displayed, but this courage is never seen to advantage except when the
+indian is under the leadership of a person of exceptional valor or a
+strict disciplinarian. Like most peoples derived from the Malay stock,
+the Tagalog indian is subject to strange fits of mental aberration,
+the fits taking different forms, generally innocent ones, the worst
+being a homicide under the influence of a "hot head". At least that
+is what might have been said of him 8 or 10 years ago, previous to
+the time in which he became fanaticised by freemasonry. He is not
+even yet apt to run amok as is usual among the Malays and this is
+undoubtedly due to the civilizing religious influence which has been
+brought to bear upon him during the three centuries of Spanish rule
+in the Archipelago. It is a noteworthy fact that in the same degree
+as the influence of religion, of the Religious Orders if you will,
+became lesser, in exactly equal degree did crime increase. Explain
+this as you will the fact remains that during the four years or
+so that the indian has been under the care and protection of a
+government indifferent to all religion, crime has increased a hundred
+fold, perhaps arithmetically so also, and crimes unheard of in days
+gone by, have become so common as scarcely to merit mention in the
+columns of Manila's yellow journalism. What the Tagalog indian is
+equal to when free from the restraint of the Catholic religion,
+has been seen from the fearful crimes and barbarities committed
+against Spaniards and against Americans during the insurrection. The
+brutalities committed upon the unfortunate prisoners who fell into
+their hands were unheard of even among the savage Arab hordes of the
+Soudan, nor have the records of the ferocity of the Chinese boxers
+yet told us of things equal to the fearful events which took place in
+the province of Cavite and elsewhere. And for all this the Tagalog
+indian is responsible: the Tagalog for whom Pedro Paterno claims a
+pre-Spanish civilization on the plan of the Aztec and ancient Peruvian
+indians. Like all oriental peoples the Tagalog is superstitious and
+loves demonstration, symbolism and things grotesque. About the only
+thing left to him of his ancient civilization as Paterno calls it,
+barbarism we generally say, is his mythology. In it everything is
+more or less connected with spirits. Their faith in what they call
+their anting anting [30] is unbreakable. Rizal was supposed to be
+under the protection of the anting-anting but the leaden missiles
+which took away his life carried away the anting-anting also: and yet
+there are thousands upon thousands of indians, some of them men of
+enlightenment, who still cling to the belief that Rizal still lives,
+thanks to the influence of his protecting amulet. Nor did anting anting
+avail Aguinaldo who now probably believes far more in the protection of
+his American prison than in that offered by his anting anting charms.
+
+Their mythology has, like their ancient character, been greatly
+modified in the vast majority, by the influence of the civilization
+implanted by Spain. This is one point in which Spain has differed from
+most nations in methods of civilization and colonization. However
+we may judge her in respect to her colonial administration in the
+Philippines, we cannot deny that she has been distinguished from other
+nations by her aim of preserving the native races of the archipelago,
+the destruction consequent upon the radical change undergone in
+everything, being limited to the savage customs and immoralities in
+which the native peoples were found submerged.
+
+The masonic lodges spoken of in the text which were asked of Morayta,
+were established, although they were not exclusively Tagalog in
+their membership. As a result of the petition of the Filipino colony
+mentioned in the same text, the theories and practices of Masonry
+were carried to the Tagalogs but instead of the needy brethren being
+aided by the wealthy ones, they were subjected to a contribution
+in exchange for which they received a gaudy regalia; in other words
+they were bought over with strings of beads and with tinsel truck as
+were the indians discovered by Capt. Cook in the South Sea Islands,
+with the exception that Capt. Cook and those who followed him carried
+civilization to the natives, whilst the founders of the Katipunan
+carried to the Tagalogs and the other indians of the archipelago
+misery and demoralization.
+
+
+
+Note 15. Faustino Villaruel Gomara was a Spanish half-caste, a native
+of Pandaran, living in Binondo. He was the founder of the lodge "La
+Patria" of which he was also the Ven. Gr. Master with grade 18. He
+also founded a lodge of female freemasons, for the foundation of
+which he committed the nefarious crime of prostituting his daughter,
+handing her over, in the period of her innocence and candor, to the
+ridiculous workings and practices of freemasonry. Rosario Villaruel
+(Minerva), thus sacrificed by her father, was initiated in Hong-Kong
+and made venerable of the first lodge of female masons in Manila,
+drawing in after her a large number of her half-caste friends, young
+folk of bare instruction. This lodge was known as "La Semilla". Its
+composition was: Sisters: Carlota Zamora, of Calle Crespo; María
+Teresa Bordas, of Tabaco, province of Albay; Fabiana Robledo,
+wife of Sixto Celis; Lorenza Nepomuceno, of Calle San José, Trozo;
+Angelica Lopez, Calle Jolo; Narcisa Rizal; María Dizon, Calle Trozo,
+and other fanatic females.
+
+Villaruel was the Gr. Oriente of filipino masonry, a deluded fanatic,
+a man of but scarce intellectual endowments, an instrument of those
+who knew more and were shrewder than he. By laying hands upon him
+the Spanish Authorities laid hands also upon a large number of
+incriminating documents which were the means of connecting many
+prominent business men of Manila with the bloody programme of the
+Katipunan. Among these was Francisco L. Roxas.
+
+Besides these documents were a large number of loose papers written
+in Tagalog, in which were discovered many threatening phrases and the
+expression of hopes in the success of an event to take place in the
+near future. Masks and other masonic implements, including a heavily
+made and sharply pointed dagger were also discovered.
+
+Previous to suffering the penalty of his treason he made and signed
+a public abjuration, for the copy of which see Appendix E.
+
+
+
+Note 16. Andrés Bonifacio was the soul of the Katipunan movement;
+he was the President of the "Council of Ministers of the Supreme
+Popular Council." His social condition was of a low grade, that grade
+from which many of the most fanatical pseudo-reformers have come;
+he was a warehouseman, a porter. In this capacity he was employed
+in the establishment of Messrs Fressel and Co., and was one of the
+humblest of the employees.
+
+Bonifacio was, however, very vain and quixotic. He was, too, a man
+of sanguinary character, and held the people over whom he attained
+ascendancy, in awe. His ambition was the cause of his ignominious
+downfall and brutal murder at the hands of another self-asserted
+dictator of the filipino Commune. Like most of his kind, he was
+a great reader, and by those who knew him best he was likened to
+Don Quixote, for like that worthy he passed many a night burning
+away oil and candles, and sacrificing needed sleep in reading,
+until his brain was turned and his whole mind given up to ideas of
+revolutions. His favorite study was the French Revolution, from the
+which he learned many lessons which he utilized in his projects, the
+principal of which was the formation of a government after the style
+of the French Commune. He was astute and comparatively intelligent,
+and spoke the Tagalog dialect well. For the carrying out of his plans
+he had agents in every nook and corner. No place where information
+might be gathered or the work of propaganda done, was over-looked. The
+offices of the Civil Government had their quota of his spies, as also
+did the Intendencia, the Maestraza de Artilleria and the other large
+centers. Nor were the Convents and Colleges overlooked, nor even the
+big business Corporations.
+
+Bonifacio enjoyed an envied ascendancy over the lower classes and
+the ignorant. Like others of similar tendencies, Bonifacio knew how
+to exploit the "membership". He was at one time treasurer of the
+Katipunan, and upon one occasion after the examination of the books
+by the president of the society Andrés was denounced as an exploiter,
+the accounts being found in a very bad condition. A series of mutual
+squabbles and insults passed between the president Roman Basa, and
+Bonifacio, the whole affair ending up in a re-election of officers,
+Bonifacio being chosen as president. This occurred towards the end
+of the year 1893.
+
+The vanity of Bonifacio was comparable only to that of Aguinaldo. Among
+the number of chief workers of the Katipunan was a certain Valenzuela,
+a doctor who had, according to his own confession, been forced into
+the membership by Bonifacio, on the strength of a "love" affair; he
+was given the choice of membership or death. He chose the former but
+later on resigned. Whilst a member he enjoyed a salary of 30 pesos a
+month as medical officer, but only with difficulty could he collect
+his pay. He claimed to have been exploited by Bonifacio who, whilst
+merely a porter, could thus have at his command the free services of
+a real doctor, spurning the services of the petty physicians which
+abound in Manila. Nor was this all. His own (Bonifacio's) house
+having been burned down, he went, on the strength of this same "love"
+affair, to live in the house of the said doctor (see foot-note p. 48),
+taking with him his paramour, the doctor paying the greater part of
+the expenses thus incurred.
+
+At the time of the organization of the popular Supreme Councils,
+Bonifacio was chosen president of the Council of Trozo; but in
+consequence of internal troubles occasioned by his rebelliousness,
+the Supreme Council decided to dissolve the local Council. Bonifacio,
+true to his colors, disregarded this order and continued working on his
+own account, taking upon himself the faculties of the Supreme Council.
+
+He preserved in a case which was found in the warehouse of Messrs
+Fressel and Co., the organization of the "Filipino Republic" which
+was to be, as well as a number of regulations, codes, decrees of
+nominations, etc., all drawn up in Tagalog (see foot-note p. 49.)
+
+Upon the discovery, on the 19th of August 1896, by the Augustinian
+Padre fray Mariano Gil, parish priest of Tondo, of the plot of the
+Katipuneros, Bonifacio and his immediate assistants fled from Manila to
+Caloocan. From that point he sent orders to the provinces of Manila,
+Cavite and Nueva Ecija that a general rising should take place on the
+30th of that month. These orders were given out of revenge for the
+failure of the blood-thirsty plot whereby every Spaniard, man, woman
+or child should share in the sufferings which his diseased brain had
+concocted for those who should fall into his hands. Bonifacio issued
+special orders concerning the Governor General, his plan being that he
+and the other Spanish authorities of any importance should be taken
+prisoners, but not killed, it being intended to hold their persons
+as security for the granting of their demands. He called together
+the members of the Junta Superior and nominated a general-in-chief,
+a general of division and other officials. These however refused to
+step into the places he had prepared for them and Bonifacio angered
+thereat threatened to have the head removed from the shoulders of
+anyone who dared to disobey him. The general-in-chief Teodoro Plata,
+a cousin of Bonifacio, fled during the night following his nomination,
+whereupon Bonifacio issued orders for his capture, commanding his
+death wherever he should be found.
+
+Sometime previous to this, about the month of May, Bonifacio sent
+Pio Valenzuela to Dapitan to hold a conference with Rizal concerning
+the convenience of immediate rebellion against Spain. Rizal would not
+consent to the projected revolt but opposed the idea most strenuously,
+being thrown into such a bad humor by the information he received
+of Bonifacio, that Valenzuela, who had gone to Dapitan intending to
+spend a month there, determined to return on the following day. On
+his return to Manila he recounted to Bonifacio the result of his
+mission. Bonifacio who knew Rizal's influence over the people to
+be greater than his own, had been living in hopes of receiving
+Rizal's consent which would be the surrendering to him of the whole
+responsibility and glory of the bloody enterprise. Bonifacio aspired to
+the absolute, like all the so-called leaders of the revolt; so when he
+realized the stand taken by Rizal, who was willing to wait patiently
+till the poison with which he had inoculated the people should work
+of itself, he flew into a rage like a spoilt child, declaring Rizal
+to be a coward and imposing upon Valenzuela, his messenger, implicit
+silence on this subject, prohibiting him from manifesting to anyone
+what he considered to be the bad exit of the consultation.
+
+No methods were too underhand for Bonifacio; to gain his end he lied to
+the people over whom he held sway as only a Filipino can lie. On one
+occasion he affirmed that in Coregidor was a vessel loaded with arms
+and ammunition for the rebels, and by this means he animated them,
+a very necessary thing at that time, as they were but scantily armed
+with bolos and were no match against those they intended to assail.
+
+Taking him all in all, Bonifacio was a first class organizer for
+such an enterprise as that aimed at by the Katipunan, and upon his
+shoulders lies the weight of the greater part of the iniquities of
+the diabolical society. He ordered the outbreak and in a skillful
+manner pulled the strings which worked the figures which formed the
+performers in the marionette revolution. He had rivals in the field
+however, the most powerful being Aguinaldo, the would be president
+of the mushroom republic. After the encounter at San Juan del Monte
+in which the insurgents suffered the loss of 95 killed and 42 taken
+prisoners in the first instance, and shortly afterwards of 200 more,
+Bonifacio escaped, carrying with him the funds of the Katipunan,
+some 20,000 pfs. [31] He was supposed to be in hiding in the most
+inaccessible parts of the mountains of San Mateo, in as much as he had
+told Pio Valenzuela that in case the movement were unsuccessful he had
+determined to retire to that point to devote himself to highway robbery
+[32], to foot-padding, an idea gotten from some modern French novel
+probably. He worked his way eventually into Cavite, and, according to
+information gotten from Pedro Gonzalez, he fell into the disfavor of
+Aguinaldo who saw his own superiority in danger of being supplanted;
+the generalisimo therefore put a price upon his head [33]. A party was
+sent in search for the runaway and upon his capture he was subjected
+to most brutal treatment, and at last fell a victim to the unprincipled
+ambition of the Dictator.
+
+Had Bonifacio lived he would have made a splendid acquisition to
+the Partido Federal, he being a man who could, like many of the
+self-asserted leaders of to-day, plan and follow out any double-faced
+policy that might be needed under the circumstances.
+
+
+
+Note 17. This note not being ready at the time of the printing of the
+pages of this section, it has been reserved for note 101, which see.
+
+
+
+Note 18. Domingo Franco y Tuason was a native of Mambusao, Province
+of Capiz. He was the president of the first junta called by Rizal in
+1892 for the formation of the "Liga Filipina". Till that time he was
+like many others of the same class almost unknown.
+
+
+
+Note 19. The character of the native: this is a subject upon which
+one might write many volumes without conveying to the minds of his
+readers more than a faint idea of what that strange character is.
+
+More mysterious than the most profound mystery of Religion,
+his most striking trait of character being a decided tendency to
+retrogression, the Malay stands out among the numerous divisions of
+the human family as a man with a marked propensity to the mysterious,
+to the prodigious. He is accustomed to give a blind obedience to
+his superiors and more so to his own caciques, he is docile as a
+general rule, and shows but little resentment to abusive language,
+although he will sometimes carefully guard the remembrance of some
+insignificant insult or blow, and take a cruel revenge, a thousand
+times greater than the injury he received, after a period, at times,
+of years. Other peculiarities of the native are his delight in gambling
+and cockfighting, his aversion to manual labor, his infantile but
+excessive vanity, his lack of the power of thought in matters of
+moment, his well developed imagination, his instability from all points
+of view and his liability to complete and radical changes. The average
+indian is to-day virtuous, honest and grateful for favors received,
+tomorrow he is vicious, thieving and shows an ingratitude not to be
+found even in the brute creation. This very marked trait of character
+may be found in many of the Filipinos who have held and still hold
+some of the highest official positions in the islands.
+
+To sum up the Filipino indian in a few words: he is inexplicable. There
+have been those who have spent their lives in the study of the indian,
+but in spite of all that man can do to study man, the problem remains
+unsolved. Only those "globe trotters" who have studied the native
+from the muchacho who waited upon them at the hotel at which they
+stayed during their few days visit, and the cochero who had the honor
+of conducting such savants to and from the Luneta, have so far been
+able to demonstrate what is this character which has puzzled men of
+common sense and lifelong experience, for centuries.
+
+Being by nature credulous, ignorant and superstitious, the indian fell
+an easy victim to the mysteries of freemasonry, which served him as
+are introduction to the semi-savage methods of the "Liga Filipina"
+and the barbarous practices of the Katipunan, the pacto-de-sangre of
+which, carried him back to the savage times of his remote ancestors
+who were drawn from their mountain and forest lairs and domesticated
+by the Religious Orders.
+
+
+
+Notes 20, 21, 22. The initiations, proofs, oaths etc., of Universal
+freemasonry were utilized by the Filipino lodges to serve as a
+ceremonial, a very essential thing to the success of any association
+among orientals. Nothing suited the taste of the Filipino better than
+the awe inspiring solemnity of his initiation. These ceremonies however
+fell into abuse, and by the time they became utilized by the Katipunan
+they had reached the verge of the grossest superstition and absurdity.
+
+
+
+Note 23. The G. Cons. Reg. was installed in 1893. A masonic document
+bearing a seal "Gr. Consejo Regional de Filipinas. G. Secretaria",
+and purporting to be a copy of two paragraphs from a letter of the
+illustrious bro. Kupang (Marcelo H. del Pilar) dated from Madrid on
+the 17th December 1894, says: "D. Miguel (Morayta) has a very poor
+opinion of the Reg. (Regional Council).... He says that this Council
+continues working well for some few months, at the end of which all
+the enthusiasm of the founders vanishes and.... Oh, if we could only
+by our acts give the lie to this pessimism. Morayta was the founder
+of the Council.
+
+
+
+Note 24. La Solidaridad was the official organ of Filipino freemasonry
+in all its branches. Although it was published in the peninsula
+its circulation was intended for the Philippines. Its editors were
+the leaders of the disaffection against the metropolis and stout
+advocates, indirectly, of an impossible independence. The chief
+aim of the paper was to mortify everything Spanish, and to this
+end its columns were continually full of seditious articles aimed,
+not merely at individuals but at the State. Its diatribes against
+the Government of the Metropolis were of the bitterest nature, and
+therefore but little publicity was given to the sheet in Madrid,
+where it was printed. It enjoyed no exchange with the periodicals of
+importance of the city, had no street sales, nor was it exposed for
+sale publicly. The libraries did not carry it on their tables and it
+never reached the hands of the public authorities. In fact the people
+of the official element know nothing of its existence.
+
+In the office of this bi-monthly paper was established a freemason
+lodge bearing the same name as the paper; all the members of the
+Association Hispano-Filipina became members of the lodge. Being the
+organ of masonry as well as of separatism it was introduced into
+the Archipelago and secured a free circulation in all parts of the
+principal islands where its calumnies against the Religious Orders
+had the effect of producing a decided effect upon the maintenance of
+public order.
+
+The statement that the bi-monthly was founded by Pilar is erroneous;
+it was first published by Lopez Jaena in Barcelona where it enjoyed
+its enforced life till it reached its number 18, of October 1889,
+when it suddenly ceased publication on account of the seizure by the
+authorities of a number of incriminating documents and pamphlets. It
+recommenced publication in Madrid on the 15th of November of the
+same year. It was later on acquired by Pilar and Morayta. It was in
+reality a vent for the spleen of its writers against Spain and things
+Spanish; it was a precursor of the Independencia [34] the official
+organ of the Revolution against the U. S., and of the La Democracia
+its daughter, the official organ of the Federal Party, the dregs of
+the old revolutionary government of Malolos. [35]
+
+
+
+Note 25. One of the first propagators of Filipino masonry was
+Sr. Centeno, Civil Governor of Manila, a man of anything but happy
+memory for this country [36]. Centeno and Quiroga Ballesteros worked
+hard to undermine the beneficial influence of the Clergy, an influence
+which was the safe-guard of law and order. Their most famous piece of
+work was the manifestation of '88 against Archbishop Payo (See note
+2). In that manifestation was conceived the cry of sedition which
+was later on to ring throughout the archipelago and tear down the
+banner of the fatherland to replace it with the red flag of anarchy;
+a flag which well nigh brought the people of a would be independent
+country to the verge of political and moral destruction.
+
+
+
+Note 26. No sooner had Almighty God consummated the grand work of
+the creation, the culmination of which was the breathing into man
+of an immortal soul, than the devil, the father of evil, jealous of
+the attributes given by God to man, made his bold attempt to destroy
+God's immortal work. From that moment to this present the spirits
+of evil have carried on an unceasing warfare against what has been
+for the glory of God. The Monastic Orders ever since the days of
+their birth have had to contend against these powers of evil; and
+there is therefore little necessity for surprise that those who were
+employed in such work as were the unscrupulous persons who came to the
+archipelago to sow ruin in the consciences of the people and scandal
+in society, should carry on a bitter campaign against the Religious
+Orders to whom was owing every jot and tittle of the civilization and
+culture enjoyed by the Filipinos. The Monastic Orders have ever been
+the bulwark of Christianity, and as such have had to bear the brunt
+of the battle. Europe owes the solid foundation of its political,
+social and religious life to the Religious Orders, which, during
+the ages in which the Huns, Goths and other barbarians overran and
+devastated those lands, hoarded up in the nooks and corners of their
+monastic dwellings the seed which, when afterwards sown, was to become
+the stout tree of civilization which should spread its sheltering
+branches to the four corners of the earth. One of these branches
+drawing its fullness of life and vigor directly from the trunk,
+extended to these far off islands and, casting its shade over the
+embruted mankind here existing at that time, wrought a change over
+it no less marked than that wrought over the European peoples. From
+the day in which Father Urdaneta, that intrepid Augustinian, set
+foot upon Philippine soil, till the day upon which the hydra-headed
+Katipunan appeared in the land, the Monastic Orders have been the
+one great source of all that was really useful and beneficial to the
+inhabitants of the archipelago, although at times the moral interests
+of the people were not the commercial interests of the country.
+
+The "friar" so much slandered by those who wish to overthrow his
+beneficent influence, ever carried the banner of his country enlaced
+with the Cross of the Redeemer. He came to the Archipelago as a
+messenger of peace and order, and was the strongest supporter of the
+sovereignty of his nation. The "friar" was hated because he was the
+one who best knew and understood the indian, and from his intimate
+knowledge of his parishioners, could the more easily detect anything
+on their part which tended to the detriment of the integrity of the
+Spanish sovereignty.
+
+The campaign against the Religious Orders was the attack of the
+battering-rams against the city to be captured. By piercing the
+wall the entry into the city could be the easier made; and this the
+separatist element well knew, hence all their efforts were directed
+against the stout wall which defended from its assaults the treasure
+of the metropolis.
+
+For three hundred years the Philippines remained submitted to Spain
+exclusively by reason of the moral influence of the Clergy. Whilst
+the banner of Spain, floated over the Archipelago, the Religious
+formed the strongest guard for its protection; when it fell, strung
+by the ingratitude and treachery of those who had sworn to defend
+it to the last drop of their blood, and lay dishonored in the dust,
+it was the Religious who bowed his head in the deepest grief and who
+shed the bitterest tears. When the flag of the conquerer was hauled up
+to the height from which once gloriously floated the symbol of Spanish
+authority, the Religious, obedient to the commands of his superiors,
+withdrew to the solicitude of his convent, to await in patience,
+the passing of the storm. He looks out upon the clouded political
+horizon, as Noah looked out from the window of the ark upon the vast
+sea of waters which hid from his view the fearful destruction which
+had overcome the world, patiently awaiting the time when he should,
+at God's will, go forth to commence again the work of reconstruction.
+
+Often have I heard the opinion expressed that the Government's worst
+enemy is the "friar", that it is the "friar" who keeps alive the
+spirit of rebellion. Let those who think thus, ponder over one small
+thought: what has the friar to gain in sustaining a rebellion which
+has caused him more moral and material damage, than has been caused
+to any other entity in the Philippines? To those who are able and
+willing to utilize the power of thought with which God has endowed
+them, it is sufficiently clear that the Religious has nothing to gain
+by such tactics, but, on the contrary, all to lose.
+
+In Spanish times the native enemies of the Religious Orders were the
+enemies of Spain and in these days, the enemy of the friar is by no
+means a real friend, whatever he may claim to be, of the Government of
+of the U. S. The Spanish masons and the Filipino separatists found the
+friar to be the greatest obstacle to be encountered. "The friar," wrote
+Governor D. Francisco Borrero, to Sr. Canovas, in a memoir concerning
+the Archipelago, "knowing the language, spirit, and tendencies of the
+natives, is considered as the principal obstacle for the realization
+of the filibuster idea, and hence arises their aspiration (that of
+the enemies of Spain) that the Religious Orders should be eliminated,
+because such a step being taken, they believe they will have travelled
+half the journey...."
+
+The propaganda of Universal freemasonry, of Filipino freemasonry,
+of the Liga Filipina, of the Compromisarios, was aimed principally at
+the Religious Orders, but the results attained were but introductory
+to the real work of the Katipunan, which, finding itself cornered by
+the discovery of the plot it had concocted against the Government,
+showed its hand. Its aim was anti-Spanish and not merely anti-friar,
+as is sufficiently clear from the fact that in all the documents of
+the diabolical association it is death to all the Spaniards, and not
+to this or that class. Moreover in many cases the same Katipuneros
+saved their parish priests from a sure death whilst they dealt out
+anything but kind treatment to those of the Civil Guard (Filipinos)
+and the Spanish troops who fell into their hands. The friars who were
+murdered by the rebels were not murdered for being friars but because
+they were Spaniards. The documents captured, the result of the trials
+held in judgement of persons guilty of treason, show clearly that the
+revolution was for the purpose of gaining the independence of the
+country from Spain, and not merely to bring about the expulsion of
+the Religious Orders. Aguinaldo, the leader of the Katipunan hordes,
+desired to send the friars who fell prisoners into his hands, over
+to Hong-Kong, where they would be at liberty to return to their own
+country; but this merciful desire of his was overruled by his advisers,
+among whom were numbered Mabini his right hand man, Pardo de Tavera,
+Legarda and Buencamino, all three of them traitors to the cause of
+independence. To-day they stand in positions of honor, honor which
+they have done nothing to deserve, whilst Aguinaldo who was the tool
+of political schemers, their play-thing, is cast into disgrace and
+kept in the background, a scape-goat for the sins and shortcomings
+of men whose names disgrace the darkest pages of Philippine history.
+
+
+
+Note 27. Vast numbers of these documents were later on destroyed in
+the hope that certain affairs of an anti-patriotic nature might be
+hushed up, and many persons of a high official standing saved from
+scandal. Padre Mariano Gil, O. S. A., who made known to the public
+authorities the fearful plot of the Katipunan in time to prevent the
+brutal murder of hundreds of Spaniards, was granted certified copies
+of a large number (all the principal ones) of the documents and these
+have been since preserved with the greatest care, and remain to-day
+as a standing proof of the duplicity of many persons who live in
+ignorance of the fact of the existence of the said certified copies.
+
+
+
+Note 28. The element here spoken of was the Filipino colony (all of
+them separatists) and Morayta the "papa" of the said Filipinos of
+separatist tendencies.
+
+
+
+Note 29. This committee, although not exclusively masonic, was
+essentially revolutionary, and had for its duty the distribution of
+works of propaganda. Its delegate in Europe was Marcelo H. del Pilar.
+
+
+
+Note 30. See note 26. The campaign at this present carried on by some
+of the filipino and Spanish papers, and, in contradiction to the
+fundamental principles of Americanism, by the local American press
+also, is but a sequel to the work of this committee of propaganda. The
+calumnies which are literally crammed into the columns of Manila's
+English speaking daily and weekly press are but a poor reproduction of
+the vicious publications distributed throughout the archipelago since
+the year 1888. For fourteen years have these calumnies been published,
+but in spite of countless challenges, never have the statements
+brought forward been backed up with even the shadow of proof. When
+almighty God completed his creation by the making of man and woman,
+he led them to Eden, placing them under his law. Then it was that the
+devil beguiled them with lying words: "For God doth know that in that
+day that you shall eat thereof (of the forbidden fruit) your eyes shall
+be opened, and you shall be as Gods knowing good and evil." From that
+day to this, this same argument that the devil used to try to prove
+that God was withholding from the people what was to their benefit,
+is being to-day used by certain of the offspring of that evil spirit
+against the element of good, against the Religious Orders, the servants
+of God, claiming that they held from the people of this Archipelago
+that which was for their good and advancement. Adam and Eve found
+to their bitter cost that the devil lied: those who are to-day being
+misled by anti-friar calumny will make the same discovery in due time.
+
+
+
+Note 31. This statement is erroneous. The opinion of the author was
+formed from statements made by those charged with treason. Many of
+those under this charge gave false testimony, as was later on proved,
+and in that testimony implicated honorable Filipinos who had never
+harbored such ideas in their hearts as those they were accused of. Many
+of the wealthy element of Luzon and other islands of the group, were
+forced by threats and compromises into position they had no desire to
+occupy. Of these the great majority were either insular Spaniards, that
+is sons of Spanish parents, but born in the Philippines, or they were
+Spanish mestizos or indians. Some 90% of the wealthy revolutionists
+were Chinese half-castes.
+
+
+
+Note 32. And at what a cost! Think of the thousands of hard earned
+dollars which went to swell the funds gathered to feed and clothe and
+to satisfy the fads and fancies of those exploiters. And what has
+the poor indian who provided the money gained in the deal? Four or
+five years of bloodshed and disaster he has surely gained; but what
+is of more importance to him is that he barely escaped falling into
+the hands of his own countrymen! He fell out of the frying-pan and
+almost fell into the fire!
+
+
+
+Note 33. The aspirations of the association were, to say the least,
+anti-patriotic; they were always underhand; they were the aspirations
+of the "Liga", of the "Compromisarios" and of the Katipunan.
+
+
+
+Note 34. "In the following year, Pedro Serrano arrived from Spain and
+then was masonry introduced into the Philippines, the first lodge
+instituted being the "Nilad" [37] its first Venerable being José
+Ramos." Testimony of Moises Salvador y Francisco (fol. 1,138 to 1,143).
+
+According to the testimony of Antonio Salazar (fol. 1,118 to 1,129)
+"In 1892 Pedro Serrano came from Spain and in union with José Ramos
+joined a lodge of peninsular Spaniards, and commenced the propaganda
+of masonry exclusively among Filipinos, in a short time establishing
+the mother lodge known as the Nilad ... the number of members becoming
+excessive, other lodges were established in the suburbs...."
+
+Into this lodge Nilad or the lodges formed therefrom, passed all the
+members of the committee of propaganda and of the local delegations,
+the work of the propaganda of masonry and that of separatism being
+carried on in the same lodge room. The plea that masonry had no
+connection with the Katipunan fails to stand good in face of this
+testimony, added to which may be mentioned letters of M. del Pilar
+to La Modestia concerning the organization and labors of separatism;
+as well as other letters, rich in masonic jargon, to the lodges and
+to individuals connected with the double work of propagating masonry
+and spreading among the people ideas of the basest of ingratitude.
+
+To the lodge Nilad, the Gr. Sec. of the Gr. Or. Esp. wrote from Madrid,
+June 8th 1892:
+
+
+                         AL. G. D. G. A. D. U.
+                    Liberty.--Equality.--Fraternity.
+                 Universal Freemasonry. Spanish Family.
+
+    The Resp. Log. Nilad, No. 144 of A. L. and A. masons of the
+    Philippines regularly constituted in the Federation of the
+    Gr. Or. Español (seat in Madrid).
+
+
+
+The letter goes on to speak of the new foundation and the number
+of initiations.
+
+"It pleases us much," says the Gr. Sec. "to see the activity and zeal
+which you employ in the labors, and for it we greet you. Nevertheless,
+we must remind you always of the greatest care in the election of the
+laborers. Not all men, although they profess our ideas and doctrines,
+serve for good masons,..."
+
+Morayta, writing on the 12th of June 1892 to bro. Panday Pira, says:
+"... But do not forget an advice which I believe Ruiz gave you also:
+be very careful; do not open your arms to any except they be of full
+confidence.... Remember that, even though things have changed there (in
+the Philippines) you run all the danger consequent upon the domination
+(sic) of the friar and of the General." The general was Despujols,
+an upright, honest and sincere man who was too apt to measure other
+people's corn by his own bushel. The filibusters took advantage of
+the fact, and by their lying protests of love for Spain, captivated
+him and fooled him out and out for a time.
+
+
+
+Note 35. At that time liberty of association was not allowed by law in
+the Archipelago. To attain their ends this was the thing most necessary
+for the separatists. Without the shelter of the law of association
+nothing could be done except by stealth. It was for want of this
+privilege that the shelter of the masonic lodge room was sought.
+
+
+
+Note 36. Blumentritt, Fernando; of German race, Austrian by
+nationality, resident in Bohemia and therefore spoken of by
+various writers sometimes as a German, at others as a Bohemian or
+an Austrian. Like Foreman [38], Blumentritt claimed to be a fervent
+Catholic and yet was an open enemy of the Church. He claimed moreover
+to be a great friend of Spain and yet openly sided with her enemies. He
+was one of the collaborators of the La Solidaridad.
+
+Isabelo de los Reyes writes of him: "The savant (sic) Blumentritt the
+brother of the Filipinos, has always served us with disinterest (except
+in what concerned his pocket) and opportuneness. He was the first who
+did us justice by publishing many valuable articles to demonstrate,
+under all points of view, the superiority of the Filipino (Isabelo
+does not say over what) and defending our cause against the ambition
+of the imperialists (that is the Spaniards)."
+
+Blumentritt was a member of the society known as the "Amigos del Pais"
+[39], and remained so till his actions and writings caused well
+thinking Spaniards and Philippinos [40] to call for his dismissal
+from its membership. The patriotic outcry against him caused him to
+resign on the 14th of November 1889; the Solidaridad of the 31st of
+December of the same year published his resignation. The press of
+Manila was exceptionally bitter against him and only such Filipinos
+as those who continue up to the present time forming part of the
+juntas in Hong-Kong, Madrid, Paris, London and other places looked
+up to him for the assistance they could not find at home.
+
+
+
+Note 37. It was naturally in the Peninsula where the chief work of
+the propaganda had to be carried on, and it was there also that the
+propaganda had the least effect. The principal instrument for the
+dissemination of the seed of separatist aspirations was the Solidaridad
+(See note 24). The Filipinos here, who gave their subscriptions and
+other sums of money for the support of the bi-monthly, were kept
+under the impression that the official organ was making a great
+noise in Madrid; but as it never reached the official world it was
+supposed to influence, its publication was practically useless. In
+the Philippines it served the same purpose as the La Independencia:
+that is, it served to keep alive the spirit of unrest, and by the
+lies it published, made the people believe that their leaders were
+going to lead them to a promised land which "flowed with milk and
+honey." They eventually got into the promised land, only to find that
+the milk was very much "condensed", and that the honey was only to be
+got after those who secured it had been exposed to the very unpleasant
+operation of being stung by the bees which produced it.
+
+Instead of serving to keep together the subjects and their rulers
+in a bond of peace and tranquility, and helping them to come to a
+mutual understanding, in which state the progress and advancement
+of the islands and their inhabitants could be the easier and the
+better accomplished, the separatist element, by their propaganda,
+caused more and more strife by attacking national institutions
+and by casting slurs upon national honor. The discontent stirred
+up against the Spanish authorities was identical to that which,
+until the passing of the law of sedition and even since that time,
+was stirred up against the American sovereignty. In its propaganda
+against the Religious Orders, inciting the native clergy against the
+lawful authority of their Bishops, it was the precursor of modern
+Manila's American press. History tells us what was the result of the
+lessening of the moral influence of the Religious Orders in the days
+of Spanish rule, and to-day History repeats itself. The inciting of
+the native clergy against their Bishops is encouraging the natives,
+as a whole, to resist lawful authority. The cry to-day is "down with
+the friar," tomorrow it will be "down with the American." In 1888 it
+was down with the Religious Orders, in 1896 it had become "death to
+all Spaniards". In 1898 the American was blessed as a deliverer from
+oppression, in 1899 cursed as an intruder. To-day...? Who knows the
+opinion of the people? Who but a few ignorantes trust the great men
+of the late revolution?
+
+In Spain the work of the separatists produced no effect upon the
+people; a few here and there of the least patriotic of the scum of
+Barcelona and Madrid aided them but apart from these and the Bible
+Societies, no one interested themselves in their cause.
+
+
+
+Note 39. From the earliest to the latest days of the period of the
+revolt, that is from '88 to '98, this was one of the greatest obstacles
+to be overcome. Money was collected for propaganda in Spain and in
+Japan; what became of it all? Money was collected for the purpose
+of releasing or stealing away Rizal; what became of it? Funds were
+collected for the purchase of rifles and ammunition for the Katipunan,
+and, at the last moment, Andrés Bonifacio fled with some 20,000
+pesos. This continual squabble over the administration of the funds
+is a proof clear enough, of the existence of organized exploiters
+whose pockets were of more concern to them than were the interests
+of their country.
+
+
+
+Note 40. It is almost needless to say that this latter was in the
+minority; later on Pilar suffered a marked change of temperament
+and became more decidedly separatist than Rizal. Rizal was willing
+to give the goose a chance to lay her golden eggs; Pilar becoming
+impatient killed the goose with the scheme of the Katipunan.
+
+
+
+Note 41. "Previous to his return to Manila Rizal lived some time in
+Hong-Kong. From there he forwarded to Moises Salvador Francisco the
+statutes and instructions for the "Liga Filipina"."--Testimony of
+the said Francisco. (fols. 1,138-1,143.)
+
+
+
+Note 42. "It resulting that after some years of voluntary expatriation
+... a Spanish citizen (Rizal) born in the Philippines, directed a
+first letter, dated some months back in Hong-Kong, to the superior
+Authorities, offering his aid and assistance for the better government
+and progress of the Philippines, at the same time in which his latest
+book commenced circulation, for which reason no reply was given; and in
+a second letter dated in the month of May, in which, recognizing the
+policy of generous attraction, of morality and justice here implanted
+... announced his intention of returning to his native soil to dispose,
+together with his friends, of the property they possessed, and to
+go with their families to found, in Borneo, a filipino agricultural
+colony under English protection...."
+
+"A few days afterwards, the Spanish citizen ... disembarked with his
+sister in Manila...." (See also note 8.) Extracts from the Decree of
+Deportation issued against Rizal by Governor Despujols, 7th July 1892.
+
+
+
+Note 43. "In the year 1892, Rizal being in Manila, recently arrived
+from Europe, several people of the country were gathered together,
+among them Andrés Bonifacio, Numeriano Adriano, Timoteo Paez and
+Estanislao Legaspi, in a wooden house in calle Dulumbayan, were
+a society known as the "Liga Filipina" was founded." Testimony of
+Valentin Diaz, native of Panay, Ilocos Norte.
+
+"In May or June 1892 José Rizal reached Manila; and encharged by
+him, Paez and Serrano invited a large number of persons to gather
+on a certain day ... in the house of Doroteo Ongjungco where Rizal
+manifested to those present, among whom was the witness, that it was
+necessary to form an association which should be called the "Liga
+Filipina", the object and of which should be the attainment of the
+separation of these islands from Spain." Moises Salvador y Francisco
+(fols. 1,296-1,299).
+
+"The reunion was called by Rizal, and the witness was invited
+by Timoteo Paez, who conducted him to the house of Doroteo
+Ongjungco.... That José Rizal addressed those present, manifesting
+the convenience of establishing an association under the name of the
+"Liga Filipina" with the object of collecting funds by different
+means, to the end of securing opportunely the independence of these
+islands".... Testimony of Domingo Franco y Tuason (fols. 1299-1303).
+
+
+
+Note 44. It was not the aim which Rizal had in his mind, of delivering
+his country from disabilities but the manner in which he set to work to
+accomplish that end, to which objection must be raised. When a people
+suffer under the oppression of its rulers, all the world admires the
+man who rises to throw off the hateful yoke. But when the oppression is
+imaginary and when the so-called hero is but a marionette in the hands
+of political schemers who seek their own advantage under the shelter
+of a pretence to throw off a yoke which does not exist, one cannot
+admire the part played by the deluded "tool". The emancipation from
+the mother-country was the key-note of the revolt. It was the aim of
+the Filipino freemasons, of the Liga Filipina, of the Compromisarios
+and of the Katipunan.
+
+
+
+Note 45. Rizal was deported to Dapitan, in the island of Mindanao,
+by decree of Governor Despujols, part of which has been quoted in
+note 42. The decree goes on to say that, by reason of the fact that
+"the veil under which, up this present, he has succeeded in hiding his
+true intentions has been torn asunder," ... "that he adduces no other
+defence but useless denials, having recourse to throwing the blame
+of the discovery of the leaflets upon his own sister (see page 99)...."
+
+"In fulfillment of the high duties which devolve upon me as your
+General and Vice Royal Patron ... I decree the following:..."
+
+"1st: that José Rizal shall be deported to one of the islands of
+the south...."
+
+"The responsibility of these vigorous measures which a painful duty
+imposes upon me, falls entirely upon those who by their imprudent
+aims and ungrateful proceedings come to disturb the paternal cares
+of this general government making the ordinate march of Philippine
+progress the more difficult." [41]
+
+"Manila, 7th July 1892.--Despujols.
+
+
+
+Note 46. "In the month of April 1893, upon the initiative and
+invitation Juan Zulueta, now dead, and of Deodato Arellano, cousin
+of Marcelo del Pilar, a new gathering was called in the house of
+Deodato Arellano, with the object of establishing anew the Liga
+Filipina under the same bases and for the same ends...."
+
+
+
+Note 47. The determinate ends of the separatists have already been
+spoken of in note 3, which see.
+
+
+
+Note 48. See note 102.
+
+
+
+Note 49. "The object of the society (the Liga) is the establishment
+of shops, workshops, businesses, industries and even a bank if
+possible, with the end in view of collecting funds for an armed
+rising."--Testimony of Juan Dizon Matanza, (fols. 1,132-1,138.)
+
+
+
+Note 50. The ceremonies practiced by the Liga differed but little from
+those practiced by the Katipunan. The chief difference lay in the fact
+that the ceremonial of the Katipunan partook more of the grotesque,
+of the absurd, of paganism.
+
+Pio Valenzuela in recounting the forms and ceremonies practiced upon
+his initiation, said:
+
+"Once in the house [42], they spoke of many things, en résumé,
+that the aim of the association was to obtain the independence of
+the Philippines, oppressed and enslaved by the Spaniards. Placing,
+later on, a dagger at his breast, they obliged him to throw himself
+upon it, a thing which the witness could not pluck up courage enough
+to do; whereupon they placed it in his hand, leading him to a man
+whom he recognized to be seated, and ordered him (the witness) to
+strike him with the dagger, a thing which he dare not do either. He
+was then conducted into a room and addressed by a person he knew
+to be Bonifacio by the voice, who informed him that he could not
+retrace his steps because he knew of the existence of the society,
+but he could not assist at the juntas nor could they teach him the
+signs of recognition till he had been re-initiated; they moreover
+made him sign two sheets of blank paper, causing him to swear never
+to reveal the existence of the society to anyone, under the pain of
+assassination. They then removed the bandage which he was blindfolded
+and he saw around him eight or nine individuals dressed in cloaks and
+hoods; he signed the two sheets of paper and was again blindfolded
+and conducted to a considerable distance from the house where the
+bandage was again removed.
+
+Another member of the Katipunan in his declaration made on the 22nd
+of September 1896, stated that during the month of February 1893, one
+Sunday morning, a certain Estanislao Legaspi entered his store, telling
+him to accompany him in a calesa. He listened to tirades against
+the Spanish Government till their arrival at the house of a certain
+Tranquilino Torres, in calle Elcano. Here "his eyes were bandaged by
+Legaspi and he was handed over to the care of another individual who
+conducted him to the upper story of the house and made him sit down;
+he then heard a person whom he knew to be Legaspi by his voice speak,
+saying several things against the Spanish Government, demanding of him
+an oath of blind obedience, and a defense of the Philippines till the
+shedding of the last drop of his blood, threatening him with fearful
+punishments if he should turn traitor. This ceremony being terminated,
+his eyes were unbound and he saw, on a table, a skull which they
+made him kiss, and Legaspi handed him a lance commanding him to wound
+himself in the arm; but he felt a feeling of faintheartedness come over
+him, and manifested to those present that he had not courage enough
+to wound himself and wished that the oath he had taken be enough;
+he was dispensed from the operation. When the bandage was removed the
+eight individuals composing the junta were masked with black hoods, but
+after he kissed the skull and attempted to wound himself they removed
+the hoods and he then recognized Estanislao Legaspi who presided,
+Mariano de Vera, Teodoro Plata and Juan de la Cruz who was a clerk
+of the Tabacalera, and who had led him upstairs; he did not know the
+other three. The witness paid two pesos as entrance fee promising
+to pay 50 cents monthly. He asked Legaspi what association it was,
+and he replied that it was the Liga Filipina."
+
+In the daily report of the secret police department made to General
+Blanco on the 30th of June 1896, is the following notice:
+
+"Herewith is given translated most faithfully from Tagalog, the
+result of an interview held with a well-to-do indian who belonged to
+the most popular of the masonic lodges, who tried to draw into it a
+friend. Questioned upon certain affairs, he said: "In the masonic
+lodges of San Juan del Monte and of Pandacan, the whole pueblo,
+rich and poor, is inscribed."
+
+"In the reunions the brethren attend blind-folded, and the chiefs
+with the face covered."
+
+"The person who desires to enter the lodge is obliged to have his
+face covered and his eyes bandaged in sign of blind obedience; the
+proofs are carried out and signature made as follows. The person
+receiving the initiated takes a dagger and gives it to him saying to
+him: do you swear to be steel like that which you hold in your hand
+and not to bend in the exigencies which oppress and vex us, and to
+labor in pro of the independence of your enslaved country? I swear
+answers the person to be initiated. Do you swear not to have father,
+mother, wife, child nor any relative but the revenging arm which shall
+sleep and live with you? I swear. They then surround him with arms
+of all classes and say to him: here is thy family, thy only work,
+and may it give thee thy life and open thy eyes for thy good of the
+country. They then make a small incision in the form of a cross in
+the right arm near the shoulder."
+
+"At present our meetings are held at night and in the most lonely
+fields, with the object of not being surprised."
+...................................................................
+
+"It is well known among us masons that Rizal is attributed with the
+faculty of being able to translate his person instantaneously from
+one point to another."
+...................................................................
+
+
+
+Note 51. Juan Castañeda testified on the 21st of September 1896 before
+the Chief Inspector of the Corps of Vigilance that "he was recommended
+to make the greatest amount of propaganda possible, of Japanese ideas
+in the pueblo of Imus." The Japanese ideas here spoken of were those
+of the foundation of the Japanese protectorate.
+
+
+
+Note 52. Money! money!! money!!! was the great cry in the majority of
+the masonic correspondence between the workers in Spain and those who
+had to supply the funds here. On the 8th of June 1892 Morayta wrote
+to bro. Panday-Pira informing him (a favorite custom of Morayta's)
+that what was wanted was "money to invite journalists (to dine or
+take a drink) and to pay articles in the papers." Morayta, probably
+with tears in his eyes, in ending his letter, heaves a sigh, whilst
+his fingers itching for the touch of gold, nervously clutch the pen
+which scrawls these words: "if we only had here a good administrator
+with funds then you would see how we should advance!"
+
+On the 22nd of June 1892 the secretary of the Gr. Or. Esp. wrote to
+the same explaining how "in a few meetings, a couple of banquets and
+a few presents made at the right time" much could be accomplished.
+
+
+
+Note 53. Rizal had money troubles previously with Pilar in Madrid
+(see note 39). The excessive earnest and zeal displayed at the
+time of the foundation of the Liga by Rizal died away on his
+deportation. This zeal was owing to the captivating manner in which
+the founder demonstrated to his audience the brilliant future to be
+attained by such an undertaking. Rizal had the advantage of a ready
+oratory and like Bonifacio, drew his hearers to his cause in spite of
+themselves. And then again, the same as in masonry, the association
+was secret, and its true end and aim were but whispered; and whilst
+many of the associated were laboring to assist, as they thought, in
+the fomentation of the culture and advancement of the country, they
+were in reality playing with the toy allotted to them by the society,
+whilst the chief members, those members best suited to be masons,
+as says the Gr. Sec. of the Gr. Or. Esp. [43], carried on the true
+work of the Liga. As in the lower degrees of any secret society,
+and of masonry in particular, the members are unaware of what is
+aimed at in the degrees to which they have not attained, to which
+all cannot attain, and the secrets of which are zealously guarded,
+so it was in the Liga.
+
+Upon its re-establishment the Liga counted among its members several
+who aimed at the leadership. The absence of Rizal, deported to Dapitan,
+left open the door for unbridled ambition. Everyone wanted to be the
+head. This together with money troubles brought about considerable ill
+feeling between the absent founder and those continuing the work of the
+association. Rizal had so far kept up a continual secret communication
+with the Liga, thanks to the liberty allowed him by his keepers in
+Mindanao, who guarded him with scandalous carelessness; and thanks also
+to the emissaries sent to him from Manila in search of instructions
+and advice. The result of the ill-feeling thus brought about was the
+rupture in official relations between the Liga and its founder.
+
+
+
+Note 54. See note 39.
+
+
+
+Note 55. One of the facts clearly developed in the trials of
+those suspected of treason, was that the guilty ones had taken the
+utmost care not to leave behind them traces of their work. This was
+principally the case with Rizal and the other chief workers of the
+revolt, and of those who formed the association of Compromisarios.
+
+
+
+Note 56. Both Pedro and Francisco Roxas were honorary councillors of
+the Administration. On the 19th of September 1896 Blanco published
+the following decrees:
+
+"In as much as Sr. D. Francisco Roxas, honorary councillor of the
+Administration is found under process in the courts of law: in the
+use of the faculties in me invested, I decree that he cease from the
+exercise of his functions etc., etc."
+
+And on the 30th of September the following:
+
+"In as much as the Excellent Sr. D. Pedro P. Roxas, honorary councillor
+of the Administration has been found under process in the courts of
+law, for rebellion; in the use of my faculties, etc., etc."
+
+Moises Salvador y Francisco testified (fols. 1138-1143) that "among
+the persons who sympathised with the cause and who aided it with
+their means for its realization, he remembered D. Pedro Roxas and
+D. Francisco Roxas ... (and others); and there existed in the provinces
+others whose names he could not remember."
+
+Domingo Franco y Tuason testified on the 30th of September 1896
+(fols. 1332-1337) that "in another of the several interviews he
+had with Francisco L. Roxas, he asked him if in the circle of his
+relations (with the association) he counted with persons who had
+offered to aid the objects and ends of the Liga. Sr. Roxas replied:
+Yes. And in proof thereof he drew from a drawer in his desk a record
+which he read, and among the names he read the witness remembered
+those of don P. Roxas and others."
+
+When Francisco Roxas found himself in danger of arrest, he attempted
+to flee to Hong-Kong, but was captured on board the ship which was to
+carry him there. From the ship he was conducted under arrest to the
+Comendancia of the Veterana where he remained several days, at the
+end of which he was transferred to the Fort of Santiago.
+
+Francisco was a millionaire who had received from Spain a name and
+reputation superior to his personal merits, and yet in spite of
+all that the mother-country had done for him in raising him up to a
+position to which he could never have attained without her aid, he was
+found to have placed himself in the vanguard of the bitterest enemies
+of his country. He was the director of the workings of separatism
+and was the chief provider of arms for the revolt, as was testified
+by innumerable witnesses. [44]
+
+On the eve of his execution for treason Francisco penned the following
+abjuration:
+
+"I, Francisco L. Roxas, on the eve of my death, in reparation for what
+in my words and actions may have offended my neighbor; for warning
+of others of my person and in order to satisfy my conscience, to the
+end that no one, and especially my children, fall into the net of
+freemasonry, or of any other secret society, all of which I detest
+and curse, and be not in a day to come ungrateful sons of our Mother
+Spain, beg pardon for all my faults and bad example."
+
+"I die in the Holy Roman Catholic Apostolic faith in which I was born
+and educated in a christian manner. I admit all that she admits and
+condemn all that she condemns."
+
+"This I sign with my own hand with entire liberty."
+
+Jany. 10th 1897 in Manila, Royal Fort of
+Santiago.--F. L. Roxas:--Witnesses: Antonio Pardo and Felix García.
+
+On January 11th Gov. Gen. Polavieja telegraphed to Madrid as follows:
+
+"Sentenced by council of War, to-day there have been executed (shot)
+twelve persons guilty of treason ... among them Francisco Roxas,
+Councillor of Administration; Nijaga, Lieut. of native infantry;
+Villaroel, Villareal, Moises Salvador and others."
+
+
+
+Pedro Roxas was also a millionaire who inherited a good fortune, which,
+under the shelter of official protection multiplied considerably. Spain
+honored him with the grand cross of Isabela la Católica. Like Francisco
+he was a Councillor of Administration. He possessed a large estate
+in Nasugbu which, when the revolt broke out, became an insurgent
+hornet's nest. There the rebels had a cannon, three falconettes and
+a large number of arms.
+
+After having been deprived of his office by decree previously
+mentioned, Pedro Roxas secured in some way or other from Blanco,
+permission to go to Spain. On arrival at Singapore he landed and
+remained there. Later on he was defended in the Spanish Cortés by
+Sr. Romero Robledo [45]. In Manila, to those who could judge of
+the facts on the spot, this defence came as a thunderbolt. However,
+the Spanish paper El Correo in the issue of August 15th said:
+
+"The conduct of Sr. Roxas results satisfactorily cleared, so that
+no doubt remains in respect to his complete disconnection with the
+revolt."
+
+Among the separatist element Pedro Roxas was known as the Emperor
+Pedro I.
+
+
+
+Note 57. Maximo M. A. Paterno was the father of the well known Pedro
+Paterno. Maximo was in his latter days the leading spirit of the
+celebrations held in honor of the amnesty proclaimed in 1900, by the
+late President McKinley. He died at the age of 76, just before the
+celebrations took place.
+
+This amnesty celebration, like most things attempted by Filipinos
+alone, turned but a fiasco, the speeches which were to be delivered
+on the occasion not being in any way in keeping with the oath
+of allegiance taken by the speakers. The speeches contemplated
+were in advocation of practically the same thing as that for which
+the rebels had been keeping up an armed struggle, and so, when the
+U. S. Commission was invited by Pedro Paterno to be present thereat,
+it naturally was unable to accept the invitation.
+
+The whole celebration was an abortive attempt on the part of its
+organizers to antagonize the Military and Civil authorities. Mr. Taft,
+as president of the Commission, at first accepted the invitation
+extended, supposing the speeches to be given, had been censored by
+the proper authorities, at that time the military; but on finding that
+this was not so, he declined in the name of the other members of the
+Commission, and thus avoided the unpleasantness of being present at
+a banquet at which both the Military and the Civil authorities would
+be insulted and the Government of the U. S. defied.
+
+On the 28th of July 1900, the day of the banquet, Mr. Taft on behalf
+of his fellow Commissioners, addressed a letter to Pedro Paterno on
+the subject. See Appendix J.
+
+Pedro Paterno was one of those who for a considerable time refused
+to take the oath of allegiance; with him were others, Mabini in
+particular.
+
+Maximo Paterno had received from Spain the Cross of Knight of the
+Royal and American Order of Isabela La Católica.
+
+
+
+Note 58. And others: Among the names mentioned in many of the documents
+I have consulted on the subject of the trials of those guilty of
+treason, I have frequently come across those of Linjap (Mariano),
+Chidian (Telesforo), Yangco (Luis R.), and others. Of this latter
+Domingo Franco was asked during his trial, if Luis R. Yangco had
+assisted at any reunion of the compromisarios, to which he replied
+that he (Yangco) had not assisted at any session (fols. 1381-1382).
+
+As I have already remarked in another note, many of those charged
+with complicity in the affairs of the revolt were latter on proved
+to be innocent. That considerable number of the wealthy natives
+and half-castes sympathised more or less with the idea of greater
+liberality in government, is undoubtedly true, but that they extended
+their sympathies to the aims of the hordes of cut-throats led by
+Bonifacio is absurd.
+
+The leading Filipinos and many insular Spaniards sighed for privileges
+which the Government of Madrid did not deem well to concede. To bring
+pressure upon the Government some of these combined to support in
+the metropolis, some of their number who should keep up the work of
+agitation. This agitation however took a form displeasing to many,
+who thereupon ceased to lend it their aid and consent. But few of the
+leaders of the people, especially of the wealthy ones, desired to
+cut themselves adrift from Spain, and not till a few insignificant
+beings such as Aguinaldo, Bonifacio, Mabini, and Pilar (Pio del)
+and Buencamino came upon the scene did the idea of independence
+of the island really take form. A faint idea of such a thing as
+independence did exist formerly, but the enlightened Filipinos saw,
+only too clearly, the probable result.
+
+The wealthy proprietors here cited, no doubt sympathised more or
+less with the Liga Filipina in its beginning, whilst it was under
+the complete control of its founder Rizal; but as the Liga lost the
+character given to it by Rizal, and underwent the change it did,
+it is only natural to suppose that many of its former supporters
+left it as they would a sinking ship. However the fact that they
+were identified with the original Liga seems to have been taken as
+a proof of their connection with the revolt. This is certainly the
+opinion expressed by Sr. Diaz.
+
+
+
+Note 59. Mactan is the name of the island upon which Magallanes, the
+famous explorer, met his death at the hands of the savage hordes who
+at that time peopled the land. Names of places and persons associated
+with the disasters suffered by Spain, were greatly admired among the
+separatists. Surely Mactan, an island peopled by savages at the time
+of its chief notoriety, and Mayon, the site of a destructive volcano,
+are very suitable names to give to such centers as were the popular
+councils of Trozo and Sta. Cruz.
+
+
+
+Note 60. On the 30th of August 1895, the Civil Governor of Batangas
+asked of the commander of the Guardia Civil of Lemery, information
+concerning "persons in the pueblo of Taal who were distinguished
+for their separatists opinions". The said commander replied that a
+report on all such persons would be unending, and proceeded to cite
+the case of Felipe Agoncillo to personify the said separatist element,
+as follows:
+
+"Among the group of the chief ones and as chief of them, stands
+Felipe Agoncillo, proprietor and lawyer." He then goes on to explain
+how Agoncillo imposed his will upon every one in the pueblo, even
+upon the Municipality, no law or regulation sent even by the highest
+authorities going into force until it had been passed upon by him. "It
+would be difficult," says he, "for me to collect any perfect proof of
+his anti-Spanish tendencies which are, however, self-evident to the
+Spanish element of this province." This report, which was a sufficient
+warning of danger, was sent to the Gov. of Batangas on the 18th of
+September 1895. He immediately forwarded it to Gen. Blanco. About
+three months afterwards Blanco looked into the matter, circumstances
+demanding that some steps should be taken to preserve national honor;
+and he decided to deport six of the separatists as an example to
+the remainder. Of these six one was Agoncillo. This industrious
+filibuster had influential and watchful friends in Manila, who,
+upon seeing the turn things were taking, telegraphed him "Café en
+baja; fuera existencias." This was warning sufficient and Agoncillo
+accompanied by Ramon Atienza succeeded in escaping.
+
+On the 14th of April the Japanese Mail Steamer Hiorine left Manila. On
+this steamer Agoncillo fled, hidden it is said, in a coal bunk. The
+Heraldo de Madrid of the 16th of September 1896, in speaking of the
+affair says: "Agoncillo gave the captain of the ship the sum of 350
+pesos as gratification and on this account had placed at his disposal
+upon arrival at Kobe, a ship's boat, whilst the remaining passengers
+had to hire their transportation."
+
+On the 2nd of May 1896, the secret police of Manila reported to
+Gen. Blanco, as follows:
+
+"Notice is hereby given of the sailing for Japan of Felipe Agoncillo,
+property-owner of the province of Batangas, who goes to put himself
+at the disposition of the junta magna (in Japan), carrying with him
+some 80,000 pesos collected in Lipa, Taal and other pueblos, for the
+sustainment of anti-Spanish propaganda."
+
+Like most of the leaders of the separatist campaign, Agoncillo was
+astute. He partook of that peculiar trait of the native character: a
+sharpness of perception, a cuteness which one not acquainted with the
+indian would take for intelligence. An Indian will often do something
+remarkable, but in spite of its appearance of being an extraordinary
+action, a result of a well thought out plan, it proceeds in ninety-nine
+cases out of a hundred, from instinct rather from intelligence. Native
+peoples are more accustomed to use their common-sense than most of us
+and hence arises the fact, that frequently the Filipino has outwitted
+both the military and the civil authorities. England learned this
+lesson in dealing with the Oriental in India, Spain learned it here,
+and America has yet to discover the same truth.
+
+Mr. Wildman [46], the late U. S. Consul at Hong-Kong, once affirmed of
+Agoncillo, "Sr. Agoncillo is a very intelligent and daring diplomat
+(the Government later on found him to be far more daring than
+intelligent), and could fill the position of chief of any department
+of State in any civilized country." But then, it was nothing strange
+for Wildman to make such breaks!
+
+
+
+Note 61. Among these honorable exceptions which Sr. Diaz says he has
+great pleasure in recognizing, might be mentioned several who were
+falsely accused and whose names have gone down to the reading public
+in the works of various writers who wrote in good faith, branded with
+the mark of ingratitude which characterized and still characterizes
+so many natives and half-castes.
+
+It gives a careful student of the subject more than passing pleasure to
+be able to give the lie to those who in their testimony classified as
+members of the infernal plot to "cut the throats of every Spaniard,
+without regard even to parentage", the names of some of the most
+prominent Filipinos of to-day, men who although they have not grovelled
+in the dust before the conqueror and accepted positions under the new
+Government, are more truly prominent than those who assert themselves
+as the "leaders" of the people.
+
+Among these honorable exceptions there were many who although they came
+to form part of the so-called Revolutionary Government, did so only
+when Spanish rule had ceased to exist, and when the accepted opinion
+was that a government elected by the people would be recognized by
+the U. S. These, however, were never traitors to the mother country;
+they were men who treated Spain as every honorable man should treat his
+country. These were not men who changed their religion as they changed
+their clothes: to suit the occasion. They were not men who concealed
+their titles to freemason degrees, at the bottom of their trunks,
+and exposed them with pride upon the change of sovereignty. These men
+were never perjurers, never traitors. Born and raised in the bosom of
+the Catholic faith they remained faithful to it, and faithful to the
+traditions of the country which gave them their political being; and
+it is with great pleasure that, with Sr. Diaz, I also can say, that
+I have great pleasure in recognizing these honorable exceptions, and
+in proof thereof have I dedicated this small historical sketch to them.
+
+
+
+Note 62. Day by day the morality in the administration of the funds
+became worse, and so intense did the ill-feeling engendered by pride
+become, that the members forgot all about the fomentation of the
+culture and advancement of the country. Like a nursery full of willful
+children, they all wanted their own way, and when they could not have
+it, some cried: "now I shan't play," "now I'll go and tell ma;" this
+perhaps was the chief cause of the dissolution of the association,
+for some did go and tell "ma;" and the wealthy members, and those who
+had anything to lose, were immediately overcome with abject fear lest
+"ma" should punish them with a good spanking.
+
+"In the month of October 1893, the Superior Council becoming
+aware that some documents pertaining, to the Liga had been handed
+over to the offices of the General Government, the dissolution
+of the society was determined."--Testimony of Domingo Franco y
+Tuason. (fols. 1,299-1,303).
+
+On the 25th of May 1896, notice was given by the secret police to
+Governor General Blanco, as follows:
+
+"Notice is herewith given of the existence in Manila, of a Society
+named La Liga Filipina, to which are affiliated a large number of
+individuals...."
+
+
+
+Note 63. The testimony given by many of the political prisoners as
+to the foundation, aims and work of the Compromisarios is somewhat
+conflicting. For instance: Antonio Salazar, (fols. 1,008-1,013)
+testified that on account of the mal-administration of the funds,
+"the subscription on behalf of La Propaganda ceased, and under
+the name of Compromisarios was founded an association composed of
+... (here follow names of members), and seeing that they could not
+gather sufficient funds, they agreed to increase the subscription
+and seek persons to associate with them."
+
+On another occasion the same witness testified (fols. 1,014-1,018) that
+certain persons whom he named were the "Compromisarios, who were in
+communion with Marcelo (del Pilar), and who remitted money to him." He
+also stated that "on account of the bad conduct observed in Madrid by
+Pilar, ... some of the Compromisarios refused to send him resources."
+
+In reply to a question as to the relationship between the
+Compromisarios and the Katipunan, he gave as his opinion, that "there
+could be no doubt that both societies aimed at the same end." At
+fols. 1118-1129 the same witness affirmed that "as the partisans
+of Rizal and Pilar ... saw that neither masonry nor the Liga could
+hope for funds [47], they formed the society of Compromisarios among
+wealthy persons of Manila and the Provinces."
+
+Domingo Franco affirmed that the outbreak of the revolt came as a
+great surprise to the Compromisarios.
+
+As to the aims of the society, Moisés Salvador y Francisco is authority
+for the statement that: "in one of the juntas they treated of the
+provision of arms and other material of war; and it was agreed,
+moreover, to gather funds for the said expenses, and as the junta
+replied that it was impossible at that time, a committee was appointed,
+composed of José Ramos, Doroteo Cortés and Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista,
+to draw up a petition for the aid of Japan."
+
+Moisés also affirmed (fols. 1,296-1,299) that the Supreme Council of
+the Compromisarios was formed as follows:
+
+
+            President           Domingo Franco.
+            Secretary           Apolinario Mabini.
+            Treasurer           Bonifacio Arévalo.
+                             /  Numeriano Adriano.
+            Vocales          +  Ambrosio Bautista.
+                             \  Moisés Salvador.
+
+
+Domingo Franco (fol. 1,299-1,303) testified that upon the dissolution
+of the Liga, and in the month of October 1894, there gathered together
+in a house of the witness, Numeriano Adriano, Apolinario Mabini,
+Isidoro Francisco, Deodato Arellano and the witness, and it was
+decided to constitute the association known as the Compromisarios,
+endeavouring to gather as many as forty members, each paying a monthly
+subscription of 5 pesos, for the sustainment of the La Solidaridad.
+
+The same witness also testified (fols. 1,332-1,337) that "The Liga
+and the Katipunan were constituted in three groups, viz.: the Supreme
+Council or the aristocracy, under the presidency of Francisco L. Roxas;
+the Compromisarios or middle classes, divided into juntas or local
+councils.... The third aggregation was the Katipunan under the
+presidency of Andrés Bonifacio, and was composed of the lower classes.
+
+From all this we gather that the association of Compromisarios
+was founded with the idea of collecting funds to continue the work
+commenced by masonry and the Liga. The association was, practically,
+a committee formed to take up the work of the Liga, but formed in
+such a manner as to avoid suspicion, and all compromise with the late
+Liga. In its formation, its duties and its methods, it differed from
+both the Liga and from the Katipunan, but whilst differing from them
+it formed a tie between them, carrying on a work which the Katipunan
+could not carry on of itself. The Liga died; and its mantle fell upon
+the Compromisarios. This society inspired, watched over and protected
+the labor of its successor, the Katipunan, the fighting machine of
+the separatist or filibuster element.
+
+
+
+Note 64. The idea which appeared to pervade the minds of the so-called
+progressive Filipinos was that with a code of laws á la Europea,
+the adoption of some or other new fangled idea imported from France,
+Germany or anywhere but the Peninsular, the Filipino would immediately
+attain the advancement and culture enjoyed among the Japanese. To
+anyone not acquainted with either the Filipino or the Japanese, such
+an idea might be acceptable; but no student of Oriental races, nor even
+the mere casual observer of these two peoples, would venture to predict
+than even with all the advantages of modernism the Filipino now enjoys,
+will he, as a people, attain to such a state of culture as that enjoyed
+by the sons of the Empire of the Rising Sun even in a hundred years.
+
+Among the European peoples the progress of civilization and
+regeneration was slow but it was none the less decisive. Among
+Orientals it is, as a rule, quick but not lasting. Among almost all
+Oriental peoples the rising generation is bright and gives signs of
+great possibilities; but these youths after having passed with honors
+through college and university, too often end their lives as they began
+them--as children. What the Oriental lacks is stability. Nothing is
+more common in the Philippines than to find that your cook or coachman
+has completed four-fifths of his studies as lawyer, doctor or something
+else. The Filipino who has reached the age of thirty and has not,
+in these days, been bata [48] in a convent or with a private family,
+been cochero, cook, collector of accounts for some business house,
+letter-carrier, postman, policeman, musician in a church choir,
+fireman, and connected with a few other employments of more or less
+importance, is by no means a rara avis, to say nothing of the many
+who have also been majors and generals in the insurgent "army", and
+without stopping to consider a pair of very prominent natives who
+from batas in the University of Sto. Tomás have, after a series of
+political intrigues, risen to positions of law-tinkers over a people,
+the vast majority of whom hate and despise them.
+
+As a matter of fact the very best of the filipino politicians and
+other local men of fame, bright, learned and progressive though they
+be, would count but little side by side with the foremost sons of the
+Flowery Kingdom. To find in Yokohama, or even in Nagasaki or Kobe, or
+any other city of Japan, a hundred Rizals, a hundred Pilars (Marcelos,
+Pios or Gregorios), a hundred Apacibles, or Mabinis, or Aguinaldos,
+or Buencaminos or Taveras would be an easy task. But to find in the
+Philippines a Marquis Ito, a Mutsu, a Yamata or a Matsugata,--that
+is the question.
+
+And why? Because at the time when Spain discovered these islands,
+finding the people in a state of social and moral degradation,
+without formal government or any social organization beyond the
+tribal system (and that but limited) common to almost all savage
+peoples, the Japanese had already counted with more than 1000 years
+of more or less stable government, always organized, and with a
+social organization and a firm national unity. The people of Japan,
+at that time, cultivated the arts and sciences, enjoyed the fruits of
+prosperous industries and of external commerce. They had a religion and
+a language which could be written and understood when written. Three
+hundred years ago, when the Filipinos were just commencing to learn
+the difference between man and beast, the Japanese was enjoying a
+relative civilization not yet attained by the Chinese, much less by
+the partisans of the separatist leaders of Luzon and the Visayas.
+
+No country has ever done for her colonial children what Spain did
+for the Filipinos during the three centuries she held control over
+the Archipelago; and yet how far are the people from the state of
+culture of the Japanese! Well might the leaders of the people look
+to Japan as a model!
+
+
+
+Note 65. Domingo Franco (fols. 1,332-1,337) testified that on a
+certain day "he went to see Francisco L. Roxas and asked him if it
+were certain that he had been to the house of Cortés, and had arranged
+matters in respect to the Commission which should go to Japan; to which
+Sr. Roxas replied, yes; and that it was agreed that Cortés should go,
+commissioned to ask of the Japanese Government, help and protection for
+these islands, (the Filipino Government) handing over as a guarantee,
+one of the islands near Luzón, which the witness believed to be
+Mindoro on account of its large size and small population.
+
+"Antonio Salazar (fol. 1,118-1,129) stated that "of the junta of
+compromisarios there formed part: Cortés, Español and Ramos, who
+were then in Japan petitioning that Empire to aid them with arms,
+ships and money...."
+
+Isabelo de los Reyes, in telling the Governor General, Primo de Rivera,
+what he affirmed to be the truth of the situation in 1897, stated
+that "the Filipino burguesses had nominated a commission composed
+of Doroteo Cortés, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, José A. Ramos and
+Marcelo H. del Pilar, the latter of whom died in Barcelona whilst on
+his way to Japan. This commission had for its object the securing of
+the protection of that empire; Cortés, as president, gathered funds
+to sustain Ramos and Isabelo Artacho Vicos, who were his agents in
+that country."
+
+
+
+Note 66. Antonio Salazar (fols. 1,008-1,013) testified that "The
+year previous he met Timoteo Paez in Calle Echague, and enquired of
+him if he had moved his residence to Quiapo; Paez replied that he had
+transferred the members of his family to a house of strong materials,
+not wishing to leave them in a nipa [49] house in Tondo, as he was
+going to Singapore, and after encharging the witness to preserve
+secrecy, told him that he was going there to engage a steamer which
+was to make a trip to Dapitan to steal away Rizal from that place;
+moreover that the date upon which Paez went to Singapore might be
+known by enquiring at the house of Echeita and Co., where the said
+Paez was engaged, and which conceded him permission to go."
+
+On another occasion this same individual testified (fols. 1,118-1,129)
+that "the Compromisarios agreed to employ the sum (of money gathered
+for another purpose) for the purpose of aiding the stealing away of
+the person of Rizal from Dapitan, for which purpose they sent it
+(the money) to Timoteo Paez, at Singapore that he might engage a
+steamer which should go to Dapitan; and as they could not realize the
+undertaking, they sent the money to José Baza who lived in Hong-Kong,
+and Baza sent the money to Sandakan (in Borneo) so that a ship might
+be engaged there for the purpose.
+
+On the 13th of January 1895, the Gr. Pres. of the Gr. Cons. Reg.,
+bro. Musa, gr. 18, wrote to the lodge Modestia, as follows:
+
+
+                        "A. L. G. D. G. A. D. U.
+
+                   A la Resp. Log. Modestia No. 199.
+
+                                S. F. U.
+
+        Ven. Maes. Pres.
+
+    "Our very beloved bro. Dimas-Alang (José Rizal, see foot-note,
+    page 47), who for some time has been, as you know, expiating
+    in Dapitan, faults he has not committed [50], is authorized to
+    change his residence, under the condition that it be in some part
+    of Spain and not in the Archipelago."
+
+    "Together with this notice we have received another that the
+    said bro. lacks absolutely the resources for such a long voyage
+    ... etc."
+    ................................................................
+
+    "In virtue of this, I write to you that, bearing in mind what I
+    have explained, you may arrange to be collected from the members,
+    the pecuniary aid they wish and are able to contribute for the
+    meritorious work in question."
+
+        The Gr. Pres., Muza.
+
+
+José Dison Matanza testified (fols. 1,132-1,138) that "the Secret
+Camara of the Katipunan gathered together and decided upon another
+plan, which was, as Bonifacio told the witness, to embark a large
+number of people as passengers on a ship which was to go to Dapitan;
+and these when they were upon the high seas, were to surprise the
+crew and take possession of the ship; they should then steal away
+Rizal from Dapitan and take him wherever they could."
+
+
+
+Note 67. If elsewhere in the history of the workings of separatism
+in the Philippines, proof were wanting of the cruel deceit practiced
+by the filibuster leaders upon the ignorants who formed the mass of
+the secret associations of masonic origin, here in this instance it
+would be found in abundance. Taking the whole question of the part
+played by Japan or by individual Japanese in the separatist movement
+from beginning to end I am strongly of the opinion that the supposed
+assistance, whether in the form of arms and ammunition, or in that of
+financial or moral support was a deliberate imposture, and that those
+credulous persons who contributed with their hard-earned money towards
+the sums said to have been utilized for propaganda in Japan, were
+defrauded, not only out of the money they gave to the funds, but also
+of what they might legitimately hope for as a result of the expenditure
+of the said funds. It is a well known fact that the hopes of the people
+were kept up by many statements which were absolutely unfounded [51];
+the assertions of Cortés, Ramos and others who performed the duties
+of the embassy to Japan, were most probably of this nature.
+
+The person who, during the trials of those accused of treason,
+gave the most interesting testimony relative to this matter, was
+Juan Castañeda. He affirmed that "on account of family troubles,
+and for questions arising from losses at gambling, and in view of
+his having robbed his mother, he decided to leave for Hong-Kong,
+embarking on the SS. Esmeralda, on the 31st of July 1895" [52]. He
+went on to describe how he there met his friend, the native ex-priest
+Severo Buenaventura; how the said Buenaventura initiated him into
+the secrets of freemasonry, and how this native ex-priest had
+been himself initiated by Ambrosio Flores [53]. That they later
+on decided to go to Japan sailing on the SS. Natal. That on their
+arrival at Yokohama they lodged at the house of José Ramos, where
+there also lived Artacho. "During the first days of their stay Ramos
+and Artacho seemed to look upon them with want of confidence, and
+hid from them their conversations." He affirmed also that among the
+visitors to the house of Ramos were a Mr. Hirata, a professor of law,
+intermediary between Ramos and Prince Konoy, resident in Tokyo, and
+also, a Mr. Yósida, merchant. He stated also that "to excuse their
+frequent absence, Ramos and Artacho assured him that they had been
+to Tokyo to interview the dignitaries of the Empire, Prince Konoy,
+General Yamagata and the count of Tokogana, one of the ministers who
+had been Japanese ambassador to the court of Italy. Ramos assured them
+that, with these Japanese politicians they were arranging the securing
+of the independence of the Philippines, to which end the Japanese
+offered to land here 100,000 rifles with their ammunition, the cost
+of which should be paid for in a fixed number of years ... etc., etc."
+
+Isabelo de los Reyes [54] says on this point:
+
+"According to what is said, Ramos interviewed, on several occasions,
+Prince Konoy, General Yamagata and the Count of Tokogana, who was
+then a minister. These gentlemen, it seems, were sympathizers with the
+idea of our independence under the protectorate of Japan, as in Korea,
+and that they proposed, as a means of gaining it, the fomentation of
+Japanese immigration in the Philippines, and that when once this was
+attained, the seeking of a conflict with Spain."
+
+Further on he states that: "Some days before the insurrection broke
+out, Isabelo Artacho brought me a letter from José A. Ramos, in which
+he gave me an account of the efforts they were exerting to influence
+the leading politicians of Japan, to the end that they should aid us to
+secure our independence. Artacho told me verbally the details and that
+he knew that the liberal party of Japan, which then was the opposition,
+sympathized with the idea, and proposed as a means of attaining it,
+the seeking of a cause of conflict with Spain, introducing Japanese
+emigrants to that end."
+
+Moisés Salvador (fols. 1,138-1,143) stated that according to letters
+received by Bonifacio Arévalo from Cortés and Ramos, these two had
+been received by the Japanese minister of foreign affairs, to whom
+they expounded the object of their journey; and as the minister asked
+them what money they had to cover the expenses of the enterprise,
+they replied that they would pay their way with the money they should
+seize, pertaining to the Religions Orders and to the Treasury [55];
+and being satisfied, the Japanese minister told them they might prepare
+themselves, for he would send them arms in June or July, to the coast
+of Luzon, to be disembarked near the island of Polillo...."
+
+That the separatists hoped for, and aimed to secure the aid of Japan
+is certain; many testified to the fact; but this testimony was more or
+less hearsay. Certain leading separatists went to Japan to concoct the
+scheme and were, no doubt, listened to by some more or less prominent
+persons. This is all the more probable when we remember that the
+credentials carried by the Commission took the form of a petition
+signed by some 22,000 Filipinos, that is, it bore that number of
+signatures. [56]
+
+The work of propaganda carried on by certain Filipinos cannot be
+called into question; but what is very uncertain is whether or not
+the Japanese extended the wished and hoped for assistance. To be
+received in interview, and to be heard with attention, are two very
+different things. A father listens to the idle prattle of his child,
+but the childish words leave no other impression on his mind than
+their cuteness merits at the time. This is probably what occurred
+between Cortes and Ramos and the so-called "official" element of Japan.
+
+
+
+Notes 68 and 69. Pio Valenzuela testified (fols. 582-605) that "in
+the month of May, a student of Law Daniel Aria y Tirona, came to his
+house and invited him to go to salute the commander of the Japanese
+cruiser the Kongo [57]. That at an hour fixed, there gathered at the
+Bazar [58], with the witness, Andrés Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, José
+Dizon and others, who were received by the commander of the cruiser
+with an air of indifference, and of apparent ridicule.... Bonifacio
+saluted and welcomed him to the islands, offering his services. The
+commander replied, thanking them and inviting them to take a voyage
+to Japan to visit the towns of that country, and enjoy its beautiful
+climate. Later on they directed a letter to the Commander, Jacinto
+drawing it up and Bonifacio, Dizon and himself and others signing
+it; its text was a salutation to the Emperor and Empress of Japan,
+and a manifestation of a desire to form a part of the said Empire,
+etc.... With the letter were presented twelve water-melons [59]
+sent by Emilio Aguinaldo, capitan municipal of Cavite Viejo, and a
+quantity of mangoes purchased by Cipriano Pacheco, and also a picture."
+
+José Dizón Matanza questioned on the same subject, affirmed
+(fols. 1,132-1,138) that he was invited to the "Bazar Japonés," to
+salute and welcome the commander of the cruiser (Kongo).... When he
+arrived they gave him iced water.... About an hour afterwards there
+arrived an officer of the ship who said he was the doctor, and soon
+after the commander arrived; all saluted him.... On the evening of
+the same day Bonifacio, Valenzuela and the witness went to Nagtajan
+to the house where lived the Japanese who kept the Bazar.... Bonifacio
+told them they had a letter to give them. Three or four days later on,
+Valenzuela presented himself at the house of the witness with a letter
+in Tagalo which read more or less as follows: (here follows what the
+witness remembered of the letter.) Bonifacio signed it as president of
+the Supreme Council of the Katipunan, Jacinto as secretary, Valenzuela
+as Fiscal and the witness with the name of José Talin.... After the
+departure of the Commander, the witness enquired of Bonifacio what
+result the letter had obtained, Andrés replying that the Commander
+had taken a copy of it, returning the original, because the persons
+signing it were not representative; but that the said officer was
+very pleased with the pictures given in the name of the Katipunan,
+and with the melons and mangoes sent from Cavite."
+
+Isabelo de los Reyes affirms that: "When the Japanese cruiser Kongo
+visited the port of Manila in May 1896, the Supreme Council of the
+Katipunan went to salute its commander in the upstairs of the Bazar
+Japonés, situated in the plaza del Padre Moraga, and handed him a
+manuscript setting forth their desire for the aid and assistance of
+Japan towards the gaining of independence for the Philippines. They
+also offered him a picture and some native fruits."
+
+"The commander received them well and even regaled them with iced
+drinks and coffee, but did not dare to accept the document, limiting
+himself to the taking of a copy of it and promising to transmit their
+desires to the Emperor; he also invited them to make a voyage to his
+country. Nothing has since been heard of the commander."
+
+So much for the testimony given concerning the Kongo and its commander.
+
+Information I have obtained from Japanese semi-official sources on this
+point, shows that the Kongo steamed into Manila bay in 1896 in the same
+manner as it did recently, on a non-official visit. As was customary,
+the Japanese Commander and other officers visited the Japanese Bazaar
+in Plaza Moraga as well as other Japanese business houses. The Bazar
+Japonés was a center to which friends and acquaintances gathered to
+salute the visiting officers. Upstairs were prepared iced drinks,
+etc. for those who cared to take them. Bonifacio and others,
+uninvited, walked in and presented themselves and their petition and
+offerings. The latter the commander accepted; the petition he did not
+accept: in this he showed good sense. As to the supposed copy which
+he promised to take, evidence goes to show that it was not taken,
+but that the said commander merely made a few notes of it on a scrap
+of paper. The proprietors of the Bazar ridicule the idea that the
+commander favored the petition or received the so-called commission
+with pleasure; their opinion is that to which any investigator of the
+affair would come, that the Commander was a gentleman and did not
+wish to hurt the feelings, by his refusal, of even such ignorantes
+as those who at that time forced themselves upon him.
+
+
+
+Note 70. The idea that the Liga was but an introduction to the
+Katipunan is not borne out by the facts of the case. The Liga
+Filipina was a foundation of Rizal, whilst the Katipunan was a
+conception of Pilar who, finding Rizal was carrying all before him,
+determined not to be out-done by his former companion. The very fact
+of the enmity existing between the two leaders is proof enough that
+the two societies were not one and the same thing, although after
+their foundation they walked arm in arm. The Liga, as an association,
+was eventually dissolved, and from it was formed the Compromisarios
+(see note 63) and this body continued its functions till the outbreak
+of the revolt. The vicissitudes of the Liga did not lessen Rizal's
+influence. Ever ready to tell a lie or act one if it were to his own
+advantage, Rizal permitted the free use of his name in connection
+with the Katipunan also. To the vast majority of the oath-bound,
+the Katipunan was but the Liga under another form; and in order that
+the people should not know of the rivalry existing between himself
+and Pilar, Rizal gave no signs of disfavor towards the foundation of
+the new society; in fact he rather favored it, seeing that under the
+circumstances it would make him figure as its "hero," and he would thus
+be enabled to take the wind out of Pilar's sails. The only objection
+raised by Rizal to the work of the Katipunan, was that which he made
+to Valenzuela: that the time had not yet come for armed rebellion.
+
+As long as he held supreme influence Rizal was satisfied; but as the
+separatist element was becoming weary at the long absence of its
+"Moses" and had begun to worship the "calf" (not a golden one, by
+the way) "Moses" got angry and threw down, in disgust, the "tables
+of the law."
+
+In its beginning, Rizal was the idol of the Katipunan, in the same
+way as Morayta (note 13) was the idol of the rebellious Filipinos
+in Madrid, and others parts of the Peninsular. Isabelo de los Reyes
+[60] would have us believe that the foundation of the Katipunan
+was a result of the indignation of the people, consequent upon the
+deportation of Rizal. This, in the face of facts, is a very poor
+argument and demonstrates either the ignorance or the bad faith of
+Reyes. And he himself contradicts it a few lines further on by saying
+"that without knowing Rizal, the Katipunan acclaimed him its honorary
+President." This latter they certainly did but not "without knowing"
+him. They did so because they knew nothing of his disagreement with
+Pilar, the real founder of their society, and because the aim of the
+two societies was practically one.
+
+
+
+Note 71. The similarity of character between the Liga and the Katipunan
+has always been a matter of discussion. Some writers would draw a hard
+and fast line between the two, considering them as oil and water, two
+bodies enemies one of the other; others looking upon them as two oils,
+the one vegetable and the other mineral which, although differing in
+nature, mix together thoroughly.
+
+Reyes, in his oft-quoted "Memoria" to the then Gov. General, Primo
+de Rivera, in a mad attempt to prove that the insurrection was owing
+to the "friars" and that they attempted to invent the Katipunan plot
+to cover up their treason, says:
+
+"Above all, the friars committed the criminal and suicidal infamy
+of calumniously including in the Katipunan the millionaire and
+aristocratic element, and the middle classes, the fact being that
+they had nothing in common with the plebeian association which they
+not only despised for its low condition, but which the few who knew of
+its existence must have hated, if not for egotism, for the socialistic
+tendencies of the said group."
+
+Such assertions scarcely deserve comment, for from beginning to end,
+the proceedings against the separatists were in the hands of the civil
+authorities, the members of the Religious Orders having no influence
+whatever in the matter, although it was they who, by their watchfulness
+over the interests of the country had detected symptoms which they,
+as true patriots, made known to the civil authorities. True it is also
+that a friar, Padre Mariano Gil, made known, at a critical moment,
+the plot of the diabolical society, in time to prevent the bloodthirsty
+fiends rising in a night and cutting the throats of those who had been
+their benefactors; but the "friar" was never a secret service agent of
+the Government. What he did was what every patriotic Spaniard would
+have done under the circumstances. It was the civil authorities who,
+upon the discovery of the plot, caused the arrest of those complicated,
+and who tried and passed judgement upon the guilty. If millionaires
+and others were counted among the members of the Katipunan it was
+because they were guilty of the same treason as the katipuneros and
+not because they were "included" by the "friar".
+
+
+    "... Association which they not only despised for its low
+    condition, but which the few who knew of its existence must have
+    hated, if not for egotism, for the socialistic tendencies of the
+    said group."
+
+
+So says Isabelo de los Reyes, the founder of the late Filipino
+Democratic Party, and the Workman's Democratic Union, the most
+socialist movement in the history of the Philippines. So much for
+the Liberty, Equality and Fraternity which they all professed.
+
+Another writer, C. de Valdez, a nom-de-plume under which I recognize
+as hidden one whose knowledge on this subject was very extensive,
+who for the study of the question had at his disposition innumerable
+documents of vital importance, gives as his opinion: "It has been
+said that the Liga was a society into the which there entered only
+elements of a certain culture, and the people of money; whilst
+the Katipunan was formed for the poor and laboring classes. If by
+this it is intended to signify that they were two close societies,
+the one which should comprehend what we might call the aristocracy
+and the other the common people, we cannot agree with the opinion,
+because it is in contradiction with the facts. There existed a free
+communication between both societies and the prominent personages of
+the Liga mixed with the humble ones of the Katipunan, taking active
+part in the labors and forming part of the reunions and assemblies
+[61]; in the same way the individuals of common class entered the files
+of the Liga without any distinction of class being drawn between them."
+
+The writer goes on to show that the three main things needed for the
+Revolution were 1st: an active propaganda of separatist ideas; 2nd:
+funds to cover expenses and to purchase arms, and 3rd: a considerable
+number of persons ready to take up arms in the field. The first two
+of these main things were to be attended to by the Liga and the third
+by the Katipunan.
+
+"In the greatest utility in attaining the ultimate end of the
+initiators and directors of the conspiracy, must be sought the
+distinction between the Liga and the Katipunan, and the difference
+which the one or the other society enjoyed."
+
+"In all other things, both societies, or both organisms of the same
+society, co-exist, and display their activity jointly, the campaign of
+the Katipunan or that of the Liga being the most active; according as
+the necessities with which the one or the other were preferentially
+encharged to satisfy the final triumph of the revolt, might be of
+the greatest urgency or immediate utility."
+
+The fact is that the Liga and the Katipunan were the distinct
+foundations of two personal enemies, both of whom wished to hold for
+himself the position of supreme chief of the movement. (See note 70).
+
+D. Manuel Luengo, Civil Governor of Manila, in a report to the Minister
+of Foreign affairs, speaking on the subject of the Katipunan, says:
+
+"To carry to a head their fearful and criminal idea, they found it
+necessary to recruit many people of all classes and from all the
+provinces, seeking a useful means to facilitate the conjuration. And
+the indian being by reason of his ignorance and his barbarianism,
+like all peoples of his kind, easily fanaticised, they set to work to
+fanaticise the masses, these hordes of childish people, these ignorant
+laborers; and they fanaticised them by means of the pacto-de-sangre,
+making them swear war to the death to Spaniards, practicing an incision
+in the left arm, and with the blood which flowed from the wound made
+them sign their frightful oath."
+
+"The masonic attributes discovered, and the "apron" [62] upon which
+appeared the head of a Spaniard suspended by the hair, by the hand
+of a criminal indian, whilst with the other hand a dagger was plunged
+into the throat, evidenced, in a notorious manner, that this Society
+was found well provided with masonic rites."
+
+
+
+Note 72. Deodato Arellano, Bonifacio, Dina and Plata, it will be
+remembered, were energetic workers of the Liga. They had entered into
+the scheme of Rizal's association before Pilar's idea of a similar
+society had become known. Two months or so after the foundation of
+the Liga, at the time when its founder was deported to Dapitan, it
+was decided to take up Pilar's project and see what could be done
+towards carrying it to a successful issue.
+
+José Dizon y Matanza (fols. 1,129-1,131) testified that "on the
+same day in which General Despujols ordered the publication in the
+Gaceta of the deportation of Rizal, there gathered in a house in
+calle Ilaya, Bonifacio, Arellano, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Dina
+and the witness; and they agreed to form a society to be known as the
+Katipunan, the object and ends of which were to be filibusterism, or,
+in other words, the liberty of the country from Spanish rule; the six
+persons present immediately proceeded to perform upon themselves the
+incision of the pacto-de-sangre, signing with their own blood a blank
+paper, placing after the signature, the symbolic name each chose
+for himself. They then drew up the programme of the Society. This
+programme was composed of 6 articles, viz.: 1st: to constitute a
+secret society known as the Katipunan; 2nd: that the organization
+was to be by triangles, to the end that no more than three members
+should know one another; 3rd: that the initiated should pay one real
+entrance fee, and a half real as a monthly subscription; 4th: that
+as the number of the members increased they should found one or more
+balangay in each district; 5th: to try to gather funds to carry out
+the purposes of the society; 6th: that when the opportunity occurred
+they should reform these articles.
+
+They also agreed upon the form of oath which should be taken by the
+initiated, which was to promise to shed even the last drop of blood
+for the liberty of the Philippines.
+
+The Katipunan was founded upon masonic usage adapted to the character
+of the association. Its formation was one of triangles, each new
+Katipunero being bound to attract to the association, two others to
+occupy the opposite angles. This formation was eventually changed on
+account of the extent to which the society extended, its management
+becoming very difficult. The particular triangles were broken up
+and the association formed in three degrees. The first degree was
+composed of the recently initiated members. These each possessed a
+mask and some form of arm, either fire-arm or bolo, the cost of which
+was borne by the member possessing it. The members who enjoyed the
+second degree also possessed masks and wore as a regalia a ribbon
+to which was attached a medal bearing a letter (equivalent to K)
+of the old-time form of script of the pre-Spanish filipino; also a
+sword and banner crossed.
+
+The third degree members possessed red masks, the color being
+distinctive of the degree, in the same way as the color of the
+second degree was green, and that of first, black. These colors
+were symbolic: green signified hope, and red, war. Black was but a
+general color common to bandits all the world over. The masks of the
+third degree bore a triangle with three K's in the upper part, in the
+ancient Filipino script, and at the base the letters Z. Ll. B. (see
+at commencement of book). The inferior inscription signified "sons
+of the people."
+
+Each degree had its pass words and the members only knew those of
+their own degree.
+
+This was the latter form of the Katipunan in which it differed somewhat
+from the Liga.
+
+Pilar's plan was revolutionary; Bonifacio's truly anarchistic.
+
+Among the "chosen people" who testified before the Schurman Commission
+were two of the three native members of the present U. S. Commission,
+Tavera and Legarda. Both of these, among many other statements
+which will not hold water, had something to say on the subject of
+the Katipunan.
+
+Legarda stated that: (see Report of the Philippine Commission, 1900;
+vol. II page 377.)
+
+"This Society of Filipinos (the separatist element) united itself to
+the masonic society in Spain, and they established branches here;
+and this masonic society which was a true masonic society with all
+the characteristics of Masonry, converted itself afterwards into the
+Katipunan society. This society, the Katipunan, made great progress
+here in the Philippines, for they had to do greatly with the common
+people; they never had anything to do, or mixed at at all, with the
+higher class of people here in the Philippines [63]. As a result of
+this the society gained much credit and power, and undermined the
+forces which were in existence, especially the native regiments of
+Tagalogs. This was in 1896; the Revolution broke out at San Juan del
+Monte in August. A curious fact that must be noted was that a friar,
+who was the priest of Tondo, was the cause of its breaking out; for
+Gen. Blanco knew of this movement of the people and what was going
+on [64], and was in favor of making concessions to the people. This
+friar denounced the society, for he had a very intimate friend who
+was a filipino, and he caused this friend to be introduced into
+the Katipunan society [65], and this friend afterwards became the
+leader of the revolution himself. This Filipino was named Andrés
+Bonifacio, and later on he was chief of the revolution and chief of
+the Katipunan society. He took refuge in Cavite, and all that province
+rose up. Aguinaldo who was Municipal Captain in Cavite Viejo that
+time, was also a member of the Katipunan. When he heard that the
+Civil Guard was going to arrest him, he revolted too. He met a man
+who was his superior in the society--that is, Bonifacio--and as his
+ambition was his moving spirit, he caused Bonifacio to be shot."
+
+Tavera gave his opinion as follows: (see same Report, page 399. Vol
+II).
+
+"The conviction was strong among the Filipinos that they would not
+succeed in attaining anything by any other means than force. This
+being the case, the idea occurred to some Filipinos to found a system
+of masonry here. There were some lodges of the masonic order here,
+and the idea presented itself to form a sort of political masonry,
+which was created and called the Katipunan. This Katipunan society
+was naturally a secret society and had, I think, about 400,000
+members, principally in the Tagalog provinces and of the people of
+the valley of the Pasig River. I think in Manila and in the valley
+of the Pasig there were 80,000, naturally, as there were so many,
+and as they were so strong, the idea of a revolution was a natural
+consequence. The principal agitator of all this movement was a
+man named Andrés Bonifacio, who stirred up and directed it. The
+political movement in the Philippines was started, as was natural,
+by the aristocracy of wealth and of intelligence, but the Katipunan
+society was formed entirely of the elements from the lowest class of
+society. Bonifacio was a man without education. He was employed in
+one of the business houses at a small salary, of perhaps $30 or $40
+(Mexican) a month. They went on arranging their affairs very quietly
+and very secretly, awaiting a proper moment for action, which they
+believed would be the time of General Blanco's departure from the
+Philippines. Gen. Blanco was a man who was well thought of here
+[66], for he had a great deal of tolerance for the people [67]. He
+did tolerate masonry, and they believed that he also tolerated the
+existence of the Katipunan society. One day the priest of Tondo,
+Padre Gil, through the confession of a woman [68], learned of the
+existence of the Katipunan society, for the woman's husband was a
+member [69]. This Father Gil informed the General, so the Katipunan
+society was discovered.
+
+As the reader can easily see for himself there is considerable
+difference between the statements of these two persons; a comparison
+of these with the real facts of the case will show how easy it is for
+a certain element to distort truth when it serves its purpose. I have
+quoted these two "chosen" people, not that their statements may go
+down to posterity as history (which has been distorted sufficiently),
+but because both Tavera and Legarda formed part of Aguinaldo's mock
+government--the Filipino Commune; and therefore both of them had
+plenty of occasion to know the real facts of the case, facts they
+evidently desired, for some reason, to distort.
+
+
+
+Note 73. See notes 70 and 71.
+
+
+
+Note 74. Herein the katipuneros showed their madness. So fanaticised
+did they become that nothing of a nature or character Spanish was
+allowed to remain. They carried this anti-Españolism to the utmost
+extreme. Those of the native clergy who sympathised with the Katipunan
+frequently tore down the images of the saints in the churches, merely
+because the said saints were Spanish or painted them black in order
+to work the easier upon the imagination of the people.
+
+It was this hatred for things Spanish that gave rise to the bitterness
+demonstrated against the Religious Orders. The friar was a Spaniard,
+the most Spanish, as a general rule, of all the Spaniards in the
+Archipelago, and as such became the principal target.
+
+(See page 148).
+
+
+
+Note 75. The revolution ever showed unmistakable signs of a bitter race
+hatred. When the revolt first broke forth this race hatred was confined
+to Spaniards; and it was not until the breaking out of the insurrection
+against the lawful authority of the U. S. that it became general. Till
+then anyone but a Spaniard could go from end to end of the Archipelago
+without molestation; but when the promises of independence and other
+things of a like nature, made by the American Consuls of Hong-Kong and
+Singapore, and other irresponsible persons, failed to materialize, the
+self-asserted leaders of the people lost confidence in the white man
+and race hatred commenced to include all white people. When Aguinaldo's
+hordes of semi-savages commenced their attack upon the American forces,
+the effects of this race-hatred were felt more than ever before in the
+history of the country. Not only was the white man to be destroyed,
+but all those who sympathised with him--the Filipinos determined to
+"stagger humanity." And how they were going to do it is demonstrated
+in a document signed by Aguinaldo, captured by the American forces and
+published by the War Department of the U. S. on the 5th of September
+1900. The following are a few extracts from it:
+
+
+    "Malolos, Jan. 9, 1899--Instructions to the Brave Soldiers of
+    Sandtahan of Manila.
+
+    "Article 1. All Filipinos should observe our fellow-countrymen
+    in order to see whether they are American sympathizers. They
+    shall take care to work with them in order to inspire them
+    with confidence of the strength of the holy cause of their
+    country. Whenever they are assured of the loyalty of the converts
+    they shall instruct them to continue in the character of an
+    American sympathizer in order that they may receive good pay,
+    but without prejudicing the cause of our country. In this way
+    they can serve themselves, and at the same time serve the public
+    by communicating to the committee of chiefs, and of our army,
+    whatever news of importance they may have [70].
+
+
+    GIFTS AS COVERS FOR ATTACK.
+
+    "Art. 2. All of the chiefs and Filipino brothers should be ready
+    and courageous for the combat, and should take advantage of the
+    opportunity to study well the situation of the American outposts
+    and headquarters, observing especially secret places where they
+    can approach and surprise the enemy.
+
+    "Art. 3. The chief of those who go to attack the barracks should
+    send in first, four men with a good present for the American
+    commander. Immediately after will follow four others, who will
+    make a pretense of looking for the same officer for some reason
+    and a larger group shall be concealed in the corners or houses in
+    order to aid the other groups at the first signal. This wherever
+    it is possible at the moment of attack.
+
+
+    TO MURDER IN WOMAN'S DISGUISE.
+
+    "Art. 4. They should not, prior to the attack, look at the
+    Americans in a threatening manner. On the contrary, the attack
+    on the barracks by the Sandtahan should be a complete surprise
+    and with decision and courage. One should go alone in advance
+    in order to kill the sentinel. In order to deceive the sentinel
+    this one should dress as a woman, and must take great care that
+    the sentinel is not able to discharge his piece, thus calling
+    the attention of those in the barracks. This will enable his
+    companions who are approaching to assist in the general attack.
+
+    "Art. 5. At the moment of the attack the Sandtahan should not
+    attempt to secure rifles from their dead enemies, but shall pursue,
+    slashing right and left with bolos until the Americans surrender,
+    and after there remains no enemy who can injure, they may take
+    the rifles in one hand and the ammunition in the other.
+
+
+    FIREBRANDS FROM THE HOUSETOPS
+
+    "Art. 6. The officers shall take care that on the top of the
+    houses along the streets where the American forces shall pass
+    there shall be placed four to six men, who shall be prepared with
+    stones, timbers, red hot iron, heavy furniture, as well as boiling
+    water, oil and molasses, rags soaked in coal-oil ready to be lit
+    and thrown down, and any other hard and heavy objects that they
+    can throw on the passing American troops. At the same time in
+    the lower parts of the houses will be concealed the Sandtahan,
+    who will attack immediately.
+
+    "Great care should be taken not to throw glass in the streets, as
+    the greater part of our soldiers go barefooted. On these houses
+    there will, if possible, be arranged in addition to the objects
+    to be thrown down, a number of the Sandtahan, in order to cover
+    a retreat or to follow up a rout of the enemy's column, so that
+    we may be sure of the destruction of all the opposing forces.
+
+
+    WOMEN TO PREPARE "BOMBS"
+
+    "Art. 9. In addition to the instructions given in paragraph 6,
+    there shall be in the houses vessels filled with boiling water,
+    tallow, molasses and other liquids, which shall be thrown as bombs
+    on the Americans who pass in front of their houses, or they can
+    make use of syringes or tubes of bamboo. In these houses shall
+    be the Sandtahan, who shall hurl the liquids that shall be passed
+    to them by women and children.
+
+    "Art. 10. In place of bolos or daggers if they do not possess
+    the same, the Sandtahan can provide themselves with lances and
+    arrows with long sharp heads, and these should be shot with great
+    force in order that they may penetrate well into the bodies of
+    the enemy. And they should be so made that in withdrawal from
+    the body the head will remain in the flesh.
+
+        "Emilio Aguinaldo"
+
+
+The following official notice posted up in Sta. Cruz, Laguna,
+is another interesting example of the extent to which this race
+hatred spread:
+
+
+    NOTICE.
+
+    The traitor Honorato Quisunbin, who in an evil moment denied his
+    country, died yesterday.
+
+    To-day, one no less a traitor and renegade to his mother country,
+    has also died. He who has been the cause of so many husband-less
+    wives and fatherless children, has received a punishment for his
+    crimes which will prevent him from repeating them.
+
+    We will allot to-morrow, for the punishment of the remainder if
+    they do not change their conduct, but continue to follow the steps
+    of the above mentioned. For this reason, beloved compatriots now
+    that you have witnessed the punishment given to those who have left
+    the path marked by our authority which our government conferred on
+    us although we are unworthy of it, but as we have been appointed,
+    we have forcibly to obey all the decrees published, for the crimes
+    which are punishable by death and which are as follows:
+
+    1st. All those who have any public or private communication with
+    the enemy and serve them as guides;
+
+    2nd. All those who attack and rob in a band;
+
+    3rd. Violation or abuse;
+
+    4th. Incendiarism;
+
+    5th. All those who receive any position or employment in the
+    service of the enemy.
+
+        (Signed) THE COMPATRIOTS.
+
+
+This race hatred is illustrated very clearly in the definition of
+the Katipunan given by Romualdo Teodoro de J., when he said that its
+aim was to kill all Spaniards and take possession of the islands. No
+particular hatred was shown to any class; it was all Spaniards of
+all classes and conditions who were to be assassinated. It is also
+clearly depicted in the Act of Session of the Katipunan Sur already
+quoted (See page 81; also foot-note page 80).
+
+
+
+Note 76. What Sr. Diaz intends by Tagalog Katipunan is not quite
+clear. The whole society was practically confined to the Tagalog
+provinces and was insignificant in extent even beyond the city of
+Manila and its suburbs. There was no other Katipunan.
+
+In November 1895 the assembly of the Katipunan was composed of
+ten individuals of the Supreme Council, and the presidents of the
+popular sections who were entitled to assist in virtue of holding
+some office therein.
+
+In January of the following year of 1896, after the annual election,
+the assembly was composed as follows:
+
+
+            President           Andrés Bonifacio.
+            Secretary           Emilio Jacinto.
+                             /  Vicente Molina.
+            Treasurer        +  Pantaleón Torres.
+                             \  Hermenegildo Reyes.
+                             /  Francisco Carreón.
+                             |  José Trinidad.
+            Councillors      +  Balbino Florentino.
+                             \  Aguedo del Rosario.
+            Fiscal              Pio Valenzuela.
+
+
+
+Note 77. The question of the amount and the source of the supply of
+arms possessed by the Katipunan has always been one of dispute. Some
+suppose the rebels to have been well armed, whilst others reckon the
+number of serviceable guns to have been very small.
+
+Among the papers and documents belonging to the Katipunan Sur, seized
+by the Spanish authorities, is the following:
+
+"Commissioned for the purchase of arms:
+
+
+            D. Gabino    \
+            D. Juan      + Tantoko
+            D. Antonio   |
+            D. Ezequiel  /
+            D. Epifanio Ramos.
+            D. Victoriano Luis
+                 for the distinct armories of Manila."
+
+
+In a letter of the Secretary to the President D. Agustin Tantoko
+(a native priest; see page 79):
+
+"I believe we can obtain the dynamite by bribing some of the harbor
+employees."
+
+This letter has a foot-note which says: "When you have read this,
+destroy it."
+
+Numeriano Adriano testified (fols. 1,309-1,312) that Andrés Bonifacio
+had collected 10,000 pesos for the purchase, in Japan, of 4,000 rifles
+with abundant ammunition.
+
+He also stated that the arms had been purchased and were to be landed
+near by the mountains of San Mateo and in the Batanes islands, from
+whence they would be brought to Manila.
+
+That "Andrés Bonifacio went to San Mateo with men to receive and
+arrange arms, whilst Deodato Arellano and Timoteo Paez were encharged
+to send people to Batanes to the same end."
+
+Also that "It is said that many of the insurgents in the province of
+Cavite bear arms of different systems, and he supposed that they must
+have been acquired by the rich and wealthy persons of that province,
+such as Francisco Osario and others, who knowing perhaps of the
+existence of the Liga of Manila, its form and object, had formed
+their own also, in the said province, in order to unite to that of
+Manila and make common cause therewith."
+
+Domingo Franco declared (fols. 1,381-1,382), in answer to a question
+during his trial, as to what he knew in reference to the purchase of
+arms and ammunition, that "all he knew was that arms and ammunition
+had been purchased, because at the end of 1895, or the beginning
+of 1896, he saw Francisco L. Rojas in his office in Calle Jolo, and
+the said Rojas told him that he had received a quantity of arms and
+ammunition." He stated moreover, that he did not know the make or
+number, nor where they had been landed.
+
+Tomas Prieto of Nueva Caceres mentioned the receipt of 50 arms from
+Bato. He also stated that Mariano Melgarejo, according to references
+from Macario Valentin, received a load of arms in eleven cases from
+Pasacao."
+
+Pio Valenzuela affirmed that the arms borne by the rebels were for
+the most part domestic bolos [71] and lances, and that the chiefs
+were armed with revolvers." These revolvers were, he affirmed,
+acquired from the Maestranzi de Artilleria.
+
+Juan Castañeda declared that "the Japanese offered to land here 100,000
+rifles with their ammunition, the expense of which should be paid in
+a fixed number of years."
+
+Numeriano Adriano also affirmed that it had been decided to purchase
+arms in Japan and that one of the islands of the Archipelago should
+be given to Japan in exchange for its aid.
+
+Domingo Abella affirmed that he had visited Francisco Rojas in his
+office for the purpose of finding out if the arms which the tailor
+Luis Villareal had ordered for the society, had arrived; and that
+although Francisco Rojas did not belong to the society, he was
+encharged to portion out the arms and commissioned to bring them to
+Manila. Francisco told him that he could not provide him with any as
+they were all sold.
+
+The net cost of the arms and ammunition necessary to carry out
+the revolt was considerable, and as their introduction into the
+country would have to be very carefully planned, and be carried out
+with the greatest secrecy, the original cost would be considerably
+increased. Large sums of money were therefore necessary to cover
+expenses. Although the entrance fees and monthly subscriptions were
+considerable they could not produce the amount necessary to provide
+for the revolution, especially when there existed such a wide spread
+tendency among those who handled the funds, to absorb them as a sponge
+absorbs water. Castillo in his work concerning this association and
+its funds says [72]:
+
+"Undoubtedly it (the Katipunan) possessed large sums of money,
+only the most insignificant part of which, according to report, was
+discovered in the possession of Pio Valenzuela, preserved in gold and
+amounting, we believe, to less than 30,000 pesos. These resources
+could not cover the extraordinary expenses of the propaganda, that
+of the Commissioners sent to Japan to treat with that power on the
+question of a protectorate, and that of the coming war expenses which
+were without doubt, very considerable.
+
+"The Indian is not so selfish or so patriotic that he would, without
+immediate advantage to himself permit himself the extravagance
+of abandoning the sedentary life he usually leads, to launch out
+into the field of adventures of doubtful result. Those who from the
+headquarters of the revolution directed those torpid masses must
+have realised this, and to make sure of the exit, caused money to be
+distributed to all the affiliated and to their families, giving them
+at the same time rice in abundance.
+
+"On the morning of the events which took place at San Juan del Monte,
+two women who live in the Santa Mesa road, were engaged in giving money
+to the taos [73] who passed that way, advising them to unite themselves
+with the insurrectos to the end of killing all the Spaniards....
+................................................................
+
+"This money set aside for distribution in San Juan del Monte, in
+Pasig and in the pueblos on the banks of the river, must have come
+from a well stocked treasury......................................
+.................................................................."
+
+A little further on, the author gives a very broad hint as to one
+probable source of funds when he asks the question, where is the
+million and a half pesos which constitute the default in the public
+treasury of Manila?
+
+"It would be a curious coincidence," says the author, "if part of
+this amount perhaps the greater part should have served as funds from
+which the expenses of the revolution and the war were paid."
+
+
+
+Note 78. The initiations into the Katipunan were grotesque in the
+extreme. The person introduced for initiation was placed in a room
+draped in black, with its walls hung with mottoes in Tagalog dialect
+such as: "If you have courage you may continue," "If you have been
+brought here by your curiosity, retire." Upon a table was placed a
+skull, a loaded revolver and a bolo. A paper upon which were written
+three questions lay also upon the table. These questions were: "In
+what state did the Spaniards find the Tagalog people at the time of
+the conquest? In what state are they found now? What future can it
+hope for?
+
+The initiated previously instructed by his god-father, or by the
+person who catechised him, was to reply that, at the time of the
+arrival of the Spaniards, the Filipinos living on the coasts enjoyed
+a certain amount of civilization, since they already had cannons and
+silk dresses, that they enjoyed political liberty, sustained diplomatic
+(sic) relations and commerce with the neighboring countries of Asia;
+had their own religion and writing; in a word, lived happy with their
+independence. A certain amount of civilization may be. Let us see
+what that certain amount was:
+
+"Barely clothed, and more often naked, revelling day and night in
+drunkenness, given to the practice of infanticide, holding virginity
+as a dishonor, having among them people who practiced defloration as a
+profession, ignorant of the value and uses of money, making use of men,
+women and children to pay debts, in continual warfare with one another
+and enslaving their prisoners, practicing wholesale murder of slaves on
+the death of a chief or important personage, adoring and sacrificing
+to rocks, trees, crocodiles and idols of wood; lacking religion, but
+having in its stead most bestial and absurd superstitions; without
+temples, monuments or even literature, although they possessed a
+species of written language. The only human ideas they possessed were
+adopted from the Chinese, Japanese and Borneo Mohammedans whom they
+imitated after the manner of apes. This, historians tell us, was the
+condition of this people 340 years ago! when the missionaries planted
+the Cross on Philippine soil, and brought to the benighted natives
+the gospel." So much for the certain amount of civilization.
+
+Cannons and silk dresses: of a kind; as to the cannons, where
+did they all come from? Bought from or exchanged with the Borneo
+moros probably. As to these and the silk dresses, the savages of the
+south-sea islands enjoyed the use of such things and enjoyed them with
+better knowledge of how to use them! They enjoyed political liberty;
+let us see what Morga the historian who speaks most glowingly of the
+ancient civilization of the Filipino peoples, has to say on this point.
+
+He says: "In all these islands the people had neither kings nor lords
+to dominate them as in other kingdoms and provinces. But in each
+island were many chiefs from among the same natives, some greater
+than others each one with his subjects, by groups and families, who
+obeyed and respected them. Sometimes these chiefs were at peace with
+one another and some times at war.... The superiority which these
+chiefs had over the people of their group was such that they held
+them as subjects, with power to treat them well or ill, disposing of
+their persons, children and estates at their will, without resistance
+or the necessity of giving account to anyone, and for very slight
+offences they killed and wounded them and made slaves of them; and
+if it happened that one of the chiefs were bathing in the river and a
+native passed in front of him or looked upon him with want of respect,
+and for other similar things, they made slaves of them for ever." This
+is a good and practical kind of political liberty, just the kind of
+liberty the country would enjoy if in the hands of the leaders of the
+Federal Party, so anxious for liberties for themselves and coercion
+for those who do not agree with their way of thinking.
+
+Diplomatic relations and commerce with the neighboring countries of
+Asia: As to the diplomatic relations the mere idea of such a thing is
+preposterous. If we are to concede the use of diplomatic relations
+to the ancient Tagalog people, then we must consider as diplomatic
+relations such customs as the passing of the "peace pipe" practiced
+by the indian of the United States, and the giving and accepting of
+young women for sensual convenience practiced in many of the islands
+of the Pacific up to the present day. As to their foreign commerce
+let us listen once more to Morga. "Their contracts and negotiations
+were as a rule illicit, each one considering the best way to come
+off successful in his business."
+
+Their own religion: For a religious system they worshiped their
+ancestors and performed human sacrifices. The Spaniards found in
+these islands less than a million inhabitants, who were divided
+into innumerable tribes governed by rulers who had no more title of
+sovereignty than that they were enabled to impose upon the people by
+brute force and untold cruelties. The inhabitants formed a jumble of
+inferior races some more or less pure in blood, others intermixed;
+people speaking many dialects. They all lacked religion, in the proper
+sense of the word; they lacked morals, in fact they were wanting in
+everything that raises man above the level of the brute creation.
+
+As to their own writing, certain it is that they possessed a crude and
+very inefficient manner of writing, but what is very remarkable is,
+that in spite of their possessing a system of script, not a single
+piece of their literary work has yet been discovered nor even a written
+tradition. This goes to prove that either the Filipinos were at that
+time too deep in the savage ages to realise the importance of writing,
+or that the form of script was useless for practical purposes.
+
+To the second question the initiated replied that the friar
+missionaries had done nothing to civilize the Filipinos, as they
+considered the civilization and illustration of the country to be
+incompatible with their interests [74].
+
+To the third question the initiated was to reply that they had
+faith, courage and constancy to aid them to remedy these evils in
+the future. [75]
+
+The master of ceremonies warned him that he was taking a very important
+and very solemn step, and he was recommended to retire if he did not
+feel courage enough to continue since he would uselessly expose his
+life. If the initiated insisted in continuing with the mysteries of
+the initiation he was presented to the reunion of the brethren to
+be tried by the proofs assigned, which were very similar to those
+adopted in universal masonry, but surrounded with more paganism,
+if that be possible. He was blindfolded and made to discharge a
+revolver against an imaginary enemy, a person he was made to believe
+really was present and awaiting there the executionary bullet which
+should make him pay the penalty of a treason. If he passed through
+the proofs successfully he was introduced into the hall of oaths and
+there with his own blood, drawn by means of an incision made in the
+left arm between the shoulder and the elbow, he signed the oath.
+
+
+
+Note 79. See note 50, pages 171, 173 and 174.
+
+
+
+Note 80. The liberty of the Tagalog people; the chief aim which gave
+rise to the revolt. The first thing the separatists desired was to
+get rid of the Peninsular Spaniard; the next to go would have been the
+insular Spaniard, then the Spanish mestizo, then the Chinee half-caste
+and the Chinee; after which would come the gradual extinction of the
+various tribes. In the mean time the country would suffer considerably
+and at last...? See page 69, last four lines of the first paragraph.
+
+It is well nigh impossible to imagine to what the liberty of the
+Tagalog people would mean if it were put into practice. If the
+South American states which are recognized as independent, are
+unable to govern themselves in spite of the political superiority
+of the people inhabiting them over the peoples of this archipelago,
+without an unending series of revolutions, what might we expect from
+the Philippines? Give the country independence with one of the native
+"commissioners" as president of the republic and how long do you
+suppose it would be before Pedro Paterno at the head of some 5 or
+6,000 men would march into Manila to depose the president and proclaim
+himself Emperor Pedro I? And before the new Emperor could install
+himself in Malacañan he would have at his heels a thousand and one
+petty chiefs, princes, kings and perhaps even a few ambitious queens!
+
+It is over a half a century ago since the South American Republics
+became independent, and at that time the rest of the world cared but
+little for the consequences of such a step. But this indifference of
+the nations can never exist here in the Orient at the commencement
+of this XX Century. It would never suit the rest of the world to
+see independence declared in the Philippines and especially if that
+independence left the reins of government in the hands of the Tagalog
+people.
+
+The question of the expulsion from the country or the destruction of
+the Spaniards has been spoken of under several notes; the idea was,
+doubtless, a semi-savage interpretation of the preachings and teachings
+spread abroad by the Bible societies in all parts and especially in
+Spanish countries. And this becomes the more probable when we call
+to mind what the El Imparcial of the 26th of August 1896 published
+concerning this identical point. Speaking of the state of the country
+in general as a result of the insurrection, it says:
+
+"The minister of Foreign affairs received a telegram yesterday from
+General Blanco manifesting that more arrests had been made.........
+...................................................................
+
+The conjuration had ramifications in various parts of the Archipelago,
+and in it figured not only masonic societies but also Bible
+societies..........................................................
+...................................................................
+
+The propaganda of filibusterism is encharged to the colporteurs
+of evangelical books, who wander all over the Archipelago selling
+protestant publications."
+
+
+
+Note 81. These three native priests were among the prime movers of
+the rebellion of 1872, a revolt which was planned out in the houses
+of Joaquin Pardo de Tavera and Jacinto Zamora. The three priests were
+executed by the garrote together with Francisco Saldua. Gomez left
+the sum of 200,000 pesos to his natural son, born to him before he
+entered the priesthood. In his will he strongly counselled his son to
+be ever faithful to the Spanish authorities. I had intended to give a
+brief outline of the revolt of '72 but space will not permit. Taking
+it as a whole, it differed little from the revolt of '96 with the
+exception that it was directly brought about by the propagators of
+revolutionary ideas then rampant in Spain, and by the emissaries of
+the revolutionary government then established.
+
+
+
+Note 82.--See note 20.
+
+
+
+Note 83. The oath taken by the katipuneros was as follows:
+
+
+                                K. K. K.
+                             N. M. A. N. B.
+
+    Section....
+
+    I declare that on account of my entrance into the K. K. K. of
+    the A. N. B. I have sworn a solemn oath in my native pueblo and
+    in the presence of a superior of the Junta of the Katipunan,
+    to do away with everything that is possible and even with that
+    which is to me most near and dear and appreciated in this life,
+    and to defend the cause to victory or to death. And in truth of
+    this I swear also to be obedient in everything and to follow in
+    the fight wherever I am led.
+
+    And in proof of what I have said I place my true name with the
+    blood of my veins at the foot of this declaration."
+
+
+
+Note 84. Pio Valenzuela, who gave some of the most interesting and
+reliable information concerning the inner life of the Katipunan,
+testified (fols. 1,663-1,673) that on the 30th of November 1895,
+the birthday of Bonifacio, a meeting was held in Caloocan, in
+a house situated in the rice fields, some thirty five or forty
+individuals assisting thereat, among them being the witness. This
+meeting continued all day and all night till the following day, the
+first of December. At this meeting they pronounced the death sentence
+upon the tailor Guzman for publishing the secrets of the Katipunan;
+this sentence was signed by all present including the witness, after
+he had made many observations against it, observations the rest would
+not listen to. One of the lighter punishments meted out was the public
+exposition in the lodge rooms of the picture of the person punished,
+with the word traitor written over or under it.
+
+
+
+Note 85. The Katipunan enjoyed a peculiar and special organization,
+which was given to it in order to avoid surprises and treachery. The
+assemblies were always held in secluded places and under the cover
+of the greatest secrecy. Sometimes they were held at midnight in the
+open cornfields so as not to attract the attention of those indians
+who were not members of the society. Valenzuela relates how a secret
+meeting was held in the pueblo of Pasig at midnight, on one occasion
+to arrange the matter of the annexation of the Islands to Japan in
+case that nation did not care to declare a protectorate over them.
+
+The Council of Ministers of the Supreme popular Council was as follows:
+
+
+            President      Andrés Bonifacio.
+            War            Teodoro Plata.
+
+            State          Emilio Jacinto.
+            Interior       Aguedo del Rosario.
+            Justice        Birecio Pantas.
+            Finance        Enrique Pacheco.
+
+
+
+Note 86. Pio Valenzuela mentioned one occasion upon which such a
+meeting of the society was held, he himself assisting thereat, in
+the house of Andrés Bonifacio. It was a supper given in honor of the
+baptism of a child to which the said Valenzuela was god-father. After
+the supper, which served as a shield under the which the work of the
+lodge was to be done, an election was held for the Supreme and the
+Popular Councils, and the sections. Some thirty members were present.
+
+Another case he mentioned was that of a meeting held on the birthday
+of Bonifacio 30th of November 1895.
+
+The Katipunan moreover had its own festivals. This is how Valenzuela
+describes them:
+
+"The Katipunan held its festival, according as Andrés Bonifacio had
+told the witness, on the 7th of July, anniversary of the foundation
+of the society; it also celebrated another anniversary on the 28th
+of February, the date of the execution of the three native priests,
+Burgos, Gomez and Zamora (see note 81). On that day a catafalque draped
+with black cloth, was erected in each one of the popular Councils,
+having four hachones [76], one in each of its four angles, adorned
+with crowns made with plants named Macabuhay [77]. All the members
+filed before the funeral pile, reciting prayers for the dead and
+swearing to avenge the death of the three priests.
+
+
+
+Note 87. Roman Baza, who was one of the many who suffered the death
+penalty for his treason, undertook to educate in ultra-democratic
+ideas, (as Isabelo de los Reyes is doing in our days), all he came
+in contact with. He printed and spread abroad the "rights of man"
+of the French revolution.
+
+He was at one time president of the Katipunan (see p. 44) but being
+a man little suited to carry out to a successful issue the set
+plans of the society, Bonifacio determined to remove him, by what
+Sr. Diaz terms a coup-d'etat, but more properly called an underhand
+trick. Bonifacio, at that time treasurer, forced a conflict on the
+subject of the financial conditions of the society, being denounced
+as an exploiter for his pains. The quarrel was settled by an election,
+Bonifacio by his unholy influence carrying all before him.
+
+It was during the presidency of Baza that the Katipunan society for
+women was founded, "the object of which was mutual succor (!). The
+institution serving at the same time to dissimulate the meetings of
+the male Katipuneros. Whilst the latter were holding their sessions
+in a retired room, the women were in the salon with some young men
+dancing, singing or eating. The presidentess of this society of mutual
+succorers was Mariana Dizon.
+
+To secure admission it was necessary to be a daughter or sister of
+one of the male members. Mariana Dizon later on married José Turiano
+Santiago, and as a result, the female Katipunan, as an organization
+was broken up, the late members however continuing to shield as before,
+the labors of the Katipunan reunions.
+
+
+
+Note 88. See notes 74, 75 and 93. Part of the local and provincial
+Spanish press has not failed to give the public a rehash from time to
+time, of the greater part of the inventions of the separatists. It is
+needless to say, however, that in this it has failed to receive the
+support of representative Spaniards who look upon such an action as
+little to the honor of the good name of Spain. As to the corresponding
+English-speaking press in this connection, the less said the better
+for the good name of American journalism.
+
+
+
+Note 89. José Dizon Matanza stated during his trial (fols. 1,132-1,138)
+"that Pio Valenzuela sought money from the wealthy, and as he (the
+prisoner) understood, from a statement of Bonifacio, had collected
+over a thousand pesos for the object of covering the expenses of the
+trip which he made to Dapitan to confer with Rizal; and in order to
+fool the authorities he took with him a blind individual with his
+guide, that Rizal might perform a cure or some operation upon the
+blind man. The motive of the conference was the proposition to Rizal
+of the armed rebellion, etc., etc."
+
+Valenzuela himself spoke of this trip to Dapitan (see note 16, p. 133)
+as follows:--
+
+"In the month of May of that year 1896, a reunion was held in
+Pasig and there it was agreed to send a commission to Japan ... and
+it was agreed also to commence the armed rebellion, settling the
+manner in which it should be carried out, but it was decided that,
+previous to taking action it would be wise to consult with Rizal,
+the witness being chosen as emissary. The schoolmaster of Cavite
+Viejo, by name Santos, proposed that a blind man named Raymundo Mata
+should accompany Valenzuela that Rizal might cure him. The witness
+embarked on the S. S. Venus at the end of May, meeting on board,
+one of Rizal's sisters, and his (Rizal's) querida, an American or
+English woman named Josefina; and arriving at Dapitan, the witness
+went ashore with the two women and a servant that accompanied them,
+making their way to the house of Rizal, etc., etc."
+
+According to a statement of Isabelo de los Reyes, "Rizal, as has
+been clearly proved at the trials (of traitors) advised them to wait
+another two years, as they lacked arms."
+
+I wonder if Rizal foresaw the war to break out two years later between
+Spain and the United States! His intense desire to go to Cuba would
+give one that idea.
+
+
+
+Note 90. Negotiations indeed! Who can imagine the circumspect and
+formal little nation of Japan admitting negotiations with a warehouse
+porter, a man who was representative only of the worst of the lowest
+classes! Sr. Diaz probably made this statement from hearsay por boca de
+ganso as they say in Spanish. If any negotiations took place between
+Bonifacio and the Japanese Government they were on a par with those
+between the late U. S. Consuls of Singapore and Hong-Kong, and a few
+other irresponsible people, and Aguinaldo, the leader of the Katipunan.
+
+
+
+Note 91. As has been seen in the foregoing notes, it was the
+intention of the separatists to make purchases of arms and their
+necessary ammunition in Japan. Those wealthy Filipinos who were
+owners of steamships were looked to as the chief assistance in the
+transportation and landing of the said arms, etc.
+
+The date of the arrival of the arms, according as appeared from
+evidence given during the trial of Francisco L. Roxas, was to have
+been the 31st of December 1896. Lorenzo de la Paz, however, stated
+that it was the 1st of September of the said year. Others claimed
+it to be the 13th of September or the 30th of November. As may be
+easily seen, there was no lack of disagreement among the chiefs
+of the revolt, and perhaps, as far as the majority were concerned,
+still more exploitation.
+
+
+
+Note 92. Pio Valenzuela y Alejandrino was a licentiate of Medicine,
+and one of the members of the inferior Supreme Council of the
+Katipunan. According to his own story he entered the files of the
+society under compulsion at the hands of Andrés Bonifacio, who on
+the strength of a love affair, gave him the alternative of death or
+membership in the Katipunan (see p. 132). In his declaration during
+his trial (fol. 142-147) on the 6th of September 1896, he recorded
+how on the 30 day of November, S. Andrew's day of the year 1895,
+he was presented by Andrés Bonifacio to various Katipuneros as
+"brother" Medico (Doctor), Bonifacio stating that from that time he
+(Valenzuela) would be the doctor of the society. He also stated how,
+in the following month of January and in another meeting, he was
+nominated Fiscal, and official doctor with a salary of thirty pesos
+monthly, a salary he had no little difficulty in collecting. He was
+commissioned in May 1896 to go to Dapitan to hold a conference with
+Rizal concerning armed rising against the supreme authority of Spain
+in the Archipelago; but Rizal was shrewder and more far-sighted than
+the others and would not consent to the carrying out of the scheme as
+proposed by Bonifacio. On the return of Valenzuela Bonifacio imposed
+upon him a strict silence concerning the outcome of the conference;
+but being pressed by certain members of the society, among whom were
+Emilio Jacinto, Secretary of the Supreme Council, and capita Ramon
+of Pandacan, he revealed the secret of Rizal's opposition to a plan
+he feared would be abortive. When once the cat was out of the bag the
+facts soon became public among the principal members, with the result
+that many who had promised funds for the purchase of arms etc. in
+Japan, refused to pay the amounts promised. Among these was a colonel
+of Malabon who had promised 500 pesos for the said object. This breach
+of confidence on the part of Valenzuela brought about the separation
+of himself and Bonifacio, and the former presented his resignation
+as doctor and fiscal of the society. Bonifacio opposed the idea of
+his resignation but it was finally accepted, and the former friends
+parted company each to work in his own sphere.
+
+Valenzuela was in fact one of the chief movers of the rebellion;
+this was confessed by Domingo Franco, the late president of the then
+defunct Liga Filipina. "The rebellion," says he, "was produced by a
+foolish child, whose name it would dirty the tongue to pronounce,
+because after being the author of all (this however is somewhat
+inexact) has given himself up to the authorities to denounce those
+he has succeeded in misleading."
+
+During his trial in the Bilibid prison, before Col. Francisco Olive
+y García on the 2nd of September 1896, he gave some of the most
+interesting and reliable information that has yet been gathered
+concerning the interior workings and doings of the Katipunan.
+
+When the Guardia Civil set out from Manila to break up Bonifacio's
+party in Caloocan, several of those forming the leadership fled,
+and among them Valenzuela. He entered Manila by way of Sampaloc,
+passing through Quiapo to the Escolta and down the Pasaje de Pérez,
+embarking there on one of the lake steamers. On arrival at Biñang he
+went to the house of the co-adjutor D. Silvino Manaol (native priest),
+to whom he recounted what had taken place. The co-adjutor asked of
+the parish priest the proclamation of the Governor General conceding
+pardon to those who should present themselves [78]. Having read it
+with care and under the advice of the co-adjutor, he set out for the
+capital disembarking at the Ayala bridge from whence he took a quiles
+and went immediately to the palace of the Governor to present himself
+to him. The Governor General was not at home so Valenzuela at once
+started for the offices of the Military Government.
+
+Speaking of this giving up of himself of Valenzuela, Sr. José
+M. del Castillo y Jimenez says: "The forty-eight hours conceded by
+the proclamation of the Governor Blanco were about to close when
+there reached the palace of Sta. Potenciana, worn out, bathed in
+perspiration, and almost in a period of agony, Pio Valenzuela, an
+important person of revolution he being in such a condition that it
+was necessary to assist him previous to his passing into the presence
+of Gov. Blanco. When he had come to himself and was in a condition
+to make an explicit and ample confession he had two hours conference
+with the Governor, giving information of as such as he knew."
+...................................................................
+
+"Valenzuela and Rosario were of great utility in clarifying the facts
+and especially in the explanation of the cipher documents discovered
+in the house of Villaruel and others."
+
+
+
+
+
+SPECIAL NOTE.
+
+
+The reader's attention is called to paragraph 3 on the following page
+of the text (p. 47).
+
+Apart from the Councils spoken of in this and the former paragraphs
+there were others formed at a later date. These were more properly
+variations and were as follows:
+
+Trozo: Popular Council Maypagasa with four sections, Dapitan,
+Silanganan, Dimasagaran, and Dimas-Alang.
+
+Palomar: Popular Council Pinkian with two sections.
+
+Tondo: Council Katagalugan with the sections Katutuhanan, Kabuhayan,
+Pagtibayan, Kalingaan and Bagong-sinag under the presidency of
+Alejandro Santiago, Braulio Rivera, Hilarion Cruz, Cipriano Pacheco,
+Nicolás Rivera and Deogracias Fajardo.
+
+Conception and Dilao (Paco): the Council Mahaganti presided over by
+Rafael Gutiérrez; and the sections Panday and Ilog, with a delegation
+in Ermita.
+
+In Cavite was the popular Council Kawit the president of which
+was Emilio Aguinaldo [79] the capitan municipal of the pueblo of
+Cavite Viejo and later on the dictator of the Filipino Commune. This
+Council comprehended Imus, Noveleta, Silang, Naic, Maragondon and
+other pueblos. Imus was presided over by Juan Castañeda, Noveleta by
+Alejandro Crisóstomo.
+
+In Bacoor was a Popular Council presided over by Genaro Valdes with
+three sections Dimagpatantan (not to leave in peace), Ditutugutan (not
+to rest till the end is reached), and Pananginginigan (formidable).
+
+
+
+Note 93. The Kalayaan was intended to be a monthly review. Its
+first number consisted of thirty-two pages in quarto. The price
+of each number was 50c (Mexican). It was a most rabid anti-Spanish
+publication and advocated separatism openly, and yet in spite of the
+press censorship it circulated freely in the Archipelago.
+
+As the common belief was that this paper was published in Japan, as
+would appear from the paper itself, General Blanco decided to send a
+special delegate to Japan to investigate the matter of its impression,
+its publishers, authors, etc., that steps might be taken to put a
+stop to its impression or at least that a check be put on its entry
+and circulation into the Philippines. Don Alfredo Villeta was chosen;
+but on account of some hitch in the arrangements, he never started on
+his errand. Some say that the paper did not reach its second number,
+but it is certain that it did not reach its third.
+
+The heading was as under:
+
+
+                                KALAYAAN
+                    Issued at the end of each month.
+  1st year.                   Yokohama.              January 1896. No. 1.
+
+  Price of subscription,  Articles must be signed  If purchased will cost
+  3 months 1 peso;        by their authors.        2 reales per number.
+  in advance.
+
+
+The headings of the principal articles were as follows:
+
+To the Compatriots.
+
+Manifesto; by Dimas-Alang (José Rizal.)
+
+What the indian ought to know and understand; by Agapito Bagumbayan.
+
+This latter article is a mirror in which the purpose of the paper is
+reflected; it reads remarkably like a composition of Pedro Paterno,
+the visionary who claims for the peoples of the Archipelago a glorious
+pre-Spanish history and civilization. The following citations from
+the article will give some idea of the whole publication.
+
+"In these islands, which were previously cared for by our true
+neighbors of Malaysia at a time when the Spaniards had not as yet set
+foot upon the land, there existed a complete abundance and a state of
+welfare. Our friends the neighboring kingdoms, and especially Japan,
+brought commerce to our shores which formed the most abundant market,
+and there was found everything necessary, wherefore it was the richest
+country and its customs were all very good [80]. Everyone, youths and
+advanced in years and even the women, could read and write according
+to our manner of script."
+
+The article goes on to say that upon the arrival of the Spaniards the
+natives only made friends with them after that Legazpi had performed
+the ceremonies of the pacto-de-Sangre [81] with one of the indio
+petty sovereigns.
+
+"The Spaniards," says the writer, "have perverted us with their bad
+customs and have destroyed and obliged us to forget the noble and
+beautiful customs of our country."
+
+Noble and beautiful customs: Compulsory defloration of young girls,
+as a result of the belief that a girl who died a virgin could not
+enter heaven! Could anything be more noble and beautiful?
+
+Kalayaan purported to be and was always considered as the soul of
+the defunct Solidaridad (see note 24). It was printed in the Tagalog
+dialect and died, as it was born and had lived--in shame.
+
+
+
+Note 94. Pio Valenzuela testified (fols. 582-591) that on the 22nd
+of August he was informed by Josefa Dizon that her son José together
+with Bonifacio had fled from Manila. Valenzuela thereupon fled also,
+following them, and reaching Caloocan about 8 p. m. There he found
+Bonifacio with some twenty others. Andrés informed them that they
+must not separate as it was now time to commence the armed rebellion,
+the plot of the Katipunan having been discovered. From Caloocan they
+went to Balintauac arriving about 11 p. m. Here they met a certain
+Laong with a group of men. They remained in the pueblo Sunday,
+Monday and Tuesday preparing for the onslaught they were to make
+upon the Spaniards, which was fixed for the 29th of the same month,
+the plans being that they should advance in groups upon Manila,
+killing the Spaniards and also the indians and Chinese who refused
+to follow them, "dedicating themselves to the sacking of the city,
+robbery and incendiarism and to the violation of women." Many Chinese
+were murdered and their stores robbed.
+
+Whilst in the fields of Balintauac distribution was made of bolos and
+ten revolvers, the latter stolen from the Maestranza of Manila. On
+Tuesday evening preparations were made to meet the attack of the
+Spanish troops which had been sent out in persecution of the rebels,
+and the first conflict took place. Valenzuela also stated that the
+greater part of the people who formed the rebel forces were drawn,
+catechised and initiated all in a moment by the fanatic Laong, who
+was practically the active chief of the revolt, and who directed in
+person the attack upon the Chinese stores.
+
+About 5 pm. on the 29th five hundred men under a "leader of Pasig"
+appeared on the scene at the waterworks. They at once took possession
+of the building and of the persons of the workmen. Their first
+intention was to stop the machinery so that no one need be left
+in charge thereof when orders should be received for a start for
+Manila. The engineer however, reminded the chief that if such a thing
+was done their brethren in Manila would die of thirst. This excuse
+carried the day and the chief decided to leave some workmen there under
+the condition that the engineer and others who wore moustaches should
+shave, and that all should dress like indians, and that the engineer's
+wife should dress like a native woman and prepare food for his men. The
+party finally set out on their way. They tried to avoid an encounter
+with the troops composed of artillery and infantry, 65 men in all,
+stationed at the powder works. In avoiding this handful of defenders
+they fell afoul of other troops which gave them a good sharp reception.
+
+As to those who, repenting, desired to return to a legal status, it
+is difficult to form an opinion, on account of the contrary evidence
+adduced in connection therewith. Isabelo de los Reyes already cited,
+in a futile attempt to justify the acts of the Katipuneros, claims
+that some of the chiefs opposed the plan of the armed resistance as
+contained in the propositions of Bonifacio, claiming that it would
+be a great and useless sacrifice, to say nothing of the imprudence of
+such an act, to launch forth against an armed force without possessing
+better arms than a few bolos and lances. He claims that Bonifacio
+listened to the advice and was on the point of acting upon it, but
+was compelled to take the step he did in declaring the revolt, by
+the attitude of his 500 followers. The authority for this statement
+was Pedro Nicodemus, who was the commander of the said group, a man
+who was as ignorant as he was blood-thirsty.
+
+Further on Isabelo states that "in the famous reunion of Balintauac,
+in the solemn moment of the breaking forth of the revolt (August,
+26th 1896) Andrés Bonifacio as president of the Supreme Council of the
+Katipunan, explained that the plot had been discovered, and that in
+order to save those who were compromised and who had not up to that
+time been arrested, it was necessary to launch forth to the fight,
+although the arms with which they should fight had not yet arrived
+from Japan."
+
+Granted however the character of Bonifacio, his aims and the methods
+he adopted to carry out his ideas, such an excuse as that of Reyes
+argue but little in pro of the good judgement or better said the good
+faith of its author. Bonifacio was anxious for the first blow of the
+revolt to be struck that he might not lose the confidence of those
+who had intrusted him with the undertaking and who had been fooled
+into the idea that the Katipunan forces were so powerful that nothing
+could resist their onward course once they had been started on their
+way. And to suppose that Bonifacio was to be so easily influenced by
+a few petty chiefs is to show a complete ignorance of the character
+of the hero of the Katipunan. If the opposition of the said petty
+chiefs really occurred it was probably inspired more by fear of
+the consequences than by the true spirit of repentance, for if the
+cruelties and abuses said to have been committed by the Spaniards
+were the cause of the revolt, what need was there of such a repentance?
+
+The prestige enjoyed by Bonifacio among the katipuneros was natural
+enough, in as much as he was the father of the Katipunan, the
+illegitimate offspring of filipino freemasonry, itself a legitimate
+child of the Spanish family of universal freemasonry.
+
+"The Katipunan," says the author of an exposition to Congress, dated
+1900 and published at the printing office of the El Liberal, "the
+worthy and legitimate [82] child of Andrés Bonifacio, was founded in
+his own house in calle Sagunto (Tondo) between six and seven in the
+evening of the 7th of July 1892. Andrés Bonifacio gathered together
+his best friends, Teodoro Plata, Valentin Díaz, Ladislao Dina,
+Deodato Arellano, and Ildefonso Laurel, to whom he proposed the
+necessity of the creation of that Superior Association of the Sons
+of the People, whose only aim should be that of the independence
+of the people under a Spanish protectorate or in default of that,
+of Japan. Those assembled took to the idea with great enthusiasm and
+at once commenced the propaganda of the same.
+
+
+
+Note 95. One thing which clearly demonstrates the state of fanaticism
+and moral degradation to which the Katipunan fell, was the savage
+manner in which they treated the Religious prisoners who fell into
+their hands. Disrespect for all authority and especially that of
+the clergy, was one of the chief fruits of the work of propaganda
+carried on by Rizal and other of the separatist element, aided and
+abetted by the Bible societies who gave moral as well as practical
+assistance to their labors.
+
+As fanaticism increased, this want of respect became more intense
+and eventually led to a thirst for the blood of those whose greatest
+crime was the excessive favor they had extended to the indian, to
+whom such a thing as gratitude was unknown [83].
+
+As we have seen, the intention of the Katipuneros was the annihilation
+of the Spaniards, irrespective of class or condition. The parish
+priest being the strongest support of the administration was the
+target for the bitterest treatment at the hands of the rebels.
+
+Among the number of those parish priests murdered by the Tagalog
+rebels were P. Toribio Moreno; Recolet, parish priest of Silang;
+P. Toribio Mateo, Recolet and parish priest of Perez Dasmariñas; and
+the lay brothers: fray Luis Garbayo and Julian Umbon, these latter were
+murdered in San Francisco de Malabon. Upon the Estate of Imus, then
+property of the Recolet Corporation, now in the possession of a large
+London Syndicate, were most brutally murdered the following Recolets:
+
+P. José Ma. Learte, ex-Provincial and parish priest of Imus, P. Simeon
+Marin, ex-Definitor and parish priest of Maragondon, P. Agipito
+Echegoyen, parish priest of Amadeo, P. Faustino Lizasoain, parish
+priest of Bailen, and the lay-brothers:
+
+Roman Caballero, Jorge Zueco del Rosario, Damaso Goñi, Bernardo Angos,
+Victoriano López.
+
+It is affirmed by eye-witnesses that these victims to Tagalog
+fanaticism were saturated with petroleum and burned alive.
+
+Fear was entertained for the safety of of several Dominican Fathers
+who held parishes near by, and therefore P. Buenaventura Campa,
+P. Francisco Cabeñas and fray Natalio Esparza immediately set
+out in search for them. Regardless of the great risk they ran in
+falling into the hands of the bloodthirsty Katipuneros, these three
+heroic Dominicans casting aside all thought for self and all care
+for their own welfare [84] set out for Naic in the steam launch
+Mariposa. Difficulties were encountered from the start. The native
+captain and engineer conspired to prevent the carrying out of the
+attempted rescue. P. Buenaventura calling up the refractory captain
+told him that he and his companions were firm in their purpose and
+that progress must be made. The captain pleaded inability for want of
+coal. Then hoist the sails, said P. Campa. There are none replied the
+captain. Then take my habit and those of my companions and make sails
+of them, thundered the Padre. The captain gave in and the journey was
+continued. Naic was reached; they failed to find their companions but
+were in time to save the unfortunate wife and children of Lieut. Perez
+Herrero; they discovered them barefooted and wellnigh mad with terror,
+dressed in native clothes and hidden in a nipa shack. P. Galo Minguez,
+parish priest of Naic, Padres Nicolás Peña and José Digne and the
+laybrothers Saturnino García and José Pedida had succeeded in escaping
+from the clutches of the rebellious Tagalogs, having fled to Labay
+from whence they made their way to Corregidor, meeting there those
+who had come to seek them in the Mariposa.
+
+The Augustinian Father P. Piernavieja was another victim to
+fanaticism. This Father has been termed medio loco [85] and in
+all truth he was so if the possession of a presence of mind such
+as that shown by P. Piernavieja is to be termed craziness. True
+it is that he was at times gifted with a strange turn of mind. He
+had, during the many years he administered the parish, established
+therein a christian communism. When the revolt broke out he was
+held as a prisoner and obliged to invest himself with the authority
+of an Archbishop. Had the revolt prospered and P. Piernavieja lived,
+undoubtedly he would have been made Archbishop of Manila by the Tagalog
+discontents. P. Piernavieja was shrewd enough to take well to his new
+office. He was once called upon to anoint the chiefs and rulers, as the
+kings and emperors of olden time were anointed by the Church. Padre
+Piernavieja told them that olive oil was not suitable for such a
+purpose and therefore proceeded to anoint them with cocoanut oil such
+as is used by the natives for their lamps! Under pretext of his office
+of Bishop this strange old man claimed liberty to make his pastoral
+visits and when he succeeded in securing this liberty which was readily
+granted to him, he overran all that part of the province in the hands
+of the insurgents, secretly collecting all kinds of information, which
+he immediately sent his superiors in Manila. This information reached
+the military authorities and would have become of utility to them for
+the carrying out of the campaign had it been prosecuted as a military
+campaign should have been. But the Padre's messenger was eventually
+captured with messages in his possession. When questioned as to the
+source of the information, and where he was taking it, he told all,
+and as a result Padre Piernavieja was condemned to death as a traitor
+to a cause to which he had never held allegiance. As a punishment he
+was tied to a tree exposed to the burning rays of the tropical sun,
+and thus left to the mercy of the voracious birds and insects, dying
+of hunger, thirst and of terror in the midst of inconceivable torments.
+
+Padre David Veras, Dominican, was another of the many victims of
+the Katipuneros. He was the parish priest of the pueblo of Hermosa
+in the province of Bataan. When the insurgents attacked the pueblo
+they captured P. David, and after cutting off both his hands, dragged
+him to the most distant of the ten barrios of that pueblo, and there
+hacked him to death with bolos and hatchets mutilating his body in
+a horrible manner, and throwing the corpse on to a dung heap.
+
+In the early dawn of the 25th of December 1896, in Morong province
+of Bataan, Padre Domingo Cabrejas, Recolet, was murdered at the altar
+while offering up the holy sacrifice of the Mass, his blood staining
+the sacred linen and the steps of the altar. The katipunero murderers
+hurriedly hid the body in the church and fled.
+
+Padre José Sanjuan, also Recolet and parish priest of Bagac was
+another victim. To name all those who suffered barbarous treatment at
+the merciful hands of the insurgents would be a well-nigh impossible
+task. Recalling the acts of those fanaticised sectarians, one might
+almost recall the barbarities and brutalities of the diabolical
+Nero. Certainly the ancient Chinese and Japanese were scarcely
+more excessive in their treatment of the unfortunate missionaries
+they tortured in their attempt to stamp out the christian faith;
+and even the Chinese boxers of our days could have taken lessons
+from the disciples of Filipino freemasonry. Many, many are the
+unfortunate missionaries whose blood cries to heaven for vengeance
+and this vengeance of the God of Justice will one day fall upon this
+people. Even in our own days we cannot shut our eyes to the fact of the
+existence of the well marked track of the hand of Divine Justice as it
+passes here and there throughout the land, calling now upon this one,
+now upon that, to pay his debt even to the last farthing. The track
+of the finger of God has been remarkably distinct in this archipelago
+and many are the cases in which that finger moving slowly and silently
+along has pointed out the unfruitful tree which the scythe of death
+shall cut down.
+
+"For I the Lord thy God am a jealous God; visiting the sins of the
+fathers upon the children until the third and fourth generation."
+
+
+
+Note 96. Some there are who see in every event which takes place,
+the protecting or avenging hand of Providence. Others there are who
+laugh to scorn the idea that Providence should concern itself in
+such matters.
+
+The hand of Providence surely has manifested itself of late in this
+archipelago, here protecting the one from a cruel torture, there
+permitting the sacrifice of a martyr to the faith or a martyr to duty
+and honor, and the integrity of the Spanish nation. Here giving one
+over to a just punishment, there pointing out another as an object
+for Divine vengeance.
+
+Is proof needed perhaps that the finger of the avenging hand of Divine
+justice has left its well-marked path in the Philippines? Then we
+have a notable case before us. A few months ago, a steamer, the Rio
+de Janeiro, left the Orient bound for the port of San Francisco,
+Cal. Within sight of the city, almost within sight of the crowds
+who stood upon the wharf in expectation of the ship's arrival,
+the good vessel, by the will of God who rules over all things,
+went to the bottom, carrying with her, among other passengers,
+a man who was morally and physically responsible for the greater
+part of the barbarities practiced upon the long suffering Spanish
+prisoners, Religious, Civil and Military, at the hands of the Tagalog
+revolutionists. With that man disappeared from the land of the living
+his whole family, together with state and private papers of unknown
+value. How often before in the past history of the world has the God
+of Justice obliterated whole families and even whole nations!
+
+And who shall say that the hand of Divine Justice has not protected
+as well as avenged. For many months the katipuneros had woven a
+fine-meshed net around the Spanish population of the Philippines,
+a labor the more easily accomplished in the same degree as the
+scandalous carelessness of the Blanco administration became more and
+more marked. Blanco himself was a freemason [86] and was always, like
+our present civil administration, surrounded by friends of his own
+choice, people who at no time suffered from an excess of patriotism;
+and the few honorable exceptions which did exist were, unfortunately,
+persons whose good moral influence was powerless to better a situation
+which day by day became worse [87].
+
+This net already woven was set, and it needed but the given signal
+for its string to be tightly drawn and the unsuspecting prey would
+immediately fall into its folds, to be redeemed only by a barbarous,
+cruel death. But providence is merciful as well as just, and in her own
+time opened up a way of escape for the coveted prize of the katipunero
+savages. This opening was no other than Teodoro Patiño, himself a
+member of the diabolical society, the plot of which he was to reveal.
+
+Patiño was one of the many compositors in the printing establishment of
+the Diario de Manila. He was an indian of but little importance both
+as regards his abilities as a workman or as a katipunero: he was one
+of the thousands of unknowns from which have sprung so many of those
+sadly famous ignorantes and others of our own days. But he was destined
+to act an important part in the society to which he belonged: a part
+however not in the programme of proceedings drawn up by the society.
+
+A discussion took place one day as to the subscription the said
+Patiño should pay into the common funds of the society, and heated
+words passed between him and his companions on the subject. From words
+they came to blows; and as Patiño was one against many he came out of
+the tussle second best, having received a good sound thrashing for
+daring to differ from the majority. To satisfy his injured feelings
+he looked around him for some one from whom he could expect sympathy,
+and he bethought himself of his sister who was a pupil of the College
+of Mandaloya, under the care of the Augustinian Nuns. To his sister
+he repaired and to her he told his tale of woe, making mention at the
+same time of a certain society to which he and his assailants belonged.
+
+The sister startled by what her brother related, questioned him
+closely, as only a woman can question when she wishes to get to
+the bottom of anything. Having been a pupil of the Augustinian Nuns
+for a considerable time and preserving in her heart sentiments of
+gratitude little known among the peoples of the Archipelago, she was
+much hurt to hear of the plans mapped out by the Katipunan for the
+brutal destruction of those who had always been so good and kind to
+her and her brother. And before Patiño could tell all his tale, his
+sister had bidden him good-bye and gone off in search of the Mother
+Superior of the College, to whom she immediately told all she knew
+of the affair. The two women trembling with fear for the safety of
+the lives of so many hundreds of innocent victims, hurriedly sought
+the presence of the Rev. Padre Mariano Gil, Augustinian, and parish
+priest of Tondo. This Rev. Father, realizing the enormity of the
+Katipunan plot, advised them to send Patiño to him without delay.
+
+Patiño presented himself at the convento and underwent a close
+examination at the hands of Padre Mariano. At first little progress
+was made, as Patiño feared both the anger of the authorities and
+that of his fellow katipuneros, who would doubtless take revenge upon
+him according to the laws of the society, for his tale-telling. And
+in spite of the fact that he tried at every turn to avoid telling
+the naked truth, and to escape here and there by professions of
+ignorance, he eventually manifested to P. Mariano Gil all he knew
+of the society, of its plans and of its resources. After a long and
+tedious conversation, the patriotic Augustinian was gratified with
+the knowledge of where to lay his hands upon hidden documents etc.,
+which would throw much light upon the purposes of the society of
+cut-throats. P. Gil immediately set to work to disclose the hidden
+secrets.
+
+"Without losing a moment," writes P. Mariano Gil, to a friend who
+had asked of him the true story of what took place on that memorable
+occasion, "I sent notice to the Lieut. of the Veterana of this
+sub-division, D. José Cortés, to whom in the presence of the denouncer,
+Patiño, I communicated the most necessary data, giving him at the same
+time the names of all those persons in the printing establishment who
+were compromised, commencing with the two who signed the receipts,
+Policarpo Tarla and Braulio Rivera, indicating to him the manner of
+procedure for the detention of all those complicated.
+
+...................................................................
+... "I decided, confiding in God, to go alone to the printing
+establishment, at a time when none of the workmen should be present."
+
+The writer goes on to explain how he made known his mission to D. Ramón
+Montes and two other Spaniards who, astonished at the news, aided in
+the search for the documents, stones etc. After a half hour's search
+the lithographic stone was discovered, and like a tiger springing
+upon its prey, the zealous son of St. Augustine pounced upon it, as
+though he feared that the very roof of the building should fall in
+upon it and bury it beneath its rubbish out of reach of his hands. A
+proof was taken from the said stone, of the Katipunero receipts,
+and P. Gil immediately set off in the direction of the Veterana of
+Tondo where he met Patiño, who recognized the receipt as authentic,
+and two hours later the Patriotic Augustinian saw his efforts crowned
+with the confession of guilt of the delinquents, the two previously
+named, figuring at the head of the list. Having performed this, P. Gil
+humbly wended his way back to his parochial dwelling, satisfied to
+have been an instrument of divine Providence for the unravelling of
+one of the most bloodthirsty plots ever invented by the perverse mind
+of embruted mankind.
+
+At midnight was discovered in the locker of Policarpo Tarla, in the
+same place, a dagger, the regulations of the Katipunan and several
+documents having connection with the said society, all of which,
+together with the famous lithographic stone, were handed over by
+Sr. Montes to the Veterana.
+
+On the following day P. Gil discovered in the house of one of his
+parishioners a dagger identical to the one mentioned, also several
+receipts in Tagalog with the key of the symbolic language in which
+they were printed.
+
+"This", affirms P. Gil, "is the truth of the discovery."
+
+There can be little doubt that Patiño was directly inspired more by the
+thrashing he received than by providence, although it is not possible
+to deny that the thrashing and the consequent divulging of the secrets
+of the Katipunan were providential. And as regards to his repentance,
+I doubt judging from the character of the average indian, whether he
+really felt repentant till the enormity of the crime to which he was
+an abettor was brought home to him by P. Mariano Gil. Be that as it
+may. The ways of Providence are hidden from us and we can seldom see,
+with our human eyes, more than the actions of the human reason. Yet
+the truth remains, that whether directly or indirectly inspired by
+providence it was Patiño's action which saved Spain "from an unending
+series of bitter experiences."
+
+
+
+Note 97. What has, up to this present, been written concerning these
+stirring events has been taken chiefly from the reports made by
+Gen. Blanco to Sr. Canovas. Whether from ignorance or from malice,
+these reports contained about as many errors as words. From these
+Sr. Diaz evidently took the statement that the sister of Patiño was a
+pupil in the College of Looban, whereas P. Mariano Gil himself states
+that it was that known as the Orphan Asylum for Girls at Mandaloya.
+
+
+
+Note 98. The following sketch of P. Mariano Gil is taken from the
+Heraldo de Madrid which in its number of the 6th October 1896, said:
+
+"P. Gil was born in Carreon de los Condes (Palencia) on the 2nd of
+July 1849. Whilst still young he entered the Augustinian College of
+Valladolid. His studies concluded, he passed to the Philippines where
+he filled the duties of parish priest in several Tagalog pueblos. Till
+recently he has been holding the position of parish priest of Tondo,
+a suburb of Manila. He was fortunate enough to discover the plot
+of the insurrection on the 19th of August last, denouncing it at an
+opportune moment. The Spaniards gathered in manifestation to the palace
+of the Governor General; Sr. Blanco did not condescend to receive them
+and they therefore went at once to pay their respects to P. Gil and
+the Archbishop, both of whom congratulated them for their patriotic
+attitude. A newspaper of Manila, El Español, published the picture
+of the parish priest of Tondo; but scarcely had the first copies
+of the paper appeared on the street, than General Blanco ordered
+their suppression, commanding that a new edition be printed omitting
+the said picture and the laudatory phrases which the El Español had
+dedicated to the eminent Augustinian, from this time a note-worthy
+patriot to whom the public did a justice which General Blanco either
+did not know how, or did not wish to do him."
+
+Speaking of this patriotic Padre, Sr. Castillo y Jimenez [88] says:
+
+"His character is gruff; he asks nothing, he demands; he does not
+beseech, he asks; and what he demands and asks is just and lawful,
+because it bears in its essence the benefit of mankind, aiding the
+unfortunate, warding off their dangers, delivering them from the
+attacks which envy and vengeance might deal out to pacific and humble
+people. He is inflexible with the reprobate and disloyal, magnanimous
+with those who have been deceived; proud with the haughty and humble
+with the weak, and in his generous life has wiped away many tears,
+distributed much bread to the poor, and many times proportioned
+assistance to the needy that they should not fall into want."
+
+The good work done in the discovery of the diabolical plot of the
+Katipunan, has very naturally been the object of a great amount
+of bitter criticism at the hands of the separatist element, which
+has never pardoned the valiant Augustinian for springing their
+carefully laid traps. He was denounced in the lodge rooms of Filipino
+freemasonry, from one of which was despatched a letter directed to
+him and bearing his picture, as will be seen in the accompanying
+illustration. His discovery was depreciated and belittled, and made
+to appear a farce. His patriotism was called into question and his
+very life was placed in imminent danger.
+
+However the torrents of lies that have poured forth against him have
+not, and can not obliterate the truth.
+
+Isabelo de los Reyes to belittle the labors of discovery of P. Gil,
+affirms that Antonio Luna notified Blanco of the existence of the
+association previous to the discovery of P. Gil. Be that as it may;
+the secret police had also notified Blanco of what was going on. Three
+times did the Archbishop of Manila do the same, and so also did
+the other prelates of Manila and Prior of the Convent of Guadalupe,
+and Lieut. Sityer [89]. But this does not lessen the value of Padre
+Gil's discovery, but rather adds to its importance. For whilst Blanco
+was sufficiently posted on the matter to be able to judge of the
+necessity of taking immediate proceedings, there was wanting that
+healthy stimulus which was given by P. Gil. A stubborn carbuncle
+often needs the aid of the lance: P. Gil's discovery was the lance
+which brought to the surface the putrid matter which nature could
+not, of herself, eject. This putrid matter extending itself, would
+have brought about the mortification of the whole body, had not the
+surgeon applied his lance in good time. And although the lance of
+the surgeon brought pain to the patient it saved her for the time,
+giving back to her a state of relative health.
+
+
+
+Note 99. The first executions which took place were those of four
+rebels captured in flagrante in San Juan del Monte. These were Sancho
+Valenzuela, Eugenio Silvestre, Modesto Sarmiento and Ramón Peralta. Of
+these Valenzuela was the only one of any importance. Sarmiento was
+a cabeza de barangay [90] of Santa Ana where he owned a small nipa
+house which he rented out, performing at the same time the office of
+cook and house boy to the tenant. On the way to execution he met his
+tenant-master and, in a nonchalant manner, greeted him with as pleasant
+a Buenos dias Señor, as if he were on the way to some joyous function
+or a grand "meet" at the cock-pit. Before his execution Valenzuela
+also showed a spirit of coolness and serenity, signing his last will
+and testament with a firm hand, and smiling. Both showed the spirit
+of men thoroughly fascinated by some superior power, neither realizing
+the crime they had committed nor the punishment they were to undergo.
+
+The second execution took place in Cavite, thirteen rebels being
+shot. These were Francisco Osorio, Maximo Inocencio, Luis Aguado,
+Victoriano Luciano, Hugo Pérez, José Lallana, Antonio San Agustin,
+Agapito Conchu, Feliciano Cabuco, Mariano Gregorio, Eugenio Cabezas and
+two constables of the public prison of the province. These constables
+had pressed into their traitorous service a number of the muchachos of
+the prison. Francisco Osorio was a very wealthy Chinese half-caste. He
+had been honored by Spain with several honors, among them the Grand
+Cross of Carlos III. He was very intimate with the authorities in
+Cavite. His father, a wealthy Chinee, and his cousin, a doctor,
+both denounced him at the moment of his execution.
+
+"After the reading of the sentence," says an eye-witness, "in front
+of the square which we formed, he commenced to cry, asking pardon of
+the General and of all Spaniards; he affirmed that he was a Spaniard
+and that he would never conspire again against the country in which
+he had been educated, and he cursed the freemasons who in Madrid had
+initiated him into the hatred of religion and the fatherland. The
+doctor his cousin, turning to him, said: Silence Osorio! don't cry so;
+what will the Spaniards benefit from your repentance; but the miserable
+fellow paid no attention to him, and asked to be allowed to kiss the
+Spanish flag before he died. This permission was not granted."
+
+Maximo Inocencio was the proprietor of a large store and was a
+contractor to the Arsenal. He had been previously arrested for
+implication in the revolt in Cavite in 1872. At that time he escaped
+but was afterwards pardoned; the signal rocket was to be fired from
+his storehouse in Cavite.
+
+Luis Aguado was also a contractor for the Arsenal.
+
+Victoriano Luciano, a chemist, was a wealthy half-caste who had not
+lived long in Cavite.
+
+Hugo Pérez, was an indio. He was the venerable of the masonic lodge. In
+his house were discovered two large photographs in which the majority
+of the thirteen persons executed were photographed in the form of
+a triangle; a book with a triangle and other masonic insignia on
+its front page, and four important letters of anti-Spanish masonic
+propaganda.
+
+Lallana was a tailor, and some say a peninsular Spaniard. For a while
+he was chief of police of Cavite and had been a corporal of Marines.
+
+Antonio San Agustin was an indian, a petty merchant and a man who
+could scarcely bear the sight of a Spaniard.
+
+Agapito Conchu was a master of a primary school, and a half-caste. He
+had once been detained in the time of Despujols but granted his
+liberty. Apart from his school, he gave lessons to some of the children
+of the Spanish families of the town, including the daughter of the
+Governor of Cavite.
+
+Cabuco was an escribiente [91] of the administration of State; and
+Eugenio Cabezas a watch-tinker.
+
+These executions were followed by that of a member of the Guardia
+Civil, Mariano Magno, in Nueva Ecija. Magno had always been noted for
+his lack of obedience to his superiors, his hatred of discipline and
+ill-feeling in general towards Spaniards. Fifteen others were shot in
+Iligan on the 28th of October of the same year. Many others suffered
+the like penalty in different parts of the Archipelago.
+
+
+
+Note 100. Those sentenced to deportation were, for the most part, sent
+to Jolo, Puerta Princesa, Balabac and to the penitentiary colonies.
+
+To the first named place were sent 69 persons of all kinds and
+conditions, trades and occupations. Among them was a Juan Cuadra,
+a chemist in Ermita. To Puerta Princesa went 53, and to Balabac 56
+both lots well assorted. Those most compromised in the insurrection
+were sent to Fernando Poo, these numbering some 200. Three hundred
+more were sent to Mindanao. Among the 200 sent to Fernando Poo were
+merchants, compositors, silversmiths, book-binders, carriage painters,
+laundrymen, escribientes, a clerk of the Puerta del Sol on the Escolta,
+hat-makers, tailors, laborers, students, lawyers and among them the
+irrepressible jack-in-the-box, Thomas William of the Rosary (Tomas
+G. del Rosario); telephone operators, school-teachers and three members
+of the secret police; among the rag and tag of the good-for-nothings,
+and as chief of them, was the famous translator of the scriptures,
+Pascual H. Poblete [92].
+
+
+
+Note 101. Apolinario Mabini was born in the pueblo of Tanauan,
+province of Batangas, and was the son of parents of the poorer and
+lower classes. He came to Manila as a lad and received his secondary
+education in the College of San Juan de Letran at the hands of
+the Dominican Fathers, taking the degree of professor. Later on he
+was employed in the Intendencia and by careful saving and by steady
+application he continued his studies for law and concluded his course
+at the University of Santo Tomas also at the hands of the Dominicans
+who spared no efforts on behalf of his success. From the University
+he received the title of Licentiate of Law in 1895.
+
+He entered the office of the notary Numeriano Adriano to practice
+law, and whilst there employed, was drawn by Adriano into the net of
+masonry, joining the lodge Balagtas which was one of those founded
+from the overflow of the original Filipino lodge Nilad. Adriano was
+the venerable of the said lodge. When the Liga Filipina was formed
+and had gotten well into working order Mabini was named a councillor
+of the superior Council (see page 28). According to the testimony
+of Moises Salvador (see page 296) Mabini was also secretary of the
+Association of Compromisarios.
+
+He was arrested as one of the chief instigators of the revolt and
+after due trial was sentenced to death. The Spanish authorities
+however, took compassion upon him because of his pitiful condition,
+he being paralysed in the lower parts of the body [93]; so instead
+of including his name in the list of those who expiated their treason
+on the field of Bagumbayan, they foolishly gave him his liberty.
+
+Once more free, Mabini left Manila for his own pueblo of Tanauan
+where he lived quietly till Aguinaldo was brought over in 1898 by
+Admiral Dewey to serve as a bush-beater to the American forces. Mabini
+was thereupon carried from Tanauan to Cavite where he joined the
+faithless Magdalo.
+
+In Cavite he drew up a project of a constitutional law for the
+Philippines. In the first page of this he affirmed that the precepts
+of the Ten Commandments were an invention of the friars! And yet Mabini
+was the Filipino Solomon. He instructed the people that they ought not
+to believe in the said decalogue or practice what it commanded, but
+that they should only practice the precepts of the Verdadero Decálogo
+which he prepared and gave to the public as their spiritual guide.
+
+Mabini very soon became radical and decidedly anti-American in his
+ideas, and succeeded in attaining such moral ascendancy over Aguinaldo
+that the latter ceased to be the leader of the people and the true
+dictator of the Filipino republic, becoming a toy in the hands of a
+man who could twist and turn him here and there at his will.
+
+Mabini refused to take the oath of allegiance and was, on the 7th
+of January 1901 deported under General Order No. 4 to the island of
+Guam, as one of the persons "whose acts clearly demonstrate them to
+be favorers or sympathizers with the insurrection."
+
+
+
+Note 102. The advanced political ideas held and propagated by the
+separatists were not bad in themselves; no particular objection can be
+raised against them as political ideas. But when we consider by whom
+and for whom these "reforms" were asked, we begin to appreciate the
+necessity to which the indian was put of endeavoring to attain them
+by armed struggle. Taking away the revolutionary basis upon which the
+plans of the Liga were raised, nothing remains but the empty walls of
+a roofless building. These walls or ideas are contained in the plans of
+reforms drawn up by almost every jackanapes in the Liga who could write
+down his thoughts with any amount of clearness. These plans agreed upon
+certain points, chiefly representation in the Spanish parliament and
+the expulsion of the Religious Orders. These two points appear to have
+been the essence of the direct aims of the separatists (see p. 69).
+
+Others called for the Spanish constitution with its consequences:
+the liberty of the press and the liberty of associations. Liberty of
+the press was ever an unknown quantity in the Philippines. The idea of
+the liberty of the press is very beautiful when its liberties are not
+abused; it was the abuse of what little liberty the press enjoyed,
+in the latter days of Spanish rule, that induced the authorities
+to impose such a close censure upon it as they did. Whatever may
+be said in its favor, press censorship and such sedition laws as we
+enjoy to-day in this nondescript piece of the world's surface, are
+more proper of absolute monarchies than of territory of the U. S. of
+America, although in our particular case we might as well be under the
+despotic, ever deteriorating rule of Aguinaldo, as that of a body of
+men whose intentions however good and sincere they may be, fall short,
+when put into practice, of the proverbial ingenuity in governing,
+of the famous Sancho Panza in his island of Barataria. Freedom of
+the press is at times a blessing, and at others a curse. From 1888
+to 1896 it would have been more of the latter than of the former;
+for giving such a liberty to the separatists who asked it, would be
+arming the enemy with the best arms.
+
+As to liberty of associations. People in the Temperance world often ask
+themselves, does prohibition prohibit? Some make themselves believe
+that it does; but practice has shown what common sense tells each
+and every one of us, that it does not; for if a man (and I do not
+wish to be so ungallant as to exclude the ladies) cannot get what
+he wants legally, he as a rule sees that he gets it somehow. And so
+with the Filipinos who, denied the liberty of association, defied the
+authorities and held their gatherings in secret and secluded places.
+
+All these various political ideas were decidedly advanced in as much as
+they had relation to a people in no way prepared to receive them. No
+father would put a loaded revolver or an open razor into the hands
+of his child; but those were the very things the separatists were
+howling for.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX A.
+
+                           A. L. G. D. A. M.
+
+                            G. R. Log. SUNT.
+
+               "The executive Commission sends to the V.
+                   Masters D. Deg. O. O. T. and O. G.
+                      O. S. of the L. Log. of the
+                               Obedience.
+
+                                L. T. M.
+
+
+"Venerable Masters and beloved brethren. After our circular of the 28th
+of May last it would seem unnecessary to remind you, that you give
+the most exact fulfillment to those points which the same embraces,
+the which were approved by the Grand Assembly celebrated on the 15th
+of the same month; but nevertheless, as the time of our cause has
+assured and all provision is but little in the present moments, it has
+appeared well to us to direct this other circular to you in order to
+fix more correctly the points which have to be the object of the most
+exact fulfillment. We will now pass on to the enumeration of the same.
+
+First: The triangles will perform strictly all and every one of the
+dispositions dictated by their respective presidents, and venerable
+honorary brethren, not allowing the least or most insignificant point
+to slip their observation, for even when it seems to our venerable
+brethren otherwise, it is of the greatest transcendency.
+
+"The smallest omission in these dispositions might prejudice in a
+great manner our labors, the fruit of many years of constancy and
+hope of a sure triumph.
+
+"Second: Once the signal is given every bro. shall fulfill the duty
+imposed upon him by this Gr. Reg. Log. without considerations of any
+kind, neither of parentage, friendship or gratitude, etc.
+
+"Third: Those who on account of debility, cowardice or other
+considerations do not fulfill their duty, already know the tremendous
+punishment they will incur for disloyalty and disobedience to this
+G. R. Log.
+
+Fourth: The blow having been struck at the Captain General and the
+other Spanish Authorities, the loyals shall attack the convents
+and shall behead their infamous inhabitants, respecting the wealth
+contained in the said convents; this shall be gathered by the
+commissions named for that purpose by the G. R. Log. and it shall
+not be lawful for any of our brethren to possess themselves of what
+justly belongs to the treasury of the G. N. F. (Grand Filipino Nation)
+
+"Fifth: Those who fail to carry out what is set forth in the foregoing
+paragraph shall be held as malefactors and subjected to exemplary
+punishment by this G. R. Log.
+
+"Sixth: On the following day the bro. designated shall bury all the
+bodies of their hateful oppressors in the field of Bagumbayan together
+with their wives and children, and on the site shall later on be
+raised a monument commemorative of the independence of the G. N. F.
+
+"Seventh: The bodies of the members of the Religious Orders shall
+not be buried, but burned in just payment of the felonies which they
+committed during life against Filipino nation during the three hundred
+years of their nefarious domination. (see note 26.)
+
+"And whilst awaiting the day of our redemption this executive
+commission shall continue giving the sure guide which we all have
+to follow in the presence of the facts to the end that none of our
+brethren shall be able to say that they were unwarned.
+
+"In the G. R. Log. in Manila, the 12th of June 1896.--The first of
+the long desired independence of the Philippines.--The President
+of the executive Commission, Bolivar. The Gr. Mast. Adj. Giordano
+Bruno.--The Gr. Sec. Galileo.
+
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B.
+
+
+Under the title of "My part in the Revolution," Isabelo de los Reyes
+in an artful attempt to defend himself before those who considered
+him a coward because of his ever shirking that part of the task
+of the revolt which naturally fell to him, gives his readers the
+following information:
+
+"When it was desired to effect the manifestation of 1888, (see p. 60),
+Ramos took me to the palace of Malacañan, to express to Gen. Terrero
+verbally the complaints of the "country"; but I do not know why,
+but on that day the manifestation did not come off...."
+
+"From the palace of Malacañan we went to the house of Doroteo Cortes,
+who instructed me in the object of the manifestation, thus:
+
+"... We reckon with the pleasure of the Civil Governor Sr. Centeno
+(see note 2) to make a manifestation against the friars, who oppress
+us with their abuses, and oppose the progress of the country."
+
+"--Very good indeed I replied full of enthusiasm.
+
+"But my enthusiasm disappeared entirely when Cortes told me with the
+greatest frankness, that they asked and were sure of attaining their
+wish, that the Archbishop should be deported, merely for having failed
+to assist at the religious functions dedicated to the King [94].
+
+"I then doubted the ability [95] of the directors of the manifestation,
+and believed that they would be irremissibly crushed by the friars,
+who were very astute and powerful, as in fact it so happened.
+
+"I retired leaving Ramos in that house.
+
+"I immediately went to see his father and said to him: The
+manifestation has fallen flat. I have come to tell you that in my
+opinion, your son ought not to sign the instance of the manifestos. Let
+all those who like do so, but it would be a pity that your son who,
+in the time to come, may be able to render signal services to the
+country should now fall crushed by the friars. Now that Cortés says
+that he reckons with the authorities, your son's signature is not
+very necessary.
+
+"And neither Cortés nor Ramos signed it."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX C.
+
+
+Confidential.
+
+                         A L. G. D. G. A. D. U.
+
+                 Liberty      Equality      Fraternity.
+
+                 Universal Freemasonry Spanish Family.
+
+
+Sends S. F. S. to the Rep. Log. Modestia No. 199.
+
+"Seeing that there have circulated rumors among us that in spite of
+the masonic secret, in spite of the secrecy of our works, there exist
+in the hands of our enemies, lists of masons more or less correct,
+more or less extensive, public opinion has shown itself anxious to
+know whether we have been vilely sold.... And when the La Política de
+España en Filipinas has commenced to publish correspondence which ought
+to have been carefully and sacredly guarded, this anxiety reached its
+highest point, embracing the desire to discover the author or authors
+although it would appear that the source of leakage has been found,
+even though the form and details are unknown.
+
+"The presidency of the Cons. Reg. has not been able to remain
+indifferent before the scandal which is developing ..; on the contrary
+it has from the first endeavored to discover the truth....
+..................................................................
+
+"I am sorry to have to confess that the hour of the revelation has not
+yet sounded.... But incidental discoveries oblige me to break silence
+giving the voice of alarm; and to what point this determination is
+justified, you shall judge by the facts I am about to relate.
+
+"1st. Pedro Serrano, symbolic name Panday Pira, gr. 24, in his anxiety
+to discredit local masonry, since this refuses to be exploited has
+permitted himself to make calumnious affirmations to a foreign mason
+concerning this Federation, manifesting at the same time pretensions
+which are a sure sign of perverse intentions.
+
+"2nd. It is known that the same Serrano frequents the Archbishop's
+palace and the College of San Juan de Letran with the peculiarity
+that in both establishments his symbolic name in known, and he
+has manifested in the formed establishment that he is a man whose
+companionship is to be avoided because he occupies himself with
+giving information.
+
+"3rd. It happened later on that the said Serrano presented himself
+in the house of Sr. Marte, gr. 3, late secretary of the lodge Nilad,
+demanding the handing over of documents of the secretaryship which he
+said belonged to him, threatening that otherwise he would report the
+matter to General Blanco, and the extraction of the documents would
+be made by the friar parish priest of the said suburb.
+
+"4th. Lastly: in the meeting of the parochial clergy held in
+the Archbishop's palace--the morning of the 13th of this month--
+... masonry and masons were discussed; and the Archbishop said to
+the parish priest of Quiapo: you must tell the school-master of your
+suburb that it is not sufficient to have abjured his masonic beliefs,
+but that it is also necessary to fulfill the conditions agreed upon.
+
+"Consequently it will be convenient that you gather together the
+Cam. del Medio and read therein the present document, adding the
+explanation and comments you deem necessary, and that with respect to
+the other CCam. you limit yourselves to giving account of the fact,
+demonstrating its enormity, pointing out its author and taking what
+steps are necessary to prevent contagion.
+
+Receive Ven. Mast. and G. bro. the fraternal embrace of peace we
+send you.
+
+
+            Manila 31st November 1894.
+
+    The Gr. Pres.
+
+        Musa (Ambrosio Flores).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX D.
+
+
+Anting-antings constitute the remnants of what was once, what might
+be called the religion of the peoples of the Philippines. They are
+most commonly met with in the form of amulets which their possessors
+carry about with them to ward off dangers of all kinds. There are
+amulets for protection against fire arms, against sword thrust
+or bolo slash; against diseases of all parts of the body; amulets
+against the bursting of fire arms or to prevent them making a noise
+when discharged by the wearer of the amulet; against snakes and their
+bites, against lightning; amulets to protect their wearers against the
+courts of justice and against the authorities when they pursue them
+for robbery. In a word amulets or anting-anting against everything.
+
+As a rules these amulets consist of small booklets containing prayers
+composed of Latin and Spanish words mixed with words and abbreviations
+of the native dialects. Some times they are stones or mineral deposits
+found in the bodies of animals, or the seed portion of petrified
+fruits, or even parts of the skeletons of children.
+
+Although one would suppose that such superstitions had long since
+ceased to exist among the indians of the archipelago such is not the
+case; and it is more than probable that the majority of the members
+of the federal party and may be two out of the three native members
+of the Commission carry their anting-anting carefully guarded in
+one of their pockets. However their use is most common among native
+doctors, that is those who have not studied medicine, but who dabble
+in the art for what they can get out of it, and by tulisanes or armed
+robbers. They were also much in vogue among the enlightened officers
+and men of the insurgent ranks, many of whom considered themselves
+perfectly safe from the bullets of their enemies when they carried
+in their person an amulet or anting-anting.
+
+The following are samples of pages of one of the booklets found on
+the person of a wounded tulisan. The first of these two pages contains
+a prayer against fire-arms, and the second a conglomeration which no
+one has never been able to decipher.
+
+
+    +---------------------------+ +-----------------------------+
+    |   talis misererenobis     | |                             |
+    |          Amin.            | |    Prele queno niar en res  |
+    |                           | |      tom Domi nom nos tom   |
+    |   Oracion de S. Pablo     | |                             |
+    |  contra armas de foigo    | |                             |
+    |    ip. Ntro. y Av.        | |         h   [+]   a         |
+    |                           | |        [+]  [+]  [+]        |
+    |  Jesús S. Pablo Ponitom   | |         Q   [+]   n         |
+    | quiter Deus Salucam tuam, | |                             |
+    |         Amin.             | |                             |
+    +---------------------------+ +-----------------------------+
+
+
+Anting-anting is also found in other forms, sometimes merely a strip
+of paper bearing some inscription, and which receives its virtue from
+some action performed over it, such as the saying of the mass whilst
+the paper is on the altar.
+
+A parish priest of a pueblo in a neighboring province once related
+to me the discovery of one such an anting-anting in his church. He
+approached the altar to recite the Mass, and upon genuflecting at
+the centre of the altar noticed that there was something unusual,
+although small, under the altar cloth. He put his hand under the
+cloth to see what it was and found there a slip of paper bearing
+three crosses, thus:
+
+
+                              +    +    +
+
+
+This paper had been carelessly folded and placed where he found it,
+upon the altar stone. Had it remained undisturbed and the service of
+Mass been said over it, it would have, in the belief of the indian
+who put it there, become infused with marvelous virtues and could
+have protected its wearer from the dangers to be incurred in the
+armed rising against the Spaniards which they were about to attempt.
+
+In all probability Buencamino carried some anting-anting with him to
+Washington to protect him from assassination or from ... nausea.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX E.
+
+
+
+    Manila, 10th January 1897.
+
+"I Faustino Villaruel y Zapanta, 52 years of age, publicly declare
+that as I was born so wish I to die--a Spaniard, a christian, a Roman
+Apostolic Catholic; and that I detest with my whole soul any rebellion
+or treason against our beloved mother Spain.
+
+"I also repent of having belonged to masonry and of having devoted
+myself to its propaganda in these islands and having been such a
+bigoted mason that I caused my two children to enter also into the
+society I now curse. I counsel my children and all my friends to
+renounce the said society, and beg pardon of God, as I do now, it
+being condemned by the Church.
+
+"I beseech the most Excellent and Illustrious Archbishop to
+make public this my spontaneous and free retraction.--Faustino
+Villaruel. Witnesses:--the official guard of the Chapel, Antonio
+Pardo.--the sergeant of the Guard, Felix Garcia."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX F. G. H. I. J.
+
+
+These latter appendices have been suppressed in this first edition
+for want of space.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+
+[1] The numbers which will be found throughout this document signify
+notes to be found in the appendix. The letters in brackets signify
+footnotes of minor importance.
+
+[2] Barcelona.
+
+[3] About this same time a lodge composed of Filipinos was formed in
+Madrid, and known as the Solidaridad. There it was that steps were
+taken to catechize the masses of the Filipinos in their own homes.
+
+[4] In the Official Bulletin of the Gr. Or. Esp. for Sept. 1896,
+Morayta, speaking of this association of separatists said: "It was
+born strong,--the filipino colony numbered then more than 70 members,
+by the side of whom labored several peninsular Spaniards." It is a
+pity Morayta did not classify these peninsular Spaniards, for had he
+done so we might perhaps have found among their number some of the
+social outcasts who have since aided the insurgent element against
+the legitimate authority of the United States.
+
+[5] These aspirations almost all turned upon the idea of
+independence. The ability of the natives to govern themselves has
+had many tests. During the last days of Spanish rule a taste of this
+privilege in minor grade was allowed the native as a test, and it
+needed but a drop of the independence tincture to put the patient
+into a burning fever. It truly takes a visionary to claim for the
+Filipino the ability to govern his own country. In the Filipino family
+the woman "wears the breeches" and in the pueblo all is subservient
+to the "boss", the presidente. The aspirations of the pre-American
+Filipinos are the same as the aspirations of the Federal Party:
+aspirations which can never be realized till the character of the
+aspirant radically changes. "Filipinas" yet awaits in expectation to
+find the Filipino who can govern his own household!
+
+[6] The executive committee of the Liga was composed of Moises
+Salvador, Ambrosio Flores, Apolinario Mabini, Domingo Franco, Numeriano
+Adriano, Timoteo Paez, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, and the brothers
+Venancio and Alejandro Reyes. Testimony of Antonio Salazar. (fols. 1118
+to 1129).
+
+[7] The words Supreme Society express the idea of supreme social
+situation, of a society formed of noteworthy people. A well-read writer
+on the subject of "El Katipunan ó el filibusterismo en Filipinas,"
+says, speaking of this union of such notable folk: "A reunion of
+people who meet to concoct assassinations, cannot be a reunion of
+noteworthy people but should rather be called a reunion of noteworthy
+criminals." There is not the shadow of a doubt that this is the best
+and, in fact, the only title to which such a society as the katipunan
+can justly lay claim.
+
+Opinion is divided as to the origin of the word katipunan, and as to
+the manner in which it should be written. Some spell it with C whilst
+the majority use K. As to the derivation: the root word is undoubtedly
+Tipon which, prefixed with the particle ca and terminated with an
+gives us a word, which signifies very select association. The word
+is however generally written with K so as to be in keeping with the
+Tagalog way of spelling, as they (that is to say the "redimidos" have
+taken to the use of K for C whenever C has a hard sound as in cat. In
+like manner, to the insurgent and his sympathisers, Cavite should be
+Kawite. The K and W are Blumentrittisms, i. e. of German descent.
+
+[8] See note 49.
+
+[9] The pseudonym of Rizal. By this name he is mentioned in almost
+all the masonic documents relating to him and over this same name he
+wrote in the La Solidaridad and the Kalayaan.
+
+[10] The place of Rizal's banishment.
+
+[11] Pio Valenzuela y Alejandro, a near companion of Bonifacio in
+matters relative to the Katipunan, testified in his evidence in the
+courts of Justice, (fols 1,663 to 1,673), that Andrés Bonifacio had
+read much, and possessed a library which was destroyed when his house
+caught fire. (See note 16) That he would pass the night in reading
+instead of sleeping, and that from such an excess of reading there
+had happened to him the same as happened to Don Quixote--his brain
+had become turned. Thus it was that Andrés was ever dreaming of the
+presidency and speaking of the French Revolution.
+
+[12] It was in the warehouse of this German firm that the Spanish
+authorities discovered the documentary evidence which Valenzuela
+testified had been hidden there by Bonifacio. It had been determined
+by the Katipunan to destroy all documents, but evidently Bonifacio
+overtaken suddenly by the unexpected discovery of the plot he was
+developing, had not sufficient presence of mind, or what is more
+probable still, enough time to put them out of existence, and he
+therefore hid them as has been said, hoping no doubt, to be thus
+enabled to put the authorities off the track in case they should
+happen to get possession of them.
+
+[13] That is to say the Spanish population.
+
+[14] As the events here spoken of do not fall within the scope of
+this sketch, no note has here been made of them. As was pointed out
+in the introduction, this review is not intended as a history of the
+revolution, but as a brief sketch of the society which gave rise to it.
+
+[15] Avisos y profecias, Madrid 1892. pp. 286-308.
+
+[16] Concerning the doctrines of Universal Freemasonry D. Gabriel
+Jogand-Pagés says writing on the subject of freemasonry in Spain:
+"The teaching which according to the ritual of the 33rd degree is
+the synthesis of freemasonry, is well worthy of being borne in mind."
+
+"In the reception to the 33rd degree, the Grand Master turning to
+the person to be received, ends his discourse with the following
+significant exhortation:
+
+"I owe you, Illustrious brother, an explanation which it is necessary
+to give to our rituals."
+
+"Masonry being nothing else than active revolution, permanent
+conspiracy against political and religious despotism,...."
+
+
+
+"The Grand Master innocent, you have already seen, is man ... man
+who was born innocent because he was born unconsciously."
+
+"Our Grand Master Innocent was born to be happy and to enjoy in
+all their fullness all his rights without exception: But he fell,
+struck with the blows of three assassins: of three infamous beings
+who placed formidable obstacles in the way of his happiness, and
+against his rights...."
+
+"These three infamous assassins are: the Law, Property and Religion".
+
+"The Law because it is not in harmony with the rights of the individual
+man and the duties of the man who lives in society: rights which all
+acquire in all their integrity...."
+
+"Property: because the earth is the property of no one and its products
+pertain to all in the measure for each one of the true necessities
+for his welfare."
+
+"Religion: because religions are no more than the philosophies of
+men of talent, which the people have adopted...."
+
+"Neither the Law, Property nor Religion can impose themselves upon
+man, and as they deprive him of his most precious rights they are
+assassins against whom we have sworn to exercise the utmost vengeance.
+
+"Of these three infamous enemies, Religion ought to be the object of
+our constant mortal attacks, because a people never have survived
+their religion, and destroying religion we have at our disposition
+the law and property and we can then regenerate society, establishing
+over the ruins, masonic Religion, masonic Law and masonic property."
+
+[17] "Insurreccion en Filipinas"; vol. I. p. 109.
+
+[18] One not acquainted with the seducing nature of the masonic
+operation and the peculiarity of the native character, would wonder
+to find the name of a Catholic priest so intimately connected with
+freemasonry and its offspring, especially in a country in which
+the Church wages close and continual warfare with the evil. There
+is little need for surprise however, when we consider the seductive
+influence of the one hand and the simplicity and childishness of the
+native character on the other. Many of the native clergy were body
+and soul wrapt up in the workings of freemasonry and were Spain's
+worst and most crafty enemies.
+
+In Nueva Caceres, Inocencio Herrera, Severo Estrada and Severino Diaz,
+three native priests of the Cathedral of that diocese, headed the
+conspiracy against the Government. They formed a deposit of arms and
+ammunition in the organ of the Cathedral and, according to the plan
+they had prepared, one of their first steps was to murder the Bishop
+of the diocese. On this point it will be interesting to quote the
+testimony of Tomás Prieto, of Nueva Caceres, who, whilst on board
+the S. S. Isarog, on the 20th of September 1896, testified in the
+presence of the captain of the Ship and other witnesses that he had
+received 50 rifles, 10 of which he had given into the care of Manuel
+Abella, a millionaire of that province who was eventually executed for
+treason; the remainder he had distributed among other persons, 3 being
+placed in the care of Severino Diaz, parish priest of the Cathedral of
+Nueva Caceres.... As to their plans of action, he testified that the
+intention was to kill all the Spaniards, the mentioned parish priest of
+the Cathedral, the coadjutor Inocencio and Severo Estrada, all natives,
+having promised to aid personally to secure the success of the affair.
+
+He also declared that "on the 9th of July of the same year, a reunion
+was celebrated in the house of Manuel Abella, and among those present
+were Gabriel Prieto, a native priest and brother of the witness,
+Severino Diaz and others; it was in this reunion that it was decided
+to carry out the programme above mentioned."
+
+In both provinces of the Camarines many were mixed up in some of the
+dirtiest work of the revolt.
+
+Innumerable cases might be mentioned also in which the native clergy
+have exerted considerable influence against the American Government,
+inciting the rebels to resist its lawful authority, much to the
+detriment of the interests of the Church and bringing down upon
+the clergy in general accusations of sedition and treachery. Juan
+Castañeda testified that he had been initiated into the mysteries
+of freemasonry by Severo Buenaventura, a native priest, coadjutor
+of Imus. Buenaventura received his initiation from Ambrosio Flores,
+now the Governor of the province of Rizal; he possessed three grades
+and enjoyed the use of the symbolic name of "cuitib" (the name of a
+small ant which bites furiously). Nine native priests were sent to
+Manila from Vigan and La Union; all of these were convicted of treason.
+
+[19] The word in the original Spanish is madrasta which, apart from
+that of step-mother, has the meaning of "anything disagreeable."
+
+[20] See note 26.
+
+[21] For the complete document see appendix A.
+
+[22] A contract was made between the administrator of the estate in
+question, situated at Calamba, and Francisco Mercado Rizal, father of
+the subject of this note, for the land the Rizal family occupied and
+cultivated. This land measured some 500 hectares and was clear and
+clean, the tenant having merely to give it three or four turns with
+the plow in order to prepare it for use. To show the treatment meted
+out to the tenant, it will be sufficient to say that the contract
+agreed that the tenant should have the entire use of the land and
+its product for four harvests or five years RENT FREE. As great as
+this advantage was to the Rizal family it is but a little of what
+was done by the Dominicans for that ungrateful family of filibusters.
+
+[23] Lawyer.
+
+[24] "La Independencia" was a revolutionary daily of four pages,
+published in the Orphan Asylum of Malabon, property of the Augustinian
+Corporation and stolen and eventually totally destroyed by the "ever
+destructive" Tagalog rebels during the revolution. The first number
+was published on Saturday, 3rd Sept. 1898. Its leading article is
+an exposition of the purpose of the publication of the paper, which
+was the defense of the independence of the Philippines. "We defend,
+says the writer of the article, the independence of the Philippines
+because it is the aspiration of the country which has come of age;
+and when a people rise as a man to protest, arm in hand, against a
+policy of oppression and injustice, it manifests sufficient vitality
+to live free." This is a fair sample of the style of the conduct of the
+paper. It is worthy of note that the history of the revolt has clearly
+shown that, in the first place, independence was not the aspiration of
+the people, but a fanciful hope of a handful of exploiters; secondly
+that the country has not come of age, not having even reached the age
+of puberty; thirdly that the people did not rise as a man but that the
+Tagal "discontents" were the body and soul of the whole insurrection
+both against Spain and against the U. S.; and finally, that the "policy
+of oppression and injustice" was imaginary, the same complaint having
+since been made against the Government of Washington as was then made
+against the Government of Madrid. The quotation concerning Luna is
+taken from No. 2 of the paper published on the 5th of Sept. 1898.
+
+[25] The principal works of Juan Luna are: The death of Cleopatra for
+which he received a silver medal; this was painted under the tutorship
+of Sr. Vera. Under the same master he painted the Spoliarium for which
+he was rewarded a gold medal, but this not really for the merit of the
+picture but in order to put an end to a rivalry between two Spanish
+painters. On his own account he painted and gave forth The Battle
+of Lepanto; this was received almost with hisses and was heartily
+criticized. Also the Profanation of the Tombs; if anything this was
+worse. As the savage nature which lay dormant in his breast became
+more and more awakened his paintings became more and more decadescent:
+his Pacto-de-Sangre, in the which he inspired the return to one of
+the most barbarous customs of pre-Spanish times in the archipelago,
+rubs off the last touches of the veneer of civilization which formed
+the dividing line between the indian of the city and the indian of
+the mountain and forest.
+
+[26] "Andrés Bonifacio told the witness that he communicated with the
+president of the Superior Supreme Council, who was Francisco L. Roxas
+latterly, and Doroteo Cortés formerly; ... "Testimony of Pio Valenzuela
+(fols. 591 to 597).
+
+[27] "... Doroteo Cortés and a certain Artacho were those who were in
+understanding with the Japanese Government, which would find a way to
+send people of the laboring classes to the Philippines, to the end
+of seeking motives which might give excuse for a war between Spain
+and that Power". Testimony of Pio Valenzuela (fols. 1,663 to 1,673).
+
+[28] "... The Supreme Council (of the Liga) decided to purchase arms
+and ammunition in Japan, sending to that country at the proper time,
+a commission to ask of that Government its aid and protection for the
+Philippines, under the condition that some islands of the Archipelago
+should be ceded to that nation as a recompense; ... Cortés, Ambrosio
+Bautista and others being chosen to form the commission." Testimony
+of Numeriano Adriano (fols. 1,309 to 1,312).
+
+[29] "It the having been known for some time that Pedro Serrano had
+malverted the money gathered for Rizal, and for the funds of the
+Propaganda, the associates of Masonry stopped the individual payment
+of the 50 cents per month for La Propaganda...." Extract from the
+testimony of Antonio Salazar y San Agustin (fols. 1,118 to 1,129
+Sept. 22, 1896).
+
+[30] For a description of anting-anting see appendix D.
+
+[31] Pedro Gonzales, a native who was captured whilst carrying
+dispatches and letters to and fro between Manila and the insurgent
+camp, was a man well posted in the doings of the rebels and was able to
+give much interesting and valuable information to the Authorities. The
+most interesting portions of his evidence will be found in appendix
+F. In this matter of the flight of Bonifacio he stated that "it was
+not exact as had been said, that Andrés Bonifacio was in Cavite (at
+that particular time), for after the defeat at San Juan del Monte he
+disappeared with the funds of the Katipunan, which amounted to some
+20,000 pesos, as he had been assured."
+
+[32] Having been asked during his trial whether he was aware of the
+hiding place of Bonifacio, Valenzuela (fol. 600 to 605) stated that
+"he was not aware of the place in which Bonifacio and others were to
+be met with; that he merely supposed that Bonifacio could be found
+in the mountains of San Mateo, in Tapusi, in other words in the most
+inaccessible part of the said mountain range; because the witness
+heard him say that he would retire to that point to dedicate himself
+to highway robbery if the movement should not be successful.
+
+[33] "The generalisimo, captain Emilio, is very indignant with the
+conduct of Andrés Bonifacio, upon whose head he has set a price,
+offering a good recompense to the one who will present him dead or
+alive, for he says that he cannot consent to such a desertion after
+he had been the principal promoter of the popular rebellion". From
+the statement of Pedro Gonzalez previously quoted.
+
+[34] See foot-note page 114.
+
+[35] The head offices of the La Democracia in Manila are situated
+on Calle Villalobos, a name which put into English signifies wolf
+village. For the headquarters of such a scurrilous sheet and for such
+a political party no better place could be found, for taking the two
+at their very best they are veritable "wolves in sheep's clothing".
+
+[36] See page 60.
+
+[37] Nilad is the name of a plant, from which is derived the name
+of Manila.
+
+[38] In an interesting pamphlet entitled "Vexata Questio", giving
+a brief sketch of three centuries of history in the Philippines,
+published in Manila in 1901, the author, in a foot note to page 28,
+says of Foreman:
+
+"It should be remarked that this writer, in the first edition of his
+work, claims to be an earnest Catholic. Dean Worcester, who copies
+from Foreman's book some of the most drivelling paragraphs, lays
+particular stress upon this fact. I leave it to the common sense of
+any one who has read Foreman's history, or what Worcester stoops so
+low to copy therefrom, whether a man whose Alpha and Omega is truly
+anti-Catholic and often anti-christian, and the ink of whose pen
+savors of Catholic blood shed upon the altars of Freemasonry can be
+a Catholic, at least an honorable one."
+
+Foreman was a traveller in machinery and as such was enabled to
+get to all the principal parts of the Archipelago. He was, as he
+himself confesses, always well received in the pueblos, and greeted
+by the parish priests (friars) and lodged in the convents free of
+cost. Although Foreman did not perform vile practical jokes upon
+unsuspecting and inoffensive hosts as did the now "commissioner"
+Worcester in his travels, he did many things no honorable man would
+have done. Although he professed himself a Catholic it was only for
+"business" purposes; one has only to read the preface to his book to
+find that out.
+
+Foreman was an Englishman, disliked by the English, despised by
+everyone he came in contact with; and if the things said of him by
+his intimate acquaintances, are true, then he well deserved the snubs
+he has lately received all round.
+
+On the 17th of April 1899, before the members of the Schurman
+Commission, Neil Macleod testified of Foreman, as follows:
+
+Questioned by Worcester:
+
+Q. Have you read Foreman's book?
+
+A. Yes; I know him personally.
+
+Q. Was he a Catholic?
+
+A. I do not know.
+
+Q. He says so?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. He is an engineer, isn't he?
+
+A. He has been here frequently travelling all over the country,
+selling machinery.
+
+Q. You know he attacks the Church?
+
+A. He attacks the church very much, and he ought to be very thankful
+to the priests, for they have been very good to him; ...............
+....................................................................
+
+considering that he availed himself of their services and hospitality
+all over the country, he should have thought twice before putting a
+thing like that (his history) into print."
+
+Worcester was fishing for trout and caught a crab. He got enough and
+the subject ... suddenly changed.
+
+[39] See Appendix G.
+
+[40] Philippinos: insular Spaniards, or Spaniards born in the
+Philippines. Filipino: more commonly known as indio: that is, an
+indian native of the Archipelago.
+
+[41] For this decree see Appendix H.
+
+[42] He was conducted from calle Iris blindfolded in a quilez (a
+vehicle of the country) to a house which he later on discovered to
+be that of Bonifacio, situated in calle Oroquieta.
+
+[43] In an official letter of the Grand Secretary of the Oriente
+Español to the Lodge Nilad, dated Madrid 8th of June 1892, the
+secretary, warning the said lodge to be careful in the performance
+of its labors says: "... not all men, although they profess our ideas
+and doctrines, serve for good masons."
+
+[44] "The oath bound (the Katipuneros) as well as the militares
+(the rebel army) were to be supported and equipped by several wealthy
+persons of Manila, among them D. Francisco Roxas who was in charge of
+the maintenance of the rebel army." Testimony of 2nd Lieut Benedicto
+Nijaga y Polonio. (fols. 222-224)
+
+[45] See Appendix I.
+
+[46] Wildman will probably be long remembered by many who suffered
+brutalities and tortures at the hands of Aguinaldo's horde of
+cut-throats, inspired by the late Consul's advise.
+
+Correspondence took place between Aguinaldo and Wildman concerning
+the Spanish prisoners. In reply to a request of the Dictator,
+Wildman wrote:
+
+"Never mind feeding them. A meal every day, of course, and water
+will be a good diet. They have been living too high during the last
+few years. As the Spaniards want more bloodshed in the Philippines,
+I trust you will let them have a taste of real war. Do not be so
+tender with them, etc., etc."
+
+Little did Wildman think that the day would come when these words
+of his would inspire equal or greater barbarity against his own
+countrymen.
+
+The publication of the valuable papers in Wildman's possession at
+the time of his death in the shipwreck which occurred almost at the
+very door of his home would doubtless throw much light upon the past
+four years of Philippine history. The shipment of tons upon tons of
+ammunition, a large shipment of which left London on the "Inaba Maru,"
+on the 25th of September 1899, addressed to the "American Consul",
+Hong-Kong, have yet to be accounted for.
+
+[47] There were always plenty of funds, but the money too often stuck
+to the fingers of those who had the handling of it.
+
+[48] A name given among Spaniards, to young servant boys or girls. The
+word signifies servant and is used as such in the same manner as in
+British Oriental colonies the word boy is used,--irrespective of age.
+
+[49] Nipa.--Nipa fructificans.--Nipa is a small palm which grows in
+salt water. From it the natives make a species of wine and vinegar,
+whilst its leaves serve to thatch their houses. It is one of the
+plants of most utility to the indian.
+
+[50] The reason for Rizal's deportation is set forth clearly in the
+decree of Deportation which is given entire in Appendix.
+
+[51] As a sample of these statements I will quote the following
+document, which is one of a number copied from a book of decrees
+received by the Revolutionary authorities of the pueblo of Mendez
+Nuñez, province of Cavite,
+
+
+    "K. K. K."
+    "Chiefs of each pueblo"
+
+    "In the urgent letter received to-day from the General (Aguinaldo)
+    concrete notice is given that to-day there have anchored the
+    warships proceeding from Japan to our assistance, and it is
+    said, that they are now just on the other side of the island
+    of Corregidor...."
+
+
+This document is dated 11th September 1896, and is signed by El
+capitan comandante, Crisòstomo Riel.
+
+[52] What a fine president he would have made for the Federal
+Party! Castañeda was worthy of an office in the Ayuntamiento with a
+sign over the door--Hon. Juan Castañeda, Native Commissioner.
+
+[53] Ambrosio Flores: (bro. musa) was the Gr. Pres. of the
+Gr. Cons. Reg. of the Philippines. (See note 23)--Moises Salvador
+stated of him in his declaration (fols. 1,138-1,143), in reply
+to a question as to the manner in which Flores was affiliated to
+filibusterism, that "by reason of his high position in freemasonry,
+he aided the ends of the filibusters, making propaganda among those
+affiliated to the lodges." He stated, at the same time that Flores,
+in no concept, formed part of the Liga or Compromisarios. It was
+Ambrosio Flores who, at the opportune moment let fall the masonic
+sledge hammer upon the back of Pedro Serrano, charging him with being
+a traitor (see note 12) to the cause.
+
+[54] I have frequently quoted the "Memoria" of Isabelo de los
+Reyes, because I consider that whilst in it he exaggerates and lies
+considerably, there are yet points upon which what he says has all
+the probability of the truth, in as much as when he finds it pays to
+tell the truth he tells it. In this particular point, however, it is
+"according to what is said."
+
+[55] How much this reminds me of the story of the little boy who
+went to the grocer's and asked for 10 cents worth of molasses. The
+shop-keeper measured out the molasses into the jug and asked the
+little boy for the dime, receiving the reply: "its at the bottom of
+the jug." And that's just where the other little boy's money would
+have been.
+
+[56] In the official extract of advice given by the Secret Service to
+the Gov. Gen. Blanco, we read: "Aug 1. Notice is hereby given that,
+by references from Japan, the Gov. Gen. has received from the Emperor
+of that nation some messages which had been directed to him by some
+22,000 Filipinos in representation of the native inhabitants of these
+islands, and in the which, after congratulating him for his triumphs
+over the Chinese Empire, asks his protection and shelter for this
+Archipelago, and its annexation to the Japanese Empire."
+
+[57] The word Kongo signifies Imperial diamond.
+
+[58] The Bazar Japonés situated in Plaza Moraga.
+
+[59] Typical of the heads of the twelve apostles of filibusterism.
+
+[60] In his "Memoria".
+
+[61] I am inclined to differ somewhat with this opinion. What is more
+probable is that as regards the actual membership there existed a
+gulf between the wealthy and the lower classes which was bridged by
+the representatives of either association. I have not come across any
+concrete evidence that the two elements really mixed, the one with
+the other; the inborn pride of the Chinese half caste, the class from
+which, the majority of the wealthy elements came, and of the indio
+of money or political "pull", would not permit such a mixture of the
+two associations Señor Valdés supposes.
+
+[62] See appendix A.
+
+[63] See note 56; also foot-note, page 180.
+
+[64] The witness might have added that Blanco as a mason did more than
+"know" of it: he took no steps to counter-act it, till circumstances
+demanded that harsh measures should be taken to maintain national
+honor.
+
+[65] In plain English, this is a lie and no one could know it better
+than the witness.
+
+[66] By an element. Even would-be-president Bryan has his followers
+here.
+
+[67] In other words: he allowed a certain wealthy and influential
+class of people to lead him around wherever they would, by the nose.
+
+[68] This statement is the result of either ignorance or malice. (See
+note 97, 98.) This account also materially differs from the "faked up"
+story of Legarda. How little some people know of the truth when they
+do not wish to tell it!
+
+[69] This is another. Now that Tavera and Legarda are side by side in
+the U. S. Commission they might compare their testimony with advantage:
+it might aid them to preserve somewhat of the truth in future.
+
+[70] It would be interesting to know just how many of the late
+insurgents who now hold position of importance under the Government,
+are following up this piece of advice of Aguinaldo.
+
+[71] Domestic: i. e., made for household use, for cutting up meat,
+cutting down bamboos, and in fact for every use for which a knife or
+chopper is needed.
+
+[72] Castillo y Jimenez; El Katipunan ó el filibusterismo en Filipinas:
+pp. 128-129.
+
+[73] That is men of the lower classes, laborers.
+
+[74] It is difficult to determine whether such statements are due
+to ignorance or to malice. The real truth of the situation is that
+although the friar came to the Philippines to perform sacerdotal
+duties and preach the Gospel, his beneficial influence was not
+confined to the mere preaching of the Gospel. "What most honors the
+whole membership past and present of the Religious Orders is the
+intense zeal shown in the temporal as well as the spiritual welfare
+of their parishioners. To merely defeat and drive out the bad that
+was in them was not sufficient, for Satan finds mischief for idle
+hands, and when one devil is driven out of a man he roams around
+seeking other devils with whom he returns and re-enters the soul
+and "the last state of that man becomes worse than the first." So
+to thoroughly carry out their christianizing and civilizing purpose
+they did their best to instruct their converts to occupy their time
+in the fields, in the building of houses, of churches, of structures
+of all kinds necessary. They taught them to be self-supporting and
+to build up happy homes around them. The few industries, if the
+little then done by the natives in the way of manual labor can be
+classed as industry, that existed among the people at that time were
+copied from the Chinese and Mohammedan traders who visited and traded
+with them. These industries however were but crude as a rule; and
+moreover the connection with these anti-christian influences had to
+be cut for the moral protection of the indian and therefore the friar
+missionary, ever on the alert for his children's welfare, instructed
+them in industries which, whilst occupying their time formerly spent
+in abject laziness, also gave them the advantage of money making.
+
+"As soon as the natives had become accustomed to living after
+the manner of civilized beings, the friars taught them the art of
+making lime, mortar and bricks and of utilizing these materials in
+buildings and fortifications for the common protection against their
+enemies. They instructed them in the method of tilling the virgin
+and fertile soil, of utilizing the many streams of water that nature
+had provided."
+
+And yet there are those who would make us believe that the friar
+missionary has done nothing to civilize the Filipinos. To whom then
+do they owe the civilization they enjoy?
+
+[75] Faith in their anting-anting; courage to maltreat and murder the
+helpless and sometimes dying prisoners that fell into their hands;
+and as to constancy...? The majority of the leaders eventually became
+traitors to the most cherished ideas of independence. Three figures
+alone stand out as really constant throughout the whole rebellion,
+and these three are Aguinaldo, Mabini, and Pio del Pilar; and of these
+three the most constant was Aguinaldo, a misguided man who deserves
+far more honor than those who deserted him and who never thought of
+raising a finger to alleviate his hard lot, a lot for which they are
+morally responsible.
+
+[76] A kind of altar on which bonfires are lighted for illumination.
+
+[77] The name of this plant signifies that it possesses the power to
+bring to life again--to resuscitate.
+
+[78] This granting of pardon to those who should present themselves
+is contained in Art. 7. of the proclamation of the Governor General
+Blanco, issued on the 30th of August 1896, and which reads as follows:
+
+"Art. 7. The rebels who present themselves to the authorities within
+48 hours after the publication of this proclamation, shall be exempt
+from punishment for rebellion, with the exception of the chiefs of the
+seditious groups and those who relapse into those crimes. The chiefs
+to whom reference is made shall be pardoned of the punishment due
+them if they surrender within the fixed time suffering a punishment
+immediately inferior according to grade."
+
+[79] Previous to 1896 Aguinaldo was an almost unknown indio. He was
+at that time about 23 or 24 years of age, and like the far greater
+majority of the indios of the archipelago had forgotten what little
+he had learned at school. He was a lavandero ((Washerman.))  for the
+Arsenal at Cavite, and possessed little command over the Spanish
+language, speaking it after the Cavite style, de cocina as the
+Spaniards say. He was the son of Carlos Aguinaldo who had several
+times held office under the Spanish Government, and who was at heart
+a bitter anti-Spaniard. Like the remainder of his fellow Tagalogs,
+Aguinaldo demonstrates a different character in connection with
+each event which takes place in his life. As capitan municipal in
+1896 he was very Spanish in dealing with the authorities, but in
+dealing with his own people quite the reverse. Like the Taveras,
+the Legardas and the Buencaminos etc., he was an adept at political
+lightning changes. Buencamino in one of his absurd articles to the
+Filipino press (La Independencia, Sept. 6th 1896) speaking of him says:
+"... all the Filipinos unconditionally obey the president Aguinaldo
+seeing in him the messenger of God sent to redeem the Filipino people
+from all foreign domination, and because they see in the said chief
+the great virtues of fortitude, honor and magnanimity which ought to
+adorn all saviors of their country."
+
+The belief among some Filipinos that Aguinaldo was a semi-God was
+not uncommon at one time, and many hold to it even in these days. A
+certain Bray (apparently related very closely to the bray of an ass)
+went a step further in an article to the French Revue de Revues and
+compared Aguinaldo to Christ, to Alexander the Great, to Mahomet,
+to Caesar, to Napoleon and others!
+
+Aguinaldo certainly demonstrated fortitude, and did not sell his
+sword to those he considered his enemies. His misfortune was that
+he fell into the hands of such advisers as Buencamino and others,
+who, after working up his stupid pride, deserted him in his hour
+of need. Aguinaldo showed fortitude and was never a traitor to what
+he considered the honor of his country. Honor to Aguinaldo in this
+respect.
+
+[80] As to the goodness of customs read the testimony of the most
+reliable chroniclers and historians of the earliest days of Spanish
+history.
+
+[81] The pacto de sangre was performed thus: a wound was made in the
+body of each person who was to form a party to the treaty about to be
+made, and the blood that flowed from the wounds thus made was mixed
+in a receptacle prepared for the occasion; each then drank a portion
+of the blood thus mixed. It is needless to say that Legaspi refused
+to perform such a savage, cannibalistic ceremony.
+
+[82] Worthy perhaps but certainly not legitimate. The Katipunan was
+illegitimate from all points of view; nor was it a child really of
+Bonifacio. The conception was of Pilar (Marcelo H.) and Bonifacio
+was but the foster father encharged with the bringing up of the child.
+
+[83] A people's language is the expression of its sentiments. There
+are in this archipelago, native languages in which no word exists to
+express "thank you."
+
+[84] F. Buenaventura Campa was one of the two Dominican Fathers who
+willingly devoted themselves to the care of the sufferers stricken with
+the cholera plague which has carried off so many people both in Manila
+and the provinces. He, together with his companion, P. Cándido, bore
+with remarkable patience and self-abnegation the troubles and trials
+consequent upon the extraordinary plans adopted by an inexperienced
+Sanitary Department for the treatment of the dread enemy.
+
+[85] Half mad.
+
+[86] Juan Utor y Fernandez (bro. Espartero) confessed that
+Blanco was a freemason; he affirmed also that his masonic name was
+bro. Barcelona. Lacasa, Lieut. Auditor of war, and one of the heads
+of freemasonry in the Philippines declared that among the freemasons
+of the archipelago was counted Sr. D. Ramon Blanco, Capt Gen. of the
+Army and Gov. Gen. of the Islands.
+
+[87] The following interesting notes will give some idea of what the
+Blanco administration was like.
+
+In the report of the secret police for the 3rd of June 1896, appears
+the following:--
+
+"Notice is hereby given of the confidential information given by a
+freemason in respect to the reason why the masonic lodges are at rest,
+and the attitude of Generals Blanco and Echaluce in regard to the same.
+
+"This freemason, Juan Merchan, says: "we are now sleeping; we cannot
+work; we are tutored by the experience of the persecution directed
+against us by General Echaluce. Until General Blanco returns from
+Mindanao we can do nothing, for he at least does not disturb us, and
+even helps us. The proof of this is that during the previous voyage
+to Mindanao (of Blanco) Gen. Echaluce commenced to deport people;
+but when Blanco got to know of it, he wrote to him ordering him not
+to deport anyone without his consent, and not to do anything in the
+matter till his return from Mindanao."
+
+[88] El Katipunan, etc.; p. 89.
+
+[89] Blanco, whether because he was bound by compromise, or because
+of fear, heeded not the warnings of the approaching danger. As a
+soldier face to face with an enemy Blanco was not lacking in courage;
+but when the enemy was invisible, and more tact than courage was
+needed in the combat, Blanco was like a little child in the dark,
+frightened at the least sound--chicken hearted. It is certainly a
+remarkable thing that bro. Barcelona had the courage to pass through
+the ordeals of his initiation into freemasonry.
+
+[90] The head of a pueblo. The most ancient form of rule in the
+Archipelago.
+
+[91] See page 63.
+
+[92] Pascual H. Poblete: a pobre diablo who speaks Spanish like a chino
+and writes it far worse. Poblete is greatly devoted to cock-fighting;
+but being as reckless in the enjoyment of this sport as he is in
+everything else he undertakes, he finds his pocket always more or less
+empty. To fill this pocket he is ever hunting up schemes to make money
+in the easiest way possible. The subscription lists he has started
+for various pious or patriotic objects are well nigh innumerable.
+
+The Heraldo de Madrid, of the 19th of November 1896, says of this
+charlatan:
+
+"Well paired with Tomás del Rosario, the indio who, by literary fraud
+gained from Señor Nuñez de Arce a good position in the Philippines,
+is Pascual H. Poblete also an indio ((If I am not in error, Poblete
+is a Chinee halfcaste.))  and a person of history too.
+
+"His first steps in work in the newspapers of his country were as
+translator of the Spanish text of a bilingual review into Tagalog.
+
+"He propagated political themes widely, but above all, those articles
+of the Civil and Penal code favorable to his countrymen; to these
+articles he added comments.... Under the pretext of competing with
+the Chinese he founded a cooperative association which was the
+subject of much talk. It was really nothing else than an association
+distinctly political and eminently anti-Spanish. He however succeeded
+in dissimulating, and when he created the newspaper El Resumen,
+placed a peninsular Spaniard, a native of Aragon, at its head. He
+then did all he could to gain the confidence of Despujols, whom he
+visited every once in a while.
+
+"As Despujols step by step lost favor with the European element,
+Poblete praised him more and more and this was, in itself, a good sign
+of the direction in which was going this Poblete, a man lacking talent,
+lacking wit, and enjoying nothing but an insane intention. During
+the last years he made continuous anti-Spanish propaganda, and was
+a bitter enemy of the Spaniards, excepting some few degenerates who
+yet believed in the good faith of this pobre diablo."
+
+In later days he changed his religion--that is if he ever had
+one to change, and devoted himself to sponging upon the Bible
+Societies and the protestant and Mormon missionaries who came to the
+Philippines. On one occasion he translated from Spanish into Tagalog
+the Holy Scriptures, and seeing that never in his life had he been a
+successful translator even of newspaper paragraphs, but could only
+succeed in giving little more than a very general idea of what was
+contained in the Spanish text, it was not to be wondered at that,
+as a famous literary critic well versed in the Tagalog once said:
+"Poblete's Tagalog bible reads more like a badly written chronicle
+than a version of the sacred Scriptures. If I thought that our Lord
+and his Apostles preached and taught what Poblete puts into their
+mouths, I would go to China and become a disciple of Confucius."
+
+In the latter days of Spanish rule Poblete was always more or less
+under the eyes of the authorities, and on the 17th of April 1896 the
+Secret Police asked of General Blanco the necessary permission to
+search the houses of several highly suspicious people, among them
+that of Pascual H. Poblete.
+
+Our hero figured at one time as an expert in the raising of
+subscriptions for monuments and if I am not very much mistaken,
+he once had a hand in the raising of money for the coming monument
+to Rizal the hero and martyr of the Filipino Libre party. It would
+be very interesting to know what became of all the funds that passed
+through his hands: the majority apparently went to back his favorite
+birds at the cock-pits.
+
+Since the American occupation Poblete's chief enterprise, apart
+from cock-fighting and "sponging upon the ignorantes who listened
+to his ravings with more or less favor because he was a protestant,
+was the editing and publishing of a dirty little "sheet" known as
+the Ang Kapatid nang Bayan." In this so called newspaper Poblete
+aired his radical political ideas with such vigor that the Provost
+Marshal was compelled to call him down. The pobre diablo then turned
+his attention to another pastime which would combine the advantages of
+demonstrating his unsurpassable abilities, of airing his opinions and,
+last mentioned but of the greatest importance, the quality of putting
+into his pocket a goodly number of easily earned dollars. This pastime
+took the shape of a theatrical enterprise: Constancia, the daughter of
+the said mountebank "composed and wrote" a play entitled Ang Pag Ibig
+Sa Lupang Tinubinan: For the Love of Country. Poblete's better half
+(which is not saying much) played the part of the heroine. The whole
+play was incendiary in the extreme and the audience being Tagalogs
+of the lowest and most ignorant class, the result was that they were
+thrown into a state of the greatest frenzy. Poblete put this play
+on the boards of the Teatro Oriental. All went well in the first
+acts; and following out the "plot" of the play, the town of Imus was
+supposed to have been taken by the rebels. Dramatic shouts of Viva La
+Independencia; were raised from time to time by the actors, followed by
+shouts from the audience of Viva Filipinas! Viva Aguinaldo! Suddenly
+there rushed from the "wings" a gaudy looking creature who ought to
+have been the Tondo market selling cockles and crabs; this turned out
+to be the heroine. In one hand she held a revolutionary flag and in
+the other a bolo. Viva La Independencia was the shout which almost
+raised the roof; but as fate would have it Poblete was doomed to be
+humbled to the dust. Just as he was promising himself a fine string
+of dollars from his new enterprise Capt. Lara and a number of police
+appeared on the scene, and Poblete, his katipunan banners and bolos
+etc., were seized and the house cleared of its fanatical occupants.
+
+To-day he amuses himself in fitting out bands of little boys who on
+"state" occasions parade the streets with American flags and Japanese
+lanterns, and placards with various inscriptions, the chief ones
+being petitions for an amnesty on behalf of all those who have "done
+what they ought not to have done". Poblete would open the doors of
+the prisons of the Archipelago and let loose all their occupants. The
+result? A political boom for Poblete, an increase in the membership of
+the Partido Nacionalista and an increase of crime to a thousand fold,
+not only in Manila but throughout the whole archipelago.
+
+Poor Poblete a pobre infeliz, a stain upon the good name of the
+filipino. But then, what would Filipinas be without her Poblete;
+almost like a cat without fleas.
+
+[93] Cruz Herrera, now alcalde of Manila, was another upon whom the
+authorities took pity on account of the rheumatism from which he
+suffered to such an extent that he could scarcely walk.
+
+[94] This was Alfonso XII. the anniversary of whose death fell of the
+25th of November. Archbishop Payo had been suffering for a considerable
+time from dysentery. Apart from this, the bitterness of the official
+relations at that time between the civil and ecclesiastical authorities
+had completely incapacitated the venerable prelate from attending
+to his official duties. Consequently, acting upon the advice of his
+physician, the Archbishop left Manila for Navotas for a few days of
+complete rest. The departure of the Archbishop happened to almost
+coincide with the anniversary of the death of the King; but as the
+prelate was physically unable to attend to the pontifical ceremonies
+which were to be held on that day and to the other functions consequent
+upon such a solemn occasion, he was wisely advised to absent himself
+from the city.
+
+Freemasonry ever on the watch, saw in this an opportunity to attack
+the Religious Orders, and taking advantage of it, demanded: "The
+insult committed by the archbishop being therefore very culpable,
+and having caused the greatest indignation to the government, to
+the nation, and in particular to those of this country, as devoted
+to their king; it is indispensable to expel him from this soil,
+imposing upon him the penalty of temporary banishment marked out by
+article 142 of the penal code.
+
+[95] To judge from his writing, Isabelo held the idea that he alone
+was able to direct everything connected with the revolt. Isabelo
+takes upon himself the intellectual work of the affair leaving to
+others the dirty work.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Katipunan, by 
+J. Brecknock Watson (AKA Francis St. Clair)
+
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Katipunan, by 
+J. Brecknock Watson (AKA Francis St. Clair)
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Katipunan
+       or The Rise and Fall of the Filipino Commune
+
+Author: J. Brecknock Watson (AKA Francis St. Clair)
+
+Release Date: October 1, 2011 [EBook #37587]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE KATIPUNAN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project
+Gutenberg. (This book was produced from scanned images of
+public domain material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<div class="front">
+<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first"></p>
+<div class="figure xd20e154width"><img src="images/titlepage1.gif" alt=
+"Original Title Page." width="400" height="720"></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="titlePage">
+<div class="docTitle">
+<div class="mainTitle">The Katipunan</div>
+<div class="subTitle">An Illustrated</div>
+<div class="subTitle">Historical and Biographical Study</div>
+<div class="subTitle">of the Society which Brought about the</div>
+<div class="subTitle">Insurrection of 1896&ndash;98 &amp; 1899</div>
+<div class="subTitle">Taken From</div>
+<div class="subTitle">Spanish State</div>
+<div class="subTitle">Documents</div>
+</div>
+<div class="byline">By<br>
+<span class="docAuthor">Francis St. Clair</span></div>
+<div class="docImprint">Manila<br>
+Tip. &ldquo;Amigos del Pais,&rdquo; Palacio 258<br>
+<span class="docDate">1902</span></div>
+</div>
+<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first xd20e192">The Katipunan</p>
+<div class="figure xd20e194width"><img src="images/kkkzllb.gif" alt=
+"Triangular logo of the Katipunan with the letters K. K. K. Z. Ll. B."
+width="198" height="126"></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first"></p>
+<div class="figure xd20e200width"><img src="images/titlepage2.gif" alt=
+"Original Title Page." width="379" height="720"></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="titlePage">
+<div class="docTitle">
+<div class="mainTitle">The Katipunan</div>
+<div class="subTitle">Or</div>
+<div class="subTitle">The Rise and Fall of the Filipino Commune</div>
+</div>
+<div class="byline">By<br>
+<span class="docAuthor">Francis St. Clair</span></div>
+<div class="docImprint">Manila<br>
+Tip. &ldquo;Amigos del Pais,&rdquo; Palacio 258<br>
+<span class="docDate">1902</span></div>
+</div>
+<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first xd20e229">To the Honorable Filipinos</p>
+<p class="xd20e192">Who, True to the</p>
+<p class="xd20e192">Principles of</p>
+<p class="xd20e235">Patriotism</p>
+<p><i>have not harbored in their hearts sentiments of ingratitude
+toward that noble Nation which raised them to the level of civilization
+to which they have attained, not have at any time conspired against the
+lawfully constituted authorities, Spanish or American, of this
+Archipelago.</i></p>
+<p><i>To such honorable <span class="corr" id="xd20e244" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> as these, it gives me the greatest
+pleasure to dedicate this small work, as a token of the genuine respect
+in which they are held by</i></p>
+<p class="signed"><b>The Author</b>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb7"
+href="#pb7" name="pb7">7</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="body">
+<div id="intro" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e255" class="main">Introduction</h2>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">&laquo;Manila, 21st (Aug. &rsquo;96).&mdash;The
+Governor General to the Colonial Minister:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="first"><i>Vast organization of secret societies discovered
+with anti-national tendencies.</i></p>
+<p><i>Twenty-two persons detained, among them the Gran Oriente (of
+Philippine freemasonry) of the Philippines, and others of
+importance.</i></p>
+<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p>
+<p><i>Immediate action taken and special judge will be designated for
+greater activity in the proceedings....</i></p>
+<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p>
+<p class="signed">&mdash;<span class="sc">Blanco.</span></p>
+</div>
+<p>Such was the telegram sent by Gen. Blanco and read by Sr. Castellano
+in the Spanish Camara, announcing the discovery of <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb8" href="#pb8" name="pb8">8</a>]</span>the
+revolutionary movement headed by the Katipunan, the bastard child of
+Filipino freemasonry.</p>
+<p>Freemasonry in the Philippines was but a pretext: under this pretext
+the <span class="corr" id="xd20e287" title=
+"Source: ememies">enemies</span> of Spain, in days of Spanish rule, and
+the enemies of the U. S. in these days of American rule, put themselves
+into close and secret communion, to earn out plans of revolt.</p>
+<p>This <span class="corr" id="xd20e292" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> masonry cast its net far and wide,
+and in its meshes were caught many fish of all classes and conditions;
+some of them men of money who <span class="corr" id="xd20e295" title=
+"Source: saught">sought</span> in masonry what money could easily
+purchase,&mdash;honors and titles, grand crosses and medals; others
+were men whose pockets were more or less replete, and whose aims were
+of a great variety of natures; whilst others were men whose treasuries
+were more or less empty and who <span class="corr" id="xd20e298" title=
+"Source: saught">sought</span> in masonry what they did not care to
+earn by honest labor&mdash;a livelihood.</p>
+<p>Masonry was imported into the Archipelago, shortly after the Spanish
+Revolution, and was, during the first years of its life, confined to
+Spaniards; but later on it opened its doors to half-castes and indians.
+In 1887 it extended by leaps and bounds; but <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb9" href="#pb9" name="pb9">9</a>]</span>upon the
+coming of Gen. Weyler to the Archipelago, as Governor General, in 1888,
+it dwindled away almost into nothingness. Gen. Weyler was, and has ever
+shown himself, a patriotic Spaniard; and he would not permit the
+existence here, under his Governorship, of anything which tended to the
+detriment of his country. Well did the masons of the Philippines and
+elsewhere know this, and hence the vicious and cruel campaign they
+carried on against him both in the Peninsular and Cuba, but more
+especially in the U. S. of America.</p>
+<p>The Katipunan, the bastard child of filipino masonry, that
+ungrateful offspring which was unfaithful even to the mother which
+brought it forth, was a society within the bosom of which was
+redeveloped the malay instinct which had lain dormant for some three
+centuries. This instinct, brutal, savage, intensely ignorant, immoral,
+ungodly; an instinct found still among some of the uncivilized tribes
+of the mountain fastnesses of Luzon; an instinct once almost blotted
+out after many years of most difficult labor and self-sacrifice on the
+part of the Religious Orders, once again burst forth in all its
+strength. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb10" href="#pb10" name=
+"pb10">10</a>]</span></p>
+<p>The indian left to himself, deprived of the curbing influence of the
+christian religion, speedily falls back into the condition of depravity
+in which Urdaneta and Legazpi found him. The malay instinct, like the
+volcano, vomits forth when least expected; the history of the revolt of
+the Tagalogs gives overabundant proof of it. Take one by one the many
+leading characters in the revolution, and the instinct will be found so
+plainly marked, that it is <span class="corr" id="xd20e310" title=
+"Source: unmistakeable">unmistakable</span>. Take for instance Marcelo
+H. del Pilar, in whose brain was conceived the plot of the Katipunan
+farsical-tragedy; Andr&eacute;s Bonifacio, whose duty was the
+materializing of the plot; the Lunas, Juan especially, who had some
+time previous, in Paris, given an example of how easily the
+<i>malay</i> burned through the <i>veneer</i> of civilization to which
+the <span class="corr" id="xd20e319" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> indian is susceptible; and so on,
+including the Aguinaldos, the Mabinis, the Agoncillos and even many of
+those, who in these days boast in public of their americanist ideas,
+and in private plot with treacherous zeal to overthrow the government
+of those they call their deliverers from Spanish tyranny. In them all
+may be traced the strange instinct of the old time filipino
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb11" href="#pb11" name=
+"pb11">11</a>]</span>indian. Entering the fold of freemasonry, they
+threw off the bridle of religion which restrained them; loosing respect
+for Almighty God and for their faith they soon lost respect for others
+and for themselves. The result is well known<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e325" title="Source: ,">.</span> History, the history of the last
+five or six years, has shown it to us.</p>
+<p>It is of this society of <i>notables</i>&mdash;for such is the
+meaning of the full title of the Katipunan&mdash;that I wish to say a
+few words in the following pages. I have taken as a foundation for my
+study, a very concise statement of the whole situation, drawn up by
+Capt. Olegario Diaz, Commander of the Guardia Civil Veterana de Manila.
+This document being an official statement, is of vital interest in the
+study of the birth, life and internal corruption of that diabolical
+association which, gigantic though it was, comparatively speaking,
+could, by reason of its infantility, have been easily stifled, had it
+been dealt with, with a strong hand. I have taken the document as a
+base, and by a series of notes in the form of a somewhat more lengthy
+appendix, have endeavored to provide my readers with a file of
+interesting items of historical value. <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb12" href="#pb12" name="pb12">12</a>]</span></p>
+<p>This pamphlet is not intended to be a history of the rebellion; I
+have endeavored to confine myself to the society which brought about
+the revolt, and if at any time I have strayed from the path I laid out
+for myself, it has been because there was by the wayside some flower I
+wished to pluck to add to the bouquet I herewith present to you.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb13" href="#pb13" name=
+"pb13">13</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="statement" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e338" class="main">Statement of Capt. Olegario
+Diaz<a class="noteref" id="xd20e340src" href="#xd20e340" name=
+"xd20e340src">1</a></h2>
+<div class="div2" id="xd20e342"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h3 id="xd20e343" class="main">Freemasonry</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">It is fully proved that freemasonry has been the
+principal factor for the development in these islands, not only of
+advanced (<a href="#n2">2</a>) and anti-religious ideas, but chiefly
+for the foundation of secret societies, possessing a character
+especially separatist (<a href="#n3">3</a>). This conviction I have
+come to after the examination of a countless number of documents, and
+the much correspondence this Corps (<a href="#n4">4</a>) fell in with,
+after laborious work and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb14" href=
+"#pb14" name="pb14">14</a>]</span>investigations, in the possession of
+several well known filibusters (<a href="#n5">5</a>) who are at the
+present time prisoners; these documents and parcels of correspondence
+were included in the military suit tried before Colonel D. Francisco
+Olive (<a href="#n6">6</a>).</p>
+<p>&laquo;Some 20 years ago, there was installed in this country, a
+lodge dependent upon the Gr&there4; Or&there4; Espa&ntilde;ol (<a href=
+"#n7">7</a>): a lodge which was inoffensive in its beginning because it
+was composed of peninsular Spaniards, with the absolute exclusion of
+the native element of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e370" title=
+"Source: Archipielago">Archipelago</span>. In this form it developed
+languidly until the year 1890.</p>
+<p>&laquo;During this epoch, the <span class="corr" id="xd20e375"
+title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> colony resident in Madrid,
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e378" title=
+"Source: Hongkong">Hong-Kong</span> and Paris, in the which figured as
+exalted separatists Jos&eacute; Rizal (<a href="#n8">8</a>), Marcelo H.
+del Pilar (<a href="#n9">9</a>), Graciano Lopez, Mariano Ponce, Eduardo
+Lete, Antonio and Juan Luna (<a href="#n10">10</a>), Julio Llorente,
+Salvador V. del Rosario, Doroteo Cort&eacute;s (<a href="#n11">11</a>),
+Jos&eacute; Baza, Pedro Serrano (<a href="#n12">12</a>), Mois&eacute;s
+Salvador, Galicano Apacible and many others, who were in communication
+with the seditious elements of Manila, strove hard to <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e397" title="Source: infuence">influence</span> don
+Miguel Morayta (<a href="#n13">13</a>), (Grand master of the Oriente
+Espa&ntilde;ol), in Madrid, and with whom they sustained close
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb15" href="#pb15" name=
+"pb15">15</a>]</span>relations, to the end that the statutes should be
+reformed so that the native element might be affiliated, and even more,
+that lodges of a character exclusively Tagalog (<a href="#n14">14</a>),
+might be created in the Archipelago. Conferences, general gatherings,
+and finally compromises of certain magnitude decided in the favor of
+the <span class="corr" id="xd20e409" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span>, Morayta thus, unconsciously
+sowing the seed, the fruit of which we are to-day gathering.</p>
+<p>&laquo;D. Alejandro Roji, resident in this capital, Captain of
+Engineers, was nominated general delegate to direct the works, and with
+ample powers from Morayta, came the native school-teacher Pedro
+Serrano, who enjoyed in Manila the confidence and protection of the
+said Colonel, assisted by the Flores, lieutenants of Infantry,
+Numeriano Adriano, Ambrosio Rianzares, Juan Zulueta, Faustino Villaruel
+(<a href="#n15">15</a>), Agustin de la Rosa, Ambrosio Salvador,
+Andr&eacute;s Bonifacio <span class="corr" id="xd20e417" title=
+"Source: , (16)">(<a href="#n16">16</a>),</span> Apolinario Mabini
+(<a href="#n17">17</a>), Estanislao Legaspi Domingo Franco (<a href=
+"#n18">18</a>), Rom&aacute;n Basa, Deodato Arellano, Antonio Salazar,
+Felipe Zamora, Nazario Constantino, Bonifacio Arevalo, Pedro Casimiro,
+Dionisio Ferraz, Timoteo Paez and a thousand others, all indians, but
+having a career or a comfortable <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb16"
+href="#pb16" name="pb16">16</a>]</span>social position; they commenced
+a silent and tenacious propaganda which resulted in 180 <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e432" title="Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span> lodges,
+extended throughout the territory of Luzon and part of the Bisayas,
+being constituted in 5 years. The character of the native (<a href=
+"#n19">19</a>), so propitious to all the mysterious and symbolic,
+easily accustomed itself to the ridiculous practices of freemasonry:
+the initiations (<a href="#n20">20</a>), the proofs (<a href=
+"#n21">21</a>), the oaths (<a href="#n22">22</a>), attributes, signs
+and pass words, and the pseudonyms, all and everything surrounded by
+shade and mystery, appealed to the native and served him as an
+educative ladder which prepared his mind for his entry into other
+associations of graver transcendencies, according as the initiators and
+apostles of filibusterism, Rizal, Pilar, L&oacute;pez, Cort&eacute;s
+and Zulueta had forseen, as can be proved by that correspondence which
+has come to my hands.</p>
+<p>&laquo;In order to direct the organization of the lodges dependant
+upon the Gran Oriente Espa&ntilde;ol, there was constituted by Morayta,
+a Gran Consejo Regional (<a href="#n23">23</a>) which received its
+instructions from him, and which was presided over by Ambrosio Flores
+(h&there4; Muza), and formed of Adriano, Villaruel, Flores (A), Mabini,
+Paez, Zamora, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb17" href="#pb17" name=
+"pb17">17</a>]</span>Mariano and Salazar. The newspaper <i>La
+Solidaridad</i> (<a href="#n24">24</a>) which, in the previous year had
+been founded in Barcelona by M. Pilar, as a delegate of the propaganda
+of Manila, and the publishing centre of which was later on translated
+to Madrid, was declared the official organ of all <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e460" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> masonry; and in
+its <span class="corr" id="xd20e464" title=
+"Source: colaboration">collaboration</span>, all the <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e467" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> of a medium
+culture resident in the capital, took a hand, under the <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e470" title="Source: auspicies">auspices</span> and
+direction of its new proprietor, the oft-mentioned and ill-starred
+Morayta.</p>
+<p>&laquo;In 1893 the <span lang="es">Gran Oriente Nacional</span>, of
+which the Grand Master is Sr. Pantoja, reporter of the highest tribunal
+of justice, conceded powers to the lieutenant military councillor Sr.
+Lacasa, and the sergeant of Infantry, Jos&eacute; Martin, to carry on
+propaganda in these islands among the native element, and in
+competition with the other Oriente. The result did not correspond to
+the efforts of the propagandists, who only succeeded in creating some
+few lodges in the Capital, in Cavite, Cagayan, Iloilo and Negros. How
+could it be expected to prosper, when the Gran Oriente Espa&ntilde;ol
+had already catechized the masses of the country!</p>
+<p>&laquo;It must be declared, although it makes <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb18" href="#pb18" name="pb18">18</a>]</span>one
+blush to do so, that many peninsular Spaniards, and among them some
+holding important official positions in the country, have contributed
+to this propaganda, scandalous, and from all points of view, aimed at
+the integrity of the nation (<a href="#n25">25</a>). Only candor can
+exculpate them. May the country pardon them.</p>
+<p>&laquo;From the first moments, both in the organ of <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e487" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span>
+freemasonry, <i lang="es">La Solidaridad</i>, and in the circulars
+which the Gran Oriente sent to Spain for the information of the
+brethren there resident, was commenced a coarse and shameless campaign
+against the Monastic Orders (<a href="#n26">26</a>), and of scoffing
+and ridicule of religion. Later on, this campaign acquired a political
+character, attacking the government of the metropolis, and the
+authorities of the archipelago, demanding liberal reforms for the
+country, such as representation in the Cortes, the colonial
+C&aacute;mara, municipal autonomy, increase of individual rights etc.
+etc., Let anyone with half an eye examine carefully the collections of
+the cited paper, and he will certainly meet with something contrary to
+the national unity, artfully and modestly hidden. Let him read the
+almost <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb19" href="#pb19" name=
+"pb19">19</a>]</span>countless number of documents (<a href=
+"#n27">27</a>) pertaining to the Tagalog lodges, and sent by me to the
+judge, Se&ntilde;or Olive, which were united to the charges, and the
+most incredulous will be convinced that the lodges and their aids and
+abettors devoted themselves to something more than the propaganda of
+freemasonry. <i>There is not a single one of the chiefs and organizers
+of the filibuster organizations up to this time discovered, who is not
+a freemason.</i>&raquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd20e505"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h3 id="xd20e506" class="main">&laquo;<span lang="es">La
+Propaganda</span>&raquo; and the &laquo;<span lang="es">Asociacion
+Hispano-Filipina</span>.&raquo;</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">At the end of the year 1888, Marcelo del Pilar, a
+lawyer of Bulac&aacute;n, and a frenetic filibuster, considering
+himself in peril of deportation in consequence of juridical proceedings
+formed against him in the said province, decided to translate his
+residence to Spain, under the shelter of a certain element of the
+country (<a href="#n28">28</a>). In those days was created in Manila a
+committee of propaganda (<a href="#n29">29</a>) formed by Doroteo
+Cort&eacute;s, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, Pedro Serrano and Deodato
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e522" title=
+"Source: Arrellano">Arellano</span>, under the presidency of the first
+named, its mission being the gathering from among the better class
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb20" href="#pb20" name=
+"pb20">20</a>]</span>and more wealthy element, funds for the
+propagation throughout the Archipelago, of all classes of pamphlets and
+proclamations written to depreciate and cast slurs upon the Monastic
+Orders (<a href="#n30">30</a>), and upon Religion; and likewise for the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e531" title=
+"Source: implantion">implantation</span> in the country democratic
+doctrines; finally the nomination was agreed to of a delegation which
+should depend directly upon the committee recently constituted, and
+which should have its residence in Barcelona, its duty being to make
+overtures to the public authorities for the concession to the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e534" title=
+"Source: Archipielago">Archipelago</span> of greater liberties and of
+representation in the Cortes in the first place. And in order to
+sustain and defend these ideals together with some few more, the
+foundation was authorized of a bi-monthly newspaper.</p>
+<p>&laquo;The committee of propaganda fully fulfilled its mission; it
+overcame all the wealthy element of Luzon (<a href="#n31">31</a>),
+gathered grand quantities, and Marcelo del Pilar set off for the
+Peninsular, installing himself <span class="corr" id="xd20e542" title=
+"Source: confortably">comfortably</span> in the &laquo;Ciudad
+Condal&raquo; <a class="noteref" id="xd20e545src" href="#xd20e545"
+name="xd20e545src">2</a> at the expense of his countrymen (<a href=
+"#n32">32</a>).</p>
+<p>&laquo;In January 1889, he commenced the campaign <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb21" href="#pb21" name="pb21">21</a>]</span>in union
+with his companion of the delegation Mariano Ponce. They founded the
+paper <i lang="es">La Solidaridad</i> and constituted the
+Hispano-Filipino association, into which were drawn a large number of
+the native students residing in Barcelona <a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e558src" href="#xd20e558" name="xd20e558src">3</a>. The committee
+made great progress in Manila, added to the number of its followers and
+collected funds in return for subscriptions to <i lang="es">La
+Solidaridad</i> which, day by day, had more readers; it distributed
+books, pamphlets and proclamations of the worst class, for which a good
+price was collected.</p>
+<p>&laquo;The association had increased hand over hand; its aspirations
+(<a href="#n33">33</a>) were most radical; and considering its action
+limited in Barcelona, it determined to translate its headquarters to
+Madrid, where it would have a wider field for its pretensions. About
+this same time Serrano, Rizal, Luna, L&oacute;pez etc., were united to
+the delegation and they succeeded in implanting <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e580" title="Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span> masonry in their
+country (<a href="#n34">34</a>), and from this <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb22" href="#pb22" name="pb22">22</a>]</span>precise
+moment, commenced their relations with Morayta.</p>
+<p>&laquo;In January 1890 the &laquo;<span lang="es">Asociacion
+Hispano-Filipina</span>,&raquo;<a class="noteref" id="xd20e593src"
+href="#xd20e593" name="xd20e593src">4</a> the delegation, and the paper
+<i>La Solidaridad</i> were installed in Madrid. Morayta accepted the
+presidency of the Association and became proprietor of the newspaper
+from which such good results were expected, it counting with an
+increased output to supply enforced <span class="corr" id="xd20e602"
+title="Source: suscriptions">subscriptions</span> among masons and
+their <span class="corr" id="xd20e605" title=
+"Source: associaties">associates</span> at the rate of a peso a
+head.</p>
+<p>&laquo;From that moment Morayta was made the idol of the turbulent
+indians, who considered him <span class="corr" id="xd20e610" title=
+"Source: has">as</span> their redeemer; no one is ignorant of the
+labors undertaken by the said personage in Spain, both in the realms of
+journalism and around and about the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb23"
+href="#pb23" name="pb23">23</a>]</span>powers that be, on behalf of the
+securing representation in the Cortes, the liberty of association
+(<a href="#n35">35</a>) and that of the press, municipal autonomy and
+even under a hidden guise, of that of the colony; in the memory of all
+is preserved the remembrance of the banquet given by the <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e618" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span>
+inspired by Morayta, to Sr. Labra, the autonomist deputy for Cuba, and
+no one has forgotten the proposition presented to the Congress by Sr.
+Junoy, the republican deputy, also inspired by the Association and the
+delegation presided over and protected by Morayta. And who finally,
+does not feel indignation upon calling to mind the articles published
+in <i>La Solidaridad</i> by the <span class="corr" id="xd20e625" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> Kalipulako (M. Ponce), Jaena (G.
+Lopez), Dimas-Alang (Jos&eacute; Rizal), Eduardo Lete, Taga-Ilog
+(Antonio Luna), Juan Totoo (J. Zulueta) and Kupang or Maitalag&aacute;
+(M. del Pilar)?</p>
+<p>&laquo;What Spaniard is not fired to anger, upon reading the books
+and pamphlets written by Rizal, Luna and Lopez and the infinite number
+of printed libels which circulate here full of falsities and loathsome
+calumnies against the most sacred and venerated, the Fatherland? Have
+we forgotten, perhaps, Dr. Blumentritt (<a href="#n36">36</a>) who
+repaid our most <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb24" href="#pb24" name=
+"pb24">24</a>]</span>generous hospitality by making common cause with
+our enemies? Do we not call to mind, peradventure, that all the
+filipino colony in Spain and a good portion of that here resident,
+sympathised with that ungrateful man, conferring upon him the honor of
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e635" title=
+"Source: banquetting">banqueting</span> him and extending to him their
+congratulations?</p>
+<p>&laquo;Fortunately these labors obtained no practical result in the
+peninsula (<a href="#n37">37</a>), but they caused the native element
+of some amount of culture to <span class="corr" id="xd20e643" title=
+"Source: habour">harbor</span> imaginary ills and want of confidence in
+the Metropolis, covert discontent with the authorities of the islands
+(38), and finally, sowed the seed of aspirations which could never be
+realized <a class="noteref" id="xd20e649src" href="#xd20e649" name=
+"xd20e649src">5</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb25" href="#pb25"
+name="pb25">25</a>]</span>but a seed which is to-day, unfortunately,
+bearing fruit.</p>
+<p>&laquo;A casino of recreation known as the Centro Filipino, was also
+organized in Madrid: a revolutionary club was the only thing to which
+that center could be compared. There Spain was <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e675" title="Source: discused">discussed</span>, <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e678" title="Source: criticised">criticized</span> and
+slandered under the shelter of the law of association which prevails in
+the Peninsula, and shielded by the hypocrisy and deception so proper of
+cowards.</p>
+<p>&laquo;Personal rivalries and the want of morality in the
+administration of the funds (<a href="#n39">39</a>) remitted from
+Manila by the committee of propaganda, gave rise to a grave
+disagreement between the two apostles of filipino filibusterism, Rizal
+and Pilar; with the former sided the young and impetuous element; with
+the latter the mature and thoughtful (<a href="#n40">40</a>). Both
+elaborated the same material, but each using a different process; the
+one boldly insolent and hostile, the other masked with <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e689" title="Source: hypocricy">hypocrisy</span> and
+calm. Both being ambitious, each found the world too small to contain
+him. This state of things ceased with the coming of Rizal to these
+islands in 1892 (<a href="#n41">41</a>), Pilar remaining the absolute
+possessor of the field at Madrid. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb26"
+href="#pb26" name="pb26">26</a>]</span></p>
+<p>&laquo;In the meanwhile the committee of propaganda was not
+inactive. It created delegations throughout the <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e699" title="Source: archipielago">archipelago</span>, and by
+their means introduced the <i>La Solidaridad</i> and all kinds of
+revolutionary printed matter into the utmost corners of the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e705" title=
+"Source: archipielago">archipelago</span>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd20e708"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h3 id="xd20e709" class="main">The &laquo;<span lang="es">Liga
+Filipina</span>&raquo;</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">&laquo;Rizal, magnanimously pardoned by His Excellency
+the Captain General of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e716" title=
+"Source: Archipi&eacute;lago">Archipelago</span>, D. Eulogio Despujol
+(<a href="#n42">42</a>), after the making of a thousand and one lying
+protests of repentance, reached this capital in May 1892, being
+received by his countrymen with extraordinary proofs of enthusiasm and
+rejoicing; and converting himself into an apostle of filibusterism,
+commenced a campaign of scandalous propaganda.</p>
+<p>&laquo;Three days after his arrival he convoked a large reunion
+(<a href="#n43">43</a>) in the house of the <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e727" title="Source: chinese">Chinese</span> half-caste Ongjungco
+in Tondo, and under his presidentship there gathered Franco, property
+owner; Flores, Lieutenant of Infantry; Rianzares, lawyer; Zulueta,
+government employee; Adriano, notary; Reyes, tailor; Paez, business
+agent; Francisco, industrial; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb27" href=
+"#pb27" name="pb27">27</a>]</span>Serrano, school-teacher; A. Salvador,
+contractor; Salazar, industrial; Mariano, property owner; Legaspi,
+industrial; Jos&eacute;, property owner; Bonifacio, warehouse porter;
+Plata, <i>curial</i>; Villareal, tailor; Rosa, book-keeper; Arellano,
+military employee; M. Salvador, industrial; Ar&eacute;valo, dentist;
+Rosario, merchant; Santill&aacute;n, industrial; Ramos, industrial;
+Joven, property owner; Villaruel, merchant; Mabini, lawyer; Nacpil,
+silversmith; and many other <span class="corr" id="xd20e735" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> well known by their ideas. To this
+assembly Rizal made known the motive which had inspired him to call it
+together, which was no other than the creation of a secret society to
+be known as the &laquo;Liga Filipina&raquo;, founded for the purpose of
+fomenting the advancement and culture of the country and the attaining,
+later on, of emancipation from Spain (<a href="#n44">44</a>). He read
+out a list of provisional regulations drawn up by himself; these
+regulations were unanimously approved; a commission formed of Ambrosio
+Salvador and Deodato Arellano as president and secretary respectively,
+was at once nominated for the studying and development of Rizal&rsquo;s
+project, and the reunion was <span class="corr" id="xd20e742" title=
+"Source: disolved">dissolved</span> till it should be again convoked.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb28" href="#pb28" name=
+"pb28">28</a>]</span></p>
+<p>&laquo;The opportune deportation of Rizal (<a href="#n45">45</a>),
+Cortes and Salvador, upset the plans of the &laquo;oath bound&raquo;
+conspirators and the panic thus brought about dispersed them for the
+moment. In the beginning of the year 1893 they <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e751" title="Source: reassumed">re-assumed</span> the work
+(<a href="#n46">46</a>), sometimes in the house of Domingo Franco, and
+at others in that of Deodato Arellano; and after it had been agreed
+that they should be ruled by the regulations of Rizal, and votes having
+been cast, the Supreme Council of the &laquo;Liga&raquo; was
+constituted in the following form:</p>
+<div class="table">
+<table>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>President</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Franco.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Secretary &amp; Treasurer</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Arellano.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Fiscal</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Francisco.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td rowspan="9" class="xd20e777">Councillors</td>
+<td rowspan="9" class="xd20e779"><img src="images/leftbrace9.gif" alt=
+"" width="17" height="195"></td>
+<td>Zulueta.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Legaspi.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Paez.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Bonifacio.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Nacpil.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Adriano.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Mabini.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Rianzares.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Flores.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<p>&laquo;Before continuing, and in order that the facts which follow
+may be better understood, I will give some idea of the
+&laquo;Liga&raquo; according to the mentioned regulations. <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb29" href="#pb29" name="pb29">29</a>]</span>Its
+determined ends (<a href="#n47">47</a>), were the independence of the
+islands; its means, the propaganda of advanced political ideas
+(<a href="#n48">48</a>), availing themselves of conferences,
+books<span class="corr" id="xd20e819" title="Not in source">,</span>
+pamphlets and the paper &laquo;La Solidaridad&raquo; which was declared
+the official organ of the association; the culture of the country by
+means of study, and its material advancement by stimulating the
+creation of large enterprises and industries; and, as a final means,
+armed rebellion (<a href="#n49">49</a>). The catechised or initiated
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e826" title=
+"Source: submitied">submitted</span> themselves to a solemn oath before
+a human skull, which they afterwards kissed, signing with their own
+blood (<a href="#n50">50</a>) a compromising document, after making the
+corresponding incision in one of their arms.</p>
+<p>&laquo;All those initiated incurred the duty of making propaganda
+(<a href="#n51">51</a>) by all means in their power, and of increasing
+the number of the associates, of preserving under severest penalties,
+the most impenetrable silence on all matters relating to the
+&laquo;Liga&raquo; and blind obedience to their superiors. The
+association was governed by a Supreme Council with residence in Manila,
+and composed of a President, a Treasurer, a Fiscal, a Secretary and
+twelve Councillors; for the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb30" href=
+"#pb30" name="pb30">30</a>]</span>Peninsular and Hong-Kong, the
+delegations composed of Marcelo del Pilar and Ildefonso Laurel<a class=
+"noteref" id="xd20e839src" href="#xd20e839" name=
+"xd20e839src">6</a>.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;In each province was formed a provincial council with the
+same organizations as the Supreme Council, but with only six
+councillors, who, in their turn, had under their orders as many popular
+councils as there should be pueblos in the province in which the
+council should be constituted. The popular councils with analogous
+organization to the provincial councils, had jurisdiction within the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e847" title=
+"Source: demarkation">demarcation</span> of a pueblo; they depended
+directly upon the respective provincial council and the provincial upon
+the Supreme.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;All the members of the Supreme Council were to constitute in
+the capital of Manila a popular council formed of their converts within
+the zone of their residences; and all the members had to <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e852" title="Source: recrute">recruit</span> among the
+natives of some culture, till the society should be thoroughly
+developed. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb31" href="#pb31" name=
+"pb31">31</a>]</span></p>
+<p>&ldquo;Each treasurer collected a <i>peso</i> as entrance fee from
+the initiated and a medio (half) peso, as a monthly subscription for
+each member. With the said funds there was created a central deposit in
+the treasury of the Supreme Council, for the covering of the expenses
+of the delegations, and the sustainment <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e861" title="Source: af">of</span> the <i>Solidaridad</i>; and it
+was agreed that once there should be sufficient capital, great
+enterprises, of a nature undetermined, should be undertaken.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The eternal question of money in this class of organizations
+(<a href="#n52">52</a>) gave rise to a serious falling out between
+Rizal and the <i>Liga</i> (<a href="#n53">53</a>), on which account
+their official relations were severed. The subscriptions were badly
+collected, and those encharged with the custody and turning in of what
+few funds did exist misapplied them (<a href="#n54">54</a>); this was
+what brought about the <span class="corr" id="xd20e881" title=
+"Source: decadescence">decadence</span> of the league and the cause of
+its falling into discredit and disrepute and for its not prospering, in
+spite of the fact that among those who aided it with their moral and
+metalic aid, but without formal or written compromise (<a href=
+"#n55">55</a>), were a number of shameless filibusters, so much the
+more repugnant as the brilliant social position they held under
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb32" href="#pb32" name=
+"pb32">32</a>]</span>the protection of Spain was elevated. Among many
+others may be cited the wealthy proprietors Pedro and Francisco Roxas
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e890" title="Source: , (56)">(<a href=
+"#n56">56</a>),</span> Mariano Linjap, Telesforo Chuidian, Luis R.
+Yangco, Antonio and Juan Luna, Felipe Zamora, Eduardo Litonjua,
+Marcelino de los Santos, M&aacute;ximo Paterno (<a href="#n57">57</a>)
+and Nazario Constantino (<a href="#n58">58</a>).</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Of the members of the Supreme Council, only the following
+succeeded in forming popular councils: Estanislao Legaspi who organized
+one in Tondo, known as <i>Talang Bakero</i>; Andr&eacute;s Bonifacio,
+one in Trozo, known as <i>Mayon</i>; and Francisco Nacpil, one in Santa
+Cruz, known as <i>Mactan</i> (<a href="#n59">59</a>). The rest of the
+members of the Supreme Council only succeeded in forming the following
+fruitless sections: Flores, one in Ermita and Malate; Zulueta in
+Binondo; Rianzares in San Nicol&aacute;s; Francisco in Quiapo; Adriano
+and Mabini in Sampaloc and Nagtajan, and Salvador in Pandacan.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;In the provinces also the <i>Liga</i> enjoyed such slow
+progress, that it was not possible to organize to popular councils, but
+sections only, and these were organized in the Laguna, by Vicente
+Reyes; in Batangas by Felipe Agoncillo (<a href="#n60">60</a>); in
+Nueva Ecija, Bentus <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb33" href="#pb33"
+name="pb33">33</a>]</span>and Natividad; in Tarlac the notary del
+Rosario, and in Bulac&aacute;n, Pampanga and other provinces wealthy
+persons of the same. In <span class="corr" id="xd20e927" title=
+"Source: fine">time</span>, there was not a <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e930" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> of wealth or career
+or of medium social position, who did not pertain to, or aid and abet
+the <i>Liga</i>, apart from a few most honorable exceptions (<a href=
+"#n61">61</a>) which it pleases me to recognize.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;At the commencement of the year 1894 and when the league had
+reached the age of one year, the members agreed to the dissolution of
+the society, both on account of the discords which continually sprung
+up in its bosom, and for the fear of discovery by the authorities which
+had already perceived something of the goings on (<a href=
+"#n62">62</a>). A grand assembly of the leaders was called together and
+it was determined to gather in as many documents as had been drawn up
+or circulated, and make a bonfire of them, so that all compromising
+indications should be made to disappear. The society became dissolved
+but it took a form more hypocritical. The popular councils re-entered
+the masonic lodges, and these took up the work of the <i>Liga</i>, a
+thing very easy to accomplish, when we remember that there was not a
+single member of the society who was not a freemason. <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb34" href="#pb34" name="pb34">34</a>]</span></p>
+<p>&ldquo;There remained however, as a living remembrance of the
+<i>Liga</i>, a committee formed of the lawyer Numeriano Adriano and
+Deodato Arellano (a brother-in-law of Pilar) president and secretary,
+who had at their orders some 20 or 30 members from among the most
+important of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e954" title=
+"Source: difunct">defunct</span> <i>Liga</i> and who were known under
+the name of the <i lang="es">compromisarios</i> (<a href=
+"#n63">63</a>). These enjoyed no special organization and worked with
+almost entire independence. Their mission was the propagation of the
+<i lang="es">La Solidaridad</i> and the gathering of funds for the
+sustainment of the paper, and of the delegations in the Peninsula and
+elsewhere, with which they sustained active political correspondence.
+The work was continued with greater cunning by the lodges and by the
+<i lang="es">compromisarios</i>; and they succeeded in keeping alive
+the spirit of protest in a good part (the most influential) of the
+native element till the end of the year 1895.</p>
+<p>&laquo;About this time the populous empire of China was defeated by
+the Japanese, and the Japanese Empire, having won the laurels of
+victory so easily, began to consider the weaving of a net of
+preponderance in the Occident. The <span class="corr" id="xd20e975"
+title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> who followed <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb35" href="#pb35" name="pb35">35</a>]</span>with
+interest and satisfaction our contrarieties in Cuba, considered the
+occasion <span class="corr" id="xd20e980" title=
+"Source: propicious">propitious</span> for the Empire of the Rising Sun
+to copy in these islands the conduct of the Americans in the Antilles.
+Japan became the fashion in the Archipelago and its inhabitants were
+chosen as models of culture (<a href="#n64">64</a>), wealth, of liberty
+and strength. They sighed for their protection and assistance, and to
+the attaining of it they uselessly directed their efforts. Doroteo
+Cort&eacute;s emigrated to Yokohama (<a href="#n65">65</a>), and with
+him Ramos, Baza, Espa&ntilde;ol and others, where they established a
+separatist committee in correspondence with that of Manila. Marcelo del
+Pilar prepared to leave Madrid to join them, but died suddenly in
+Barcelona and finally the foolish political schemers dreamed of the
+liberation of Rizal (<a href="#n66">66</a>) who had been deported to
+Dapitan, in order that he also should follow Cort&eacute;s and the
+others. From Manila there departed frequently parties of wealthy
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e993" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> who went to Japan under the
+pretext of making recreative, instructive or artistic voyages, but in
+reality to conspire, and it is assured that they were listened to by
+some of the official element of that <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb36" href="#pb36" name="pb36">36</a>]</span>nation (<a href=
+"#n67">67</a>). The Japanese corvette <i>Kongo</i> (<a href=
+"#n68">68</a>) arrived in Manila in the month of May and no one could
+explain its sudden appearance in the bay; but on the other hand the
+officers were mysteriously <span class="corr" id="xd20e1008" title=
+"Source: banquetted">banqueted</span> by a commission of <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e1011" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> in the
+<i>Bazar Japones</i> (<a href="#n69">69</a>) where they lodged.
+Causalities perhaps, but.... <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb37" href=
+"#pb37" name="pb37">37</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="footnotes">
+<hr class="fnsep">
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e340" href="#xd20e340src" name="xd20e340">1</a></span> The numbers
+which will be found throughout this document signify notes to be found
+in the appendix. The letters in brackets signify footnotes of minor
+importance.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e545" href="#xd20e545src" name="xd20e545">2</a></span>
+Barcelona.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e558" href="#xd20e558src" name="xd20e558">3</a></span> About this
+same time a lodge composed of <span class="corr" id="xd20e560" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> was formed in Madrid, and known as
+the <i lang="es">Solidaridad</i>. There it was that steps were taken to
+catechize the masses of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e566" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> in their own homes<span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e569" title="Not in source">.</span></p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e593" href="#xd20e593src" name="xd20e593">4</a></span> In the
+Official Bulletin of the Gr&there4; Or&there4; Esp&there4; for Sept.
+1896, Morayta, speaking of this association of separatists said:
+&ldquo;It was born strong,&mdash;the filipino colony numbered then more
+than 70 members, by the side of whom labored several peninsular
+Spaniards.&rdquo; It is a pity Morayta did not classify these
+peninsular Spaniards, for had he done so we might perhaps have found
+among their number some of the social <span class="corr" id="xd20e595"
+title="Source: outcastes">outcasts</span> who have since aided the
+insurgent element against the legitimate authority of the United
+States.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e649" href="#xd20e649src" name="xd20e649">5</a></span> These
+aspirations almost all turned upon the idea of independence. The
+ability of the natives to govern themselves has had many tests. During
+the last days of Spanish rule a taste of this <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e651" title="Source: privelege">privilege</span> in minor grade
+was allowed the native as a test, and it needed but a drop of the
+independence <span class="corr" id="xd20e654" title=
+"Source: ticture">tincture</span> to put the patient into a burning
+fever. It truly takes a visionary to claim for the <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e657" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> the ability to
+govern his own country. In the <span class="corr" id="xd20e660" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> family the woman &ldquo;wears the
+breeches&rdquo; and in the pueblo all is subservient to the
+&ldquo;boss&rdquo;, the presidente. The aspirations of the pre-American
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e663" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> are the same as the aspirations of
+the Federal Party: aspirations which can never be realized till the
+character of the aspirant radically changes. &ldquo;Filipinas&rdquo;
+yet awaits in expectation to find the <span class="corr" id="xd20e667"
+title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> who can govern his own
+household!</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e839" href="#xd20e839src" name="xd20e839">6</a></span> The
+executive committee of the Liga was composed of Moises Salvador,
+Ambrosio Flores, Apolinario Mabini, Domingo Franco, Numeriano Adriano,
+Timoteo Paez, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, and the brothers Venancio
+and Alejandro Reyes. Testimony of Antonio Salazar. (fols. 1118 to
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e841" title=
+"Source: 11.29">1129</span>).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="xd20e1021" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e1022" class="main">K. K. K. N. M. A. N. B.</h2>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first xd20e192"><span class="sc" lang="tl">Kataastaasang
+Kalagayan Katipunan Nang Mang&#771;a <span class="corr" id="xd20e1027"
+title="Source: A ac">Anak</span> Nang Bayan.</span></p>
+<p class="xd20e192"><i>Supreme Society of the Sons of the
+People<a class="noteref" id="xd20e1034src" href="#xd20e1034" name=
+"xd20e1034src">1</a>.</i></p>
+<p>Whilst Rizal, in Manila, was engaged in the organization of the
+&ldquo;Liga Filipina&rdquo; into <a id="xd20e1072" name=
+"xd20e1072"></a>which only the well-to-do or educated classes could
+enter (<a href="#n70">70</a>), an attempt <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb38" href="#pb38" name="pb38">38</a>]</span>which, for that time,
+failed on account of his immediate deportation, Marcelo H. del Pilar,
+from Madrid, in July 1892, advised the creation of another association,
+which was to be similar thereto, but which was to include the
+agricultural laborers and persons of little or no education and
+instruction (<a href="#n71">71</a>), but who directed in the localities
+by the caciques and chiefs, were to form an enormous nucleus which
+should, at the proper time, give forth the cry of rebellion. He (Pilar)
+provided minute instructions concerning the organization and forwarded
+a project of regulations.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Deodato Arellano (brother in-law of Marcelo), Andr&eacute;s
+Bonifacio, Ladislao Dina and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb39" href=
+"#pb39" name="pb39">39</a>]</span>Teodoro Plata where those
+commissioned to carry into practice the project of Pilar (<a href=
+"#n72">72</a>); they discussed the regulations and added to them making
+them still more terrifying, agreeing that they should all immediately
+proceed with the preparatory works, and they were not interrupted till
+the conspiracy was discovered on the 19th of August of this year
+(1896). Both the said organizers and the others who composed the first
+Supreme Council, belonged to the &laquo;Liga filipina&raquo;.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The organization given to the society was <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e1091" title="Source: analogeous">analogous</span> to that
+enjoyed by the &laquo;Liga&raquo; (<a href="#n73">73</a>) but amplified
+to the extent of anarchism, swearing hatred and destruction to
+everything of a character or nature Spanish (<a href="#n74">74</a>),
+and sowing the seed of a race-hatred which has developed to a great
+extent (<a href="#n75"><span class="corr" id="xd20e1101" title=
+"Source: 76">75</span></a>). The Supreme, the Provincial and the
+popular Councils, the sections and the delegations ruled this horrible
+association. The first governed the whole <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1104" title="Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span> Katipunan (<a href=
+"#n76">76</a>); the second, that corresponding to a pueblo and the
+sections were sub-divisions or fractions into which the popular
+councils were divided. Those commissioned to form sections were called
+delegations, and whilst <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb40" href=
+"#pb40" name="pb40">40</a>]</span>they remained unconstituted, they
+depended directly upon the Supreme Council. Every associate paid an
+entrance fee of a <i>medio peso</i>, and a monthly subscription of a
+<i>real</i>. The collections were made by the respective treasurers and
+passed into the central treasury of the Supreme Council. The funds so
+gathered were utilized for the succor of the brethren in their
+afflictions and sicknesses, for the covering the expenses of the works
+of propaganda, and for the secret acquisition of fire and other arms
+(<a href="#n77">77</a>).</p>
+<p>&laquo;As in freemasonry, the initiations (<a href="#n78">78</a>)
+were performed with a <span class="corr" id="xd20e1127" title=
+"Source: wealh">wealth</span> of the ridiculous, and with unending
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e1130" title=
+"Source: extravagancies">extravagances</span>; but of such a nature,
+that the ignorant indian was fascinated and became converted into a
+slave of his oath.</p>
+<p>&laquo;The initiated were masked (<a href="#n79">79</a>) as also was
+the person to be initiated; before a table was placed a skull and
+crossbones, a triangle and two candles; the person about to be
+initiated was told that the object of the Katipunan<a class="noteref"
+id="xd20e1138src" href="#xd20e1138" name="xd20e1138src">2</a> was the
+liberating of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1144" title=
+"Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span> people, and the expulsion of the
+Spaniards from the archipelago, or their <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb41" href="#pb41" name="pb41">41</a>]</span>destruction (<a href=
+"#n80">80</a>); following this, came a series of questions and replies
+in the which the martyrdom of Gomez, Burgos and Zamora (<a href=
+"#n81">81</a>), native priests judged and condemned for their part in
+the rebellion of Cavite in 1872 was exalted, and they passed on to the
+proofs (<a href="#n82">82</a>) which consisted in imitating an
+assassination, a suicide, etc. This was followed by the taking of an
+oath of striving to effect the liberation of the people till death, an
+oath which demanded a blind obedience to the commands of the superior
+and the preservation of the secrets of the association under the pain
+of death (<a href="#n83">83</a>). Finally, to terminate the ceremony,
+they made with a dagger especially adapted to that use, an incision in
+the arm of the person initiated and with the blood which flowed from
+the wound thus made, the new <i>katipunero</i> signed his compromise
+(see note <a href="#n50">50</a>.)</p>
+<p>&laquo;The initiated were called <i>brethren</i> and had their
+&laquo;sacred words&raquo; and their special signs of recognition. They
+were ruled by a code which established punishments ranging from
+whipping till death (<a href="#n84">84</a>) and received no orders from
+anyone, or had no intercourse with anyone, except with their immediate
+superiors. The details which might be made <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb42" href="#pb42" name="pb42">42</a>]</span>mention
+of are infinite and curious, but it would make this short memorial
+unending to speak of them all.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;All the matters of importance and organization were dealt
+with in assemblies (<a href="#n85">85</a>) constituted by the Supreme
+Councils and all the presidents of the provincial and popular councils.
+The accords were taken and discussions decided by a nominal votation
+and at least by a majority of votes.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Both the Supreme, the provincial and the popular Councils and
+the sections held their periodical sessions in the which were discussed
+a thousand different affairs, and the decisions of the Councils had to
+be submitted to the approval of the immediate superior. The gatherings
+were always held in different houses and localities, no day being set
+aside as fixed, but the days of festivities or those upon which was
+observed some ecclesiastical feast were chosen for that purpose
+(<a href="#n86">86</a>), under the pretext of banquets or dances in
+<a id="xd20e1191" name="xd20e1191"></a>which the authorities had no
+suspicion, and because on the said days these semi-public rejoicings
+were permitted without the necessity of seeking the license of the
+governing authorities.</p>
+<p>&laquo;Both the provincial and the popular <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb43" href="#pb43" name="pb43">43</a>]</span>councils
+and the sections were known by special names; the initiated were
+&ldquo;baptized&rdquo; with symbolic <span class="corr" id="xd20e1198"
+title="Source: apellations">appellations</span>; and the documents were
+drawn up in the Tagalog dialect, the most important being in secret
+code.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The first Supreme Council was constituted on the 15th of July
+1892, and was as follows:</p>
+<div class="table">
+<table>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>President</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Deodato Arellano.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Secretary</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Andr&eacute;s Bonifacio.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Treasurer</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Valentin Diaz.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td rowspan="3" class="xd20e777">Councillors</td>
+<td rowspan="3" class="xd20e1225"><img src="images/leftbrace3.gif" alt=
+"" width="10" height="74"></td>
+<td>Ladislao Dina.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Bricio Pantas.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Teodoro Plata.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<p>Delegates were immediately appointed to establish sections in Tondo,
+Binondo, Trozo, Sta. Cruz, Nagtajan, Sampaloc, Quiapo, Dilao (Paco) and
+Intramuros. Commissioners set out with all rapidity to the neighboring
+pueblos and provinces, and in a few weeks councils were in working
+order in Caloocan, Malabon, Mandaloyan, San Juan del Monte, Pandacan,
+Sta. Ana, and Pasay. In the Capital of Cavite was constituted a popular
+council, and sections in Noveleta, Cavite Viejo and Imus. The same
+occurred in San Isidro, Gapan and several other pueblos of these
+provinces. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb44" href="#pb44" name=
+"pb44">44</a>]</span></p>
+<p><span class="corr" id="xd20e1240" title=
+"Source: &lsquo;">&rsquo;</span>Andr&eacute;s Bonifacio, Secretary of
+the Supreme Council, displayed a notable audacity and energy, and this
+united to a clear intelligence, gave him a great predominance over his
+companions. This predominance he asserted, and in 1893 brought about
+the destitution from the presidency, of Deodato Arellano, Rom&aacute;n
+Baza (<a href="#n87">87</a>), chief clerk of the Comandancia General de
+Marina being elevated to that office. On account of the want of
+character and initiative on the part of the new president, Bonifacio
+decided, by a <i lang="fr">coup-d&rsquo;&eacute;tat</i> if we may so
+call it, to depose him also, putting himself in that office and
+becoming the &laquo;dictator&raquo; of the Katipunan.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Under the Presidency of Bonifacio, the society commenced an
+era of febrile activity; the greater number of the <i lang=
+"es"><span class="corr" id="xd20e1252" title=
+"Source: tribunal s">tribunales</span></i> of the pueblos were
+converted into centres of propaganda, which were directed by the
+municipalities. Pamphlets and proclamations against the friars and the
+whole Spanish element were circulated in profusion (<a href=
+"#n88">88</a>). Injuries and outrages were invented, and by these and a
+thousand and one other infamous means, little by little, hatred and
+revenge were inculcated into the mind of the indian. <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb45" href="#pb45" name="pb45">45</a>]</span></p>
+<p>&ldquo;In 1895 Bonifacio took the first decisive steps towards the
+organizing of an armed rebellion; he sent different delegations to
+Dapitan to <span class="corr" id="xd20e1261" title=
+"Source: eonfer">confer</span> with Rizal and receive his advice and
+instruction (<a href="#n89">89</a>)<span class="corr" id="xd20e1267"
+title="Not in source">;</span> he opened negotiations with the Japanese
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e1270" title=
+"Source: Goverment">Government</span> (<a href="#n90">90</a>), but did
+not succeed therein. But with his immense <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1277" title="Source: ascendency">ascendancy</span> over the
+popular masses, an ascendancy beyond imagination, he declared himself
+dictator. The secret aiders of the Katipunan who pertained to the upper
+classes, offered funds of considerable amount, with the which were
+acquired a good number of arms which were landed on the coast of Cavite
+and Batangas with the aid of wealthy persons (<a href=
+"#n91">91</a>).</p>
+<p>&laquo;In August of this year (1896) exaltation among the masses
+reached its full height, and Bonifacio realizing the fact, prepared
+what was necessary in order that in a short time, the conspiracy which
+was to take effect on the same day and hour in almost all Luzon, should
+be in readiness. The plan of the attack and taking of Manila was
+coarsely conceived but it might have been <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1285" title="Source: successfull">successful</span> and massacre,
+sacking and pillage would have crowned the iniquitous work.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb46" href="#pb46" name=
+"pb46">46</a>]</span></p>
+<p>&ldquo;At this time the Supreme Council was was composed as
+follows.</p>
+<div class="table">
+<table>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>President</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Andr&eacute;s Bonifacio.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Secretary</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Emilio Jacinto.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Treasurer</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Enrique Pacheco.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Fiscal</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>P&iacute;o Valenzuela (<a href="#n92">92</a>).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td rowspan="12" class="xd20e777">Councillors</td>
+<td rowspan="12" class="xd20e779"><img src="images/leftbrace9.gif" alt=
+"" width="17" height="195"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Hermenegildo Reyes.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Teodoro Plata.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Balbino Florentino.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Bricio Pantas.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Pantale&oacute;n Torres.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Jos&eacute; Trinidad.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Francisco Carre&oacute;n.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Aguedo del Rosario.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Vicente Molina.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Alejandro Santiago.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Jos&eacute; T. Santiago.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<p>&ldquo;In Tondo existed the popular Council <i lang=
+"tl">Catagalugan</i> presided over by Alejandro Santiago; and the
+sections <i lang="tl">Cabuhayan</i>, <i lang="tl">Catotohanan</i>,
+<i lang="tl">Pagtibain</i>, <i lang="tl">Calingaan</i> and <i lang=
+"tl">Bagongsilang</i>, presided over by Hilarion Cruz, Braulio Rivera,
+Cipriano Pacheco, Nicol&aacute;s Rivera, and Deogracias Fajardo.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;In Sta. Cruz the popular Council <i lang="tl">Laonlaan</i>
+presided over by Julian Nepomuceno, and the sections <i lang=
+"tl">Tanglao</i> and <i>Dimas Alang</i><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e1389src" href="#xd20e1389" name="xd20e1389src">3</a> <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb47" href="#pb47" name="pb47">47</a>]</span>by
+Procopio Bonifacio and Restituto Javier.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;In Trozo the popular Council <i>Dapitan</i><a class="noteref"
+id="xd20e1404src" href="#xd20e1404" name="xd20e1404src">4</a> presided
+over by Francisco Carre&oacute;n, and the sections
+<i>Silang&#771;anan</i> and <i>Alapaap</i>, by Juan de la Cruz and R.
+Concha.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;In Binondo the popular Council <i>Ilog Pasig</i> by Faustino
+Ma&ntilde;alac.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;In Concepci&oacute;n and Dilao (Paco) the popular Council
+<i>Mahiganti</i>, presided over by Rafael Guti&eacute;rrez, and the
+sections <i>Panday</i> and <i>Ilog</i> with a delegation in Ermita.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;But why continue<span class="corr" id="xd20e1432" title=
+"Source: .">?</span> <span class="corr" id="xd20e1435" title=
+"Source: Itwould">It would</span> not be exaggerating to assert that
+the fourth of the native population pertained to the Katipunan, and the
+task of consigning more names would be useless, as nothing new would be
+discovered.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Astounding is the number of the initiated; in Manila and its
+province alone they <span class="corr" id="xd20e1440" title=
+"Source: exeed">exceed</span> 14,000, and in the provinces of Cavite,
+Batangas, Laguna and Nueva Ecija <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb48"
+href="#pb48" name="pb48">48</a>]</span>there are no less than
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e1445" title="Source: 20.000">20,000</span>.
+Adding to this number those of the remainder of Luzon, the total will
+ascend to an enormous mass of &ldquo;illusioned&rdquo; who bowed in
+obedience to an inquisitous schemer. It must be recognized, however,
+that Bonifacio is not a common man; of active character, energetic and
+bold, gifted with a facility of expression in his language which
+suggested itself to his countrymen; of a criterion clear but badly
+cultivated by the reading of books of an elevated style and a
+pernicious character<a class="noteref" id="xd20e1451src" href=
+"#xd20e1451" name="xd20e1451src">5</a> and possessed of an unfathomable
+ambition&mdash;such was the warehouse porter who had charge of the
+store house of the foreign commercial house of Fressel <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb49" href="#pb49" name="pb49">49</a>]</span>and Co.
+in Calle Nueva, Binondo<a class="noteref" id="xd20e1467src" href=
+"#xd20e1467" name="xd20e1467src">6</a>.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;His proclamations, pamphlets, and circulars although not a
+model of literature were possessed of a certain amount of culture.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;In Calle Clavel, in the dwelling house of Alejandro Santiago,
+the Katipunan possessed a secret printing establishment, in <a id=
+"xd20e1477" name="xd20e1477"></a>which were prepared many most
+injurious and insulting publications. There also was edited and
+published the paper <i>Kalayaan</i> (Liberty) (<a href="#n93">93</a>)
+which only twice saw the light and which was supposed to have been
+printed in Yokohama, (it bearing the name of that town as the place of
+publication) and was published over the signature of Marcelo H. del
+Pilar. This was <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb50" href="#pb50" name=
+"pb50">50</a>]</span>all false, all studied out for the purpose of
+throwing dust in the eyes of the local authorities. The paper was
+edited by Bonifacio, his brother-in-law Teodoro Plata and the secretary
+of the Supreme Council, Emilio Jacinto, a young student of law, of no
+scanty intelligence.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;On the 19th of August last (1896) the conspiracy was
+denounced and a great number of imprisonments were made by this Corps.
+Bonifacio and those more closely connected with him in his schemes,
+fled aghast to the neighboring pueblo of Caloocan and there remained
+hidden in the house of the <i>Capitan Municipal</i> (a native) and in
+that of the <i>Capit&aacute;n Pasado</i> (also a native) Adriano de J,
+father-in-law to Andr&eacute;s Bonifacio. On the 23rd Bonifacio set out
+for the barrio of <span class="corr" id="xd20e1495" title=
+"Source: Balintanac">Balintauac</span>, followed by some 200
+inhabitants of Caloocan; on the 24th they were combatted by the Civil
+Guard in the fields of the said pueblo and fled to their former hiding
+place.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The Supreme Council convoked a large assembly to be held on
+the following day in the said barrio, to which gathered more than 500
+members; there a discussion took place concerning the steps which would
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb51" href="#pb51" name=
+"pb51">51</a>]</span>have to be taken in view of the failure of the
+conspiracy, and of the imprisonments which were being made. Some,
+feeling repentant, desired to return to a legal status, submitting to
+the Spanish authority but the president Bonifacio protested, proposing
+immediate rebellion. Both propositions were put to the vote, and as a
+result, that of the president gained by an immense majority; so much
+for the prestige of Andr&eacute;s Bonifacio! (<a href=
+"#n94">94</a>).</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The orders were circulated with rapidity throughout Manila,
+Cavite, Nueva Ecija and other provinces, commanding that armed
+rebellion should commence at day-break of Sunday the 30th. The day and
+hour assigned finally arrived, and the whole province of Manila broke
+out; the rebels committing a thousand and one abuses and crimes upon as
+many Europeans and loyal natives as were encountered. Like wild beasts
+they attacked the waterworks and the powder station situated at San
+Juan del Monte from whence they were <span class="corr" id="xd20e1507"
+title="Source: valiently">valiantly</span> driven back by a section of
+artillery and another of the 70th <span class="corr" id="xd20e1510"
+title="Source: regimeut">regiment</span>. Simultaneously they attempted
+to invade the suburb of Sampaloc by way of Santa Mesa and <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb52" href="#pb52" name="pb52">52</a>]</span>there
+also they were combatted and dispersed by 60 Veteran Guards who
+prevented, by their defence, a day of mourning for the city of Manila.
+All Cavite, except the capital, arose in insurrection on the afternoon
+of the 31st., assassinating and disarming the whole of the Civil Guard
+of the province, after an heroic defence on the part of the latter.
+They assaulted the convents and estates of the Religious Orders and
+murdered the defenseless ministers of the Lord (<a href="#n95">95</a>).
+On the 3rd of September the capital of Nueva Ecija was attacked by
+large masses of rebels, and the colony<a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e1518src" href="#xd20e1518" name="xd20e1518src">7</a> and the
+Civil Guard <span class="corr" id="xd20e1522" title=
+"Source: heroicly">heroically</span> resisted until the arrival, from
+Manila, of a column which combatted the enemy and saved that handful of
+Spaniards from a certain death. But why continue to relate events so
+well known to all<a class="noteref" id="xd20e1525src" href="#xd20e1525"
+name="xd20e1525src">8</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb53" href=
+"#pb53" name="pb53">53</a>]</span></p>
+<div class="div2" id="xd20e1529"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h3 id="xd20e1530" class="main">Denouncement of the Conspiracy and its
+Discoverer.</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">&ldquo;Teodoro Pati&ntilde;o. A name which all
+Spaniards should pronounce with pleasure, because, by his repentance,
+inspired by divine Providence (<a href="#n96">96</a>), Spain was saved
+from an unending series of bitter experiences.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Pati&ntilde;o, a workman in the printing establishment of the
+<i lang="es">Diario de Manila</i>, pertained to the Katipunan of Tondo,
+as did also the majority of the compositors and book binders of the
+said establishment.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Repentant and fearful of the increase of the association, and
+of the criminal projects it pursued, he decided to denounce it to his
+sister, a student of the College of Looban, directed by the learned and
+virtuous Sisters of Mercy (<a href="#n97">97</a>). His sister made
+known the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1547" title=
+"Source: denounciation">denunciation</span> to her Superior who called
+Pati&ntilde;o into her presence; and realizing the gravity which
+surrounded the matter, sent him to the Rev. P. Mariano Gil, parish
+priest of Tondo (<a href="#n98">98</a>), a suburb of Manila; to this
+Rev. Father, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb54" href="#pb54" name=
+"pb54">54</a>]</span>Pati&ntilde;o repeated all that he had manifested,
+and all that he could know, he being only a simple initiated member. He
+affirmed that in the printing establishment of the <i lang=
+"es">Diario</i> receipts and proclamations were printed, and daggers
+were secretly made for the Katipunan, and he offered, moreover, to make
+known where the lithographic stones used for the printing were
+hidden.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Srs. Grund and Cort&eacute;s, lieutenants of the sub-division
+of the <i>Veterana</i> of that district, were called to the convent by
+P. Gil, who expounded to them all that had occurred. These officers
+made known the facts to their chiefs, and constituted themselves into a
+&ldquo;cuartelillo&rdquo;. That same night there fell into the power of
+P. Gil the lithographic stones, some receipts and printed regulations
+of the Katipunan: objects which were placed at the disposition of this
+Corps. In the &ldquo;cuartelillo&rdquo; Pati&ntilde;o was minutely
+examined, and immediate proceedings were commenced for the arrest of 22
+oath bound katipuneros, whose houses were also searched. In this search
+an abundance of documents and effects which justified the denunciation
+were encountered. From that time no stone was left unturned
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb55" href="#pb55" name=
+"pb55">55</a>]</span>by the officers and guards of this Corps, who for
+15 days worked unceasingly and untiringly that their labor might be
+crowned with the greatest success.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;More than 500 prisoners of importance, among those who were
+convicted and among those who confessed, were handed over to the Courts
+of Justice together with all the documents, books,
+pamphlets<span class="corr" id="xd20e1567" title=
+"Not in source">,</span> seals, attributes and the archives of the
+Supreme Council. The back of the vast conspiracy was broken; some of
+the guilty have already expiated their crimes (<a href="#n99">99</a>),
+many have suffered deportation, (<a href="#n100">100</a>) whilst no few
+still remain in prison awaiting the decision of human justice.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;If with our aid we have contributed to the salvation of this
+portion of Spanish territory, what better recompense and reward for
+this Section of the Guardia Civil Veterana?</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Manila, 28th October 1896&mdash;Olegario
+Diaz&mdash;Signed&mdash;The document bears a seal which reads: <i lang=
+"es">Secci&oacute;n de Guardia Civil
+Veterana</i>.&mdash;<i>Manila</i>.</p>
+<hr class="tb">
+<p>Here ends the document which forms the text. In continuation follow
+the notes with their corresponding numbers. <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb57" href="#pb57" name="pb57">57</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="footnotes">
+<hr class="fnsep">
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e1034" href="#xd20e1034src" name="xd20e1034">1</a></span> The
+words <i>Supreme Society</i> express the idea of <i>supreme social
+situation</i>, of a society formed of noteworthy people. A well-read
+writer on the subject of &ldquo;El Katipunan &oacute; el filibusterismo
+en Filipinas,&rdquo; says, speaking of this union of such notable folk:
+&ldquo;<i>A reunion of people who meet to concoct assassinations,
+cannot be a reunion of noteworthy people but should rather be called a
+reunion of noteworthy criminals.</i>&rdquo; There is not the shadow of
+a doubt that this is the best and, in fact, the only title to which
+such a society as the katipunan can justly lay claim.</p>
+<p class="footnote">Opinion is divided as to the origin of the word
+katipunan, and as to the manner in which it should be written. Some
+spell it with C whilst the majority use K. As to the derivation: the
+root word is undoubtedly <i lang="tl">Tipon</i> which, prefixed with
+the particle <i lang="tl">ca</i> and terminated with <i lang=
+"tl">an</i> gives us a word, which signifies <i>very select
+association</i>. The word is however generally written with K so as to
+be in keeping with the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1061" title=
+"Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span> way of spelling, as they (that is to
+say the &ldquo;<i lang="es">redimidos</i>&rdquo; have taken to the use
+of K for C whenever C has a hard sound as in cat. In like manner, to
+the insurgent and his sympathisers, Cavite should be Kawite. The K and
+W are Blumentrittisms, i. e. of German descent.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e1138" href="#xd20e1138src" name="xd20e1138">2</a></span> See note
+<a href="#n49">49</a>.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e1389" href="#xd20e1389src" name="xd20e1389">3</a></span> The
+pseudonym of Rizal. By this name he is mentioned in almost all the
+masonic documents relating to him and over this same name he wrote in
+the <i lang="es">La Solidaridad</i> and the <i lang=
+"tl">Kalayaan</i>.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e1404" href="#xd20e1404src" name="xd20e1404">4</a></span> The
+place of Rizal&rsquo;s banishment.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e1451" href="#xd20e1451src" name="xd20e1451">5</a></span> Pio
+Valenzuela y Alejandro, a near companion of Bonifacio in matters
+relative to the Katipunan, testified in his evidence in the courts of
+Justice, (fols <span class="corr" id="xd20e1453" title=
+"Source: 1.663">1,663</span> to <span class="corr" id="xd20e1456"
+title="Source: 1.673">1,673</span>), that Andr&eacute;s Bonifacio had
+read much, and possessed a library which was destroyed when his house
+caught fire. (See note <a href="#n16">16</a>) That he would pass the
+night in reading instead of sleeping, and that from such an excess of
+reading there had happened to him the same as happened to Don
+Quixote&mdash;his brain had become turned. Thus it was that
+Andr&eacute;s was ever dreaming of the presidency and speaking of the
+French Revolution.<a id="xd20e1462" name="xd20e1462"></a></p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e1467" href="#xd20e1467src" name="xd20e1467">6</a></span> It was
+in the warehouse of this German firm that the Spanish authorities
+discovered the documentary evidence which Valenzuela testified had been
+hidden there by Bonifacio. It had been <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1469" title="Source: determided">determined</span> by the
+Katipunan to destroy all documents, but evidently Bonifacio overtaken
+suddenly by the unexpected discovery of the plot he was developing, had
+not sufficient presence of mind, or what is more probable still, enough
+time to put them out of existence, and he therefore hid them as has
+been said, hoping no doubt, to be thus enabled to put the authorities
+off the track in case they should happen to get possession of them.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e1518" href="#xd20e1518src" name="xd20e1518">7</a></span> That is
+to say the Spanish population.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e1525" href="#xd20e1525src" name="xd20e1525">8</a></span> As the
+events here spoken of do not fall within the scope of this sketch, no
+note has here been made of them. As was pointed out in the
+introduction, this review is not intended as a history of the
+revolution, but as a brief sketch of the society which gave rise to
+it.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="back">
+<div id="xd20e1592" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e1593" class="main">Notes.</h2>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb58" href="#pb58" name=
+"pb58">58</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first xd20e192">These notes are, as regards historical<br>
+matter, chiefly taken from Spanish<br>
+official documents drawn up as a<br>
+result of juridical proceedings<br>
+against certain<br>
+individuals accused<br>
+of treason. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb59" href="#pb59" name=
+"pb59">59</a>]</span></p>
+<p id="n2"><span class="sc">Note 2.</span> In that period of time in
+which the evil effects of freemasonry began to tell upon the public and
+private life of the government officials and upon the morals of the
+people in general, the Civil Governor of Manila, D. Justo Martin Lunas
+(1886), gave a ball to which the cream of Manila society was invited.
+Among the selections for the evening was an extravagant item, nothing
+more or less than ... a <i>can-can</i>! This in itself was enough; but
+what made the matter so much the worse was that the governor had
+invited the venerable Archbishop of Manila to the ball. The news of the
+innovation spread far and wide, and very soon the whole city was in a
+state of wild excitement. In the defense of public morals the
+Archbishop deemed it necessary to issue a pastoral letter condemning
+such spectacles.</p>
+<p>Although not directed at that particular &ldquo;school of
+scandal&rdquo;, this pastoral was interpreted by all those concerned,
+as well as by the public in general, as a severe <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb60" href="#pb60" name="pb60">60</a>]</span>lesson
+for Sr. Lunas and those who had gathered in the government house to
+dance the can-can or to take pleasure therein. Hence Sr. Luna and his
+party considered themselves<a id="xd20e1624" name="xd20e1624"></a>
+offended, and did not hesitate to take <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1626" title="Source: vevenge">revenge</span> when an opportunity
+occurred, upon the aged and infirm Archbishop who did all he had done,
+in defense of the morals of his flock.</p>
+<p>From this event sprung the seed which gave rise, later on, to the
+famous, or rather <i>infamous</i> manifestation of &rsquo;88: an
+insensate campaign inspired against the Religious Orders by these
+offended ones and their followers (See note <a href="#n30">30</a>).</p>
+<p>The Civil Governor at that time was D. Jos&eacute; Centeno y
+Garc&iacute;a an active propagator of freemasonry, holding the 33rd
+degree. He, together with Sr. Quiroja, fostered and godfathered the
+&ldquo;manifestation&rdquo;. In this semi-official insult to Archbishop
+Payo, an insult so ably analysed by Sr. Retana<a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e1639src" href="#xd20e1639" name="xd20e1639src">1</a>, we have one
+of the best examples that could be furnished of the methods adopted by
+the masonic enemies of the Catholic <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb61"
+href="#pb61" name="pb61">61</a>]</span>faith in this archipelago. This
+manifestation, fostered by a governor who drew down upon himself the
+righteous ire of all honorable men and women by reason of his
+protection of the houses of ill-fame in and about the city, was a truly
+masonic invention by which many, in fact some 98% of those who signed
+it, were grossly deceived. The following notes taken from the analysis
+of Sr. Retana, will give an idea of the real value of the
+&ldquo;manifestation&rdquo; and the part the <i>people</i> had therein.
+In the Suburb of Sta. Cruz there were 144 people who signed the
+document, that is to say there were 144 names. Of these no less than 56
+were <i>unknown</i><span class="corr" id="xd20e1651" title=
+"Not in source">,</span> 3 were minors and 3 did not recognize their
+signatures; 52 were natives and 8 were <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1654" title="Source: chinese">Chinese</span> half-castes. In
+Sampaloc: 61 signatures, all of which were of indians none of whom
+followed trades or professions which necessitated the use of brain
+power. In Malate: 38 signatures<span class="corr" id="xd20e1658" title=
+"Not in source">,</span> 31 of indians<span class="corr" id="xd20e1661"
+title="Not in source">,</span> only 15 of whom understood Spanish. In
+Binondo: 41, 31 of whom were indians; five minors. In Sta. Ana, out of
+104, the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1664" title=
+"Source: mumber">number</span> of minors was 14, and 50 did not
+understand Spanish; 66 were indians. In Caloocan: <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb62" href="#pb62" name="pb62">62</a>]</span>80
+signatures of which 55 were indians who did not understand Spanish; 38
+were laborers, 7 were minors. In Navotas: 140 signatures; 49 laborers,
+and 49 fishermen; 127 did not understand Spanish. In Mariquina: 68, 38
+of whom were laborers, 51 did not understand Spanish. In San Fernando
+de Dilao (Paco): 35; 6 minors and all indians. In San Mateo, 50
+signatures<span class="corr" id="xd20e1669" title="Source: :">;</span>
+39 laborers<span class="corr" id="xd20e1672" title="Source: .">,</span>
+45 indians, 41 of whom did not understand Spanish. In San Miguel 49;
+and here comes the crowning piece of the magnificent work, for of these
+49 no fewer than 16 had <i>died!</i> yes <i>died</i> previous to the
+drawing up of the document and therefore could not possibly have signed
+it; moreover 7 did not recognize their signatures, and all were
+indians.</p>
+<p>In recapitulation; there were 810 signatures; of these 85 did not
+declare on examination, 56 were unknown, 39 were minors, 22 did not
+recognize their signatures and 16 had died previous to the drawing up
+of the document (Feb. 20th 1888). This brings the 810 down to 592. Of
+these 592 signatures 208 were of laborers, 50 of fishermen, 31 of
+carpenters, 7 washermen and 5 barbers: a total of 301 persons whose
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb63" href="#pb63" name=
+"pb63">63</a>]</span>occupations called for no particular amount of
+education, and whose interest and concern in such a movement as this
+may be judged from their social standing. Deducting these 301 from the
+remaining 592 we have 291 left for further analysis. Of these 25 were
+of tailors, 4 singers (!) and 3 school masters; 58 <i lang=
+"es">escribientes</i> whose occupation it is to make clean copies of
+documents and other manuscript, the most that can be said of the
+majority of them being that they can write well, not an uncommon thing
+anyhow for a filipino; 11 of musicians, men who lead the life of
+crickets, enjoying hunger by day and noise by night; 9 type-setters,
+men who after having set a dozen columns of material could not tell you
+anything of the subject they were composing, in other words, men who
+like the <i lang="es">escribientes</i> reproduce mechanically without
+knowing what they are reproducing; this gives us 107 of another grade
+leaving 184 to be divided among the many odds and ends of occupations
+followed by the native to earn his &ldquo;fish and rice&rdquo;. No less
+than 384 of the number did not understand Spanish and 13 could not
+write. In the matter of races: ONE was a Spaniard, Enrique Rodriguez
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb64" href="#pb64" name=
+"pb64">64</a>]</span>de los Palacios who called himself a merchant and
+was domiciled in Binondo. Upon investigation it turned out that he also
+had been fooled and that he had signed the protest because he had been
+told that other Spaniards had also signed it; as to its contents he
+affirmed that he knew nothing. One was a Spanish mestizo, 66 were
+Chinese half-castes and 524 were indians. So much for the famous
+manifestation which resulted in giving a most decisive blow to the
+moral and social standing of those who prepared and those who signed
+it. Those concerned therein learned the bitter lesson that <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e1694" title="Source: &rdquo;">&ldquo;</span>they who
+dig pits for their neighbors are apt to fall therein
+themselves.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>The common opinion has always been that the document in question was
+drawn up by Doroteo Cort&eacute;s (see note 11) who had on several
+occasions been under police vigilance; had been expelled from Navotas
+and compelled to reside within the walled city, later on pardoned, but
+still kept under police surveillance. But however that may be, the
+document was infamous in the extreme, and was the precursor of the
+modern campaign against the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb65" href=
+"#pb65" name="pb65">65</a>]</span>Religious Orders. From that time to
+this present, this campaign has continued to spread, and <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e1701" title="Source: in">is</span> still being fostered
+by the Federal Party.</p>
+<p>Another of the advanced ideas which saw the light of day during the
+interim governorship of D. Jos&eacute; Centeno y Garcia, a 33rd degree
+freemason and a stout republican, was the toleration, for the first
+time in the history of the Archipelago, of houses of prostitution.
+Centeno was a governor who, having erred considerably during his
+governorship, attempted some years later to regain public confidence by
+the publication of an insulting pamphlet against the Religious Orders.
+This novelty of semi-official houses of ill-fame was, for Manila, a
+most genuine expression of modern democracy. Scandals until then
+unheard of or undreamed of in Manila, became the order of the day.
+White girls imported or <span class="corr" id="xd20e1706" title=
+"Source: enveigled">inveigled</span>, were hired out by their
+mistresses to pander to the sensual appetites of blacks, merely because
+the said black-skinned sensualists were wealthy enough to pay the price
+demanded. What edification! Fundicion street became a centre in which
+the scandals daily increased in number and importance. <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb66" href="#pb66" name="pb66">66</a>]</span>The
+native weaned after many long years of careful training at the hands of
+the Religious Orders, from the vices in which he was found submerged at
+the time of the Spanish Conquest, was brought face to face with the
+same scandalous surroundings, introduced by people of the same white
+race which had removed his forefathers therefrom. Gradually but surely
+this leaven of corruption has eaten its way into the customs of the
+people, and to-day we are witnesses of its terrible effects. A
+comparison of the public morals of to-day <a id="xd20e1711" name=
+"xd20e1711"></a>with those of 20 years or so ago, would reveal facts
+which would astound many of those who are at a loss to account for the
+reason of the existence of the &ldquo;<span lang=
+"es">querida</span>&rdquo; evil among so many of the <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e1716" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> of modern
+Manila. A quarter of a century ago Manila was a paradise to what it is
+to-day, crimes so common in these days that they are scarcely worth
+recording, were unheard of; and even <span class="corr" id="xd20e1720"
+title="Source: drunkeness">drunkenness</span> was almost entirely
+confined to foreign sailors. What Manila is to-day it owes to the
+advanced and anti religious ideas introduced by freemasonry and modern
+democracy. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb67" href="#pb67" name=
+"pb67">67</a>]</span></p>
+<p id="n3"><span class="sc">Note 3.</span> Separatism, <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e1728" title="Source: vulgarilly">vulgarly</span> called
+filibusterism, has always, in the Philippines, been marked by
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e1731" title=
+"Source: essencial">essential</span> characteristics. It was always,
+under the circumstances by which it was surrounded, necessarily
+anti-patriotic. One thing which helped to give it the robust life it
+enjoyed among the middle class of people, was the supposition of the
+existence of a <span class="corr" id="xd20e1734" title=
+"Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span> civilization anterior to the discovery
+of the archipelago by the famous Magallanes. This fantastic doctrine
+was preached and propagated principally by two of the more prominent
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e1737" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span>, Pedro Paterno and Jos&eacute;
+Rizal. The former, much less cultured than Rizal, was the one to whom
+the most insensate ideas on this subject were owing, and this because
+although Rizal upheld the idea, he was led to do so by his perverse
+character rather than by his belief; whilst Paterno really believes in
+this pre-Spanish civilization<span class="corr" id="xd20e1740" title=
+"Source: .">,</span> and that to such a degree that many of his own
+country-men call him a fool and ridicule him. Another essential mark
+was the enmity <span class="corr" id="xd20e1744" title=
+"Source: demostrated">demonstrated</span> against the Religious Orders.
+But few, if any at all of the propagators of the doctrines of
+separatism labored outside of the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb68"
+href="#pb68" name="pb68">68</a>]</span>four walls of the masonic lodge
+room. In other words they were freemasons. Masonry was to them a medium
+through which they might carry on their conspiracies; it was an excuse
+for the creation of the spirit of association, till then unknown in the
+Philippines.</p>
+<p>The aims of separatism may be <span class="corr" id="xd20e1752"
+title="Source: clased">classed</span> as direct <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1755" title="Source: and and">and</span> indirect. The indirect
+aim was the independence of the country from the yoke of Spain. At the
+best this idea of independence was but second hand, a lesson learned by
+heart by a scholar whose power of thought was insufficient to enable
+him to grasp the true meaning of the words of the lesson. The
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e1758" title=
+"Source: avarage">average</span> <span class="corr" id="xd20e1761"
+title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> lacks the sentiment of
+nationality; hence in the minds of the majority of the people
+independence is but the enjoyment of the unbridled <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e1764" title="Source: liberity">liberty</span> to do as they
+please, in fact to revert to the times of their ancestors when everyone
+who could exert an authority was a king, a prince or a ruler of some
+description. To the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1768" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> it is of little importance whether
+his <span class="corr" id="xd20e1771" title=
+"Source: soverign">sovereign</span> or his supreme ruler be the King of
+Spain or the President of the U. S. of America, as long as he is
+protected from his &ldquo;friends&rdquo; and from his own country-men
+and may enjoy <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb69" href="#pb69" name=
+"pb69">69</a>]</span>his cock-fighting and have the necessary supply of
+rice and fish for his daily sustenance.</p>
+<p>The direct aims of the separatists were those they <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e1778" title="Source: saught">sought</span> in public,
+viz: representation in the Spanish Cortes, the expulsion of the
+Religious Orders, etc., etc. The result of representation in the Cortes
+would have been a veritable comedy; that of the expulsion of the Friars
+a decided <span class="corr" id="xd20e1781" title=
+"Source: tradgedy">tragedy</span> for Spain, in as much as the
+Religious was ever the backbone of the administration of the colony.
+The consequences of the independence of the country would have been
+equally <span class="corr" id="xd20e1784" title=
+"Source: disasterous">disastrous</span>. There would have been the
+tremendous preponderance of the black over the white and eventually
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e1787" title=
+"Source: intertribual">inter-tribal</span> disputes and even armed
+struggles for the mastery. This would entail the complete stagnation of
+the moral and material progress of the people, who would gradually but
+surely drift back into the savage ways of their ancestors. And at last,
+who knows but that Japan or perhaps China would have to step in to save
+the inhabitants from becoming cannibals.</p>
+<p>This doctrine of separatism was the doctrine <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1792" title="Source: deseminated">disseminated</span> by
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e1795" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> masonry, a daughter of Spanish
+freemasonry. Filipino <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb70" href="#pb70"
+name="pb70">70</a>]</span>freemasonry however, was to a great extent
+addicted to views not held or sustained by the Gr&there4; Or&there4;
+Espa&ntilde;ol, and hence did not make common cause with Universal
+Freemasonry, although it used its ritual, its signs and its name, to
+shield from public view those of its labors which could not be allowed
+to see the light of day. Hence the diving into the subject of Universal
+Freemasonry is somewhat <span class="corr" id="xd20e1800" title=
+"Source: irrevelant">irrelevant</span> to our present study, suffice it
+to say that the brotherhood, universal as it is, suffers no other
+division than that into families. Its aim is one; its methods one; its
+doctrine one<a class="noteref" id="xd20e1803src" href="#xd20e1803"
+name="xd20e1803src">2</a>; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb71" href=
+"#pb71" name="pb71">71</a>]</span>it is the worldly imitation of the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e1855" title=
+"Source: unparalled">unparalleled</span> Catholic unity of divine
+foundation.</p>
+<p>The Spanish family was founded in 1811 <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb72" href="#pb72" name="pb72">72</a>]</span>by the Count de
+Grasse-Tilley. On the 21st of February 1804 the Supreme Council of
+Charleston issued a circular to the Count in which it said among other
+things which demonstrate the aim of the foundation: &ldquo;Above the
+idea of country is the idea of humanity&rdquo;; &ldquo;frontiers are
+capricious <span class="corr" id="xd20e1862" title=
+"Source: demarkations">demarcations</span> imposed by the use of
+force.&rdquo; And others of the same nature.</p>
+<p>When the Count set forth to found the Spanish Supreme Council he was
+armed with a letters patent issued by the Supreme Council of Charleston
+containing this sentence: &ldquo;the masonic solidity will never be
+effective whilst the brethren do not recognize one only power, as is
+one only the earth we inhabit<span class="corr" id="xd20e1867" title=
+"Source: .">,</span> and one also the horizon we contemplate.... To
+unify, therefore, the masonic labors we all journey to the one end to
+which the work of this Supreme Council is directed, and hence what we
+have pointed out to Spain as one of the points in which is more
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e1870" title=
+"Source: neces sary">necessary</span> than elsewhere the one direction
+to which we refer.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>In 1882 Spanish freemasons were divided into different Orientes each
+of which claimed continuity with the institution of Grasse-Tilley;
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb73" href="#pb73" name=
+"pb73">73</a>]</span>the matter was finally settled by the Supreme
+Council of Charleston.</p>
+<p>Opinion is divided on the question of the <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1879" title="Source: responsability">responsibility</span> of the
+Spanish freemason lodges or rather the ruling &ldquo;Oriente&rdquo; for
+the beliefs and practices of their filipino brethren. That they were
+indirectly responsible is more than certain; and oft-times they were so
+indirectly. D. Manuel Sastr&oacute;n ex-Deputy to the Spanish Cortes,
+ex-Civil Governor of the Philippines, speaking on this subject says:
+&ldquo;It is not possible for us on any account to fall in line with
+these suspicious reasonings: never have we had a disposition to form a
+part of such a sect, because we are old time Christians; but we repeat
+that we cannot believe nor do we imagine that any masonic centre
+composed of peninsular Spaniards could tolerate, and much less
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e1882" title="Source: forment">foment</span>
+consciously, the propagation of doctrines which, whatever masonry
+brought about in the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1885" title=
+"Source: Philipines">Philippines</span>, could have given origin to the
+congregation of separatist elements.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Nevertheless side by side with this firm conviction we repeat
+what we <span class="corr" id="xd20e1890" title=
+"Source: tercely">tersely</span> <span class="corr" id="xd20e1893"
+title="Source: ma-maintained">maintained</span>, viz: that freemasonry
+has been the medium which marshalled the element <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb74" href="#pb74" name="pb74">74</a>]</span>which
+generalled the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1898" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> insurrection. Filibusterism knew how
+to exploit it to a fine point.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p>
+<p>&ldquo;We do not find it inconvenient to affirm, but just the
+opposite, we repeat with pleasure and absolute belief that Spanish
+freemasonry was ignorant of the true ends of the <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1905" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> masons. But it is
+proved to our way of thinking, to the point of evidence, that
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e1908" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> masonry <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1911" title="Source: persued">pursued</span> no other ends than
+the independence of those islands (the Philippines.)&rdquo;<a class=
+"noteref" id="xd20e1914src" href="#xd20e1914" name=
+"xd20e1914src">3</a></p>
+<p>It must be noted that this is the opinion of a Spanish patriot, for
+a patriot Sastr&oacute;n certainly was, and what is more natural than
+that a true patriot should doubt the possibility of his own countrymen
+mixing themselves up in anti-patriotic movements: Yet while
+Sastr&oacute;n and other writers would redeem their fellow countrymen
+from such a stain as that of treason, I am inclined to believe that the
+asserted ignorance of the Spanish freemason was too often
+<i>official</i>, that is to say it was not genuine, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb75" href="#pb75" name="pb75">75</a>]</span>but
+limited to the members of the society who enjoyed the privileges of the
+lower degrees.</p>
+<p>There are two sides to every question<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1930" title="Source: ;">,</span> however, and that the
+&ldquo;other side&rdquo; may be given a fair hearing, I will quote a
+declaration of Antonio Luna on this subject. Luna, among the many
+statements made before the Lieut<span class="corr" id="xd20e1933"
+title="Source: ,">.</span> Col. in command of the Cuartel de
+Caballeria, on the 8th of October 1896, confessed that &ldquo;in the
+year 1890 or 91, of his own <span class="corr" id="xd20e1936" title=
+"Source: free-wiil">free-will</span>, he formed a masonic project based
+on Spanish masonry: a project which might, at its proper time be
+applied to filibuster conspiracy. This project was discussed and
+approved by the Oriente Espa&ntilde;ol in Madrid; but that center did
+not know the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1939" title=
+"Source: secondry">secondary</span> ends to which it would be
+applied.... Of his own <span class="corr" id="xd20e1942" title=
+"Source: freewill">free-will</span> he manifested that his ideas were,
+when he formed the project, anti-Spanish....&rdquo;</p>
+<p>With rare exceptions the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1948" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> who left their native soil to
+finish their education in the Spanish <span class="corr" id="xd20e1951"
+title="Source: peninsular">peninsula</span>, were those to whom the
+real work of separatism is owing. The <span class="corr" id="xd20e1954"
+title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> at home who has fallen into
+line with his foreign educated <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb76"
+href="#pb76" name="pb76">76</a>]</span>brother is but a blind worker.
+And the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1959" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> who went to Spain was as a rule, a
+very general rule, taken under the sheltering care of Miguel Morayta
+(see note <a href="#n13">13</a>). The responsibility therefore for the
+ideas inculcated into the minds of those &ldquo;students&rdquo; lies,
+and that heavily, upon Morayta, the chief of that family of freemasonry
+which claims ignorance of the aims of its filipino membership. The only
+logical excuse that can be brought forwards is that filipino
+freemasonry degenerated. When once it took root in the Archipelago it
+spread with wonderful rapidity. The adepts were for the most part
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e1966" title=
+"Source: chinese">Chinese</span> half-castes; and little by little that
+strange train of thought of the native, whether he be full blooded or
+mixed, a train of thought which, like the filipino pony is accustomed
+to walk backwards when it should go forwards, or like the patient
+<i>carabao</i> which too often lies down just at the moment when its
+services are the most needed to drag a load over a mud hole, carried
+the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1972" title=
+"Source: would be">would-be</span> citizens of an <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e1975" title="Source: independant">independent</span> country
+to the verge of political insanity. Certain it is that as the idea of
+separation became more and more developed the Spanish masons who were
+member <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb77" href="#pb77" name=
+"pb77">77</a>]</span>of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1981" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> lodges severed their connection
+therewith. But yet it does not appear within the limits of common sense
+to believe that the Spanish masons were ignorant; the greater
+probability is that they were too indulgent, too confiding. To hold too
+fast to the excuse of ignorance is to profess oneself very ignorant.
+But whether it was ignorance or the wanting of even that species of
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e1984" title=
+"Source: patriotsm">patriotism</span> which one expects to find in
+beasts of burden (for every horse knows his own stables) the black fact
+still remains that Spanish masonry gave birth to, and fostered,
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e1987" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> freemasonry or in other words, the
+katipunan.</p>
+<p>However, be the degree of ignorance what it may, we cannot overlook
+the fact that the actions of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1992"
+title="Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span> freemasons, the katipunan if you
+will, for the one and the other are the same thing under different
+names, were the cause of no little surprise to the Grand Oriente
+Espa&ntilde;ol. The filipino mason was a traitor to the mother which
+gave him being and nourished him into activity: a traitor who used the
+cover of the freemason lodge only that he might the easier and safer
+hatch out his plot to gain, by the most brutal means imaginable,
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb78" href="#pb78" name=
+"pb78">78</a>]</span>the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1997" title=
+"Source: independance">independence</span> of his country.</p>
+<p>In his declaration made in the presence of Colonel Francisco Olive y
+Garcia and others on the 23rd of September 1896, Moises Salvador
+Francisco, of Quiapo (Manila) stated that &ldquo;in April 1891 he came
+to Manila bringing with him a copy of the agreements arrived at by the
+Junta of Madrid, and these he handed over to Timoteo Paez to see if
+masonic lodges could be established as a commencement of the work. In
+the following year of 1892 Pedro Serrano arrived from Spain and then
+Masonry (native) was introduced into the Philippines, the first lodge
+instituted being the <i>Nilad</i>.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>To give some idea of the separatist aims which gave life and
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e2007" title=
+"Source: nourishmeut">nourishment</span> to the <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2010" title="Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span> revolt, I will quote
+a few extracts taken from masonic documents, and from the declarations,
+made by persons complicated in the conspiracy. These declarations were
+made in the presence of the appointed judge, Col. D. Francisco Olive y
+Garcia, and others, and are of capital interest in the study of the
+rise and fall of the filipino &ldquo;commune&rdquo;.</p>
+<p>The citations are as follows: <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb79"
+href="#pb79" name="pb79">79</a>]</span></p>
+<p>I. In an act of Session of the <i>Katipunan Sur</i> at the
+commencement of the year 1896, the session being opened, the president
+don Agustin Tantoko, a native priest<a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e2021src" href="#xd20e2021" name="xd20e2021src">4</a>, invited the
+membership present to <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb80" href="#pb80"
+name="pb80">80</a>]</span>express its opinion concerning the questions
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb81" href="#pb81" name=
+"pb81">81</a>]</span>proposed, viz: how ought we to act towards
+society; towards ourselves; and how ought we to act in case of
+surprise. Mariano Kalisan considered, dealing with the first question,
+that &ldquo;<i>as their principal object was not to leave alive any
+Spaniard in all the future <span class="corr" id="xd20e2091" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> republic</i>&rdquo; they should
+procure to make friends with them as much as possible in order to be
+able to carry out their plans with more surety when the time should
+arrive to give the cry of independence. D. Gabino Tantoko, brother of
+the president, considered that the said principle should be carried out
+especially in dealing with the members of the Religious Orders. Both
+propositions were accepted.</p>
+<p>As regards the second question, Epifanio Ramos proposed that
+meetings should be held as seldom as possible &ldquo;<i>in order to
+avoid scandals</i>&rdquo;.</p>
+<p>In case of surprise, Hermenegildo Garc&iacute;a considered that
+&ldquo;<i>the strongest fort lay in denial</i>.&rdquo; The brothers
+Tantoko remarked that such surprise was almost impossible seeing that
+they had determined &ldquo;<i>not to leave alive any of those who might
+surprise them</i>.&rdquo; The president moreover remarked that, from
+that time forward, in case of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb82" href=
+"#pb82" name="pb82">82</a>]</span>danger, &ldquo;they should destroy
+all the papers they held in their power, such as acts, receipts,
+letters, plans and especially the arms they held, in case the blow they
+were to deal in Manila should not succeed.&rdquo; This was accepted
+unanimously.</p>
+<p>In reply to a question, the president affirmed that &ldquo;all the
+sections of Katipunan existing in the future <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2112" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> republic
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e2115" title=
+"Source: persued">pursued</span> the same end: viz: the independence of
+the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2118" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> people<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2121" title="Not in source">,</span> the release from the yoke of
+the step-mother<a class="noteref" id="xd20e2124src" href="#xd20e2124"
+name="xd20e2124src">5</a> Spain.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>II<span class="corr" id="xd20e2132" title="Not in source">.</span>
+In a document dated the 12th of June 1896 and giving instructions to
+those who should carry out the proposed slaughter of all the Spaniards
+in Manila, we read:</p>
+<p>&ldquo;2nd. Once the signal is given every bro&there4; shall
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e2137" title="Source: fulfil">fulfill</span>
+the duty imposed upon him by this Gr&there4; Reg&there4; Log&there4;
+without considerations of any kind, neither of parentage, friendship
+nor of gratitude, etc.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;4th. The blow having been struck at the Captain General and
+the other Spanish Authorities, the loyals shall attack the convents
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb83" href="#pb83" name=
+"pb83">83</a>]</span>and shall behead their infamous inhabitants,
+respecting the wealth contained in the said convents; this shall be
+gathered ... etc.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;6th. On the following day the bbro&there4; designated shall
+bury all the bodies of their hateful oppressors in the field of
+Bagumbayan together with their wives and children, and on the site
+shall later on be raised a monument commemorative of the independence
+of the G&there4; N&there4; F&there4; (<span lang="es">Gran
+Naci&oacute;n Filipina</span>).&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;7th. The bodies of the members of the Religious Orders shall
+not be buried, but burned in just payment for the felonies (sic) which
+they committed during life against the <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2152" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> nation during the
+three hundred years of their nefarious domination.&rdquo;<a class=
+"noteref" id="xd20e2155src" href="#xd20e2155" name=
+"xd20e2155src">6</a></p>
+<p>This infamous document is signed by the president of the executive
+commission by the Gr&there4; Mast&there4; adj&there4; Giordano Bruno,
+and the Gr&there4; Sec&there4; Galileo.<a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e2163src" href="#xd20e2163" name="xd20e2163src">7</a></p>
+<p>III. In his declaration made before Col. Olive y Garc&iacute;a, the
+second Lieutenant D. Benedicto Nijaga y Polonis, a native <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb84" href="#pb84" name="pb84">84</a>]</span>of
+Carbeyeng, province of Samar, stated that the conspiracy was entered
+into for the purpose of securing from Spain, by peaceful means, or by
+the process of revolution, the independence of the country. He affirmed
+moreover that, in the case of revolution, the aid of Japan was to be
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e2170" title="Source: saught">sought</span>
+and that the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2173" title=
+"Source: co operation">co-operation</span> of the native troops was
+expected: and that the plan of <span class="corr" id="xd20e2176" title=
+"Source: compaign">campaign</span> of the rebels who were in San Mateo,
+was to &ldquo;fall upon Manila&rdquo;, the native infantry sent out to
+meet the attack to pass over to the rebel ranks.</p>
+<p>IV. In his declaration made in Manila before the same judge, Pio
+Valenzuela y Alejandrino stated that he was one of the members of the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e2181" title=
+"Source: Inferior">Interior</span> Supreme Council of the Katipunan,
+the aim of which was to collect a large amount of money and promote a
+general rising in order to declare the independence of the islands
+under the protectorate of the Empire of Japan<a id="xd20e2184" name=
+"xd20e2184"></a>. Further on he stated that the rising was to have
+taken place at 7 o&rsquo;clock p. m. on the 29th of August, entry being
+made into Manila and its suburbs, the rebels &ldquo;killing the
+Spaniards, and the natives and <span class="corr" id="xd20e2186" title=
+"Source: chinese">Chinese</span> who did not wish to follow them, and
+then <i>devoting <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb85" href="#pb85" name=
+"pb85">85</a>]</span>themselves to the sacking of the town, to robbery
+and incendiarism and the violation of women</i>.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>V. Romualdo de J., sculptor of <span class="corr" id="xd20e2196"
+title="Source: ta.">Sta.</span> Cruz, Manila, declared that he had
+founded the Katipunan in 1888, the year in which the manifestation
+against the Archbishop was made; he defined the aim of the society to
+be &ldquo;<i>the killing of all the Spaniards</i> and the taking
+possession of the islands.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>VI. In his declaration made in Cavite<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2204" title="Source: .">,</span> September 3<span class="corr"
+id="xd20e2207" title="Not in source">,</span> 1896, Alfonso Ocampo
+affirmed that according to the plans formulated, they were &ldquo;to
+make the assault, killing and robbing all the peninsular <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e2210" title=
+"Source: spaniards">Spaniards</span>.&rdquo; And moreover, that
+&ldquo;the rebellion had for its object <i>the assassination of all the
+peninsular Spaniards, the violation and beheading afterwards of their
+wives and of their children even to the youngest</i>.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Many others might be cited; with these six samples an idea may be
+gathered of the progressive idea advocated or fostered by Rizal, Pilar,
+Lopez, Ponce, the Lunas, Rosario, Cort&eacute;s, and others who were
+inspired by Morayta, the Grand Master of the Gran Oriente
+Espa&ntilde;ol. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb86" href="#pb86" name=
+"pb86">86</a>]</span></p>
+<p id="n4"><span class="sc">Note 4.</span> The then Civil Governor of
+Manila, in a report to the Colonial Minister concerning what was taking
+place in Manila says, speaking of this Corps:</p>
+<p>&ldquo;... this Corps of Vigilance which, although composed of no
+more than 45 persons including the inspectors of the same ... renders a
+service (to the Government in secret service work) which should be
+confided to 100 persons, considering the nature and the amount of the
+work undertaken and <span class="corr" id="xd20e2225" title=
+"Source: perfomed">performed</span> daily, from the day of the
+formation of the Corps to this day: a period of about a year. The
+interesting body of police which under my orders has performed such
+valuable services, is that which has attained greatest success in the
+fruitful labor of making clear the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2228"
+title="Source: vandalic">vandalistic</span> events we have been
+experiencing.&rdquo;</p>
+<p id="n5"><span class="sc">Note 5.</span> <i>Filibusters</i>: more
+properly called separatists. Noah Webster describes a filibuster as a
+&ldquo;lawless military adventurer, especially one in quest of plunder;
+a free-booter, a pirate.&rdquo; Hence, taken in its true meaning, the
+word does not apply to the separatists of the Philippines. Retana
+classifies the filibuster in three groups: the first: he <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb87" href="#pb87" name="pb87">87</a>]</span>who,
+thinking little or nothing of the independence of his country, showed
+more or less aversion to the peninsular Spaniards. 2. He who, under the
+pretext or without it, of illustrating his countrymen, inculcated into
+their minds political ideas which, without meriting the qualification
+of subversive, tended to incite <span class="corr" id="xd20e2241"
+title="Source: then">them</span> against supposed oppressions of the
+Spaniards; against all things which appeared behind the times, hence
+according to their way of arguing, against the Religious Corporations,
+to which they owed everything except their anti-Spaniardism. As a rule
+those belonging to this group professed great love for the
+mother-country and did not preach ideas of independence; they held the
+belief that theirs was the duty to prepare the way for the emancipation
+which should be attained by their grandchildren. And 3. Those whose aim
+was to attain the emancipation of their country as soon as possible.
+This latter group were the true separatists. It is however difficult to
+distinguish between the filibuster so called, and the true separatist;
+perhaps the only <span class="corr" id="xd20e2244" title=
+"Source: admisible">admissible</span> distinction is that the
+separatist is a man of peaceful methods whilst the <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb88" href="#pb88" name=
+"pb88">88</a>]</span>filibuster is a man of struggles. Rizal was more
+or less a separatist, Andr&eacute;s Bonifacio a veritable
+filibuster.</p>
+<p id="n6"><span class="sc">Note 6.</span> Sr. Olive was a gentleman
+who well deserved the respect and honor paid to him by his nation, and
+the hatred of those whose plans of treachery he thwarted and who, in
+spiteful revenge, have gone so far as to accuse him of using torture
+and other forcible means of <span class="corr" id="xd20e2253" title=
+"Source: exorting">extorting</span> confessions, many of which they
+claim to have been false. Sr. Olive was too kind-hearted a man to stoop
+to such methods even had the circumstances demanded the use of moderate
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e2256" title=
+"Source: physicial">physical</span> persuasion.</p>
+<p>At one time Sr. Olive was the Governor of the Marianas Islands
+concerning the which he wrote and published a very interesting memoir.
+He was at that time Lieut. Colonel.</p>
+<p>Later on he was made Colonel and as such was placed at the head of
+one of the sections of the Guardia Civil of Manila. He was secretary of
+the sub-inspection of arms of the Philippines. When a state of war was
+declared, the charges which were at that time being prepared in
+connection <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb89" href="#pb89" name=
+"pb89">89</a>]</span>with the insurrection, were handed over to Sr.
+Olive, who with a zeal worthy of praise, and an energy too seldom
+exerted, commenced to deal out strict justice to the enemies of their
+country. About a year and a half ago Sr. Olive was made General of
+Brigade.</p>
+<p id="n7"><span class="sc">Note 7.</span> According to a pamphlet
+written by a <span class="corr" id="xd20e2269" title=
+"Source: pseudonomous">pseudonymous</span> freemason and printed in
+Paris in 1896, the first lodge founded in the Philippines was that
+established in Cavite about 1860 under the name of <i lang="es">Luz
+Filipina</i> and subject to the Gr&there4; Or&there4; Lusitian,
+enjoying immediate correspondence with the Portuguese lodges of Macao
+and <span class="corr" id="xd20e2275" title=
+"Source: Hong-kong">Hong-Kong</span> which served as intermediaries
+between that lodge and those of other neighboring countries.</p>
+<p>Another statement however, from the pen of Sr. Nicolas Diaz y
+P&eacute;rez who formed his data from the original documents of the
+lodges, places the first foundation at the end of the year 1834. At
+this time, says Sr. Diaz, D. Mariano Marti, who died twenty-seven years
+later, whilst on his return to Spain, founded, together with others,
+lodges in various parts of the Archipelago, but they did not prosper
+and soon dissolved. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb90" href="#pb90"
+name="pb90">90</a>]</span>The epoch of intrigues which produced so much
+disquietude and perversion of moral customs and ideas, more especially
+in the Tagal provinces, commenced about 1868. The masonic activity at
+that time was owing greatly to the political intriguers who were
+deported from Spain to this archipelago, where their influence was felt
+in no small degree, to the detriment of public morals.</p>
+<p>About 1872, during the interim government of Gen. Blanco Valderrama,
+a lodge was founded in Sampaloc, subject to the Gr&there4; Or&there4;
+Esp&there4;, and composed entirely of peninsular Spaniards with the
+exclusion of natives.</p>
+<p>In the same year D. Rufino Pascual Torrej&oacute;n reached Manila
+and united his efforts to those of Marti, founding lodges purely
+Spanish.</p>
+<p>On the first of March 1874 was created the lodge &ldquo;Luz de
+Oriente&rdquo; under the obedience of the Gr&there4; Or&there4; de
+Esp&there4;, the Gr&there4; Comend&there4; being D. Juan de la Somera.
+This was really the first successful establishment of masonry in the
+Philippines<span class="corr" id="xd20e2288" title="Source: ,">.</span>
+The cited Sr. Diaz y P&eacute;rez says on this point; &ldquo;It may be
+said that freemasonry regularly constituted in the Philippines, dates
+from <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb91" href="#pb91" name=
+"pb91">91</a>]</span>the 1st. of March 1874, with the creation of the
+lodge <i lang="es">Luz de Oriente</i>....&rdquo;</p>
+<p>On the 1st of March 1875 was installed the Gr&there4; L&there4;
+Departmental, D. Rufino Pascual Torrejon being the Gr&there4;
+President.</p>
+<p>Up to the year 1884 the lodges of the Philippines did not admit to
+their <span class="corr" id="xd20e2300" title=
+"Source: memberhip">membership</span> either indians or half-castes;
+but since that time, and upon the initiative of the Gr&there4;
+Mast&there4; of the Gr&there4; Or&there4; Esp&there4; the doors of the
+lodges were opened to all indians and half-castes who could read or
+write. Later on purely native lodges were founded and from that time
+Spain lost, little by little but surely, her hold upon the people, with
+the result that she eventually lost her colony. What masonry has
+accomplished in other parts of the world it also accomplished here very
+effectually. It laid the foundation for the undermining of society,
+bringing forth a generation of traitors and building up a kingdom for
+anti-Christ.</p>
+<p>As has been proved over and over again by the many masonic documents
+which have been discovered, freemasonry was ever anti-Catholic in the
+Philippines; but it was not until it had degenerated into filibusterism
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb92" href="#pb92" name=
+"pb92">92</a>]</span>that the anti-Spanish spirit really took shape.
+Year by year <span class="corr" id="xd20e2308" title=
+"Source: thisspirit">this spirit</span> spread and more, especially
+among the natives and half-castes of less intellectual capacity. Among
+this element, separatist ideas spread with marvelous rapidity owing to
+the peculiarity of the character of the native and of the half-caste,
+more especially the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2311" title=
+"Source: chinese">Chinese</span> half-caste. (See note <a href=
+"#n19">19</a>).</p>
+<p>Up to 1890, even <span class="corr" id="xd20e2319" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> masonry enjoyed but insignificant
+development. By 1892, however, it had spread widely, and in the
+following year Manila was gifted with a female lodge founded on the
+18th of July of that year, under the name of &ldquo;La Semilla&rdquo;,
+of which Rosario Villareal, the daughter of Faustino <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e2322" title="Source: Villaruel">Villareal</span>, was declared
+the Ven&there4; Gr&there4; Mistress.</p>
+<p>From this time the element of politico-social decomposition gained
+ground among the native and half-caste population. New ideas
+continually gave place to the old and as the aims and purposes of the
+lodges degenerated, these centers of anti-catholic propaganda became
+more and more anti-Spanish.</p>
+<p>Isabelo de los Reyes, in an attempted defense of his
+&ldquo;friends&rdquo;, makes the important <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb93" href="#pb93" name=
+"pb93">93</a>]</span>confession that &ldquo;Filipino freemasonry was
+not so inoffensive as it was believed.... The &ldquo;Liga&rdquo; at
+least was a school of conspiracy, and in truth, the <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e2331" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> did not turn
+out bad pupils.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Another demonstration of the inoffensiveness of freemasonry is the
+following series of facts taken from a pamphlet published in 1896 in
+Paris by Antonio Regidor under the pseudonym of Francisco Engracio
+Vergara. Regidor was a distinguished figure in the attempted revolt of
+1872, and hence may justly be supposed to know something of the matter
+of which he speaks. He says:</p>
+<p>&ldquo;By reason of the rising of Cavite many <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2338" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> characterized as
+progressives were deported to <span class="corr" id="xd20e2341" title=
+"Source: Marinas">Marianas</span>.... To the masons of Hong-Kong was
+owing the flight of several <span class="corr" id="xd20e2344" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span>....&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The foreign masons distributed arms in Negros, Mindanao and
+Jolo. The official bank of Singapore distributed in Cebu, Leyte and
+Bohol over &pound;<span class="corr" id="xd20e2349" title=
+"Source: 80.000">80,000</span> stg., and that of <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2352" title="Source: Hong-kong">Hong-Kong</span> more than
+&pound;<span class="corr" id="xd20e2355" title=
+"Source: 200.000">200,000</span> in Panay and Negros.... The French
+freemasons at the petition of <i>brother</i> Paraiso, went to aid also
+the escape of the deported in Marianas.&rdquo; <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb94" href="#pb94" name="pb94">94</a>]</span></p>
+<p id="n8"><span class="sc">Note 8<span class="corr" id="xd20e2365"
+title="Source: ,">.</span></span> <i>Rizal</i> and others: Of this
+group Rizal, Pilar, the Lunas and Cort&eacute;s, formed the more guilty
+part, they being men of superior education and more enlightened minds.
+Rizal was the center upon which almost everything connected with the
+revolt turned. During his younger days he lived with his parents in
+Calamba, where they occupied a stretch of land owned by the Dominican
+Corporation. The Rizal family was one of those most favored by the
+Dominicans<a class="noteref" id="xd20e2371src" href="#xd20e2371" name=
+"xd20e2371src">8</a>, and one of those ungrateful ones too, which
+commenced law-suit against the said Corporation to unjustly possess
+themselves of the land they held at rent.</p>
+<p>Rizal received his <span class="corr" id="xd20e2388" title=
+"Source: secondry">secondary</span> education at <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb95" href="#pb95" name="pb95">95</a>]</span>the
+Ateneo Municipal conducted by the Jesuit Fathers, and was always a
+bright attentive and successful pupil. At that time he was secretary of
+the Sodality of the Blessed Virgin and Promoter of the Apostleship of
+Prayer. Whilst he remained true to the traditions of Catholic Spain, he
+was an upright pious youth. Much of his time he spent in carving wooden
+images of the Blessed Virgin and of the Sacred Heart, and in writing
+compositions, some of them remarkable for their beauty, in which were
+reflected a pure love for Spain.</p>
+<p>Having attained the degree of Bachelor he left the Ateneo and passed
+to the University of Manila, continuing his studies under the Dominican
+Fathers. There he studied medicine with great success for some years,
+and at length went to Europe to terminate his career and take his
+degrees.</p>
+<p>Rizal left school like so many other filipino students, overloaded
+with science he was unable to direct, full of pride because of his
+accomplishments, and very ambitious. He terminated his studies in
+Madrid and Germany, in both of which places he fell in with a class of
+people who utilized him as a tool to accomplish an end at that time
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb96" href="#pb96" name=
+"pb96">96</a>]</span>unknown to him. They filled his head with new and
+false ideas, making him vain promises which appealed to his pride, and
+by their dark arts made of him a <i>separatist</i>. He also studied
+English and German, his studies in this latter language making him
+enthusiastic in the things of Germany and, in an extraordinary degree,
+with those of protestantism.</p>
+<p>Among his own people he was the possessor of an exceptional
+intelligence and talent but outside his own circle his most famous
+accomplishments are but poor to the student of Literature. His sadly
+famous <i lang="es">Noli me tangere</i> and <i lang="es">El
+Filibusterismo</i> cannot pass for more than very second-hand for their
+ingenuity and literary taste, but they possess the quality of being a
+mirror in which is reflected the inclinations, character and perverse
+moral sense of their author. In them he is reflected as a restless
+spirit anxious for human glory, haughty and above all, anti-Spanish and
+ungrateful in the extreme.</p>
+<p>It was in Berlin that he published his <i>Noli</i> in 1886. That
+this novel was written by Rizal there in no doubt, but that the ideas
+therein expressed came directly from <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb97" href="#pb97" name="pb97">97</a>]</span>his own head is more than
+doubtful. Like the vast majority of <span class="corr" id="xd20e2418"
+title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> productions, it is but a copy
+taken from models which had struck the fancy of the author. The
+pictures he draws therein of the disadvantages suffered by the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e2421" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> who have become
+espa&ntilde;olized, are but reproductions prepared in his own coarse
+and crude way of thinking, of the most scurrilous anti-Spanish and
+anti-Catholic works of propaganda produced by the Bible Societies and
+spread abroad throughout the world as gospel truth. Taking away the
+insults hurled against the Church and the Religious Orders, and against
+Spain, there is absolutely nothing new in the novel. Its object was to
+attack the friars and the chiefs of the Guardia Civil, both of which
+the author well knew to be the sustainment and guarantee of peace and
+order in the Archipelago and consequently the strongest support of the
+Spanish <span class="corr" id="xd20e2424" title=
+"Source: soverignty">sovereignty</span> in the Philippines, a
+sovereignty he wished to overthrow. To a reader whose library consists
+of a half a dozen books of insignificant literary value, the
+<i>noli</i> of Rizal is a masterpiece; but to the reader who has seen a
+book with a cover, who has had some experience <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb98" href="#pb98" name="pb98">98</a>]</span>of that
+portion of the world which lies outside the limits of the town of his
+birth, and who is gifted with more or less ability to think for
+himself, and sift the wheat from the straw in a literary composition,
+<i>noli me tangere</i> is but a half-tone picture cut from a newspaper
+and colored with water-colors by a ... school-boy.</p>
+<p>Towards the end of 1887, Rizal returned to the Archipelago,
+remaining about two months, during the which he made active propaganda
+of the ideas and fancies he had picked up in Europe: ideas which he
+himself could not really understand.</p>
+<p>In February 1888 he left Manila for Japan, from whence he returned
+to Europe, living for a while in Paris and later on in London.</p>
+<p>In 1892 Rizal, relying upon the generous character of D. Eulogio
+Despujols, the then Governor General of the Archipelago, decided to
+return to Manila. From <span class="corr" id="xd20e2442" title=
+"Source: Hong-kong">Hong-Kong</span> where he was then residing, he
+wrote to the governor, asking permission to return to his home; the
+Governor replied by means of the Spanish Consul at <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e2445" title="Source: Hong-kong">Hong-Kong</span>, that he had
+no reason to prohibit him from returning, and that he could do so when
+it so pleased him, providing he came with <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb99" href="#pb99" name="pb99">99</a>]</span>no intention to disturb
+the peace then reigning in the Islands.</p>
+<p>This Rizal lost no time in doing; he arrived together with his
+sister. The baggage of both was carefully examined and in one of the
+trunks was discovered a bundle of leaflets in the form of anti-friar
+proclamations which indicated the bad faith of a traitor. These were
+handed over to Despujols unknown to Rizal. The Governor preserved them
+in his desk for future reference. In an interview with the Governor,
+Rizal begged pardon for his father who was under sentence of
+deportation for certain events which had taken place in Calamba; this
+was granted him without reserve.</p>
+<p>Our hero soon forgot the aims he professed to the Governor; instead
+of thinking about his folks and making his arrangements for the
+colonizing scheme he professed to have worked out in Borneo, he set to
+work to stir up disrespect towards the authorities, and the spirit of
+political unrest. He together with Doroteo Cort&eacute;s and
+Jos&eacute; Basa were the objects of careful vigilance on the part of
+the secret police.</p>
+<p>After a few days a <span class="corr" id="xd20e2456" title=
+"Source: prolongued">prolonged</span> conference took place between the
+Governor General <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb100" href="#pb100"
+name="pb100">100</a>]</span>and Rizal. During this conference the
+latter made patent his political feelings, at the same time making
+protestations of respect for Spain. His political programme however was
+not in keeping with his protestations of patriotism, and this fact so
+angered Despujols, who now saw that Rizal&rsquo;s idea was to fool him,
+that he took from his <span class="corr" id="xd20e2461" title=
+"Source: draw">drawer</span> the proclamations discovered in the
+agitator&rsquo;s baggage and thrusting them <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2464" title="Source: ander">under</span> the nose of the traitor,
+said:</p>
+<p>&mdash;And these proclamations; what are they, what do they
+mean?</p>
+<p>Rizal taken by surprise and confounded, cowardly declared that they
+were the property of his sister, a declaration which only enraged the
+General the more, and he ordered his detention in Fort Santiago; on the
+following day he decreed his deportation to Dapitan.</p>
+<p>Whilst in exile his opinion and advice were <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2473" title="Source: saught">sought</span> concerning the
+advisability of immediate armed rebellion. But he, crafty, more or less
+far seeing and, above all, jealous of Bonifacio&rsquo;s increasing
+ascendancy over the people, refused to countenance the idea. Granting
+the unselfish desire he professed of seeking merely the independence
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb101" href="#pb101" name=
+"pb101">101</a>]</span>of his country, Rizal&rsquo;s <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e2478" title="Source: jealously">jealousy</span> was justified.
+Bonifacio&rsquo;s one great idea was the <i>presidency</i>;
+Rizal&rsquo;s: the honor and glory of having prepared the way for, and
+eventually, by his labors accomplishing his country&rsquo;s deliverance
+from what he was pleased to call the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2484"
+title="Source: oppresion">oppression</span> of the Spanish Government.
+Had such <span class="corr" id="xd20e2488" title=
+"Source: oppresion">oppression</span> existed, Rizal&rsquo;s idea would
+have been worthy of classifying <span class="corr" id="xd20e2491"
+title="Source: as as">as</span> noble. George Washington well deserved
+the name of the &ldquo;Father of his Country,&rdquo; for he, laying
+aside all selfish aims and desires, led a handful of men against a
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e2494" title="Source: hoarde">horde</span>
+of mercenaries sent by a cruel monarch who <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2497" title="Source: oppresed">oppressed</span> his people, not
+only in <span class="corr" id="xd20e2500" title=
+"Source: thc">the</span> colonies but in the mother-country also.
+Washington was a man who deserved and received the respect of those
+against whom he fought, for he fought for a principle. Such an honor
+never has, and never can be received by Rizal from his own countrymen.
+The campaign Rizal fought was inspired by and worked out in the
+freemason lodges which used our &ldquo;hero&rdquo; as a willing tool.
+Rizal was a <span class="corr" id="xd20e2503" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> Garibaldi, never a <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e2507" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span>
+Washington, and hence the honors paid to his memory as a
+&ldquo;patriot&rdquo; must <span class="corr" id="xd20e2510" title=
+"Source: eminate">emanate</span> from the lodge rooms which made
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb102" href="#pb102" name=
+"pb102">102</a>]</span>him what he was, and not from the people of his
+country.</p>
+<p>In Dapitan the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2518" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> agitator was not inactive. On one
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e2521" title=
+"Source: occassion">occasion</span> he directed a letter (which never
+reached its destination on account of its having fallen into the hands
+of Spanish authorities) to the Capitan Municipal of the province of
+Batangas, giving him information of the work of filibusterism which was
+at that time being carried on.</p>
+<p>Rizal, tiring of his position in Dapitan, eventually asked
+permission of the Governor General, Gen. Blanco, to be sent to Cuba as
+physician to the Spanish forces there. Blanco agreed to the proposition
+and ordered his return to Manila in preparation for the voyage to
+Spain, where he was to be sent and placed at the disposition of the
+Minister of War.</p>
+<p>From Spain came word, however, that the petition could not be
+accepted; and for a very good reason. Rizal&rsquo;s idea of becoming an
+army surgeon, was a manifest pretence, his real aim was to aid the
+separatist movement there, if he ever got there, but <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e2528" title="Source: primarly">primarily</span> to make his
+escape at an intermediate port, Singapore probably<span class="corr"
+id="xd20e2531" title="Source: .">,</span> if opportunity occurred.
+Moreover, it having come <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb103" href=
+"#pb103" name="pb103">103</a>]</span>to the ears of the authorities
+that certain people of Pampanga <span class="corr" id="xd20e2536"
+title="Source: aud">and</span> Bulacan were preparing a reception for
+the agitator, the Governor ordered that he should not be allowed to
+leave Dapitan, and that should he have left there, he should not be
+allowed to land in Manila on his arrival, but be <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2539" title="Source: transfered">transferred</span> to another
+ship which should carry him back to Mindanao. It happened that he had
+left Dapitan on board the S. S. Espa&ntilde;a, and in due time he
+arrived at Manila. At 11 a. m. on the 6th of August the ship on which
+he came anchored in the bay and everyone landed except Rizal. A
+lieutenant of the Veterana went aboard and took possession of the
+person of Rizal, holding him as a prisoner till <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2543" title="Source: 7. 30">7:30</span> p. m., at which time,
+through an error in the delivery of an order, he was allowed to
+disembark. This he did in company with his sister Narcisa, and they
+made their way to the office of the Captain of the Port and later on to
+the Comandancia of the Veterana. His sister not having been under
+sentence of <span class="corr" id="xd20e2546" title=
+"Source: deporation">deportation</span>, was allowed to go to the home
+of her relatives.</p>
+<p>During the evening of the same day Gen. Blanco gave a reception at
+Malaca&ntilde;ang at which were present the Archbishop <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb104" href="#pb104" name="pb104">104</a>]</span>of
+Manila, the Illust. Sr. Bernardino Nozaleda; Sr. Echaluce; Sr.
+Fernandez Victorio, President of Audiencia; <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2553" title="Source: Sr:">Sr.</span> Bores Romero, the Civil
+Director and others. During the reception Gen. Blanco received a
+telegram from the Governor of the province of Batangas stating that in
+the pueblo of Taal, in the house of the brother of the
+<i>filibuster</i> Felipe Agoncillo, had been discovered a quantity of
+arms and ammunition, among other things being 10 revolvers, 10
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e2559" title=
+"Source: winchester">winchesters</span>, 10 other guns, a case of
+explosive bullets, a quantity of dynamite, a Japanese flag, another
+composed of red and blue with a representation of the sun in the center
+surrounded by seven stars&mdash;the flag of the <i>future</i>
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e2566" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> republic. Blanco realizing the
+importance of the news, formed a committee from among those present,
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e2569" title=
+"Source: chosing">choosing</span> those who were members of the Junta
+of Authorities, to take steps in the matter. Orders were immediately
+given that Rizal should be placed on board the cruiser Castilla which
+was stationed at Cavite; this was carried out, the start from Manila
+being made at 11 p. m. the same night. This action was considered
+necessary, in as much as the news of the landing of <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb105" href="#pb105" name=
+"pb105">105</a>]</span>Rizal spread fast and caused no little stir
+among his followers.</p>
+<p>Whilst Rizal was on board the cruiser Castilla which was awaiting
+orders, the Katipunan revolt broke out in Manila and the suburbs. Very
+soon afterwards his voyage Spainwards was commenced on board the S. S.
+Colon, the insurrection becoming more and more wide-spread daily. On
+finding to what an extent Rizal was complicated in the work of the
+revolution, his return to the Archipelago, as a prisoner, was demanded,
+and so our &ldquo;hero&rdquo; returned to be judged as were so many of
+his fellow agitators, for the crimes for which he was morally and
+physically responsible.</p>
+<p>A council of war was constituted under the <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2578" title="Source: precidency">presidency</span> of Lieut. Col.
+Tabares, Capt. Tavil de Andrade taking charge of the defense of the
+prisoner. The accusation preferred against him was that he was the
+chief organizer of the revolution. The trial took place in the hall of
+the Cuartel de Espa&ntilde;a in the presence of a large audience among
+whom were his sister and the woman with whom he had been living in
+Dapitan. The charge having been read out, several declarations were
+made by Rizal, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb106" href="#pb106" name=
+"pb106">106</a>]</span>some before his voyage to Spain and others since
+his return were also read. During his trial Rizal denied the knowledge
+of several persons who were his intimate friends and co-workers; among
+them Maximo Inocencio and Mariano Linjap, and others with whom he had
+been in almost continual communication. He denied knowledge of the
+&ldquo;Liga Filipina&rdquo; stating that not only did he not found it,
+but that he was not aware of its existence. He affirmed ignorance of
+who Valenzuela was, and almost immediately afterwards stated that he
+had held an interview with him in Dapitan when that individual had been
+sent there by Bonifacio to consult him on the subject of armed
+rebellion. Throughout the whole trial he <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2583" title="Source: persued">pursued</span> the same tactics,
+proving that, of himself, he was but an ordinary <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2586" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> indian who, when
+left to himself to stand on his own merits, gave no signs of particular
+judgement or power of thought. The <span class="corr" id="xd20e2589"
+title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> on trial, even for some
+significant affair, cannot tell a lie to advantage: Rizal was no
+exception even in this. The trial being ended he was condemned to
+execution.</p>
+<p>Previous to meeting his death he confessed and received the Holy
+Communion from <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb107" href="#pb107" name=
+"pb107">107</a>]</span>the hands of the Jesuit Fathers having after
+long consideration, made the following retraction of his errors:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="first">&ldquo;I declare myself Catholic and in this religion
+in which I was born and educated I wish to live and die. I retract with
+all my heart all my words, writings and actions that have been contrary
+to my condition as a son of the Catholic Church. I believe and profess
+whatever She teaches and I submit to whatever She demands. I abominate
+masonry as an enemy of the Church and as a society condemned by the
+Church.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The diocesan prelate, as superior ecclesiastical authority,
+may make public this spontaneous manifestation, to make reparation for
+the scandals which may have been caused by my works, and that God and
+my fellow-men may pardon me.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Manila 29th December 1896.&mdash;Jos&eacute;
+Rizal.&mdash;Witnesses: Juan del Fresno, Chief of Picket.&mdash;Eloy
+Maure, Adjutant.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<p>He also entered the holy bonds of matrimony with the young woman
+with whom he had been living for some time in Mindanao. On the way to
+the place of his <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb108" href="#pb108"
+name="pb108">108</a>]</span>execution he remarked to one of the Fathers
+who accompanied him. <i>Father, it is my pride that has brought me
+here.</i>&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Of the political error committed by the Spanish Authorities in the
+execution of Rizal, I do not hold myself up as a judge. All
+governments, like human beings, commit mistakes and at times grave
+ones. The Spanish authorities, feeling themselves justified in so
+doing, ordered the execution of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2613"
+title="Source: prissoner">prisoner</span> who was responsible for one
+of the most bloody revolts since the time of the French revolution: the
+pattern taken by the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2616" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> leaders, for the means of the
+foundation of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2619" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> republic. Rizal was executed on the
+Luneta. To assert that he was offered up as a victim to gratify the
+wishes of the Religious Orders is but a crude and vicious argument
+worthy of its inventors and propagators. Nothing, absolutely nothing,
+can be brought forward to prove such an assertion, but on the contrary,
+those members of the Religious Orders who concerned themselves in the
+stirring affairs of the revolution were, as a very general rule,
+opposed to harsh and extreme measures being taken; and among these was
+the Illustrious Archbishop of Manila, <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb109" href="#pb109" name="pb109">109</a>]</span>Sr. Nozaleda, a
+noble, tenderhearted and compassionate prelate<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2624" title="Source: .">,</span> a prelate who has been dubbed by
+Foreman as &ldquo;<i>the blood-thirsty
+Archbishop</i>&rdquo;<span class="corr" id="xd20e2631" title=
+"Not in source">.</span> Had the friars held the reins of government as
+they are stated to have done, history would not have to record the
+names of so many, many people who <span class="corr" id="xd20e2634"
+title="Source: where">were</span> executed: people who were scarcely to
+be held as guilty, in as much as they were but sheep who <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e2637" title="Source: thoughtlessy">thoughtlessly</span>
+followed their shepherds without even looking to see where the road
+they trod would lead them.</p>
+<p>In politics Rizal had his party composed of a number of
+insignificant petty-lawyers, petty-doctors and others possessing
+academic titles and a semi-formed cerebral power. These were backed by
+a mass of the people of Calamba, Rizal&rsquo;s birthplace. In their
+eyes he was a &ldquo;Messiah&rdquo;<span class="corr" id="xd20e2642"
+title="Not in source">,</span> a &ldquo;Mahdi&rdquo;, their prophet and
+redeemer. As an individual he was bright and intelligent, and had he
+not been led astray by those who made a &ldquo;cat&rsquo;s paw&rdquo;
+of him, and who cruelly deserted him in his hour of need, he would
+doubtless have been one of the foremost <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2645" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> of to-day in
+that sphere of life in which God had placed him.</p>
+<p>A Spanish proverb says: <span class="corr" id="xd20e2650" title=
+"Not in source">&ldquo;</span>In blind man&rsquo;s land the one eyed
+man is a king.&rdquo; Rizal was a <i>king</i>. <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb110" href="#pb110" name="pb110">110</a>]</span></p>
+<p id="n9"><span class="sc">Note 9.</span> Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y
+Gatmaytan was a native of Bulacan. He was, by profession, a lawyer, and
+had been enabled to complete his studies in that direction through the
+good offices of the Augustinian Fathers of Manila, who had given him
+the money necessary to matriculate and to pay the cost of his title of
+&ldquo;<span lang="es">abogado</span>.&rdquo;<a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e2665src" href="#xd20e2665" name="xd20e2665src">9</a></p>
+<p>Pilar left Manila for the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2670" title=
+"Source: peninsular">peninsula</span> about the end of &rsquo;88 for
+fear of deportation: a punishment at that time staring him in the face.
+He was one of the earliest workers on the &ldquo;La Solidaridad&rdquo;,
+the official organ of <span class="corr" id="xd20e2673" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> freemasonry in all its sections. He
+later on became its director.</p>
+<p>Pilar was another of the many malays whose ways were beyond human
+comprehension. Spaniards who have lived a life-time among the indians
+and studied them carefully from all points of view agree that the
+deeper one studies the native character the more incomprehensible it
+becomes. That is, the study of the average filipino: Pilar was one of
+the average. He was not gifted with the education enjoyed by Rizal, nor
+was he such a stupid visionary as Pedro Paterno; he possessed touches
+of the character of both. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb111" href=
+"#pb111" name="pb111">111</a>]</span></p>
+<p>Like so many of those <span class="corr" id="xd20e2681" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> who fed at the hands of the
+Religious Orders, he eventually turned to bite the hand that fed him.
+As in the case of the others who had done the like, he did so, not
+because he had cause to, but because he fell, as did they, under the
+evil influence of those who utilized them to work out their schemes of
+treachery.</p>
+<p>Pilar was sent to Spain as a delegate of the Committee of
+propaganda. Owing to this position of chief of the delegation in
+Madrid, and by reason of his intimate friendship with Morayta, he
+occupied a position from which neither Rizal nor even the whole of the
+<i>progressive</i> indians combined, could drive him. He held, for some
+time, high office in the Gr&there4; Or&there4; Esp&there4; as will be
+seen from the following clipping taken from page 107 of the Annual of
+that Orient for the year 1894&ndash;95.</p>
+<div lang="es" class="blockquote">
+<p class="first xd20e192">&ldquo;GRAN CONS&there4; DE LA ORDEN<br>
+1894&ndash;1895<br>
+<span class="sc">Muy Ven. Gran Maestre Presidente</span><br>
+<i>Ven. H. Miguel Morayta y Sagrario, Gr&there4; 33</i><br>
+...................................<br>
+<span class="sc">Ven. Gran Orador Adjunto</span><br>
+<i>V. Marcelo H. del Pilar Gr&there4; 33</i>&rdquo; (<i>h&there4;
+Kupang</i>)</p>
+</div>
+<p>It was Pilar who conceived the plan of <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb112" href="#pb112" name="pb112">112</a>]</span>the Katipunan; and
+yet after all it was not his conception, for the scheme he formed was
+at the best, a piece of patch work made up of the plans worked out in
+the various revolutions which had taken place in some part of the
+world.</p>
+<p>What Pilar&rsquo;s ambition was, it is hard to say; from his actions
+and writings one is almost driven to the supposition that he had none
+in particular, but was led to the separatist labors he performed by
+force of compromise.</p>
+<p>When the time was ripe for action Pilar determined to leave Madrid
+and make his way to Japan. He commenced the journey arriving at
+Barcelona, from whence he was to make his way east. There, however, he
+was taken suddenly ill, and died on the 4th of June 1896, in the
+Hospital of that city.</p>
+<p>In many things Pilar was superior to Rizal. Unlike that agitator,
+Pilar was not a sneaking, skulking petty-politician; he was
+straight-forward and had the courage of his opinions. What Pilar would
+have done if placed in the same circumstances as Rizal it is hard to
+say, but we may be assured that he would not have acted the coward as
+did Rizal. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb113" href="#pb113" name=
+"pb113">113</a>]</span></p>
+<p id="n10"><span class="sc">Note 10.</span> Antonio and Juan Luna were
+two of four brothers. The former was a <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2732" title="Source: bacterologist">bacteriologist</span>, the
+latter an artist who at one time, whilst he followed the instruction,
+and remained under the guidance of his master, showed no little talent.
+Antonio went to Spain in &rsquo;88, and later on passed to Paris where
+he lived with his brother Juan who supported him. There he devoted
+himself to the study which made him famous; this he did in the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e2735" title=
+"Source: labatory">laboratory</span> of Dr. Roux. He became an
+assistant editor of the <i>Solidaridad</i>, the official organ of
+filipino freemasonry, and wrote many vicious articles in its columns
+over the pseudonym of Taga-Ilog<span class="corr" id="xd20e2741" title=
+"Source: ,">.</span> As a member of the freemason fraternity he was
+known as Gay Lussac.</p>
+<p>On his return to Manila he established, for a livelihood, a school
+of fencing, and like the vain, insensate &ldquo;magpie in borrowed
+plumes&rdquo; that he was, he once sent his seconds to a Spanish
+officer, inviting him to a duel!</p>
+<p>During the second half of the rebellion of &rsquo;96, Aguinaldo
+offered Antonio the position of director of the War Department with the
+grade of General of Brigade. This honor, however, he declined. The
+<i lang="es">Independencia</i> speaking on this incident, says:&mdash;
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb114" href="#pb114" name=
+"pb114">114</a>]</span></p>
+<p>&ldquo;The military knowledge of Sr. Luna, acquired during his
+captivity (sic) in the prisons of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2755"
+title="Source: peninsular">peninsula</span> (Spain), is to be found
+condensed in two small works, one concerning the organization of the
+army, having as its base the idea of obligatory service in which he
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e2758" title=
+"Source: demostrates">demonstrates</span> that Luzon might put on a war
+footing <span class="corr" id="xd20e2761" title=
+"Source: 250.000">250,000</span> to <span class="corr" id="xd20e2764"
+title="Source: 400.000">400,000</span> men, and the whole archipelago
+as many as from <span class="corr" id="xd20e2767" title=
+"Source: 800.000">800,000</span> to <span class="corr" id="xd20e2771"
+title="Source: 900.000">900,000</span>. The other work is a practical
+course in field fortifications as adopted by the French and German
+armies.&rdquo;<a class="noteref" id="xd20e2774src" href="#xd20e2774"
+name="xd20e2774src">10</a></p>
+<p>Juan, from childhood, was of an artistic <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb115" href="#pb115" name="pb115">115</a>]</span>turn
+of mind and found among his many protectors those who sent him to Spain
+to study art. In Spain he met with Sr. Alejo Vera, a noteworthy artist,
+under whom he studied, receiving an exceptional education both in art
+and in morals, Sr. Vera being a <span class="corr" id="xd20e2802"
+title="Source: christian">Christian</span> gentleman. Later on he went
+to Rome, and there formed part of the Spanish artistic colony. After
+some two or three years of study there he sent to Spain his first
+painting<a class="noteref" id="xd20e2805src" href="#xd20e2805" name=
+"xd20e2805src">11</a>. Being an artistic production of a <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e2829" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> indian
+it was received <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb116" href="#pb116"
+name="pb116">116</a>]</span>with open hands and given a reception
+greater than it really deserved, as a result of the influence of
+Luna&rsquo;s friends. From Rome he went to Paris. It was in that city
+that he committed the fiendish double murder which so startled and
+shocked his friends and acquaintances, his victims being his wife and
+his mother-in-law, sister and mother of a prominent political aspirant
+of modern Manila. The result of the trial was that the courts of
+Justice of Paris absolved him. He then returned to Madrid, and soon
+after, to Manila.</p>
+<p>What Spain did for the Filipino brought <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb117" href="#pb117" name=
+"pb117">117</a>]</span>forth fruit in only a few of the people who fell
+under her beneficent christian influence. The Lunas were among the few.
+They, like so many other ungrateful children, repaid their benefactors
+by becoming leaders of the insensate and inexcusable revolt against
+them: a revolt, the first act of which was to be the brutal murder of
+all Spaniards irrespective of parentage or other claims of
+consideration. Both the brothers suffered arrest by the Spanish
+authorities for rebellion <span class="corr" id="xd20e2838" title=
+"Source: aud">and</span> sedition, but in spite of the degree to which
+they were complicated, they remained practically free from punishment,
+and ever at the right hand of the imbecile General Blanco, himself a
+freemason, and friend of the enemies of his country. Eventually the two
+brothers left the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2841" title=
+"Source: anti-chamber">ante-chamber</span> of the Governor to enter the
+security of the military prison.</p>
+<p>Both brothers eventually retracted their errors only to fall into
+them again as soon as the lying protests of repentance had fallen from
+their lips.</p>
+<p>Juan died in Hong-Kong; Antonio, after a career of militarism
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e2848" title=
+"Source: secumbed">succumbed</span> to the same unprincipled ambition
+which carried Andr&eacute;s Bonifacio to an untimely grave.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb118" href="#pb118" name=
+"pb118">118</a>]</span></p>
+<p id="n11"><span class="sc">Note 11<span class="corr" id="xd20e2855"
+title="Not in source">.</span></span> <span class="corr" id="xd20e2858"
+title="Source: Doreteo">Doroteo</span> Cort&eacute;s was banished by
+Governor Despujol in the year 1893, to the province of La Union where
+he founded in San Fernando, the Capital, aided by Arturo Dancel, the
+lodge &ldquo;Rousseau&rdquo; and two others in the pueblos of San Juan
+and Ago&oacute;. He was a lawyer and became the president of the
+committee of Propaganda which was formed with the idea of gathering
+pecuniary <span class="corr" id="xd20e2861" title=
+"Source: recourses">resources</span> for covering the expense of the
+distribution of all classes of pamphlets <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2864" title="Source: an">and</span> anti-Religious proclamations.
+He was at one time the president of the Superior Supreme Council of the
+Katipunan<a class="noteref" id="xd20e2867src" href="#xd20e2867" name=
+"xd20e2867src">12</a>, and received the funds collected for the payment
+of the expenses of the political commission sent to Japan to seek the
+aid and protection of that power. Cort&eacute;s was a co-worker with
+Andr&eacute;s Bonifacio and whilst the former devoted his efforts to
+the enlistment of people for the general rising throughout the country,
+the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb119" href="#pb119" name=
+"pb119">119</a>]</span>latter continued his negotiations with Japan to
+the end of forcing some international struggle between Spain and that
+Power<a class="noteref" id="xd20e2875src" href="#xd20e2875" name=
+"xd20e2875src">13</a>. By order of the Superior Council Cort&eacute;s
+went to Japan to join Ramos and aid in the purchase of arms<span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e2890" title="Source: ,">.</span> Shortly after his
+arrival he communicated by letter with Ambrosio Bautista informing him
+that he had seen and spoken on the subject with the Japanese ministers
+of State and of Foreign Affairs<a class="noteref" id="xd20e2893src"
+href="#xd20e2893" name="xd20e2893src">14</a>, and that the said
+ministers &ldquo;demanded guarantees&rdquo; of the probable success of
+the undertaking before entering into the scheme. According to a
+statement of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb120" href="#pb120" name=
+"pb120">120</a>]</span>Isabelo de los Reyes, Cort&eacute;s was
+&ldquo;the first person of means and position who came to the decision
+of attacking, in the Philippines, the Religious Corporations. He was
+the soul of the manifestation of &rsquo;88.&rdquo; (See <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e2907" title="Source: apendix">appendix</span> B.) At
+the time of the American occupation of the Archipelago the
+Cort&eacute;s family showed themselves friendly to the new sovereignty
+and aided in many ways the establishment of good feeling between the
+two peoples.</p>
+<p id="n12"><span class="sc">Note 12.</span> Pedro Serrano, symbolic
+name Panday-Pira, was a 24th degree mason. He was a school-master of
+the municipal school of Quiapo. After having done considerable work of
+propaganda in masonry he abjured it. He was the cause of the entry into
+the lodges of hundreds of indian and half-caste clerks, laborers,
+employees, petty merchants and others of all classes and employments.
+He was accused by his <span class="corr" id="xd20e2914" title=
+"Source: follow">fellow</span> masons of exploiting the
+society<a class="noteref" id="xd20e2917src" href="#xd20e2917" name=
+"xd20e2917src">15</a> and of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb121" href=
+"#pb121" name="pb121">121</a>]</span>treason, of frequenting the Palace
+of the Archbishop and the College of San Juan de Letran, and of many
+things unbecoming a mason. In a document dated the 31st of March 1894,
+dispatched by the G&there4; Cons&there4; Reg&there4; of <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e2939" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> masonry
+to the lodge <i>Modestia,</i> Serrano was denounced, and all masons
+were urged to flee from him. In the said document, a translation of
+which will be found in Appendix C, is poured forth the complaint of the
+president of the Gr&there4; Cons&there4; (h&there4; Muza) of a leakage
+somewhere in the treasury in which were stored up the secrets of the
+treasonable labors being carried out in the <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2946" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> lodges. By way of
+specific charges the president denounces <i>Panday-Pira</i> because he
+had the courage to give vent to his opinions concerning the doings of
+the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2952" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> lodges, to a foreign mason; because
+he was known to have, for some reason <span class="corr" id="xd20e2955"
+title="Not in source">or</span> other, visited the Archbishop&rsquo;s
+palace and Dominican College; that he had demanded the possession of
+certain documents, threatening the possessors if they did not give them
+up, etc. etc. On this account he was denounced as a traitor and dubbed
+&ldquo;reptile&rdquo;, the pot calling the kettle black. <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb122" href="#pb122" name="pb122">122</a>]</span></p>
+<p id="n13"><span class="sc">Note 13.</span> Morayta, the famous Don
+Miguel, the &ldquo;papa&rdquo; of the rebellious <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2963" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span>! It is an almost
+world-wide belief that the number 13 is an unlucky number<span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e2966" title="Source: ,">.</span> If this be so, then
+<span class="sc">Miguel Morayta</span> well deserves his name, for in
+it there are <i>thirteen</i> letters; the first letter of each word
+commences with the <i>thirteenth</i> letter of the alphabet and it
+happens also that this miserable individual falls to note 13. I will
+therefore complete the coincidence by saying all I have to say of this
+person in thirteen lines.</p>
+<p>Morayta was at one time Gr&there4; Master of the Gr&there4;
+Or&there4; de Espa&ntilde;a, but was later on expelled
+therefrom<span class="corr" id="xd20e2980" title="Source: .">,</span>
+according to a masonic publication. In 1888 he founded the Gr&there4;
+Or&there4; Espa&ntilde;ol, the mother of the Katipunan. In 1890 he took
+over the proprietorship of <i>La Solidaridad</i> then published by
+Marcelo del Pilar for separatist ends. Morayta was the idol of the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e2986" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> students who <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2989" title="Source: saught">sought</span> education in the
+Peninsula. Using him as a means towards an end they aimed at, they
+banquetted him and thus assiduously attacking his stomach they finally
+captured him. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb123" href="#pb123" name=
+"pb123">123</a>]</span></p>
+<p id="n14"><span class="sc">Note 14.</span> <i>Tagalog</i>: The
+Tagalogs are a branch of the Malay family which, in former times,
+dominated from Madagascar to the ends of the Pacific. They form part of
+what we might call the Malay-Chinee race, i. e. the cross between the
+female on the Malay side and the Chinee on the side of the male. This
+cross has been taking place from time immemorial, commencing long
+before the islands were discovered by the Spanish explorers. The
+present Tagalog indian enjoys more of the characteristics of the Chinee
+than of the Malay on account of the potency of the <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e3000" title="Source: chinee">Chinee</span> blood over the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e3003" title=
+"Source: malay">Malay</span>.</p>
+<p>Going back to ancient times the probability is that the original
+Malay first became modified by its crossing with the inhabitants proper
+of the archipelago&mdash;the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3009" title=
+"Source: negritos">Negritos</span>&mdash;marks of which mixture are
+still <span class="corr" id="xd20e3012" title=
+"Source: descernable">discernible</span> in <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e3015" title="Source: may">many</span> of the Tagalogs.</p>
+<p>A second modification came through the mixture between the
+Malay-Negrito and the Indonesian, traces of which are seen in the light
+color of the skin in a portion, although small, of the Tagalogs.
+Another modification, the most marked, originated from the crossing of
+the Malay-Negrito-Indonesian <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb124" href=
+"#pb124" name="pb124">124</a>]</span>with the Chinee, the <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e3022" title="Source: chinee">Chinee</span> being marked
+by the increase in stature, the elevation of the skull and other minor
+marks.</p>
+<p>During the last three centuries this hybrid Tagalog has undergone
+another small and gradual change by reason of a limited crossing with
+Spanish blood. This latter mixture however is insignificant in extent
+but always produces a superior type. As a people the Tagalogs number
+about one and a half millions, and inhabit the regions around about
+Manila. The traits of character of the four principal trunks from which
+the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3027" title=
+"Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span> of to-day is derived are, although
+still present in a greater or lesser degree, considerably modified by
+climatological and historical circumstances.</p>
+<p>At the coming of the Spaniards the Tagalogs, like the remaining
+native peoples of the archipelago, were met with in the depths of the
+savage ages, and were to a certain extent, of cannibalistic
+tendencies.</p>
+<p>The <span class="corr" id="xd20e3034" title=
+"Source: avarage">average</span> Tagalog is not wanting in courage, a
+fact he has often displayed, but this courage is never seen to
+advantage except when the indian is under the leadership of a person of
+exceptional valor or a strict disciplinarian. Like most peoples
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb125" href="#pb125" name=
+"pb125">125</a>]</span>derived from the Malay stock, the Tagalog indian
+is subject to strange fits of mental aberration, the fits taking
+different forms, generally innocent ones, the worst being a homicide
+under the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3039" title=
+"Source: influencie">influence</span> of a &ldquo;hot head&rdquo;. At
+least that is what might have been said of him 8 or 10 years ago,
+previous to the time in which he became fanaticised by
+freemasonry<span class="corr" id="xd20e3042" title="Source: ,">.</span>
+He is not even yet apt to run <i>amok</i> as is usual among the Malays
+and this is undoubtedly due to the civilizing religious influence which
+has been brought to bear upon him during the three centuries of Spanish
+rule in the Archipelago. It is a noteworthy fact that in the same
+degree as the influence of religion, of the Religious Orders if you
+will, became <span class="corr" id="xd20e3049" title=
+"Source: lessed">lesser</span>, in exactly equal degree did crime
+increase. Explain this as you will the fact remains that during the
+four years or so that the indian has been under the care and protection
+of a government indifferent to all religion, crime has increased a
+hundred fold, perhaps arithmetically so also, and crimes unheard of in
+days gone by, have become so common as scarcely to merit mention in the
+columns <span class="corr" id="xd20e3052" title="Source: af">of</span>
+Manila&rsquo;s yellow journalism. What the Tagalog <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb126" href="#pb126" name=
+"pb126">126</a>]</span>indian is equal to when free from the restraint
+of the Catholic religion, has been seen from the fearful crimes and
+barbarities committed against Spaniards and against Americans during
+the insurrection. The brutalities <span class="corr" id="xd20e3057"
+title="Source: commited">committed</span> upon the unfortunate
+prisoners who fell into their hands were unheard of even among the
+savage <span class="corr" id="xd20e3060" title=
+"Source: arab">Arab</span> <span class="corr" id="xd20e3063" title=
+"Source: hoardes">hordes</span> of the Soudan, nor have the records of
+the ferocity of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3067" title=
+"Source: chinese">Chinese</span> <i>boxers</i> yet told us of things
+equal to the fearful events which took place in the province of Cavite
+and elsewhere. And for all this the Tagalog indian is responsible: the
+Tagalog for whom Pedro Paterno claims a pre-Spanish civilization on the
+plan of the Aztec and ancient Peruvian indians. Like all oriental
+peoples the Tagalog is superstitious and loves demonstration, symbolism
+and things grotesque. About the only thing left to him of his ancient
+<i>civilization</i> as Paterno calls it, <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e3076" title="Source: barberism">barbarism</span> we generally
+say, is his mythology. In it everything is more or less connected with
+spirits. Their faith in what they call their <i>anting
+anting</i><a class="noteref" id="xd20e3081src" href="#xd20e3081" name=
+"xd20e3081src">16</a> is unbreakable. Rizal was supposed to
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb127" href="#pb127" name=
+"pb127">127</a>]</span>be under the protection of the
+<i>anting-anting</i> but the leaden <span class="corr" id="xd20e3090"
+title="Source: missles">missiles</span> which took away his life
+carried away the <i>anting-anting</i> also: and yet there are thousands
+upon thousands of indians, some of them men of enlightenment, who still
+cling to the belief that Rizal still lives, thanks to the influence of
+his protecting amulet. Nor did <i>anting anting</i> avail Aguinaldo who
+now probably believes far more in the protection of his American prison
+than in that offered by his <i>anting anting</i> charms.</p>
+<p>Their mythology has, like their ancient character, been greatly
+modified in the vast majority, by the influence of the civilization
+implanted by Spain. This is one point in which Spain has differed from
+most nations in methods of civilization and colonization. However we
+may judge her in respect to her colonial administration in the
+Philippines, we cannot deny that she has been distinguished from other
+nations by her aim of preserving the native races of the archipelago,
+the destruction consequent upon the radical change undergone in
+everything, being limited to the savage customs and immoralities in
+which the native peoples were found submerged. <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb128" href="#pb128" name="pb128">128</a>]</span></p>
+<p>The masonic lodges spoken of in the text which were asked of
+Morayta, were <span class="corr" id="xd20e3107" title=
+"Source: estabished">established</span>, although they were not
+exclusively Tagalog in their membership. As a result of the petition of
+the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3110" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> colony mentioned in the same text,
+the theories and practices of Masonry were carried to the Tagalogs but
+instead of the needy brethren being aided by the wealthy ones, they
+were subjected to a contribution in <span class="corr" id="xd20e3113"
+title="Source: exhange">exchange</span> for which they received a gaudy
+regalia; in other words they were bought over with strings of beads and
+with tinsel truck as were the indians discovered by Capt. Cook in the
+South Sea Islands, with the exception that Capt. Cook and those who
+followed him carried civilization to the natives, whilst the founders
+of the Katipunan carried to the Tagalogs and the other indians of the
+archipelago misery and demoralization.</p>
+<p id="n15"><span class="sc">Note 15</span>. <i>Faustino Villaruel
+Gomara</i> was a Spanish half-caste, a native of Pandaran, living in
+Binondo. He was the founder of the lodge &ldquo;La Patria&rdquo; of
+which he was also the Ven&there4; Gr&there4; Master with grade 18. He
+also founded a lodge of female freemasons, for the foundation of which
+he <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb129" href="#pb129" name=
+"pb129">129</a>]</span>committed the nefarious crime of prostituting
+his daughter, handing her over, in the period of her innocence and
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e3125" title=
+"Source: candour">candor</span>, to the ridiculous workings and
+practices of freemasonry. Rosario Villaruel (Minerva), thus sacrificed
+by her father, was initiated in Hong-Kong and made venerable of the
+first lodge of female masons in Manila, drawing in after her a large
+number of her half-caste friends, young folk of bare instruction. This
+lodge was known as &ldquo;La Semilla&rdquo;. Its composition was:
+Sisters: Carlota Zamora, of Calle Crespo; Mar&iacute;a Teresa Bordas,
+of Tabaco, province of Albay; Fabiana Robledo, wife of Sixto Celis;
+Lorenza Nepomuceno, of Calle San Jos&eacute;, Trozo; Angelica Lopez,
+Calle Jolo; Narcisa Rizal; Mar&iacute;a Dizon, Calle Trozo, and other
+fanatic females.</p>
+<p>Villaruel was the Gr&there4; Oriente of filipino masonry, a deluded
+fanatic, a man of but scarce intellectual endowments, an instrument of
+those who knew more and were shrewder than he. By laying hands upon him
+the Spanish Authorities laid hands also upon a large number of
+incriminating documents which were the means of connecting many
+prominent business men of Manila with the <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb130" href="#pb130" name="pb130">130</a>]</span>bloody programme of
+the Katipunan. Among these was Francisco L. Roxas.</p>
+<p>Besides these documents were a large number of loose papers written
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e3134" title="Source: is">in</span>
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e3137" title=
+"Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span>, in which were discovered many
+threatening phrases and the expression of hopes in the success of an
+event to take place in the near future. Masks and other masonic
+implements, including a heavily made and sharply pointed dagger were
+also discovered.</p>
+<p>Previous to suffering the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3142" title=
+"Source: penality">penalty</span> of his treason he made and signed a
+public abjuration, for the copy of which see Appendix E.</p>
+<p id="n16"><span class="sc">Note 16.</span> Andr&eacute;s Bonifacio
+was the soul of the Katipunan movement; he was the President of the
+&ldquo;Council of Ministers of the Supreme Popular Council.&rdquo; His
+social condition was of a low grade, that grade from which many of the
+most fanatical pseudo-reformers have come; he was a warehouseman, a
+porter. In this capacity he was employed in the establishment of Messrs
+Fressel and Co., and was one of the humblest of the employees.</p>
+<p>Bonifacio was, however, very vain and quixotic. He was, too, a man
+of sanguinary character, and held the people over whom <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb131" href="#pb131" name="pb131">131</a>]</span>he
+attained ascendancy, in awe. His ambition was the cause of his
+ignominious downfall and brutal murder at the hands of another
+self-asserted dictator of the filipino Commune. Like most of his kind,
+he was a great reader, and by those who knew him best he was likened to
+Don Quixote, for like that worthy he passed many a night burning away
+oil and candles, and sacrificing needed sleep in reading, until his
+brain was turned and his whole mind given up to ideas of revolutions.
+His favorite study was the French Revolution, from the which he learned
+many lessons which he utilized in his projects, the principal of which
+was the formation of a government after the style of the French
+Commune. He was astute and comparatively intelligent, and spoke the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e3154" title=
+"Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span> dialect well. For the carrying out of
+his plans he had agents in every nook and corner. No place <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e3157" title="Source: were">where</span> information
+might be gathered or the work of propaganda done, was over-looked. The
+offices of the Civil Government had their quota of his spies, as also
+did the <span lang="es">Intendencia</span>, the <span lang=
+"es">Maestraza de Artilleria</span> and the other large centers. Nor
+were the Convents and Colleges overlooked, nor even <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb132" href="#pb132" name="pb132">132</a>]</span>the
+big business Corporations.</p>
+<p>Bonifacio enjoyed an envied ascendancy over the lower classes and
+the ignorant. Like others of similar tendencies, Bonifacio knew how to
+exploit the &ldquo;membership&rdquo;. He was at one time treasurer of
+the Katipunan, and upon one occasion after the examination of the books
+by the president of the society Andr&eacute;s was denounced as an
+exploiter, the accounts being found in a very bad condition. A series
+of mutual squabbles and insults passed between the president Roman
+Basa, and Bonifacio, the whole affair ending up in a re-election of
+officers, Bonifacio being chosen as president. This occurred towards
+the end of the year 1893.</p>
+<p>The vanity of Bonifacio was comparable only to that of Aguinaldo.
+Among the number of chief workers of the Katipunan was a certain
+Valenzuela, a doctor who had, according to his own confession, been
+forced into the membership by Bonifacio, on the strength of a
+&ldquo;love&rdquo; affair; he was given the choice of membership or
+death. He chose the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3173" title=
+"Source: latter">former</span> but later on resigned. Whilst a member
+he enjoyed a salary of 30 pesos a month as medical officer, but only
+with difficulty could he collect his pay. He claimed <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb133" href="#pb133" name="pb133">133</a>]</span>to
+have been exploited by Bonifacio who, whilst merely a porter, could
+thus have at his command the free services of a real doctor, spurning
+the services of the petty physicians which abound in Manila. Nor was
+this all. His own (Bonifacio&rsquo;s) house having been burned down, he
+went, on the strength of this same &ldquo;love&rdquo; affair, to live
+in the house of the said doctor (see foot-note p. 48), taking with him
+his paramour, the doctor paying the greater part of the expenses thus
+incurred.</p>
+<p>At the time of the organization of the popular Supreme Councils,
+Bonifacio was chosen president of the Council of Trozo; but in
+consequence of internal troubles occasioned by his rebelliousness, the
+Supreme Council decided to dissolve the local Council. Bonifacio, true
+to his colors, disregarded this order and continued working on his own
+account, taking upon himself the faculties of the Supreme Council.</p>
+<p>He preserved in a case which was found in the warehouse of Messrs
+Fressel and Co., the organization of the &ldquo;Filipino
+Republic&rdquo; which was to be, as well as a number of regulations,
+codes, decrees of nominations, etc., all drawn up in Tagalog (see
+foot-note p. 49.) <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb134" href="#pb134"
+name="pb134">134</a>]</span></p>
+<p>Upon the discovery, on the 19th of August 1896, by the Augustinian
+Padre fray Mariano Gil, parish priest of Tondo, of the plot of the
+<i>Katipuneros</i>, Bonifacio and his immediate assistants fled from
+Manila to Caloocan. From that point he sent orders to the provinces of
+Manila, Cavite and Nueva Ecija that a general rising should take place
+on the 30th of that month. These orders were given out of revenge for
+the failure of the blood-thirsty plot whereby every Spaniard, man,
+woman or child should share in the sufferings which his diseased brain
+had concocted for those who should fall into his hands. Bonifacio
+issued special orders concerning the Governor General, his plan being
+that he and the other Spanish authorities of any importance should be
+taken prisoners, but not killed, it being intended to hold their
+persons as security for the granting of their demands. He called
+together the members of the Junta Superior and nominated a
+general-in-chief, a general of division and other officials. These
+however refused to step into the places he had prepared for them and
+Bonifacio angered thereat threatened to have the head removed from the
+shoulders of anyone who dared to disobey him. <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb135" href="#pb135" name="pb135">135</a>]</span>The
+general-in-chief Teodoro Plata, a cousin of Bonifacio, fled during the
+night following his nomination, whereupon Bonifacio issued orders for
+his capture, commanding his death wherever he should be found.</p>
+<p>Sometime previous to this, about the month of May, Bonifacio sent
+Pio Valenzuela to Dapitan to hold a conference with Rizal concerning
+the convenience of immediate rebellion against Spain. Rizal would not
+consent to the projected revolt but opposed the idea most strenuously,
+being thrown into such a bad humor by the information he received of
+Bonifacio, that Valenzuela, who had gone to Dapitan intending to spend
+a month there, determined to return on the following day. On his return
+to Manila he recounted to Bonifacio the result of his mission.
+Bonifacio who knew Rizal&rsquo;s influence over the people to be
+greater than his own, had been living in hopes of receiving
+Rizal&rsquo;s consent which would be the surrendering to him of the
+whole responsibility and glory of the bloody enterprise. Bonifacio
+aspired to the absolute, like all the so-called leaders of the revolt;
+so when he realized the stand taken by Rizal, who was willing to wait
+patiently till the poison with which he had inoculated <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb136" href="#pb136" name="pb136">136</a>]</span>the
+people should work of itself, he flew into a rage like a spoilt child,
+declaring Rizal to be a coward and imposing upon Valenzuela, his
+messenger, implicit silence on this subject, prohibiting him from
+manifesting to anyone what he considered to be the bad exit of the
+consultation.</p>
+<p>No methods were too underhand for Bonifacio; to gain his end he lied
+to the people over whom he held sway as only a <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e3196" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> can lie. On one
+occasion he affirmed that in Coregidor was a vessel loaded with arms
+and ammunition for the rebels, and by this means he animated them, a
+very necessary thing at that time, as they were but scantily armed with
+bolos and were no match against those they intended to assail.</p>
+<p>Taking him all in all, Bonifacio was a first class organizer for
+such an enterprise as that aimed at by the Katipunan, and upon his
+shoulders lies the weight of the greater part of the iniquities of the
+diabolical society. He ordered the outbreak and in a <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e3201" title="Source: skilfull">skillful</span> manner pulled
+the strings which worked the figures which formed the performers in the
+marionette revolution. He had rivals in the field however, the most
+powerful being Aguinaldo, the would be <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb137" href="#pb137" name="pb137">137</a>]</span>president of the
+mushroom republic. After the encounter at San Juan del Monte in which
+the insurgents suffered the loss of 95 killed and 42 taken prisoners in
+the first instance, and shortly afterwards of 200 more, Bonifacio
+escaped, carrying with him the funds of the Katipunan, some 20,000
+pfs.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e3206src" href="#xd20e3206" name=
+"xd20e3206src">17</a> He was supposed to be in hiding in the most
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e3212" title=
+"Source: inaccesible">inaccessible</span> parts of the mountains of San
+Mateo, in as much as he had told Pio Valenzuela that in case the
+movement were unsuccessful he had determined to retire to that point to
+devote himself to highway robbery<a class="noteref" id="xd20e3215src"
+href="#xd20e3215" name="xd20e3215src">18</a>, to foot-padding, an idea
+gotten <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb138" href="#pb138" name=
+"pb138">138</a>]</span>from some modern French novel probably. He
+worked his way eventually into Cavite, and, according to information
+gotten from Pedro Gonzalez, he fell into the disfavor of Aguinaldo who
+saw his own superiority in danger of being supplanted; the <i lang=
+"es"><span class="corr" id="xd20e3227" title=
+"Source: generalismo">generalisimo</span></i> therefore put a price
+upon his head<a class="noteref" id="xd20e3230src" href="#xd20e3230"
+name="xd20e3230src">19</a>. A party was sent in search for the runaway
+and upon his capture he was subjected to most brutal treatment, and at
+last fell a victim to the unprincipled ambition of the Dictator.</p>
+<p>Had Bonifacio lived he would have made a splendid acquisition to the
+Partido Federal, he being a man who could, like many of the
+self-asserted leaders of to-day, plan and follow out any double-faced
+policy that might be needed under the circumstances. <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb139" href="#pb139" name="pb139">139</a>]</span></p>
+<p id="n17"><span class="sc">Note 17.</span> This note not being ready
+at the time of the printing of the pages of this section, it has been
+reserved for note <a href="#n101">101</a>, which see.</p>
+<p id="n18"><span class="sc">Note 18.</span> Domingo Franco y Tuason
+was a native of Mambusao, Province of Capiz. He was the president of
+the first <i>junta</i> called by Rizal in 1892 for the formation of the
+&ldquo;Liga Filipina&rdquo;. Till that time he was like many others of
+the same class almost unknown.</p>
+<p id="n19"><span class="sc">Note 19.</span> The character of the
+native: this is a subject upon which one might write many volumes
+without conveying to the minds of his readers more than a faint idea of
+what that strange character is.</p>
+<p>More mysterious than the most profound mystery of Religion, his most
+striking trait of character being a decided <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e3260" title="Source: tendancy">tendency</span> to retrogression,
+the Malay stands out among the numerous divisions of the human family
+as a man with a marked propensity to the mysterious, to the prodigious.
+He is accustomed to give a blind obedience to his superiors and more so
+to his own caciques, he is docile as a general rule, and shows but
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb140" href="#pb140" name=
+"pb140">140</a>]</span>little resentment to abusive language, although
+he will sometimes carefully guard the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3265"
+title="Source: rememberance">remembrance</span> of some insignificant
+insult or blow, and take a cruel revenge, a thousand times greater than
+the injury he received, after a period, at times, of years. Other
+peculiarities of the native are his delight in gambling and
+cockfighting, his aversion to manual labor, his infantile but excessive
+vanity, his lack of the power of thought in matters of moment, his well
+developed imagination, his instability from all points of view and his
+liability to complete and radical changes. The average indian is to-day
+virtuous, honest and grateful for favors received, tomorrow he is
+vicious, <span class="corr" id="xd20e3268" title=
+"Source: theiving">thieving</span> and shows an ingratitude not to be
+found even in the brute creation. This very marked trait of character
+may be found in many of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3271" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> who have held and still hold some
+of the highest official positions in the islands.</p>
+<p>To sum up the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3276" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> indian in a few words: he is
+inexplicable. There have been those who have spent their lives in the
+study of the indian, but in spite of all that man can do to study man,
+the problem remains unsolved. Only those &ldquo;globe trotters&rdquo;
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb141" href="#pb141" name=
+"pb141">141</a>]</span>who have studied the native from the <i lang=
+"es">muchacho</i> who waited upon them at the hotel at which they
+stayed during their few days visit, and the <i lang="es">cochero</i>
+who had the honor of conducting such <i lang="es">savants</i> to and
+from the Luneta, have so far been able to demonstrate what is this
+character which has puzzled men of common sense and lifelong
+experience, for centuries.</p>
+<p>Being by nature credulous, ignorant and superstitious, the indian
+fell an easy victim to the mysteries of freemasonry, which served him
+as are introduction to the semi-savage methods of the &ldquo;Liga
+Filipina&rdquo; and the barbarous practices of the Katipunan, the
+<i lang="es">pacto-de-sangre</i> of which, carried him back to the
+savage times of his remote ancestors who were drawn from their mountain
+and forest lairs and domesticated by the Religious Orders.</p>
+<p id="n20"><span class="sc">Notes 20, <span id="n21">21</span>,
+<span id="n22">22</span>.</span> The initiations, proofs, oaths etc.,
+of Universal freemasonry were utilized by the <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e3305" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> lodges to serve as
+a ceremonial, a very essential thing to the success of any association
+among orientals. Nothing suited the taste of the <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e3308" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> better than the
+awe inspiring solemnity of his initiation. <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb142" href="#pb142" name=
+"pb142">142</a>]</span>These ceremonies however fell into abuse, and by
+the time they became <span class="corr" id="xd20e3313" title=
+"Source: utilised">utilized</span> by the Katipunan they had reached
+the verge of the grossest superstition and <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e3316" title="Source: absudity">absurdity</span>.</p>
+<p id="n23"><span class="sc">Note 23.</span> The G&there4; Cons&there4;
+Reg&there4; was installed in 1893. A masonic document bearing a seal
+&ldquo;<i>Gr&there4; Consejo Regional de Filipinas. G&there4;
+Secretaria</i>&rdquo;, and purporting to be a copy of two paragraphs
+from a letter of the illustrious bro&there4; Kupang (Marcelo H. del
+Pilar) dated from Madrid on the 17th December 1894, says: &ldquo;D.
+Miguel (Morayta) has a very poor opinion of the Reg&there4; (Regional
+Council).... He says that this Council continues working well for some
+few months, at the end of which all the enthusiasm of the founders
+vanishes and.... Oh, if we could only by our acts give the lie to this
+pessimism. Morayta was the founder of the Council.</p>
+<p id="n24"><span class="sc">Note 24.</span> La Solidaridad was the
+official organ of <span class="corr" id="xd20e3330" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> freemasonry in all its branches.
+Although it was published in the peninsula its circulation was intended
+for the Philippines. Its editors were the leaders of the disaffection
+against the metropolis <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb143" href=
+"#pb143" name="pb143">143</a>]</span>and stout advocates, indirectly,
+of an impossible independence. The chief aim of the paper was to
+mortify everything Spanish, and to this end its columns were
+continually full of seditious articles aimed, not merely at individuals
+but at the State. Its diatribes against the Government of the
+Metropolis were of the bitterest nature, and therefore but little
+publicity was given to the sheet in Madrid, where it was printed. It
+enjoyed no exchange with the periodicals of importance of the city, had
+no street sales, nor was it exposed for sale publicly. The libraries
+did not carry it on their tables and it never reached the hands of the
+public authorities. In fact the people of the official element know
+nothing of its existence.</p>
+<p>In the office of this bi-monthly paper was established a freemason
+lodge bearing the same name as the paper; all the members of the
+Association Hispano-Filipina became members of the lodge. Being the
+organ of masonry as well as of separatism it was introduced into the
+Archipelago and secured a free circulation in all parts of the
+principal islands where its calumnies against the Religious Orders had
+the effect of producing a decided effect upon the maintenance
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb144" href="#pb144" name=
+"pb144">144</a>]</span>of public order.</p>
+<p>The statement that the bi-monthly was founded by Pilar is erroneous;
+it was first published by Lopez Jaena in Barcelona where it enjoyed its
+enforced life till it reached its number 18, of October 1889, when it
+suddenly ceased publication on account of the seizure by the
+authorities of a number of incriminating documents and pamphlets. It
+recommenced publication in Madrid on the 15th of November of the same
+year. It was later on acquired by Pilar and Morayta<span class="corr"
+id="xd20e3341" title="Not in source">.</span> It was in reality a vent
+for the spleen of its writers against Spain and things Spanish; it was
+a precursor of the <i lang="es">Independencia</i><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e3346src" href="#xd20e3346" name="xd20e3346src">20</a> the
+official organ of the Revolution against the U. S., and of the <i lang=
+"es">La Democracia</i> its daughter, the official organ of the Federal
+Party, the dregs of the old revolutionary government of
+Malolos.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e3352src" href="#xd20e3352" name=
+"xd20e3352src">21</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb145" href=
+"#pb145" name="pb145">145</a>]</span></p>
+<p id="n25"><span class="sc">Note 25.</span> One of the first
+propagators of <span class="corr" id="xd20e3370" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> masonry was Sr. Centeno, Civil
+Governor of Manila, a man of anything but happy memory for this
+country<a class="noteref" id="xd20e3373src" href="#xd20e3373" name=
+"xd20e3373src">22</a>. Centeno and Quiroga Ballesteros worked hard to
+undermine the beneficial influence of the Clergy, an influence which
+was the safe-guard of law and order. Their most famous piece of work
+was the manifestation of &rsquo;88 against Archbishop Payo (See note
+<a href="#n2">2</a>). In that manifestation was conceived the cry of
+sedition which was later on to ring throughout the archipelago and tear
+down the banner of the fatherland to replace it with the red flag of
+anarchy; a flag which well nigh brought the people of a would be
+independent country to the verge of political and moral
+destruction.</p>
+<p id="n26"><span class="sc">Note 26.</span> No sooner had Almighty God
+consummated the grand work of the creation, the culmination of which
+was the breathing into man of an immortal soul, than the devil, the
+father of evil, jealous <span class="corr" id="xd20e3383" title=
+"Source: of of">of</span> the attributes given by God to man, made his
+bold attempt to destroy God&rsquo;s immortal work. From that moment to
+this present the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb146" href="#pb146"
+name="pb146">146</a>]</span>spirits of evil have carried on an
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e3388" title=
+"Source: inceasing">unceasing</span> warfare against what has been for
+the glory of God. The Monastic Orders ever since <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e3391" title="Source: the the">the</span> days of their birth have
+had to contend against these powers of evil; and there is therefore
+little necessity for surprise that those who were employed in such work
+as were the unscrupulous persons who came to the archipelago to sow
+ruin in the consciences of the people and scandal in society, should
+carry on a bitter campaign against the Religious Orders to whom was
+owing every jot and tittle of the civilization and culture enjoyed by
+the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3394" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span>. The Monastic Orders have ever
+been the bulwark of Christianity, and as such have had to bear the
+brunt of the battle. Europe owes the solid foundation of its political,
+social and religious life to the Religious Orders, which, during the
+ages in which the Huns, Goths and other barbarians overran and
+devastated those lands, hoarded up in the nooks and corners of their
+monastic dwellings the seed which, when afterwards sown, was to become
+the stout tree of civilization which should spread its sheltering
+branches to the four corners of the earth. One of these branches
+drawing its <span class="corr" id="xd20e3398" title=
+"Source: fulness">fullness</span> of life <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb147" href="#pb147" name="pb147">147</a>]</span>and <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e3403" title="Source: vigour">vigor</span> directly from
+the trunk, extended to these far off islands and, casting its shade
+over the embruted mankind here existing at that time, wrought a change
+over it no less marked than that wrought over the European peoples.
+From the day in which Father Urdaneta, that intrepid Augustinian, set
+foot upon Philippine soil<span class="corr" id="xd20e3406" title=
+"Source: .">,</span> till the day upon which the hydra-headed Katipunan
+appeared in the land, the Monastic Orders have been the one great
+source of all that was really useful and beneficial to the inhabitants
+of the archipelago, although at times the moral interests of the people
+were not the commercial interests of the country.</p>
+<p>The &ldquo;friar&rdquo; so much slandered by those who wish to
+overthrow his <span class="corr" id="xd20e3411" title=
+"Source: beneficient">beneficent</span> influence, ever carried the
+banner of his country enlaced with the Cross of the Redeemer. He came
+to the Archipelago as a messenger of peace and order, and was the
+strongest supporter of the sovereignty of his nation. The
+&ldquo;friar&rdquo; was hated because he was the one who best knew and
+understood the indian, and from his intimate knowledge of his
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e3414" title=
+"Source: parishoners">parishioners</span>, could the more easily detect
+anything on their part which tended to the detriment of the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e3417" title=
+"Source: entegrity">integrity</span> of <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb148" href="#pb148" name="pb148">148</a>]</span>the Spanish
+sovereignty.</p>
+<p>The <span class="corr" id="xd20e3424" title=
+"Source: compaign">campaign</span> against the Religious Orders was the
+attack of the battering-rams against the city to be captured. By
+piercing the wall the entry into the city could be the easier made; and
+this the separatist element well knew, hence all their efforts were
+directed against the stout wall which defended from its assaults the
+treasure <span class="corr" id="xd20e3427" title=
+"Source: of of">of</span> the metropolis.</p>
+<p>For three hundred years the Philippines remained submitted to Spain
+exclusively by reason of the moral influence of the Clergy. Whilst the
+banner of Spain, floated over the Archipelago, the Religious formed the
+strongest guard for its protection; when it fell, strung by the
+ingratitude and treachery of those who had sworn to defend it to the
+last drop of their blood, and lay dishonored in the dust, it was the
+Religious who bowed his head in the deepest grief and who shed the
+bitterest tears. When the flag of the conquerer was hauled up to the
+height from which once gloriously floated the symbol of Spanish
+authority, the Religious, obedient to the commands of his superiors,
+withdrew to the solicitude of his convent, to await in patience, the
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb149" href="#pb149" name=
+"pb149">149</a>]</span>passing of the storm. He looks out upon the
+clouded political horizon, as Noah looked out from the window of the
+ark upon the vast sea of waters which hid from his view the fearful
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e3434" title=
+"Source: distruction">destruction</span> which had overcome the world,
+patiently awaiting the time when he should, at God&rsquo;s will, go
+forth to commence again the work of reconstruction.</p>
+<p>Often have I heard the opinion expressed that the Government&rsquo;s
+worst enemy is the &ldquo;friar&rdquo;, that it is the
+&ldquo;friar&rdquo; who keeps alive the spirit of rebellion. Let those
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e3439" title="Source: who who">who</span>
+think thus, ponder over one small thought: what has the friar to gain
+in sustaining a rebellion which has caused him more moral and material
+damage, than has been caused to any other entity in the Philippines? To
+those who are able and willing to utilize the power of thought with
+which God has endowed them, it is sufficiently clear that the Religious
+has nothing to gain by such tactics, but, on the contrary, all to
+lose.</p>
+<p>In Spanish times the native enemies of the Religious Orders were the
+enemies of Spain and in these days, the enemy of the friar is by no
+means a real friend, whatever he may claim to be, of the Government of
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb150" href="#pb150" name=
+"pb150">150</a>]</span>of the U. S. The Spanish masons and the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e3446" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> separatists found the friar to be
+the greatest obstacle to be encountered. <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e3449" title="Source: &lsquo;">&ldquo;</span>The friar,&rdquo;
+wrote Governor D. Francisco Borrero, to Sr. Canovas, in a memoir
+concerning the Archipelago, &ldquo;knowing the language, spirit, and
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e3452" title=
+"Source: tendancies">tendencies</span> of the natives, is considered as
+the principal obstacle for the realization of the filibuster idea, and
+hence arises their aspiration (that of the enemies of Spain) that the
+Religious Orders should be eliminated, because such a step being taken,
+they believe they will have travelled half the journey....&rdquo;</p>
+<p>The propaganda of Universal freemasonry, of <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e3457" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> freemasonry, of
+the Liga Filipina, of the Compromisarios, was aimed principally at the
+Religious Orders, but the results attained were but introductory to the
+real work of the Katipunan, which, finding itself cornered by the
+discovery of the plot it had concocted against the Government, showed
+its hand. Its aim was anti-Spanish and not merely anti-friar, as is
+sufficiently clear from the fact that in all the documents of the
+diabolical association it is death to <i>all the Spaniards</i>, and not
+to this or that class. Moreover in many cases the same <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb151" href="#pb151" name=
+"pb151">151</a>]</span>Katipuneros saved their parish priests from a
+sure death whilst they dealt out anything but kind treatment to those
+of the Civil Guard (<span class="corr" id="xd20e3465" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span>) and the Spanish troops who fell
+into their hands. The friars who were murdered by the rebels were not
+murdered for being friars but because they were Spaniards. The
+documents captured, the result of the trials held in judgement of
+persons guilty of treason, show clearly that the revolution was for the
+purpose of gaining the independence of the country from Spain, and not
+merely to bring about the expulsion of the Religious Orders. Aguinaldo,
+the leader of the Katipunan <span class="corr" id="xd20e3468" title=
+"Source: hoardes">hordes</span>, desired to send the friars who fell
+prisoners into his hands, over to <span class="corr" id="xd20e3472"
+title="Source: Hong-kong">Hong-Kong</span>, where they would be at
+liberty to return to their own country; but this merciful desire of his
+was overruled by his advisers, among whom were numbered Mabini his
+right hand man, Pardo de Tavera, Legarda and Buencamino, all three of
+them traitors to the cause of independence. To-day they stand in
+positions of honor, honor which they have done nothing to deserve,
+whilst Aguinaldo who was the tool of political schemers, their
+play-thing, is cast into disgrace and kept in the <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb152" href="#pb152" name=
+"pb152">152</a>]</span>background, a scape-goat for the sins and
+shortcomings of men whose names disgrace the darkest pages of
+Philippine history.</p>
+<p id="n27"><span class="sc">Note 27.</span> Vast numbers of these
+documents were later on destroyed in the hope that certain affairs of
+an anti-patriotic nature might be hushed up, and many persons of a high
+official standing saved from scandal. Padre Mariano Gil, O. S. A., who
+made known to the public authorities the fearful plot of the Katipunan
+in time to prevent the brutal murder of hundreds of Spaniards, was
+granted certified copies of a large number (all the principal ones) of
+the documents and these have been since preserved with the greatest
+care, and remain to-day as a standing proof of the duplicity of many
+persons who live in ignorance of the fact of the existence of the said
+certified copies.</p>
+<p id="n28"><span class="sc">Note 28.</span> The element here spoken of
+was the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3485" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> colony (all of them <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e3488" title="Source: seperatists">separatists</span>)
+and Morayta the &ldquo;papa&rdquo; of the said <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e3491" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> of <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e3494" title="Source: seperatist">separatist</span>
+tendencies. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb153" href="#pb153" name=
+"pb153">153</a>]</span></p>
+<p id="n29"><span class="sc">Note 29.</span> This committee, although
+not exclusively masonic, was <span class="corr" id="xd20e3502" title=
+"Source: essencially">essentially</span> revolutionary, and had for its
+duty the distribution of works of propaganda. Its delegate in Europe
+was Marcelo H. del Pilar.</p>
+<p id="n30"><span class="sc">Note 30.</span> See note <a href=
+"#n26">26</a>. The campaign at this present carried on by some of the
+filipino and Spanish papers, and, in contradiction to the fundamental
+principles of Americanism, by the local American press also, is but a
+sequel to the work of this committee of propaganda. The calumnies which
+are literally crammed into the columns of Manila&rsquo;s English
+speaking daily and weekly press are but a poor reproduction of the
+vicious publications distributed throughout the archipelago since the
+year 1888. For fourteen years have these calumnies been published, but
+in spite of countless challenges, never have the statements brought
+forward been backed up with even the shadow of proof. When almighty God
+completed his creation by the making of man and woman, he led them to
+Eden, placing them under his law. Then it was that the devil beguiled
+them with lying words: &ldquo;For God doth know that in that day that
+you shall eat thereof <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb154" href=
+"#pb154" name="pb154">154</a>]</span>(of the forbidden fruit) your eyes
+shall be opened, and you shall be as Gods knowing good and evil.&rdquo;
+From that day to this, this same argument that the devil used to try to
+prove that God was withholding from the people what was to their
+benefit, is being to-day used by certain of the offspring of that evil
+spirit against the element of good, against the Religious Orders, the
+servants of God, claiming that they held from the people of this
+Archipelago that which was for their good and advancement. Adam and Eve
+found to their bitter cost that the devil lied: those who are to-day
+being misled by anti-friar calumny will make the same discovery in due
+time.</p>
+<p id="n31"><span class="sc">Note 31.</span> This statement is
+erroneous. The opinion of the author was formed from statements made by
+those charged with treason. Many of those under this charge gave false
+testimony, as was later on proved, and in that testimony implicated
+honorable <span class="corr" id="xd20e3519" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> who had never harbored such ideas
+in their hearts as those they were <span class="corr" id="xd20e3522"
+title="Source: acccused">accused</span> of. Many of the wealthy element
+of Luzon and other islands of the group, were forced by threats and
+compromises into position they had no <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb155" href="#pb155" name="pb155">155</a>]</span>desire to occupy. Of
+these the great majority were either insular Spaniards, that is sons of
+Spanish parents, but born in the Philippines, or they were Spanish
+mestizos or indians. Some 90% of the wealthy revolutionists were
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e3527" title=
+"Source: chinese">Chinese</span> half-castes.</p>
+<p id="n32"><span class="sc">Note 32.</span> And at what a cost! Think
+of the thousands of hard earned dollars which went to swell the funds
+gathered to feed and clothe and to satisfy the fads and fancies of
+those exploiters. And what has the poor indian who provided the money
+gained in the deal? Four or five years of bloodshed and disaster he has
+surely gained; but what is of more importance to him is that he barely
+escaped falling into the hands of his own countrymen! He fell out of
+the frying-pan and almost fell into the fire!</p>
+<p id="n33"><span class="sc">Note 33.</span> The aspirations of the
+association were, to say the least, anti-patriotic; they were always
+underhand; they were the aspirations of the &ldquo;Liga&rdquo;, of the
+&ldquo;Compromisarios&rdquo; and of the Katipunan. <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb156" href="#pb156" name="pb156">156</a>]</span></p>
+<p id="n34"><span class="sc">Note 34.</span> &ldquo;In the following
+year, Pedro Serrano arrived from Spain and then was masonry introduced
+into the Philippines, the first lodge instituted being the
+&ldquo;Nilad&rdquo;<a class="noteref" id="xd20e3543src" href=
+"#xd20e3543" name="xd20e3543src">23</a> its first Venerable being
+Jos&eacute; Ramos.&rdquo; Testimony of Moises Salvador y Francisco
+(fol. <span class="corr" id="xd20e3551" title=
+"Source: 1.138">1,138</span> to <span class="corr" id="xd20e3554"
+title="Source: 1.143">1,143</span>).</p>
+<p>According to the testimony of Antonio Salazar (fol. <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e3559" title="Source: 1.118">1,118</span> to
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e3562" title="Source: 1.129">1,129</span>)
+&ldquo;In 1892 Pedro Serrano came from Spain and in union with
+Jos&eacute; Ramos joined a lodge of peninsular Spaniards, and commenced
+the propaganda of masonry exclusively among <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e3565" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span>, in a short time
+establishing the mother lodge known as the <i>Nilad</i> ... the number
+of members becoming excessive, other lodges were established in the
+suburbs....&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Into this lodge <i>Nilad</i> or the lodges formed therefrom, passed
+all the members of the committee of propaganda and of the local
+delegations, the work of the propaganda of masonry and that of
+separatism being carried on in the same lodge room. The plea that
+masonry had no connection with the Katipunan fails to stand good in
+face of this <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb157" href="#pb157" name=
+"pb157">157</a>]</span>testimony, added to which may be mentioned
+letters of M. del Pilar to <i>La Modestia</i> concerning the
+organization and labors of separatism; as well as other letters, rich
+in masonic jargon, to the lodges and to individuals connected with the
+double work of propagating masonry and spreading among the people ideas
+of the basest of ingratitude.</p>
+<p>To the lodge <i>Nilad</i>, the Gr&there4; Sec&there4; of the
+Gr&there4; Or&there4; Esp&there4; wrote from Madrid, June 8th 1892:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="first xd20e192">AL&there4; G&there4; D&there4; G&there4;
+A&there4; D&there4; U&there4;<br>
+Liberty.&mdash;Equality.&mdash;Fraternity.<br>
+Universal Freemasonry. Spanish Family.</p>
+<p>The Resp&there4; Log&there4; Nilad, No. 144 of A&there4; L&there4;
+and A&there4; masons of the Philippines <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e3595" title="Source: reqularly">regularly</span> constituted in
+the Federation of the Gr&there4; Or&there4; Espa&ntilde;ol (seat in
+Madrid<span class="corr" id="xd20e3598" title=
+"Source: .)">).</span></p>
+<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p>
+</div>
+<p>The letter goes on to speak of the new foundation and the number of
+initiations.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;It pleases us much,&rdquo; says the Gr&there4; Sec&there4;
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e3607" title=
+"Not in source">&ldquo;</span>to see the activity and zeal which you
+employ in the labors, and for it we greet you. Nevertheless, we must
+remind you always of the greatest care in the election of the laborers.
+<i>Not all men, although they profess <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb158" href="#pb158" name="pb158">158</a>]</span>our ideas and
+doctrines, serve for good masons,...</i>&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Morayta, writing on the 12th of June 1892 to bro&there4; <i>Panday
+Pira</i>, says: &ldquo;... But do not forget an advice which I believe
+Ruiz gave you also: <i>be very careful; do not open your arms to any
+except they be of full confidence....</i> Remember that, even though
+things have changed there (in the Philippines) you run all the danger
+consequent upon the domination (sic) of the friar and of the
+General.&rdquo; The general was Despujols, an upright, honest and
+sincere man who was too apt to measure other <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e3623" title="Source: peoples">people&rsquo;s</span> corn by his
+own bushel. The filibusters took advantage of the fact, and by their
+lying protests of love for Spain, captivated him and fooled him out and
+out for a time.</p>
+<p id="n35"><span class="sc">Note 35.</span> At that time liberty of
+association was not allowed by law in the Archipelago. To attain their
+ends this was the thing most necessary for the separatists. Without the
+shelter of the law of association nothing could be done except by
+stealth. It was for want of this <span class="corr" id="xd20e3631"
+title="Source: privelege">privilege</span> that the shelter of the
+masonic lodge room was <span class="corr" id="xd20e3634" title=
+"Source: saught">sought</span>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb159"
+href="#pb159" name="pb159">159</a>]</span></p>
+<p id="n36"><span class="sc">Note 36.</span> <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e3642" title="Source: Blumentrit">Blumentritt</span>, Fernando; of
+German race, Austrian by nationality, resident in Bohemia and therefore
+spoken of by various writers sometimes as a German, at others as a
+Bohemian or an Austrian. Like Foreman<a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e3645src" href="#xd20e3645" name="xd20e3645src">24</a>,
+Blumentritt claimed to be a fervent <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb160" href="#pb160" name="pb160">160</a>]</span>Catholic and yet was
+an open enemy of the Church. He claimed moreover to be a great friend
+of Spain and yet openly sided with her enemies. He was one of the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e3705" title=
+"Source: colaborators">collaborators</span> of the <i lang="es">La
+Solidaridad</i>.</p>
+<p>Isabelo de los Reyes writes of him: &ldquo;The <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb161" href="#pb161" name=
+"pb161">161</a>]</span>savant (sic) Blumentritt the <i>brother</i> of
+the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3718" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span>, has always served us with
+disinterest (except in what concerned his pocket) and opportuneness. He
+was the first who did us justice by publishing many valuable articles
+to demonstrate, under all points of view, the superiority of the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e3721" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> (Isabelo does not say over what) and
+defending our cause against the ambition of the imperialists (that is
+the Spaniards).&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Blumentritt was a member of the society known as the
+&ldquo;<span lang="es">Amigos del Pais</span>&rdquo;<a class="noteref"
+id="xd20e3729src" href="#xd20e3729" name="xd20e3729src">25</a>, and
+remained so till his actions and writings caused well thinking
+Spaniards and <span class="corr" id="xd20e3735" title=
+"Source: philippinos">Philippinos</span><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e3737src" href="#xd20e3737" name="xd20e3737src">26</a> to call for
+his dismissal from its membership. The patriotic outcry against him
+caused him to resign on the 14th of November 1889; the Solidaridad of
+the 31st of December of the same year published his resignation. The
+press of Manila was exceptionally bitter against him and only such
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e3745" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> as those who continue up to the
+present time forming part of the <i>juntas</i> in <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb162" href="#pb162" name=
+"pb162">162</a>]</span>Hong-Kong, Madrid, Paris, London and other
+places looked up to him for the assistance they could not find at
+home.</p>
+<p id="n37"><span class="sc">Note 37.</span> It was naturally in the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e3758" title=
+"Source: Peninsular">Peninsula</span> where the chief work of the
+propaganda had to be carried on, and it was there also that the
+propaganda had the least effect. The principal instrument for the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e3761" title=
+"Source: desemination">dissemination</span> of the seed of separatist
+aspirations was the <i lang="es">Solidaridad</i> (See note <a href=
+"#n24">24</a>). The <span class="corr" id="xd20e3770" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> here, who gave their subscriptions
+and other sums of money for the support of the bi-monthly, were kept
+under the impression that the official organ was making a great noise
+in Madrid; but as it never reached the official world it was supposed
+to influence, its publication was practically useless. In the
+Philippines it served the same purpose as the <i lang="es">La
+Independencia</i>: that is, it served to keep alive the spirit of
+unrest, and by the lies it published, made the people believe that
+their leaders were going to lead them to a promised land which
+&ldquo;flowed with milk and honey.&rdquo; They eventually got into the
+promised land, only to find that the milk was very much
+&ldquo;condensed&rdquo;, and that the honey was only to be <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e3777" title="Source: gotten">got</span> after
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb163" href="#pb163" name=
+"pb163">163</a>]</span>those who secured it had been exposed to the
+very unpleasant operation of being stung by the bees which produced
+it.</p>
+<p>Instead of serving to keep together the subjects and their rulers in
+a bond of peace and tranquility, and helping them to come to a mutual
+understanding, in which state the progress and advancement of the
+islands and their inhabitants could be the easier and the better
+accomplished, the separatist element, by their propaganda, caused more
+and more strife by attacking national institutions and by casting slurs
+upon national honor. The discontent stirred up against the Spanish
+authorities was identical to that which, until the passing of the law
+of sedition and even since that time, was stirred up against the
+American sovereignty. In its propaganda against the Religious Orders,
+inciting the native clergy against the lawful authority of their
+Bishops, it was the precursor of modern Manila&rsquo;s American press.
+History tells us what was the result of the lessening of the moral
+influence of the Religious Orders in the days of Spanish rule, and
+to-day History repeats itself. The inciting of the native clergy
+against their Bishops is encouraging the natives, as a whole, to resist
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb164" href="#pb164" name=
+"pb164">164</a>]</span>lawful authority. The cry to-day is &ldquo;down
+with the friar,&rdquo; tomorrow it will be &ldquo;down with the
+American.<span class="corr" id="xd20e3786" title=
+"Not in source">&rdquo;</span> In 1888 it was down with the Religious
+Orders, in 1896 it had become &ldquo;death to all Spaniards&rdquo;. In
+1898 the American was blessed as a deliverer from oppression, in 1899
+cursed as an intruder. To-day...? Who knows the opinion of the people?
+Who but a few <i lang="es">ignorantes</i> trust the great men of the
+late revolution?</p>
+<p>In Spain the work of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3794" title=
+"Source: seperatists">separatists</span> produced no effect upon the
+people; a few here and there of the least patriotic of the scum of
+Barcelona and Madrid aided them but apart from these and the Bible
+Societies, no one interested themselves in their cause.</p>
+<p id="n39"><span class="sc">Note 39.</span> From the earliest to the
+latest days of the period of the revolt, that is from &rsquo;88 to
+&rsquo;98, this was one of the greatest obstacles to be overcome. Money
+was collected for propaganda in Spain and in Japan; what became of it
+all? Money was collected for the purpose of releasing or stealing away
+Rizal; what became of it? Funds were collected for the purchase of
+rifles and ammunition for the Katipunan, and, at the last moment,
+Andr&eacute;s Bonifacio fled with <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb165"
+href="#pb165" name="pb165">165</a>]</span>some <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e3803" title="Source: 20.000">20,000</span> pesos. This continual
+squabble over the administration of the funds is a proof clear enough,
+of the existence of organized exploiters whose pockets were of more
+concern to them than were the interests of their country.</p>
+<p id="n40"><span class="sc">Note 40.</span> It is almost needless to
+say that this latter was in the minority; later on Pilar suffered a
+marked change of <span class="corr" id="xd20e3810" title=
+"Source: temperment">temperament</span> and became more decidedly
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e3813" title=
+"Source: seperatist">separatist</span> than Rizal. Rizal was willing to
+give the goose a chance to lay her golden eggs; Pilar becoming
+impatient killed the goose with the scheme of the Katipunan.</p>
+<p id="n41"><span class="sc">Note 41.</span> &ldquo;Previous to his
+return <span class="corr" id="xd20e3820" title=
+"Source: to to">to</span> Manila Rizal lived some time in Hong-Kong.
+From there he forwarded to Moises Salvador Francisco the statutes and
+instructions for the &ldquo;Liga Filipina&rdquo;.<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e3823" title="Not in source">&rdquo;</span>&mdash;Testimony of the
+said Francisco. (fols. <span class="corr" id="xd20e3826" title=
+"Source: 1.138&ndash;1.143">1,138&ndash;1,143</span><span class="corr"
+id="xd20e3828" title="Source: ).">.)</span></p>
+<p id="n42"><span class="sc">Note 42.</span> &ldquo;It resulting that
+after some years of voluntary expatriation ... a Spanish <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e3835" title="Source: ci izen">citizen</span> (Rizal)
+born in the Philippines, directed a first letter, dated some months
+back in Hong-Kong, to the superior Authorities, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb166" href="#pb166" name=
+"pb166">166</a>]</span>offering his aid and assistance for the better
+government and progress of the Philippines, at the same time in which
+his latest book commenced circulation, for which reason no reply was
+given; and in a second letter dated in the month of May<span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e3840" title="Source: .">,</span> in which, recognizing
+the policy of generous attraction, of morality and justice here
+implanted ... announced his intention of returning to his native soil
+to dispose, together with his friends, of the property they possessed,
+and to go with their families to found, in Borneo, a filipino
+agricultural colony under English protection....&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;A few days afterwards, the Spanish citizen ... disembarked
+with his sister in Manila....&rdquo; (See also note <a href=
+"#n8">8</a>.) Extracts from the Decree of Deportation issued against
+Rizal by Governor Despujols, 7th July 1892.</p>
+<p id="n43"><span class="sc">Note 43.</span> &ldquo;In the year 1892,
+Rizal being in Manila, recently arrived from Europe, several people of
+the country were gathered together, among them Andr&eacute;s Bonifacio,
+Numeriano Adriano, Timoteo Paez and Estanislao Legaspi, in a wooden
+house in calle Dulumbayan, were a society known as the &ldquo;Liga
+Filipina&rdquo; was founded.&rdquo; Testimony <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb167" href="#pb167" name="pb167">167</a>]</span>of
+Valentin Diaz, native of Panay, Ilocos Norte.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;In May or June 1892 Jos&eacute; Rizal reached Manila; and
+encharged by him, Paez and Serrano invited a large number of persons to
+gather on a certain day ... in the house of Doroteo Ongjungco where
+Rizal manifested to those present, among whom was the witness, that it
+was necessary to form an association which should be called the
+&ldquo;Liga Filipina&rdquo;, the object and of which should be the
+attainment of the separation of these islands from Spain.&rdquo; Moises
+Salvador y Francisco (fols<span class="corr" id="xd20e3857" title=
+"Not in source">.</span> <span class="corr" id="xd20e3860" title=
+"Source: 1.296">1,296</span>&ndash;<span class="corr" id="xd20e3863"
+title="Source: 1.299">1,299</span>).</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The reunion was called by Rizal, and the witness was invited
+by <span class="corr" id="xd20e3868" title=
+"Source: Timote">Timoteo</span> Paez, who conducted him to the house of
+Doroteo <span class="corr" id="xd20e3871" title=
+"Source: Ongjunco">Ongjungco</span>.... That Jos&eacute; Rizal
+addressed those present, manifesting the convenience of establishing an
+association under the name of the &ldquo;Liga Filipina&rdquo; with the
+object of collecting funds by different means, to the end of securing
+opportunely the independence of these islands&rdquo;.... Testimony of
+Domingo Franco y Tuason (fols<span class="corr" id="xd20e3874" title=
+"Not in source">.</span> 1299&ndash;1303). <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb168" href="#pb168" name="pb168">168</a>]</span></p>
+<p id="n44"><span class="sc">Note 44.</span> It was not the aim which
+Rizal had in his mind, of delivering his country from disabilities but
+the manner in which he set to work to accomplish that end, to which
+objection must be raised. When a people suffer under the oppression of
+its rulers, all the world admires the man who rises to throw off the
+hateful yoke. But when the oppression is imaginary and when the
+so-called hero is but a marionette in the hands of political schemers
+who seek their own advantage under the shelter of a pretence to throw
+off a yoke which does not exist, one cannot admire the part played by
+the deluded &ldquo;tool&rdquo;. The emancipation from the
+mother-country was the key-note of the revolt. It was the aim of the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e3882" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> freemasons, of the Liga Filipina, of
+the Compromisarios and of the Katipunan<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e3885" title="Not in source">.</span></p>
+<p id="n45"><span class="sc">Note 45.</span> Rizal was deported to
+Dapitan, in the island of Mindanao, by decree of Governor Despujols,
+part of which has been quoted in note 42. The decree goes on to say
+that, by reason of the fact that &ldquo;the veil under which, up this
+present, he has succeeded in hiding his true intentions has been torn
+asunder,&rdquo; ... &ldquo;that he adduces no <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb169" href="#pb169" name=
+"pb169">169</a>]</span>other defence but useless denials, having
+recourse to throwing the blame of the discovery of the leaflets upon
+his own sister (see page 99)<span class="corr" id="xd20e3894" title=
+"Source: ,">.</span>...&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;In <span class="corr" id="xd20e3899" title=
+"Source: fulfilment">fulfillment</span> of the high duties which
+devolve upon me as your General and Vice Royal Patron ... I decree the
+following:...&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;1st: that Jos&eacute; Rizal shall be deported to one of the
+islands of the south....&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The responsibility of these vigorous measures which a painful
+duty imposes upon me, falls entirely upon those who by their imprudent
+aims and ungrateful proceedings come to disturb the paternal cares of
+this general government making the ordinate march of Philippine
+progress the more difficult<span class="corr" id="xd20e3906" title=
+"Not in source">.</span>&rdquo;<a class="noteref" id="xd20e3909src"
+href="#xd20e3909" name="xd20e3909src">27</a></p>
+<p>&ldquo;Manila, 7th July 1892.&mdash;Despujols.</p>
+<p id="n46"><span class="sc">Note 46.</span> &ldquo;In the month of
+April 1893, upon the initiative and invitation Juan Zulueta, now dead,
+and of Deodato Arellano, cousin of Marcelo del Pilar, a new gathering
+was called in the house of Deodato Arellano, with the object of
+establishing anew the <i>Liga Filipina</i> under the same bases and for
+the same ends....&rdquo; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb170" href=
+"#pb170" name="pb170">170</a>]</span></p>
+<p id="n47"><span class="sc">Note 47.</span> The determinate ends of
+the <span class="corr" id="xd20e3927" title=
+"Source: seperatists">separatists</span> have already been spoken of in
+note 3, which see.</p>
+<p id="n48"><span class="sc">Note 48.</span> See note <a href=
+"#n102">102</a>.</p>
+<p id="n49"><span class="sc">Note 49.</span> &ldquo;The object of the
+society (the Liga) is the establishment of shops, workshops,
+businesses, industries and even a bank if possible, with the end in
+view of collecting funds for an armed rising.&rdquo;&mdash;Testimony of
+Juan Dizon Matanza, (fols<span class="corr" id="xd20e3941" title=
+"Not in source">.</span> <span class="corr" id="xd20e3944" title=
+"Source: 1.132">1,132</span>&ndash;<span class="corr" id="xd20e3947"
+title="Source: 1.138">1,138</span>.)</p>
+<p id="n50"><span class="sc">Note 50.</span> The ceremonies practiced
+by the <i>Liga</i> <span class="corr" id="xd20e3957" title=
+"Source: differred">differed</span> but little from those practiced by
+the Katipunan. The chief difference lay in the fact that the ceremonial
+of the Katipunan partook more of the grotesque, of the absurd, of
+paganism.</p>
+<p>Pio Valenzuela in recounting the forms and ceremonies practiced upon
+his initiation, said:</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Once in the house<a class="noteref" id="xd20e3964src" href=
+"#xd20e3964" name="xd20e3964src">28</a>, they spoke of many things,
+<i>en r&eacute;sum&eacute;</i>, that the aim of <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb171" href="#pb171" name="pb171">171</a>]</span>the
+association was to obtain the independence of the Philippines,
+oppressed and enslaved by the Spaniards. Placing, later on, a dagger at
+his breast, they obliged him to throw himself upon it, a thing which
+the witness could not pluck up courage enough to do; whereupon they
+placed it in his hand, leading him to a man whom he recognized to be
+seated, and ordered him (the witness) to strike him with the dagger, a
+thing which he dare not do either. He was then conducted into a room
+and addressed by a person he knew to be Bonifacio by the voice, who
+informed him that he could not retrace his steps because he knew of the
+existence of the society, but he could not assist at the <i>juntas</i>
+nor could they teach him the signs of recognition till he had been
+re-initiated; they moreover made him sign two sheets of blank paper,
+causing him to swear never to reveal the existence of the society to
+anyone, under the pain of <span class="corr" id="xd20e3978" title=
+"Source: asssasination">assassination</span>. They then removed the
+bandage which he was blindfolded and he saw around him eight or nine
+individuals dressed in cloaks and hoods; he signed the two sheets of
+paper and was again blindfolded and conducted to a considerable
+distance from the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb172" href="#pb172"
+name="pb172">172</a>]</span>house where the bandage was again
+removed.</p>
+<p>Another member of the Katipunan in his declaration made on the 22nd
+of September 1896, stated that during the month of February 1893, one
+Sunday morning, a certain Estanislao Legaspi entered his store, telling
+him to accompany him in a <i lang="es">calesa</i><span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e3988" title="Source: ,">.</span> He listened to tirades against
+the Spanish Government till their arrival at the house of a certain
+Tranquilino Torres, in calle Elcano<span class="corr" id="xd20e3991"
+title="Not in source">.</span> Here &ldquo;his eyes were bandaged by
+Legaspi and he was handed over to the care of another individual who
+conducted him to the upper story of the house and made him sit down; he
+then heard a person whom he knew to be Legaspi by his voice speak,
+saying several things against the Spanish Government, demanding of him
+an oath of blind obedience, and a defense of the Philippines till the
+shedding of the last drop of his blood, threatening him with fearful
+punishments if he should turn traitor. This ceremony being terminated,
+his eyes were unbound and he saw, on a table, a skull which they made
+him kiss, and Legaspi handed him a lance commanding him to wound
+himself in the arm; but he felt a feeling of <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb173" href="#pb173" name=
+"pb173">173</a>]</span>faintheartedness come over him, and manifested
+to those present that he had not courage enough to wound himself and
+wished that the oath he had taken be enough; he was dispensed from the
+operation. When the bandage was removed the eight individuals composing
+the <i lang="es">junta</i> were masked with black hoods, but after he
+kissed the skull and attempted to wound himself they removed the hoods
+and he then recognized Estanislao Legaspi who presided, Mariano de
+Vera, Teodoro Plata and Juan de la Cruz who was a clerk of the
+Tabacalera, and who had led him upstairs; he did not know the other
+three. The witness paid two pesos as entrance fee promising to pay 50
+cents monthly. He asked Legaspi what association it was, and he replied
+that it was the <i lang="es">Liga Filipina</i>.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>In the daily report of the secret police department made to General
+Blanco on the 30th of June 1896, is the following notice:<a id=
+"xd20e4004" name="xd20e4004"></a></p>
+<p>&ldquo;Herewith is given translated most faithfully from Tagalog,
+the result of an interview held with a well-to-do indian who belonged
+to the most popular of the masonic lodges, who tried to draw into it a
+friend. Questioned upon certain affairs, he said: &ldquo;In the masonic
+lodges of San Juan del Monte <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb174" href=
+"#pb174" name="pb174">174</a>]</span>and of Pandacan, the whole pueblo,
+rich and poor, is inscribed.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;In the reunions the brethren attend blind-folded, and the
+chiefs with the face covered.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The person who desires to enter the lodge is obliged to have
+his face covered and his eyes bandaged in sign of blind obedience; the
+proofs are carried out and signature made as follows. The person
+receiving the initiated takes a dagger and gives it to him saying to
+him: do you <span class="corr" id="xd20e4014" title=
+"Source: sware">swear</span> to be steel like that which you hold in
+your hand and not to bend in the exigencies which oppress and vex us,
+and to labor in pro of the independence of your enslaved country? I
+swear answers the person to be initiated. Do you <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e4017" title="Source: sware">swear</span> not to have father,
+mother, wife, child nor any relative but the revenging arm which shall
+sleep and live with you? I swear. They then surround him with arms of
+all classes and say to him: here is thy family, thy only work, and may
+it give thee thy life and open thy eyes for thy good of the country.
+They then make a small incision in the form of a cross in the right arm
+near the shoulder.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;At present our meetings are held at night and in the most
+lonely fields, with <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb175" href="#pb175"
+name="pb175">175</a>]</span>the object of not being
+surprised.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p>
+<p>&ldquo;It is well known among us masons that Rizal is attributed
+with the faculty of being able to translate his person instantaneously
+from one point to another.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p>
+<p id="n51"><span class="sc">Note 51.</span> Juan Casta&ntilde;eda
+testified on the 21st of September 1896 before the Chief Inspector of
+the Corps of <span class="corr" id="xd20e4038" title=
+"Source: Vigilence">Vigilance</span> that &ldquo;he was recommended to
+make the greatest amount of propaganda possible, of Japanese ideas in
+the pueblo of Imus.&rdquo; The Japanese ideas here spoken of were those
+of the foundation of the Japanese protectorate.</p>
+<p id="n52"><span class="sc">Note 52.</span> Money! money!! money!!!
+was the great cry in the majority of the masonic correspondence between
+the workers in Spain and those who had to supply the funds here. On the
+8th of June 1892 Morayta wrote to bro&there4; Panday-Pira informing him
+(a <span class="corr" id="xd20e4045" title=
+"Source: favority">favorite</span> custom of Morayta&rsquo;s) that what
+was wanted was &ldquo;money to invite journalists (to dine or <i>take a
+drink</i>) and to pay articles in the papers.&rdquo; Morayta,
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e4051" title=
+"Source: propably">probably</span> with tears in his eyes, in ending
+his letter, heaves a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb176" href="#pb176"
+name="pb176">176</a>]</span>sigh, whilst his fingers itching for the
+touch of gold, nervously clutch the pen which scrawls these words:
+&ldquo;if we only had here a good administrator with funds then you
+would see how we should advance!&rdquo;</p>
+<p>On the 22nd of June 1892 the secretary of the Gr&there4; Or&there4;
+Esp&there4; wrote to the same explaining how &ldquo;<i>in a few
+meetings, a couple of banquets and a few presents made at the right
+time</i>&rdquo; much could be accomplished.</p>
+<p id="n53"><span class="sc">Note 53.</span> Rizal had money troubles
+previously with Pilar in Madrid (see note 39). The excessive earnest
+and zeal displayed at the time of the foundation of the <i>Liga</i> by
+Rizal died away on his deportation. This zeal was owing to the
+captivating manner in which the founder demonstrated to his audience
+the brilliant future to be attained by such an undertaking. Rizal had
+the advantage of a ready oratory and like Bonifacio, drew his hearers
+to his cause in spite of themselves. And then again, the same as in
+masonry, the association was secret, and its true end and aim were but
+whispered; and whilst many of the associated were laboring to assist,
+as they thought, in the fomentation of the <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb177" href="#pb177" name=
+"pb177">177</a>]</span>culture and advancement of the country, they
+were in reality playing with the toy <span class="corr" id="xd20e4070"
+title="Source: alloted">allotted</span> to them by the society, whilst
+the chief members, those members <i>best suited to be masons</i>, as
+says the Gr&there4; Sec&there4; of the Gr&there4; Or&there4;
+Esp&there4;<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4076src" href="#xd20e4076" name=
+"xd20e4076src">29</a>, carried on the true work of the <i>Liga</i>. As
+in the lower degrees of any secret society, and of masonry in
+particular, the members are unaware of what is aimed at in the degrees
+to which they have not attained, to which all cannot attain, and the
+secrets of which are zealously guarded, so it was in the
+<i>Liga</i>.</p>
+<p>Upon its re-establishment the Liga counted among its members several
+who aimed at the leadership. The absence of Rizal, deported to Dapitan,
+left open the door for unbridled ambition. Everyone wanted to be the
+head. This together with money troubles brought about considerable ill
+feeling between the absent founder and those continuing the work of the
+association. Rizal <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb178" href="#pb178"
+name="pb178">178</a>]</span>had so far kept up a continual secret
+communication with the Liga, thanks to the liberty allowed him by his
+keepers in Mindanao, who guarded him with scandalous carelessness; and
+thanks also to the <span class="corr" id="xd20e4093" title=
+"Source: emisaries">emissaries</span> sent to him from Manila in search
+of instructions and advice. The result of the ill-feeling thus brought
+about was the rupture in official relations between the <i>Liga</i> and
+its founder.</p>
+<p id="n54"><span class="sc">Note 54.</span> See note <a href=
+"#n39">39</a>.</p>
+<p id="n55"><span class="sc">Note 55.</span> One of the facts clearly
+developed in the trials of those suspected of treason, was that the
+guilty ones had taken the utmost care not to leave behind them traces
+of their work. This was principally the case with Rizal and the other
+chief workers of the revolt, and of those who formed the association of
+<i>Compromisarios</i>.</p>
+<p id="n56"><span class="sc">Note 56.</span> Both Pedro and Francisco
+Roxas were honorary councillors of the Administration. On the 19th of
+September 1896 Blanco published the following decrees:</p>
+<p>&ldquo;In as much as Sr. D. Francisco Roxas, honorary councillor of
+the Administration <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb179" href="#pb179"
+name="pb179">179</a>]</span>is found under process in the courts of
+law: in the use of the faculties in me invested, I decree that he cease
+from the exercise of his functions etc., etc.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>And on the 30th of September the following:</p>
+<p>&ldquo;In as much as the Excellent Sr. D. Pedro P. Roxas, honorary
+councillor of the Administration has been found under process in the
+courts of law, for rebellion; in the use of my faculties, etc.,
+etc.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Moises Salvador y Francisco testified (fols<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e4128" title="Not in source">.</span> 1138&ndash;1143) that
+&ldquo;among the persons who sympathised with the cause and who aided
+it with their means for its realization, he remembered D. Pedro Roxas
+and D. Francisco Roxas ... (and others); and there existed in the
+provinces others whose names he could not remember.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Domingo Franco y Tuason testified on the 30th of September 1896
+(fols. 1332&ndash;1337) that &ldquo;in another of the several
+interviews he had with Francisco L. Roxas, he asked him if in the
+circle of his relations (with the association) he counted with persons
+who had offered to aid the objects and ends of the <i lang=
+"es">Liga</i>. Sr. Roxas replied: Yes. And in proof thereof he drew
+from a <span class="corr" id="xd20e4136" title=
+"Source: draw">drawer</span> in his <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb180" href="#pb180" name="pb180">180</a>]</span>desk a record which
+he read, and among the names he read the witness remembered those of
+don P. Roxas and others.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>When Francisco Roxas found himself in danger of arrest, he attempted
+to flee to Hong-Kong, but was captured on board the ship which was to
+carry him there. From the ship he was conducted under arrest to the
+<i lang="es">Comendancia</i> of the <i lang="es">Veterana</i> where he
+remained several days, at the end of which he was transferred to the
+Fort of Santiago.</p>
+<p>Francisco was a <span class="corr" id="xd20e4151" title=
+"Source: millonaire">millionaire</span> who had received from Spain a
+name and reputation superior to his personal merits, and yet in spite
+of all that the mother-country had done for him in raising him up to a
+position to which he could never have attained without her aid, he was
+found to have placed himself in the <span class="corr" id="xd20e4154"
+title="Source: van-guard">vanguard</span> of the bitterest enemies of
+his country. He was the director of the workings of separatism and was
+the chief provider of arms for the revolt, as was testified by
+innumerable witnesses.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4157src" href=
+"#xd20e4157" name="xd20e4157src">30</a><a id="xd20e4162" name=
+"xd20e4162"></a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb181" href="#pb181"
+name="pb181">181</a>]</span></p>
+<p>On the eve of his execution for treason Francisco penned
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e4167" title="Source: to">the</span>
+following abjuration:</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I, Francisco L. Roxas, on the eve of my death, in reparation
+for what in my words and actions may have offended my neighbor; for
+warning of others of my person and in order to satisfy my conscience,
+to the end that no one, and especially my children, fall into the net
+of freemasonry, or of any other secret society, all of which I detest
+and curse, and be not in a day to come ungrateful sons of our Mother
+Spain, beg pardon for all my faults and bad example.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I die in the Holy Roman Catholic Apostolic faith in which I
+was born and educated in a christian manner. I admit all that she
+admits and condemn all that she condemns.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;This I sign with my own hand with entire liberty.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Jany. 10th 1897 in Manila, Royal Fort of Santiago.&mdash;F. L.
+Roxas:&mdash;Witnesses: Antonio Pardo and Felix
+Garc&iacute;a<span class="corr" id="xd20e4178" title=
+"Not in source">.</span></p>
+<p>On January 11th Gov. Gen. Polavieja telegraphed to Madrid as
+follows:</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Sentenced by council of War, to-day there have been executed
+(shot) twelve persons <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb182" href=
+"#pb182" name="pb182">182</a>]</span>guilty of treason ... among them
+Francisco Roxas, Councillor of Administration; Nijaga, Lieut. of native
+infantry; Villaroel, Villareal, Moises Salvador and others.&rdquo;</p>
+<hr class="tb">
+<p>Pedro Roxas was also a millionaire who inherited a good fortune,
+which, under the shelter of official protection multiplied
+considerably. Spain honored him with the grand cross of Isabela la
+Cat&oacute;lica. Like Francisco he was a Councillor of Administration.
+He possessed a large estate in Nasugbu which, when the revolt broke
+out, became an insurgent hornet&rsquo;s nest. There the rebels had a
+cannon, three falconettes and a large number of arms.</p>
+<p>After having been deprived of his office by decree previously
+mentioned, Pedro Roxas secured in some way or other from Blanco,
+permission to go to Spain. On arrival at Singapore he landed and
+remained there. Later on he was defended in the Spanish Cort&eacute;s
+by Sr. Romero Robledo<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4197src" href=
+"#xd20e4197" name="xd20e4197src">31</a>. In Manila, to those who could
+judge of the facts on the spot, this defence came as a thunderbolt.
+However, the Spanish paper <i lang="es">El <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb183" href="#pb183" name=
+"pb183">183</a>]</span>Correo</i> in the issue of August 15th said:</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The conduct of Sr. Roxas results satisfactorily cleared, so
+that no doubt remains in respect to his complete disconnection with the
+revolt.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Among the separatist element Pedro Roxas was known as the Emperor
+Pedro I.</p>
+<p id="n57"><span class="sc">Note 57.</span> Maximo M. A. Paterno was
+the father of the well known Pedro Paterno<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e4213" title="Source: ,">.</span> Maximo was in his latter days
+the leading spirit of the celebrations held in honor of the amnesty
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e4216" title=
+"Source: proclamed">proclaimed</span> in 1900, by the late President
+McKinley. He died at the age of 76, just before the celebrations took
+place.</p>
+<p>This amnesty celebration, like most things attempted by <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e4221" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> alone,
+turned but a fiasco, the speeches which were to be delivered on the
+occasion not being in any way in keeping with the oath of allegiance
+taken by the speakers. The speeches contemplated were in advocation of
+practically the same thing as that for which the rebels had been
+keeping up an armed struggle, and so, when the U. S. Commission was
+invited by Pedro Paterno to be present thereat, it naturally was unable
+to accept the invitation. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb184" href=
+"#pb184" name="pb184">184</a>]</span></p>
+<p>The whole celebration was an abortive attempt on the part of its
+organizers to antagonize the Military and Civil authorities. Mr. Taft,
+as president of the Commission, at first accepted the invitation
+extended, supposing the <span class="corr" id="xd20e4227" title=
+"Source: speaches">speeches</span> to be given, had been censored by
+the proper authorities, at that time the military; but on finding that
+this was not so, he declined in the name of the other members of the
+Commission, and thus avoided the <span class="corr" id="xd20e4230"
+title="Source: unpleasentness">unpleasantness</span> of being present
+at a banquet at which both the Military and the Civil authorities would
+be insulted and the Government of the U. S. defied.</p>
+<p>On the 28th of July 1900, the day of the banquet, Mr. Taft on behalf
+of his fellow Commissioners, addressed a letter to Pedro Paterno on the
+subject. See Appendix J.</p>
+<p>Pedro Paterno was one of those who for a considerable time refused
+to take the oath of allegiance; with him were others, Mabini in
+particular.</p>
+<p>Maximo Paterno had received from Spain the Cross of Knight of the
+Royal and American Order of Isabela La Cat&oacute;lica. <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb185" href="#pb185" name="pb185">185</a>]</span></p>
+<p id="n58"><span class="sc">Note 58.</span> <i>And others</i>: Among
+the names mentioned in many of the documents I have consulted on the
+subject of the trials of those guilty of treason, I have frequently
+come across those of Linjap (Mariano), Chidian (Telesforo), Yangco
+(Luis R.), and others. Of this latter Domingo Franco was asked during
+his trial, if Luis R. Yangco had assisted at any reunion of the
+<i lang="es">compromisarios</i>, to which he replied that he (Yangco)
+had not assisted at any session (fols. 1381&ndash;1382)<span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e4251" title="Not in source">.</span></p>
+<p>As I have already remarked in another note, many of those charged
+with complicity in the affairs of the revolt were latter on proved to
+be innocent. That considerable number of the wealthy natives and
+half-castes sympathised more or less with the idea of greater
+liberality in government, is undoubtedly true, but that they extended
+their sympathies to the aims of the hordes of cut-throats led by
+Bonifacio is absurd.</p>
+<p>The leading <span class="corr" id="xd20e4258" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> and many insular Spaniards sighed
+for privileges which the Government of Madrid did not deem well to
+concede. To bring pressure upon the Government some of these combined
+to support in the metropolis, some of their number who <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb186" href="#pb186" name=
+"pb186">186</a>]</span>should keep up the work of agitation. This
+agitation however took a form displeasing to many, who thereupon ceased
+to lend it their aid and consent. But few of the leaders of the people,
+especially of the wealthy ones, desired to cut themselves adrift from
+Spain, and not till a few insignificant beings such as Aguinaldo,
+Bonifacio, Mabini, and Pilar (Pio del) and Buencamino came upon the
+scene did the idea of independence of the island really take form. A
+faint idea of such a thing as independence did exist formerly, but the
+enlightened <span class="corr" id="xd20e4263" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> saw, only too clearly, the
+probable result.</p>
+<p>The wealthy proprietors here cited, no doubt sympathised more or
+less with the <i>Liga Filipina</i> in its beginning, whilst it was
+under the complete control of its founder Rizal; but as the <i>Liga</i>
+lost the character given to it by Rizal, and underwent the change it
+did, it is only natural to suppose that many of its former supporters
+left it as they would a sinking ship. However the fact that they were
+identified with the original <i>Liga</i> seems to have been taken as a
+proof of their connection with the revolt<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e4277" title="Source: ,">.</span> This is certainly the opinion
+expressed by Sr. Diaz. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb187" href=
+"#pb187" name="pb187">187</a>]</span></p>
+<p id="n59"><span class="sc">Note 59.</span> Mactan is the name of the
+island upon which Magallanes, the famous explorer, met his death at the
+hands of the savage <span class="corr" id="xd20e4285" title=
+"Source: hoardes">hordes</span> who at that time peopled the land.
+Names of places and persons associated with the disasters suffered by
+Spain, were greatly admired among the <span class="corr" id="xd20e4288"
+title="Source: seperatists">separatists</span>. Surely Mactan, an
+island peopled by savages at the time of its chief notoriety, and
+Mayon, the site of a destructive volcano, are very suitable names to
+give to such centers as were the popular councils of Trozo and Sta.
+Cruz.</p>
+<p id="n60"><span class="sc">Note 60.</span> On the 30th of August
+1895, the Civil Governor of Batangas asked of the commander of the
+Guardia Civil of Lemery, information concerning &ldquo;persons in the
+pueblo of Taal who were distinguished for their <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e4295" title="Source: seperatist">separatists</span>
+opinions&rdquo;. The said commander replied that a report on all such
+persons would be unending, and <span class="corr" id="xd20e4298" title=
+"Source: proceded">proceeded</span> to cite the case of Felipe
+Agoncillo to <span class="corr" id="xd20e4301" title=
+"Source: personificy">personify</span> the said <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e4304" title="Source: seperatist">separatist</span> element, as
+follows:</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Among the group of the chief ones and as chief of them,
+stands Felipe Agoncillo, <span class="corr" id="xd20e4309" title=
+"Source: propritetor">proprietor</span> and lawyer<span class="corr"
+id="xd20e4312" title="Not in source">.</span>&rdquo; He then goes on to
+explain how Agoncillo imposed his will upon <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb188" href="#pb188" name=
+"pb188">188</a>]</span>every one in the pueblo, even upon the
+Municipality, no law or regulation sent even by the highest authorities
+going into force until it had been passed upon by him. &ldquo;It would
+be difficult,&rdquo; says he, &ldquo;for me to collect any perfect
+proof of his anti-Spanish tendencies which are, however, self-evident
+to the Spanish element of this province<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e4317" title="Source: &rdquo;.">.&rdquo;</span> This report, which
+was a sufficient <span class="corr" id="xd20e4320" title=
+"Source: warningof">warning of</span> danger, was sent to the Gov. of
+Batangas on the 18th of September 1895. He immediately forwarded it to
+Gen. Blanco. About three months afterwards Blanco looked into the
+matter, circumstances demanding that some steps should be taken to
+preserve national honor; and he decided to deport six of the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e4324" title=
+"Source: seperatists">separatists</span> as an example to the
+remainder. Of these six one was Agoncillo. This industrious filibuster
+had influential and <span class="corr" id="xd20e4327" title=
+"Source: watchfull">watchful</span> friends in Manila, who, upon seeing
+the turn things were taking, telegraphed him &ldquo;<span lang=
+"es">Caf&eacute; en baja; fuera existencias.</span>&rdquo; This was
+warning sufficient and Agoncillo accompanied by Ramon Atienza succeeded
+in escaping.</p>
+<p>On the 14th of April the Japanese Mail Steamer Hiorine left Manila.
+On this steamer Agoncillo fled, hidden it is said, in a coal
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb189" href="#pb189" name=
+"pb189">189</a>]</span>bunk. The <i lang="es">Heraldo de Madrid</i> of
+the 16th of September 1896, in speaking of the affair says:
+&ldquo;Agoncillo gave the captain of the ship the sum of 350 pesos as
+gratification and on this account had placed at his disposal upon
+arrival at Kobe, a ship&rsquo;s boat, whilst the remaining passengers
+had to hire their transportation.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>On the 2nd of May 1896, the secret police of Manila reported to Gen.
+Blanco, as follows:</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Notice is hereby given of the sailing for Japan of Felipe
+Agoncillo, property-owner of the province of Batangas, who goes to put
+himself at the disposition of the junta magna (in Japan), carrying with
+him some 80,000 pesos collected in Lipa, Taal and other pueblos, for
+the sustainment of anti-Spanish propaganda.<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e4344" title="Not in source">&rdquo;</span></p>
+<p>Like most of the leaders of the separatist campaign, Agoncillo was
+astute. He partook of that peculiar trait of the native character: a
+sharpness of perception, a cuteness which one not acquainted with the
+indian would take for intelligence. An <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e4350" title="Source: indian">Indian</span> will often do
+something remarkable, but in spite of its appearance of being an
+extraordinary action, a result of a well thought <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb190" href="#pb190" name="pb190">190</a>]</span>out
+plan, it proceeds in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, from instinct
+rather from intelligence. Native peoples are more accustomed to use
+their common-sense than most of us and hence arises the fact, that
+frequently the <span class="corr" id="xd20e4355" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> has <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e4358" title="Source: autwitted">outwitted</span> both the
+military and the civil <span class="corr" id="xd20e4361" title=
+"Source: outhorities">authorities</span>. England learned this lesson
+in dealing with the Oriental in India, Spain learned it here, and
+America has yet to discover the same truth.</p>
+<p>Mr. Wildman<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4366src" href="#xd20e4366"
+name="xd20e4366src">32</a>, the late U. S. Consul at Hong-Kong, once
+affirmed of Agoncillo, &ldquo;Sr. Agoncillo is a very intelligent and
+daring diplomat (the Government later on found him to be far more
+daring than intelligent), and could fill the position of chief of any
+department of State in any civilized country.&rdquo; But then, it was
+nothing strange for Wildman to make such breaks! <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb191" href="#pb191" name="pb191">191</a>]</span></p>
+<p id="n61"><span class="sc">Note 61.</span> Among these honorable
+exceptions which Sr. Diaz says he has great pleasure in recognizing,
+might be mentioned several who were <span class="corr" id="xd20e4406"
+title="Source: falsly">falsely</span> accused and whose names have gone
+down to the reading public in the works of various writers who wrote in
+good faith, branded with the mark of ingratitude which characterized
+and still characterizes so many natives and half-castes.</p>
+<p>It gives a careful student of the subject more than passing pleasure
+to be able to give the lie to those who in their testimony classified
+as members of the infernal plot to &ldquo;cut the throats of every
+Spaniard, without regard even to parentage&rdquo;, the names
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb192" href="#pb192" name=
+"pb192">192</a>]</span>of some of the most prominent <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e4413" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> of to-day,
+men who although they have not grovelled in the dust before the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e4416" title=
+"Source: conquerer">conqueror</span> and accepted positions under the
+new Government, are more truly prominent than those who assert
+themselves as the &ldquo;leaders&rdquo; of the people.</p>
+<p>Among these honorable exceptions there were many who although they
+came to form part of the so-called Revolutionary Government, did so
+only when Spanish rule had ceased to exist, and when the accepted
+opinion was that a government elected by the people would be recognized
+by the U. S. These, however, were never traitors to the mother country;
+they were men who treated Spain as every honorable man should treat his
+country. These were not men who changed their religion as they changed
+their clothes: to suit the occasion. They were not men who concealed
+their titles to freemason degrees, at the bottom of their trunks, and
+exposed them with pride upon the change of sovereignty. These men were
+never perjurers, never traitors. Born and raised in the bosom of the
+Catholic faith they remained faithful to it, and faithful to the
+traditions of the country which gave <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb193" href="#pb193" name="pb193">193</a>]</span>them their political
+being; and it is with great pleasure that, with Sr. Diaz, I also can
+say, that I have great pleasure in recognizing these honorable
+exceptions, and in proof thereof have I dedicated this small historical
+sketch to them.</p>
+<p id="n62"><span class="sc">Note 62.</span> Day by day the morality in
+the administration of the funds became worse, and so intense did the
+ill-feeling engendered by pride become, that the members forgot all
+about the fomentation of the culture and advancement of the country.
+Like a nursery full of <span class="corr" id="xd20e4427" title=
+"Source: wilful">willful</span> children, they all wanted their own
+way, and when they could not have it, some cried: &ldquo;now I
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e4430" title=
+"Source: sha&rsquo;nt">shan&rsquo;t</span> play<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e4433" title="Not in source">,</span>&rdquo; &ldquo;now I&rsquo;ll
+go and tell <a id="xd20e4436" name="xd20e4436"></a>ma;&rdquo; this
+perhaps was the chief cause of the dissolution of the association, for
+some did go and tell &ldquo;ma;&rdquo; and the wealthy members, and
+those who had anything to lose, were immediately overcome with abject
+fear lest &ldquo;ma&rdquo; should punish them with a good spanking.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;In the month of October 1893, the Superior Council becoming
+aware that some documents pertaining, to the <i lang="es">Liga</i> had
+been handed over to the offices of the General Government, the
+dissolution of the society <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb194" href=
+"#pb194" name="pb194">194</a>]</span>was
+determined.&rdquo;&mdash;Testimony of Domingo Franco y Tuason. (fols.
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e4445" title=
+"Source: 1.299">1,299</span>&ndash;<span class="corr" id="xd20e4448"
+title="Source: 1.303">1,303</span>).</p>
+<p>On the 25th of May 1896, notice was given by the secret police to
+Governor General Blanco, as follows:</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Notice is herewith given of the existence in Manila, of a
+Society named <i lang="es">La Liga Filipina</i>, to which are
+affiliated a large number of individuals....&rdquo;</p>
+<p id="n63"><span class="sc">Note 63.</span> The testimony given by
+many of the political prisoners as to the foundation, aims and work of
+the <i>Compromisarios</i> is somewhat conflicting. For instance:
+Antonio Salazar, (fols. <span class="corr" id="xd20e4465" title=
+"Source: 1.008">1,008</span>&ndash;<span class="corr" id="xd20e4468"
+title="Source: 1.013">1,013</span>) testified that on account of the
+mal-administration of the funds, &ldquo;the subscription on behalf of
+<i>La Propaganda</i> ceased, and under the name of
+<i>Compromisarios</i> was founded an association <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e4478" title="Source: compossed">composed</span> of ... (here
+follow names of members), and seeing that they could not gather
+sufficient funds, they agreed to increase the subscription and seek
+persons to associate with them.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>On another occasion the same witness testified (fols. <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e4483" title=
+"Source: 1.014">1,014</span>&ndash;<span class="corr" id="xd20e4486"
+title="Source: 1.018">1,018</span>) that certain persons whom he named
+were the &ldquo;<i lang="es">Compromisarios</i>, who were in communion
+with Marcelo <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb195" href="#pb195" name=
+"pb195">195</a>]</span>(del Pilar), and who remitted money to
+him.&rdquo; He also stated that &ldquo;on account of the bad conduct
+observed in Madrid by Pilar, ... some of the <i lang=
+"es">Compromisarios</i> refused to send him resources.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>In reply to a question as to the relationship between the <i lang=
+"es">Compromisarios</i> and the <i>Katipunan</i>, he gave as his
+opinion, that &ldquo;there could be no doubt that both societies aimed
+at the same end.&rdquo; At fols. 1118&ndash;1129 the same witness
+affirmed that &ldquo;as the partisans of Rizal and Pilar ... saw that
+neither masonry nor the <i>Liga</i> could hope for funds<a class=
+"noteref" id="xd20e4509src" href="#xd20e4509" name=
+"xd20e4509src">33</a>, they formed the society of <i lang=
+"es">Compromisarios</i> among wealthy persons of Manila and the
+Provinces.<span class="corr" id="xd20e4516" title=
+"Not in source">&rdquo;</span></p>
+<p>Domingo Franco affirmed that the outbreak of the revolt came as a
+great surprise to the <i>Compromisarios</i>.</p>
+<p>As to the aims of the society, Mois&eacute;s Salvador y Francisco is
+authority for the statement that: <span class="corr" id="xd20e4526"
+title="Source: &lsquo;">&ldquo;</span>in one of the <i>juntas</i> they
+treated of the provision of arms and other material of war; and it was
+agreed, moreover, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb196" href="#pb196"
+name="pb196">196</a>]</span>to gather funds for the said expenses, and
+as the <i>junta</i> replied that it was <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e4537" title="Source: imposible">impossible</span> at that time, a
+committee was appointed, composed of Jos&eacute; Ramos, Doroteo
+Cort&eacute;s and Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, to draw up a petition
+for the aid of Japan.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Mois&eacute;s also affirmed (fols. <span class="corr" id="xd20e4542"
+title="Source: 1.296">1,296</span>&ndash;<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e4545" title="Source: 1.299">1,299</span>) that the Supreme
+Council of the <i>Compromisarios</i> was formed as follows:</p>
+<div class="table">
+<table>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>President</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Domingo Franco.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Secretary</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Apolinario Mabini.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Treasurer</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Bonifacio Ar&eacute;valo.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td rowspan="3" class="xd20e777">Vocales</td>
+<td rowspan="3" class="xd20e1225"><img src="images/leftbrace3.gif" alt=
+"" width="10" height="74"></td>
+<td>Numeriano Adriano.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Ambrosio Bautista.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Mois&eacute;s Salvador.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<p>Domingo Franco (fol. <span class="corr" id="xd20e4586" title=
+"Source: 1.299">1,299</span>&ndash;<span class="corr" id="xd20e4589"
+title="Source: 1.303">1,303</span>) <span class="corr" id="xd20e4592"
+title="Source: tetified">testified</span> that upon the dissolution of
+the <i>Liga</i>, and in the month of October 1894, there gathered
+together in a house of the witness, Numeriano Adriano, Apolinario
+Mabini, Isidoro Francisco, Deodato Arellano and the witness, and it was
+decided to constitute the association known as the <i lang=
+"es"><span class="corr" id="xd20e4599" title=
+"Source: compromisarios">Compromisarios</span></i>, endeavouring to
+gather as many as forty members, each paying a monthly subscription
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb197" href="#pb197" name=
+"pb197">197</a>]</span>of 5 pesos, for the sustainment of the <i lang=
+"es">La Solidaridad</i>.</p>
+<p>The same witness also testified (fols<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e4610" title="Not in source">.</span> <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e4613" title="Source: 1.332">1,332</span>&ndash;<span class="corr"
+id="xd20e4616" title="Source: 1.337">1,337</span>) that &ldquo;The
+<i>Liga</i> and the <i>Katipunan</i> were constituted in three groups,
+viz<span class="corr" id="xd20e4626" title="Not in source">.</span>:
+the Supreme Council or the aristocracy, under the presidency of
+Francisco L. <span class="corr" id="xd20e4629" title=
+"Source: Rojas">Roxas</span>; the <i lang="es">Compromisarios</i> or
+middle classes, divided into <i>juntas</i> or local councils.... The
+third <span class="corr" id="xd20e4638" title=
+"Source: aggroupation">aggregation</span> was the <i>Katipunan</i>
+under the presidency of Andr&eacute;s Bonifacio, and was composed of
+the lower classes.</p>
+<p>From all this we gather that the association of <i lang=
+"es">Compromisarios</i> was founded with the idea of collecting funds
+to continue the work commenced by masonry and the <i>Liga</i>. The
+association was, practically, a committee formed to take up the work of
+the <i>Liga</i>, but formed in such a manner as to avoid suspicion, and
+all compromise with the late <i>Liga</i>. In its formation, its duties
+and its methods, it differed from both the <i>Liga</i> and from the
+<i>Katipunan</i>, but whilst differing from them it formed a tie
+between them, <span class="corr" id="xd20e4665" title=
+"Source: carring">carrying</span> on a work which the <i>Katipunan</i>
+could not carry on of itself. The <i>Liga</i> died; and its
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e4674" title="Source: mantel">mantle</span>
+fell upon the <i>Compromisarios</i>. This society inspired,
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb198" href="#pb198" name=
+"pb198">198</a>]</span>watched over and protected the labor of its
+successor, the <i>Katipunan</i>, the fighting machine of the separatist
+or filibuster element.</p>
+<p id="n64"><span class="sc">Note 64.</span> The idea which appeared to
+pervade the minds of the so-called progressive <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e4690" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> was that with a
+code of laws <i>&aacute; la Europea</i>, the adoption of some or other
+new fangled idea imported from France, Germany or anywhere but the
+Peninsular, the <span class="corr" id="xd20e4696" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> would immediately attain the
+advancement and culture enjoyed among the Japanese. To anyone not
+acquainted with either the <span class="corr" id="xd20e4699" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> or the Japanese, such an idea might
+be acceptable; but no student of Oriental races, nor even the mere
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e4702" title="Source: causual">casual</span>
+observer of these two peoples, would venture to predict than even with
+all the advantages of modernism the <span class="corr" id="xd20e4706"
+title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> now enjoys, will he, as a
+people, attain to such a state of culture as that enjoyed by the sons
+of the Empire of the Rising Sun even in a hundred years.</p>
+<p>Among the European peoples the progress of civilization and
+regeneration was slow but it was none the less decisive. Among
+Orientals it is, as a rule, quick but not lasting. Among almost all
+Oriental peoples <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb199" href="#pb199"
+name="pb199">199</a>]</span>the rising generation is bright and gives
+signs of great possibilities; but these youths after having passed with
+honors through college and university, too often end their lives as
+they began them&mdash;as children. What the Oriental lacks is
+stability. Nothing is more common in the Philippines than to find that
+your cook or coachman has completed four-fifths of his studies as
+lawyer, doctor or something else. The <span class="corr" id="xd20e4713"
+title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> who has reached the age of
+thirty and has not, in these days, been <i lang="tl">bata</i><a class=
+"noteref" id="xd20e4718src" href="#xd20e4718" name=
+"xd20e4718src">34</a> in a convent or with a private family, been
+<i>cochero</i>, cook, collector of accounts for some business house,
+letter-carrier, postman, policeman, musician in a church choir,
+fireman, and connected with a few other employments of more or less
+importance, is by no means a <i lang="la">rara avis</i>, to say nothing
+of the many who have also been majors and generals in the insurgent
+&ldquo;army&rdquo;, and without stopping to consider a pair of very
+prominent natives who from <i>batas</i> in the University of Sto.
+Tom&aacute;s <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb200" href="#pb200" name=
+"pb200">200</a>]</span>have, after a series of political intrigues,
+risen to positions of <i>law-tinkers</i> over a people, the vast
+majority of whom hate and despise them.</p>
+<p>As a matter of fact the very best of the filipino politicians and
+other local men of <i>fame</i>, bright, learned and progressive though
+they be, would count but little side by side with the foremost sons of
+the Flowery Kingdom. To find in Yokohama, or even in Nagasaki or Kobe,
+or any other city of Japan, a hundred Rizals, a hundred Pilars
+(Marcelos, Pios or Gregorios), a hundred Apacibles, or Mabinis, or
+Aguinaldos, or Buencaminos or Taveras would be an easy task. But to
+find in the Philippines a Marquis Ito, a Mutsu, a Yamata or a
+Matsugata,&mdash;that is the question.</p>
+<p>And why? Because at the time when Spain discovered these islands,
+finding the people in a state of social and moral degradation, without
+formal government or any social organization beyond the <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e4749" title="Source: tribual">tribal</span> system (and
+that but limited) common to almost all savage peoples, the Japanese had
+already counted with more than 1000 years of more or less stable
+government, always organized, and with a social organization
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb201" href="#pb201" name=
+"pb201">201</a>]</span>and a firm national unity. The people of Japan,
+at that time, cultivated the arts and sciences, enjoyed the fruits of
+prosperous industries and of external commerce. They had a religion and
+a language which could be written and understood when written.
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e4754" title="Source: There">Three</span>
+hundred years ago, when the <span class="corr" id="xd20e4757" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> were just commencing to learn the
+difference between man and beast, the <span class="corr" id="xd20e4760"
+title="Source: Japanee">Japanese</span> was enjoying a relative
+civilization not yet attained by the Chinese, much less by the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e4764" title=
+"Source: partizans">partisans</span> of the separatist leaders of Luzon
+and the Visayas.</p>
+<p>No country has ever done for her colonial children what Spain did
+for the <span class="corr" id="xd20e4770" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> during the three centuries she
+held control over the Archipelago; and yet how far are the people from
+the state of culture of the Japanese! Well might the <i>leaders</i> of
+the people look to Japan as a model!</p>
+<p id="n65"><span class="sc">Note 65.</span> Domingo Franco (fols.
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e4780" title=
+"Source: 1.332">1,332</span>&ndash;<span class="corr" id="xd20e4783"
+title="Source: 1.337">1,337</span>) testified that on a certain day
+&ldquo;he went to see Francisco L. Roxas and asked him if it were
+certain that he had been to the house of Cort&eacute;s, and had
+arranged matters in respect to the Commission which should go to Japan;
+to which Sr. Roxas <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb202" href="#pb202"
+name="pb202">202</a>]</span>replied, yes; and that it was agreed that
+Cort&eacute;s should go, commissioned to ask of the Japanese
+Government, help and protection for these islands, (the <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e4788" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span>
+Government) handing over as a guarantee, one of the islands near
+Luz&oacute;n, which the witness believed to be Mindoro on <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e4791" title="Source: acount">account</span> of its
+large size and small population.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Antonio Salazar (fol. <span class="corr" id="xd20e4796"
+title="Source: 1.118">1,118</span>&ndash;<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e4799" title="Source: 1.129">1,129</span>) stated that &ldquo;of
+the <i lang="es">junta</i> of <i lang="es">compromisarios</i> there
+formed part: Cort&eacute;s, Espa&ntilde;ol and Ramos, who were then in
+Japan petitioning that Empire to aid them with arms, ships and
+money....&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Isabelo de los Reyes, in telling the Governor General, Primo de
+Rivera, what he affirmed to be the truth of the situation in 1897,
+stated that &ldquo;the <span class="corr" id="xd20e4810" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> <i>burguesses</i> had nominated a
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e4816" title=
+"Source: commmission">commission</span> composed of Doroteo
+Cort&eacute;s, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, Jos&eacute; A. Ramos and
+Marcelo H. del Pilar, the latter of whom died in Barcelona whilst on
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e4819" title="Source: is">his</span> way to
+Japan. This commission had for its object the securing of the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e4822" title=
+"Source: protect">protection</span> <span class="corr" id="xd20e4826"
+title="Source: on">of</span> that empire; Cort&eacute;s, as president,
+gathered funds to sustain Ramos and Isabelo Artacho Vicos, who were his
+agents in that country.&rdquo; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb203"
+href="#pb203" name="pb203">203</a>]</span></p>
+<p id="n66"><span class="sc">Note 66.</span> Antonio Salazar (fols.
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e4834" title=
+"Source: 1.008">1,008</span>&ndash;<span class="corr" id="xd20e4837"
+title="Source: 1.013">1,013</span>) testified that &ldquo;The year
+previous he met Timoteo Paez in Calle Echague, and enquired of him if
+he had moved his residence to Quiapo; Paez replied that he had
+transferred the members of his family to a house of <i>strong
+materials</i>, not wishing to leave them in a <i>nipa</i><a class=
+"noteref" id="xd20e4845src" href="#xd20e4845" name=
+"xd20e4845src">35</a> house in Tondo, as he was going to Singapore, and
+after encharging the witness to preserve secrecy, told him that he was
+going there to engage a steamer which was to make a trip to Dapitan to
+steal away Rizal from that place; moreover that the date upon which
+Paez went to Singapore might be known by enquiring at the house of
+Echeita and Co., where the said Paez was engaged, and which conceded
+him permission to go.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>On another occasion this same individual testified (fols.
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e4853" title=
+"Source: 1.118">1,118</span>&ndash;<span class="corr" id="xd20e4856"
+title="Source: 1.129">1,129</span>) that &ldquo;the
+<i>Compromisarios</i> agreed to employ the sum (of money gathered for
+another purpose) for the purpose of aiding the stealing away of
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb204" href="#pb204" name=
+"pb204">204</a>]</span>the person of Rizal from Dapitan, for which
+purpose they sent it (the money) to Timoteo Paez, at Singapore that he
+might engage a steamer which should go to Dapitan; and as they could
+not realize the undertaking, they sent the money to Jos&eacute; Baza
+who lived in <span class="corr" id="xd20e4864" title=
+"Source: Hong-kong">Hong-Kong</span>, and Baza sent the money to
+Sandakan (in Borneo) so that a ship might be engaged there for the
+purpose.</p>
+<p>On the 13th of January 1895, the Gr&there4; Pres&there4; of the
+Gr&there4; Cons&there4; Reg&there4;, bro&there4; Musa, gr&there4; 18,
+wrote to the lodge <i>Modestia</i>, as follows:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="first xd20e192">&ldquo;A&there4; L&there4; G&there4;
+D&there4; G&there4; A&there4; D&there4; U&there4;</p>
+<p class="xd20e192">A la Resp&there4; Log&there4; <i>Modestia</i> No.
+199.</p>
+<p class="xd20e192">S&there4; F&there4; U&there4;</p>
+<p class="salute">Ven&there4; Maes&there4; Pres&there4;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Our very beloved bro&there4; Dimas-Alang (Jos&eacute; Rizal,
+see foot-note, page 47), who for some time has been, as you know,
+expiating in Dapitan, faults he has not committed<a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e4886src" href="#xd20e4886" name="xd20e4886src">36</a>,
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb205" href="#pb205" name=
+"pb205">205</a>]</span>is authorized to change his residence, under the
+condition that it be in some part of Spain and not in the
+Archipelago.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Together with this notice we have received another that the
+said bro&there4; lacks absolutely the <span class="corr" id="xd20e4893"
+title="Source: resourses">resources</span> for such a long voyage ...
+etc.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p>
+<p>&ldquo;In virtue of this, I write to you that, bearing in mind what
+I have explained, you may arrange to be collected from the members, the
+pecuniary aid they wish and are able to contribute for the <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e4900" title="Source: meritiorious">meritorious</span>
+work in question.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p>
+<p class="signed">The Gr&there4; Pres&there4;, <i>Muza</i>.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Jos&eacute; Dison Matanza testified (fols. <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e4913" title="Source: 1.132">1,132</span>&ndash;<span class="corr"
+id="xd20e4916" title="Source: 1.138">1,138</span>) that &ldquo;the
+Secret Camara of the Katipunan gathered together and decided upon
+another plan, which was, as Bonifacio told the witness, to embark a
+large number of people as passengers on a ship which was to go to
+Dapitan; and these when they were upon the high seas, were to surprise
+the crew and take possession of the ship; they should then steal away
+Rizal from Dapitan and take him wherever they could.&rdquo;
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb206" href="#pb206" name=
+"pb206">206</a>]</span></p>
+<p id="n67"><span class="sc">Note 67.</span> If elsewhere in the
+history of the workings of separatism in the Philippines, proof were
+wanting of the cruel deceit practiced by the filibuster leaders upon
+the ignorants who formed the mass of the secret associations of masonic
+origin, here in this instance it would be found in abundance. Taking
+the whole question of the part played by Japan or by individual
+Japanese in the separatist movement from beginning to end I am strongly
+of the opinion that the supposed assistance, whether in the form of
+arms and ammunition, or in that of financial or moral support was a
+deliberate imposture, and that those credulous persons who contributed
+with their hard-earned money towards the sums said to have been
+utilized for propaganda in Japan, were defrauded, not only out of the
+money they gave to the funds, but also of what they might legitimately
+hope for as a result of the expenditure of the said funds. It is a well
+known fact that the hopes of the people were kept up by many statements
+which were absolutely unfounded<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4924src"
+href="#xd20e4924" name="xd20e4924src">37</a>; <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb207" href="#pb207" name="pb207">207</a>]</span>the
+assertions of Cort&eacute;s, Ramos and others who performed the duties
+of the embassy to Japan, were most probably of this nature.</p>
+<p>The person who, during the trials of those accused of treason, gave
+the most interesting testimony relative to this matter, was Juan
+Casta&ntilde;eda. He affirmed that &ldquo;on account of family
+troubles, and for questions arising from losses at gambling, and in
+view of his having robbed his mother, he decided to leave for
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e4949" title=
+"Source: Hong-kong">Hong-Kong</span>, embarking on the SS.
+<i>Esmeralda</i>, on the 31st of July 1895&rdquo;<a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e4955src" href="#xd20e4955" name="xd20e4955src">38</a>. He went on
+to describe how he there <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb208" href=
+"#pb208" name="pb208">208</a>]</span>met his <i>friend</i>, the native
+ex-priest Severo Buenaventura; how the said Buenaventura initiated him
+into the secrets of freemasonry, and how this native ex-priest had been
+himself initiated by Ambrosio Flores<a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e4964src" href="#xd20e4964" name="xd20e4964src">39</a>. That they
+later on decided to go to Japan sailing on the <i>SS. Natal</i>. That
+on their arrival at <span class="corr" id="xd20e4992" title=
+"Source: Yokahama">Yokohama</span> they lodged at the house of
+Jos&eacute; Ramos, where there also lived Artacho. &ldquo;During the
+first days of their stay Ramos and Artacho seemed to look upon them
+with want of confidence, and hid from them their conversations.&rdquo;
+He affirmed also that among the visitors to the house of Ramos were a
+Mr. Hirata, a professor of law, <span class="corr" id="xd20e4995"
+title="Source: intermediatory">intermediary</span> between Ramos
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb209" href="#pb209" name=
+"pb209">209</a>]</span>and Prince Konoy, resident in <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e5000" title="Source: Tokio">Tokyo</span>, and also, a Mr.
+Y&oacute;sida, merchant. He stated also that <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e5004" title="Source: &laquo;">&ldquo;</span>to excuse their
+frequent absence, Ramos and Artacho assured him that they had been to
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e5007" title="Source: Tokio">Tokyo</span> to
+interview the <span class="corr" id="xd20e5010" title=
+"Source: dignataries">dignitaries</span> of the Empire, Prince Konoy,
+General Yamagata and the count of Tokogana, one of the ministers who
+had been Japanese <span class="corr" id="xd20e5013" title=
+"Source: ambasador">ambassador</span> to the court of Italy. Ramos
+assured them that, with these Japanese politicians they were arranging
+the securing of the independence of the Philippines, to which end the
+Japanese offered to land here <span class="corr" id="xd20e5016" title=
+"Source: 100.000">100,000</span> rifles with their ammunition, the cost
+of which should be paid for in a fixed number of years ...
+etc<span class="corr" id="xd20e5019" title="Not in source">.</span>,
+etc.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Isabelo de los Reyes<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5024src" href=
+"#xd20e5024" name="xd20e5024src">40</a> says on this point:</p>
+<p>&ldquo;According to what is said, Ramos interviewed, on several
+occasions, Prince Konoy, General Yamagata and the Count of Tokogana,
+who was then a minister. These gentlemen, it seems, were sympathizers
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb210" href="#pb210" name=
+"pb210">210</a>]</span>with the idea of our independence under the
+protectorate of Japan, as in <span class="corr" id="xd20e5038" title=
+"Source: Corea">Korea</span>, and that they proposed, as a means of
+gaining it, the fomentation of Japanese immigration in the Philippines,
+and that when once this was attained, the seeking of a conflict with
+Spain.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Further on he states that: &ldquo;Some days before the insurrection
+broke out, <span class="corr" id="xd20e5043" title=
+"Source: Is belo">Isabelo</span> Artacho brought me a letter from
+Jos&eacute; A. Ramos, in which he gave me an account of the efforts
+they were exerting to influence the leading politicians of Japan, to
+the end that they should aid us to secure our independence. Artacho
+told me verbally the details and that he knew that the liberal party of
+Japan, which then was the opposition, sympathized with the idea, and
+proposed as a means of attaining it, the seeking of a cause of conflict
+with Spain, introducing Japanese emigrants to that end.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Mois&eacute;s Salvador (fols. <span class="corr" id="xd20e5048"
+title="Source: 1.138">1,138</span>&ndash;<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e5051" title="Source: 1.143">1,143</span>) stated that according
+to letters received by Bonifacio Ar&eacute;valo from Cort&eacute;s and
+Ramos, these two had been received by the Japanese minister of foreign
+affairs, to whom they expounded the object of their journey; and as the
+minister asked them what money they <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb211" href="#pb211" name="pb211">211</a>]</span>had to cover the
+expenses of the enterprise, they replied that they would pay their way
+with <i>the money they should seize, pertaining to the Religions Orders
+and to the Treasury</i><a class="noteref" id="xd20e5058src" href=
+"#xd20e5058" name="xd20e5058src">41</a>; and being satisfied, the
+Japanese minister told them they might prepare themselves, for he would
+send them arms in June or July, to the coast of Luzon, to be
+disembarked near the island of Polillo....&rdquo;</p>
+<p>That the separatists hoped for, and aimed to secure the aid of Japan
+is certain; many testified to the fact; but this testimony was more or
+less hearsay. Certain leading <span class="corr" id="xd20e5066" title=
+"Source: seperatists">separatists</span> went to Japan to concoct the
+scheme and were, no doubt, listened to by some more or less prominent
+persons. This is all the more probable when we remember that the
+credentials carried by the Commission took the form of a petition
+signed by some 22,000 <span class="corr" id="xd20e5069" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span>, that is, it bore that number of
+signatures.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5072src" href="#xd20e5072" name=
+"xd20e5072src">42</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb212" href=
+"#pb212" name="pb212">212</a>]</span></p>
+<p>The work of propaganda carried on by certain <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e5083" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> cannot be called
+into question; but what is very uncertain is whether or not the
+Japanese extended the wished and hoped for assistance. To be received
+in interview, and to be heard with attention, are two very different
+things. A father listens to the idle prattle of his child, but the
+childish words leave no other impression on his mind <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e5086" title="Source: then">than</span> their cuteness merits
+at the time. This is probably what occurred between Cortes and Ramos
+and the so-called &ldquo;official&rdquo; element of Japan.</p>
+<p id="n68"><span class="sc">Notes 68</span> and <span id=
+"n69">69</span>. Pio Valenzuela testified (fols. 582&ndash;605) that
+&ldquo;in the month of May, a student of Law Daniel Aria y Tirona, came
+to his house and invited him to go to salute the commander of the
+Japanese <span class="corr" id="xd20e5096" title=
+"Source: cruizer">cruiser</span> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb213"
+href="#pb213" name="pb213">213</a>]</span>the Kongo<a class="noteref"
+id="xd20e5101src" href="#xd20e5101" name="xd20e5101src">43</a>. That at
+an hour fixed, there gathered at the <i>Bazar</i><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e5113src" href="#xd20e5113" name="xd20e5113src">44</a>, with the
+witness, Andr&eacute;s Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Jos&eacute; Dizon and
+others, who were received by the commander of the cruiser with an air
+of <span class="corr" id="xd20e5119" title=
+"Source: indifferentism">indifference</span>, and of apparent
+ridicule.... Bonifacio saluted and welcomed him to the islands,
+offering his services. The commander replied, thanking them and
+inviting them to take a voyage to Japan to visit the towns of that
+country, and enjoy its beautiful climate. Later on they directed a
+letter to the Commander, Jacinto drawing it up and Bonifacio, Dizon and
+himself and others signing it; its text was a salutation to the Emperor
+and Empress of Japan, and a manifestation of a desire to form a part of
+the said Empire, etc.... With the letter were presented twelve
+water-melons<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5122src" href="#xd20e5122"
+name="xd20e5122src">45</a> sent by Emilio Aguinaldo, <i lang=
+"es">capitan municipal</i> of Cavite Viejo, and a quantity of mangoes
+purchased by Cipriano Pacheco, and also a picture.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Jos&eacute; Diz&oacute;n Matanza questioned on the <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb214" href="#pb214" name="pb214">214</a>]</span>same
+subject, affirmed (fols. <span class="corr" id="xd20e5132" title=
+"Source: 1.132&ndash;1.138">1,132&ndash;1,138</span>) that he was
+invited to the &ldquo;Bazar Japon&eacute;s,&rdquo; to salute and
+welcome the commander of the cruiser (Kongo).... When he arrived they
+gave him iced water.... About an hour afterwards there arrived an
+officer of the ship who said he was the doctor, and soon after the
+commander arrived; all saluted him.... On the evening of the same day
+Bonifacio, Valenzuela and the witness went to Nagtajan to the house
+where lived the Japanese who kept the <i>Bazar</i>.... Bonifacio told
+them they had a letter to give them. Three or four days later on,
+Valenzuela presented himself at the house of the witness with a letter
+in Tagalo which read more or less as follows: (here follows what the
+witness remembered of the letter.) Bonifacio signed it as president of
+the Supreme Council of the <i>Katipunan</i>, Jacinto as
+secretary<span class="corr" id="xd20e5141" title="Source: .">,</span>
+Valenzuela as <i>Fiscal</i> and the witness with the name of
+Jos&eacute; Talin.... After the departure of the Commander, the witness
+enquired of Bonifacio what result the letter had obtained,
+Andr&eacute;s replying that the Commander had taken a copy of it,
+returning <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb215" href="#pb215" name=
+"pb215">215</a>]</span>the original, because the persons signing it
+were not representative; but that the said officer was very pleased
+with the pictures given in the name of the <i>Katipunan</i>, and with
+the melons and mangoes sent from Cavite.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Isabelo de los Reyes affirms that: &ldquo;When the Japanese cruiser
+<i>Kongo</i> visited the port of Manila in May 1896, the Supreme
+Council of the <i>Katipunan</i> went to salute its commander in the
+upstairs of the <i lang="es">Bazar Japon&eacute;s</i>, situated in the
+<i lang="es">plaza</i> del Padre Moraga, and handed him a manuscript
+setting forth their desire for the aid and assistance of Japan towards
+the gaining of independence for the Philippines. They also offered him
+a picture and some native fruits.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The commander received them well and even regaled them with
+iced drinks and coffee, but did not dare to accept the document,
+limiting himself to the taking of a copy of it and promising to
+transmit their desires to the Emperor; he also invited them to make a
+voyage to his country. Nothing has since been heard of the
+commander.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>So much for the testimony given concerning the <i>Kongo</i> and its
+commander.</p>
+<p>Information I have obtained from Japanese <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb216" href="#pb216" name=
+"pb216">216</a>]</span>semi-official sources on this point, shows that
+the <i>Kongo</i> steamed into Manila bay in 1896 in the same manner as
+it did recently, on a non-official visit. As was customary, the
+Japanese Commander and other officers visited the Japanese Bazaar in
+Plaza Moraga as well as other Japanese business houses. The <i lang=
+"es">Bazar <span class="corr" id="xd20e5183" title=
+"Source: Japones">Japon&eacute;s</span></i> was a center to which
+friends and <span class="corr" id="xd20e5186" title=
+"Source: aquaintances">acquaintances</span> gathered to salute the
+visiting officers. Upstairs were prepared iced drinks, etc. for those
+who cared to take them. Bonifacio and others, uninvited, walked in and
+presented themselves and their petition and offerings. The latter the
+commander accepted; the petition he did not accept: in this he showed
+good sense. As to the supposed copy which he promised to take, evidence
+goes to show that it was not taken, but that the said commander merely
+made a few notes of it on a scrap of paper. The proprietors of the
+<i lang="es">Bazar</i> ridicule the idea that the commander favored the
+petition or received the so-called commission with pleasure; their
+opinion is that to which any investigator of the affair would come,
+that the Commander was a gentleman and did not wish to hurt the
+feelings, by his refusal, of even such <i lang="es">ignorantes</i> as
+those who <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb217" href="#pb217" name=
+"pb217">217</a>]</span>at that time forced themselves upon him.</p>
+<p id="n70"><span class="sc">Note 70.</span> The idea that the
+<i>Liga</i> was but an introduction to the <i>Katipunan</i> is not
+borne out by the facts of the case. The <i>Liga Filipina</i> was a
+foundation of Rizal, whilst the Katipunan was a conception of Pilar
+who, finding Rizal was carrying all before him, determined not to be
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e5212" title=
+"Source: outdone">out-done</span> by his former companion. The very
+fact of the enmity existing between the two leaders is proof enough
+that the two societies were not one and the same thing, although after
+their foundation they walked arm in arm. The <i>Liga</i>, as an
+association, was eventually dissolved, and from <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e5219" title="Source: it it">it</span> was formed the
+<i>Compromisarios</i> (see note <a href="#n63">63</a>) and this body
+continued its functions till the outbreak of the revolt. The
+vicissitudes of the <i>Liga</i> did not lessen Rizal&rsquo;s influence.
+Ever ready to tell a lie or act one if it were to his own advantage,
+Rizal permitted the free use of his name in connection with the
+<i>Katipunan</i> also. To the vast majority of the <i>oath-bound</i>,
+the <i>Katipunan</i> was but the <i>Liga</i> under another form; and in
+order that the people should not know of the rivalry existing between
+himself and Pilar, Rizal <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb218" href=
+"#pb218" name="pb218">218</a>]</span>gave no signs of disfavor towards
+the foundation of the new society; in fact he rather favored it, seeing
+that under the circumstances it would make him figure as its
+&ldquo;hero,&rdquo; and he would thus be enabled to take the wind out
+of Pilar&rsquo;s sails. The only objection raised by Rizal to the work
+of the <i>Katipunan</i>, was that which he made to Valenzuela: that the
+time had not yet come for armed rebellion.</p>
+<p>As long as he held supreme influence Rizal was satisfied; but as the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e5251" title=
+"Source: seperatist">separatist</span> element was becoming weary at
+the long absence of its &ldquo;Moses&rdquo; and had begun to worship
+the &ldquo;calf&rdquo; (not a golden one, by the way)
+&ldquo;Moses&rdquo; got angry and threw down, in disgust, the
+&ldquo;tables of the law.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>In its beginning, Rizal was the idol of the <i>Katipunan</i>, in the
+same way as Morayta (note <a href="#n13">13</a>) was the idol of the
+rebellious <span class="corr" id="xd20e5262" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> in Madrid, and others parts of the
+Peninsular. Isabelo de los Reyes<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5265src"
+href="#xd20e5265" name="xd20e5265src">46</a> would have us believe that
+the foundation of the <i>Katipunan</i> was a result of the indignation
+of the people, consequent upon the deportation of Rizal. This, in the
+face <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb219" href="#pb219" name=
+"pb219">219</a>]</span>of facts, is a very poor argument and
+demonstrates either the ignorance or the bad faith of Reyes. And he
+himself contradicts it a few lines further on by saying &ldquo;that
+without knowing Rizal, the <i>Katipunan</i> acclaimed him its honorary
+President.&rdquo; This latter they certainly did but not &ldquo;without
+knowing&rdquo; him. They did<a id="xd20e5277" name="xd20e5277"></a> so
+because they knew nothing of his disagreement with Pilar, the real
+founder of their society, and because the aim of the two societies was
+practically one.</p>
+<p id="n71"><span class="sc">Note 71.</span> The similarity of
+character between the <i>Liga</i> and the <i>Katipunan</i> has always
+been a matter of discussion. Some writers would draw a hard and fast
+line between the two, considering them as oil and water, two bodies
+enemies one of the other; others looking upon them as two oils, the one
+vegetable and the other mineral which, although differing in nature,
+mix together thoroughly.</p>
+<p>Reyes, in his oft-quoted &ldquo;Memoria&rdquo; to the then Gov.
+General, Primo de Rivera, in a mad attempt to prove that the
+insurrection was owing to the &ldquo;friars&rdquo; and that they
+attempted to invent the <i>Katipunan</i> plot to cover up their
+treason, says: <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb220" href="#pb220" name=
+"pb220">220</a>]</span></p>
+<p>&ldquo;Above all, the friars committed the criminal and suicidal
+infamy of calumniously including in the <i>Katipunan</i> the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e5300" title=
+"Source: millonaire">millionaire</span> and aristocratic element, and
+the middle classes, the fact being that they had nothing in common with
+the <span class="corr" id="xd20e5303" title=
+"Source: plebian">plebeian</span> association which they not only
+despised for its low condition, but which the few who knew of its
+existence must have hated, if not for egotism, for the socialistic
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e5306" title=
+"Source: tendancies">tendencies</span> of the said group.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Such assertions <span class="corr" id="xd20e5311" title=
+"Source: searcely">scarcely</span> deserve comment, for from beginning
+to end, the proceedings against the separatists were in the hands of
+the civil authorities, the members of the Religious Orders having no
+influence whatever in the matter, although it was they who, by their
+watchfulness over the interests of the country had detected symptoms
+which they, as true patriots, made known to the civil authorities. True
+it is also that a friar, Padre Mariano Gil, made known, at a critical
+moment, the plot of the diabolical society, in time to prevent the
+bloodthirsty fiends rising in a night and cutting the throats of those
+who had been their benefactors; but the &ldquo;friar&rdquo; was never a
+secret service agent of the Government. <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb221" href="#pb221" name="pb221">221</a>]</span>What he did was what
+every patriotic Spaniard would have done under the circumstances. It
+was the civil authorities who, upon the discovery of the plot, caused
+the arrest of those complicated, and who tried and passed judgement
+upon the guilty. If millionaires and others were counted among the
+members of the <i>Katipunan</i> it was because they were guilty of the
+same treason as the <i>katipuneros</i> and not because they were
+&ldquo;included&rdquo; by the &ldquo;friar&rdquo;.</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="first">&ldquo;... Association which they not only
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e5325" title=
+"Source: depised">despised</span> for its low condition, but which the
+few who knew of its existence must <span class="corr" id="xd20e5328"
+title="Source: have have">have</span> hated, if not for egotism, for
+the socialistic tendencies of the said group.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<p>So says Isabelo de los Reyes, the founder of the late <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e5334" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span>
+Democratic Party, and the Workman&rsquo;s Democratic Union, the most
+socialist movement in the history of the Philippines. So much for the
+<i>Liberty</i>, <i>Equality</i> and <i>Fraternity</i> which they all
+professed.</p>
+<p>Another writer, C. de Valdez, a <span lang="fr">nom-de-plume</span>
+under which I recognize as hidden one whose knowledge on this subject
+was very extensive, who for the study of the <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb222" href="#pb222" name=
+"pb222">222</a>]</span>question had at his disposition innumerable
+documents of vital importance, gives as his opinion: &ldquo;It has been
+said that the <i>Liga</i> was a society into the which there entered
+only elements of a certain culture, and the people of money; whilst the
+<i>Katipunan</i> was formed for the poor and laboring classes. If by
+this it <span class="corr" id="xd20e5359" title="Source: it">is</span>
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e5363" title=
+"Source: intented">intended</span> to signify that they were two close
+societies, the one which should comprehend what we might call the
+aristocracy and the other the common people, we cannot agree with the
+opinion, because it is in contradiction with the facts. There existed a
+free communication between both societies and the prominent personages
+of the <i>Liga</i> mixed with the humble ones of the <i>Katipunan</i>,
+taking active part in the labors and forming part of the reunions and
+assemblies<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5372src" href="#xd20e5372" name=
+"xd20e5372src">47</a>; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb223" href=
+"#pb223" name="pb223">223</a>]</span>in the same way the individuals of
+common class entered the files of the <i>Liga</i> without any
+distinction of class being drawn between them.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>The writer goes on to show that the three main things needed for the
+Revolution were 1st: an active propaganda of <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e5391" title="Source: seperatist">separatist</span> ideas; 2nd:
+funds to cover expenses and to purchase arms, and 3rd: a considerable
+number of persons ready to take up arms in the field. The first two of
+these main things were to be attended to by the <i>Liga</i> and the
+third by the <i>Katipunan</i>.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;In the greatest utility in attaining the ultimate end of the
+initiators and directors of the conspiracy, must <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e5402" title="Source: he">be</span> <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e5405" title="Source: saught">sought</span> the distinction
+between the <i>Liga</i> and the <i>Katipunan</i>, and the difference
+which the one or the other society enjoyed.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;In all other things, both societies, or both <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e5417" title="Source: organisims">organisms</span> of
+the same society, co-exist, and display their activity jointly, the
+campaign of the <i>Katipunan</i> or that of the <i>Liga</i> being the
+most active; according as the necessities with which the one or the
+other were preferentially encharged to satisfy the final triumph of the
+revolt, might be of the greatest urgency or immediate utility.&rdquo;
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb224" href="#pb224" name=
+"pb224">224</a>]</span></p>
+<p>The fact is that the <i>Liga</i> and the <i>Katipunan</i> were the
+distinct foundations of two personal enemies, both of whom wished to
+hold for himself the position of supreme chief of the movement. (See
+note <a href="#n70">70</a>).</p>
+<p>D. Manuel Luengo, Civil Governor of Manila, in a report to the
+Minister of Foreign affairs, speaking on the subject of the Katipunan,
+says:</p>
+<p>&ldquo;To carry to a head their fearful and criminal idea, they
+found it necessary to recruit many people of all classes and from all
+the provinces, seeking a useful means to facilitate the conjuration.
+And the indian being by reason of his ignorance and his barbarianism,
+like all peoples of his kind, easily fanaticised, they set to work to
+fanaticise the masses, these hordes of childish people, these ignorant
+laborers; and they fanaticised them by means of the <i lang=
+"es">pacto-de-sangre</i>, making them swear war to the death to
+Spaniards, practicing an incision in the left arm, and with the blood
+which flowed from the wound made them sign their frightful
+oath.&rdquo;</p>
+<div class="figure xd20e5449width"><img src="images/p224.gif" alt=
+"Katipunan Apron." width="491" height="420"></div>
+<p>&ldquo;The masonic attributes discovered, and the
+&ldquo;apron&rdquo;<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5455src" href=
+"#xd20e5455" name="xd20e5455src">48</a> upon which appeared the
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb225" href="#pb225" name=
+"pb225">225</a>]</span>head of a Spaniard suspended by the hair, by the
+hand of a criminal indian, whilst with the other hand a dagger was
+plunged into the throat, evidenced, in a notorious manner, that this
+Society was found well provided with masonic rites.&rdquo;</p>
+<p id="n72"><span class="sc">Note 72.</span> Deodato Arellano,
+Bonifacio, Dina and Plata, it will be remembered, were energetic
+workers of the <i>Liga</i>. They had entered into the scheme of
+Rizal&rsquo;s association before Pilar&rsquo;s idea of a similar
+society had become known. Two months or so after the foundation of the
+<i>Liga</i>, at the time when its founder was deported to Dapitan, it
+was decided to take up Pilar&rsquo;s project and see what could be done
+towards carrying it to a successful issue.</p>
+<p>Jos&eacute; Dizon y Matanza (<span class="corr" id="xd20e5474"
+title="Source: fol.">fols.</span> 1,129&ndash;<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e5477" title="Source: 1.131">1,131</span>) testified that
+&ldquo;on the same day in which General Despujols ordered the
+publication in the <i lang="es">Gaceta</i> of the deportation of Rizal,
+there gathered in a house in calle Ilaya, Bonifacio, Arellano, Valentin
+Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Dina and the witness; and they agreed to form a
+society to be known as the <i>Katipunan</i>, the object and ends of
+which were to be filibusterism, or, in other words, the <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb226" href="#pb226" name=
+"pb226">226</a>]</span>liberty of the country from Spanish rule; the
+six persons present immediately proceeded to perform upon themselves
+the incision of the <i lang="es">pacto-de-sangre</i>, signing with
+their own blood a blank paper, placing after the signature, the
+symbolic name each chose for himself. They then drew up the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e5492" title=
+"Source: programe">programme</span> of the Society. This <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e5495" title="Source: programe">programme</span> was
+composed of 6 articles, viz<span class="corr" id="xd20e5498" title=
+"Not in source">.</span>: 1st: to constitute a secret society known as
+the <i>Katipunan</i>; 2nd: that the organization was to be by
+triangles, to the end that no more than three members should know one
+another; 3rd: that the initiated should pay <i>one real</i> entrance
+fee, and a <i>half real</i> as a monthly subscription; 4th: that as the
+number of the members increased they should found one or more <i lang=
+"tl">balang&#771;ay</i> in each district; 5th: to try to gather funds
+to carry out the purposes of the society; 6th: that when the
+opportunity occurred they should reform these articles.</p>
+<p>They also agreed upon the form of oath which should be taken by the
+initiated, which was to promise to shed even the last drop of blood for
+the liberty of the Philippines.<a id="xd20e5516" name=
+"xd20e5516"></a></p>
+<p>The Katipunan was founded upon masonic usage adapted to the
+character of the association. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb227"
+href="#pb227" name="pb227">227</a>]</span>Its formation was one of
+triangles, each new <i>Katipunero</i> being bound to attract to the
+association, two others to occupy the opposite angles. This formation
+was eventually changed on account of the extent to which the society
+extended, <span class="corr" id="xd20e5525" title=
+"Source: it">its</span> management becoming very difficult. The
+particular triangles were broken up and the association formed in three
+degrees. The first degree was composed of the recently initiated
+members. These each possessed a mask and some form of arm, either
+fire-arm or bolo, the cost of which was borne by the member possessing
+it. The members who enjoyed the second degree also possessed masks and
+wore as a regalia a ribbon to which was attached a medal bearing a
+letter (equivalent to K) of the old-time form of script of the
+pre-Spanish filipino; also a sword and <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e5528" title="Source: bannar">banner</span> crossed.</p>
+<p>The third degree members possessed red masks, the color being
+distinctive of the degree, in the same way as the color of the second
+degree was green, and that of first, black. These colors were symbolic:
+green signified hope, and red, war. Black was but a general color
+common to bandits all the world over. The masks of the third degree
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb228" href="#pb228" name=
+"pb228">228</a>]</span>bore a triangle with three K&rsquo;s in the
+upper part, in the ancient <span class="corr" id="xd20e5535" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> script, and at the base the letters
+Z&there4; Ll&there4; B&there4; (see at commencement of book). The
+inferior inscription signified &ldquo;sons of the people.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Each degree had its pass words and the members only knew those of
+their own degree.</p>
+<p>This was the latter form of the <i>Katipunan</i> in which it
+differed somewhat from the <i>Liga</i>.</p>
+<p>Pilar&rsquo;s plan was <span class="corr" id="xd20e5551" title=
+"Source: revolutionanary">revolutionary</span>; Bonifacio&rsquo;s truly
+anarchistic.</p>
+<p>Among the &ldquo;chosen people&rdquo; who testified before the
+Schurman Commission were two of the three native members of the present
+U. S. Commission, Tavera and Legarda. Both of these, among many other
+statements which will not hold water, had something to say on the
+subject of the <i>Katipunan</i>.</p>
+<p>Legarda stated that: (see Report of the Philippine Commission, 1900;
+vol. II page 377.<span class="corr" id="xd20e5561" title=
+"Not in source">)</span></p>
+<p>&ldquo;This Society of <span class="corr" id="xd20e5566" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> (the separatist element) united
+itself to the masonic society in Spain, and they established branches
+here; and this masonic society which was a true masonic society with
+all the characteristics <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb229" href=
+"#pb229" name="pb229">229</a>]</span>of Masonry, converted itself
+afterwards into the <i>Katipunan</i> society. This society, the
+<i>Katipunan</i>, made great progress here in the Philippines, for they
+had to <span class="corr" id="xd20e5577" title=
+"Source: do do">do</span> greatly with the common people; they never
+had anything to do, or mixed at at all, with the higher class of people
+here in the Philippines<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5581src" href=
+"#xd20e5581" name="xd20e5581src">49</a>. As a result of this the
+society gained much credit and power, and undermined the forces which
+were in existence, especially the native regiments of Tagalogs. This
+was in 1896; the Revolution broke out at San Juan del Monte in August.
+A curious fact that must be noted was that a friar, who was the priest
+of Tondo, was the cause of its breaking out; for Gen. Blanco knew of
+this movement of the people and what was going on<a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e5587src" href="#xd20e5587" name="xd20e5587src">50</a>, and was in
+favor of making concessions to the people. This friar denounced the
+society, for he had a very intimate friend <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb230" href="#pb230" name="pb230">230</a>]</span>who
+was a filipino, and he caused this friend to be introduced into the
+<i>Katipunan</i> society<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5598src" href=
+"#xd20e5598" name="xd20e5598src">51</a>, and this friend afterwards
+became the leader of the revolution himself. This <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e5604" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> was named
+Andr&eacute;s Bonifacio, and later on he was chief of the revolution
+and chief of the <i>Katipunan</i> society. He took refuge in Cavite,
+and all that province rose up. Aguinaldo who was Municipal Captain in
+Cavite Viejo that time, was also a member of the <i>Katipunan</i>. When
+he heard that the <span class="corr" id="xd20e5614" title=
+"Source: civil">Civil</span> Guard was going to arrest him, he revolted
+too. He met a man who was his superior in the society&mdash;that is,
+Bonifacio&mdash;and as his ambition was his moving spirit, he caused
+Bonifacio to be shot.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Tavera gave his opinion as follows: (see same Report, page 399. Vol
+II).</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The conviction was strong among the Filipinos that they would
+not succeed in attaining anything by any other means than force. This
+being the case, the idea occurred to some <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e5621" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> to found a
+system of <span class="corr" id="xd20e5624" title=
+"Source: masony">masonry</span> here. There were some lodges of the
+masonic order here, and the idea presented <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb231" href="#pb231" name=
+"pb231">231</a>]</span>itself to form a sort of political masonry,
+which was created and called the <i>Katipunan</i>. This Katipunan
+society was naturally a secret society and had, I think, about 400,000
+members, principally in the Tagalog provinces and of the people of the
+valley of the Pasig River. I think in Manila and in the valley of the
+Pasig there were 80,000, naturally, as there were so many, and as they
+were so strong, the idea of a revolution was a natural consequence. The
+principal agitator of all this movement was a man named Andr&eacute;s
+Bonifacio, who stirred up and directed it. The political movement in
+the Philippines was started, as was natural, by the aristocracy of
+wealth and of intelligence, but the <i>Katipunan</i> society was formed
+entirely of the elements from the lowest class of society. Bonifacio
+was a man without education. He was employed in one of the business
+houses at a small salary, of perhaps $30 or $40 (<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e5636" title="Source: mexican">Mexican</span>) a month. They went
+on arranging their affairs very quietly and very secretly, awaiting a
+proper moment for action, which they believed would be the time of
+General Blanco&rsquo;s departure from the Philippines. Gen. Blanco was
+a man who was well thought <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb232" href=
+"#pb232" name="pb232">232</a>]</span>of here<a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e5641src" href="#xd20e5641" name="xd20e5641src">52</a>, for he had
+a great deal of tolerance for the people<a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e5644src" href="#xd20e5644" name="xd20e5644src">53</a>. He did
+tolerate masonry, and they believed that he also tolerated the
+existence of the Katipunan society. One day the priest of Tondo, Padre
+Gil, through the confession of a woman<a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e5652src" href="#xd20e5652" name="xd20e5652src">54</a>, learned of
+the existence of the <i>Katipunan</i> society, for the woman&rsquo;s
+husband was a member<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5667src" href=
+"#xd20e5667" name="xd20e5667src">55</a>. This Father Gil informed the
+General, so the <i>Katipunan</i> society was discovered.</p>
+<p>As the reader can easily see for himself there is considerable
+difference between the statements of these two persons; a comparison of
+these with the real facts of the case will <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb233" href="#pb233" name="pb233">233</a>]</span>show
+how easy it is for a certain element to distort truth when it serves
+its purpose. I have quoted these two &ldquo;chosen&rdquo; people, not
+that their statements may go down to posterity as <i>history</i> (which
+has been distorted sufficiently), but because both Tavera and Legarda
+formed part of Aguinaldo&rsquo;s mock government&mdash;the Filipino
+Commune; and therefore both of them had plenty of occasion to know the
+real facts of the case, facts they evidently desired, for some reason,
+to distort.</p>
+<p id="n73"><span class="sc">Note 73.</span> See notes <a href=
+"#n70">70</a> and <a href="#n71">71</a>.</p>
+<p id="n74"><span class="sc">Note 74.</span> Herein the
+<i>katipuneros</i> showed their madness. So fanaticised did they become
+that nothing of a nature or character Spanish was allowed to remain.
+They carried this anti-Espa&ntilde;olism to the utmost
+extreme<span class="corr" id="xd20e5697" title="Not in source">.</span>
+Those of the native clergy who sympathised with the <i>Katipunan</i>
+frequently tore down the images of the saints in the churches, merely
+because the said saints were Spanish or painted them black in order to
+work the easier upon the imagination of the people.</p>
+<p>It was this hatred for things Spanish that <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb234" href="#pb234" name="pb234">234</a>]</span>gave
+rise to the bitterness demonstrated against the Religious Orders. The
+friar was a Spaniard, the most Spanish, as a general rule, of all the
+Spaniards in the Archipelago, and as such became the principal
+target.</p>
+<p>(See page 148).</p>
+<p id="n75"><span class="sc">Note 75.</span> The revolution ever showed
+unmistakable signs of a bitter race hatred. When the revolt first broke
+forth this race hatred was confined to Spaniards; and it was not until
+the breaking out of the insurrection against the lawful authority of
+the U. S. that it became general. Till then anyone but a Spaniard could
+go from end to end of the Archipelago without molestation; but when the
+promises of independence and other things of a like nature, made by the
+American Consuls of <span class="corr" id="xd20e5714" title=
+"Source: Hong-kong">Hong-Kong</span> and Singapore, and other
+irresponsible persons, failed to materialize, the self-asserted leaders
+of the people lost confidence in the white man and race hatred
+commenced to include all white people. When Aguinaldo&rsquo;s hordes of
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e5717" title=
+"Source: semi savages">semi-savages</span> commenced their attack upon
+the American forces, the effects of this race-hatred were <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb235" href="#pb235" name="pb235">235</a>]</span>felt
+more than ever before in the history of the country. Not only was the
+white man to be destroyed, but all those who sympathised with
+him&mdash;the <span class="corr" id="xd20e5722" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> determined to &ldquo;stagger
+humanity.&rdquo; And how they were going to do it is demonstrated in a
+document signed by Aguinaldo, captured by the American forces and
+published by the War Department of the U. S. on the 5th of September
+1900. The following are a few extracts from it<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e5725" title="Source: ;">:</span></p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="first">&ldquo;Malolos, Jan. 9, 1899&mdash;Instructions to the
+Brave Soldiers of Sandtahan of Manila<span class="corr" id="xd20e5732"
+title="Not in source">.</span></p>
+<p>&ldquo;Article 1. All Filipinos should observe our fellow-countrymen
+in order to see whether they are American sympathizers. They shall take
+care to work with them in order to inspire them with confidence of the
+strength of the holy cause of their country. Whenever they are assured
+of the loyalty of the converts they shall instruct them to continue in
+the character of an American sympathizer in order that they may receive
+good pay, but without prejudicing the cause of our country. In this way
+they can serve themselves, and at the same time serve the public by
+communicating to the committee of chiefs, and of our army, whatever
+news <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb236" href="#pb236" name=
+"pb236">236</a>]</span>of importance they may have<a class="noteref"
+id="xd20e5739src" href="#xd20e5739" name="xd20e5739src">56</a>.</p>
+<p class="pseudoh2">Gifts as Covers for Attack.</p>
+<p><span class="corr" id="xd20e5745" title=
+"Source: &lsquo;">&ldquo;</span>Art. 2. All of the chiefs and Filipino
+brothers should be ready and courageous for the combat, and should take
+advantage of the opportunity to study well the situation of the
+American outposts and headquarters, observing especially secret places
+where they can approach and <span class="corr" id="xd20e5748" title=
+"Source: suprise">surprise</span> the enemy.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Art. 3. The chief of those who go to attack the barracks
+should send in first, four men with a good present for the American
+commander. Immediately after will follow four others, who will make a
+pretense of looking for the same officer for some reason and a larger
+group shall be concealed in the corners or houses in order to aid the
+other groups at the first signal. This wherever it is possible at the
+moment of attack.</p>
+<p class="pseudoh2">To Murder in Woman&rsquo;s Disguise.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Art. 4. They should not, prior to the attack, look at the
+Americans in a threatening <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb237" href=
+"#pb237" name="pb237">237</a>]</span>manner. On the contrary, the
+attack on the barracks by the Sandtahan should be a complete surprise
+and with decision and courage. One should go alone in advance in order
+to kill the sentinel. In order to deceive the sentinel this one should
+dress as a woman, and must take great care that the sentinel is not
+able to discharge his piece, thus calling the attention of those in the
+barracks. This will enable his companions who are approaching to assist
+in the general attack.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Art. 5. At the moment of the attack the Sandtahan should not
+attempt to secure rifles from their dead enemies, but shall pursue,
+slashing right and left with bolos until the Americans surrender, and
+after there remains no enemy who can injure, they may take the rifles
+in one hand and the ammunition in the other.</p>
+<p class="pseudoh2"><span class="corr" id="xd20e5762" title=
+"Source: Firedrands">Firebrands</span> from the Housetops</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Art. 6. The officers shall take care that on the top of the
+houses along the streets where the American forces shall pass there
+shall be placed four to six men, who shall be prepared with stones,
+timbers, red hot iron, heavy furniture, as well as boiling water, oil
+and molasses, rags soaked in coal-oil ready <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb238" href="#pb238" name="pb238">238</a>]</span>to
+be <span class="corr" id="xd20e5769" title="Source: lighed">lit</span>
+and thrown down, and any other hard and heavy objects that they can
+throw on the passing American troops. At the same time in the lower
+parts of the houses will be concealed the Sandtahan, who will attack
+immediately.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Great care should be taken not to throw glass in the streets,
+as the greater part of our soldiers go barefooted. On these houses
+there will, if possible, be arranged in addition to the objects to be
+thrown down, a number of the Sandtahan, in order to cover a retreat or
+to follow up a rout of the enemy&rsquo;s column, so that we may be sure
+of the destruction of all the opposing forces.</p>
+<p class="pseudoh2">Women to Prepare &ldquo;Bombs&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Art. 9. In addition to the instructions given in paragraph 6,
+there shall be in the houses vessels filled with boiling water, tallow,
+molasses and other liquids, which shall be thrown as bombs on the
+Americans who pass in front of their houses, or they can make use of
+syringes or tubes of bamboo. In these houses shall be the Sandtahan,
+who shall hurl the liquids that shall be passed to them by women and
+children.</p>
+<p><span class="corr" id="xd20e5780" title=
+"Not in source">&ldquo;</span>Art. 10. In place of bolos or daggers if
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb239" href="#pb239" name=
+"pb239">239</a>]</span>they do not possess the same, the Sandtahan can
+provide themselves with lances and arrows with long sharp heads, and
+these should be shot with great force in order that they may penetrate
+well into the bodies of the enemy. And they should be so made that in
+withdrawal from the body the head will remain in the flesh.</p>
+<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p>
+<p class="signed">&rdquo;<span class="sc">Emilio
+Aguinaldo</span>&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<p>The following official notice posted up in Sta. Cruz, Laguna, is
+another interesting example of the extent to which this race hatred
+spread:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="first pseudoh2">Notice.</p>
+<p>The traitor Honorato Quisunbin, who in an evil <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e5800" title="Source: mement">moment</span> denied his country,
+died yesterday.</p>
+<p>To-day, one no less a traitor and renegade to his mother country,
+has also died. He who has been the cause of so many husband-less wives
+and fatherless children, has received a punishment for his crimes which
+will prevent him from repeating them.</p>
+<p>We will allot to-morrow, for the punishment of the remainder if they
+do not change their conduct, but continue to follow the steps of
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb240" href="#pb240" name=
+"pb240">240</a>]</span>the above mentioned. For this reason, beloved
+compatriots now that you have witnessed the punishment given to those
+who have left the path marked by our authority which our government
+conferred on us although we are unworthy of it, but as we have been
+appointed, we have forcibly to obey all the decrees published, for the
+crimes which are punishable by death and which are as follows:</p>
+<p>1st. All those who have any public or private communication with the
+enemy and serve them as guides;</p>
+<p>2nd. All those who attack and rob in a band;</p>
+<p>3rd. Violation or abuse;</p>
+<p>4th. Incendiarism;</p>
+<p>5th. All those who receive any position or employment in the service
+of the enemy.</p>
+<p class="signed">(Signed) <span class="sc">The Compatriots</span>.</p>
+</div>
+<p>This race hatred is illustrated very clearly in the definition of
+the Katipunan given by Romualdo Teodoro de J., when he said that its
+aim was to <i>kill all Spaniards</i> and take possession of the
+islands. No particular hatred was shown to any class; it was all
+Spaniards of all <span class="corr" id="xd20e5830" title=
+"Source: clases">classes</span> and conditions who <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb241" href="#pb241" name="pb241">241</a>]</span>were
+to be assassinated. It is also clearly depicted in the Act of Session
+of the <i>Katipunan Sur</i> already quoted (See page 81; also foot-note
+page 80).</p>
+<p id="n76"><span class="sc">Note 76.</span> What Sr. Diaz intends by
+<i>Tagalog</i> Katipunan is not quite clear. The whole society was
+practically confined to the <span class="corr" id="xd20e5845" title=
+"Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span> provinces and was insignificant in
+extent even beyond the city of Manila and its suburbs. There was no
+other Katipunan.</p>
+<p>In November 1895 the assembly of the <i>Katipunan</i> was composed
+of ten individuals of the Supreme Council, and the presidents of the
+popular sections who were entitled to assist in virtue of holding some
+office therein.</p>
+<p>In January of the following year of 1896, after the annual election,
+the assembly was composed as follows:</p>
+<div class="table">
+<table>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>President</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Andr&eacute;s Bonifacio.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Secretary</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Emilio Jacinto.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td rowspan="3" class="xd20e777">Treasurer</td>
+<td rowspan="3"><img src="images/leftbrace3.gif" alt="" width="10"
+height="74"></td>
+<td>Vicente Molina.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Pantale&oacute;n Torres.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Hermenegildo Reyes.<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb242" href=
+"#pb242" name="pb242">242</a>]</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td rowspan="4" class="xd20e777">Councillors</td>
+<td rowspan="4" class="xd20e1225"><img src="images/leftbrace3.gif" alt=
+"" width="10" height="74"></td>
+<td>Francisco Carre&oacute;n.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Jos&eacute; Trinidad.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Balbino Florentino.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Aguedo del Rosario.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Fiscal</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Pio Valenzuela.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<p id="n77"><span class="sc">Note 77.</span> The question of the amount
+and the source of the supply of arms possessed by the <i>Katipunan</i>
+has always been one of dispute. Some suppose the rebels to have been
+well armed, whilst others reckon the number of serviceable guns to have
+been very small.</p>
+<p>Among the papers and documents belonging to the <i>Katipunan
+Sur</i>, <span class="corr" id="xd20e5917" title=
+"Source: siezed">seized</span> by the Spanish authorities, is the
+following:</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Commissioned for the purchase of arms:</p>
+<div class="table">
+<table>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>D. Gabino</td>
+<td rowspan="4" class="xd20e5926"><img src="images/rightbrace3.gif"
+alt="" width="10" height="74"></td>
+<td rowspan="4" class="xd20e777">Tantoko</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>D. Juan</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>D. Antonio</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>D. Ezequiel</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td colspan="3">D. Epifanio Ramos.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td colspan="3">D. Victoriano Luis</td>
+<td>for the distinct armories of Manila.&rdquo;</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<p>In a letter of the Secretary to the President D. Agustin Tantoko (a
+native priest; see page 79): <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb243" href=
+"#pb243" name="pb243">243</a>]</span></p>
+<p>&ldquo;I believe we can obtain the dynamite by bribing some of the
+harbor employees.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>This letter has a foot-note which says: &ldquo;When you have read
+this, destroy it.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Numeriano Adriano testified (fols. <span class="corr" id="xd20e5958"
+title="Source: 1.309">1,309</span>&ndash;<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e5961" title="Source: 1.312">1,312</span>) that Andr&eacute;s
+Bonifacio had collected 10,000 pesos for the purchase, in Japan, of
+4,000 rifles with abundant ammunition.<a id="xd20e5964" name=
+"xd20e5964"></a></p>
+<p>He also stated that the arms had been purchased and were to be
+landed near by the mountains of San Mateo and in the Batanes islands,
+from whence they would be brought to Manila.</p>
+<p>That &ldquo;Andr&eacute;s Bonifacio went to San Mateo with men to
+receive and arrange arms, whilst Deodato Arellano and Timoteo Paez were
+encharged to send people to Batanes to the same end.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Also that &ldquo;It is said that many of the insurgents in the
+province of Cavite bear arms of different systems, and he supposed that
+they must have been acquired by the rich and wealthy persons of that
+province, such as Francisco Osario and others, who knowing perhaps of
+the existence of the <i>Liga</i> of Manila, its form and object, had
+formed their own also, in the said province, in <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb244" href="#pb244" name=
+"pb244">244</a>]</span>order to unite to that of Manila and make common
+cause therewith.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Domingo Franco declared (fols. <span class="corr" id="xd20e5979"
+title="Source: 1.381">1,381</span>&ndash;<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e5982" title="Source: 1.382">1,382</span>), in answer to a
+question during his trial, as to what he knew in reference to the
+purchase of arms and <span class="corr" id="xd20e5985" title=
+"Source: ammuntion">ammunition</span>, that &ldquo;all he knew was that
+arms and ammunition had been purchased, because at the end of 1895, or
+the beginning of 1896, he saw Francisco L. Rojas in his office in Calle
+Jolo, and the said Rojas told him that he had received a quantity of
+arms and ammunition.&rdquo; He stated moreover, that he did not know
+the make or number, nor where they had been landed.</p>
+<p>Tomas Prieto of Nueva Caceres mentioned the receipt of 50 arms from
+Bato. He also stated that Mariano Melgarejo, according to references
+from Macario Valentin, received a load of arms in eleven cases from
+Pasacao.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Pio Valenzuela affirmed that the arms borne by the rebels were for
+the most part domestic bolos<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5992src" href=
+"#xd20e5992" name="xd20e5992src">57</a> and lances, and <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb245" href="#pb245" name="pb245">245</a>]</span>that
+the chiefs were armed with revolvers.&rdquo; These revolvers were, he
+affirmed, acquired from the <i lang="es">Maestranzi de
+Artilleria</i>.</p>
+<p>Juan Casta&ntilde;eda declared that &ldquo;the Japanese offered to
+land here 100,000 rifles with their ammunition, the <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e6005" title="Source: expence">expense</span> of which should
+be paid in a fixed number of years.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Numeriano Adriano also affirmed that it had been decided to purchase
+arms in Japan and that <span class="corr" id="xd20e6011" title=
+"Source: ne">one</span> of the islands of the Archipelago should be
+given to Japan in exchange for its aid.</p>
+<p>Domingo Abella affirmed that he had visited Francisco Rojas in his
+office for the purpose of finding out if the arms which the tailor Luis
+Villareal had ordered for the society, had arrived; and that although
+Francisco Rojas did not belong to the society, he was encharged to
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e6016" title="Source: proportion">portion
+out</span> the arms and commissioned to bring them to Manila. Francisco
+told him that he could not provide him with any as they were all
+sold.</p>
+<p>The <span class="corr" id="xd20e6021" title=
+"Source: nett">net</span> cost of the arms and ammunition necessary to
+carry out the revolt was considerable, and as their introduction into
+the country would have to be very carefully <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e6024" title="Source: planed">planned</span>, and be carried out
+with the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb246" href="#pb246" name=
+"pb246">246</a>]</span>greatest secrecy, the original cost would
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e6029" title="Source: be be">be</span>
+considerably increased. Large sums of money were therefore necessary to
+cover expenses. Although the entrance fees and monthly subscriptions
+were considerable they could not produce the amount necessary to
+provide for the revolution, especially when there existed such a wide
+spread <span class="corr" id="xd20e6032" title=
+"Source: tendancy">tendency</span> among those who handled the funds,
+to <span class="corr" id="xd20e6036" title=
+"Source: absorbe">absorb</span> them as a sponge <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e6039" title="Source: absorbes">absorbs</span> water. Castillo in
+his work concerning this association and its funds says<a class=
+"noteref" id="xd20e6042src" href="#xd20e6042" name=
+"xd20e6042src">58</a>:</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Undoubtedly it (the Katipunan) <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e6050" title="Source: possesed">possessed</span> large sums of
+money, only the most insignificant part of which, according to report,
+was discovered in the possession of Pio Valenzuela, preserved in gold
+and amounting, we believe, to less than 30,000 pesos. These resources
+could not cover the extraordinary expenses of the propaganda, that of
+the Commissioners sent to Japan to treat with that power on the
+question of a protectorate, and that of the coming war<a id="xd20e6053"
+name="xd20e6053"></a> expenses which were without doubt, very
+considerable.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The <span class="corr" id="xd20e6057" title=
+"Source: indian">Indian</span> is not so selfish or so patriotic
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb247" href="#pb247" name=
+"pb247">247</a>]</span>that he would, without immediate advantage to
+himself permit himself the extravagance of abandoning the <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e6062" title="Source: sedentery">sedentary</span> life
+he usually leads, to launch out into the field of adventures of
+doubtful result. Those who from the headquarters of the revolution
+directed those torpid masses must have realised this, and to make sure
+of the exit, caused money to be distributed to all the affiliated and
+to their families, giving them at the same time rice in abundance.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;On the morning of the events which took place at San Juan del
+Monte, two women who live in the Santa Mesa road, were engaged in
+giving money to the <i>taos</i><a class="noteref" id="xd20e6069src"
+href="#xd20e6069" name="xd20e6069src">59</a> who passed that way,
+advising them to unite themselves with the <i lang="es">insurrectos</i>
+to the end of killing all the Spaniards....</p>
+<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p>
+<p>&ldquo;This money set aside for distribution in San Juan del Monte,
+in Pasig and in the pueblos on the banks of the river, must have come
+from a well stocked treasury....&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p>
+<p>A little further on, the author gives a very broad hint as to one
+probable source of funds when he asks the question, where <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb248" href="#pb248" name="pb248">248</a>]</span>is
+the <i>million and a half pesos</i> which constitute the default in the
+public treasury of Manila?</p>
+<p>&ldquo;It would be a curious coincidence,&rdquo; says the author,
+&ldquo;if part of this amount perhaps the greater part should have
+served as funds from which the expenses of the revolution and the war
+were paid.&rdquo;</p>
+<p id="n78"><span class="sc">Note 78.</span> The initiations into the
+<i>Katipunan</i> were grotesque in the extreme. The person introduced
+for initiation was placed in a room draped in black, with its walls
+hung with mottoes in Tagalog dialect such as: &ldquo;If you have
+courage you may continue,&rdquo; &ldquo;If you have been brought here
+by your curiosity, retire.&rdquo; Upon a table was placed a skull, a
+loaded revolver and a bolo. A paper upon which were written three
+questions lay also upon the table. These questions were<span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e6097" title="Source: ;">:</span> &ldquo;In what state
+did the Spaniards find the Tagalog people at the time of the conquest?
+In what state are they found now? What future can it hope for?</p>
+<p>The initiated previously instructed by his god-father, or by the
+person who catechised him, was to reply that, at the time of the
+arrival of the Spaniards, the <span class="corr" id="xd20e6102" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb249" href="#pb249" name="pb249">249</a>]</span>living on the coasts
+enjoyed a certain amount of civilization, since they already had
+cannons and silk dresses, that they enjoyed political liberty,
+sustained diplomatic (sic) relations and commerce with the neighboring
+countries of Asia; had their own religion and writing; in a word, lived
+happy with their independence. A <i>certain amount</i> of civilization
+may be. Let us see what that <i>certain amount</i> was:</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Barely clothed, and more often naked, revelling day and night
+in <span class="corr" id="xd20e6116" title=
+"Source: drunkeness">drunkenness</span>, given to the practice of
+infanticide, holding virginity as a dishonor, having among them people
+who practiced defloration as a profession, ignorant of the value and
+uses of money, making use of men, women and children to pay debts, in
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e6119" title=
+"Source: continal">continual</span> warfare with one another and
+enslaving their prisoners, practicing wholesale murder of slaves on the
+death of a chief or important personage, adoring and sacrificing to
+rocks, trees, crocodiles and idols of wood; lacking religion, but
+having in its stead most <span class="corr" id="xd20e6122" title=
+"Source: beastial">bestial</span> and absurd superstitions; without
+temples, monuments or even literature, although they possessed a
+species of written language. The only human ideas they possessed were
+adopted <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb250" href="#pb250" name=
+"pb250">250</a>]</span>from the Chinese, Japanese and Borneo
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e6127" title=
+"Source: mahomedans">Mohammedans</span> whom they imitated after the
+manner of apes. This, historians tell us, was the condition of this
+people 340 years ago! when the missionaries planted the Cross on
+Philippine soil, and brought to the benighted natives the
+gospel.&rdquo; So much for the certain amount of civilization.</p>
+<p><i>Cannons and silk dresses</i>: of a kind; as to the cannons, where
+did they all come from? Bought from or exchanged with the Borneo moros
+probably. As to these and the silk dresses, the savages of the
+south-sea islands enjoyed the use of such things and enjoyed them with
+better knowledge of how to use them! They enjoyed <i>political
+liberty</i>; let us see what Morga the historian who speaks most
+glowingly of the ancient civilization of the <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e6137" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> peoples, has to
+say on this point.</p>
+<p>He says: &ldquo;In all these islands the people had neither kings
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e6142" title="Source: or">nor</span> lords
+to dominate them as in other kingdoms and provinces. But in each island
+were many chiefs from among the same natives, some greater than others
+each one with his subjects, by groups and families, who obeyed and
+respected them. Sometimes these chiefs were at peace with <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb251" href="#pb251" name="pb251">251</a>]</span>one
+another and some times at war.... The superiority which these
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e6147" title="Source: chief">chiefs</span>
+had over the people of their group was such that they held them as
+subjects, <i>with power to treat them well or ill, disposing of their
+persons, children and estates at their will, without <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e6152" title="Source: resistence">resistance</span> or the
+necessity of giving account to anyone, and for very slight offences
+they killed and wounded them and made slaves of them<span class="corr"
+id="xd20e6155" title="Source: .">;</span></i> and if it happened that
+one of the chiefs were bathing in the river and a native passed in
+front of him or looked upon him with want of respect, and for other
+similar things, they <i>made slaves of them for ever</i>.&rdquo; This
+is a good and practical kind of political liberty, just the kind of
+liberty the country would enjoy if in the hands of the leaders of the
+Federal Party, so anxious for liberties for themselves and coercion for
+those who do not agree with their way of thinking.</p>
+<p><i>Diplomatic relations and commerce with the neighboring countries
+of Asia</i>: As to the diplomatic relations the mere idea of such a
+thing is <span class="corr" id="xd20e6165" title=
+"Source: perposterous">preposterous</span>. If we are to concede the
+use of diplomatic relations to the ancient Tagalog people, then we must
+consider as diplomatic relations such customs <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb252" href="#pb252" name="pb252">252</a>]</span>as
+the passing of the &ldquo;peace pipe&rdquo; practiced by the indian of
+the United States, and the giving and accepting of young women for
+sensual convenience practiced in many of the islands of the Pacific up
+to the present day. As to their foreign commerce let us listen once
+more to Morga. &ldquo;Their contracts and negotiations were as a rule
+illicit, each one considering the best way to come off successful in
+his business.&rdquo;</p>
+<p><i>Their own <span class="corr" id="xd20e6173" title=
+"Source: religon">religion</span></i>: For a religious system they
+worshiped their ancestors and performed human sacrifices. The Spaniards
+found in these islands less than a million inhabitants, who were
+divided into innumerable tribes governed by rulers who had no more
+title of sovereignty than that they were enabled to impose upon the
+people by brute force and untold cruelties. The inhabitants formed a
+jumble of inferior races some more or less pure in blood, others
+intermixed; people speaking many dialects. They all lacked religion, in
+the proper sense of the word; they lacked morals, in fact they were
+wanting in everything that raises man above the level of the brute
+creation.</p>
+<p>As to their own writing, certain it is that they possessed a crude
+and very inefficient <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb253" href="#pb253"
+name="pb253">253</a>]</span>manner of writing, but what is very
+remarkable is, that in spite of their possessing a system of script,
+not a single piece of their literary work has yet been discovered nor
+even a written tradition. This goes to prove that either the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e6180" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> were at that time too deep in the
+savage ages to realise the importance of writing, or that the form of
+script was useless for practical purposes.</p>
+<p>To the second question the initiated replied that the friar
+missionaries had done nothing to civilize the <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e6185" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span>, as they
+considered the civilization and illustration of the country to be
+incompatible with their interests<a class="noteref" id="xd20e6188src"
+href="#xd20e6188" name="xd20e6188src">60</a>. <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb254" href="#pb254" name="pb254">254</a>]</span></p>
+<p>To the third question the initiated was to reply that they had
+faith, courage and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb255" href="#pb255"
+name="pb255">255</a>]</span>constancy to aid them to remedy these evils
+in the future.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e6223src" href="#xd20e6223"
+name="xd20e6223src">61</a></p>
+<p>The master of ceremonies warned him that he was taking a very
+important and very solemn step, and he was recommended to retire if he
+did not feel courage enough to continue since he would uselessly expose
+his life. If the initiated insisted in continuing with the mysteries of
+the initiation he was presented to the reunion of the brethren to be
+tried by the proofs assigned, which were very similar to those adopted
+in universal masonry, but surrounded with more paganism, if that be
+possible. He was blindfolded and made to discharge a revolver against
+an imaginary enemy, a person he was made to believe really was present
+and awaiting <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb256" href="#pb256" name=
+"pb256">256</a>]</span>there the executionary bullet which should make
+him pay the penalty of a treason. If he passed through the proofs
+successfully he was introduced into the hall of oaths and there with
+his own blood, drawn by means of an <span class="corr" id="xd20e6236"
+title="Source: incission">incision</span> made in the left arm between
+the shoulder and the elbow, he signed the oath.</p>
+<p id="n79"><span class="sc">Note 79.</span> See note <a href=
+"#n50">50</a>, pages 171, 173 and 174.</p>
+<p id="n80"><span class="sc">Note 80.</span> <i>The liberty of the
+Tagalog people</i>; the chief aim which gave rise to the revolt. The
+first thing the separatists desired was to get rid of the Peninsular
+Spaniard; the next to go would have been the insular Spaniard, then the
+Spanish mestizo, then the <span class="corr" id="xd20e6253" title=
+"Source: chinee">Chinee</span> half-caste and the <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e6256" title="Source: chinee">Chinee</span>; after which would
+come the gradual extinction of the various tribes. In the mean time the
+country would suffer considerably and at last...? See page 69, last
+four lines of the first paragraph.</p>
+<p>It is well nigh impossible to imagine to what the liberty of the
+Tagalog people would mean if it were put into practice. If the South
+American states which are <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb257" href=
+"#pb257" name="pb257">257</a>]</span>recognized as independent, are
+unable to govern themselves in spite of the political superiority of
+the people inhabiting them over the peoples of this archipelago,
+without an unending series of revolutions, what <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e6264" title="Source: night">might</span> we expect from the
+Philippines? Give the country independence with one of the native
+&ldquo;commissioners&rdquo; as president of the republic and how long
+do you suppose it would be before Pedro Paterno at the head of some 5
+or <span class="corr" id="xd20e6267" title="Source: 6.000">6,000</span>
+men would march into Manila to depose the president and proclaim
+himself Emperor Pedro I? And before the new Emperor could install
+himself in Malaca&ntilde;an he would have at his heels a thousand and
+one petty chiefs, princes, kings and perhaps even a few ambitious
+queens!</p>
+<p>It is over a half a century ago since the South American Republics
+became independent, and at that time the rest of the world cared but
+little for the consequences of such a step. But this indifference of
+the nations can never exist here in the Orient at the <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e6272" title="Source: commencenent">commencement</span>
+of this XX Century<span class="corr" id="xd20e6275" title=
+"Source: ,">.</span> It would never suit the rest of the world to see
+independence declared in the Philippines and especially if that
+independence left the reins of government in the hands of the
+<i>Tagalog</i> people. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb258" href=
+"#pb258" name="pb258">258</a>]</span></p>
+<p>The question of the expulsion from the country or the destruction of
+the Spaniards has been spoken of under several notes; the idea was,
+doubtless, a semi-savage interpretation of the preachings and teachings
+spread abroad by the Bible societies in all parts and especially in
+Spanish countries. And this becomes the more probable when we call to
+mind what the <i lang="es">El Imparcial</i> of the 26th of August 1896
+published concerning this identical point. Speaking of the state of the
+country in general as a result of the insurrection, it says:</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The minister of Foreign affairs received a telegram yesterday
+from General Blanco manifesting that more arrests had been made....</p>
+<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p>
+<p>The conjuration had ramifications in various parts of the
+Archipelago, and in it figured not only masonic societies but also
+Bible societies....</p>
+<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p>
+<p>The propaganda of filibusterism is encharged to the colporteurs of
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e6297" title=
+"Source: evangelica">evangelical</span> books, who wander all over the
+Archipelago selling protestant publications.&rdquo;</p>
+<p id="n81"><span class="sc">Note 81.</span> These three native priests
+were <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb259" href="#pb259" name=
+"pb259">259</a>]</span>among the prime movers of the rebellion of 1872,
+a revolt which was planned out in the houses of Joaquin Pardo de Tavera
+and Jacinto Zamora. The three priests were executed by the <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e6306" title="Source: garote">garrote</span> together
+with Francisco Saldua. Gomez left the sum of <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e6309" title="Source: 200.000">200,000</span> pesos to his natural
+son, born to him before he entered the priesthood. In his will he
+strongly <span class="corr" id="xd20e6312" title=
+"Source: councilled">counselled</span> his son to be ever faithful to
+the Spanish authorities. I had intended to give a brief outline of the
+revolt of &rsquo;72 but space will not permit. Taking it as a whole, it
+differed little from the revolt of &rsquo;96 with the exception that it
+was directly brought about by the propagators of revolutionary ideas
+then rampant in Spain, and by the <span class="corr" id="xd20e6315"
+title="Source: emisaries">emissaries</span> of the revolutionary
+government then established.</p>
+<p id="n82"><span class="sc">Note 82.</span>&mdash;See note <a href=
+"#n20">20</a>.</p>
+<p id="n83"><span class="sc">Note 83.</span> The oath taken by the
+<i>katipuneros</i> was as follows:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="first xd20e192">K. K. K.<br>
+N. M. A. N. B.</p>
+<p>Section....</p>
+<p>I declare that on account of my entrance into the K. K. K. of the A.
+N. B. I have <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb260" href="#pb260" name=
+"pb260">260</a>]</span>sworn a solemn oath in my native pueblo and in
+the presence of a superior of the Junta of the <i>Katipunan</i>, to do
+away with everything that is possible and even with that which is to me
+most near and dear and appreciated in this life, and to defend the
+cause to victory or to death. And in truth of this I swear also to be
+obedient in everything and to follow in the fight wherever I am
+led.</p>
+<p>And in proof of what I have said I place my true name with the blood
+of my veins at the foot of this declaration.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<p id="n84"><span class="sc">Note 84.</span> Pio Valenzuela, who gave
+some of the most interesting and reliable information concerning the
+inner life of the <i>Katipunan</i>, testified (fols. 1,663&ndash;1,673)
+that on the 30th of November 1895, the birthday of Bonifacio, a meeting
+was held in Caloocan, in a house situated in the rice fields, some
+thirty five or forty individuals assisting thereat, among them being
+the witness. This meeting continued all day and all night till the
+following day, the first of December. At this meeting they pronounced
+the death sentence upon the tailor Guzman for publishing the secrets of
+the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb261" href="#pb261" name=
+"pb261">261</a>]</span><i>Katipunan</i>; this sentence was signed by
+all present including the witness, after he had made many observations
+against it, observations the rest would not listen to. One of the
+lighter punishments meted out was the public exposition in the lodge
+rooms of the picture of the person punished, with the word
+<i>traitor</i> <span class="corr" id="xd20e6363" title=
+"Source: writer">written</span> over or under it.</p>
+<p id="n85"><span class="sc">Note 85.</span> The <i>Katipunan</i>
+enjoyed a peculiar and special organization, which was given to it in
+order to avoid surprises and treachery. The assemblies were always held
+in secluded places and under the cover of the greatest secrecy.
+Sometimes they were held at midnight in the open cornfields so as not
+to attract the attention of those indians who were not members of the
+society. Valenzuela relates how a secret meeting was held in the pueblo
+of Pasig at midnight, on one <span class="corr" id="xd20e6373" title=
+"Source: ocassion">occasion</span> to arrange the matter of the
+annexation of the Islands to Japan in case that nation did not care to
+declare a protectorate over them.</p>
+<p>The Council <span class="corr" id="xd20e6379" title=
+"Source: of Ministers of Ministers">of Ministers</span> of the Supreme
+popular Council was as follows<span class="corr" id="xd20e6382" title=
+"Not in source">:</span></p>
+<div class="table">
+<table>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>President</td>
+<td>Andr&eacute;s Bonifacio.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>War</td>
+<td>Teodoro Plata.<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb262" href="#pb262"
+name="pb262">262</a>]</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>State</td>
+<td>Emilio Jacinto.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Interior</td>
+<td>Aguedo del Rosario.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Justice</td>
+<td>Birecio Pantas.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Finance</td>
+<td>Enrique Pacheco.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<p id="n86"><span class="sc">Note 86.</span> Pio Valenzuela mentioned
+one occasion upon which such a meeting of the society was held, he
+himself assisting thereat, in the house of Andr&eacute;s Bonifacio. It
+was a supper given in honor of the baptism of a child to which the said
+Valenzuela was god-father. After the supper, which served as a shield
+under the which the work of the lodge was to be done, an election was
+held for the Supreme and the Popular Councils, and the sections. Some
+thirty members were present.</p>
+<p>Another case he mentioned was that of a meeting held on the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e6424" title=
+"Source: birth-day">birthday</span> of Bonifacio 30th of November
+1895.</p>
+<p>The Katipunan moreover had its own festivals. This is how Valenzuela
+describes them:</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The Katipunan held its festival, according as Andr&eacute;s
+Bonifacio had told the witness, on the 7th of July, anniversary of the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e6431" title=
+"Source: fountation">foundation</span> of the society; it also
+celebrated another anniversary on the 28th of February, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb263" href="#pb263" name="pb263">263</a>]</span>the
+date of the execution of the three native priests, Burgos, Gomez and
+Zamora (see note 81). On that day a catafalque draped with black cloth,
+was erected in each one of the popular Councils, having four
+<i>hachones</i><a class="noteref" id="xd20e6438src" href="#xd20e6438"
+name="xd20e6438src">62</a>, one in each of its four angles, adorned
+with crowns made with plants named <i>Macabuhay</i><a class="noteref"
+id="xd20e6443src" href="#xd20e6443" name="xd20e6443src">63</a>. All the
+members filed before the funeral pile, reciting prayers for the dead
+and swearing to avenge the death of the three priests.</p>
+<p id="n87"><span class="sc">Note 87.</span> Roman Baza, who was one of
+the many who suffered the death penalty for his treason, undertook to
+educate in ultra-democratic ideas, (as Isabelo de los Reyes is doing in
+our days), all he came in contact with. He printed and spread abroad
+the &ldquo;rights of man&rdquo; of the French revolution.</p>
+<p>He was at one time president of the <i>Katipunan</i> (see p. 44) but
+being a man little suited to carry out to a successful issue the set
+plans of the society, Bonifacio determined <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb264" href="#pb264" name="pb264">264</a>]</span>to
+remove him, by what Sr. Diaz terms a <i lang=
+"fr">coup-d&rsquo;etat</i>, but more properly called an underhand
+trick. Bonifacio, at that time treasurer, forced a conflict on the
+subject of the financial conditions of the society, being denounced as
+an exploiter for his pains. The quarrel was settled by an election,
+Bonifacio by his unholy influence carrying all before him.</p>
+<p>It was during the presidency of Baza that the Katipunan society for
+women was founded, &ldquo;the object of which was <i>mutual succor</i>
+(!)<span class="corr" id="xd20e6465" title="Not in source">.</span>
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e6468" title="Source: the">The</span>
+institution serving at the same time to dissimulate the meetings of the
+male <i>Katipuneros</i>. Whilst the latter were holding their sessions
+in a retired room, the women were in the salon with some young men
+dancing, singing or eating. The presidentess of this society of
+<i>mutual succorers</i> was Mariana Dizon.</p>
+<p>To secure admission it was necessary to be a daughter or sister of
+one of the male members. Mariana Dizon later on married Jos&eacute;
+Turiano Santiago, and as a result, the female <i>Katipunan</i>, as an
+organization was broken up, the late members however continuing to
+shield as before, the labors of the Katipunan reunions. <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb265" href="#pb265" name="pb265">265</a>]</span></p>
+<p id="n88"><span class="sc">Note 88.</span> See notes <a href=
+"#n74">74</a>, <a href="#n75">75</a> and <a href="#n93">93</a>. Part of
+the local and provincial Spanish press has not failed to give the
+public a rehash from time to time, of the greater part of the
+inventions of the separatists. It is needless to say, however, that in
+this it has failed to receive the support of representative
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e6496" title=
+"Source: Spanniards">Spaniards</span> who look upon such an action as
+little to the honor of the good name of Spain. As to the corresponding
+English-speaking press in this connection, the less said the better for
+the good name of American journalism.</p>
+<p id="n89"><span class="sc">Note 89.</span> Jos&eacute; Dizon Matanza
+stated during his trial (<span class="corr" id="xd20e6503" title=
+"Source: fol.">fols.</span> 1,132&ndash;1,138) &ldquo;that Pio
+Valenzuela <span class="corr" id="xd20e6506" title=
+"Source: saught">sought</span> money from the wealthy, and as he (the
+prisoner) understood, from a statement of Bonifacio, had collected over
+a thousand pesos for the object of covering the expenses of the trip
+which he made to Dapitan to confer with Rizal; and in order to fool the
+authorities he took with him a blind individual with his guide, that
+Rizal might perform a cure or some operation upon the blind man. The
+motive of the conference was the proposition to Rizal of the armed
+rebellion, etc., etc.&rdquo; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb266" href=
+"#pb266" name="pb266">266</a>]</span></p>
+<p>Valenzuela himself spoke of this trip to Dapitan (see note <a href=
+"#n16">16</a>, p. 133) as follows:&mdash;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;In the month of May of that year 1896, a reunion was held in
+Pasig and there it was agreed to send a commission to Japan ... and it
+was agreed also to commence the armed rebellion, settling the manner in
+which it should be carried out, but it was decided that, previous to
+taking action it would be wise to consult with Rizal, the witness being
+chosen as emissary. The schoolmaster of Cavite Viejo, by name Santos,
+proposed that a blind man named Raymundo Mata should accompany
+Valenzuela that Rizal might cure him. The witness embarked on the S. S.
+Venus at the end of May, meeting on board, one of Rizal&rsquo;s
+sisters, and his (Rizal&rsquo;s) <i lang="es">querida</i>, an American
+or English woman named Josefina; and arriving at Dapitan, the witness
+went ashore with the two women and a servant that accompanied them,
+making their way to the house of Rizal, etc., etc.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>According to a statement of Isabelo de los Reyes, &ldquo;Rizal, as
+has been clearly proved at the trials (of traitors) advised them to
+wait another two years, as they lacked arms.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>I wonder if Rizal foresaw the war to <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb267" href="#pb267" name="pb267">267</a>]</span>break out <i>two
+years</i> later between Spain and the United States! His intense desire
+to go to Cuba would give one that idea.</p>
+<p id="n90"><span class="sc">Note 90.</span> Negotiations indeed! Who
+can imagine the circumspect and formal little nation of Japan
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e6534" title=
+"Source: admiting">admitting</span> negotiations with a warehouse
+porter, a man who was representative only of the worst of the lowest
+classes! Sr. Diaz probably made this statement from hearsay <i lang=
+"es">por boca de ganso</i> as they say in Spanish. If any negotiations
+took place between Bonifacio and the Japanese Government they were on a
+par with those between the late U. S. Consuls of Singapore and
+Hong-Kong, and a few other irresponsible people, and Aguinaldo, the
+leader of the <i>Katipunan</i>.</p>
+<p id="n91"><span class="sc">Note 91.</span> As has been seen in the
+foregoing notes, it was the intention of the <i>separatists</i> to make
+purchases of arms and their necessary ammunition in Japan. Those
+wealthy <span class="corr" id="xd20e6550" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> who were owners of steamships were
+looked to as the chief assistance in the transportation and landing of
+the said arms, etc.</p>
+<p>The date of the arrival of the arms, <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb268" href="#pb268" name="pb268">268</a>]</span>according as appeared
+from evidence given during the trial of Francisco L. Roxas, was to have
+been the 31st of December 1896. Lorenzo de la Paz, however, stated that
+it was the 1st of September of the said year. Others claimed it to be
+the 13th of September or the 30th of November. As may be easily seen,
+there was no lack of disagreement among the chiefs of the revolt, and
+perhaps, as far as the majority were concerned, still more
+exploitation.</p>
+<p id="n92"><span class="sc">Note 92.</span> Pio Valenzuela y
+Alejandrino was a licentiate of <span class="corr" id="xd20e6561"
+title="Source: Medecine">Medicine</span>, and one of the members of the
+inferior Supreme Council of the Katipunan. According to his own story
+he entered the files of the society under compulsion at the hands of
+Andr&eacute;s Bonifacio, who on the strength of a love affair, gave him
+the alternative of death or membership in the Katipunan (see p. 132).
+In his declaration during his trial (fol. 142&ndash;147) on the 6th of
+September 1896, he recorded how on the 30 day of November, S.
+Andrew&rsquo;s day of the year 1895, he was presented by Andr&eacute;s
+Bonifacio to various <i>Katipuneros</i> as &ldquo;brother&rdquo; Medico
+(Doctor), Bonifacio stating that from that time he <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb269" href="#pb269" name=
+"pb269">269</a>]</span>(Valenzuela) would be the doctor of the society.
+He also stated how, in the following month of January and in another
+meeting, he was nominated Fiscal, and official doctor with a salary of
+thirty pesos monthly, a salary he had no little difficulty in
+collecting. He was commissioned in May 1896 to go to Dapitan to hold a
+conference with Rizal concerning armed rising against the supreme
+authority of Spain in the Archipelago; but Rizal was shrewder and more
+far-sighted than the others and would not consent to the <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e6569" title="Source: carryiug">carrying</span> out of
+the scheme as proposed by Bonifacio. On the return of Valenzuela
+Bonifacio imposed upon him a strict <span class="corr" id="xd20e6572"
+title="Source: sllence">silence</span> concerning the outcome of the
+conference; but being pressed by certain members of the society, among
+whom were Emilio Jacinto, Secretary of the Supreme Council, and
+<i>capita</i> Ramon of Pandacan, he revealed the secret of
+Rizal&rsquo;s opposition to a plan he feared would be abortive. When
+once the cat was out of the bag the facts soon became public among the
+principal members, with the result that many who had promised funds for
+the purchase of arms etc. in Japan, refused to pay the amounts
+promised. Among these was a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb270" href=
+"#pb270" name="pb270">270</a>]</span>colonel of Malabon who had
+promised 500 pesos for the said object. This breach of confidence on
+the part of Valenzuela brought about the separation of himself and
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e6581" title=
+"Source: Boniiacio">Bonifacio</span>, and the former presented his
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e6584" title=
+"Source: resignatfon">resignation</span> as doctor and fiscal of the
+society. Bonifacio opposed the idea of his resignation but it was
+finally accepted, and the former friends parted company each to work in
+his own sphere.</p>
+<p>Valenzuela was in fact one of the chief movers of the rebellion;
+this was confessed by Domingo Franco, the late president of the then
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e6589" title=
+"Source: difunct">defunct</span> <i lang="es">Liga <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e6594" title="Source: filipina">Filipina</span></i>. &ldquo;The
+rebellion,&rdquo; says he, &ldquo;was produced by a foolish child,
+whose name it would dirty the tongue to pronounce, because after being
+the author of all (this however is somewhat inexact) has given himself
+up to the authorities to denounce those he has succeeded in
+misleading.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>During his trial in the Bilibid prison, before Col. Francisco Olive
+y Garc&iacute;a on the 2nd of September 1896, he gave some of the most
+interesting and reliable information that has yet been gathered
+concerning the interior workings and doings of the Katipunan.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb271" href="#pb271" name=
+"pb271">271</a>]</span></p>
+<p>When the Guardia Civil set out from Manila to break up
+Bonifacio&rsquo;s party in Caloocan, several of those forming the
+leadership fled, and among them Valenzuela. He entered Manila by way of
+Sampaloc, passing through Quiapo to the Escolta and down the <i>Pasaje
+de P&eacute;rez</i>, embarking there on one of the lake steamers. On
+arrival at Bi&ntilde;ang he went to the house of the co-adjutor D.
+Silvino Manaol (native priest), to whom he recounted what had taken
+place. The co-adjutor asked of the parish priest the proclamation of
+the Governor General conceding pardon to those who should present
+themselves<a class="noteref" id="xd20e6605src" href="#xd20e6605" name=
+"xd20e6605src">64</a>. Having read it with care and under the advice of
+the co-adjutor, he set out for the capital <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb272" href="#pb272" name=
+"pb272">272</a>]</span>disembarking at the Ayala bridge from whence he
+took a <i lang="es">quiles</i> and went <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e6619" title="Source: immediataly">immediately</span> to the
+palace of the Governor to present himself to him<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e6623" title="Source: ,">.</span> The Governor General was not at
+home so Valenzuela at once started for the offices of the Military
+Government.</p>
+<p>Speaking of this giving up of himself of Valenzuela, Sr. Jos&eacute;
+M. del Castillo y Jimenez says: &ldquo;The forty-eight hours conceded
+by the proclamation of the Governor Blanco were about to close when
+there reached the palace of Sta. Potenciana, worn out, bathed in
+perspiration, and almost in a period of agony, Pio Valenzuela, an
+important person of revolution he being in such a condition that it was
+necessary to assist him previous to his passing into the presence of
+Gov. Blanco. When he had come to himself and was in a condition to make
+an explicit and ample confession he had two hours conference with the
+Governor, giving information of as such as he knew.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Valenzuela and Rosario were of great utility in clarifying
+the facts and especially in the explanation of the cipher documents
+discovered in the house <span class="corr" id="xd20e6633" title=
+"Not in source">of</span> Villaruel and others.&rdquo; <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb273" href="#pb273" name="pb273">273</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnotes">
+<hr class="fnsep">
+<p class="footnote" lang="es"><span class="label"><a class="noteref"
+id="xd20e1639" href="#xd20e1639src" name="xd20e1639">1</a></span>
+Avisos y profecias, Madrid 1892. pp. 286&ndash;308<span class="corr"
+id="xd20e1641" title="Not in source">.</span></p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e1803" href="#xd20e1803src" name="xd20e1803">2</a></span>
+Concerning the doctrines of Universal Freemasonry D. Gabriel
+Jogand-Pag&eacute;s says <span class="corr" id="xd20e1806" title=
+"Source: wiriting">writing</span> on the subject of freemasonry in
+Spain: &ldquo;The teaching which according to the ritual of the 33rd
+degree is the <span class="corr" id="xd20e1809" title=
+"Source: syntesis">synthesis</span> of freemasonry, is well worthy of
+being borne in mind.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="footnote">&ldquo;In the reception to the 33rd degree, the
+Grand Master turning to the person to be received, ends his discourse
+with the following significant exhortation:</p>
+<p class="footnote">&ldquo;I owe you, Illustrious brother, an
+explanation which it is <span class="corr" id="xd20e1816" title=
+"Source: necesary">necessary</span> to give to our rituals.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="footnote">&ldquo;Masonry being nothing else than active
+revolution, permanent conspiracy against political and religious
+despotism,....&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p>
+<p class="footnote">&ldquo;The Grand Master innocent, you have already
+seen, is man ... man who was born innocent because he was born
+unconsciously.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="footnote">&ldquo;Our Grand Master Innocent was born to be
+happy and to enjoy in all their fullness all his rights without
+exception: But he fell, struck with the blows of three assassins: of
+three infamous beings who placed formidable obstacles in the way of his
+happiness, and against his rights....&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="footnote">&ldquo;These three infamous assassins are: the Law,
+Property and Religion&rdquo;.</p>
+<p class="footnote">&ldquo;The Law because it is not in harmony with
+the rights of the individual man and the duties of the man who lives in
+society: rights which all acquire in all their integrity....&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="footnote">&ldquo;Property: because the earth is the property
+of no one and its products pertain to all in the measure for each one
+of the true necessities for his welfare.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="footnote">&ldquo;Religion: because religions are no more than
+the philosophies of men of talent, which the people have
+adopted....&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="footnote">&ldquo;Neither the Law, Property nor Religion can
+impose themselves upon man, and as they deprive him of his most
+precious rights they are assassins against whom we have sworn to
+exercise <span class="corr" id="xd20e1839" title=
+"Source: they">the</span> utmost <span class="corr" id="xd20e1842"
+title="Source: vengance">vengeance</span>.</p>
+<p class="footnote">&ldquo;Of these three infamous enemies, Religion
+ought to be the object of our constant mortal attacks, because a people
+never have survived their religion, and <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1848" title="Source: detroying">destroying</span> religion we
+have at our disposition the law and property and we can then regenerate
+society, establishing over the ruins, masonic Religion, masonic Law and
+masonic property.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e1914" href="#xd20e1914src" name="xd20e1914">3</a></span>
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e1915" title=
+"Not in source">&ldquo;</span><span lang="es">Insurreccion en
+Filipinas</span>&rdquo;; vol. I. p. 109.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e2021" href="#xd20e2021src" name="xd20e2021">4</a></span> One not
+acquainted with the seducing nature of the masonic operation and the
+peculiarity of the native character, would wonder to find the name of a
+Catholic priest so intimately connected with freemasonry and its
+offspring, especially in a country in which the Church wages close and
+continual warfare with the evil. There is little need for surprise
+however, when we consider the seductive influence of the one hand and
+the simplicity and childishness of the native character on the other.
+Many of the native clergy were body and soul wrapt up in the workings
+of freemasonry and were Spain&rsquo;s worst and most crafty
+enemies.</p>
+<p class="footnote">In Nueva Caceres, Inocencio Herrera, Severo Estrada
+and Severino Diaz, three native priests of the <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2026" title="Source: Catedral">Cathedral</span> of that diocese,
+headed the conspiracy against the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2029"
+title="Source: Goverment">Government</span>. They formed a deposit of
+arms and <span class="corr" id="xd20e2032" title=
+"Source: amunition">ammunition</span> in the organ of the Cathedral
+and, according to the plan they had prepared, one of their <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e2035" title="Source: firrt">first</span> steps was to
+murder the Bishop of the diocese. On this point it will be interesting
+to quote the testimony of Tom&aacute;s Prieto, of Nueva Caceres, who,
+whilst on board the S. S. Isarog, on the 20th of September 1896,
+testified in the presence of the captain of the Ship and other
+witnesses that he had received 50 rifles, 10 of which he had given into
+the care of <span class="corr" id="xd20e2038" title=
+"Source: Mannel">Manuel</span> Abella, a millionaire of that province
+who was eventually executed for treason; the remainder he had
+distributed among other persons, 3 being <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2044" title="Source: place">placed</span> in the care of Severino
+Diaz, parish priest of the Cathedral of Nueva Caceres....<a id=
+"xd20e2047" name="xd20e2047"></a> As to their plans of action, he
+testified that the intention was to kill all the <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2049" title="Source: Spainards">Spaniards</span>, the mentioned
+parish priest of the Cathedral, the coadjutor Inocencio and Severo
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e2052" title=
+"Source: Entrada">Estrada</span>, all natives, having promised to aid
+personally to <span class="corr" id="xd20e2055" title=
+"Source: seeure">secure</span> the success of the affair.</p>
+<p class="footnote">He also declared that &ldquo;on the 9th of July of
+the same year, a reunion was celebrated in the house of Manuel Abella,
+and among those present were Gabriel Prieto, a native priest and
+brother of the witness, Severino Diaz and others; it was <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e2060" title="Source: ln">in</span> this reunion that it
+was decided to carry out the programme above mentioned.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="footnote">In both provinces <span class="corr" id="xd20e2065"
+title="Source: oc">of</span> the Camarines many were mixed up in some
+of the dirtiest work of the revolt.</p>
+<p class="footnote">Innumerable cases might be mentioned also in which
+the native <span class="corr" id="xd20e2070" title=
+"Source: clargy">clergy</span> have exerted considerable influence
+against the American Government, inciting the rebels to resist its
+lawful authority, much to the detriment of the interests of the Church
+and <span class="corr" id="xd20e2073" title=
+"Source: bringuing">bringing</span> down upon the clergy in general
+accusations of sedition and treachery. Juan Casta&ntilde;eda testified
+that he had been initiated into the mysteries of freemasonry by Severo
+Buenaventura, a native priest, coadjutor of Imus. Buenaventura received
+his initiation from Ambrosio Flores, now the Governor of the province
+of Rizal; he possessed three grades and enjoyed the use of the symbolic
+name of &ldquo;cuitib&rdquo; (the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2076"
+title="Source: mame">name</span> of a small ant which bites furiously).
+Nine native <span class="corr" id="xd20e2079" title=
+"Source: priest">priests</span> were sent to Manila from Vigan and La
+Union; all of these were convicted of treason<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2082" title="Source: ,">.</span></p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e2124" href="#xd20e2124src" name="xd20e2124">5</a></span> The word
+in the original Spanish is <i lang="es">madrasta</i> which, apart from
+that of step-mother, has the meaning of &ldquo;anything
+disagreeable.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e2155" href="#xd20e2155src" name="xd20e2155">6</a></span> See note
+<a href="#n26">26</a>.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e2163" href="#xd20e2163src" name="xd20e2163">7</a></span> For the
+complete document see appendix A.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e2371" href="#xd20e2371src" name="xd20e2371">8</a></span> A
+contract was made between the administrator of the estate in question,
+situated at Calamba, and Francisco Mercado Rizal<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2373" title="Not in source">,</span> father of the subject of
+this note, for the land the Rizal family occupied and cultivated. This
+land measured some 500 <span class="corr" id="xd20e2376" title=
+"Source: hectareas">hectares</span> and was clear and clean, the tenant
+having merely to give it three or four turns with the plow in order to
+prepare it for use. To show the treatment meted out to the tenant, it
+will be sufficient to say that the contract agreed that the tenant
+should have <i>the entire use of the land and its product for four
+harvests or five years</i> RENT FREE. As great as this advantage was to
+the Rizal family it is but a little of what was done by the Dominicans
+for that <span class="corr" id="xd20e2382" title=
+"Source: ungratiful">ungrateful</span> family of filibusters.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e2665" href="#xd20e2665src" name="xd20e2665">9</a></span>
+Lawyer.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e2774" href="#xd20e2774src" name="xd20e2774">10</a></span>
+&rdquo;<span lang="es">La Independencia</span>&rdquo; was a
+revolutionary daily of four pages, published in the Orphan Asylum of
+Malabon, property of the Augustinian Corporation and stolen and
+eventually totally destroyed by the &ldquo;ever destructive&rdquo;
+Tagalog rebels during the revolution. The first number was published on
+Saturday, 3rd Sept<span class="corr" id="xd20e2779" title=
+"Not in source">.</span> 1898. Its leading article is an exposition of
+the purpose of the publication of the paper, which was the defense of
+the independence of the Philippines. &ldquo;We defend, says the writer
+of the article, the independence of the <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2782" title="Source: Philipines">Philippines</span> because it is
+the aspiration of the country which has come of age; and when a people
+rise as a man to protest, arm in hand, against a policy of oppression
+and injustice, it manifests sufficient vitality to live free.&rdquo;
+This is a fair sample of the style of the conduct of the paper. It is
+worthy of note that the history of the revolt has clearly shown that,
+in the first place, independence was not the aspiration of the
+<i>people</i>, but a fanciful hope of a handful of exploiters; secondly
+that the country has not come of age, not having even reached the age
+of <span class="corr" id="xd20e2791" title=
+"Source: pubety">puberty</span>; thirdly that the <i>people</i> did not
+rise as a man but that the Tagal &ldquo;discontents&rdquo; were the
+body and soul of the whole insurrection both against Spain and against
+the U. S.; and finally, that the &ldquo;policy of oppression and
+injustice&rdquo; was imaginary, the same complaint having since been
+made against the Government of Washington as was then made against the
+Government of Madrid. The quotation concerning Luna is taken from No. 2
+of the paper published on the 5th of Sept. 1898.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e2805" href="#xd20e2805src" name="xd20e2805">11</a></span> The
+principal works of Juan Luna are: <i>The death of Cleopatra</i> for
+which he received a silver medal; this was painted under the tutorship
+of Sr. Vera. Under the same master he painted the <i>Spoliarium</i> for
+which he was rewarded a gold medal, but this not really for the merit
+of the picture but in order to put an end to a rivalry between two
+Spanish painters. On his own account he painted and gave forth <i>The
+Battle <span class="corr" id="xd20e2817" title="Source: af">of</span>
+Lepanto</i>; this was received almost with hisses and was heartily
+criticized. Also the <i>Profanation of the Tombs</i>; if anything this
+was worse. As the savage nature which lay dormant in his breast became
+more and more awakened his paintings became more and more decadescent:
+his <span lang="es">Pacto-de-Sangre</span>, in the which he inspired
+the return to one of the most barbarous customs of pre-Spanish times in
+the archipelago, rubs off the last touches of the veneer of
+civilization which formed the dividing line between the indian of the
+city and the indian of the mountain and forest.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e2867" href="#xd20e2867src" name="xd20e2867">12</a></span>
+&ldquo;Andr&eacute;s Bonifacio told the witness that he communicated
+with the president of the Superior Supreme Council, who was Francisco
+L. Roxas latterly, and Doroteo Cort&eacute;s formerly; ...
+&ldquo;Testimony of Pio Valenzuela (fols. 591 to 597<a id="xd20e2869"
+name="xd20e2869"></a>).</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e2875" href="#xd20e2875src" name="xd20e2875">13</a></span>
+&rdquo;... Doroteo <span class="corr" id="xd20e2877" title=
+"Source: Cort&egrave;s">Cort&eacute;s</span> and a certain Artacho were
+those who were in understanding with the Japanese Government, which
+would find a way to send people of the laboring classes to the
+Philippines, to the end of seeking motives which might give excuse for
+a war between Spain and that Power&rdquo;. Testimony of Pio
+Valenzuela<a id="xd20e2880" name="xd20e2880"></a> (fols. <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e2882" title="Source: 1.663">1,663</span> to
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e2885" title=
+"Source: 1.673">1,673</span><span class="corr" id="xd20e2887" title=
+"Source: .)">).</span></p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e2893" href="#xd20e2893src" name="xd20e2893">14</a></span>
+&rdquo;... The Supreme Council (of the Liga) decided to purchase arms
+and ammunition in Japan, sending to that country at the proper time, a
+commission to ask of that Government its aid and protection for the
+Philippines, under the condition that some islands of the Archipelago
+should be ceded to that nation as a recompense; ... <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e2895" title="Source: Cortes">Cort&eacute;s</span>, Ambrosio
+Bautista and others being chosen to form the commission.&rdquo;
+Testimony of Numeriano Adriano (fols. <span class="corr" id="xd20e2898"
+title="Source: 1.309">1,309</span> to <span class="corr" id="xd20e2901"
+title="Source: 1.312">1,312</span>).</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e2917" href="#xd20e2917src" name="xd20e2917">15</a></span>
+&ldquo;It the having been known for some time that Pedro Serrano had
+malverted the money gathered for Rizal, and for the funds of the
+Propaganda,<a id="xd20e2919" name="xd20e2919"></a> the associates of
+Masonry stopped the individual payment of the 50 cents per month for
+<i lang="es">La Propaganda</i>....&rdquo; Extract from the testimony of
+Antonio Salazar y San Agustin<a id="xd20e2924" name="xd20e2924"></a>
+(fols. <span class="corr" id="xd20e2926" title=
+"Source: 1.118">1,118</span> to <span class="corr" id="xd20e2929"
+title="Source: 1.129">1,129</span> Sept. 22<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e2933" title="Not in source">,</span> 1896).</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e3081" href="#xd20e3081src" name="xd20e3081">16</a></span> For a
+description of anting-anting see appendix D.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e3206" href="#xd20e3206src" name="xd20e3206">17</a></span> Pedro
+Gonzales, a native who was captured whilst carrying dispatches and
+letters to and fro between Manila and the insurgent camp, was a man
+well posted in the doings of the rebels and was able to give much
+interesting and valuable information to the Authorities. The most
+interesting portions of his evidence will be found in appendix F. In
+this matter of the flight of Bonifacio he stated that &ldquo;it was not
+exact as had been said, that <span class="corr" id="xd20e3208" title=
+"Source: Andres">Andr&eacute;s</span> Bonifacio was in Cavite (at that
+particular time), for after the defeat at San Juan del Monte he
+disappeared with the funds of the Katipunan, which amounted to some
+20,000 pesos, as he had been assured.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e3215" href="#xd20e3215src" name="xd20e3215">18</a></span> Having
+been asked during his trial whether he was aware of the hiding place of
+Bonifacio, Valenzuela (fol. 600 to 605) stated that &ldquo;he was not
+aware of the place in which Bonifacio and others were to be met with;
+that he merely supposed that Bonifacio could be found in the mountains
+of San Mateo, in Tapusi, in other words in the most inaccessible part
+of the said mountain range; because the witness heard him say that
+<i>he would retire to that point to dedicate himself to highway robbery
+if the movement should not be successful</i>.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e3230" href="#xd20e3230src" name="xd20e3230">19</a></span>
+&ldquo;The generalisimo, captain Emilio, is very indignant with the
+conduct of <span class="corr" id="xd20e3232" title=
+"Source: Andres">Andr&eacute;s</span> Bonifacio, upon whose head he has
+set a price, offering a good recompense to the one who will present him
+dead or alive, for he says that he cannot consent to such a desertion
+after he had been the principal promoter of the popular
+rebellion&rdquo;. From the statement of Pedro Gonzalez previously
+quoted.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e3346" href="#xd20e3346src" name="xd20e3346">20</a></span> See
+foot-note page 114.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e3352" href="#xd20e3352src" name="xd20e3352">21</a></span> The
+head offices of the <span lang="es">La Democracia</span> in Manila are
+situated on Calle Villalobos, a name which put into English signifies
+<i>wolf village</i>. For the headquarters of such a scurrilous sheet
+and for such a political party no better place could be found, for
+taking the two at their very best they are veritable &ldquo;wolves in
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e3360" title=
+"Source: sheeps">sheep&rsquo;s</span> clothing&rdquo;.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e3373" href="#xd20e3373src" name="xd20e3373">22</a></span> See
+page 60.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e3543" href="#xd20e3543src" name="xd20e3543">23</a></span>
+<i>Nilad</i> is the name <span class="corr" id="xd20e3547" title=
+"Source: sof">of</span> a plant, from which is derived the name of
+Manila.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e3645" href="#xd20e3645src" name="xd20e3645">24</a></span> In an
+interesting pamphlet entitled &ldquo;Vexata Questio&rdquo;, giving a
+brief sketch of three centuries of history in the Philippines,
+published in Manila in 1901, the author, in a foot note to page 28,
+says of Foreman:</p>
+<p class="footnote">&ldquo;It should be remarked that this writer, in
+the first edition of his work, claims to be an earnest Catholic. Dean
+Worcester, who copies from Foreman&rsquo;s book some of the most
+drivelling paragraphs, lays particular stress upon this fact. I leave
+it to the common sense of any one who has read Foreman&rsquo;s history,
+or what Worcester <span class="corr" id="xd20e3650" title=
+"Source: strops">stoops</span> so low to copy therefrom, whether a man
+whose Alpha and Omega is truly anti-Catholic and often anti-christian,
+and the ink of whose pen savors of Catholic blood shed upon the altars
+of Freemasonry can be a Catholic, at least an honorable one.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="footnote">Foreman was a traveller in machinery and as such
+was enabled to get to all the principal parts of the Archipelago. He
+was, as he himself confesses, always well received in the pueblos, and
+greeted by the parish priests (friars) and lodged in the convents free
+of cost. Although Foreman did not perform vile practical jokes upon
+unsuspecting and <span class="corr" id="xd20e3655" title=
+"Source: innoffensive">inoffensive</span> hosts as did the now
+&ldquo;commissioner&rdquo; Worcester in his travels, he did many things
+no honorable man would have done. Although he professed himself a
+Catholic it was only for &ldquo;business&rdquo; purposes; one has only
+to read the preface to his book to find that out.</p>
+<p class="footnote">Foreman was an Englishman, disliked by the English,
+despised by everyone he came in contact with; and if the things said of
+him by his intimate acquaintances, are true, then he well deserved the
+snubs he has lately received all round.</p>
+<p class="footnote">On the 17th of April 1899, before the members of
+the Schurman Commission, Neil Macleod testified of Foreman, as
+follows:</p>
+<p class="footnote">Questioned by Worcester:</p>
+<p class="footnote">Q. Have you read Foreman&rsquo;s book?</p>
+<p class="footnote">A. Yes; I know him personally.</p>
+<p class="footnote">Q. Was he a Catholic?</p>
+<p class="footnote">A. I do not know.</p>
+<p class="footnote">Q. He says so?</p>
+<p class="footnote">A. Yes.</p>
+<p class="footnote">Q. He is an engineer, isn&rsquo;t he?</p>
+<p class="footnote">A. He has been here frequently travelling all over
+the country, selling machinery.</p>
+<p class="footnote">Q. You know he attacks the Church?</p>
+<p class="footnote">A. He attacks the church very much, and he ought to
+be very thankful to the priests, for they have been very good to him;
+...</p>
+<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p>
+<p class="footnote">considering that he availed himself of their
+services and hospitality all over the country, he should have thought
+twice before <span class="corr" id="xd20e3691" title=
+"Source: puttting">putting</span> a <i>thing</i> like that (his
+history) into print.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="footnote">Worcester was fishing for trout and caught a crab.
+He got enough <span class="corr" id="xd20e3699" title=
+"Source: aud">and</span> the subject ... suddenly changed.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e3729" href="#xd20e3729src" name="xd20e3729">25</a></span> See
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e3731" title=
+"Source: Apendix">Appendix</span> G.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e3737" href="#xd20e3737src" name="xd20e3737">26</a></span>
+Philippinos: insular Spaniards, or Spaniards born in the Philippines.
+Filipino: more commonly known as <i lang="es">indio</i>: that is, an
+indian native of the Archipelago.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e3909" href="#xd20e3909src" name="xd20e3909">27</a></span> For
+this decree see Appendix H.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e3964" href="#xd20e3964src" name="xd20e3964">28</a></span> He was
+conducted from calle Iris blindfolded in a <i lang="es">quilez</i> (a
+vehicle of the country) to a house which he later on discovered to be
+that of Bonifacio, situated in calle Oroquieta.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e4076" href="#xd20e4076src" name="xd20e4076">29</a></span> In an
+official letter of the Grand Secretary of the Oriente Espa&ntilde;ol to
+the Lodge <i>Nilad</i>, dated Madrid 8th of June 1892, the secretary,
+warning the said lodge to be careful in the performance of its labors
+says: &ldquo;... not all men, although they profess our ideas and
+doctrines, serve for good masons.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e4157" href="#xd20e4157src" name="xd20e4157">30</a></span>
+&ldquo;The oath bound (the Katipuneros) as well as the <i lang=
+"es">militares</i> (the rebel army) were to be supported and equipped
+by several wealthy persons of Manila, among them D. Francisco Roxas who
+was in charge of the maintenance of the rebel army.&rdquo; Testimony of
+2nd Lieut Benedicto Nijaga y Polonio. (fols. 222&ndash;224)</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e4197" href="#xd20e4197src" name="xd20e4197">31</a></span> See
+Appendix I.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e4366" href="#xd20e4366src" name="xd20e4366">32</a></span> Wildman
+will probably be long remembered by many who suffered brutalities and
+tortures at the hands of <span class="corr" id="xd20e4369" title=
+"Source: Agninaldo&rsquo;s">Aguinaldo&rsquo;s</span> <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e4372" title="Source: hoarde">horde</span> of cut-throats,
+inspired by the late Consul&rsquo;s advise.</p>
+<p class="footnote">Correspondence took place between Aguinaldo and
+Wildman concerning the Spanish prisoners. In reply to a request of the
+<i>Dictator</i>, Wildman wrote:</p>
+<p class="footnote">&ldquo;Never mind feeding them. A meal every day,
+of course, and water will be <span class="corr" id="xd20e4382" title=
+"Not in source">a</span> good diet. They have been living too high
+during the last few years. As the Spaniards want more bloodshed in the
+Philippines, I trust you will let them have a taste of real war. Do not
+be so tender with them, etc., etc.<span class="corr" id="xd20e4387"
+title="Not in source">&rdquo;</span></p>
+<p class="footnote">Little did Wildman think that the day would come
+when <span class="corr" id="xd20e4392" title=
+"Source: hese">these</span> words of his would inspire equal or greater
+barbarity against his own countrymen.</p>
+<p class="footnote">The publication of the valuable papers in
+Wildman&rsquo;s <span class="corr" id="xd20e4397" title=
+"Source: possesion">possession</span> at the time of his death in the
+shipwreck which occurred almost at the very door of his home would
+doubtless throw much light upon the past four years of Philippine
+history. The shipment of tons upon tons of ammunition, a large shipment
+of which left London on the &ldquo;Inaba Maru,&rdquo; on the 25th of
+September 1899, addressed to the &ldquo;American Consul&rdquo;,
+Hong-Kong, have yet to be accounted for.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e4509" href="#xd20e4509src" name="xd20e4509">33</a></span> There
+were always plenty of funds, but the money too often stuck to the
+fingers of those who had the handling of it.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e4718" href="#xd20e4718src" name="xd20e4718">34</a></span> A name
+given <span class="corr" id="xd20e4720" title=
+"Source: emong">among</span> Spaniards, to young servant boys or girls.
+The word signifies servant and is used as such in the same manner as in
+British Oriental colonies the word <i>boy</i> is
+used,&mdash;irrespective of age.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e4845" href="#xd20e4845src" name="xd20e4845">35</a></span>
+Nipa.&mdash;<i>Nipa fructificans.</i>&mdash;Nipa is a small palm which
+grows in salt water. From it the natives make a species of wine and
+vinegar, whilst its leaves serve to thatch their houses. It is one of
+the plants of most utility to the indian.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e4886" href="#xd20e4886src" name="xd20e4886">36</a></span> The
+reason for Rizal&rsquo;s deportation is set forth clearly in the decree
+of Deportation which is given entire in Appendix.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e4924" href="#xd20e4924src" name="xd20e4924">37</a></span> As a
+sample of these statements I will quote the following document, which
+is one of a number copied from a book of decrees received by the
+Revolutionary authorities of the pueblo of Mendez Nu&ntilde;ez,
+province of Cavite,</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="footnote first xd20e192">&ldquo;K. K. K<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e4932" title="Not in source">.</span>&rdquo;<br>
+&ldquo;Chiefs of each pueblo&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="footnote">&ldquo;In the urgent letter received to-day from
+the General (Aguinaldo) concrete notice is given that to-day there have
+anchored the warships proceeding from Japan to our assistance, and it
+is said, that they are now just on the other side of the island of
+Corregidor....&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<p class="footnote">This document is dated 11th<a id="xd20e4942" name=
+"xd20e4942"></a> September 1896, and is signed by El capitan
+comandante, Cris&ograve;stomo Riel.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e4955" href="#xd20e4955src" name="xd20e4955">38</a></span> What a
+fine president he would have made for the Federal Party!
+Casta&ntilde;eda was worthy of an office in the Ayuntamiento with a
+sign over the door&mdash;Hon. Juan Casta&ntilde;eda, Native
+Commissioner.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e4964" href="#xd20e4964src" name="xd20e4964">39</a></span>
+Ambrosio Flores: (bro&there4; musa) was the Gr&there4; Pres&there4; of
+the Gr&there4; Cons&there4; Reg&there4; of the Philippines. (See note
+<a href="#n23">23</a>)&mdash;Moises Salvador stated of him in his
+declaration <span class="corr" id="xd20e4969" title=
+"Not in source">(</span>fols<span class="corr" id="xd20e4972" title=
+"Source: :">.</span> <span class="corr" id="xd20e4975" title=
+"Source: 1.138&ndash;1.143">1,138&ndash;1,143</span>), in reply to a
+question as to the manner in which Flores was affiliated to
+filibusterism, that &ldquo;by reason of his high position in
+freemasonry, he aided the ends of the filibusters, making propaganda
+among those affiliated to the lodges.&rdquo; He stated, at the same
+time that Flores, in no concept, formed part of the <i>Liga</i> or
+<i>Compromisarios</i>. It was Ambrosio Flores who, at the opportune
+moment let fall the masonic sledge hammer upon the back of Pedro
+Serrano, charging him with being a traitor (see note <a href=
+"#n12">12</a>) to the cause.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e5024" href="#xd20e5024src" name="xd20e5024">40</a></span> I have
+frequently quoted the &ldquo;Memoria&rdquo; of Isabelo de los Reyes,
+because I consider that whilst in it he exaggerates and lies
+considerably, there are yet points upon which what he says has all the
+probability of the truth, in as much as when he finds it <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e5026" title="Source: pay">pays</span> to tell the truth
+he tells it. In this particular point, however, it is
+&ldquo;<i>according to what is said</i>.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e5058" href="#xd20e5058src" name="xd20e5058">41</a></span> How
+much this reminds me of the story of the little boy who went to the
+grocer&rsquo;s and asked for 10 cents worth of molasses. The
+shop-keeper measured out the molasses into the jug and asked the little
+boy for the dime, receiving the reply: &ldquo;its at the bottom of the
+jug.&rdquo; And that&rsquo;s just where the other <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e5060" title="Source: liitle">little</span> boy&rsquo;s money
+would have been.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e5072" href="#xd20e5072src" name="xd20e5072">42</a></span> In the
+official extract of advice given by the Secret Service to the Gov. Gen.
+Blanco, we read: &ldquo;Aug 1. Notice is hereby given that, by
+references from Japan, the Gov. Gen. has received from the Emperor of
+that nation some messages which had been directed to him by some 22,000
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e5076" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> in representation of the native
+inhabitants of these islands, and in the which, after congratulating
+him for his triumphs over the Chinese Empire, asks his protection and
+shelter for this Archipelago, and its annexation to the Japanese
+Empire.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e5101" href="#xd20e5101src" name="xd20e5101">43</a></span> The
+word <i>Kongo</i> signifies <i>Imperial diamond</i>.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e5113" href="#xd20e5113src" name="xd20e5113">44</a></span> The
+<i>Bazar Japon&eacute;s</i> situated in Plaza Moraga.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e5122" href="#xd20e5122src" name="xd20e5122">45</a></span> Typical
+of the heads of the twelve apostles of filibusterism.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e5265" href="#xd20e5265src" name="xd20e5265">46</a></span> In his
+&ldquo;Memoria&rdquo;.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e5372" href="#xd20e5372src" name="xd20e5372">47</a></span> I am
+inclined to differ somewhat with this opinion. What is more probable is
+that as regards the actual membership there existed a gulf between the
+wealthy and the lower classes which was bridged by the representatives
+of either association. I have not come across any concrete evidence
+that the two elements really mixed, the one with the other; the inborn
+pride of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e5374" title=
+"Source: chinese">Chinese</span> half caste, the class from which, the
+majority of the wealthy <span class="corr" id="xd20e5377" title=
+"Source: element">elements</span> came, and of the <i lang=
+"es">indio</i> of money or political &ldquo;pull&rdquo;, would not
+permit such a mixture of the two associations Se&ntilde;or
+Vald&eacute;s supposes.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e5455" href="#xd20e5455src" name="xd20e5455">48</a></span>
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e5456" title="Source: A see appendix">See
+appendix A</span>.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e5581" href="#xd20e5581src" name="xd20e5581">49</a></span> See
+note <a href="#n56">56</a>; also foot-note, page 180.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e5587" href="#xd20e5587src" name="xd20e5587">50</a></span> The
+witness might have added that Blanco as a <i>mason</i> did more than
+&ldquo;know&rdquo; of it: he took no steps to counter-act it, till
+circumstances demanded that harsh measures should be taken to maintain
+national honor.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e5598" href="#xd20e5598src" name="xd20e5598">51</a></span> In
+plain English, this is a <i>lie</i> and no one could know it better
+than the witness.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e5641" href="#xd20e5641src" name="xd20e5641">52</a></span> By an
+element. Even would-be-president Bryan has his followers here.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e5644" href="#xd20e5644src" name="xd20e5644">53</a></span> In
+other words: he allowed a certain wealthy and influential class of
+<i>people</i> to lead him around wherever they would, by the
+nose<span class="corr" id="xd20e5649" title=
+"Not in source">.</span></p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e5652" href="#xd20e5652src" name="xd20e5652">54</a></span> This
+statement is the result of either ignorance or malice. (See note
+<a href="#n97">97</a>, <a href="#n98">98</a><span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e5659" title="Source: :">.</span>) This account also materially
+differs from the &ldquo;faked up&rdquo; story of Legarda. How little
+some people know of the truth when they do not wish to tell it!</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e5667" href="#xd20e5667src" name="xd20e5667">55</a></span> This is
+another. Now that Tavera and Legarda are side by side in the U. S.
+Commission they might compare their testimony with advantage: it might
+aid them to preserve somewhat of the truth in future.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e5739" href="#xd20e5739src" name="xd20e5739">56</a></span> It
+would be interesting to know just how many of the late insurgents who
+now hold position of importance under the Government, are following up
+this piece of advice of Aguinaldo.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e5992" href="#xd20e5992src" name="xd20e5992">57</a></span>
+Domestic: i. e., made for household use, for cutting up meat,
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e5994" title="Source: cuting">cutting</span>
+down bamboos, and in fact for every use for which a knife or chopper is
+needed.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e6042" href="#xd20e6042src" name="xd20e6042">58</a></span>
+Castillo y Jimenez; <i lang="es">El Katipunan &oacute; el
+filibusterismo en Filipinas</i>: pp. 128&ndash;129.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e6069" href="#xd20e6069src" name="xd20e6069">59</a></span> That is
+men of the lower classes, laborers.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e6188" href="#xd20e6188src" name="xd20e6188">60</a></span> It is
+difficult to determine whether such statements are due to ignorance or
+to malice. The real truth of the situation is that although the friar
+came <span class="corr" id="xd20e6191" title="Source: te">to</span> the
+Philippines to perform sacerdotal duties and preach the Gospel, his
+beneficial influence was not confined to the mere preaching of the
+Gospel. &ldquo;What most honors the whole membership past and present
+of the Religious Orders is the intense zeal shown in the temporal as
+well as the spiritual welfare of their <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e6194" title="Source: parishoners">parishioners</span>. To merely
+defeat and drive out the bad that was in them was not sufficient, for
+Satan finds mischief for idle hands, and when one devil is driven out
+of a man he roams around seeking other devils with whom he returns and
+re-enters the soul and &ldquo;the last state of that man becomes worse
+than the first.&rdquo; So to thoroughly carry out their christianizing
+and civilizing purpose they did their best to instruct their converts
+to occupy their time in the fields, in the building of houses, of
+churches, of structures of all kinds necessary. They taught them to be
+self-supporting and to build up happy homes around them<span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e6199" title="Source: ,">.</span> The few industries, if
+the little then done by the natives in the way of manual labor can be
+classed as industry, that existed among the people at that time were
+copied from the Chinese and <span class="corr" id="xd20e6202" title=
+"Source: Mahomedan">Mohammedan</span> traders who visited and traded
+with them. These industries however were but crude as a rule; and
+moreover the connection with these anti-christian influences had to be
+cut for the moral protection of the indian and therefore the friar
+missionary, ever on the alert for his children&rsquo;s welfare,
+instructed them in industries which, whilst occupying their time
+formerly spent in abject laziness, also gave them the advantage of
+money making.</p>
+<p class="footnote">&ldquo;As soon as the natives had become accustomed
+to<a id="xd20e6207" name="xd20e6207"></a> living after the manner of
+civilized beings, the friars taught them the art of making lime, mortar
+and bricks and of utilizing these materials in buildings and
+fortifications for the common protection against their enemies. They
+instructed them in the method of tilling the virgin and fertile soil,
+of utilizing the many streams of <span class="corr" id="xd20e6209"
+title="Source: warter">water</span> that nature had
+provided.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="footnote">And yet there are those who would make us believe
+that the friar missionary has done nothing to civilize the <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e6214" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span>. To
+whom then do they owe the civilization they enjoy?</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e6223" href="#xd20e6223src" name="xd20e6223">61</a></span> Faith
+in their <i>anting-anting</i>; courage to maltreat and murder the
+helpless and sometimes dying prisoners that fell into their hands; and
+as to constancy...? The majority of the leaders eventually became
+traitors to the most cherished ideas of independence. Three figures
+alone stand out as really constant throughout the whole rebellion, and
+these three are Aguinaldo, Mabini, and Pio del Pilar; and of these
+three the most constant was Aguinaldo, a misguided man who deserves far
+more honor than those who deserted him and who never <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e6228" title="Source: think">thought</span> of raising a finger
+to alleviate his hard lot, a lot for which they are morally
+responsible.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e6438" href="#xd20e6438src" name="xd20e6438">62</a></span> A kind
+of altar on which bonfires are lighted for illumination.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e6443" href="#xd20e6443src" name="xd20e6443">63</a></span> The
+name of this plant signifies that it possesses the power to bring to
+life again&mdash;to resuscitate.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e6605" href="#xd20e6605src" name="xd20e6605">64</a></span> This
+granting of pardon to those who should present themselves is contained
+in Art. 7. of the proclamation of the Governor General Blanco, issued
+on the 30th of August 1896, and which reads as follows:</p>
+<p class="footnote">&ldquo;Art. 7. The rebels who present themselves to
+the authorities within 48 hours after the publication of this
+proclamation, shall be exempt from punishment for rebellion, with the
+exception of the chiefs of the seditious groups and those who relapse
+into those crimes. The chiefs to whom reference is made shall be
+pardoned of the punishment due them if they surrender within the fixed
+time suffering a punishment <span class="corr" id="xd20e6610" title=
+"Source: immediateiy">immediately</span> inferior according to
+grade.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="xd20e6639" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e6640" class="main">Special Note.</h2>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">The reader&rsquo;s attention is called to paragraph 3
+on the following page of the text (p<span class="corr" id="xd20e6644"
+title="Not in source">.</span> 47).</p>
+<p>Apart from the Councils spoken of in this and the former paragraphs
+there were others formed at a later date. These were more properly
+variations and were as follows:</p>
+<p>Trozo: Popular Council <i lang="tl">Maypagasa</i> with four
+sections, <i>Dapitan</i>, <i lang="tl">Silang&#771;anan</i>, <i lang=
+"tl">Dimasagaran</i>, and <i lang="tl">Dimas-Alang.</i></p>
+<p>Palomar: Popular Council <i>Pinkian</i> with two sections.</p>
+<p>Tondo: Council <i lang="tl">Katagalugan</i> with the sections
+<i lang="tl">Katutuhanan</i>, <i lang="tl">Kabuhayan</i>, <i lang=
+"tl">Pagtibayan</i>, <i lang="tl">Kaling&#771;aan</i> and <i lang=
+"tl">Bagong-sinag</i> under the presidency of Alejandro Santiago,
+Braulio Rivera, Hilarion Cruz, Cipriano Pacheco, Nicol&aacute;s Rivera
+and Deogracias Fajardo.</p>
+<p>Conception and Dilao (Paco): the Council <i>Mahaganti</i> presided
+over by Rafael Guti&eacute;rrez; and the sections <i>Panday</i> and
+<i>Ilog</i>, with a delegation in Ermita.</p>
+<p>In Cavite was the popular Council <i>Kawit</i> the president of
+which was Emilio Aguinaldo<a class="noteref" id="xd20e6708src" href=
+"#xd20e6708" name="xd20e6708src">1</a> the <i lang="es">capitan
+municipal</i> of the pueblo of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb274"
+href="#pb274" name="pb274">274</a>]</span>Cavite Viejo and later on the
+dictator of the Filipino Commune. This Council comprehended Imus,
+Noveleta, Silang, Naic<span class="corr" id="xd20e6776" title=
+"Source: .">,</span> Maragondon and other pueblos. Imus was presided
+over by Juan Casta&ntilde;eda, Noveleta by Alejandro
+Cris&oacute;stomo.</p>
+<div class="figure xd20e6780width"><img src="images/seal-ea.gif" alt=
+"One of the seals of Aguinaldo." width="196" height="255">
+<p class="figureHead">One of the seals of Aguinaldo.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="figure xd20e6785width"><img src="images/lancet.gif" alt=
+"Lancet with which the incisions of the Pacto de Sangre were made."
+width="460" height="79">
+<p class="figureHead">Lancet with which the <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e6788" title="Source: inicisions">incisions</span> of the <i lang=
+"es">Pacto de Sangre</i> were made.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="figure xd20e6796width"><img src="images/signature-ea.gif"
+alt="Signature of Aguinaldo." width="459" height="189">
+<p class="figureHead">Signature of Aguinaldo.</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb275" href="#pb275" name=
+"pb275">275</a>]</span></p>
+<p>In Bacoor was a Popular Council presided over by Genaro Valdes with
+three sections <i lang="tl">Dimagpatantan</i> (not to leave in peace),
+<i lang="tl">Ditutugutan</i> (not to rest till the end is reached), and
+<i lang="tl">Pananginginigan</i> (formidable)<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e6813" title="Not in source">.</span></p>
+<p id="n93"><span class="sc">Note 93.</span> The <i>Kalayaan</i> was
+intended to be a monthly review. Its first number consisted of
+thirty-two pages in quarto. The price of each number was 50c
+(<span class="corr" id="xd20e6823" title=
+"Source: mexican">Mexican</span>)<span class="corr" id="xd20e6826"
+title="Source: ,">.</span> It was a most rabid anti-Spanish publication
+and advocated <span class="corr" id="xd20e6829" title=
+"Source: seperatism">separatism</span> openly, and yet in spite of the
+press censorship it circulated freely in the Archipelago.</p>
+<p>As the common belief was that this paper was published in Japan, as
+would appear from the paper itself, General Blanco decided <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb276" href="#pb276" name="pb276">276</a>]</span>to
+send a special delegate to Japan to investigate the matter of its
+impression<span class="corr" id="xd20e6836" title=
+"Not in source">,</span> its publishers, authors, etc., that steps
+might be taken to put a stop to its impression or at least that a check
+be put on its entry and circulation into the Philippines. Don Alfredo
+Villeta was chosen; but on account of some hitch in the arrangements,
+he never started on his errand. Some say that the paper did not reach
+its second number, but it is certain that it did not reach its
+third.</p>
+<p>The heading was as under:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="first pseudoh2">Kalayaan</p>
+<p>Issued at the end of each month.</p>
+<div class="table">
+<table>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>1st year.</td>
+<td><span class="sc">Yokohama.</span></td>
+<td>January 1896. No<span class="corr" id="xd20e6856" title=
+"Not in source">.</span> 1<span class="corr" id="xd20e6859" title=
+"Not in source">.</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Price of subscription, 3 months 1 peso; in advance.</td>
+<td>Articles must be signed by their authors.</td>
+<td>If purchased will cost 2 reales per number.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The headings of the principal articles were as follows:</p>
+<p>To the Compatriots.</p>
+<p>Manifesto; by Dimas-Alang (Jos&eacute; Rizal.) <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb277" href="#pb277" name="pb277">277</a>]</span></p>
+<p>What the indian ought to know and understand; by Agapito
+Bagumbayan.</p>
+<p>This latter article is a mirror in which the purpose of the paper is
+reflected; it reads remarkably like a composition of Pedro Paterno, the
+visionary who claims for the peoples of the Archipelago a glorious
+pre-Spanish history and civilization. The following citations from the
+article will give some idea of the whole publication.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;In these islands, which were previously cared for by our true
+neighbors of Malaysia at a time when the Spaniards had not as yet set
+foot upon the land, there existed a complete abundance and a state of
+welfare. Our friends the neighboring kingdoms, and especially Japan,
+brought commerce to our shores which formed the most abundant market,
+and there was found everything necessary, wherefore it was the richest
+country and its customs were all very good<a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e6883src" href="#xd20e6883" name="xd20e6883src">3</a>.
+Everyone<span class="corr" id="xd20e6886" title=
+"Not in source">,</span> youths and advanced in years and even the
+women<span class="corr" id="xd20e6889" title="Not in source">,</span>
+could read and write according to our manner of script.&rdquo;
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb278" href="#pb278" name=
+"pb278">278</a>]</span></p>
+<p>The article goes on to say that upon the arrival of the Spaniards
+the natives only made friends with them after that Legazpi had
+performed the ceremonies of the <i lang=
+"es">pacto-de-Sangre</i><a class="noteref" id="xd20e6897src" href=
+"#xd20e6897" name="xd20e6897src">4</a> with one of the <i lang=
+"es">indio</i> petty sovereigns.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The Spaniards,&rdquo; says the writer, &ldquo;have perverted
+us with their bad customs and have destroyed and obliged us to forget
+the noble and beautiful customs of our country.&rdquo;</p>
+<p><i>Noble and beautiful customs</i>: Compulsory defloration of young
+girls, as a result of the belief that a girl who died a virgin could
+not enter heaven! Could anything be more noble and beautiful?</p>
+<p>Kalayaan purported to be and was always considered as the soul of
+the <span class="corr" id="xd20e6921" title=
+"Source: difunct">defunct</span> <i lang="es">Solidaridad</i> (see note
+<a href="#n24">24</a>). It was printed in the Tagalog dialect and died,
+as it was born and had lived&mdash;in shame. <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb279" href="#pb279" name="pb279">279</a>]</span></p>
+<p id="n94"><span class="sc">Note 94.</span> Pio Valenzuela testified
+(fols<span class="corr" id="xd20e6935" title="Not in source">.</span>
+582&ndash;591) that on the 22nd of August he was informed by Josefa
+Dizon that her son Jos&eacute; together with Bonifacio had fled from
+Manila. Valenzuela thereupon fled also, following them, and reaching
+Caloocan about 8 p. m. There he found Bonifacio with some twenty
+others. Andr&eacute;s informed them that they must not <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e6938" title="Source: seperate">separate</span> as it
+was now time to commence the armed rebellion, the plot of the Katipunan
+having been discovered. From Caloocan they went to Balintauac arriving
+about 11 p. m. Here they met a certain Laong with a group of men. They
+remained in the pueblo Sunday, Monday and Tuesday preparing for the
+onslaught they were to make upon the Spaniards, which was fixed for the
+29th of the same month, the plans being that they should advance in
+groups upon Manila, killing the Spaniards and also the indians and
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e6941" title=
+"Source: chinese">Chinese</span> who refused to follow them,
+&ldquo;<i>dedicating themselves to the sacking of the city, robbery and
+incendiarism and to the violation of women</i>.&rdquo; Many
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e6947" title=
+"Source: chinese">Chinese</span> were murdered and their stores
+robbed.</p>
+<p>Whilst in the fields of Balintauac distribution was made of bolos
+and ten revolvers, the latter stolen from the Maestranza <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb280" href="#pb280" name="pb280">280</a>]</span>of
+Manila. On Tuesday evening preparations were made to meet the attack of
+the Spanish troops which had been sent out in persecution of the
+rebels, and the first conflict took place. Valenzuela also stated that
+the greater part of the people who formed the rebel forces were drawn,
+catechised and initiated all in a moment by the fanatic Laong, who was
+practically the active chief of the revolt, and who directed in person
+the attack upon the <span class="corr" id="xd20e6954" title=
+"Source: chinese">Chinese</span> stores.</p>
+<p>About 5 pm. on the 29th<a id="xd20e6959" name="xd20e6959"></a> five
+hundred men under a &ldquo;leader of Pasig&rdquo; appeared on the scene
+at the waterworks. They at once took possession of the building and of
+the persons of the workmen. Their first intention was to stop the
+machinery so that no one need be left in charge thereof when orders
+should be received for a start for Manila. The engineer however,
+reminded the chief that if such a thing was done their brethren in
+Manila would die of thirst. This excuse carried the day and the chief
+decided to leave some workmen there under the condition that the
+engineer and others who wore moustaches should shave, and that all
+should dress like indians, and that the engineer&rsquo;s wife should
+dress like a native woman <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb281" href=
+"#pb281" name="pb281">281</a>]</span>and prepare food for his men. The
+party finally set out on their way. They tried to avoid an encounter
+with the <span class="corr" id="xd20e6963" title=
+"Source: trops">troops</span> composed of artillery and infantry, 65
+men in all, stationed at the powder works. In avoiding this handful of
+defenders they fell afoul of other troops which gave them a good sharp
+reception.</p>
+<p>As to those who, repenting, desired to return to a legal status, it
+is difficult to form an opinion, on account of the contrary evidence
+adduced in connection therewith. Isabelo de los Reyes already cited, in
+a futile attempt to justify the acts of the Katipuneros, claims that
+some of the chiefs opposed the plan of the armed resistance as
+contained in the propositions of Bonifacio, claiming that <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e6968" title="Source: ti">it</span> would be a great and
+useless sacrifice, to say nothing of the imprudence of such an act, to
+launch forth against an armed force without possessing better arms than
+a few bolos and lances. He claims that Bonifacio listened to the advice
+and was on the point of acting upon it, but was compelled to take the
+step he did in declaring the revolt, by the attitude of his 500
+followers. The authority for this statement was Pedro Nicodemus, who
+was the commander of the said <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb282"
+href="#pb282" name="pb282">282</a>]</span>group, a man who was as
+ignorant as he was blood-thirsty.</p>
+<p>Further on Isabelo states that &ldquo;in the famous reunion of
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e6975" title=
+"Source: Balintanac">Balintauac</span>, in the solemn moment of the
+breaking forth of the revolt (August, 26th 1896) <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e6978" title="Source: Andres">Andr&eacute;s</span> Bonifacio as
+president of the Supreme Council of the Katipunan, explained that the
+plot had been discovered, and that in order to save those who were
+compromised and who had not up to that time been arrested, it was
+necessary to launch forth to the fight, although the arms with which
+they should fight had not yet arrived from Japan.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Granted however the character of Bonifacio, his aims and the methods
+he adopted to carry out his ideas, such an excuse as that of Reyes
+argue but little in pro of the good judgement or better said the good
+faith of its author. Bonifacio was anxious for the first blow of the
+revolt to be struck that he might not <span class="corr" id="xd20e6983"
+title="Source: loose">lose</span> the confidence of those who had
+intrusted him with the undertaking and who had been fooled into the
+idea that the Katipunan forces were so powerful that nothing could
+resist their onward course once they had been started on their way. And
+to suppose that Bonifacio <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb283" href=
+"#pb283" name="pb283">283</a>]</span>was to be so easily influenced by
+a few petty chiefs is to show a complete ignorance of the character of
+the hero of the Katipunan. If the opposition of the said petty chiefs
+really occurred it was probably inspired more by fear of the
+consequences than by the true spirit of repentance, for if the
+cruelties and abuses said to have been committed by the Spaniards were
+the cause of the revolt, what need was there of such a repentance?</p>
+<p>The prestige enjoyed by Bonifacio among the katipuneros was natural
+enough, in as much as he was the father of the <i>Katipunan</i>, the
+illegitimate offspring of filipino freemasonry, itself a legitimate
+child of the Spanish family of universal freemasonry.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The <span class="corr" id="xd20e6995" title=
+"Source: katipunan">Katipunan</span>,&rdquo; says the author of an
+exposition to Congress, dated 1900 and published at the printing office
+of the <i lang="es">El Liberal</i>, &ldquo;the worthy and
+legitimate<a class="noteref" id="xd20e7001src" href="#xd20e7001" name=
+"xd20e7001src">5</a> child of Andr&eacute;s Bonifacio, was founded in
+his <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb284" href="#pb284" name=
+"pb284">284</a>]</span>own house in calle Sagunto (Tondo) between six
+and seven in the evening of the 7th of July 1892. Andr&eacute;s
+Bonifacio gathered together his best friends, Teodoro Plata, Valentin
+D&iacute;az, Ladislao <span class="corr" id="xd20e7009" title=
+"Source: Diua">Dina</span>, Deodato <span class="corr" id="xd20e7013"
+title="Source: Arelano">Arellano</span>, and Ildefonso Laurel, to whom
+he proposed the necessity of the creation of that Superior Association
+of the Sons of the People, whose only aim should be that of the
+independence of the people under a Spanish protectorate or in default
+of that, of Japan. Those assembled took to the idea with great
+enthusiasm and at once commenced the propaganda of the same.</p>
+<p id="n95"><span class="sc">Note 95.</span> One thing which clearly
+demonstrates the state of fanaticism and moral degradation to which the
+<i>Katipunan</i> fell, was the savage manner in which they treated the
+Religious prisoners who fell into their hands. Disrespect for all
+authority and especially that of the clergy, was one of the chief
+fruits of the work of propaganda carried on by Rizal and other of the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e7024" title=
+"Source: seperatist">separatist</span> element, aided and abetted by
+the Bible societies who gave moral as well as practical assistance to
+their labors.</p>
+<p>As fanaticism increased, this want of respect <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb285" href="#pb285" name=
+"pb285">285</a>]</span>became more intense and eventually led to a
+thirst for the blood of those whose greatest crime was the excessive
+favor they had extended to the indian, to whom such a thing as
+gratitude was unknown<a class="noteref" id="xd20e7031src" href=
+"#xd20e7031" name="xd20e7031src">6</a>.</p>
+<p>As we have seen, the intention of the Katipuneros was the
+annihilation of the Spaniards, irrespective of class or condition. The
+parish priest being the strongest support of the administration was the
+target for the bitterest treatment at the hands of the rebels.</p>
+<p>Among the number of those parish priests murdered by the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e7046" title=
+"Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span> rebels were P. Toribio Moreno;
+Recolet, parish priest of Silang; P. Toribio Mateo, Recolet and parish
+priest of Perez Dasmari&ntilde;as; and the lay brothers: fray Luis
+Garbayo and Julian Umbon, these latter were murdered in San Francisco
+de Malabon. Upon the Estate of Imus, then property of the Recolet
+Corporation, now in the possession of a large London Syndicate, were
+most brutally murdered the following Recolets: <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb286" href="#pb286" name="pb286">286</a>]</span></p>
+<p>P. Jos&eacute; Ma. Learte, ex-Provincial and parish priest of Imus,
+P. Simeon Marin, ex-Definitor and parish priest of Maragondon, P.
+Agipito Echegoyen, parish priest of Amadeo, P. Faustino Lizasoain,
+parish priest of Bailen, and the lay-brothers:</p>
+<p>Roman Caballero, Jorge Zueco del Rosario, Damaso Go&ntilde;i,
+Bernardo Angos, Victoriano L&oacute;pez.</p>
+<p>It is affirmed by eye-witnesses that these victims to <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e7056" title="Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span> fanaticism
+were saturated with petroleum and burned alive.</p>
+<p>Fear was entertained for the safety of of several Dominican Fathers
+who held parishes near by, and therefore P. Buenaventura Campa, P.
+Francisco Cabe&ntilde;as and fray Natalio Esparza immediately set out
+in search for them. Regardless of the great risk they ran in falling
+into the hands of the bloodthirsty Katipuneros, these three heroic
+Dominicans casting aside all thought for <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e7061" title="Source: sel">self</span> and all care for their own
+welfare<a class="noteref" id="xd20e7064src" href="#xd20e7064" name=
+"xd20e7064src">7</a> set out <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb287" href=
+"#pb287" name="pb287">287</a>]</span>for Naic in the steam launch
+<i>Mariposa</i>. Difficulties were encountered from the start. The
+native captain and engineer conspired to prevent the carrying out of
+the attempted rescue. P. Buenaventura calling up the refractory captain
+told him that he and his companions were firm in their purpose and that
+progress must be made. The captain pleaded inability for want of coal.
+Then hoist the sails, said P. Campa. There are none replied the
+captain. Then take my habit and those of my companions and make<a id=
+"xd20e7074" name="xd20e7074"></a> sails of them, thundered the Padre.
+The captain gave in and the journey was continued. Naic was reached;
+they failed to find their companions but were in time to save the
+unfortunate wife and children of Lieut. Perez Herrero; they discovered
+them barefooted and wellnigh mad with terror, dressed in native clothes
+and hidden in a <i>nipa</i> shack. P. Galo Minguez, parish priest of
+Naic, Padres Nicol&aacute;s Pe&ntilde;a and Jos&eacute; Digne and the
+laybrothers Saturnino Garc&iacute;a and Jos&eacute; Pedida had
+succeeded in escaping from the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb288"
+href="#pb288" name="pb288">288</a>]</span>clutches of the rebellious
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e7082" title=
+"Source: tagalogs">Tagalogs</span>, having fled to Labay from whence
+they made their way to Corregidor, meeting there those who had come to
+seek them in the <i>Mariposa</i>.</p>
+<p>The Augustinian Father P. Piernavieja was another victim to
+fanaticism. This Father has been termed <i lang="es">medio
+loco</i><a class="noteref" id="xd20e7092src" href="#xd20e7092" name=
+"xd20e7092src">8</a> and in all truth he was so if the possession of a
+presence of mind such as that shown by P. Piernavieja is to be termed
+craziness. True it is that he was at times gifted with a strange turn
+of mind. He had, during the many years he administered the parish,
+established therein a christian communism. When the revolt broke out he
+was held as a prisoner and obliged to invest himself with the authority
+of an Archbishop. Had the revolt prospered and P. Piernavieja lived,
+undoubtedly he would have been made Archbishop of Manila by the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e7095" title=
+"Source: tagalog">Tagalog</span> discontents. P. Piernavieja was shrewd
+enough to take well to his new office. He was once called upon to
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e7098" title="Source: annoint">anoint</span>
+the chiefs and rulers, as the kings and emperors of olden time were
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e7101" title=
+"Source: annointed">anointed</span> by the Church. Padre Piernavieja
+told them that olive oil was not <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb289"
+href="#pb289" name="pb289">289</a>]</span>suitable for such a purpose
+and therefore proceeded to anoint them with <i>cocoanut</i> oil such as
+is used by the natives for their lamps! Under pretext of his office of
+Bishop this strange old man claimed liberty to make his pastoral visits
+and when he succeeded in securing this liberty which was readily
+granted to him, he overran all that part of the province in the hands
+of the insurgents, secretly collecting all kinds of information, which
+he immediately sent his superiors in Manila. This information reached
+the military authorities and would have become of utility to them for
+the carrying out of the campaign had it been prosecuted as a military
+campaign should have been. But the Padre&rsquo;s messenger was
+eventually captured with messages in his possession. When questioned as
+to the source of the information, and where he was taking it, he told
+all, and as a result Padre Piernavieja was condemned to death as a
+traitor to a cause to which he had never held allegiance. As a
+punishment he was tied to a tree exposed to the burning rays of the
+tropical sun, and thus left to the mercy of the voracious birds and
+insects, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb290" href="#pb290" name=
+"pb290">290</a>]</span>dying of hunger, thirst and of terror in the
+midst of inconceivable torments.</p>
+<p>Padre David Veras, Dominican, was another of the many victims of the
+<i lang="es">Katipuneros</i>. He was the parish priest of the pueblo of
+Hermosa in the province of Bataan. When the insurgents attacked the
+pueblo they captured P. David, and after cutting <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e7117" title="Source: of">off</span> both his hands, dragged him
+to the most distant of the ten <i lang="es">barrios</i> of that pueblo,
+and there hacked him to death with <i lang="es">bolos</i> and hatchets
+mutilating his body in a horrible manner, and throwing the corpse on to
+a dung heap.</p>
+<p>In the early dawn of the 25th of December 1896, in Morong province
+of Bataan, Padre Domingo Cabrejas, Recolet, was murdered at the altar
+while offering up the holy sacrifice of the Mass, his blood staining
+the sacred linen and the steps of the altar. The <i lang=
+"es">katipunero</i> murderers <span class="corr" id="xd20e7131" title=
+"Source: huriedly">hurriedly</span> hid the body in the church and
+fled.</p>
+<p>Padre Jos&eacute; Sanjuan, also Recolet and parish priest of Bagac
+was another victim. To name all those who suffered barbarous treatment
+at the <i>merciful</i> hands of the insurgents would be a well-nigh
+impossible task. Recalling the acts of those fanaticised sectarians,
+one might almost recall the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb291" href=
+"#pb291" name="pb291">291</a>]</span>barbarities and brutalities of the
+diabolical Nero. Certainly the ancient Chinese and Japanese were
+scarcely more excessive in their treatment of the unfortunate
+missionaries they tortured in their attempt to stamp out the christian
+faith; and even the Chinese <i>boxers</i> of our days could have taken
+lessons from the disciples of <span class="corr" id="xd20e7145" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> freemasonry. Many, many are the
+unfortunate missionaries whose blood cries to heaven for <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e7148" title="Source: vengance">vengeance</span> and
+this <span class="corr" id="xd20e7152" title=
+"Source: vengance">vengeance</span> of the God of Justice will one day
+fall upon this people. Even in our own days we cannot shut our eyes to
+the fact of the existence of the well marked track of the hand of
+Divine Justice as it passes here and there throughout the land, calling
+now upon this one, now upon that, to pay his debt even to the last
+farthing. The track of the finger of God has been remarkably distinct
+in this archipelago and many are the cases in which that finger moving
+slowly and silently along has pointed out the unfruitful tree which the
+scythe of death shall cut down.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;For I the Lord <span class="corr" id="xd20e7157" title=
+"Source: they">thy</span> God am a jealous God; visiting the sins of
+the fathers upon the children until the third and fourth
+generation.&rdquo; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb292" href="#pb292"
+name="pb292">292</a>]</span></p>
+<p id="n96"><span class="sc">Note 96.</span> Some there are who see in
+every event which takes place, the protecting or avenging hand of
+Providence. Others there are who laugh to scorn the idea that
+Providence should concern itself in such matters.</p>
+<p>The hand of Providence surely has manifested itself of late in this
+archipelago, here protecting the one from a cruel torture, there
+permitting the <span class="corr" id="xd20e7167" title=
+"Source: sacrifiece">sacrifice</span> of a martyr to the faith or a
+martyr to duty and honor, and the integrity of the Spanish nation. Here
+giving one over to a just punishment, there pointing out another as an
+object for Divine <span class="corr" id="xd20e7170" title=
+"Source: vengance">vengeance</span>.</p>
+<p>Is proof needed perhaps that the finger of the avenging hand of
+Divine justice has left its well-marked path in the Philippines? Then
+we have a notable case before us. A few months ago, a steamer, the Rio
+de Janeiro, left the Orient bound for the port of San Francisco, Cal.
+Within sight of the city, almost within sight of the crowds who stood
+upon the wharf in expectation of the ship&rsquo;s arrival, the good
+vessel, by the will of God who rules over all things, went to the
+bottom, carrying with her, among other passengers, a man who was
+morally and physically <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb293" href=
+"#pb293" name="pb293">293</a>]</span>responsible for the greater part
+of the barbarities practiced upon the long suffering Spanish prisoners,
+Religious, Civil and Military, at the hands of the Tagalog
+revolutionists. With that man disappeared from the land of the living
+his whole family, together with state and private papers of unknown
+value. How often before in the past history of the world has the God of
+Justice obliterated whole families and even whole nations!</p>
+<p>And who shall say that the hand of Divine Justice has not protected
+as well as avenged. For many months the katipuneros had woven a
+fine-meshed net around the Spanish population of the Philippines, a
+labor the more easily accomplished in the same degree as the scandalous
+carelessness of the Blanco administration became more and more marked.
+Blanco himself was a freemason<a class="noteref" id="xd20e7179src"
+href="#xd20e7179" name="xd20e7179src">9</a> and was always, like our
+present <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb294" href="#pb294" name=
+"pb294">294</a>]</span>civil administration, surrounded by friends of
+his own choice, people who at no time suffered from an excess of
+patriotism; and the few honorable exceptions which did exist were,
+unfortunately, persons whose good moral influence was powerless to
+better a situation which day by day became worse<a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e7196src" href="#xd20e7196" name="xd20e7196src">10</a>.</p>
+<p>This net already woven was set, and it needed but the given signal
+for its string to be tightly drawn and the unsuspecting <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb295" href="#pb295" name="pb295">295</a>]</span>prey
+would immediately fall into its folds, to be redeemed only by a
+barbarous, cruel death. But providence is merciful as well as just, and
+in her own time opened up a way of escape for the coveted prize of the
+<i>katipunero</i> savages. This opening was no other than Teodoro
+Pati&ntilde;o, himself a member of the diabolical society, the plot of
+which he was to reveal.</p>
+<p>Pati&ntilde;o was one of the many compositors in the printing
+establishment of the <i lang="es">Diario de Manila</i><span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e7219" title="Source: ,">.</span> He was an indian of
+but little importance both as regards his abilities as a workman or as
+a <i>katipunero</i>: he was one of the thousands of unknowns from which
+have sprung so many of those sadly famous <i lang="es">ignorantes</i>
+and others of our own days. But he was destined to act an important
+part in the society to which he belonged: a part however not in the
+programme of proceedings drawn up by the society.</p>
+<p>A <span class="corr" id="xd20e7230" title=
+"Source: discusion">discussion</span> took place one day as to the
+subscription the said Pati&ntilde;o should pay into the common funds of
+the society, and heated words passed between him and his companions on
+the subject. From words they came to blows; and as Pati&ntilde;o was
+one against many he came out of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e7233"
+title="Source: tussel">tussle</span> <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb296" href="#pb296" name="pb296">296</a>]</span>second best, having
+received a good sound thrashing for daring to differ from the majority.
+To satisfy his injured feelings he looked around him for some one from
+whom he could expect sympathy, and he bethought himself of his sister
+who was a pupil of the College of Mandaloya, under the care of the
+Augustinian Nuns. To his sister he repaired and to her he told his tale
+of woe, making mention at the same time of a certain society to which
+he and his assailants belonged.</p>
+<p>The sister startled by what her brother related, questioned him
+closely, as only a woman can question when she wishes to get to the
+bottom of anything. Having been a pupil of the Augustinian Nuns for a
+considerable time and preserving in her heart sentiments of gratitude
+little known among the peoples of the Archipelago, she was much hurt to
+hear of the plans mapped out by the <i>Katipunan</i> for the brutal
+destruction of those who had always been so good and kind to her and
+her brother. And before Pati&ntilde;o could tell all his tale, his
+sister had bidden him good-bye and gone off in search of the Mother
+Superior of the College, to whom she immediately told all she knew of
+the affair. The two women trembling <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb297" href="#pb297" name="pb297">297</a>]</span>with fear for the
+safety of the lives of so many hundreds of innocent victims, hurriedly
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e7245" title="Source: saught">sought</span>
+the presence of the Rev. Padre Mariano Gil, Augustinian, and parish
+priest of Tondo. This Rev. Father, realizing the enormity of the
+<i>Katipunan</i> plot, advised them to send Pati&ntilde;o to him
+without delay.</p>
+<p>Pati&ntilde;o presented himself at the <i lang="es">convento</i> and
+underwent a close examination at the hands of Padre Mariano. At first
+little progress was made, as Pati&ntilde;o feared both the anger of the
+authorities and that of his fellow <i lang="es">katipuneros</i>, who
+would doubtless take revenge upon him according to the laws of the
+society, for his tale-telling. And in spite of the fact that he tried
+at every turn to avoid telling the naked truth, and to escape here and
+there by professions of ignorance, he eventually manifested to P.
+Mariano Gil all he knew of the society, of its plans and of its
+resources. After a long and tedious conversation, the patriotic
+Augustinian was gratified with the knowledge of where to lay his hands
+upon hidden documents etc., which would throw much light upon the
+purposes of the society of cut-throats. P. Gil immediately set to work
+to disclose the hidden secrets. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb298"
+href="#pb298" name="pb298">298</a>]</span></p>
+<p>&ldquo;Without <span class="corr" id="xd20e7263" title=
+"Source: loosing">losing</span> a moment,&rdquo; writes P. Mariano Gil,
+to a friend who had asked of him the true story of what took place on
+that memorable occasion, &ldquo;I sent notice to the Lieut. of the
+<i>Veterana</i> of this sub-division, D. Jos&eacute; Cort&eacute;s, to
+whom in the presence of the denouncer, Pati&ntilde;o, I communicated
+the most necessary data, giving him at the same time the names of all
+those persons in the printing establishment who were compromised,
+commencing with the two who signed the receipts, Policarpo Tarla and
+Braulio Rivera, indicating to him the manner of procedure for the
+detention of all those complicated.</p>
+<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p>
+<p>... &ldquo;I decided, confiding in God, to go alone to the printing
+establishment, at a time when none of the workmen should be
+present.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>The writer goes on <span class="corr" id="xd20e7275" title=
+"Source: the">to</span> explain how he made known his mission to D.
+Ram&oacute;n Montes and two other Spaniards who, astonished at the
+news, aided in the search for the documents, stones etc. After a half
+hour&rsquo;s search the <span class="corr" id="xd20e7278" title=
+"Source: lithograpic">lithographic</span> stone was discovered, and
+like a tiger springing upon its prey, the zealous son of St. Augustine
+pounced <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb299" href="#pb299" name=
+"pb299">299</a>]</span>upon it, as though he feared that the very roof
+of the building should fall in upon it and bury it beneath its rubbish
+out of reach of his hands. A proof was taken from the said stone, of
+the <i>Katipunero</i> receipts, and P. Gil immediately set off in the
+direction of the <i>Veterana</i> of Tondo where he met Pati&ntilde;o,
+who recognized the receipt as authentic, and two hours later the
+Patriotic Augustinian saw his efforts crowned with the confession of
+guilt of the delinquents, the two previously named, figuring at the
+head of the list. Having performed this, P. Gil humbly wended his way
+back to his parochial dwelling, satisfied to have been an instrument of
+divine Providence for the unravelling of one of the most bloodthirsty
+plots ever invented by the perverse mind of embruted mankind.</p>
+<p>At midnight was discovered in the locker of Policarpo Tarla, in the
+same place, a dagger, the regulations of the Katipunan and several
+documents having connection with the said society, all of which,
+together with the famous lithographic stone<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e7291" title="Not in source">,</span> were handed over by Sr.
+Montes to the <i>Veterana</i>.</p>
+<p>On the following day P. Gil discovered <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb300" href="#pb300" name="pb300">300</a>]</span>in the house of one
+of his <span class="corr" id="xd20e7301" title=
+"Source: parishoners">parishioners</span> a dagger identical to the one
+mentioned, also several receipts in Tagalog with the key of the
+symbolic language in which they were printed.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;This&rdquo;, affirms P. Gil, &ldquo;is the truth of the
+discovery.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>There can be little doubt that Pati&ntilde;o was directly inspired
+more by the thrashing he received than by providence, although it is
+not possible to deny that the thrashing and the consequent divulging of
+the secrets of the <i>Katipunan</i> were providential. And as regards
+to his <span class="corr" id="xd20e7311" title=
+"Source: repentence">repentance</span>, I doubt judging from the
+character of the average indian, whether he really felt repentant till
+the enormity of the crime to which he was an <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e7314" title="Source: abbetor">abettor</span> was brought home to
+him by P. Mariano Gil. Be that as it may. The ways of Providence are
+hidden from us and we can seldom see, with our human eyes, more than
+the actions of the human reason. Yet the truth remains, that whether
+directly or indirectly inspired by providence it was <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e7317" title=
+"Source: Patino&rsquo;s">Pati&ntilde;o&rsquo;s</span> action which
+saved Spain &ldquo;from an unending series of bitter
+experiences.&rdquo; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb301" href="#pb301"
+name="pb301">301</a>]</span></p>
+<p id="n97"><span class="sc">Note 97.</span> What has, up to this
+present, been written concerning these stirring events has been taken
+chiefly from the reports made by Gen. Blanco to Sr. Canovas. Whether
+from ignorance or from malice, these reports contained about as many
+errors as words. From these Sr. Diaz evidently took the statement that
+the sister of Pati&ntilde;o was a pupil in the College of Looban,
+whereas P. Mariano Gil himself states that it was that known as the
+Orphan Asylum for Girls at Mandaloya.</p>
+<p id="n98"><span class="sc">Note 98.</span> The following sketch of P.
+Mariano Gil is taken from the <i>Heraldo de Madrid</i> which in its
+number of the 6th October 1896, said:</p>
+<p>&ldquo;P. Gil was born in Carreon de los Condes (Palencia) on the
+2nd of July 1849. Whilst still young he entered the Augustinian College
+of Valladolid. His studies concluded, he passed to the Philippines
+where he filled the duties of parish priest in several Tagalog pueblos.
+Till recently he has been holding the position of parish priest of
+Tondo, a suburb of Manila. He was fortunate enough to discover the plot
+of the insurrection on the 19th of August last, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb302" href="#pb302" name=
+"pb302">302</a>]</span>denouncing it at an opportune moment. The
+Spaniards gathered in manifestation to the palace of the Governor
+General; Sr. Blanco did not condescend to receive them and they
+therefore went at once to pay their respects to P. Gil and the
+Archbishop, both of whom congratulated them for their patriotic
+attitude. A newspaper of Manila, <i lang="es">El Espa&ntilde;ol</i>,
+published the picture of the parish priest of Tondo; but scarcely had
+the first copies of the paper appeared on the street, than General
+Blanco ordered their suppression, commanding that a new edition be
+printed omitting the said picture and the laudatory phrases which the
+<i lang="es">El Espa&ntilde;ol</i> had dedicated to the eminent
+Augustinian, from this time a note-worthy patriot to whom the public
+did a justice which General Blanco either did not know how, or did not
+wish to do him.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Speaking of this patriotic Padre, Sr. Castillo y Jimenez<a class=
+"noteref" id="xd20e7344src" href="#xd20e7344" name=
+"xd20e7344src">11</a> says:</p>
+<div class="figure xd20e7347width"><img src="images/mgil.gif" alt=""
+width="464" height="714"></div>
+<p>&ldquo;His character is gruff; he asks nothing, he demands; he does
+not beseech, he asks; and what he demands and asks is just and lawful,
+because it bears in its essence the <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb303" href="#pb303" name="pb303">303</a>]</span>benefit of mankind,
+aiding the unfortunate, warding off their dangers, delivering them from
+the attacks which envy and <span class="corr" id="xd20e7354" title=
+"Source: vengance">vengeance</span> might deal out to pacific and
+humble people. He is inflexible with the reprobate and disloyal,
+magnanimous with those who have been deceived; proud with the haughty
+and humble with the weak, and in his generous life has wiped away many
+tears, distributed much bread to the poor, and many times proportioned
+assistance to the needy that they should not fall into want.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>The good work done in the discovery of the diabolical plot of the
+<i>Katipunan</i>, has very naturally been the object of a great amount
+of bitter criticism at the hands of the <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e7362" title="Source: seperatist">separatist</span> element, which
+has never pardoned the valiant Augustinian for springing their
+carefully laid traps<span class="corr" id="xd20e7365" title=
+"Source: ,">.</span> He was denounced in the lodge rooms of
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e7368" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> freemasonry, from one of which was
+despatched a letter directed to him and bearing his picture, as will be
+seen in the accompanying illustration. His discovery was depreciated
+and belittled, and made to appear a farce. His patriotism was called
+into question and his very life was placed in imminent danger.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb304" href="#pb304" name=
+"pb304">304</a>]</span></p>
+<p>However the torrents of lies that have poured forth against him have
+not, and can not obliterate the truth.</p>
+<p>Isabelo de los Reyes to belittle the labors of discovery of
+P<span class="corr" id="xd20e7376" title="Not in source">.</span> Gil,
+affirms that Antonio Luna notified Blanco of the existence of the
+association previous to the discovery of P. Gil. Be that as it may; the
+secret police had also notified Blanco of what was going on<span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e7379" title="Source: ;">.</span> Three times did the
+Archbishop of Manila do the same, and so also did the other prelates of
+Manila and Prior of the Convent of Guadalupe, and Lieut.
+Sityer<a class="noteref" id="xd20e7382src" href="#xd20e7382" name=
+"xd20e7382src">12</a>. But this does not lessen the value of Padre
+Gil&rsquo;s discovery, but rather adds to its importance. For whilst
+Blanco was sufficiently posted on the matter to be able to judge of the
+necessity of taking immediate proceedings, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb305" href="#pb305" name=
+"pb305">305</a>]</span>there was wanting that healthy stimulus which
+was given by P. Gil. A stubborn carbuncle often needs the aid of the
+lance: P. Gil&rsquo;s discovery was the lance which brought to the
+surface the putrid matter which nature could not, of herself, eject.
+This putrid matter extending itself, would have brought about the
+mortification of the whole body, had not the surgeon applied his lance
+in good time. And although the lance of the surgeon brought pain to the
+patient it saved her for the time, giving back to her a state of
+relative health.</p>
+<p id="n99"><span class="sc">Note 99.</span> The first executions which
+took place were those of four rebels captured <i>in <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e7399" title="Source: fraganti">flagrante</span></i> in San
+Juan del Monte. These were Sancho Valenzuela, Eugenio Silvestre,
+Modesto Sarmiento and Ram&oacute;n Peralta. Of these Valenzuela was the
+only one of any importance. Sarmiento was a <i lang="es">cabeza de
+barangay</i><a class="noteref" id="xd20e7404src" href="#xd20e7404"
+name="xd20e7404src">13</a> of Santa Ana where he owned a small
+<i>nipa</i> house which he rented out, performing at the same time the
+office of cook and house boy to the tenant. <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb306" href="#pb306" name="pb306">306</a>]</span>On
+the way to execution he met his tenant-master and, in a nonchalant
+manner, greeted him with as pleasant a <i>Buenos dias Se&ntilde;or</i>,
+as if he were on the way to some joyous function or a grand
+&ldquo;meet&rdquo; at the cock-pit. Before his execution Valenzuela
+also showed a spirit of coolness and serenity, signing his last will
+and testament with a firm hand, and smiling. Both showed the spirit of
+men thoroughly <span class="corr" id="xd20e7416" title=
+"Source: facinated">fascinated</span> by some superior power<a id=
+"xd20e7419" name="xd20e7419"></a>, neither realizing the crime they had
+committed nor the punishment they were to undergo.</p>
+<p>The second execution took place in Cavite, thirteen rebels being
+shot. These were Francisco Osorio<span class="corr" id="xd20e7423"
+title="Source: .">,</span> Maximo Inocencio, Luis Aguado, Victoriano
+Luciano, Hugo <span class="corr" id="xd20e7426" title=
+"Source: Perez">P&eacute;rez</span>, Jos&eacute; Lallana, Antonio San
+Agustin, Agapito Conchu, Feliciano Cabuco, Mariano Gregorio, Eugenio
+Cabezas <span class="corr" id="xd20e7429" title=
+"Source: aud">and</span> two constables of the public prison of the
+province. These constables had pressed into their traitorous service a
+number of the <i lang="es">muchachos</i> of the prison. Francisco
+Osorio was a very wealthy <span class="corr" id="xd20e7435" title=
+"Source: chinese">Chinese</span> <span class="corr" id="xd20e7439"
+title="Source: halfcaste">half-caste</span>. He had been honored by
+Spain with several honors, among them the Grand Cross of Carlos III. He
+was very intimate with the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb307" href=
+"#pb307" name="pb307">307</a>]</span>authorities in Cavite. His father,
+a wealthy <span class="corr" id="xd20e7444" title=
+"Source: chinee">Chinee</span>, and his cousin, a doctor, both
+denounced him at the moment of his execution.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;After the reading of the sentence,&rdquo; says an
+eye-witness, &ldquo;in front of the square which we formed, he
+commenced to cry, asking pardon of the General and of all Spaniards; he
+affirmed that he was a Spaniard and that he would never conspire again
+against the country in which he had been educated, and he cursed the
+freemasons who in Madrid had initiated him into the hatred of religion
+and the fatherland. The doctor his cousin, turning to him, said:
+<i>Silence Osorio! <span class="corr" id="xd20e7451" title=
+"Source: dont">don&rsquo;t</span> cry so; what will the Spaniards
+benefit from your repentance</i>; but the miserable fellow paid no
+attention to him, and asked to be allowed to kiss the Spanish flag
+before he died. This permission was not granted.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Maximo Inocencio was the proprietor of a large store and was a
+contractor to the Arsenal. He had been previously arrested for
+implication in the revolt in Cavite in 1872. At that time he escaped
+but was afterwards pardoned; the signal rocket was to be fired from his
+storehouse in Cavite.</p>
+<p>Luis Aguado was also a contractor for the Arsenal. <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb308" href="#pb308" name="pb308">308</a>]</span></p>
+<p>Victoriano Luciano, a chemist, was a wealthy half-caste who had not
+lived long in Cavite.</p>
+<p>Hugo P&eacute;rez, was an <i lang="es">indio</i>. He was the
+venerable of the masonic lodge. In his house were discovered two large
+photographs in which the majority of the thirteen persons executed were
+photographed in the form of a triangle; a book with a triangle and
+other masonic insignia on its front page, and four important letters of
+anti-Spanish masonic propaganda.</p>
+<p>Lallana was a tailor, and some say a peninsular Spaniard. For a
+while he was chief of police of Cavite and had been a corporal of
+Marines.</p>
+<p>Antonio San Agustin was an indian, a petty merchant and a man who
+could scarcely bear the sight of a Spaniard.</p>
+<p>Agapito Conchu was a master of a primary school, and a half-caste.
+He had once been detained in the time of Despujols but granted his
+liberty. Apart from his school, he gave lessons to some of the children
+of the Spanish families of the town, including the daughter of the
+Governor of Cavite.</p>
+<p>Cabuco was an <i lang="es">escribiente</i><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e7478src" href="#xd20e7478" name="xd20e7478src">14</a> of the
+administration <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb309" href="#pb309" name=
+"pb309">309</a>]</span>of State; and Eugenio Cabezas a
+watch-tinker.</p>
+<p>These executions were followed by that of a member of the Guardia
+<i>Civil</i>, Mariano Magno, in Nueva Ecija. Magno had always been
+noted for his lack of obedience to his superiors, his hatred of
+discipline and ill-feeling in general towards Spaniards. Fifteen others
+were shot in Iligan on the 28th of October of the same year. Many
+others suffered the like penalty in different parts of the
+Archipelago.</p>
+<p id="n100"><span class="sc">Note 100.</span> Those sentenced to
+deportation were, for the most part, sent to Jolo, Puerta Princesa,
+Balabac and to the penitentiary colonies.</p>
+<p>To the first named place were sent 69 persons of all kinds and
+conditions, trades and occupations. Among them was a Juan Cuadra, a
+chemist in Ermita. To Puerta Princesa went 53, and to Balabac 56 both
+lots well assorted. Those most compromised in the insurrection were
+sent to Fernando Poo, these numbering some 200. Three hundred more were
+sent to Mindanao. Among the 200 sent to Fernando Poo were merchants,
+compositors, silversmiths, book-binders, <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb310" href="#pb310" name="pb310">310</a>]</span>carriage painters,
+laundrymen, <i lang="es">escribientes</i>, a clerk of the Puerta del
+Sol on the Escolta, hat-makers, tailors, laborers, students, lawyers
+and among them the <span class="corr" id="xd20e7499" title=
+"Source: irrepresible">irrepressible</span> jack-in-the-box, Thomas
+William of the Rosary (Tomas G. del Rosario); telephone operators,
+school-teachers and three members of the secret police; among the rag
+and tag of the good-for-nothings, and as chief of them, was the famous
+<i>translator</i> of the scriptures, Pascual H. Poblete<a class=
+"noteref" id="xd20e7505src" href="#xd20e7505" name=
+"xd20e7505src">15</a>.</p>
+<p id="n101"><span class="sc">Note 101.</span> Apolinario Mabini was
+born in the pueblo of Tanauan, province of Batangas, and was the son of
+parents of the poorer and lower classes. He came to Manila as a lad and
+received his <span class="corr" id="xd20e7645" title=
+"Source: secondry">secondary</span> education in the College of San
+Juan de Letran at the hands of the Dominican Fathers, taking the degree
+of professor. Later on he was employed in the <i lang=
+"es">Intendencia</i> and by <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb311" href=
+"#pb311" name="pb311">311</a>]</span>careful saving and by steady
+application he continued his studies for law and concluded his course
+at the University of Santo Tomas also at the hands of the Dominicans
+who spared no efforts on behalf of his success. From the University he
+received the title of <span class="corr" id="xd20e7653" title=
+"Source: Licenciate">Licentiate</span> of Law in 1895.</p>
+<p>He entered the office of the notary Numeriano Adriano to practice
+law, and whilst there employed, was drawn by Adriano into the net of
+masonry, joining the lodge Balagtas which was one of those founded from
+the <span class="corr" id="xd20e7658" title=
+"Source: everflow">overflow</span> of the original <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e7661" title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> lodge
+<i>Nilad</i>. Adriano was the <i>venerable</i> of the said <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb312" href="#pb312" name=
+"pb312">312</a>]</span>lodge. When the <i>Liga Filipina</i> was formed
+and had gotten well into working order Mabini was named a councillor of
+the superior Council (see page 28). According to the testimony of
+Moises Salvador (see page 296) Mabini was also secretary of the
+Association of <i>Compromisarios</i>.</p>
+<p>He was arrested as one of the chief instigators of the revolt and
+after due trial was sentenced to death. The Spanish authorities
+however, took compassion upon him because of his pitiful condition, he
+being paralysed in the lower parts of the body<a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e7681src" href="#xd20e7681" name="xd20e7681src">17</a>; so instead
+of including his name in the list <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb313"
+href="#pb313" name="pb313">313</a>]</span>of those who expiated their
+treason on the field of Bagumbayan, they foolishly gave him his
+liberty.</p>
+<p>Once more free, Mabini left Manila for his own <i>pueblo</i> of
+Tanauan where he lived quietly till Aguinaldo was brought over in 1898
+by Admiral Dewey to serve as a bush-beater to the American forces.
+Mabini was thereupon carried from Tanauan to Cavite where he joined the
+faithless <i>Magdalo</i>.</p>
+<p>In Cavite he drew up a project of a constitutional law for the
+Philippines. In the first page of this he affirmed that the precepts of
+the Ten Commandments were <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb314" href=
+"#pb314" name="pb314">314</a>]</span>an invention of the friars! And
+yet Mabini was the <span class="corr" id="xd20e7702" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> Solomon. He instructed the people
+that they ought not to believe in the said decalogue or practice what
+it commanded, but that they should only practice the precepts of the
+<i lang="es">Verdadero Dec&aacute;logo</i> which he prepared and gave
+to the public as their spiritual guide.</p>
+<p>Mabini very soon became radical and decidedly anti-American in his
+ideas, and succeeded in attaining such moral <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e7710" title="Source: ascendency">ascendancy</span> over Aguinaldo
+that the latter ceased to be the leader of the people and the true
+dictator of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e7713" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> republic, becoming <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb315" href="#pb315" name="pb315">315</a>]</span>a
+toy in the hands of a man who could twist and turn him here and there
+at his will.</p>
+<p>Mabini refused to take the oath of allegiance and was, on the 7th of
+January 1901 deported under General Order No. 4 to the island of Guam,
+as one of the persons &ldquo;whose acts clearly <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e7720" title="Source: demostrate">demonstrate</span> them to be
+favorers or sympathizers with the insurrection.&rdquo;</p>
+<p id="n102"><span class="sc">Note 102.</span> The advanced political
+ideas held and propagated by the <span class="corr" id="xd20e7727"
+title="Source: seperatists">separatists</span> were not bad in
+themselves; no particular objection <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb316" href="#pb316" name="pb316">316</a>]</span>can be raised against
+them as political ideas. But when we consider by whom and for whom
+these &ldquo;reforms&rdquo; were asked, we begin to appreciate the
+necessity to which the indian was put of endeavoring to attain them by
+armed struggle. Taking away the revolutionary basis upon which the
+plans of the <i>Liga</i> were raised, nothing remains but the empty
+walls of a roofless building. These walls or ideas are contained in the
+plans of reforms drawn up by almost every jackanapes in the <i>Liga</i>
+who could write down his thoughts with any amount of clearness. These
+plans agreed upon certain <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb317" href=
+"#pb317" name="pb317">317</a>]</span>points, chiefly representation in
+the Spanish parliament and the expulsion of the Religious Orders. These
+two points appear to have been the essence of the direct aims of the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e7741" title=
+"Source: seperatists">separatists</span> (see p. 69<span class="corr"
+id="xd20e7744" title="Source: .)">).</span></p>
+<p>Others called for the Spanish constitution with its consequences:
+the liberty of the press and the liberty of associations. Liberty of
+the press was ever an unknown quantity in the Philippines. The idea of
+the liberty of the press is very beautiful when its liberties are not
+abused; it was the abuse of what little liberty the press enjoyed, in
+the latter days of Spanish rule, that induced the <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb318" href="#pb318" name=
+"pb318">318</a>]</span>authorities to impose such a close censure upon
+it as they did. Whatever may be said in its favor, press censorship and
+such sedition laws as we enjoy to-day in this nondescript piece of the
+world&rsquo;s surface, are more proper of absolute monarchies than of
+territory of the U. S. of America, although in our particular case we
+might as well be under the despotic, ever deteriorating rule of
+Aguinaldo, as that of a body of men whose intentions however good and
+sincere they may be, fall short, when put into practice, of the
+proverbial ingenuity in governing, of the famous Sancho Panza in his
+<i>island</i> of Barataria. Freedom of the <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb319" href="#pb319" name=
+"pb319">319</a>]</span>press is at times a blessing, and at others a
+curse. From 1888 to 1896 it would have been more of the latter than of
+the former; for giving such a liberty to the <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e7756" title="Source: seperatists">separatists</span> who asked
+it, would be arming the enemy with the best arms.</p>
+<p>As to liberty of associations. People in the Temperance world often
+ask themselves, does prohibition prohibit? Some <i>make</i> themselves
+believe that it does; but practice has shown what common sense tells
+each and every one of us, that it does not; for if a man (and I do not
+wish to be so ungallant as to exclude the ladies) cannot get what he
+wants legally, he as a rule sees that he gets it somehow. And so with
+the <span class="corr" id="xd20e7764" title=
+"Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> who, denied the liberty of
+association, defied the authorities and held their gatherings in secret
+and secluded places.</p>
+<p>All these various political ideas were decidedly <i>advanced</i> in
+as much as they had relation to a people in no way prepared to receive
+them. No father would put a loaded revolver or an open <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e7772" title="Source: rasor">razor</span> into the hands
+of his child; but those were the very things the <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e7775" title="Source: seperatists">separatists</span> were howling
+for. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb320" href="#pb320" name=
+"pb320">320</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnotes">
+<hr class="fnsep">
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e6708" href="#xd20e6708src" name="xd20e6708">1</a></span> Previous
+to 1896 Aguinaldo was an almost unknown <i lang="es">indio</i>. He was
+at that time about 23 or 24 years of age, and like the far greater
+majority of the <i lang="es">indios</i> of the archipelago had
+forgotten what little he had learned at school. He was a
+lavandero<a class="noteref" id="xd20e6719src" href="#xd20e6719" name=
+"xd20e6719src">2</a> for the Arsenal at Cavite, and possessed little
+command over the Spanish <span class="corr" id="xd20e6722" title=
+"Source: laguage">language</span>, speaking it after the Cavite style,
+<i lang="es">de cocina</i> as the Spaniards say. He was the son of
+Carlos Aguinaldo who had several times held office under the Spanish
+Government, and who was at heart a bitter anti-Spaniard. Like the
+remainder of his fellow Tagalogs, Aguinaldo demonstrates a different
+character in connection with each event which takes place in his life.
+As <i lang="es">capitan municipal</i> in 1896 he was very Spanish in
+dealing with the authorities, but in dealing with his own people quite
+the reverse. Like the Taveras, the Legardas and the Buencaminos etc.,
+he was an adept at political lightning changes. Buencamino in one of
+his absurd articles to the <span class="corr" id="xd20e6732" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> press (<span lang="es">La
+Independencia</span>, Sept. 6th 1896) speaking of him says:
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e6738" title=
+"Source: ... &ldquo;">&ldquo;...</span> all the <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e6741" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> unconditionally
+obey the president Aguinaldo seeing in him the messenger of God sent to
+redeem the <span class="corr" id="xd20e6745" title=
+"Source: filipino">Filipino</span> people from all foreign domination,
+and because they see in the said chief the great virtues of fortitude,
+honor and magnanimity which ought to adorn all saviors of their
+country.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="footnote">The belief among some <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e6750" title="Source: filipinos">Filipinos</span> that Aguinaldo
+was a semi-God was not uncommon at one time, and many hold to it even
+in these days. A certain Bray (apparently related very closely to the
+bray of an ass) went a step further in an article to the <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e6755" title="Source: french">French</span> <i lang=
+"fr">Revue de <span class="corr" id="xd20e6760" title=
+"Source: Reaues">Revues</span></i> and compared Aguinaldo to Christ, to
+Alexander the Great, to Mahomet, to <span class="corr" id="xd20e6763"
+title="Source: Caezar">Caesar</span>, to Napoleon and others!</p>
+<p class="footnote">Aguinaldo certainly demonstrated fortitude, and did
+not sell his sword to those he considered his enemies. His misfortune
+was that he fell into the hands of such advisers as Buencamino and
+others, who, after working up his stupid pride, deserted him in his
+hour of need. Aguinaldo showed fortitude and was never a traitor to
+what he considered the honor of his country. Honor to Aguinaldo in this
+respect<span class="corr" id="xd20e6768" title=
+"Not in source">.</span></p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e6719" href="#xd20e6719src" name="xd20e6719">2</a></span>
+Washerman.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e6883" href="#xd20e6883src" name="xd20e6883">3</a></span> As to
+the goodness of customs read the testimony of the most reliable
+chroniclers and historians of the earliest days of Spanish history.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e6897" href="#xd20e6897src" name="xd20e6897">4</a></span> The
+<i lang="es">pacto de sangre</i> was performed thus: a wound was made
+in the body of each person who was to form a party to the treaty about
+to be made, and the blood that flowed <span class="corr" id="xd20e6902"
+title="Source: frem">from</span> the wounds thus made was mixed in a
+receptacle prepared for the occasion; each then drank a portion of the
+blood thus mixed. It is needless to say that Legaspi refused to perform
+such a savage, <span class="corr" id="xd20e6905" title=
+"Source: cannabistic">cannibalistic</span> ceremony.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e7001" href="#xd20e7001src" name="xd20e7001">5</a></span> Worthy
+perhaps but certainly not legitimate. The Katipunan was illegitimate
+from all points <span class="corr" id="xd20e7003" title=
+"Source: ef">of</span> view; nor was it a child really of Bonifacio.
+The conception was of Pilar (Marcelo H.) and Bonifacio was but the
+foster father encharged with the bringing up of the child.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e7031" href="#xd20e7031src" name="xd20e7031">6</a></span> A
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e7033" title=
+"Source: peoples,">people&rsquo;s</span> language is the expression of
+its sentiments<span class="corr" id="xd20e7036" title=
+"Source: ,">.</span> There are in this archipelago, native languages in
+<a id="xd20e7039" name="xd20e7039"></a>which no word exists to express
+&ldquo;thank you.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e7064" href="#xd20e7064src" name="xd20e7064">7</a></span> F.
+Buenaventura Campa was one of the two Dominican Fathers who willingly
+devoted themselves to the care of the sufferers stricken with the
+cholera plague which has carried off so many people both in Manila and
+the provinces. He, together with his companion, P. C&aacute;ndido, bore
+with remarkable patience and self-abnegation the troubles and trials
+consequent upon the extraordinary plans adopted by an inexperienced
+Sanitary Department for the treatment of the dread enemy.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e7092" href="#xd20e7092src" name="xd20e7092">8</a></span> Half
+mad.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e7179" href="#xd20e7179src" name="xd20e7179">9</a></span> Juan
+Utor y Fernandez (bro&there4; <i>Espartero</i>) confessed that Blanco
+was a freemason; he affirmed also that his masonic name was bro&there4;
+<i>Barcelona</i>. Lacasa, Lieut. Auditor of war, and one of the heads
+of freemasonry in the Philippines declared that among the freemasons of
+the archipelago was <span class="corr" id="xd20e7187" title=
+"Source: countted">counted</span> Sr. D. Ramon Blanco, Capt
+Gen<span class="corr" id="xd20e7190" title="Source: ,">.</span> of the
+Army and Gov. Gen. of the Islands.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e7196" href="#xd20e7196src" name="xd20e7196">10</a></span> The
+following interesting notes will give some idea of what the Blanco
+administration was like.</p>
+<p class="footnote">In the report of the secret police for the 3rd of
+June 1896, appears the following:&mdash;</p>
+<p class="footnote">&ldquo;Notice is hereby given of the confidential
+information given by a freemason in respect to the reason why the
+masonic lodges are at rest, and the attitude of Generals Blanco and
+Echaluce in regard to the same.</p>
+<p class="footnote">&ldquo;This freemason, Juan Merchan, says:
+&ldquo;we are now sleeping; we cannot work; we are tutored by the
+experience of the persecution directed against us by General Echaluce.
+Until General Blanco returns from Mindanao we can do nothing, for he at
+least does not disturb us, and even helps us. The proof of this is that
+during the previous voyage to Mindanao (of Blanco) Gen. Echaluce
+commenced<a id="xd20e7205" name="xd20e7205"></a> to deport people; but
+when Blanco got to know of it, he wrote to him ordering him not to
+deport anyone without his consent, and not to do anything in the matter
+till his return from Mindanao.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e7344" href="#xd20e7344src" name="xd20e7344">11</a></span> El
+Katipunan, etc.; p. 89.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e7382" href="#xd20e7382src" name="xd20e7382">12</a></span> Blanco,
+whether because he was bound by compromise, or because of fear, heeded
+not the warnings of the approaching danger. <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e7384" title="Source: Aa">As</span> a soldier face to face with an
+enemy Blanco was not lacking in courage; but when the enemy was
+invisible, and more tact than courage was needed in the combat, Blanco
+was like a little child in the dark, frightened at the least
+sound&mdash;chicken hearted. It is certainly a remarkable thing that
+bro&there4; <i>Barcelona</i> had the courage to pass through the
+ordeals of his initiation into freemasonry.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e7404" href="#xd20e7404src" name="xd20e7404">13</a></span> The
+head of a pueblo. The most ancient form of rule in the Archipelago.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e7478" href="#xd20e7478src" name="xd20e7478">14</a></span> See
+page 63.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e7505" href="#xd20e7505src" name="xd20e7505">15</a></span> Pascual
+H. Poblete: a <i lang="es">pobre diablo</i> who speaks Spanish like a
+chino and writes it far worse. Poblete is greatly devoted to
+cock-fighting; but being as reckless <span class="corr" id="xd20e7511"
+title="Source: it">in</span> the enjoyment of this sport as he is in
+everything else he undertakes, he finds his pocket always more or less
+empty. To fill this pocket he is ever hunting up schemes to make money
+in the easiest way possible. The subscription lists he has started for
+various pious or patriotic objects are well nigh innumerable.</p>
+<p class="footnote">The <i lang="es">Heraldo de Madrid</i>, of the 19th
+of November 1896, says of this charlatan:</p>
+<p class="footnote">&ldquo;Well paired with Tom&aacute;s del Rosario,
+the <i lang="es">indio</i> who, by literary fraud gained from
+Se&ntilde;or Nu&ntilde;ez de Arce a good position in the Philippines,
+is Pascual H. Poblete also an <i lang="es">indio</i><a class="noteref"
+id="xd20e7528src" href="#xd20e7528" name="xd20e7528src">16</a> and a
+person of history too.</p>
+<p class="footnote">&ldquo;His first steps in work in the newspapers of
+his country were as translator of the Spanish text of a bilingual
+review into Tagalog.</p>
+<p class="footnote">&ldquo;He propagated political themes widely, but
+above all, those articles of the Civil and Penal code favorable to his
+countrymen; to these articles he added comments.... Under the pretext
+of competing with the Chinese he founded a cooperative association
+which was the subject of much talk. It was really nothing else than an
+association distinctly political and eminently anti-Spanish. He however
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e7543" title=
+"Source: suceeded">succeeded</span> in dissimulating, and when he
+created the newspaper <i lang="es">El Resumen</i>, placed a peninsular
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e7549" title=
+"Source: Spanniard">Spaniard</span>, a native of Aragon, at its head.
+He then did all he could to gain the confidence of Despujols, whom he
+visited every once in a while.</p>
+<p class="footnote">&ldquo;As Despujols step by step lost favor with
+the European element, Poblete praised him more and more and this was,
+in itself, a good sign of the direction in which was going this
+Poblete, a man lacking talent, lacking wit, and enjoying nothing but an
+insane intention. During the last years he made continuous anti-Spanish
+propaganda, and was a bitter enemy of the Spaniards, excepting some few
+degenerates who yet believed in the good faith of this <i lang=
+"es">pobre diablo</i>.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="footnote">In later days he changed his religion&mdash;that is
+if he ever had one to change, and devoted himself to sponging upon the
+Bible Societies and the protestant and Mormon missionaries who came to
+the Philippines. On one occasion he <i>translated</i> from Spanish into
+Tagalog the Holy Scriptures, and seeing that never in his life had he
+been a successful translator even of newspaper paragraphs, but could
+only succeed in giving little more than a very general idea of what was
+contained in the Spanish text, it was not to be wondered at that, as a
+famous literary critic well versed in the Tagalog once said:
+&ldquo;Poblete&rsquo;s Tagalog bible reads more like a badly written
+chronicle than a version of the sacred Scriptures. If I thought that
+our Lord and his Apostles preached and taught what Poblete puts into
+their mouths, I would go to China and become a disciple of
+Confucius.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="footnote">In the latter days of Spanish rule Poblete was
+always more or less under the eyes of the authorities, and on the
+17th<a id="xd20e7568" name="xd20e7568"></a> of April 1896 the Secret
+Police asked of General Blanco the necessary permission to search the
+houses of several highly suspicious people, among them that of Pascual
+H. Poblete.</p>
+<p class="footnote">Our hero figured at one time as an expert in the
+raising of subscriptions for monuments and if I am not very much
+mistaken, he once had a hand in the raising of money for the coming
+monument to Rizal the hero and martyr of the <i lang="es">Filipino
+Libre</i> party. It would be very interesting to know what became of
+all the funds that passed through his hands: the majority apparently
+went to back his favorite birds at the cock-pits.</p>
+<p class="footnote">Since the American occupation Poblete&rsquo;s chief
+enterprise, apart from cock-fighting and &ldquo;sponging upon the
+<i lang="es">ignorantes</i> who listened to his ravings with more or
+less favor because he was a protestant, was the editing and publishing
+of a dirty little &ldquo;sheet&rdquo; known as the <i lang="tl">Ang
+Kapatid nang Bayan</i>.&rdquo; In this so called newspaper Poblete
+aired his radical political ideas with such vigor that the Provost
+Marshal was compelled to call him down. The <i lang="es">pobre
+diablo</i> then turned his attention to another pastime which would
+combine the advantages of demonstrating his <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e7590" title="Source: insurpassable">unsurpassable</span>
+abilities, of airing his opinions and, last mentioned but of the
+greatest importance, the quality of putting into his pocket a goodly
+number of easily <span class="corr" id="xd20e7594" title=
+"Source: eared">earned</span> dollars. This pastime took the shape of a
+theatrical enterprise: Constancia, the daughter of the said mountebank
+&ldquo;composed and wrote&rdquo; a play entitled <i lang="tl">Ang Pag
+Ibig Sa Lupang Tinubinan</i>: For the Love of Country. <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e7600" title="Source: Poblete,s">Poblete&rsquo;s</span>
+better half (which is not saying much) played the part of the heroine.
+The whole play was incendiary in the extreme and the audience being
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e7603" title=
+"Source: tagalogs">Tagalogs</span> of the lowest and most ignorant
+class, the result was that they were thrown into a state of the
+greatest frenzy. Poblete put this play on the boards of the <i lang=
+"es">Teatro Oriental</i>. All went well in the first acts; and
+following out the &ldquo;plot&rdquo; of the play, the town of Imus was
+supposed to have been taken by the rebels. Dramatic shouts of <i lang=
+"es">Viva La Independencia</i>; were raised from time to time by the
+actors, followed by shouts from the audience of <i lang="es">Viva
+Filipinas! Viva Aguinaldo!</i> Suddenly there rushed from the
+&ldquo;wings&rdquo; a gaudy looking creature who ought to have been the
+Tondo market selling cockles and crabs; this turned out to be the
+heroine. In one hand she held a revolutionary flag and in the other a
+<i>bolo</i>. <span lang="es">Viva La Independencia</span> was the shout
+which almost raised the roof; but as fate would have it Poblete was
+doomed to be humbled to the dust. Just as he was promising himself a
+fine string of dollars from his new enterprise Capt. Lara and a number
+of police appeared on the scene, and Poblete, his katipunan banners and
+bolos etc., were seized and the house cleared of its fanatical
+occupants.</p>
+<p class="footnote">To-day he amuses himself in fitting out bands of
+little boys who on &ldquo;state&rdquo; occasions parade the streets
+with American flags and Japanese lanterns, and placards with various
+inscriptions, the chief ones being petitions for an amnesty on behalf
+of all those who have &ldquo;done what they ought not to have
+done&rdquo;. Poblete would open the doors of the prisons of the
+Archipelago and let loose all their occupants. The result? A political
+boom for Poblete, an increase in the membership of the <i lang=
+"es">Partido Nacionalista</i> and an increase of crime to a thousand
+fold, not only in Manila but throughout the whole archipelago.</p>
+<p class="footnote">Poor Poblete a <i lang="es">pobre infeliz</i>, a
+stain upon the good name of the filipino. But then, what would
+<i>Filipinas</i> be without her Poblete; almost like a cat without
+fleas.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e7528" href="#xd20e7528src" name="xd20e7528">16</a></span> If I am
+not in error, Poblete is <span class="corr" id="xd20e7530" title=
+"Source: in">a</span> <span class="corr" id="xd20e7533" title=
+"Source: chinee">Chinee</span> halfcaste.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e7681" href="#xd20e7681src" name="xd20e7681">17</a></span> Cruz
+Herrera, now <i>alcalde</i> of Manila, was another upon whom the
+authorities took pity on account of the rheumatism from which he
+suffered to such an extent that he could scarcely walk.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="xd20e7779" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e7780" class="main">Appendix A.</h2>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first xd20e192">A&there4; L&there4; G&there4; D&there4;
+A&there4; M&there4;</p>
+<p class="xd20e192">G&there4; R&there4; Log&there4; SUNT&there4;</p>
+<p class="xd20e192">&ldquo;The executive Commission sends to the V.<br>
+Masters D. Deg. O. O. T. and O. G.<br>
+O. S. of the L. Log. of the<br>
+Obedience.</p>
+<p class="xd20e192">L&there4; T&there4; M&there4;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Venerable Masters and beloved brethren. After our circular of
+the 28th of May last it would seem unnecessary to remind <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e7798" title="Source: you you">you</span>, that you give
+the most exact <span class="corr" id="xd20e7801" title=
+"Source: fulfilment">fulfillment</span> to those points which the same
+embraces, the which were approved by the Grand Assembly celebrated on
+the 15th of the same month; but nevertheless, as the time of our cause
+has assured and all provision is but little in the present moments,
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb321" href="#pb321" name=
+"pb321">321</a>]</span>it has appeared well to us to direct this other
+circular to you in order to fix more correctly the points which have to
+be the object of the most exact <span class="corr" id="xd20e7806"
+title="Source: fulfilment">fulfillment</span>. We will now pass on to
+the enumeration of the same.</p>
+<p><i>First</i>: The triangles will perform strictly all and every one
+of the dispositions dictated by their respective presidents, and
+venerable honorary brethren, not allowing the least or most
+insignificant point to slip their <span class="corr" id="xd20e7813"
+title="Source: osbervation">observation</span>, for even when it seems
+to our venerable brethren otherwise, it is of the greatest
+transcendency.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The smallest omission in these dispositions might prejudice
+in a great manner our labors, the fruit of many years of constancy and
+hope of a sure triumph.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;<i>Second</i>: Once the signal is given every bro&there4;
+shall <span class="corr" id="xd20e7823" title=
+"Source: fulfil">fulfill</span> the duty imposed upon him by this
+Gr&there4; Reg&there4; Log&there4; without considerations of any kind,
+neither of parentage, friendship or gratitude, etc.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;<i>Third</i><span class="corr" id="xd20e7830" title=
+"Source: .">:</span> Those who on <span class="corr" id="xd20e7833"
+title="Source: acccount">account</span> of debility, cowardice or other
+considerations do not <span class="corr" id="xd20e7836" title=
+"Source: fulfil">fulfill</span> their duty, already know the tremendous
+punishment they will incur for disloyalty and disobedience to this G.
+R. Log.</p>
+<p><i>Fourth</i>: The blow having been struck <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb322" href="#pb322" name="pb322">322</a>]</span>at
+the Captain General and the other Spanish Authorities, the loyals shall
+attack the convents and shall behead their infamous inhabitants,
+respecting the wealth contained in the said convents; this shall be
+gathered by the commissions named for that purpose by the G. R. Log.
+and it shall not <span class="corr" id="xd20e7845" title=
+"Source: by">be</span> lawful for any of our brethren to possess
+themselves of what justly belongs to the treasury of the G. N. F.
+(Grand Filipino Nation)</p>
+<p>&ldquo;<i>Fifth</i>: <span class="corr" id="xd20e7854" title=
+"Source: those">Those</span> who fail to carry out what is set forth in
+the foregoing paragraph shall be held as malefactors and subjected to
+exemplary punishment by this G. R. Log.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;<i>Sixth</i>: <span class="corr" id="xd20e7862" title=
+"Source: on">On</span> the following day the bro&there4; designated
+shall bury all the bodies of their hateful oppressors in the field of
+Bagumbayan together with their <span class="corr" id="xd20e7865" title=
+"Source: wifes">wives</span> and children, and on the site shall later
+on be raised a monument commemorative of the independence of the G. N.
+F.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;<i>Seventh</i>: <span class="corr" id="xd20e7873" title=
+"Source: the">The</span> bodies of the members of the Religious Orders
+shall not be buried, but burned in just payment of the felonies which
+they committed during life against <span class="corr" id="xd20e7876"
+title="Source: filipino">Filipino</span> nation during the three
+hundred years of their nefarious domination. (see note <a href=
+"#n26">26</a><span class="corr" id="xd20e7881" title=
+"Not in source">.</span>) <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb323" href=
+"#pb323" name="pb323">323</a>]</span></p>
+<p>&ldquo;And whilst awaiting the day of our redemption this executive
+commission shall continue giving the sure guide which we all have to
+follow in the presence of the facts to the end that none of our
+brethren shall be able to say that they were unwarned.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;In the G&there4; R&there4; Log&there4; in Manila, the 12th of
+June 1896.&mdash;The first of the long desired independence of the
+Philippines.&mdash;The President of the executive Commission,
+<i>Bolivar</i>. The Gr&there4; Mast&there4; Adj&there4; Giordano
+Bruno.&mdash;The Gr&there4; Sec&there4; Galileo.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="appb" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e7893" class="main">Appendix B.</h2>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">Under the title of &ldquo;My part in the
+Revolution,&rdquo; Isabelo de los Reyes <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e7897" title="Source: is">in</span> an artful attempt to defend
+himself before those who considered him a coward because of his ever
+shirking that part of the task of the revolt which naturally fell to
+him, gives his readers the following information:</p>
+<p>&ldquo;When it was desired to effect the <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e7902" title="Source: manifestacion">manifestation</span> of 1888,
+(see p. 60), Ramos took me to the palace of Malaca&ntilde;an, to
+express to Gen. Terrero verbally the complaints of <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb324" href="#pb324" name="pb324">324</a>]</span>the
+&ldquo;country&rdquo;; but I do not know why, but on that day the
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e7907" title=
+"Source: manifestacion">manifestation</span> did not come
+off....&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;From the palace of Malaca&ntilde;an we went to the house of
+Doroteo Cortes, who instructed me in the object of the manifestation,
+thus:</p>
+<p>&ldquo;... We reckon with the pleasure of the Civil Governor Sr.
+Centeno (see note 2) to make a manifestation against the friars, who
+oppress us with their abuses, and oppose the progress of the
+country.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;&mdash;Very good indeed I replied full of enthusiasm.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;But my enthusiasm disappeared entirely when Cortes told me
+with the greatest frankness, that they asked and were sure of attaining
+their wish, that the Archbishop should be deported, merely for having
+failed to assist at the religious functions dedicated to the
+King<a class="noteref" id="xd20e7918src" href="#xd20e7918" name=
+"xd20e7918src">1</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb325" href=
+"#pb325" name="pb325">325</a>]</span></p>
+<p>&ldquo;I then doubted the ability<a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e7941src" href="#xd20e7941" name="xd20e7941src">2</a> of the
+directors of the manifestation, and believed that they would be
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e7944" title=
+"Source: irremissably">irremissibly</span> crushed by the friars, who
+were very astute and powerful, as in fact it so happened.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I retired leaving Ramos in that house.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I immediately went to see his father and said to him: The
+manifestation has fallen flat. I have come to tell you that in my
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb326" href="#pb326" name=
+"pb326">326</a>]</span>opinion, your son ought not to sign the instance
+of the <span class="corr" id="xd20e7953" title=
+"Source: manifestors">manifestos</span>. Let all those who like do so,
+but it would be a pity that your son who, in the time to come, may be
+able to render signal services to the country should now fall crushed
+by the friars. Now that Cort&eacute;s says that he reckons with the
+authorities, your son&rsquo;s signature is not very necessary.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;And neither Cort&eacute;s nor Ramos signed it.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnotes">
+<hr class="fnsep">
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e7918" href="#xd20e7918src" name="xd20e7918">1</a></span> This was
+Alfonso XII. the anniversary of whose death fell of the 25th of
+November. <span class="corr" id="xd20e7921" title=
+"Source: Arcbishop">Archbishop</span> Payo had been suffering for a
+considerable time from <span class="corr" id="xd20e7924" title=
+"Source: dysentry">dysentery</span>. Apart from this, the bitterness of
+the official relations at that time between the civil and
+ecclesiastical authorities had completely incapacitated the venerable
+prelate from attending to his official duties. Consequently, acting
+upon the advice of his physician, the Archbishop left Manila for
+Navotas for a few days of complete rest. The departure of the
+Archbishop happened to almost coincide with the anniversary of the
+death of the King; but as the prelate was physically unable to attend
+to the pontifical ceremonies which were to be held on that day and to
+the other functions consequent upon such a solemn occasion, he was
+wisely advised to absent himself from the city.</p>
+<p class="footnote">Freemasonry ever on the watch, saw in this an
+opportunity to attack the Religious Orders, and taking advantage of it,
+demanded: &ldquo;The insult committed by the archbishop being therefore
+very culpable, and having caused the greatest indignation to the
+government, to the nation, and in particular to those of this country,
+as devoted to their king; it is <span class="corr" id="xd20e7931"
+title="Source: indespensible">indispensable</span> to <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e7934" title="Source: expell">expel</span> him from this
+soil, imposing upon him the penalty of temporary banishment marked out
+by article 142 of the penal code.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e7941" href="#xd20e7941src" name="xd20e7941">2</a></span> To judge
+from his writing, Isabelo held the idea that he alone was able to
+direct everything connected with the revolt. Isabelo takes upon himself
+the intellectual work of the affair leaving to others the dirty
+work.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="appc" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e7959" class="main">Appendix C.</h2>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first"><i>Confidential.</i></p>
+<p class="xd20e192">A L&there4; G&there4; D&there4; G&there4; A&there4;
+D&there4; U&there4;</p>
+<p class="xd20e192">Liberty Equality Fraternity.</p>
+<p class="xd20e192"><span class="sc">Universal Freemasonry Spanish
+Family.</span></p>
+<p>Sends S&there4; F&there4; S&there4; to the Rep&there4; Log&there4;
+<i>Modestia</i> No. 199.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Seeing that there have circulated rumors among us that in
+spite of the masonic secret, in spite of the secrecy of our works,
+there exist in the hands of our enemies, <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb327" href="#pb327" name="pb327">327</a>]</span>lists of masons more
+or less correct, more or less extensive, public opinion has shown
+itself anxious to know whether we have been vilely sold.... And when
+the <i lang="es">La Pol&iacute;tica de Espa&ntilde;a en Filipinas</i>
+has commenced to publish correspondence which ought to have been
+carefully and sacredly guarded, this anxiety reached its highest point,
+embracing the desire to discover the author or authors although it
+would appear that the source of leakage has been found, even though the
+form and details are unknown.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The presidency of the Cons&there4; Reg&there4; has not been
+able to remain indifferent before the scandal which is developing ..;
+on the contrary it has from the first endeavored to discover the
+truth....</p>
+<p class="tb">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I am sorry to have to confess that the hour of the revelation
+has not yet sounded.... But incidental discoveries oblige me to break
+silence giving the voice of alarm; and to what point this determination
+is justified, you shall judge by the facts I am about to relate.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;1st. Pedro Serrano, symbolic name <i>Panday Pira</i>,
+gr&there4; 24, in his anxiety to <span class="corr" id="xd20e7996"
+title="Source: descredit">discredit</span> <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb328" href="#pb328" name=
+"pb328">328</a>]</span>local masonry, since this refuses to be
+exploited has permitted himself to make calumnious affirmations to a
+foreign mason concerning this Federation, manifesting at the same time
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e8001" title=
+"Source: pretentions">pretensions</span> which are a sure sign of
+perverse intentions.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;2nd. It is known that the same Serrano frequents the
+Archbishop&rsquo;s palace and the College of San Juan de Letran with
+the peculiarity that in both establishments his <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e8006" title="Source: symbolical">symbolic</span> name in known,
+and he has manifested in the formed establishment that he is a man
+whose companionship is to be avoided because he occupies himself with
+giving <span class="corr" id="xd20e8009" title=
+"Source: imformation">information</span>.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;3rd. It happened later on that the said Serrano presented
+himself in the house of Sr. Marte, gr&there4; 3, late <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e8015" title="Source: secretery">secretary</span> of the
+lodge <i>Nilad</i>, demanding the handing over of documents of the
+secretaryship which he said belonged to him, threatening that otherwise
+he would report the matter to General Blanco, and the extraction of the
+documents would be made by the friar parish priest of the said
+suburb.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;4th. Lastly: in the meeting of the parochial clergy held in
+the Archbishop&rsquo;s palace&mdash;the morning of the 13th of this
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb329" href="#pb329" name=
+"pb329">329</a>]</span>month&mdash; ... masonry and masons were
+discussed; and the Archbishop said to the parish priest of Quiapo:
+<i>you must tell the school-master of your suburb that it is not
+sufficient to have abjured his masonic beliefs, but that it is also
+necessary to <span class="corr" id="xd20e8027" title=
+"Source: fulfil">fulfill</span> the conditions agreed upon</i>.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Consequently it will be convenient that you gather together
+the <i>Cam&there4; del Medio</i> and read therein the present document,
+adding the explanation and comments you deem necessary, and that with
+respect to the other <i>CCam&there4;</i> you limit yourselves to giving
+account of the fact, demonstrating its enormity, pointing out its
+author and taking what steps are necessary to <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e8039" title="Source: pervent">prevent</span> contagion.</p>
+<p>Receive Ven&there4; Mast&there4; and G&there4; bro&there4; the
+fraternal embrace of peace we send you.</p>
+<p class="dateline">Manila 31st November 1894.</p>
+<p class="signed">The Gr&there4; Pres&there4;</p>
+<p class="signed"><i>Musa</i> (Ambrosio Flores). <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb330" href="#pb330" name="pb330">330</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="appd" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e8054" class="main">Appendix D.</h2>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first"><i>Anting-antings</i> constitute the remnants of what
+was once, what might be called the religion of the peoples of the
+Philippines. They are most commonly met with in the form of amulets
+which their possessors carry about with them to ward off dangers of all
+kinds. There are amulets for protection against fire arms, against
+sword thrust or <i>bolo</i> slash; against diseases of all parts of the
+body; amulets against the bursting of fire arms or to prevent them
+making a noise when discharged by the wearer of the amulet; against
+snakes and their bites, against <span class="corr" id="xd20e8063"
+title="Source: lighting">lightning</span>; amulets to <a id="xd20e8066"
+name="xd20e8066"></a>protect their wearers against the courts of
+justice and against the authorities when they <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e8068" title="Source: persue">pursue</span> them for robbery. In a
+word amulets or <i>anting-anting</i> against everything.</p>
+<p>As a rules these amulets consist of small booklets containing
+prayers composed of Latin and Spanish words mixed with words
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb331" href="#pb331" name=
+"pb331">331</a>]</span>and <span class="corr" id="xd20e8078" title=
+"Source: abreviations">abbreviations</span> of the native dialects.
+Some times they are stones or mineral deposits found in the bodies of
+animals, or the seed portion of petrified fruits, or even parts of the
+skeletons of children.</p>
+<p>Although one would suppose that such superstitions had long since
+ceased to exist among the indians of the archipelago such is not the
+case; and it is more than probable that the majority of the members of
+the federal party and may be two out of the three native members of the
+Commission carry their anting-anting carefully guarded in one of their
+pockets. However their use is most common among native doctors, that is
+those who have not studied <span class="corr" id="xd20e8083" title=
+"Source: medecine">medicine</span>, but who dabble in the art for what
+they can get out of it, and by <i lang="es">tulisanes</i> or armed
+robbers. They were also much in vogue among the <i>enlightened</i>
+officers and men of the insurgent ranks, many of whom considered
+themselves perfectly safe from the bullets of their enemies when they
+carried in their person an amulet or <i>anting-anting</i>.</p>
+<p>The following are samples of pages of one of the booklets found on
+the person of a wounded <i lang="es">tulisan</i>. The first of these
+two pages contains <span class="corr" id="xd20e8100" title=
+"Source: an">a</span> prayer against fire-arms, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb332" href="#pb332" name="pb332">332</a>]</span>and
+the second a conglomeration which no one has never been able to
+decipher.</p>
+<div class="table" lang="es">
+<table class="xd20e8105" width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td class="xd20e8107">
+<p class="first">talis misererenobis<br>
+Amin.</p>
+<p>Oracion de S. Pablo contra armas de foigo ip. Ntro. y Av.</p>
+<p>Jes&uacute;s S. Pablo Ponitom quiter Deus Salucam tuam,<br>
+Amin.</p>
+</td>
+<td class="xd20e8118"></td>
+<td class="xd20e8119">
+<p class="first">Prele queno niar en res tom Domi nom nos tom</p>
+<div class="table">
+<table class="xd20e8122">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>h</td>
+<td>&#10016;</td>
+<td>a</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>&#10016;</td>
+<td>&#10016;</td>
+<td>&#10016;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>Q</td>
+<td>&#10016;</td>
+<td>n</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<p><i>Anting-anting</i> is also found in other forms, sometimes merely
+a strip of paper bearing some inscription, and which receives its
+virtue from some action performed over it, such as the saying of the
+mass whilst the paper is on the altar.</p>
+<p>A parish priest of a pueblo in a neighboring province once related
+to me the discovery of one such an <i>anting-anting</i> in his church.
+He approached the altar to recite the Mass, and upon genuflecting at
+the centre of the altar <span class="corr" id="xd20e8154" title=
+"Source: notice">noticed</span> that there was something unusual,
+although small, under the altar cloth. He put his hand under the cloth
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb333" href="#pb333" name=
+"pb333">333</a>]</span>to see what it was and found there a slip of
+paper bearing three crosses, thus:</p>
+<div class="table">
+<table class="xd20e8159">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td>&#10016;</td>
+<td>&#10016;</td>
+<td>&#10016;</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<p>This paper had been carelessly folded and placed where he found it,
+upon the altar stone. Had it remained undisturbed and the service of
+Mass been said over it, it would have, in the belief of the indian who
+put it there, become infused with <span class="corr" id="xd20e8170"
+title="Source: marvellous">marvelous</span> virtues and could have
+protected its wearer from the dangers to be incurred in the armed
+rising against the Spaniards which they were about to attempt.</p>
+<p>In all probability Buencamino carried some <i>anting-anting</i> with
+him to Washington to protect him from <span class="corr" id="xd20e8178"
+title="Source: assasissination">assassination</span> or from ...
+nausea. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb334" href="#pb334" name=
+"pb334">334</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="appe" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e8183" class="main">Appendix E.</h2>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first dateline">Manila, 10th January 1897.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I Faustino Villaruel y Zapanta, 52 years of age, publicly
+declare that as I was born so wish I to die&mdash;a Spaniard, a
+christian, a Roman Apostolic Catholic; and that I detest with my whole
+soul any rebellion or treason against our beloved mother Spain.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I also repent of having belonged to masonry and of having
+devoted myself to its propaganda in these islands and having been such
+a <span class="corr" id="xd20e8191" title=
+"Source: bigotted">bigoted</span> mason that I caused my two children
+to enter also into the society I now curse. I <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e8194" title="Source: council">counsel</span> my children and all
+my friends to renounce the said society, and beg pardon of God, as I do
+now, it being condemned by the Church.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I beseech the most Excellent and Illustrious Archbishop to
+make public this my spontaneous and free retraction.&mdash;<i>Faustino
+Villaruel</i>. Witnesses:&mdash;the official guard of the Chapel,
+<i>Antonio Pardo</i>.&mdash;the sergeant of the Guard, <i>Felix
+Garcia</i>.&rdquo; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb335" href="#pb335"
+name="pb335">335</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="appf" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e8210" class="main">Appendix F. G. H. I. J.</h2>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">These latter appendices have been suppressed in this
+first edition for want of space.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div1" id="toc">
+<h2 class="main">Table of Contents</h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#intro">Introduction</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e255">7</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#statement">Statement of Capt. Olegario
+Diaz</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class="tocPagenum"><a class=
+"pageref" href="#xd20e338">13</a></span>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#xd20e342">Freemasonry</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e343">13</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#xd20e505">&laquo;La Propaganda&raquo; and the
+&laquo;Asociacion Hispano-Filipina.&raquo;</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e506">19</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#xd20e708">The &laquo;Liga
+Filipina&raquo;</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
+"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e709">26</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#xd20e1021">K. K. K. N. M. A. N.
+B.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class="tocPagenum"><a class=
+"pageref" href="#xd20e1022">37</a></span>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#xd20e1529">Denouncement of the Conspiracy and its
+Discoverer.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
+"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1530">53</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#xd20e1592">Notes.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1593">57</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#xd20e6639">Special Note.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6640">273</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#xd20e7779">Appendix A.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7780">320</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#appb">Appendix B.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7893">323</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#appc">Appendix C.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7959">326</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#appd">Appendix D.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e8054">330</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#appe">Appendix E.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e8183">334</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#appf">Appendix F. G. H. I. J.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e8210">335</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="transcribernote">
+<h2 class="main">Colophon</h2>
+<h3 class="main">Availability</h3>
+<p class="first">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no
+cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give
+it away or re-use it under the terms of the <a class="exlink xd20e43"
+title="External link" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" rel=
+"license">Project Gutenberg License</a> included with this eBook or
+online at <a class="exlink xd20e43" title="External link" href=
+"http://www.gutenberg.org/" rel="home">www.gutenberg.org</a>.</p>
+<p>This eBook is produced by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+at <a class="exlink xd20e43" title="External link" href=
+"http://www.pgdp.net/">www.pgdp.net</a>.</p>
+<p>Scans are available in the Internet Archive (copy <a class=
+"exlink xd20e43" title="External link" href=
+"http://www.archive.org/details/katipunanrisean00claigoog">1</a>
+<a class="exlink xd20e43" title="External link" href=
+"http://www.archive.org/details/katipunanrisean01claigoog">2</a>).</p>
+<p>This curious little book is one continuous rant against the
+Katipunan movement, which stood at the roots of the First Philippine
+Republic. It also calls the original native population of the
+Philippines barbarians that imitate in an ape-like fashion, and claims
+that some Philippine languages do not have the words to say
+&ldquo;thank you.&rdquo; It is highly negative on Jos&eacute; Rizal and
+masonry as well.</p>
+<p>Published in Manila in 1902, it is one of the few of its kind in
+English (similar works did appear in Spanish and Tagalog). Another book
+supporting the position of the friars, but far less extreme in tone is
+<i><a class="pglink xd20e43" title="Link to Project Gutenberg ebook"
+href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36438">The Friars in the
+Philippines</a></i> (1899) by Ambrose Coleman.</p>
+<p>In an article on the Katipunan published in a masonic magazine,
+<i>The Builder Magazine</i>, February 1916, James A. Robertson provides
+a little background on the author.</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="first">In Blair &amp; Robertson, <i>The Philippine Islands:
+1493&ndash;1898</i> (Cleveland, Clark, 1903&ndash;1909), Vol. 46, p.
+361, note, I cite this pamphlet, (<i>The Katipunan</i>, Manila, 1902),
+and say of its author &ldquo;purporting to be by one Francis St. Clair,
+although it is claimed by some to have been written by or for the
+friars.&rdquo; Its author is really one J. Brecknock Watson, who is an
+Englishman and a convert to Catholicism. At the time of its
+publication, Watson was in the employ of, or was actually a lay-brother
+among, the Dominicans, for whom the pamphlet was compiled. The author
+himself told me that he was &ldquo;Francis St. Clair&rdquo; shortly
+after my arrival in Manila in February, 1910, when I went to the
+Philippines to take charge of the Philippine Library. James A. LeRoy,
+until his death one of the foremost authorities on things Philippine,
+says in his &ldquo;Bibliographical Notes&rdquo; (vol. 52, p. 188 note,
+of the series above cited) that the pamphlet was &ldquo;published in
+order to put before Americans the friar viewpoint of the Filipino
+revolutionists.&rdquo; The work is, as might be expected, ultra
+anti-Masonic in character, and consists of translations into English
+from Spanish writers who were opposed to Masonry. By the enemies of
+Masonry, the Katipunan has often been designated &ldquo;the fighting
+body of Masonry&rdquo; in the Philippines, a statement which is as
+ridiculous as it is erroneous. &ldquo;Francis St. Clair,&rdquo; at
+present an editor on the staff of the Cablenews-American, is writing
+another book on the Katipunan (this time under his own name) from
+materials which he claims to have discovered. The book will be
+anti-Masonic in tone.</p>
+</div>
+<p>He continues to classify the work as &ldquo;utterly
+untrustworthy&rdquo; and provides a short history of masonry in the
+Philippines and its connection with the Katipunan.</p>
+<p>The other book on the Katipunan mentioned above apparently never saw
+the day of light.</p>
+<p>Related Library of Congress catalog page: <a class="catlink" href=
+"http://lccn.loc.gov/03016030">03016030</a>.</p>
+<p>Related Open Library catalog page (for source): <a class="catlink"
+href="http://openlibrary.org/books/OL6929061M">OL6929061M</a>.</p>
+<p>Related Open Library catalog page (for work): <a class="catlink"
+href="http://openlibrary.org/works/OL3889745W">OL3889745W</a>.</p>
+<p>Related WorldCat catalog page: <a class="catlink" href=
+"http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5391381">5391381</a>.</p>
+<h3 class="main">Encoding</h3>
+<p class="first">The large number of spelling mistakes in this work
+have been corrected and listed below, except for turned letters, which
+have been corrected silently. (The type-setters obviously avenged
+themselves for being called ignorant in this book.)</p>
+<p>Where periods have been used as thousands-separator, they have been
+replaced by commas.</p>
+<p>Long stretches of periods have been normalized to regular
+ellipses.</p>
+<p>Capitalization of names of peoples has been regularized, such that
+Spaniards and Filipinos now both have a capital letter.</p>
+<p>The symbol &there4; (U+2234) is used to indicate abbreviations.</p>
+<h3 class="main">Revision History</h3>
+<ul>
+<li>2011-09-21 Started.</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 class="main">External References</h3>
+<p>This Project Gutenberg eBook contains external references. These
+links may not work for you.</p>
+<h3 class="main">Corrections</h3>
+<p>The following corrections have been applied to the text:</p>
+<table width="75%" summary=
+"Overview of corrections applied to the text.">
+<tr>
+<th>Page</th>
+<th>Source</th>
+<th>Correction</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e244">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e409">15</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e467">17</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e560">21</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e566">21</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e618">23</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e625">23</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e663">24</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e735">27</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e975">34</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e993">35</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1011">36</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1716">66</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1737">67</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1948">75</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2331">93</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2338">93</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2344">93</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2421">97</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2645">109</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2681">111</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2963">122</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3271">140</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3394">146</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3465">151</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3491">152</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3519">154</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3565">156</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3718">161</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3745">161</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3770">162</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4221">183</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4258">185</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4263">186</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4413">192</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4690">198</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4757">201</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4770">201</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5069">211</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5076">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5083">212</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5262">218</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5566">228</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5621">230</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5722">235</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6102">248</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6180">253</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6185">253</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6214">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6550">267</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6741">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6750">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7764">319</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">filipinos</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Filipinos</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e287">8</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ememies</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">enemies</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e292">8</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e319">10</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e375">14</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e460">17</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e487">18</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e657">24</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e660">24</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e667">24</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e930">33</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1761">68</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1768">68</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1795">69</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1898">74</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1905">74</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1908">74</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1954">75</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1959">76</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1981">77</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1987">77</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2091">81</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2112">82</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2118">82</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2152">83</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2319">92</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2418">97</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2503">101</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2507">101</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2518">102</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2566">104</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2586">106</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2589">106</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2616">108</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2619">108</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2673">110</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2829">N.A.</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2939">121</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2946">121</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2952">121</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2986">122</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3110">128</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3196">136</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3276">140</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3305">141</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3308">141</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3330">142</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3370">145</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3446">150</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3457">150</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3485">152</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3721">161</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3882">168</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4355">190</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4696">198</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4699">198</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4706">198</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4713">199</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4788">202</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4810">202</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5334">221</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5535">228</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5604">230</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6137">250</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6732">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6745">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7145">291</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7368">303</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7661">311</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7702">314</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7713">314</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7876">322</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">filipino</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Filipino</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e295">8</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e298">8</a>, <a class=
+"pageref" href="#xd20e1778">69</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2170">84</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2473">100</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2989">122</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3634">158</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5405">223</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6506">265</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7245">297</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">saught</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sought</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e310">10</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">unmistakeable</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">unmistakable</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e325">11</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1933">75</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2082">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2288">90</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2365">94</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2741">113</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2890">119</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2966">122</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3042">125</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3894">169</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3988">172</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4213">183</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4277">186</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6199">N.A.</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6275">257</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6623">272</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6826">275</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7036">285</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7190">293</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7219">295</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7365">303</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">,</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e370">14</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e534">20</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Archipielago</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Archipelago</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e378">14</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Hongkong</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Hong-Kong</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e397">14</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">infuence</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">influence</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e417">15</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">, (16)</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">(<a href="#n16">16</a>),</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e432">16</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e580">21</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1061">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1104">39</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1144">40</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1734">67</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1992">77</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2010">78</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3027">124</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3137">130</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3154">131</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5845">241</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7046">285</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7056">286</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7095">288</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tagalog</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Tagalog</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e464">17</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">colaboration</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">collaboration</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e470">17</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">auspicies</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">auspices</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e522">19</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Arrellano</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Arellano</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e531">20</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">implantion</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">implantation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e542">20</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">confortably</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">comfortably</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e569">21</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1641">60</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2132">82</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2631">109</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2779">114</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2855">118</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3341">144</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3857">167</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3874">167</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3885">168</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3906">169</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3941">170</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3991">172</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4128">179</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4178">181</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4251">185</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4312">187</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4610">197</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4626">197</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4932">N.A.</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5019">209</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5498">226</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5649">232</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5697">233</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5732">235</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6465">264</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6644">273</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6768">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6813">275</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6856">276</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6859">276</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6935">279</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7376">304</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7881">322</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e595">22</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">outcastes</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">outcasts</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e602">22</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">suscriptions</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">subscriptions</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e605">22</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">associaties</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">associates</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e610">22</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">has</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">as</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e635">24</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">banquetting</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">banqueting</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e643">24</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">habour</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">harbor</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e651">24</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3631">158</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">privelege</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">privilege</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e654">24</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ticture</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tincture</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e675">25</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">discused</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">discussed</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e678">25</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">criticised</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">criticized</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e689">25</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">hypocricy</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">hypocrisy</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e699">26</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e705">26</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">archipielago</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">archipelago</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e716">26</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Archipi&eacute;lago</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Archipelago</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e727">26</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1654">61</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1966">76</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2186">84</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2311">92</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3067">126</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3527">155</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5374">222</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6941">279</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6947">279</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6954">280</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7435">306</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">chinese</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Chinese</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e742">27</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">disolved</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">dissolved</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e751">28</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">reassumed</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">re-assumed</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e819">29</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1567">55</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1651">61</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1658">61</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1661">61</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2121">82</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2207">85</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2373">94</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2642">109</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2933">120</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4433">193</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6836">276</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6886">277</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6889">277</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7291">299</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e826">29</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">submitied</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">submitted</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e841">30</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">11.29</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1129</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e847">30</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">demarkation</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">demarcation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e852">30</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">recrute</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">recruit</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e861">31</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2817">N.A.</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3052">125</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">af</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">of</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e881">31</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">decadescence</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">decadence</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e890">32</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">, (56)</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">(<a href="#n56">56</a>),</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e927">33</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fine</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">time</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e954">34</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6589">270</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6921">278</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">difunct</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">defunct</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e980">35</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">propicious</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">propitious</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1008">36</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">banquetted</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">banqueted</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1027">37</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">A ac</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Anak</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1072">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1191">42</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1477">49</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7039">285</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">the</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1091">39</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">analogeous</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">analogous</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1101">39</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">76</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">75</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1127">40</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">wealh</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">wealth</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1130">40</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">extravagancies</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">extravagances</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1198">43</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">apellations</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">appellations</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1240">44</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">&lsquo;</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">&rsquo;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1252">44</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tribunal s</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tribunales</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1261">45</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">eonfer</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">confer</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1267">45</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1270">45</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2029">79</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Goverment</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Government</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1277">45</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7710">314</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ascendency</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ascendancy</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1285">45</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">successfull</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">successful</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1432">47</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">?</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1435">47</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Itwould</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">It would</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1440">47</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">exeed</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">exceed</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1445">48</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3803">165</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">20.000</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">20,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1453">48</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2882">119</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.663</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,663</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1456">48</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2885">119</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.673</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,673</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1462">48</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2047">N.A.</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2184">84</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4004">173</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5964">243</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">&rdquo;</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1469">49</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">determided</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">determined</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1495">50</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6975">282</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Balintanac</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Balintauac</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1507">51</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">valiently</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">valiantly</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1510">51</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">regimeut</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">regiment</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1522">52</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">heroicly</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">heroically</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1547">53</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">denounciation</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">denunciation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1624">60</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2880">119</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5277">219</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6053">246</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7074">287</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7205">294</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">,</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1626">60</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">vevenge</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">revenge</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1664">61</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">mumber</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">number</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1669">62</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">:</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1672">62</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1740">67</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1867">72</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2204">85</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2531">102</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2624">109</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2980">122</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3406">147</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3840">166</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5141">214</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6776">274</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7423">306</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1694">64</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">&rdquo;</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">&ldquo;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1701">65</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">in</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">is</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1706">65</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">enveigled</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">inveigled</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1711">66</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">a</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1720">66</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6116">249</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">drunkeness</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">drunkenness</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1728">67</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">vulgarilly</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">vulgarly</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1731">67</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">essencial</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">essential</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1744">67</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">demostrated</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">demonstrated</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1752">68</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">clased</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">classed</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1755">68</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">and and</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">and</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1758">68</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3034">124</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">avarage</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">average</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1764">68</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">liberity</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">liberty</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1771">68</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">soverign</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sovereign</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1781">69</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tradgedy</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tragedy</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1784">69</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">disasterous</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">disastrous</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1787">69</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">intertribual</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">inter-tribal</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1792">69</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">deseminated</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">disseminated</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1800">70</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">irrevelant</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">irrelevant</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1806">70</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">wiriting</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">writing</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1809">70</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">syntesis</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">synthesis</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1816">70</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">necesary</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">necessary</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1839">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">they</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">the</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1842">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7148">291</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7152">291</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7170">292</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7354">303</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">vengance</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">vengeance</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1848">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">detroying</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">destroying</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1855">71</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">unparalled</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">unparalleled</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1862">72</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">demarkations</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">demarcations</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1870">72</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">neces sary</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">necessary</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1879">73</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">responsability</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">responsibility</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1882">73</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">forment</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">foment</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1885">73</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2782">114</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Philipines</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Philippines</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1890">73</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tercely</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tersely</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1893">73</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ma-maintained</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">maintained</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1911">74</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2115">82</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2583">106</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">persued</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">pursued</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1915">74</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2650">109</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3607">157</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5780">238</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">&ldquo;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1930">75</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">;</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1936">75</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">free-wiil</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">free-will</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1939">75</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2388">94</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7645">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">secondry</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">secondary</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1942">75</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">freewill</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">free-will</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1951">75</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2670">110</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2755">114</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">peninsular</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">peninsula</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1972">76</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">would be</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">would-be</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1975">76</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">independant</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">independent</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1984">77</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">patriotsm</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">patriotism</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1997">78</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">independance</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">independence</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2007">78</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">nourishmeut</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">nourishment</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2026">79</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Catedral</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Cathedral</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2032">79</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">amunition</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ammunition</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2035">79</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">firrt</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">first</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2038">79</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Mannel</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Manuel</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2044">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">place</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">placed</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2049">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Spainards</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Spaniards</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2052">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Entrada</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Estrada</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2055">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">seeure</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">secure</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2060">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ln</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">in</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2065">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">oc</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">of</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2070">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">clargy</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">clergy</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2073">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">bringuing</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">bringing</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2076">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">mame</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">name</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2079">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">priest</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">priests</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2137">82</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7823">321</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7836">321</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e8027">329</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fulfil</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fulfill</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2173">84</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">co operation</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">co-operation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2176">84</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3424">148</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">compaign</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">campaign</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2181">84</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Inferior</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Interior</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2196">85</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ta.</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Sta.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2210">85</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">spaniards</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Spaniards</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2225">86</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">perfomed</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">performed</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2228">86</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">vandalic</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">vandalistic</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2241">87</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">then</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">them</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2244">87</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">admisible</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">admissible</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2253">88</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">exorting</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">extorting</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2256">88</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">physicial</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">physical</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2269">89</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">pseudonomous</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">pseudonymous</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2275">89</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2352">93</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2442">98</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2445">98</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3472">151</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4864">204</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4949">207</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5714">234</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Hong-kong</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Hong-Kong</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2300">91</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">memberhip</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">membership</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2308">92</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">thisspirit</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">this spirit</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2322">92</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Villaruel</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Villareal</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2341">93</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Marinas</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Marianas</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2349">93</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">80.000</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">80,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2355">93</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6309">259</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">200.000</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">200,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2376">94</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">hectareas</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">hectares</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2382">94</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ungratiful</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ungrateful</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2424">97</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">soverignty</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sovereignty</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2456">99</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">prolongued</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">prolonged</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2461">100</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4136">179</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">draw</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">drawer</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2464">100</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ander</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">under</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2478">101</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">jealously</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">jealousy</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2484">101</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2488">101</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">oppresion</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">oppression</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2491">101</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">as as</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">as</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2494">101</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4372">190</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">hoarde</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">horde</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2497">101</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">oppresed</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">oppressed</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2500">101</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">thc</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">the</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2510">101</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">eminate</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">emanate</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2521">102</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">occassion</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">occasion</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2528">102</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">primarly</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">primarily</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2536">103</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2838">117</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3699">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7429">306</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">aud</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">and</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2539">103</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">transfered</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">transferred</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2543">103</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">7. 30</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">7:30</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2546">103</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">deporation</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">deportation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2553">104</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Sr:</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Sr.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2559">104</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">winchester</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">winchesters</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2569">104</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">chosing</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">choosing</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2578">105</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">precidency</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">presidency</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2613">108</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">prissoner</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">prisoner</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2634">109</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">where</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">were</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2637">109</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">thoughtlessy</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">thoughtlessly</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2732">113</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">bacterologist</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">bacteriologist</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2735">113</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">labatory</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">laboratory</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2758">114</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">demostrates</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">demonstrates</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2761">114</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">250.000</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">250,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2764">114</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">400.000</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">400,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2767">114</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">800.000</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">800,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2771">114</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">900.000</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">900,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2791">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">pubety</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">puberty</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2802">115</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">christian</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Christian</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2841">117</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">anti-chamber</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ante-chamber</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2848">117</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">secumbed</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">succumbed</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2858">118</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Doreteo</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Doroteo</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2861">118</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">recourses</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">resources</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2864">118</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">an</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">and</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2869">118</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2919">120</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4162">180</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4942">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6959">280</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7419">306</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7568">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e8066">330</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2877">119</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Cort&egrave;s</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Cort&eacute;s</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2887">119</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3598">157</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7744">317</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.)</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2895">119</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Cortes</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Cort&eacute;s</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2898">119</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5958">243</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.309</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,309</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2901">119</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5961">243</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.312</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,312</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2907">120</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">apendix</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">appendix</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2914">120</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">follow</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fellow</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2924">120</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6207">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">;</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2926">120</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3559">156</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4796">202</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4853">203</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.118</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,118</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2929">120</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3562">156</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4799">202</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4856">203</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.129</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,129</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e2955">121</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">or</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3000">123</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3022">124</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6253">256</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6256">256</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7444">307</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7533">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">chinee</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Chinee</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3003">123</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">malay</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Malay</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3009">123</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">negritos</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Negritos</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3012">123</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">descernable</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">discernible</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3015">123</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">may</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">many</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3039">125</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">influencie</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">influence</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3049">125</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">lessed</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">lesser</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3057">126</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">commited</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">committed</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3060">126</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">arab</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Arab</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3063">126</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3468">151</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4285">187</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">hoardes</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">hordes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3076">126</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">barberism</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">barbarism</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3090">127</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">missles</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">missiles</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3107">128</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">estabished</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">established</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3113">128</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">exhange</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">exchange</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3125">129</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">candour</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">candor</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3134">130</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7897">323</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">is</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">in</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3142">130</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">penality</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">penalty</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3157">131</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">were</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">where</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3173">132</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">latter</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">former</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3201">136</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">skilfull</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">skillful</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3208">137</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3232">138</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6978">282</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Andres</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Andr&eacute;s</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3212">137</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">inaccesible</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">inaccessible</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3227">138</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">generalismo</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">generalisimo</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3260">139</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6032">246</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tendancy</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tendency</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3265">140</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">rememberance</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">remembrance</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3268">140</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">theiving</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">thieving</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3313">142</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">utilised</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">utilized</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3316">142</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">absudity</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">absurdity</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3360">144</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sheeps</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sheep&rsquo;s</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3383">145</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3427">148</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">of of</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">of</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3388">146</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">inceasing</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">unceasing</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3391">146</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">the the</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">the</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3398">146</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fulness</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fullness</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3403">147</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">vigour</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">vigor</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3411">147</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">beneficient</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">beneficent</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3414">147</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6194">253</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7301">300</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">parishoners</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">parishioners</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3417">147</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">entegrity</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">integrity</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3434">149</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">distruction</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">destruction</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3439">149</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">who who</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">who</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3449">150</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4526">195</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5745">236</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">&lsquo;</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">&ldquo;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3452">150</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5306">220</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tendancies</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tendencies</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3488">152</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3794">164</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3927">170</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4288">187</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4324">188</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5066">211</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7727">315</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7741">317</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7756">319</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7775">319</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">seperatists</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">separatists</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3494">152</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3813">165</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4304">187</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5251">218</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5391">223</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7024">284</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7362">303</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">seperatist</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">separatist</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3502">153</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">essencially</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">essentially</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3522">154</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">acccused</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">accused</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3547">156</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sof</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">of</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3551">156</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3947">170</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4916">205</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5048">210</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.138</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,138</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3554">156</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5051">210</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.143</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,143</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3595">157</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">reqularly</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">regularly</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3623">158</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">peoples</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">people&rsquo;s</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3642">159</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Blumentrit</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Blumentritt</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3650">159</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">strops</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">stoops</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3655">159</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">innoffensive</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">inoffensive</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3691">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">puttting</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">putting</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3705">160</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">colaborators</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">collaborators</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3731">161</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Apendix</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Appendix</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3735">161</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">philippinos</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Philippinos</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3758">162</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Peninsular</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Peninsula</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3761">162</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">desemination</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">dissemination</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3777">162</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">gotten</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">got</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3786">164</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3823">165</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4344">189</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4387">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4516">195</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">&rdquo;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3810">165</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">temperment</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">temperament</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3820">165</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">to to</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">to</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3826">165</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4975">208</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.138&ndash;1.143</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,138&ndash;1,143</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3828">165</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">).</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3835">165</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ci izen</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">citizen</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3860">167</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4542">196</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.296</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,296</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3863">167</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4445">194</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4545">196</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4586">196</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.299</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,299</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3868">167</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Timote</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Timoteo</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3871">167</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Ongjunco</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Ongjungco</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3899">169</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7801">320</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7806">321</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fulfilment</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fulfillment</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3944">170</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4913">205</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.132</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,132</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3957">170</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">differred</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">differed</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e3978">171</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">asssasination</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">assassination</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4014">174</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4017">174</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sware</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">swear</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4038">175</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Vigilence</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Vigilance</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4045">175</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">favority</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">favorite</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4051">175</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">propably</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">probably</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4070">177</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">alloted</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">allotted</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4093">178</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6315">259</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">emisaries</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">emissaries</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4151">180</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5300">220</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">millonaire</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">millionaire</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4154">180</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">van-guard</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">vanguard</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4167">181</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">to</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">the</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4216">183</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">proclamed</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">proclaimed</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4227">184</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">speaches</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">speeches</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4230">184</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">unpleasentness</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">unpleasantness</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4295">187</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">seperatist</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">separatists</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4298">187</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">proceded</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">proceeded</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4301">187</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">personificy</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">personify</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4309">187</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">propritetor</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">proprietor</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4317">188</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">&rdquo;.</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.&rdquo;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4320">188</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">warningof</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">warning of</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4327">188</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">watchfull</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">watchful</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4350">189</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6057">246</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">indian</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Indian</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4358">190</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">autwitted</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">outwitted</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4361">190</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">outhorities</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">authorities</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4369">190</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Agninaldo&rsquo;s</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Aguinaldo&rsquo;s</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4382">190</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">a</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4392">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">hese</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">these</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4397">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">possesion</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">possession</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4406">191</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">falsly</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">falsely</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4416">192</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">conquerer</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">conqueror</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4427">193</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">wilful</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">willful</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4430">193</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sha&rsquo;nt</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">shan&rsquo;t</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4436">193</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">&ldquo;</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4448">194</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4589">196</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.303</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,303</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4465">194</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4834">203</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.008</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,008</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4468">194</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4837">203</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.013</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,013</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4478">194</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">compossed</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">composed</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4483">194</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.014</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,014</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4486">194</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.018</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,018</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4537">196</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">imposible</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">impossible</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4592">196</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tetified</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">testified</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4599">196</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">compromisarios</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Compromisarios</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4613">197</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4780">201</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.332</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,332</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4616">197</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4783">201</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.337</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,337</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4629">197</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Rojas</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Roxas</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4638">197</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">aggroupation</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">aggregation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4665">197</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">carring</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">carrying</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4674">197</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">mantel</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">mantle</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4702">198</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">causual</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">casual</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4720">199</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">emong</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">among</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4749">200</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tribual</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tribal</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4754">201</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">There</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Three</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4760">201</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Japanee</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Japanese</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4764">201</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">partizans</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">partisans</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4791">202</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">acount</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">account</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4816">202</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">commmission</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">commission</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4819">202</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">is</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">his</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4822">202</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">protect</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">protection</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4826">202</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">on</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">of</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4893">205</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">resourses</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">resources</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4900">205</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">meritiorious</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">meritorious</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4969">208</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">(</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4972">208</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5659">232</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">:</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4992">208</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Yokahama</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Yokohama</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e4995">208</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">intermediatory</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">intermediary</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5000">209</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5007">209</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Tokio</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Tokyo</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5004">209</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">&laquo;</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">&ldquo;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5010">209</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">dignataries</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">dignitaries</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5013">209</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ambasador</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ambassador</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5016">209</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">100.000</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">100,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5026">209</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">pay</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">pays</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5038">210</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Corea</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Korea</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5043">210</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Is belo</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Isabelo</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5060">211</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">liitle</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">little</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5086">212</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">then</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">than</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5096">212</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">cruizer</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">cruiser</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5119">213</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">indifferentism</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">indifference</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5132">214</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.132&ndash;1.138</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,132&ndash;1,138</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5183">216</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Japones</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Japon&eacute;s</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5186">216</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">aquaintances</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">acquaintances</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5212">217</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">outdone</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">out-done</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5219">217</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">it it</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">it</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5303">220</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">plebian</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">plebeian</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5311">220</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">searcely</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">scarcely</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5325">221</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">depised</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">despised</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5328">221</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">have have</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">have</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5359">222</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">it</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">is</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5363">222</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">intented</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">intended</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5377">222</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">element</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">elements</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5402">223</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">he</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">be</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5417">223</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">organisims</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">organisms</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5456">224</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">A see appendix</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">See appendix A</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5474">225</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6503">265</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fol.</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fols.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5477">225</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.131</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,131</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5492">226</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5495">226</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">programe</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">programme</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5516">226</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">&raquo;</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5525">227</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">it</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">its</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5528">227</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">bannar</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">banner</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5551">228</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">revolutionanary</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">revolutionary</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5561">228</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5577">229</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">do do</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">do</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5614">230</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">civil</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Civil</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5624">230</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">masony</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">masonry</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5636">231</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6823">275</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">mexican</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Mexican</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5717">234</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">semi savages</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">semi-savages</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5725">235</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6097">248</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">;</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">:</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5748">236</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">suprise</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">surprise</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5762">237</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Firedrands</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Firebrands</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5769">238</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">lighed</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">lit</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5800">239</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">mement</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">moment</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5830">240</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">clases</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">classes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5917">242</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">siezed</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">seized</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5979">244</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.381</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,381</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5982">244</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1.382</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">1,382</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5985">244</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ammuntion</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ammunition</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e5994">244</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">cuting</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">cutting</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6005">245</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">expence</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">expense</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6011">245</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ne</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">one</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6016">245</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">proportion</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">portion out</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6021">245</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">nett</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">net</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6024">245</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">planed</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">planned</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6029">246</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">be be</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">be</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6036">246</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">absorbe</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">absorb</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6039">246</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">absorbes</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">absorbs</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6050">246</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">possesed</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">possessed</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6062">247</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sedentery</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sedentary</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6119">249</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">continal</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">continual</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6122">249</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">beastial</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">bestial</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6127">250</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">mahomedans</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Mohammedans</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6142">250</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">or</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">nor</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6147">251</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">chief</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">chiefs</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6152">251</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">resistence</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">resistance</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6155">251</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6165">251</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">perposterous</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">preposterous</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6173">252</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">religon</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">religion</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6191">253</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">te</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">to</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6202">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Mahomedan</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Mohammedan</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6209">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">warter</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">water</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6228">255</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">think</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">thought</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6236">256</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">incission</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">incision</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6264">257</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">night</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">might</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6267">257</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">6.000</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">6,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6272">257</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">commencenent</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">commencement</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6297">258</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">evangelica</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">evangelical</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6306">259</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">garote</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">garrote</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6312">259</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">councilled</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">counselled</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6363">261</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">writer</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">written</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6373">261</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ocassion</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">occasion</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6379">261</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">of Ministers of Ministers</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">of Ministers</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6382">261</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">:</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6424">262</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">birth-day</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">birthday</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6431">262</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fountation</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">foundation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6468">264</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7873">322</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">the</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">The</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6496">265</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Spanniards</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Spaniards</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6534">267</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">admiting</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">admitting</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6561">268</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Medecine</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Medicine</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6569">269</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">carryiug</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">carrying</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6572">269</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sllence</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">silence</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6581">270</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Boniiacio</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Bonifacio</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6584">270</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">resignatfon</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">resignation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6594">270</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">filipina</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Filipina</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6610">271</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">immediateiy</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">immediately</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6619">272</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">immediataly</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">immediately</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6633">272</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">of</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6722">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">laguage</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">language</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6738">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">... &ldquo;</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">&ldquo;...</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6755">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">french</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">French</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6760">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Reaues</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Revues</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6763">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Caezar</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Caesar</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6788">274</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">inicisions</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">incisions</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6829">275</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">seperatism</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">separatism</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6902">278</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">frem</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">from</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6905">278</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">cannabistic</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">cannibalistic</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6938">279</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">seperate</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">separate</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6963">281</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">trops</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">troops</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6968">281</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ti</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">it</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6983">282</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">loose</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">lose</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e6995">283</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">katipunan</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Katipunan</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7003">283</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ef</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">of</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7009">284</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Diua</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Dina</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7013">284</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Arelano</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Arellano</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7033">285</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">peoples,</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">people&rsquo;s</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7061">286</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sel</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">self</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7082">288</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7603">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tagalogs</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Tagalogs</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7098">288</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">annoint</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">anoint</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7101">288</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">annointed</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">anointed</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7117">290</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">of</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">off</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7131">290</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">huriedly</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">hurriedly</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7157">291</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">they</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">thy</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7167">292</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sacrifiece</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sacrifice</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7187">293</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">countted</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">counted</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7230">295</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">discusion</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">discussion</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7233">295</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tussel</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">tussle</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7263">298</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">loosing</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">losing</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7275">298</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">the</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">to</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7278">298</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">lithograpic</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">lithographic</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7311">300</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">repentence</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">repentance</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7314">300</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">abbetor</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">abettor</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7317">300</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Patino&rsquo;s</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Pati&ntilde;o&rsquo;s</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7379">304</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">;</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7384">304</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Aa</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">As</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7399">305</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fraganti</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">flagrante</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7416">306</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">facinated</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fascinated</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7426">306</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Perez</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">P&eacute;rez</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7439">306</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">halfcaste</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">half-caste</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7451">307</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">dont</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">don&rsquo;t</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7499">310</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">irrepresible</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">irrepressible</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7511">310</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">it</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">in</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7530">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">in</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">a</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7543">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">suceeded</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">succeeded</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7549">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Spanniard</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Spaniard</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7590">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">insurpassable</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">unsurpassable</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7594">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">eared</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">earned</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7600">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Poblete,s</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Poblete&rsquo;s</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7653">311</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Licenciate</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Licentiate</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7658">311</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">everflow</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">overflow</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7720">315</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">demostrate</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">demonstrate</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7772">319</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">rasor</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">razor</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7798">320</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">you you</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">you</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7813">321</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">osbervation</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">observation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7830">321</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">:</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7833">321</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">acccount</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">account</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7845">322</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">by</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">be</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7854">322</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">those</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Those</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7862">322</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">on</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">On</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7865">322</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">wifes</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">wives</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7902">323</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7907">324</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">manifestacion</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">manifestation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7921">324</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Arcbishop</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Archbishop</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7924">324</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">dysentry</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">dysentery</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7931">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">indespensible</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">indispensable</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7934">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">expell</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">expel</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7944">325</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">irremissably</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">irremissibly</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7953">326</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">manifestors</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">manifestos</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e7996">327</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">descredit</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">discredit</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e8001">328</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">pretentions</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">pretensions</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e8006">328</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">symbolical</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">symbolic</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e8009">328</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">imformation</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">information</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e8015">328</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">secretery</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">secretary</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e8039">329</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">pervent</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">prevent</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e8063">330</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">lighting</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">lightning</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e8068">330</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">persue</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">pursue</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e8078">331</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">abreviations</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">abbreviations</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e8083">331</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">medecine</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">medicine</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e8100">331</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">an</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">a</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e8154">332</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">notice</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">noticed</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e8170">333</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">marvellous</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">marvelous</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e8178">333</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">assasissination</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">assassination</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e8191">334</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">bigotted</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">bigoted</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e8194">334</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">council</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">counsel</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Katipunan, by 
+J. Brecknock Watson (AKA Francis St. Clair)
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Katipunan, by
+J. Brecknock Watson (AKA Francis St. Clair)
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Katipunan
+       or The Rise and Fall of the Filipino Commune
+
+Author: J. Brecknock Watson (AKA Francis St. Clair)
+
+Release Date: October 1, 2011 [EBook #37587]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE KATIPUNAN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project
+Gutenberg. (This book was produced from scanned images of
+public domain material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                             THE KATIPUNAN
+
+                             An Illustrated
+                   Historical and Biographical Study
+                 of the Society which Brought about the
+                     Insurrection of 1896-98 & 1899
+                   Taken From Spanish State Documents
+
+                                   By
+                           FRANCIS ST. CLAIR
+
+                                 Manila
+                  Tip. "Amigos del Pais," Palacio 258
+                                  1902
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                             THE KATIPUNAN
+                                   Or
+               The Rise and Fall of the Filipino Commune
+
+
+                                   By
+                           FRANCIS ST. CLAIR
+
+                                 Manila
+                  Tip. "Amigos del Pais," Palacio 258
+                                  1902
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                       TO THE HONORABLE FILIPINOS
+                            Who, True to the
+                             Principles of
+                               Patriotism
+
+
+have not harbored in their hearts sentiments of ingratitude toward that
+noble Nation which raised them to the level of civilization to which
+they have attained, not have at any time conspired against the lawfully
+constituted authorities, Spanish or American, of this Archipelago.
+
+To such honorable Filipinos as these, it gives me the greatest pleasure
+to dedicate this small work, as a token of the genuine respect in
+which they are held by
+
+
+    The Author.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+"Manila, 21st (Aug. '96).--The Governor General to the Colonial
+Minister:
+
+
+    Vast organization of secret societies discovered with anti-national
+    tendencies.
+
+    Twenty-two persons detained, among them the Gran Oriente
+    (of Philippine freemasonry) of the Philippines, and others of
+    importance.....................................................
+    ...............................................................
+    Immediate action taken and special judge will be designated for
+    greater activity in the proceedings............................
+    ...............................................................
+
+        --Blanco.
+
+
+Such was the telegram sent by Gen. Blanco and read by Sr. Castellano
+in the Spanish Camara, announcing the discovery of the revolutionary
+movement headed by the Katipunan, the bastard child of Filipino
+freemasonry.
+
+Freemasonry in the Philippines was but a pretext: under this pretext
+the enemies of Spain, in days of Spanish rule, and the enemies of
+the U. S. in these days of American rule, put themselves into close
+and secret communion, to earn out plans of revolt.
+
+This Filipino masonry cast its net far and wide, and in its meshes were
+caught many fish of all classes and conditions; some of them men of
+money who sought in masonry what money could easily purchase,--honors
+and titles, grand crosses and medals; others were men whose pockets
+were more or less replete, and whose aims were of a great variety of
+natures; whilst others were men whose treasuries were more or less
+empty and who sought in masonry what they did not care to earn by
+honest labor--a livelihood.
+
+Masonry was imported into the Archipelago, shortly after the Spanish
+Revolution, and was, during the first years of its life, confined
+to Spaniards; but later on it opened its doors to half-castes and
+indians. In 1887 it extended by leaps and bounds; but upon the
+coming of Gen. Weyler to the Archipelago, as Governor General, in
+1888, it dwindled away almost into nothingness. Gen. Weyler was,
+and has ever shown himself, a patriotic Spaniard; and he would not
+permit the existence here, under his Governorship, of anything which
+tended to the detriment of his country. Well did the masons of the
+Philippines and elsewhere know this, and hence the vicious and cruel
+campaign they carried on against him both in the Peninsular and Cuba,
+but more especially in the U. S. of America.
+
+The Katipunan, the bastard child of filipino masonry, that ungrateful
+offspring which was unfaithful even to the mother which brought it
+forth, was a society within the bosom of which was redeveloped the
+malay instinct which had lain dormant for some three centuries. This
+instinct, brutal, savage, intensely ignorant, immoral, ungodly;
+an instinct found still among some of the uncivilized tribes of the
+mountain fastnesses of Luzon; an instinct once almost blotted out after
+many years of most difficult labor and self-sacrifice on the part of
+the Religious Orders, once again burst forth in all its strength.
+
+The indian left to himself, deprived of the curbing influence of the
+christian religion, speedily falls back into the condition of depravity
+in which Urdaneta and Legazpi found him. The malay instinct, like the
+volcano, vomits forth when least expected; the history of the revolt of
+the Tagalogs gives overabundant proof of it. Take one by one the many
+leading characters in the revolution, and the instinct will be found
+so plainly marked, that it is unmistakable. Take for instance Marcelo
+H. del Pilar, in whose brain was conceived the plot of the Katipunan
+farsical-tragedy; Andres Bonifacio, whose duty was the materializing
+of the plot; the Lunas, Juan especially, who had some time previous,
+in Paris, given an example of how easily the malay burned through the
+veneer of civilization to which the Filipino indian is susceptible;
+and so on, including the Aguinaldos, the Mabinis, the Agoncillos
+and even many of those, who in these days boast in public of their
+americanist ideas, and in private plot with treacherous zeal to
+overthrow the government of those they call their deliverers from
+Spanish tyranny. In them all may be traced the strange instinct
+of the old time filipino indian. Entering the fold of freemasonry,
+they threw off the bridle of religion which restrained them; loosing
+respect for Almighty God and for their faith they soon lost respect
+for others and for themselves. The result is well known. History,
+the history of the last five or six years, has shown it to us.
+
+It is of this society of notables--for such is the meaning of the full
+title of the Katipunan--that I wish to say a few words in the following
+pages. I have taken as a foundation for my study, a very concise
+statement of the whole situation, drawn up by Capt. Olegario Diaz,
+Commander of the Guardia Civil Veterana de Manila. This document being
+an official statement, is of vital interest in the study of the birth,
+life and internal corruption of that diabolical association which,
+gigantic though it was, comparatively speaking, could, by reason of
+its infantility, have been easily stifled, had it been dealt with,
+with a strong hand. I have taken the document as a base, and by a
+series of notes in the form of a somewhat more lengthy appendix,
+have endeavored to provide my readers with a file of interesting
+items of historical value.
+
+This pamphlet is not intended to be a history of the rebellion; I have
+endeavored to confine myself to the society which brought about the
+revolt, and if at any time I have strayed from the path I laid out
+for myself, it has been because there was by the wayside some flower
+I wished to pluck to add to the bouquet I herewith present to you.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+STATEMENT OF CAPT. OLEGARIO DIAZ [1]
+
+
+FREEMASONRY
+
+It is fully proved that freemasonry has been the principal factor
+for the development in these islands, not only of advanced (2)
+and anti-religious ideas, but chiefly for the foundation of secret
+societies, possessing a character especially separatist (3). This
+conviction I have come to after the examination of a countless number
+of documents, and the much correspondence this Corps (4) fell in with,
+after laborious work and investigations, in the possession of several
+well known filibusters (5) who are at the present time prisoners;
+these documents and parcels of correspondence were included in the
+military suit tried before Colonel D. Francisco Olive (6).
+
+"Some 20 years ago, there was installed in this country, a lodge
+dependent upon the Gr. Or. Espanol (7): a lodge which was inoffensive
+in its beginning because it was composed of peninsular Spaniards, with
+the absolute exclusion of the native element of the Archipelago. In
+this form it developed languidly until the year 1890.
+
+"During this epoch, the Filipino colony resident in Madrid, Hong-Kong
+and Paris, in the which figured as exalted separatists Jose Rizal (8),
+Marcelo H. del Pilar (9), Graciano Lopez, Mariano Ponce, Eduardo Lete,
+Antonio and Juan Luna (10), Julio Llorente, Salvador V. del Rosario,
+Doroteo Cortes (11), Jose Baza, Pedro Serrano (12), Moises Salvador,
+Galicano Apacible and many others, who were in communication with
+the seditious elements of Manila, strove hard to influence don Miguel
+Morayta (13), (Grand master of the Oriente Espanol), in Madrid, and
+with whom they sustained close relations, to the end that the statutes
+should be reformed so that the native element might be affiliated,
+and even more, that lodges of a character exclusively Tagalog (14),
+might be created in the Archipelago. Conferences, general gatherings,
+and finally compromises of certain magnitude decided in the favor
+of the Filipinos, Morayta thus, unconsciously sowing the seed, the
+fruit of which we are to-day gathering.
+
+"D. Alejandro Roji, resident in this capital, Captain of Engineers, was
+nominated general delegate to direct the works, and with ample powers
+from Morayta, came the native school-teacher Pedro Serrano, who enjoyed
+in Manila the confidence and protection of the said Colonel, assisted
+by the Flores, lieutenants of Infantry, Numeriano Adriano, Ambrosio
+Rianzares, Juan Zulueta, Faustino Villaruel (15), Agustin de la Rosa,
+Ambrosio Salvador, Andres Bonifacio (16), Apolinario Mabini (17),
+Estanislao Legaspi Domingo Franco (18), Roman Basa, Deodato Arellano,
+Antonio Salazar, Felipe Zamora, Nazario Constantino, Bonifacio Arevalo,
+Pedro Casimiro, Dionisio Ferraz, Timoteo Paez and a thousand others,
+all indians, but having a career or a comfortable social position;
+they commenced a silent and tenacious propaganda which resulted in
+180 Tagalog lodges, extended throughout the territory of Luzon and
+part of the Bisayas, being constituted in 5 years. The character of
+the native (19), so propitious to all the mysterious and symbolic,
+easily accustomed itself to the ridiculous practices of freemasonry:
+the initiations (20), the proofs (21), the oaths (22), attributes,
+signs and pass words, and the pseudonyms, all and everything surrounded
+by shade and mystery, appealed to the native and served him as an
+educative ladder which prepared his mind for his entry into other
+associations of graver transcendencies, according as the initiators
+and apostles of filibusterism, Rizal, Pilar, Lopez, Cortes and Zulueta
+had forseen, as can be proved by that correspondence which has come
+to my hands.
+
+"In order to direct the organization of the lodges dependant upon the
+Gran Oriente Espanol, there was constituted by Morayta, a Gran Consejo
+Regional (23) which received its instructions from him, and which was
+presided over by Ambrosio Flores (h. Muza), and formed of Adriano,
+Villaruel, Flores (A), Mabini, Paez, Zamora, Mariano and Salazar. The
+newspaper La Solidaridad (24) which, in the previous year had been
+founded in Barcelona by M. Pilar, as a delegate of the propaganda of
+Manila, and the publishing centre of which was later on translated to
+Madrid, was declared the official organ of all Filipino masonry; and
+in its collaboration, all the Filipinos of a medium culture resident
+in the capital, took a hand, under the auspices and direction of its
+new proprietor, the oft-mentioned and ill-starred Morayta.
+
+"In 1893 the Gran Oriente Nacional, of which the Grand Master
+is Sr. Pantoja, reporter of the highest tribunal of justice,
+conceded powers to the lieutenant military councillor Sr. Lacasa,
+and the sergeant of Infantry, Jose Martin, to carry on propaganda
+in these islands among the native element, and in competition with
+the other Oriente. The result did not correspond to the efforts of
+the propagandists, who only succeeded in creating some few lodges
+in the Capital, in Cavite, Cagayan, Iloilo and Negros. How could it
+be expected to prosper, when the Gran Oriente Espanol had already
+catechized the masses of the country!
+
+"It must be declared, although it makes one blush to do so, that many
+peninsular Spaniards, and among them some holding important official
+positions in the country, have contributed to this propaganda,
+scandalous, and from all points of view, aimed at the integrity of
+the nation (25). Only candor can exculpate them. May the country
+pardon them.
+
+"From the first moments, both in the organ of Filipino freemasonry,
+La Solidaridad, and in the circulars which the Gran Oriente sent to
+Spain for the information of the brethren there resident, was commenced
+a coarse and shameless campaign against the Monastic Orders (26), and
+of scoffing and ridicule of religion. Later on, this campaign acquired
+a political character, attacking the government of the metropolis,
+and the authorities of the archipelago, demanding liberal reforms
+for the country, such as representation in the Cortes, the colonial
+Camara, municipal autonomy, increase of individual rights etc. etc.,
+Let anyone with half an eye examine carefully the collections of the
+cited paper, and he will certainly meet with something contrary to
+the national unity, artfully and modestly hidden. Let him read the
+almost countless number of documents (27) pertaining to the Tagalog
+lodges, and sent by me to the judge, Senor Olive, which were united
+to the charges, and the most incredulous will be convinced that the
+lodges and their aids and abettors devoted themselves to something
+more than the propaganda of freemasonry. There is not a single one
+of the chiefs and organizers of the filibuster organizations up to
+this time discovered, who is not a freemason."
+
+
+
+"LA PROPAGANDA" AND THE "ASOCIACION HISPANO-FILIPINA."
+
+At the end of the year 1888, Marcelo del Pilar, a lawyer of Bulacan,
+and a frenetic filibuster, considering himself in peril of deportation
+in consequence of juridical proceedings formed against him in
+the said province, decided to translate his residence to Spain,
+under the shelter of a certain element of the country (28). In those
+days was created in Manila a committee of propaganda (29) formed by
+Doroteo Cortes, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, Pedro Serrano and Deodato
+Arellano, under the presidency of the first named, its mission being
+the gathering from among the better class and more wealthy element,
+funds for the propagation throughout the Archipelago, of all classes
+of pamphlets and proclamations written to depreciate and cast slurs
+upon the Monastic Orders (30), and upon Religion; and likewise
+for the implantation in the country democratic doctrines; finally
+the nomination was agreed to of a delegation which should depend
+directly upon the committee recently constituted, and which should
+have its residence in Barcelona, its duty being to make overtures
+to the public authorities for the concession to the Archipelago of
+greater liberties and of representation in the Cortes in the first
+place. And in order to sustain and defend these ideals together with
+some few more, the foundation was authorized of a bi-monthly newspaper.
+
+"The committee of propaganda fully fulfilled its mission; it overcame
+all the wealthy element of Luzon (31), gathered grand quantities,
+and Marcelo del Pilar set off for the Peninsular, installing himself
+comfortably in the "Ciudad Condal"  [2] at the expense of his
+countrymen (32).
+
+"In January 1889, he commenced the campaign in union with his companion
+of the delegation Mariano Ponce. They founded the paper La Solidaridad
+and constituted the Hispano-Filipino association, into which were
+drawn a large number of the native students residing in Barcelona
+[3]. The committee made great progress in Manila, added to the number
+of its followers and collected funds in return for subscriptions to
+La Solidaridad which, day by day, had more readers; it distributed
+books, pamphlets and proclamations of the worst class, for which a
+good price was collected.
+
+"The association had increased hand over hand; its aspirations (33)
+were most radical; and considering its action limited in Barcelona,
+it determined to translate its headquarters to Madrid, where it
+would have a wider field for its pretensions. About this same time
+Serrano, Rizal, Luna, Lopez etc., were united to the delegation and
+they succeeded in implanting Tagalog masonry in their country (34),
+and from this precise moment, commenced their relations with Morayta.
+
+"In January 1890 the "Asociacion Hispano-Filipina," [4] the delegation,
+and the paper La Solidaridad were installed in Madrid. Morayta
+accepted the presidency of the Association and became proprietor of
+the newspaper from which such good results were expected, it counting
+with an increased output to supply enforced subscriptions among masons
+and their associates at the rate of a peso a head.
+
+"From that moment Morayta was made the idol of the turbulent indians,
+who considered him as their redeemer; no one is ignorant of the
+labors undertaken by the said personage in Spain, both in the realms
+of journalism and around and about the powers that be, on behalf of
+the securing representation in the Cortes, the liberty of association
+(35) and that of the press, municipal autonomy and even under a hidden
+guise, of that of the colony; in the memory of all is preserved
+the remembrance of the banquet given by the Filipinos inspired by
+Morayta, to Sr. Labra, the autonomist deputy for Cuba, and no one has
+forgotten the proposition presented to the Congress by Sr. Junoy, the
+republican deputy, also inspired by the Association and the delegation
+presided over and protected by Morayta. And who finally, does not
+feel indignation upon calling to mind the articles published in La
+Solidaridad by the Filipinos Kalipulako (M. Ponce), Jaena (G. Lopez),
+Dimas-Alang (Jose Rizal), Eduardo Lete, Taga-Ilog (Antonio Luna),
+Juan Totoo (J. Zulueta) and Kupang or Maitalaga (M. del Pilar)?
+
+"What Spaniard is not fired to anger, upon reading the books and
+pamphlets written by Rizal, Luna and Lopez and the infinite number of
+printed libels which circulate here full of falsities and loathsome
+calumnies against the most sacred and venerated, the Fatherland? Have
+we forgotten, perhaps, Dr. Blumentritt (36) who repaid our most
+generous hospitality by making common cause with our enemies? Do
+we not call to mind, peradventure, that all the filipino colony in
+Spain and a good portion of that here resident, sympathised with that
+ungrateful man, conferring upon him the honor of banqueting him and
+extending to him their congratulations?
+
+"Fortunately these labors obtained no practical result in the peninsula
+(37), but they caused the native element of some amount of culture
+to harbor imaginary ills and want of confidence in the Metropolis,
+covert discontent with the authorities of the islands (38), and
+finally, sowed the seed of aspirations which could never be realized
+[5]. but a seed which is to-day, unfortunately, bearing fruit.
+
+"A casino of recreation known as the Centro Filipino, was also
+organized in Madrid: a revolutionary club was the only thing to
+which that center could be compared. There Spain was discussed,
+criticized and slandered under the shelter of the law of association
+which prevails in the Peninsula, and shielded by the hypocrisy and
+deception so proper of cowards.
+
+"Personal rivalries and the want of morality in the administration of
+the funds (39) remitted from Manila by the committee of propaganda,
+gave rise to a grave disagreement between the two apostles of filipino
+filibusterism, Rizal and Pilar; with the former sided the young
+and impetuous element; with the latter the mature and thoughtful
+(40). Both elaborated the same material, but each using a different
+process; the one boldly insolent and hostile, the other masked with
+hypocrisy and calm. Both being ambitious, each found the world too
+small to contain him. This state of things ceased with the coming
+of Rizal to these islands in 1892 (41), Pilar remaining the absolute
+possessor of the field at Madrid.
+
+"In the meanwhile the committee of propaganda was not inactive. It
+created delegations throughout the archipelago, and by their means
+introduced the La Solidaridad and all kinds of revolutionary printed
+matter into the utmost corners of the archipelago.
+
+
+
+THE "LIGA FILIPINA"
+
+"Rizal, magnanimously pardoned by His Excellency the Captain General
+of the Archipelago, D. Eulogio Despujol (42), after the making of a
+thousand and one lying protests of repentance, reached this capital in
+May 1892, being received by his countrymen with extraordinary proofs
+of enthusiasm and rejoicing; and converting himself into an apostle
+of filibusterism, commenced a campaign of scandalous propaganda.
+
+"Three days after his arrival he convoked a large reunion (43) in
+the house of the Chinese half-caste Ongjungco in Tondo, and under his
+presidentship there gathered Franco, property owner; Flores, Lieutenant
+of Infantry; Rianzares, lawyer; Zulueta, government employee; Adriano,
+notary; Reyes, tailor; Paez, business agent; Francisco, industrial;
+Serrano, school-teacher; A. Salvador, contractor; Salazar, industrial;
+Mariano, property owner; Legaspi, industrial; Jose, property owner;
+Bonifacio, warehouse porter; Plata, curial; Villareal, tailor; Rosa,
+book-keeper; Arellano, military employee; M. Salvador, industrial;
+Arevalo, dentist; Rosario, merchant; Santillan, industrial; Ramos,
+industrial; Joven, property owner; Villaruel, merchant; Mabini,
+lawyer; Nacpil, silversmith; and many other Filipinos well known by
+their ideas. To this assembly Rizal made known the motive which had
+inspired him to call it together, which was no other than the creation
+of a secret society to be known as the "Liga Filipina", founded for
+the purpose of fomenting the advancement and culture of the country and
+the attaining, later on, of emancipation from Spain (44). He read out a
+list of provisional regulations drawn up by himself; these regulations
+were unanimously approved; a commission formed of Ambrosio Salvador
+and Deodato Arellano as president and secretary respectively, was at
+once nominated for the studying and development of Rizal's project,
+and the reunion was dissolved till it should be again convoked.
+
+"The opportune deportation of Rizal (45), Cortes and Salvador,
+upset the plans of the "oath bound" conspirators and the panic thus
+brought about dispersed them for the moment. In the beginning of the
+year 1893 they re-assumed the work (46), sometimes in the house of
+Domingo Franco, and at others in that of Deodato Arellano; and after
+it had been agreed that they should be ruled by the regulations of
+Rizal, and votes having been cast, the Supreme Council of the "Liga"
+was constituted in the following form:
+
+
+            President                   Franco.
+            Secretary & Treasurer       Arellano.
+            Fiscal                      Francisco.
+                                     /  Zulueta.
+                                     |  Legaspi.
+                                     |  Paez.
+                                     |  Bonifacio.
+            Councillors              +  Nacpil.
+                                     |  Adriano.
+                                     |  Mabini.
+                                     |  Rianzares.
+                                     \  Flores.
+
+
+"Before continuing, and in order that the facts which follow
+may be better understood, I will give some idea of the "Liga"
+according to the mentioned regulations. Its determined ends (47),
+were the independence of the islands; its means, the propaganda of
+advanced political ideas (48), availing themselves of conferences,
+books, pamphlets and the paper "La Solidaridad" which was declared
+the official organ of the association; the culture of the country
+by means of study, and its material advancement by stimulating the
+creation of large enterprises and industries; and, as a final means,
+armed rebellion (49). The catechised or initiated submitted themselves
+to a solemn oath before a human skull, which they afterwards kissed,
+signing with their own blood (50) a compromising document, after
+making the corresponding incision in one of their arms.
+
+"All those initiated incurred the duty of making propaganda (51) by all
+means in their power, and of increasing the number of the associates,
+of preserving under severest penalties, the most impenetrable silence
+on all matters relating to the "Liga" and blind obedience to their
+superiors. The association was governed by a Supreme Council with
+residence in Manila, and composed of a President, a Treasurer, a
+Fiscal, a Secretary and twelve Councillors; for the Peninsular and
+Hong-Kong, the delegations composed of Marcelo del Pilar and Ildefonso
+Laurel [6].
+
+"In each province was formed a provincial council with the same
+organizations as the Supreme Council, but with only six councillors,
+who, in their turn, had under their orders as many popular councils as
+there should be pueblos in the province in which the council should
+be constituted. The popular councils with analogous organization to
+the provincial councils, had jurisdiction within the demarcation of a
+pueblo; they depended directly upon the respective provincial council
+and the provincial upon the Supreme.
+
+"All the members of the Supreme Council were to constitute in the
+capital of Manila a popular council formed of their converts within
+the zone of their residences; and all the members had to recruit among
+the natives of some culture, till the society should be thoroughly
+developed.
+
+"Each treasurer collected a peso as entrance fee from the initiated and
+a medio (half) peso, as a monthly subscription for each member. With
+the said funds there was created a central deposit in the treasury
+of the Supreme Council, for the covering of the expenses of the
+delegations, and the sustainment of the Solidaridad; and it was agreed
+that once there should be sufficient capital, great enterprises,
+of a nature undetermined, should be undertaken.
+
+"The eternal question of money in this class of organizations
+(52) gave rise to a serious falling out between Rizal and the Liga
+(53), on which account their official relations were severed. The
+subscriptions were badly collected, and those encharged with the
+custody and turning in of what few funds did exist misapplied them
+(54); this was what brought about the decadence of the league and
+the cause of its falling into discredit and disrepute and for its
+not prospering, in spite of the fact that among those who aided
+it with their moral and metalic aid, but without formal or written
+compromise (55), were a number of shameless filibusters, so much the
+more repugnant as the brilliant social position they held under the
+protection of Spain was elevated. Among many others may be cited the
+wealthy proprietors Pedro and Francisco Roxas (56), Mariano Linjap,
+Telesforo Chuidian, Luis R. Yangco, Antonio and Juan Luna, Felipe
+Zamora, Eduardo Litonjua, Marcelino de los Santos, Maximo Paterno
+(57) and Nazario Constantino (58).
+
+"Of the members of the Supreme Council, only the following succeeded
+in forming popular councils: Estanislao Legaspi who organized one
+in Tondo, known as Talang Bakero; Andres Bonifacio, one in Trozo,
+known as Mayon; and Francisco Nacpil, one in Santa Cruz, known as
+Mactan (59). The rest of the members of the Supreme Council only
+succeeded in forming the following fruitless sections: Flores, one
+in Ermita and Malate; Zulueta in Binondo; Rianzares in San Nicolas;
+Francisco in Quiapo; Adriano and Mabini in Sampaloc and Nagtajan,
+and Salvador in Pandacan.
+
+"In the provinces also the Liga enjoyed such slow progress, that it was
+not possible to organize to popular councils, but sections only, and
+these were organized in the Laguna, by Vicente Reyes; in Batangas by
+Felipe Agoncillo (60); in Nueva Ecija, Bentus and Natividad; in Tarlac
+the notary del Rosario, and in Bulacan, Pampanga and other provinces
+wealthy persons of the same. In time, there was not a Filipino of
+wealth or career or of medium social position, who did not pertain to,
+or aid and abet the Liga, apart from a few most honorable exceptions
+(61) which it pleases me to recognize.
+
+"At the commencement of the year 1894 and when the league had reached
+the age of one year, the members agreed to the dissolution of the
+society, both on account of the discords which continually sprung up in
+its bosom, and for the fear of discovery by the authorities which had
+already perceived something of the goings on (62). A grand assembly
+of the leaders was called together and it was determined to gather
+in as many documents as had been drawn up or circulated, and make a
+bonfire of them, so that all compromising indications should be made
+to disappear. The society became dissolved but it took a form more
+hypocritical. The popular councils re-entered the masonic lodges, and
+these took up the work of the Liga, a thing very easy to accomplish,
+when we remember that there was not a single member of the society
+who was not a freemason.
+
+"There remained however, as a living remembrance of the Liga, a
+committee formed of the lawyer Numeriano Adriano and Deodato Arellano
+(a brother-in-law of Pilar) president and secretary, who had at their
+orders some 20 or 30 members from among the most important of the
+defunct Liga and who were known under the name of the compromisarios
+(63). These enjoyed no special organization and worked with almost
+entire independence. Their mission was the propagation of the La
+Solidaridad and the gathering of funds for the sustainment of the
+paper, and of the delegations in the Peninsula and elsewhere, with
+which they sustained active political correspondence. The work was
+continued with greater cunning by the lodges and by the compromisarios;
+and they succeeded in keeping alive the spirit of protest in a good
+part (the most influential) of the native element till the end of
+the year 1895.
+
+"About this time the populous empire of China was defeated by the
+Japanese, and the Japanese Empire, having won the laurels of victory so
+easily, began to consider the weaving of a net of preponderance in the
+Occident. The Filipinos who followed with interest and satisfaction
+our contrarieties in Cuba, considered the occasion propitious for
+the Empire of the Rising Sun to copy in these islands the conduct
+of the Americans in the Antilles. Japan became the fashion in the
+Archipelago and its inhabitants were chosen as models of culture (64),
+wealth, of liberty and strength. They sighed for their protection and
+assistance, and to the attaining of it they uselessly directed their
+efforts. Doroteo Cortes emigrated to Yokohama (65), and with him Ramos,
+Baza, Espanol and others, where they established a separatist committee
+in correspondence with that of Manila. Marcelo del Pilar prepared to
+leave Madrid to join them, but died suddenly in Barcelona and finally
+the foolish political schemers dreamed of the liberation of Rizal
+(66) who had been deported to Dapitan, in order that he also should
+follow Cortes and the others. From Manila there departed frequently
+parties of wealthy Filipinos who went to Japan under the pretext of
+making recreative, instructive or artistic voyages, but in reality
+to conspire, and it is assured that they were listened to by some of
+the official element of that nation (67). The Japanese corvette Kongo
+(68) arrived in Manila in the month of May and no one could explain
+its sudden appearance in the bay; but on the other hand the officers
+were mysteriously banqueted by a commission of Filipinos in the Bazar
+Japones (69) where they lodged. Causalities perhaps, but....
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                        K. K. K. N. M. A. N. B.
+
+     KATAASTAASANG KALAGAYAN KATIPUNAN NANG MANGA ANAK NANG BAYAN.
+
+             Supreme Society of the Sons of the People [7].
+
+
+Whilst Rizal, in Manila, was engaged in the organization of the
+"Liga Filipina" into which only the well-to-do or educated classes
+could enter (70), an attempt which, for that time, failed on account
+of his immediate deportation, Marcelo H. del Pilar, from Madrid,
+in July 1892, advised the creation of another association, which
+was to be similar thereto, but which was to include the agricultural
+laborers and persons of little or no education and instruction (71),
+but who directed in the localities by the caciques and chiefs, were
+to form an enormous nucleus which should, at the proper time, give
+forth the cry of rebellion. He (Pilar) provided minute instructions
+concerning the organization and forwarded a project of regulations.
+
+"Deodato Arellano (brother in-law of Marcelo), Andres Bonifacio,
+Ladislao Dina and Teodoro Plata where those commissioned to carry into
+practice the project of Pilar (72); they discussed the regulations and
+added to them making them still more terrifying, agreeing that they
+should all immediately proceed with the preparatory works, and they
+were not interrupted till the conspiracy was discovered on the 19th of
+August of this year (1896). Both the said organizers and the others who
+composed the first Supreme Council, belonged to the "Liga filipina".
+
+"The organization given to the society was analogous to that enjoyed by
+the "Liga" (73) but amplified to the extent of anarchism, swearing
+hatred and destruction to everything of a character or nature Spanish
+(74), and sowing the seed of a race-hatred which has developed to
+a great extent (75). The Supreme, the Provincial and the popular
+Councils, the sections and the delegations ruled this horrible
+association. The first governed the whole Tagalog Katipunan (76);
+the second, that corresponding to a pueblo and the sections were
+sub-divisions or fractions into which the popular councils were
+divided. Those commissioned to form sections were called delegations,
+and whilst they remained unconstituted, they depended directly upon
+the Supreme Council. Every associate paid an entrance fee of a medio
+peso, and a monthly subscription of a real. The collections were made
+by the respective treasurers and passed into the central treasury
+of the Supreme Council. The funds so gathered were utilized for the
+succor of the brethren in their afflictions and sicknesses, for the
+covering the expenses of the works of propaganda, and for the secret
+acquisition of fire and other arms (77).
+
+"As in freemasonry, the initiations (78) were performed with a wealth
+of the ridiculous, and with unending extravagances; but of such a
+nature, that the ignorant indian was fascinated and became converted
+into a slave of his oath.
+
+"The initiated were masked (79) as also was the person to be initiated;
+before a table was placed a skull and crossbones, a triangle and two
+candles; the person about to be initiated was told that the object of
+the Katipunan [8] was the liberating of the Tagalog people, and the
+expulsion of the Spaniards from the archipelago, or their destruction
+(80); following this, came a series of questions and replies in the
+which the martyrdom of Gomez, Burgos and Zamora (81), native priests
+judged and condemned for their part in the rebellion of Cavite in 1872
+was exalted, and they passed on to the proofs (82) which consisted in
+imitating an assassination, a suicide, etc. This was followed by the
+taking of an oath of striving to effect the liberation of the people
+till death, an oath which demanded a blind obedience to the commands
+of the superior and the preservation of the secrets of the association
+under the pain of death (83). Finally, to terminate the ceremony,
+they made with a dagger especially adapted to that use, an incision
+in the arm of the person initiated and with the blood which flowed
+from the wound thus made, the new katipunero signed his compromise
+(see note 50.)
+
+"The initiated were called brethren and had their "sacred words"
+and their special signs of recognition. They were ruled by a code
+which established punishments ranging from whipping till death (84)
+and received no orders from anyone, or had no intercourse with anyone,
+except with their immediate superiors. The details which might be
+made mention of are infinite and curious, but it would make this
+short memorial unending to speak of them all.
+
+"All the matters of importance and organization were dealt with
+in assemblies (85) constituted by the Supreme Councils and all the
+presidents of the provincial and popular councils. The accords were
+taken and discussions decided by a nominal votation and at least by
+a majority of votes.
+
+"Both the Supreme, the provincial and the popular Councils and the
+sections held their periodical sessions in the which were discussed a
+thousand different affairs, and the decisions of the Councils had to
+be submitted to the approval of the immediate superior. The gatherings
+were always held in different houses and localities, no day being set
+aside as fixed, but the days of festivities or those upon which was
+observed some ecclesiastical feast were chosen for that purpose (86),
+under the pretext of banquets or dances in which the authorities had no
+suspicion, and because on the said days these semi-public rejoicings
+were permitted without the necessity of seeking the license of the
+governing authorities.
+
+"Both the provincial and the popular councils and the sections were
+known by special names; the initiated were "baptized" with symbolic
+appellations; and the documents were drawn up in the Tagalog dialect,
+the most important being in secret code.
+
+"The first Supreme Council was constituted on the 15th of July 1892,
+and was as follows:
+
+
+            President           Deodato Arellano.
+            Secretary           Andres Bonifacio.
+            Treasurer           Valentin Diaz.
+                              / Ladislao Dina.
+            Councillors       + Bricio Pantas.
+                              \ Teodoro Plata.
+
+
+Delegates were immediately appointed to establish sections in Tondo,
+Binondo, Trozo, Sta. Cruz, Nagtajan, Sampaloc, Quiapo, Dilao (Paco)
+and Intramuros. Commissioners set out with all rapidity to the
+neighboring pueblos and provinces, and in a few weeks councils
+were in working order in Caloocan, Malabon, Mandaloyan, San Juan
+del Monte, Pandacan, Sta. Ana, and Pasay. In the Capital of Cavite
+was constituted a popular council, and sections in Noveleta, Cavite
+Viejo and Imus. The same occurred in San Isidro, Gapan and several
+other pueblos of these provinces.
+
+'Andres Bonifacio, Secretary of the Supreme Council, displayed a
+notable audacity and energy, and this united to a clear intelligence,
+gave him a great predominance over his companions. This predominance
+he asserted, and in 1893 brought about the destitution from the
+presidency, of Deodato Arellano, Roman Baza (87), chief clerk of
+the Comandancia General de Marina being elevated to that office. On
+account of the want of character and initiative on the part of the new
+president, Bonifacio decided, by a coup-d'etat if we may so call it,
+to depose him also, putting himself in that office and becoming the
+"dictator" of the Katipunan.
+
+"Under the Presidency of Bonifacio, the society commenced an era of
+febrile activity; the greater number of the tribunales of the pueblos
+were converted into centres of propaganda, which were directed by the
+municipalities. Pamphlets and proclamations against the friars and
+the whole Spanish element were circulated in profusion (88). Injuries
+and outrages were invented, and by these and a thousand and one other
+infamous means, little by little, hatred and revenge were inculcated
+into the mind of the indian.
+
+"In 1895 Bonifacio took the first decisive steps towards the
+organizing of an armed rebellion; he sent different delegations to
+Dapitan to confer with Rizal and receive his advice and instruction
+(89); he opened negotiations with the Japanese Government (90),
+but did not succeed therein. But with his immense ascendancy over
+the popular masses, an ascendancy beyond imagination, he declared
+himself dictator. The secret aiders of the Katipunan who pertained
+to the upper classes, offered funds of considerable amount, with the
+which were acquired a good number of arms which were landed on the
+coast of Cavite and Batangas with the aid of wealthy persons (91).
+
+"In August of this year (1896) exaltation among the masses reached
+its full height, and Bonifacio realizing the fact, prepared what
+was necessary in order that in a short time, the conspiracy which
+was to take effect on the same day and hour in almost all Luzon,
+should be in readiness. The plan of the attack and taking of Manila
+was coarsely conceived but it might have been successful and massacre,
+sacking and pillage would have crowned the iniquitous work.
+
+"At this time the Supreme Council was was composed as follows.
+
+
+            President           Andres Bonifacio.
+            Secretary           Emilio Jacinto.
+            Treasurer           Enrique Pacheco.
+            Fiscal              Pio Valenzuela (92).
+                             /  Hermenegildo Reyes.
+                             |  Teodoro Plata.
+                             |  Balbino Florentino.
+                             |  Bricio Pantas.
+                             |  Pantaleon Torres.
+            Councillors      +  Jose Trinidad.
+                             |  Francisco Carreon.
+                             |  Aguedo del Rosario.
+                             |  Vicente Molina.
+                             |  Alejandro Santiago.
+                             \  Jose T. Santiago.
+
+
+"In Tondo existed the popular Council Catagalugan presided over by
+Alejandro Santiago; and the sections Cabuhayan, Catotohanan, Pagtibain,
+Calingaan and Bagongsilang, presided over by Hilarion Cruz, Braulio
+Rivera, Cipriano Pacheco, Nicolas Rivera, and Deogracias Fajardo.
+
+"In Sta. Cruz the popular Council Laonlaan presided over by Julian
+Nepomuceno, and the sections Tanglao and Dimas Alang [9] by Procopio
+Bonifacio and Restituto Javier.
+
+"In Trozo the popular Council Dapitan [10] presided over by Francisco
+Carreon, and the sections Silanganan and Alapaap, by Juan de la Cruz
+and R. Concha.
+
+"In Binondo the popular Council Ilog Pasig by Faustino Manalac.
+
+"In Concepcion and Dilao (Paco) the popular Council Mahiganti,
+presided over by Rafael Gutierrez, and the sections Panday and Ilog
+with a delegation in Ermita.
+
+"But why continue? It would not be exaggerating to assert that the
+fourth of the native population pertained to the Katipunan, and the
+task of consigning more names would be useless, as nothing new would
+be discovered.
+
+"Astounding is the number of the initiated; in Manila and its province
+alone they exceed 14,000, and in the provinces of Cavite, Batangas,
+Laguna and Nueva Ecija there are no less than 20,000. Adding to
+this number those of the remainder of Luzon, the total will ascend
+to an enormous mass of "illusioned" who bowed in obedience to an
+inquisitous schemer. It must be recognized, however, that Bonifacio
+is not a common man; of active character, energetic and bold, gifted
+with a facility of expression in his language which suggested itself
+to his countrymen; of a criterion clear but badly cultivated by the
+reading of books of an elevated style and a pernicious character [11]
+and possessed of an unfathomable ambition--such was the warehouse
+porter who had charge of the store house of the foreign commercial
+house of Fressel and Co. in Calle Nueva, Binondo [12].
+
+"His proclamations, pamphlets, and circulars although not a model of
+literature were possessed of a certain amount of culture.
+
+"In Calle Clavel, in the dwelling house of Alejandro Santiago, the
+Katipunan possessed a secret printing establishment, in which were
+prepared many most injurious and insulting publications. There also was
+edited and published the paper Kalayaan (Liberty) (93) which only twice
+saw the light and which was supposed to have been printed in Yokohama,
+(it bearing the name of that town as the place of publication) and
+was published over the signature of Marcelo H. del Pilar. This was
+all false, all studied out for the purpose of throwing dust in the
+eyes of the local authorities. The paper was edited by Bonifacio, his
+brother-in-law Teodoro Plata and the secretary of the Supreme Council,
+Emilio Jacinto, a young student of law, of no scanty intelligence.
+
+"On the 19th of August last (1896) the conspiracy was denounced and
+a great number of imprisonments were made by this Corps. Bonifacio
+and those more closely connected with him in his schemes, fled aghast
+to the neighboring pueblo of Caloocan and there remained hidden in
+the house of the Capitan Municipal (a native) and in that of the
+Capitan Pasado (also a native) Adriano de J, father-in-law to Andres
+Bonifacio. On the 23rd Bonifacio set out for the barrio of Balintauac,
+followed by some 200 inhabitants of Caloocan; on the 24th they were
+combatted by the Civil Guard in the fields of the said pueblo and
+fled to their former hiding place.
+
+"The Supreme Council convoked a large assembly to be held on the
+following day in the said barrio, to which gathered more than 500
+members; there a discussion took place concerning the steps which
+would have to be taken in view of the failure of the conspiracy, and
+of the imprisonments which were being made. Some, feeling repentant,
+desired to return to a legal status, submitting to the Spanish
+authority but the president Bonifacio protested, proposing immediate
+rebellion. Both propositions were put to the vote, and as a result,
+that of the president gained by an immense majority; so much for the
+prestige of Andres Bonifacio! (94).
+
+"The orders were circulated with rapidity throughout Manila, Cavite,
+Nueva Ecija and other provinces, commanding that armed rebellion
+should commence at day-break of Sunday the 30th. The day and hour
+assigned finally arrived, and the whole province of Manila broke out;
+the rebels committing a thousand and one abuses and crimes upon as many
+Europeans and loyal natives as were encountered. Like wild beasts they
+attacked the waterworks and the powder station situated at San Juan
+del Monte from whence they were valiantly driven back by a section
+of artillery and another of the 70th regiment. Simultaneously they
+attempted to invade the suburb of Sampaloc by way of Santa Mesa and
+there also they were combatted and dispersed by 60 Veteran Guards
+who prevented, by their defence, a day of mourning for the city of
+Manila. All Cavite, except the capital, arose in insurrection on
+the afternoon of the 31st., assassinating and disarming the whole
+of the Civil Guard of the province, after an heroic defence on the
+part of the latter. They assaulted the convents and estates of the
+Religious Orders and murdered the defenseless ministers of the Lord
+(95). On the 3rd of September the capital of Nueva Ecija was attacked
+by large masses of rebels, and the colony [13] and the Civil Guard
+heroically resisted until the arrival, from Manila, of a column which
+combatted the enemy and saved that handful of Spaniards from a certain
+death. But why continue to relate events so well known to all [14].
+
+
+
+DENOUNCEMENT OF THE CONSPIRACY AND ITS DISCOVERER.
+
+"Teodoro Patino. A name which all Spaniards should pronounce with
+pleasure, because, by his repentance, inspired by divine Providence
+(96), Spain was saved from an unending series of bitter experiences.
+
+"Patino, a workman in the printing establishment of the Diario de
+Manila, pertained to the Katipunan of Tondo, as did also the majority
+of the compositors and book binders of the said establishment.
+
+"Repentant and fearful of the increase of the association, and of
+the criminal projects it pursued, he decided to denounce it to
+his sister, a student of the College of Looban, directed by the
+learned and virtuous Sisters of Mercy (97). His sister made known
+the denunciation to her Superior who called Patino into her presence;
+and realizing the gravity which surrounded the matter, sent him to the
+Rev. P. Mariano Gil, parish priest of Tondo (98), a suburb of Manila;
+to this Rev. Father, Patino repeated all that he had manifested, and
+all that he could know, he being only a simple initiated member. He
+affirmed that in the printing establishment of the Diario receipts
+and proclamations were printed, and daggers were secretly made for
+the Katipunan, and he offered, moreover, to make known where the
+lithographic stones used for the printing were hidden.
+
+"Srs. Grund and Cortes, lieutenants of the sub-division of the Veterana
+of that district, were called to the convent by P. Gil, who expounded
+to them all that had occurred. These officers made known the facts to
+their chiefs, and constituted themselves into a "cuartelillo". That
+same night there fell into the power of P. Gil the lithographic stones,
+some receipts and printed regulations of the Katipunan: objects which
+were placed at the disposition of this Corps. In the "cuartelillo"
+Patino was minutely examined, and immediate proceedings were commenced
+for the arrest of 22 oath bound katipuneros, whose houses were also
+searched. In this search an abundance of documents and effects which
+justified the denunciation were encountered. From that time no stone
+was left unturned by the officers and guards of this Corps, who for
+15 days worked unceasingly and untiringly that their labor might be
+crowned with the greatest success.
+
+"More than 500 prisoners of importance, among those who were convicted
+and among those who confessed, were handed over to the Courts of
+Justice together with all the documents, books, pamphlets, seals,
+attributes and the archives of the Supreme Council. The back of the
+vast conspiracy was broken; some of the guilty have already expiated
+their crimes (99), many have suffered deportation, (100) whilst no
+few still remain in prison awaiting the decision of human justice.
+
+"If with our aid we have contributed to the salvation of this portion
+of Spanish territory, what better recompense and reward for this
+Section of the Guardia Civil Veterana?
+
+"Manila, 28th October 1896--Olegario Diaz--Signed--The document bears
+a seal which reads: Seccion de Guardia Civil Veterana.--Manila.
+
+
+
+Here ends the document which forms the text. In continuation follow
+the notes with their corresponding numbers.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                 NOTES.
+
+                 These notes are, as regards historical
+                   matter, chiefly taken from Spanish
+                    official documents drawn up as a
+                      result of juridical procee-
+                         dings against certain
+                          individuals accused
+                              of treason.
+
+
+Note 2. In that period of time in which the evil effects of freemasonry
+began to tell upon the public and private life of the government
+officials and upon the morals of the people in general, the Civil
+Governor of Manila, D. Justo Martin Lunas (1886), gave a ball to
+which the cream of Manila society was invited. Among the selections
+for the evening was an extravagant item, nothing more or less than
+... a can-can! This in itself was enough; but what made the matter
+so much the worse was that the governor had invited the venerable
+Archbishop of Manila to the ball. The news of the innovation spread
+far and wide, and very soon the whole city was in a state of wild
+excitement. In the defense of public morals the Archbishop deemed it
+necessary to issue a pastoral letter condemning such spectacles.
+
+Although not directed at that particular "school of scandal", this
+pastoral was interpreted by all those concerned, as well as by the
+public in general, as a severe lesson for Sr. Lunas and those who
+had gathered in the government house to dance the can-can or to take
+pleasure therein. Hence Sr. Luna and his party considered themselves
+offended, and did not hesitate to take revenge when an opportunity
+occurred, upon the aged and infirm Archbishop who did all he had done,
+in defense of the morals of his flock.
+
+From this event sprung the seed which gave rise, later on, to the
+famous, or rather infamous manifestation of '88: an insensate campaign
+inspired against the Religious Orders by these offended ones and
+their followers (See note 30).
+
+The Civil Governor at that time was D. Jose Centeno y Garcia an active
+propagator of freemasonry, holding the 33rd degree. He, together
+with Sr. Quiroja, fostered and godfathered the "manifestation". In
+this semi-official insult to Archbishop Payo, an insult so ably
+analysed by Sr. Retana [15], we have one of the best examples that
+could be furnished of the methods adopted by the masonic enemies of
+the Catholic faith in this archipelago. This manifestation, fostered
+by a governor who drew down upon himself the righteous ire of all
+honorable men and women by reason of his protection of the houses
+of ill-fame in and about the city, was a truly masonic invention by
+which many, in fact some 98% of those who signed it, were grossly
+deceived. The following notes taken from the analysis of Sr. Retana,
+will give an idea of the real value of the "manifestation" and the
+part the people had therein. In the Suburb of Sta. Cruz there were
+144 people who signed the document, that is to say there were 144
+names. Of these no less than 56 were unknown, 3 were minors and 3 did
+not recognize their signatures; 52 were natives and 8 were Chinese
+half-castes. In Sampaloc: 61 signatures, all of which were of indians
+none of whom followed trades or professions which necessitated the
+use of brain power. In Malate: 38 signatures, 31 of indians, only 15
+of whom understood Spanish. In Binondo: 41, 31 of whom were indians;
+five minors. In Sta. Ana, out of 104, the number of minors was 14,
+and 50 did not understand Spanish; 66 were indians. In Caloocan: 80
+signatures of which 55 were indians who did not understand Spanish; 38
+were laborers, 7 were minors. In Navotas: 140 signatures; 49 laborers,
+and 49 fishermen; 127 did not understand Spanish. In Mariquina:
+68, 38 of whom were laborers, 51 did not understand Spanish. In San
+Fernando de Dilao (Paco): 35; 6 minors and all indians. In San Mateo,
+50 signatures; 39 laborers, 45 indians, 41 of whom did not understand
+Spanish. In San Miguel 49; and here comes the crowning piece of the
+magnificent work, for of these 49 no fewer than 16 had died! yes died
+previous to the drawing up of the document and therefore could not
+possibly have signed it; moreover 7 did not recognize their signatures,
+and all were indians.
+
+In recapitulation; there were 810 signatures; of these 85 did not
+declare on examination, 56 were unknown, 39 were minors, 22 did not
+recognize their signatures and 16 had died previous to the drawing
+up of the document (Feb. 20th 1888). This brings the 810 down to
+592. Of these 592 signatures 208 were of laborers, 50 of fishermen,
+31 of carpenters, 7 washermen and 5 barbers: a total of 301 persons
+whose occupations called for no particular amount of education, and
+whose interest and concern in such a movement as this may be judged
+from their social standing. Deducting these 301 from the remaining 592
+we have 291 left for further analysis. Of these 25 were of tailors,
+4 singers (!) and 3 school masters; 58 escribientes whose occupation
+it is to make clean copies of documents and other manuscript, the most
+that can be said of the majority of them being that they can write
+well, not an uncommon thing anyhow for a filipino; 11 of musicians,
+men who lead the life of crickets, enjoying hunger by day and noise
+by night; 9 type-setters, men who after having set a dozen columns
+of material could not tell you anything of the subject they were
+composing, in other words, men who like the escribientes reproduce
+mechanically without knowing what they are reproducing; this gives us
+107 of another grade leaving 184 to be divided among the many odds
+and ends of occupations followed by the native to earn his "fish
+and rice". No less than 384 of the number did not understand Spanish
+and 13 could not write. In the matter of races: ONE was a Spaniard,
+Enrique Rodriguez de los Palacios who called himself a merchant and
+was domiciled in Binondo. Upon investigation it turned out that he
+also had been fooled and that he had signed the protest because he had
+been told that other Spaniards had also signed it; as to its contents
+he affirmed that he knew nothing. One was a Spanish mestizo, 66 were
+Chinese half-castes and 524 were indians. So much for the famous
+manifestation which resulted in giving a most decisive blow to the
+moral and social standing of those who prepared and those who signed
+it. Those concerned therein learned the bitter lesson that "they who
+dig pits for their neighbors are apt to fall therein themselves."
+
+The common opinion has always been that the document in question
+was drawn up by Doroteo Cortes (see note 11) who had on several
+occasions been under police vigilance; had been expelled from Navotas
+and compelled to reside within the walled city, later on pardoned,
+but still kept under police surveillance. But however that may be,
+the document was infamous in the extreme, and was the precursor of
+the modern campaign against the Religious Orders. From that time to
+this present, this campaign has continued to spread, and is still
+being fostered by the Federal Party.
+
+Another of the advanced ideas which saw the light of day during
+the interim governorship of D. Jose Centeno y Garcia, a 33rd
+degree freemason and a stout republican, was the toleration, for
+the first time in the history of the Archipelago, of houses of
+prostitution. Centeno was a governor who, having erred considerably
+during his governorship, attempted some years later to regain public
+confidence by the publication of an insulting pamphlet against the
+Religious Orders. This novelty of semi-official houses of ill-fame was,
+for Manila, a most genuine expression of modern democracy. Scandals
+until then unheard of or undreamed of in Manila, became the order
+of the day. White girls imported or inveigled, were hired out by
+their mistresses to pander to the sensual appetites of blacks, merely
+because the said black-skinned sensualists were wealthy enough to pay
+the price demanded. What edification! Fundicion street became a centre
+in which the scandals daily increased in number and importance. The
+native weaned after many long years of careful training at the hands of
+the Religious Orders, from the vices in which he was found submerged
+at the time of the Spanish Conquest, was brought face to face with
+the same scandalous surroundings, introduced by people of the same
+white race which had removed his forefathers therefrom. Gradually but
+surely this leaven of corruption has eaten its way into the customs
+of the people, and to-day we are witnesses of its terrible effects. A
+comparison of the public morals of to-day with those of 20 years or
+so ago, would reveal facts which would astound many of those who are
+at a loss to account for the reason of the existence of the "querida"
+evil among so many of the Filipinos of modern Manila. A quarter of
+a century ago Manila was a paradise to what it is to-day, crimes so
+common in these days that they are scarcely worth recording, were
+unheard of; and even drunkenness was almost entirely confined to
+foreign sailors. What Manila is to-day it owes to the advanced and
+anti religious ideas introduced by freemasonry and modern democracy.
+
+
+
+Note 3. Separatism, vulgarly called filibusterism, has always,
+in the Philippines, been marked by essential characteristics. It
+was always, under the circumstances by which it was surrounded,
+necessarily anti-patriotic. One thing which helped to give it the
+robust life it enjoyed among the middle class of people, was the
+supposition of the existence of a Tagalog civilization anterior
+to the discovery of the archipelago by the famous Magallanes. This
+fantastic doctrine was preached and propagated principally by two
+of the more prominent Filipinos, Pedro Paterno and Jose Rizal. The
+former, much less cultured than Rizal, was the one to whom the most
+insensate ideas on this subject were owing, and this because although
+Rizal upheld the idea, he was led to do so by his perverse character
+rather than by his belief; whilst Paterno really believes in this
+pre-Spanish civilization, and that to such a degree that many of his
+own country-men call him a fool and ridicule him. Another essential
+mark was the enmity demonstrated against the Religious Orders. But few,
+if any at all of the propagators of the doctrines of separatism labored
+outside of the four walls of the masonic lodge room. In other words
+they were freemasons. Masonry was to them a medium through which they
+might carry on their conspiracies; it was an excuse for the creation
+of the spirit of association, till then unknown in the Philippines.
+
+The aims of separatism may be classed as direct and indirect. The
+indirect aim was the independence of the country from the yoke of
+Spain. At the best this idea of independence was but second hand,
+a lesson learned by heart by a scholar whose power of thought was
+insufficient to enable him to grasp the true meaning of the words of
+the lesson. The average Filipino lacks the sentiment of nationality;
+hence in the minds of the majority of the people independence is
+but the enjoyment of the unbridled liberty to do as they please,
+in fact to revert to the times of their ancestors when everyone who
+could exert an authority was a king, a prince or a ruler of some
+description. To the Filipino it is of little importance whether his
+sovereign or his supreme ruler be the King of Spain or the President
+of the U. S. of America, as long as he is protected from his "friends"
+and from his own country-men and may enjoy his cock-fighting and have
+the necessary supply of rice and fish for his daily sustenance.
+
+The direct aims of the separatists were those they sought in public,
+viz: representation in the Spanish Cortes, the expulsion of the
+Religious Orders, etc., etc. The result of representation in the Cortes
+would have been a veritable comedy; that of the expulsion of the Friars
+a decided tragedy for Spain, in as much as the Religious was ever the
+backbone of the administration of the colony. The consequences of the
+independence of the country would have been equally disastrous. There
+would have been the tremendous preponderance of the black over the
+white and eventually inter-tribal disputes and even armed struggles
+for the mastery. This would entail the complete stagnation of the
+moral and material progress of the people, who would gradually but
+surely drift back into the savage ways of their ancestors. And at
+last, who knows but that Japan or perhaps China would have to step
+in to save the inhabitants from becoming cannibals.
+
+This doctrine of separatism was the doctrine disseminated by Filipino
+masonry, a daughter of Spanish freemasonry. Filipino freemasonry
+however, was to a great extent addicted to views not held or sustained
+by the Gr. Or. Espanol, and hence did not make common cause with
+Universal Freemasonry, although it used its ritual, its signs and
+its name, to shield from public view those of its labors which could
+not be allowed to see the light of day. Hence the diving into the
+subject of Universal Freemasonry is somewhat irrelevant to our present
+study, suffice it to say that the brotherhood, universal as it is,
+suffers no other division than that into families. Its aim is one;
+its methods one; its doctrine one [16]; it is the worldly imitation
+of the unparalleled Catholic unity of divine foundation.
+
+The Spanish family was founded in 1811 by the Count de
+Grasse-Tilley. On the 21st of February 1804 the Supreme Council
+of Charleston issued a circular to the Count in which it said
+among other things which demonstrate the aim of the foundation:
+"Above the idea of country is the idea of humanity"; "frontiers are
+capricious demarcations imposed by the use of force." And others of
+the same nature.
+
+When the Count set forth to found the Spanish Supreme Council he was
+armed with a letters patent issued by the Supreme Council of Charleston
+containing this sentence: "the masonic solidity will never be effective
+whilst the brethren do not recognize one only power, as is one only
+the earth we inhabit, and one also the horizon we contemplate.... To
+unify, therefore, the masonic labors we all journey to the one end to
+which the work of this Supreme Council is directed, and hence what
+we have pointed out to Spain as one of the points in which is more
+necessary than elsewhere the one direction to which we refer."
+
+In 1882 Spanish freemasons were divided into different Orientes each
+of which claimed continuity with the institution of Grasse-Tilley;
+the matter was finally settled by the Supreme Council of Charleston.
+
+Opinion is divided on the question of the responsibility of the
+Spanish freemason lodges or rather the ruling "Oriente" for the
+beliefs and practices of their filipino brethren. That they were
+indirectly responsible is more than certain; and oft-times they were
+so indirectly. D. Manuel Sastron ex-Deputy to the Spanish Cortes,
+ex-Civil Governor of the Philippines, speaking on this subject says:
+"It is not possible for us on any account to fall in line with these
+suspicious reasonings: never have we had a disposition to form a part
+of such a sect, because we are old time Christians; but we repeat that
+we cannot believe nor do we imagine that any masonic centre composed of
+peninsular Spaniards could tolerate, and much less foment consciously,
+the propagation of doctrines which, whatever masonry brought about
+in the Philippines, could have given origin to the congregation of
+separatist elements."
+
+"Nevertheless side by side with this firm conviction we repeat
+what we tersely maintained, viz: that freemasonry has been the
+medium which marshalled the element which generalled the Filipino
+insurrection. Filibusterism knew how to exploit it to a fine point."
+
+
+
+"We do not find it inconvenient to affirm, but just the opposite, we
+repeat with pleasure and absolute belief that Spanish freemasonry was
+ignorant of the true ends of the Filipino masons. But it is proved to
+our way of thinking, to the point of evidence, that Filipino masonry
+pursued no other ends than the independence of those islands (the
+Philippines.)" [17]
+
+It must be noted that this is the opinion of a Spanish patriot, for
+a patriot Sastron certainly was, and what is more natural than that
+a true patriot should doubt the possibility of his own countrymen
+mixing themselves up in anti-patriotic movements: Yet while Sastron
+and other writers would redeem their fellow countrymen from such a
+stain as that of treason, I am inclined to believe that the asserted
+ignorance of the Spanish freemason was too often official, that is
+to say it was not genuine, but limited to the members of the society
+who enjoyed the privileges of the lower degrees.
+
+There are two sides to every question, however, and that the "other
+side" may be given a fair hearing, I will quote a declaration of
+Antonio Luna on this subject. Luna, among the many statements made
+before the Lieut. Col. in command of the Cuartel de Caballeria, on the
+8th of October 1896, confessed that "in the year 1890 or 91, of his
+own free-will, he formed a masonic project based on Spanish masonry:
+a project which might, at its proper time be applied to filibuster
+conspiracy. This project was discussed and approved by the Oriente
+Espanol in Madrid; but that center did not know the secondary ends
+to which it would be applied.... Of his own free-will he manifested
+that his ideas were, when he formed the project, anti-Spanish...."
+
+With rare exceptions the Filipinos who left their native soil to
+finish their education in the Spanish peninsula, were those to whom
+the real work of separatism is owing. The Filipino at home who has
+fallen into line with his foreign educated brother is but a blind
+worker. And the Filipino who went to Spain was as a rule, a very
+general rule, taken under the sheltering care of Miguel Morayta (see
+note 13). The responsibility therefore for the ideas inculcated into
+the minds of those "students" lies, and that heavily, upon Morayta,
+the chief of that family of freemasonry which claims ignorance of the
+aims of its filipino membership. The only logical excuse that can be
+brought forwards is that filipino freemasonry degenerated. When once it
+took root in the Archipelago it spread with wonderful rapidity. The
+adepts were for the most part Chinese half-castes; and little by
+little that strange train of thought of the native, whether he be
+full blooded or mixed, a train of thought which, like the filipino
+pony is accustomed to walk backwards when it should go forwards,
+or like the patient carabao which too often lies down just at the
+moment when its services are the most needed to drag a load over a
+mud hole, carried the would-be citizens of an independent country to
+the verge of political insanity. Certain it is that as the idea of
+separation became more and more developed the Spanish masons who were
+member of the Filipino lodges severed their connection therewith. But
+yet it does not appear within the limits of common sense to believe
+that the Spanish masons were ignorant; the greater probability is
+that they were too indulgent, too confiding. To hold too fast to the
+excuse of ignorance is to profess oneself very ignorant. But whether
+it was ignorance or the wanting of even that species of patriotism
+which one expects to find in beasts of burden (for every horse knows
+his own stables) the black fact still remains that Spanish masonry
+gave birth to, and fostered, Filipino freemasonry or in other words,
+the katipunan.
+
+However, be the degree of ignorance what it may, we cannot overlook
+the fact that the actions of the Tagalog freemasons, the katipunan
+if you will, for the one and the other are the same thing under
+different names, were the cause of no little surprise to the Grand
+Oriente Espanol. The filipino mason was a traitor to the mother which
+gave him being and nourished him into activity: a traitor who used
+the cover of the freemason lodge only that he might the easier and
+safer hatch out his plot to gain, by the most brutal means imaginable,
+the independence of his country.
+
+In his declaration made in the presence of Colonel Francisco Olive
+y Garcia and others on the 23rd of September 1896, Moises Salvador
+Francisco, of Quiapo (Manila) stated that "in April 1891 he came to
+Manila bringing with him a copy of the agreements arrived at by the
+Junta of Madrid, and these he handed over to Timoteo Paez to see if
+masonic lodges could be established as a commencement of the work. In
+the following year of 1892 Pedro Serrano arrived from Spain and then
+Masonry (native) was introduced into the Philippines, the first lodge
+instituted being the Nilad."
+
+To give some idea of the separatist aims which gave life and
+nourishment to the Tagalog revolt, I will quote a few extracts taken
+from masonic documents, and from the declarations, made by persons
+complicated in the conspiracy. These declarations were made in the
+presence of the appointed judge, Col. D. Francisco Olive y Garcia,
+and others, and are of capital interest in the study of the rise and
+fall of the filipino "commune".
+
+The citations are as follows:
+
+I. In an act of Session of the Katipunan Sur at the commencement of
+the year 1896, the session being opened, the president don Agustin
+Tantoko, a native priest [18], invited the membership present to
+express its opinion concerning the questions proposed, viz: how
+ought we to act towards society; towards ourselves; and how ought
+we to act in case of surprise. Mariano Kalisan considered, dealing
+with the first question, that "as their principal object was not to
+leave alive any Spaniard in all the future Filipino republic" they
+should procure to make friends with them as much as possible in order
+to be able to carry out their plans with more surety when the time
+should arrive to give the cry of independence. D. Gabino Tantoko,
+brother of the president, considered that the said principle should
+be carried out especially in dealing with the members of the Religious
+Orders. Both propositions were accepted.
+
+As regards the second question, Epifanio Ramos proposed that meetings
+should be held as seldom as possible "in order to avoid scandals".
+
+In case of surprise, Hermenegildo Garcia considered that "the
+strongest fort lay in denial." The brothers Tantoko remarked that such
+surprise was almost impossible seeing that they had determined "not
+to leave alive any of those who might surprise them." The president
+moreover remarked that, from that time forward, in case of danger,
+"they should destroy all the papers they held in their power, such
+as acts, receipts, letters, plans and especially the arms they held,
+in case the blow they were to deal in Manila should not succeed." This
+was accepted unanimously.
+
+In reply to a question, the president affirmed that "all the sections
+of Katipunan existing in the future Filipino republic pursued the
+same end: viz: the independence of the Filipino people, the release
+from the yoke of the step-mother [19] Spain."
+
+II. In a document dated the 12th of June 1896 and giving instructions
+to those who should carry out the proposed slaughter of all the
+Spaniards in Manila, we read:
+
+"2nd. Once the signal is given every bro. shall fulfill the duty
+imposed upon him by this Gr. Reg. Log. without considerations of any
+kind, neither of parentage, friendship nor of gratitude, etc."
+
+"4th. The blow having been struck at the Captain General and the other
+Spanish Authorities, the loyals shall attack the convents and shall
+behead their infamous inhabitants, respecting the wealth contained
+in the said convents; this shall be gathered ... etc."
+
+"6th. On the following day the bbro. designated shall bury all the
+bodies of their hateful oppressors in the field of Bagumbayan together
+with their wives and children, and on the site shall later on be raised
+a monument commemorative of the independence of the G. N. F. (Gran
+Nacion Filipina)."
+
+"7th. The bodies of the members of the Religious Orders shall not be
+buried, but burned in just payment for the felonies (sic) which they
+committed during life against the Filipino nation during the three
+hundred years of their nefarious domination." [20]
+
+This infamous document is signed by the president of the
+executive commission by the Gr. Mast. adj. Giordano Bruno, and the
+Gr. Sec. Galileo. [21]
+
+III. In his declaration made before Col. Olive y Garcia, the second
+Lieutenant D. Benedicto Nijaga y Polonis, a native of Carbeyeng,
+province of Samar, stated that the conspiracy was entered into for
+the purpose of securing from Spain, by peaceful means, or by the
+process of revolution, the independence of the country. He affirmed
+moreover that, in the case of revolution, the aid of Japan was to be
+sought and that the co-operation of the native troops was expected:
+and that the plan of campaign of the rebels who were in San Mateo,
+was to "fall upon Manila", the native infantry sent out to meet the
+attack to pass over to the rebel ranks.
+
+IV. In his declaration made in Manila before the same judge, Pio
+Valenzuela y Alejandrino stated that he was one of the members of the
+Interior Supreme Council of the Katipunan, the aim of which was to
+collect a large amount of money and promote a general rising in order
+to declare the independence of the islands under the protectorate
+of the Empire of Japan. Further on he stated that the rising was to
+have taken place at 7 o'clock p. m. on the 29th of August, entry being
+made into Manila and its suburbs, the rebels "killing the Spaniards,
+and the natives and Chinese who did not wish to follow them, and
+then devoting themselves to the sacking of the town, to robbery and
+incendiarism and the violation of women."
+
+V. Romualdo de J., sculptor of Sta. Cruz, Manila, declared that he had
+founded the Katipunan in 1888, the year in which the manifestation
+against the Archbishop was made; he defined the aim of the society
+to be "the killing of all the Spaniards and the taking possession of
+the islands."
+
+VI. In his declaration made in Cavite, September 3, 1896, Alfonso
+Ocampo affirmed that according to the plans formulated, they
+were "to make the assault, killing and robbing all the peninsular
+Spaniards." And moreover, that "the rebellion had for its object the
+assassination of all the peninsular Spaniards, the violation and
+beheading afterwards of their wives and of their children even to
+the youngest."
+
+Many others might be cited; with these six samples an idea may be
+gathered of the progressive idea advocated or fostered by Rizal,
+Pilar, Lopez, Ponce, the Lunas, Rosario, Cortes, and others who were
+inspired by Morayta, the Grand Master of the Gran Oriente Espanol.
+
+
+
+Note 4. The then Civil Governor of Manila, in a report to the Colonial
+Minister concerning what was taking place in Manila says, speaking
+of this Corps:
+
+"... this Corps of Vigilance which, although composed of no more than
+45 persons including the inspectors of the same ... renders a service
+(to the Government in secret service work) which should be confided
+to 100 persons, considering the nature and the amount of the work
+undertaken and performed daily, from the day of the formation of the
+Corps to this day: a period of about a year. The interesting body of
+police which under my orders has performed such valuable services,
+is that which has attained greatest success in the fruitful labor of
+making clear the vandalistic events we have been experiencing."
+
+
+
+Note 5. Filibusters: more properly called separatists. Noah Webster
+describes a filibuster as a "lawless military adventurer, especially
+one in quest of plunder; a free-booter, a pirate." Hence, taken
+in its true meaning, the word does not apply to the separatists of
+the Philippines. Retana classifies the filibuster in three groups:
+the first: he who, thinking little or nothing of the independence
+of his country, showed more or less aversion to the peninsular
+Spaniards. 2. He who, under the pretext or without it, of illustrating
+his countrymen, inculcated into their minds political ideas which,
+without meriting the qualification of subversive, tended to incite
+them against supposed oppressions of the Spaniards; against all
+things which appeared behind the times, hence according to their way
+of arguing, against the Religious Corporations, to which they owed
+everything except their anti-Spaniardism. As a rule those belonging
+to this group professed great love for the mother-country and did
+not preach ideas of independence; they held the belief that theirs
+was the duty to prepare the way for the emancipation which should
+be attained by their grandchildren. And 3. Those whose aim was to
+attain the emancipation of their country as soon as possible. This
+latter group were the true separatists. It is however difficult to
+distinguish between the filibuster so called, and the true separatist;
+perhaps the only admissible distinction is that the separatist is a man
+of peaceful methods whilst the filibuster is a man of struggles. Rizal
+was more or less a separatist, Andres Bonifacio a veritable filibuster.
+
+
+
+Note 6. Sr. Olive was a gentleman who well deserved the respect and
+honor paid to him by his nation, and the hatred of those whose plans of
+treachery he thwarted and who, in spiteful revenge, have gone so far as
+to accuse him of using torture and other forcible means of extorting
+confessions, many of which they claim to have been false. Sr. Olive
+was too kind-hearted a man to stoop to such methods even had the
+circumstances demanded the use of moderate physical persuasion.
+
+At one time Sr. Olive was the Governor of the Marianas Islands
+concerning the which he wrote and published a very interesting
+memoir. He was at that time Lieut. Colonel.
+
+Later on he was made Colonel and as such was placed at the head of
+one of the sections of the Guardia Civil of Manila. He was secretary
+of the sub-inspection of arms of the Philippines. When a state of
+war was declared, the charges which were at that time being prepared
+in connection with the insurrection, were handed over to Sr. Olive,
+who with a zeal worthy of praise, and an energy too seldom exerted,
+commenced to deal out strict justice to the enemies of their
+country. About a year and a half ago Sr. Olive was made General
+of Brigade.
+
+
+
+Note 7. According to a pamphlet written by a pseudonymous freemason and
+printed in Paris in 1896, the first lodge founded in the Philippines
+was that established in Cavite about 1860 under the name of Luz
+Filipina and subject to the Gr. Or. Lusitian, enjoying immediate
+correspondence with the Portuguese lodges of Macao and Hong-Kong
+which served as intermediaries between that lodge and those of other
+neighboring countries.
+
+Another statement however, from the pen of Sr. Nicolas Diaz y Perez
+who formed his data from the original documents of the lodges, places
+the first foundation at the end of the year 1834. At this time,
+says Sr. Diaz, D. Mariano Marti, who died twenty-seven years later,
+whilst on his return to Spain, founded, together with others, lodges
+in various parts of the Archipelago, but they did not prosper and soon
+dissolved. The epoch of intrigues which produced so much disquietude
+and perversion of moral customs and ideas, more especially in the
+Tagal provinces, commenced about 1868. The masonic activity at that
+time was owing greatly to the political intriguers who were deported
+from Spain to this archipelago, where their influence was felt in no
+small degree, to the detriment of public morals.
+
+About 1872, during the interim government of Gen. Blanco Valderrama,
+a lodge was founded in Sampaloc, subject to the Gr. Or. Esp.,
+and composed entirely of peninsular Spaniards with the exclusion
+of natives.
+
+In the same year D. Rufino Pascual Torrejon reached Manila and united
+his efforts to those of Marti, founding lodges purely Spanish.
+
+On the first of March 1874 was created the lodge "Luz de Oriente" under
+the obedience of the Gr. Or. de Esp., the Gr. Comend. being D. Juan
+de la Somera. This was really the first successful establishment of
+masonry in the Philippines. The cited Sr. Diaz y Perez says on this
+point; "It may be said that freemasonry regularly constituted in the
+Philippines, dates from the 1st. of March 1874, with the creation of
+the lodge Luz de Oriente...."
+
+On the 1st of March 1875 was installed the Gr. L. Departmental,
+D. Rufino Pascual Torrejon being the Gr. President.
+
+Up to the year 1884 the lodges of the Philippines did not admit to
+their membership either indians or half-castes; but since that time,
+and upon the initiative of the Gr. Mast. of the Gr. Or. Esp. the doors
+of the lodges were opened to all indians and half-castes who could read
+or write. Later on purely native lodges were founded and from that time
+Spain lost, little by little but surely, her hold upon the people,
+with the result that she eventually lost her colony. What masonry
+has accomplished in other parts of the world it also accomplished
+here very effectually. It laid the foundation for the undermining of
+society, bringing forth a generation of traitors and building up a
+kingdom for anti-Christ.
+
+As has been proved over and over again by the many masonic documents
+which have been discovered, freemasonry was ever anti-Catholic
+in the Philippines; but it was not until it had degenerated into
+filibusterism that the anti-Spanish spirit really took shape. Year
+by year this spirit spread and more, especially among the natives
+and half-castes of less intellectual capacity. Among this element,
+separatist ideas spread with marvelous rapidity owing to the
+peculiarity of the character of the native and of the half-caste,
+more especially the Chinese half-caste. (See note 19).
+
+Up to 1890, even Filipino masonry enjoyed but insignificant
+development. By 1892, however, it had spread widely, and in the
+following year Manila was gifted with a female lodge founded on the
+18th of July of that year, under the name of "La Semilla", of which
+Rosario Villareal, the daughter of Faustino Villareal, was declared
+the Ven. Gr. Mistress.
+
+From this time the element of politico-social decomposition
+gained ground among the native and half-caste population. New ideas
+continually gave place to the old and as the aims and purposes of the
+lodges degenerated, these centers of anti-catholic propaganda became
+more and more anti-Spanish.
+
+Isabelo de los Reyes, in an attempted defense of his "friends",
+makes the important confession that "Filipino freemasonry was not so
+inoffensive as it was believed.... The "Liga" at least was a school of
+conspiracy, and in truth, the Filipinos did not turn out bad pupils."
+
+Another demonstration of the inoffensiveness of freemasonry is the
+following series of facts taken from a pamphlet published in 1896 in
+Paris by Antonio Regidor under the pseudonym of Francisco Engracio
+Vergara. Regidor was a distinguished figure in the attempted revolt
+of 1872, and hence may justly be supposed to know something of the
+matter of which he speaks. He says:
+
+"By reason of the rising of Cavite many Filipinos characterized as
+progressives were deported to Marianas.... To the masons of Hong-Kong
+was owing the flight of several Filipinos...."
+
+"The foreign masons distributed arms in Negros, Mindanao and Jolo. The
+official bank of Singapore distributed in Cebu, Leyte and Bohol over
+L80,000 stg., and that of Hong-Kong more than L200,000 in Panay and
+Negros.... The French freemasons at the petition of brother Paraiso,
+went to aid also the escape of the deported in Marianas."
+
+
+
+Note 8. Rizal and others: Of this group Rizal, Pilar, the Lunas and
+Cortes, formed the more guilty part, they being men of superior
+education and more enlightened minds. Rizal was the center upon
+which almost everything connected with the revolt turned. During
+his younger days he lived with his parents in Calamba, where they
+occupied a stretch of land owned by the Dominican Corporation. The
+Rizal family was one of those most favored by the Dominicans [22],
+and one of those ungrateful ones too, which commenced law-suit against
+the said Corporation to unjustly possess themselves of the land they
+held at rent.
+
+Rizal received his secondary education at the Ateneo Municipal
+conducted by the Jesuit Fathers, and was always a bright attentive and
+successful pupil. At that time he was secretary of the Sodality of the
+Blessed Virgin and Promoter of the Apostleship of Prayer. Whilst he
+remained true to the traditions of Catholic Spain, he was an upright
+pious youth. Much of his time he spent in carving wooden images of the
+Blessed Virgin and of the Sacred Heart, and in writing compositions,
+some of them remarkable for their beauty, in which were reflected a
+pure love for Spain.
+
+Having attained the degree of Bachelor he left the Ateneo and passed to
+the University of Manila, continuing his studies under the Dominican
+Fathers. There he studied medicine with great success for some years,
+and at length went to Europe to terminate his career and take his
+degrees.
+
+Rizal left school like so many other filipino students, overloaded
+with science he was unable to direct, full of pride because of his
+accomplishments, and very ambitious. He terminated his studies in
+Madrid and Germany, in both of which places he fell in with a class
+of people who utilized him as a tool to accomplish an end at that
+time unknown to him. They filled his head with new and false ideas,
+making him vain promises which appealed to his pride, and by their
+dark arts made of him a separatist. He also studied English and
+German, his studies in this latter language making him enthusiastic
+in the things of Germany and, in an extraordinary degree, with those
+of protestantism.
+
+Among his own people he was the possessor of an exceptional
+intelligence and talent but outside his own circle his most famous
+accomplishments are but poor to the student of Literature. His sadly
+famous Noli me tangere and El Filibusterismo cannot pass for more
+than very second-hand for their ingenuity and literary taste, but
+they possess the quality of being a mirror in which is reflected the
+inclinations, character and perverse moral sense of their author. In
+them he is reflected as a restless spirit anxious for human glory,
+haughty and above all, anti-Spanish and ungrateful in the extreme.
+
+It was in Berlin that he published his Noli in 1886. That this novel
+was written by Rizal there in no doubt, but that the ideas therein
+expressed came directly from his own head is more than doubtful. Like
+the vast majority of Filipino productions, it is but a copy taken
+from models which had struck the fancy of the author. The pictures
+he draws therein of the disadvantages suffered by the Filipinos who
+have become espanolized, are but reproductions prepared in his own
+coarse and crude way of thinking, of the most scurrilous anti-Spanish
+and anti-Catholic works of propaganda produced by the Bible Societies
+and spread abroad throughout the world as gospel truth. Taking away
+the insults hurled against the Church and the Religious Orders,
+and against Spain, there is absolutely nothing new in the novel. Its
+object was to attack the friars and the chiefs of the Guardia Civil,
+both of which the author well knew to be the sustainment and guarantee
+of peace and order in the Archipelago and consequently the strongest
+support of the Spanish sovereignty in the Philippines, a sovereignty
+he wished to overthrow. To a reader whose library consists of a half
+a dozen books of insignificant literary value, the noli of Rizal is a
+masterpiece; but to the reader who has seen a book with a cover, who
+has had some experience of that portion of the world which lies outside
+the limits of the town of his birth, and who is gifted with more or
+less ability to think for himself, and sift the wheat from the straw
+in a literary composition, noli me tangere is but a half-tone picture
+cut from a newspaper and colored with water-colors by a ... school-boy.
+
+Towards the end of 1887, Rizal returned to the Archipelago, remaining
+about two months, during the which he made active propaganda of the
+ideas and fancies he had picked up in Europe: ideas which he himself
+could not really understand.
+
+In February 1888 he left Manila for Japan, from whence he returned
+to Europe, living for a while in Paris and later on in London.
+
+In 1892 Rizal, relying upon the generous character of D. Eulogio
+Despujols, the then Governor General of the Archipelago, decided
+to return to Manila. From Hong-Kong where he was then residing, he
+wrote to the governor, asking permission to return to his home; the
+Governor replied by means of the Spanish Consul at Hong-Kong, that
+he had no reason to prohibit him from returning, and that he could
+do so when it so pleased him, providing he came with no intention to
+disturb the peace then reigning in the Islands.
+
+This Rizal lost no time in doing; he arrived together with his
+sister. The baggage of both was carefully examined and in one of the
+trunks was discovered a bundle of leaflets in the form of anti-friar
+proclamations which indicated the bad faith of a traitor. These were
+handed over to Despujols unknown to Rizal. The Governor preserved
+them in his desk for future reference. In an interview with the
+Governor, Rizal begged pardon for his father who was under sentence
+of deportation for certain events which had taken place in Calamba;
+this was granted him without reserve.
+
+Our hero soon forgot the aims he professed to the Governor; instead
+of thinking about his folks and making his arrangements for the
+colonizing scheme he professed to have worked out in Borneo, he set
+to work to stir up disrespect towards the authorities, and the spirit
+of political unrest. He together with Doroteo Cortes and Jose Basa
+were the objects of careful vigilance on the part of the secret police.
+
+After a few days a prolonged conference took place between the Governor
+General and Rizal. During this conference the latter made patent his
+political feelings, at the same time making protestations of respect
+for Spain. His political programme however was not in keeping with
+his protestations of patriotism, and this fact so angered Despujols,
+who now saw that Rizal's idea was to fool him, that he took from his
+drawer the proclamations discovered in the agitator's baggage and
+thrusting them under the nose of the traitor, said:
+
+--And these proclamations; what are they, what do they mean?
+
+Rizal taken by surprise and confounded, cowardly declared that they
+were the property of his sister, a declaration which only enraged
+the General the more, and he ordered his detention in Fort Santiago;
+on the following day he decreed his deportation to Dapitan.
+
+Whilst in exile his opinion and advice were sought concerning the
+advisability of immediate armed rebellion. But he, crafty, more or
+less far seeing and, above all, jealous of Bonifacio's increasing
+ascendancy over the people, refused to countenance the idea. Granting
+the unselfish desire he professed of seeking merely the independence
+of his country, Rizal's jealousy was justified. Bonifacio's one
+great idea was the presidency; Rizal's: the honor and glory of having
+prepared the way for, and eventually, by his labors accomplishing his
+country's deliverance from what he was pleased to call the oppression
+of the Spanish Government. Had such oppression existed, Rizal's idea
+would have been worthy of classifying as noble. George Washington well
+deserved the name of the "Father of his Country," for he, laying aside
+all selfish aims and desires, led a handful of men against a horde of
+mercenaries sent by a cruel monarch who oppressed his people, not only
+in the colonies but in the mother-country also. Washington was a man
+who deserved and received the respect of those against whom he fought,
+for he fought for a principle. Such an honor never has, and never
+can be received by Rizal from his own countrymen. The campaign Rizal
+fought was inspired by and worked out in the freemason lodges which
+used our "hero" as a willing tool. Rizal was a Filipino Garibaldi,
+never a Filipino Washington, and hence the honors paid to his memory
+as a "patriot" must emanate from the lodge rooms which made him what
+he was, and not from the people of his country.
+
+In Dapitan the Filipino agitator was not inactive. On one occasion
+he directed a letter (which never reached its destination on account
+of its having fallen into the hands of Spanish authorities) to the
+Capitan Municipal of the province of Batangas, giving him information
+of the work of filibusterism which was at that time being carried on.
+
+Rizal, tiring of his position in Dapitan, eventually asked permission
+of the Governor General, Gen. Blanco, to be sent to Cuba as physician
+to the Spanish forces there. Blanco agreed to the proposition and
+ordered his return to Manila in preparation for the voyage to Spain,
+where he was to be sent and placed at the disposition of the Minister
+of War.
+
+From Spain came word, however, that the petition could not be accepted;
+and for a very good reason. Rizal's idea of becoming an army surgeon,
+was a manifest pretence, his real aim was to aid the separatist
+movement there, if he ever got there, but primarily to make his
+escape at an intermediate port, Singapore probably, if opportunity
+occurred. Moreover, it having come to the ears of the authorities that
+certain people of Pampanga and Bulacan were preparing a reception for
+the agitator, the Governor ordered that he should not be allowed to
+leave Dapitan, and that should he have left there, he should not be
+allowed to land in Manila on his arrival, but be transferred to another
+ship which should carry him back to Mindanao. It happened that he had
+left Dapitan on board the S. S. Espana, and in due time he arrived
+at Manila. At 11 a. m. on the 6th of August the ship on which he came
+anchored in the bay and everyone landed except Rizal. A lieutenant of
+the Veterana went aboard and took possession of the person of Rizal,
+holding him as a prisoner till 7:30 p. m., at which time, through an
+error in the delivery of an order, he was allowed to disembark. This he
+did in company with his sister Narcisa, and they made their way to the
+office of the Captain of the Port and later on to the Comandancia of
+the Veterana. His sister not having been under sentence of deportation,
+was allowed to go to the home of her relatives.
+
+During the evening of the same day Gen. Blanco gave a reception
+at Malacanang at which were present the Archbishop of Manila, the
+Illust. Sr. Bernardino Nozaleda; Sr. Echaluce; Sr. Fernandez Victorio,
+President of Audiencia; Sr. Bores Romero, the Civil Director and
+others. During the reception Gen. Blanco received a telegram from the
+Governor of the province of Batangas stating that in the pueblo of
+Taal, in the house of the brother of the filibuster Felipe Agoncillo,
+had been discovered a quantity of arms and ammunition, among other
+things being 10 revolvers, 10 winchesters, 10 other guns, a case of
+explosive bullets, a quantity of dynamite, a Japanese flag, another
+composed of red and blue with a representation of the sun in the
+center surrounded by seven stars--the flag of the future Filipino
+republic. Blanco realizing the importance of the news, formed a
+committee from among those present, choosing those who were members
+of the Junta of Authorities, to take steps in the matter. Orders were
+immediately given that Rizal should be placed on board the cruiser
+Castilla which was stationed at Cavite; this was carried out, the
+start from Manila being made at 11 p. m. the same night. This action
+was considered necessary, in as much as the news of the landing of
+Rizal spread fast and caused no little stir among his followers.
+
+Whilst Rizal was on board the cruiser Castilla which was awaiting
+orders, the Katipunan revolt broke out in Manila and the suburbs. Very
+soon afterwards his voyage Spainwards was commenced on board the
+S. S. Colon, the insurrection becoming more and more wide-spread
+daily. On finding to what an extent Rizal was complicated in the
+work of the revolution, his return to the Archipelago, as a prisoner,
+was demanded, and so our "hero" returned to be judged as were so many
+of his fellow agitators, for the crimes for which he was morally and
+physically responsible.
+
+A council of war was constituted under the presidency of
+Lieut. Col. Tabares, Capt. Tavil de Andrade taking charge of the
+defense of the prisoner. The accusation preferred against him was that
+he was the chief organizer of the revolution. The trial took place in
+the hall of the Cuartel de Espana in the presence of a large audience
+among whom were his sister and the woman with whom he had been living
+in Dapitan. The charge having been read out, several declarations were
+made by Rizal, some before his voyage to Spain and others since his
+return were also read. During his trial Rizal denied the knowledge
+of several persons who were his intimate friends and co-workers;
+among them Maximo Inocencio and Mariano Linjap, and others with whom
+he had been in almost continual communication. He denied knowledge
+of the "Liga Filipina" stating that not only did he not found it,
+but that he was not aware of its existence. He affirmed ignorance of
+who Valenzuela was, and almost immediately afterwards stated that he
+had held an interview with him in Dapitan when that individual had
+been sent there by Bonifacio to consult him on the subject of armed
+rebellion. Throughout the whole trial he pursued the same tactics,
+proving that, of himself, he was but an ordinary Filipino indian who,
+when left to himself to stand on his own merits, gave no signs of
+particular judgement or power of thought. The Filipino on trial,
+even for some significant affair, cannot tell a lie to advantage:
+Rizal was no exception even in this. The trial being ended he was
+condemned to execution.
+
+Previous to meeting his death he confessed and received the Holy
+Communion from the hands of the Jesuit Fathers having after long
+consideration, made the following retraction of his errors:
+
+
+    "I declare myself Catholic and in this religion in which I was born
+    and educated I wish to live and die. I retract with all my heart
+    all my words, writings and actions that have been contrary to my
+    condition as a son of the Catholic Church. I believe and profess
+    whatever She teaches and I submit to whatever She demands. I
+    abominate masonry as an enemy of the Church and as a society
+    condemned by the Church.
+
+    "The diocesan prelate, as superior ecclesiastical authority, may
+    make public this spontaneous manifestation, to make reparation
+    for the scandals which may have been caused by my works, and that
+    God and my fellow-men may pardon me."
+
+    "Manila 29th December 1896.--Jose Rizal.--Witnesses: Juan del
+    Fresno, Chief of Picket.--Eloy Maure, Adjutant."
+
+
+He also entered the holy bonds of matrimony with the young woman
+with whom he had been living for some time in Mindanao. On the way
+to the place of his execution he remarked to one of the Fathers who
+accompanied him. Father, it is my pride that has brought me here."
+
+Of the political error committed by the Spanish Authorities in
+the execution of Rizal, I do not hold myself up as a judge. All
+governments, like human beings, commit mistakes and at times grave
+ones. The Spanish authorities, feeling themselves justified in so
+doing, ordered the execution of the prisoner who was responsible
+for one of the most bloody revolts since the time of the French
+revolution: the pattern taken by the Filipino leaders, for the means
+of the foundation of the Filipino republic. Rizal was executed on the
+Luneta. To assert that he was offered up as a victim to gratify the
+wishes of the Religious Orders is but a crude and vicious argument
+worthy of its inventors and propagators. Nothing, absolutely nothing,
+can be brought forward to prove such an assertion, but on the contrary,
+those members of the Religious Orders who concerned themselves in
+the stirring affairs of the revolution were, as a very general rule,
+opposed to harsh and extreme measures being taken; and among these
+was the Illustrious Archbishop of Manila, Sr. Nozaleda, a noble,
+tenderhearted and compassionate prelate, a prelate who has been dubbed
+by Foreman as "the blood-thirsty Archbishop". Had the friars held the
+reins of government as they are stated to have done, history would not
+have to record the names of so many, many people who were executed:
+people who were scarcely to be held as guilty, in as much as they
+were but sheep who thoughtlessly followed their shepherds without
+even looking to see where the road they trod would lead them.
+
+In politics Rizal had his party composed of a number of insignificant
+petty-lawyers, petty-doctors and others possessing academic titles and
+a semi-formed cerebral power. These were backed by a mass of the people
+of Calamba, Rizal's birthplace. In their eyes he was a "Messiah", a
+"Mahdi", their prophet and redeemer. As an individual he was bright
+and intelligent, and had he not been led astray by those who made a
+"cat's paw" of him, and who cruelly deserted him in his hour of need,
+he would doubtless have been one of the foremost Filipinos of to-day
+in that sphere of life in which God had placed him.
+
+A Spanish proverb says: "In blind man's land the one eyed man is a
+king." Rizal was a king.
+
+
+
+Note 9. Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaytan was a native of
+Bulacan. He was, by profession, a lawyer, and had been enabled to
+complete his studies in that direction through the good offices of the
+Augustinian Fathers of Manila, who had given him the money necessary
+to matriculate and to pay the cost of his title of "abogado." [23]
+
+Pilar left Manila for the peninsula about the end of '88 for fear of
+deportation: a punishment at that time staring him in the face. He
+was one of the earliest workers on the "La Solidaridad", the official
+organ of Filipino freemasonry in all its sections. He later on became
+its director.
+
+Pilar was another of the many malays whose ways were beyond human
+comprehension. Spaniards who have lived a life-time among the indians
+and studied them carefully from all points of view agree that the
+deeper one studies the native character the more incomprehensible it
+becomes. That is, the study of the average filipino: Pilar was one of
+the average. He was not gifted with the education enjoyed by Rizal,
+nor was he such a stupid visionary as Pedro Paterno; he possessed
+touches of the character of both.
+
+Like so many of those Filipinos who fed at the hands of the Religious
+Orders, he eventually turned to bite the hand that fed him. As in the
+case of the others who had done the like, he did so, not because he had
+cause to, but because he fell, as did they, under the evil influence
+of those who utilized them to work out their schemes of treachery.
+
+Pilar was sent to Spain as a delegate of the Committee of
+propaganda. Owing to this position of chief of the delegation in
+Madrid, and by reason of his intimate friendship with Morayta,
+he occupied a position from which neither Rizal nor even the whole
+of the progressive indians combined, could drive him. He held, for
+some time, high office in the Gr. Or. Esp. as will be seen from the
+following clipping taken from page 107 of the Annual of that Orient
+for the year 1894-95.
+
+
+                        "GRAN CONS. DE LA ORDEN
+                               1894-1895
+                    Muy Ven. Gran Maestre Presidente
+               Ven. H. Miguel Morayta y Sagrario, Gr. 33
+                  ...................................
+                        Ven. Gran Orador Adjunto
+              V. Marcelo H. del Pilar Gr. 33" (h. Kupang)
+
+
+It was Pilar who conceived the plan of the Katipunan; and yet after
+all it was not his conception, for the scheme he formed was at the
+best, a piece of patch work made up of the plans worked out in the
+various revolutions which had taken place in some part of the world.
+
+What Pilar's ambition was, it is hard to say; from his actions and
+writings one is almost driven to the supposition that he had none
+in particular, but was led to the separatist labors he performed by
+force of compromise.
+
+When the time was ripe for action Pilar determined to leave Madrid and
+make his way to Japan. He commenced the journey arriving at Barcelona,
+from whence he was to make his way east. There, however, he was taken
+suddenly ill, and died on the 4th of June 1896, in the Hospital of
+that city.
+
+In many things Pilar was superior to Rizal. Unlike that agitator, Pilar
+was not a sneaking, skulking petty-politician; he was straight-forward
+and had the courage of his opinions. What Pilar would have done if
+placed in the same circumstances as Rizal it is hard to say, but we
+may be assured that he would not have acted the coward as did Rizal.
+
+
+
+Note 10. Antonio and Juan Luna were two of four brothers. The former
+was a bacteriologist, the latter an artist who at one time, whilst
+he followed the instruction, and remained under the guidance of
+his master, showed no little talent. Antonio went to Spain in '88,
+and later on passed to Paris where he lived with his brother Juan
+who supported him. There he devoted himself to the study which made
+him famous; this he did in the laboratory of Dr. Roux. He became an
+assistant editor of the Solidaridad, the official organ of filipino
+freemasonry, and wrote many vicious articles in its columns over the
+pseudonym of Taga-Ilog. As a member of the freemason fraternity he
+was known as Gay Lussac.
+
+On his return to Manila he established, for a livelihood, a school
+of fencing, and like the vain, insensate "magpie in borrowed plumes"
+that he was, he once sent his seconds to a Spanish officer, inviting
+him to a duel!
+
+During the second half of the rebellion of '96, Aguinaldo offered
+Antonio the position of director of the War Department with the
+grade of General of Brigade. This honor, however, he declined. The
+Independencia speaking on this incident, says:--
+
+"The military knowledge of Sr. Luna, acquired during his captivity
+(sic) in the prisons of the peninsula (Spain), is to be found condensed
+in two small works, one concerning the organization of the army, having
+as its base the idea of obligatory service in which he demonstrates
+that Luzon might put on a war footing 250,000 to 400,000 men, and
+the whole archipelago as many as from 800,000 to 900,000. The other
+work is a practical course in field fortifications as adopted by the
+French and German armies." [24]
+
+Juan, from childhood, was of an artistic turn of mind and found among
+his many protectors those who sent him to Spain to study art. In
+Spain he met with Sr. Alejo Vera, a noteworthy artist, under whom
+he studied, receiving an exceptional education both in art and in
+morals, Sr. Vera being a Christian gentleman. Later on he went to
+Rome, and there formed part of the Spanish artistic colony. After some
+two or three years of study there he sent to Spain his first painting
+[25]. Being an artistic production of a Filipino indian it was received
+with open hands and given a reception greater than it really deserved,
+as a result of the influence of Luna's friends. From Rome he went
+to Paris. It was in that city that he committed the fiendish double
+murder which so startled and shocked his friends and acquaintances,
+his victims being his wife and his mother-in-law, sister and mother
+of a prominent political aspirant of modern Manila. The result of
+the trial was that the courts of Justice of Paris absolved him. He
+then returned to Madrid, and soon after, to Manila.
+
+What Spain did for the Filipino brought forth fruit in only a few of
+the people who fell under her beneficent christian influence. The Lunas
+were among the few. They, like so many other ungrateful children,
+repaid their benefactors by becoming leaders of the insensate and
+inexcusable revolt against them: a revolt, the first act of which was
+to be the brutal murder of all Spaniards irrespective of parentage or
+other claims of consideration. Both the brothers suffered arrest by
+the Spanish authorities for rebellion and sedition, but in spite of
+the degree to which they were complicated, they remained practically
+free from punishment, and ever at the right hand of the imbecile
+General Blanco, himself a freemason, and friend of the enemies of
+his country. Eventually the two brothers left the ante-chamber of
+the Governor to enter the security of the military prison.
+
+Both brothers eventually retracted their errors only to fall into
+them again as soon as the lying protests of repentance had fallen
+from their lips.
+
+Juan died in Hong-Kong; Antonio, after a career of militarism succumbed
+to the same unprincipled ambition which carried Andres Bonifacio to
+an untimely grave.
+
+
+
+Note 11. Doroteo Cortes was banished by Governor Despujol in the year
+1893, to the province of La Union where he founded in San Fernando,
+the Capital, aided by Arturo Dancel, the lodge "Rousseau" and two
+others in the pueblos of San Juan and Agoo. He was a lawyer and became
+the president of the committee of Propaganda which was formed with
+the idea of gathering pecuniary resources for covering the expense
+of the distribution of all classes of pamphlets and anti-Religious
+proclamations. He was at one time the president of the Superior Supreme
+Council of the Katipunan [26], and received the funds collected for
+the payment of the expenses of the political commission sent to Japan
+to seek the aid and protection of that power. Cortes was a co-worker
+with Andres Bonifacio and whilst the former devoted his efforts to the
+enlistment of people for the general rising throughout the country,
+the latter continued his negotiations with Japan to the end of forcing
+some international struggle between Spain and that Power [27]. By
+order of the Superior Council Cortes went to Japan to join Ramos and
+aid in the purchase of arms. Shortly after his arrival he communicated
+by letter with Ambrosio Bautista informing him that he had seen and
+spoken on the subject with the Japanese ministers of State and of
+Foreign Affairs [28], and that the said ministers "demanded guarantees"
+of the probable success of the undertaking before entering into the
+scheme. According to a statement of Isabelo de los Reyes, Cortes was
+"the first person of means and position who came to the decision of
+attacking, in the Philippines, the Religious Corporations. He was the
+soul of the manifestation of '88." (See appendix B.) At the time of
+the American occupation of the Archipelago the Cortes family showed
+themselves friendly to the new sovereignty and aided in many ways
+the establishment of good feeling between the two peoples.
+
+
+
+Note 12. Pedro Serrano, symbolic name Panday-Pira, was a 24th degree
+mason. He was a school-master of the municipal school of Quiapo. After
+having done considerable work of propaganda in masonry he abjured
+it. He was the cause of the entry into the lodges of hundreds of indian
+and half-caste clerks, laborers, employees, petty merchants and others
+of all classes and employments. He was accused by his fellow masons of
+exploiting the society [29] and of treason, of frequenting the Palace
+of the Archbishop and the College of San Juan de Letran, and of many
+things unbecoming a mason. In a document dated the 31st of March 1894,
+dispatched by the G. Cons. Reg. of Filipino masonry to the lodge
+Modestia, Serrano was denounced, and all masons were urged to flee
+from him. In the said document, a translation of which will be found
+in Appendix C, is poured forth the complaint of the president of the
+Gr. Cons. (h. Muza) of a leakage somewhere in the treasury in which
+were stored up the secrets of the treasonable labors being carried
+out in the Filipino lodges. By way of specific charges the president
+denounces Panday-Pira because he had the courage to give vent to his
+opinions concerning the doings of the Filipino lodges, to a foreign
+mason; because he was known to have, for some reason or other, visited
+the Archbishop's palace and Dominican College; that he had demanded
+the possession of certain documents, threatening the possessors if
+they did not give them up, etc. etc. On this account he was denounced
+as a traitor and dubbed "reptile", the pot calling the kettle black.
+
+
+
+Note 13. Morayta, the famous Don Miguel, the "papa" of the rebellious
+Filipinos! It is an almost world-wide belief that the number 13 is
+an unlucky number. If this be so, then Miguel Morayta well deserves
+his name, for in it there are thirteen letters; the first letter of
+each word commences with the thirteenth letter of the alphabet and
+it happens also that this miserable individual falls to note 13. I
+will therefore complete the coincidence by saying all I have to say
+of this person in thirteen lines.
+
+Morayta was at one time Gr. Master of the Gr. Or. de Espana, but was
+later on expelled therefrom, according to a masonic publication. In
+1888 he founded the Gr. Or. Espanol, the mother of the Katipunan. In
+1890 he took over the proprietorship of La Solidaridad then published
+by Marcelo del Pilar for separatist ends. Morayta was the idol of
+the Filipino students who sought education in the Peninsula. Using
+him as a means towards an end they aimed at, they banquetted him and
+thus assiduously attacking his stomach they finally captured him.
+
+
+
+Note 14. Tagalog: The Tagalogs are a branch of the Malay family
+which, in former times, dominated from Madagascar to the ends of the
+Pacific. They form part of what we might call the Malay-Chinee race,
+i. e. the cross between the female on the Malay side and the Chinee
+on the side of the male. This cross has been taking place from time
+immemorial, commencing long before the islands were discovered by
+the Spanish explorers. The present Tagalog indian enjoys more of the
+characteristics of the Chinee than of the Malay on account of the
+potency of the Chinee blood over the Malay.
+
+Going back to ancient times the probability is that the original
+Malay first became modified by its crossing with the inhabitants
+proper of the archipelago--the Negritos--marks of which mixture are
+still discernible in many of the Tagalogs.
+
+A second modification came through the mixture between the
+Malay-Negrito and the Indonesian, traces of which are seen in
+the light color of the skin in a portion, although small, of the
+Tagalogs. Another modification, the most marked, originated from the
+crossing of the Malay-Negrito-Indonesian with the Chinee, the Chinee
+being marked by the increase in stature, the elevation of the skull
+and other minor marks.
+
+During the last three centuries this hybrid Tagalog has undergone
+another small and gradual change by reason of a limited crossing with
+Spanish blood. This latter mixture however is insignificant in extent
+but always produces a superior type. As a people the Tagalogs number
+about one and a half millions, and inhabit the regions around about
+Manila. The traits of character of the four principal trunks from
+which the Tagalog of to-day is derived are, although still present in
+a greater or lesser degree, considerably modified by climatological
+and historical circumstances.
+
+At the coming of the Spaniards the Tagalogs, like the remaining native
+peoples of the archipelago, were met with in the depths of the savage
+ages, and were to a certain extent, of cannibalistic tendencies.
+
+The average Tagalog is not wanting in courage, a fact he has often
+displayed, but this courage is never seen to advantage except when the
+indian is under the leadership of a person of exceptional valor or a
+strict disciplinarian. Like most peoples derived from the Malay stock,
+the Tagalog indian is subject to strange fits of mental aberration,
+the fits taking different forms, generally innocent ones, the worst
+being a homicide under the influence of a "hot head". At least that
+is what might have been said of him 8 or 10 years ago, previous to
+the time in which he became fanaticised by freemasonry. He is not
+even yet apt to run amok as is usual among the Malays and this is
+undoubtedly due to the civilizing religious influence which has been
+brought to bear upon him during the three centuries of Spanish rule
+in the Archipelago. It is a noteworthy fact that in the same degree
+as the influence of religion, of the Religious Orders if you will,
+became lesser, in exactly equal degree did crime increase. Explain
+this as you will the fact remains that during the four years or
+so that the indian has been under the care and protection of a
+government indifferent to all religion, crime has increased a hundred
+fold, perhaps arithmetically so also, and crimes unheard of in days
+gone by, have become so common as scarcely to merit mention in the
+columns of Manila's yellow journalism. What the Tagalog indian is
+equal to when free from the restraint of the Catholic religion,
+has been seen from the fearful crimes and barbarities committed
+against Spaniards and against Americans during the insurrection. The
+brutalities committed upon the unfortunate prisoners who fell into
+their hands were unheard of even among the savage Arab hordes of the
+Soudan, nor have the records of the ferocity of the Chinese boxers
+yet told us of things equal to the fearful events which took place in
+the province of Cavite and elsewhere. And for all this the Tagalog
+indian is responsible: the Tagalog for whom Pedro Paterno claims a
+pre-Spanish civilization on the plan of the Aztec and ancient Peruvian
+indians. Like all oriental peoples the Tagalog is superstitious and
+loves demonstration, symbolism and things grotesque. About the only
+thing left to him of his ancient civilization as Paterno calls it,
+barbarism we generally say, is his mythology. In it everything is
+more or less connected with spirits. Their faith in what they call
+their anting anting [30] is unbreakable. Rizal was supposed to be
+under the protection of the anting-anting but the leaden missiles
+which took away his life carried away the anting-anting also: and yet
+there are thousands upon thousands of indians, some of them men of
+enlightenment, who still cling to the belief that Rizal still lives,
+thanks to the influence of his protecting amulet. Nor did anting anting
+avail Aguinaldo who now probably believes far more in the protection of
+his American prison than in that offered by his anting anting charms.
+
+Their mythology has, like their ancient character, been greatly
+modified in the vast majority, by the influence of the civilization
+implanted by Spain. This is one point in which Spain has differed from
+most nations in methods of civilization and colonization. However
+we may judge her in respect to her colonial administration in the
+Philippines, we cannot deny that she has been distinguished from other
+nations by her aim of preserving the native races of the archipelago,
+the destruction consequent upon the radical change undergone in
+everything, being limited to the savage customs and immoralities in
+which the native peoples were found submerged.
+
+The masonic lodges spoken of in the text which were asked of Morayta,
+were established, although they were not exclusively Tagalog in
+their membership. As a result of the petition of the Filipino colony
+mentioned in the same text, the theories and practices of Masonry
+were carried to the Tagalogs but instead of the needy brethren being
+aided by the wealthy ones, they were subjected to a contribution
+in exchange for which they received a gaudy regalia; in other words
+they were bought over with strings of beads and with tinsel truck as
+were the indians discovered by Capt. Cook in the South Sea Islands,
+with the exception that Capt. Cook and those who followed him carried
+civilization to the natives, whilst the founders of the Katipunan
+carried to the Tagalogs and the other indians of the archipelago
+misery and demoralization.
+
+
+
+Note 15. Faustino Villaruel Gomara was a Spanish half-caste, a native
+of Pandaran, living in Binondo. He was the founder of the lodge "La
+Patria" of which he was also the Ven. Gr. Master with grade 18. He
+also founded a lodge of female freemasons, for the foundation of
+which he committed the nefarious crime of prostituting his daughter,
+handing her over, in the period of her innocence and candor, to the
+ridiculous workings and practices of freemasonry. Rosario Villaruel
+(Minerva), thus sacrificed by her father, was initiated in Hong-Kong
+and made venerable of the first lodge of female masons in Manila,
+drawing in after her a large number of her half-caste friends, young
+folk of bare instruction. This lodge was known as "La Semilla". Its
+composition was: Sisters: Carlota Zamora, of Calle Crespo; Maria
+Teresa Bordas, of Tabaco, province of Albay; Fabiana Robledo,
+wife of Sixto Celis; Lorenza Nepomuceno, of Calle San Jose, Trozo;
+Angelica Lopez, Calle Jolo; Narcisa Rizal; Maria Dizon, Calle Trozo,
+and other fanatic females.
+
+Villaruel was the Gr. Oriente of filipino masonry, a deluded fanatic,
+a man of but scarce intellectual endowments, an instrument of those
+who knew more and were shrewder than he. By laying hands upon him
+the Spanish Authorities laid hands also upon a large number of
+incriminating documents which were the means of connecting many
+prominent business men of Manila with the bloody programme of the
+Katipunan. Among these was Francisco L. Roxas.
+
+Besides these documents were a large number of loose papers written
+in Tagalog, in which were discovered many threatening phrases and the
+expression of hopes in the success of an event to take place in the
+near future. Masks and other masonic implements, including a heavily
+made and sharply pointed dagger were also discovered.
+
+Previous to suffering the penalty of his treason he made and signed
+a public abjuration, for the copy of which see Appendix E.
+
+
+
+Note 16. Andres Bonifacio was the soul of the Katipunan movement;
+he was the President of the "Council of Ministers of the Supreme
+Popular Council." His social condition was of a low grade, that grade
+from which many of the most fanatical pseudo-reformers have come;
+he was a warehouseman, a porter. In this capacity he was employed
+in the establishment of Messrs Fressel and Co., and was one of the
+humblest of the employees.
+
+Bonifacio was, however, very vain and quixotic. He was, too, a man
+of sanguinary character, and held the people over whom he attained
+ascendancy, in awe. His ambition was the cause of his ignominious
+downfall and brutal murder at the hands of another self-asserted
+dictator of the filipino Commune. Like most of his kind, he was
+a great reader, and by those who knew him best he was likened to
+Don Quixote, for like that worthy he passed many a night burning
+away oil and candles, and sacrificing needed sleep in reading,
+until his brain was turned and his whole mind given up to ideas of
+revolutions. His favorite study was the French Revolution, from the
+which he learned many lessons which he utilized in his projects, the
+principal of which was the formation of a government after the style
+of the French Commune. He was astute and comparatively intelligent,
+and spoke the Tagalog dialect well. For the carrying out of his plans
+he had agents in every nook and corner. No place where information
+might be gathered or the work of propaganda done, was over-looked. The
+offices of the Civil Government had their quota of his spies, as also
+did the Intendencia, the Maestraza de Artilleria and the other large
+centers. Nor were the Convents and Colleges overlooked, nor even the
+big business Corporations.
+
+Bonifacio enjoyed an envied ascendancy over the lower classes and
+the ignorant. Like others of similar tendencies, Bonifacio knew how
+to exploit the "membership". He was at one time treasurer of the
+Katipunan, and upon one occasion after the examination of the books
+by the president of the society Andres was denounced as an exploiter,
+the accounts being found in a very bad condition. A series of mutual
+squabbles and insults passed between the president Roman Basa, and
+Bonifacio, the whole affair ending up in a re-election of officers,
+Bonifacio being chosen as president. This occurred towards the end
+of the year 1893.
+
+The vanity of Bonifacio was comparable only to that of Aguinaldo. Among
+the number of chief workers of the Katipunan was a certain Valenzuela,
+a doctor who had, according to his own confession, been forced into
+the membership by Bonifacio, on the strength of a "love" affair; he
+was given the choice of membership or death. He chose the former but
+later on resigned. Whilst a member he enjoyed a salary of 30 pesos a
+month as medical officer, but only with difficulty could he collect
+his pay. He claimed to have been exploited by Bonifacio who, whilst
+merely a porter, could thus have at his command the free services of
+a real doctor, spurning the services of the petty physicians which
+abound in Manila. Nor was this all. His own (Bonifacio's) house
+having been burned down, he went, on the strength of this same "love"
+affair, to live in the house of the said doctor (see foot-note p. 48),
+taking with him his paramour, the doctor paying the greater part of
+the expenses thus incurred.
+
+At the time of the organization of the popular Supreme Councils,
+Bonifacio was chosen president of the Council of Trozo; but in
+consequence of internal troubles occasioned by his rebelliousness,
+the Supreme Council decided to dissolve the local Council. Bonifacio,
+true to his colors, disregarded this order and continued working on his
+own account, taking upon himself the faculties of the Supreme Council.
+
+He preserved in a case which was found in the warehouse of Messrs
+Fressel and Co., the organization of the "Filipino Republic" which
+was to be, as well as a number of regulations, codes, decrees of
+nominations, etc., all drawn up in Tagalog (see foot-note p. 49.)
+
+Upon the discovery, on the 19th of August 1896, by the Augustinian
+Padre fray Mariano Gil, parish priest of Tondo, of the plot of the
+Katipuneros, Bonifacio and his immediate assistants fled from Manila to
+Caloocan. From that point he sent orders to the provinces of Manila,
+Cavite and Nueva Ecija that a general rising should take place on the
+30th of that month. These orders were given out of revenge for the
+failure of the blood-thirsty plot whereby every Spaniard, man, woman
+or child should share in the sufferings which his diseased brain had
+concocted for those who should fall into his hands. Bonifacio issued
+special orders concerning the Governor General, his plan being that he
+and the other Spanish authorities of any importance should be taken
+prisoners, but not killed, it being intended to hold their persons
+as security for the granting of their demands. He called together
+the members of the Junta Superior and nominated a general-in-chief,
+a general of division and other officials. These however refused to
+step into the places he had prepared for them and Bonifacio angered
+thereat threatened to have the head removed from the shoulders of
+anyone who dared to disobey him. The general-in-chief Teodoro Plata,
+a cousin of Bonifacio, fled during the night following his nomination,
+whereupon Bonifacio issued orders for his capture, commanding his
+death wherever he should be found.
+
+Sometime previous to this, about the month of May, Bonifacio sent
+Pio Valenzuela to Dapitan to hold a conference with Rizal concerning
+the convenience of immediate rebellion against Spain. Rizal would not
+consent to the projected revolt but opposed the idea most strenuously,
+being thrown into such a bad humor by the information he received
+of Bonifacio, that Valenzuela, who had gone to Dapitan intending to
+spend a month there, determined to return on the following day. On
+his return to Manila he recounted to Bonifacio the result of his
+mission. Bonifacio who knew Rizal's influence over the people to
+be greater than his own, had been living in hopes of receiving
+Rizal's consent which would be the surrendering to him of the whole
+responsibility and glory of the bloody enterprise. Bonifacio aspired to
+the absolute, like all the so-called leaders of the revolt; so when he
+realized the stand taken by Rizal, who was willing to wait patiently
+till the poison with which he had inoculated the people should work
+of itself, he flew into a rage like a spoilt child, declaring Rizal
+to be a coward and imposing upon Valenzuela, his messenger, implicit
+silence on this subject, prohibiting him from manifesting to anyone
+what he considered to be the bad exit of the consultation.
+
+No methods were too underhand for Bonifacio; to gain his end he lied to
+the people over whom he held sway as only a Filipino can lie. On one
+occasion he affirmed that in Coregidor was a vessel loaded with arms
+and ammunition for the rebels, and by this means he animated them,
+a very necessary thing at that time, as they were but scantily armed
+with bolos and were no match against those they intended to assail.
+
+Taking him all in all, Bonifacio was a first class organizer for
+such an enterprise as that aimed at by the Katipunan, and upon his
+shoulders lies the weight of the greater part of the iniquities of
+the diabolical society. He ordered the outbreak and in a skillful
+manner pulled the strings which worked the figures which formed the
+performers in the marionette revolution. He had rivals in the field
+however, the most powerful being Aguinaldo, the would be president
+of the mushroom republic. After the encounter at San Juan del Monte
+in which the insurgents suffered the loss of 95 killed and 42 taken
+prisoners in the first instance, and shortly afterwards of 200 more,
+Bonifacio escaped, carrying with him the funds of the Katipunan,
+some 20,000 pfs. [31] He was supposed to be in hiding in the most
+inaccessible parts of the mountains of San Mateo, in as much as he had
+told Pio Valenzuela that in case the movement were unsuccessful he had
+determined to retire to that point to devote himself to highway robbery
+[32], to foot-padding, an idea gotten from some modern French novel
+probably. He worked his way eventually into Cavite, and, according to
+information gotten from Pedro Gonzalez, he fell into the disfavor of
+Aguinaldo who saw his own superiority in danger of being supplanted;
+the generalisimo therefore put a price upon his head [33]. A party was
+sent in search for the runaway and upon his capture he was subjected
+to most brutal treatment, and at last fell a victim to the unprincipled
+ambition of the Dictator.
+
+Had Bonifacio lived he would have made a splendid acquisition to
+the Partido Federal, he being a man who could, like many of the
+self-asserted leaders of to-day, plan and follow out any double-faced
+policy that might be needed under the circumstances.
+
+
+
+Note 17. This note not being ready at the time of the printing of the
+pages of this section, it has been reserved for note 101, which see.
+
+
+
+Note 18. Domingo Franco y Tuason was a native of Mambusao, Province
+of Capiz. He was the president of the first junta called by Rizal in
+1892 for the formation of the "Liga Filipina". Till that time he was
+like many others of the same class almost unknown.
+
+
+
+Note 19. The character of the native: this is a subject upon which
+one might write many volumes without conveying to the minds of his
+readers more than a faint idea of what that strange character is.
+
+More mysterious than the most profound mystery of Religion,
+his most striking trait of character being a decided tendency to
+retrogression, the Malay stands out among the numerous divisions of
+the human family as a man with a marked propensity to the mysterious,
+to the prodigious. He is accustomed to give a blind obedience to
+his superiors and more so to his own caciques, he is docile as a
+general rule, and shows but little resentment to abusive language,
+although he will sometimes carefully guard the remembrance of some
+insignificant insult or blow, and take a cruel revenge, a thousand
+times greater than the injury he received, after a period, at times,
+of years. Other peculiarities of the native are his delight in gambling
+and cockfighting, his aversion to manual labor, his infantile but
+excessive vanity, his lack of the power of thought in matters of
+moment, his well developed imagination, his instability from all points
+of view and his liability to complete and radical changes. The average
+indian is to-day virtuous, honest and grateful for favors received,
+tomorrow he is vicious, thieving and shows an ingratitude not to be
+found even in the brute creation. This very marked trait of character
+may be found in many of the Filipinos who have held and still hold
+some of the highest official positions in the islands.
+
+To sum up the Filipino indian in a few words: he is inexplicable. There
+have been those who have spent their lives in the study of the indian,
+but in spite of all that man can do to study man, the problem remains
+unsolved. Only those "globe trotters" who have studied the native
+from the muchacho who waited upon them at the hotel at which they
+stayed during their few days visit, and the cochero who had the honor
+of conducting such savants to and from the Luneta, have so far been
+able to demonstrate what is this character which has puzzled men of
+common sense and lifelong experience, for centuries.
+
+Being by nature credulous, ignorant and superstitious, the indian fell
+an easy victim to the mysteries of freemasonry, which served him as
+are introduction to the semi-savage methods of the "Liga Filipina"
+and the barbarous practices of the Katipunan, the pacto-de-sangre of
+which, carried him back to the savage times of his remote ancestors
+who were drawn from their mountain and forest lairs and domesticated
+by the Religious Orders.
+
+
+
+Notes 20, 21, 22. The initiations, proofs, oaths etc., of Universal
+freemasonry were utilized by the Filipino lodges to serve as a
+ceremonial, a very essential thing to the success of any association
+among orientals. Nothing suited the taste of the Filipino better than
+the awe inspiring solemnity of his initiation. These ceremonies however
+fell into abuse, and by the time they became utilized by the Katipunan
+they had reached the verge of the grossest superstition and absurdity.
+
+
+
+Note 23. The G. Cons. Reg. was installed in 1893. A masonic document
+bearing a seal "Gr. Consejo Regional de Filipinas. G. Secretaria",
+and purporting to be a copy of two paragraphs from a letter of the
+illustrious bro. Kupang (Marcelo H. del Pilar) dated from Madrid on
+the 17th December 1894, says: "D. Miguel (Morayta) has a very poor
+opinion of the Reg. (Regional Council).... He says that this Council
+continues working well for some few months, at the end of which all
+the enthusiasm of the founders vanishes and.... Oh, if we could only
+by our acts give the lie to this pessimism. Morayta was the founder
+of the Council.
+
+
+
+Note 24. La Solidaridad was the official organ of Filipino freemasonry
+in all its branches. Although it was published in the peninsula
+its circulation was intended for the Philippines. Its editors were
+the leaders of the disaffection against the metropolis and stout
+advocates, indirectly, of an impossible independence. The chief
+aim of the paper was to mortify everything Spanish, and to this
+end its columns were continually full of seditious articles aimed,
+not merely at individuals but at the State. Its diatribes against
+the Government of the Metropolis were of the bitterest nature, and
+therefore but little publicity was given to the sheet in Madrid,
+where it was printed. It enjoyed no exchange with the periodicals of
+importance of the city, had no street sales, nor was it exposed for
+sale publicly. The libraries did not carry it on their tables and it
+never reached the hands of the public authorities. In fact the people
+of the official element know nothing of its existence.
+
+In the office of this bi-monthly paper was established a freemason
+lodge bearing the same name as the paper; all the members of the
+Association Hispano-Filipina became members of the lodge. Being the
+organ of masonry as well as of separatism it was introduced into
+the Archipelago and secured a free circulation in all parts of the
+principal islands where its calumnies against the Religious Orders
+had the effect of producing a decided effect upon the maintenance of
+public order.
+
+The statement that the bi-monthly was founded by Pilar is erroneous;
+it was first published by Lopez Jaena in Barcelona where it enjoyed
+its enforced life till it reached its number 18, of October 1889,
+when it suddenly ceased publication on account of the seizure by the
+authorities of a number of incriminating documents and pamphlets. It
+recommenced publication in Madrid on the 15th of November of the
+same year. It was later on acquired by Pilar and Morayta. It was in
+reality a vent for the spleen of its writers against Spain and things
+Spanish; it was a precursor of the Independencia [34] the official
+organ of the Revolution against the U. S., and of the La Democracia
+its daughter, the official organ of the Federal Party, the dregs of
+the old revolutionary government of Malolos. [35]
+
+
+
+Note 25. One of the first propagators of Filipino masonry was
+Sr. Centeno, Civil Governor of Manila, a man of anything but happy
+memory for this country [36]. Centeno and Quiroga Ballesteros worked
+hard to undermine the beneficial influence of the Clergy, an influence
+which was the safe-guard of law and order. Their most famous piece of
+work was the manifestation of '88 against Archbishop Payo (See note
+2). In that manifestation was conceived the cry of sedition which
+was later on to ring throughout the archipelago and tear down the
+banner of the fatherland to replace it with the red flag of anarchy;
+a flag which well nigh brought the people of a would be independent
+country to the verge of political and moral destruction.
+
+
+
+Note 26. No sooner had Almighty God consummated the grand work of
+the creation, the culmination of which was the breathing into man
+of an immortal soul, than the devil, the father of evil, jealous of
+the attributes given by God to man, made his bold attempt to destroy
+God's immortal work. From that moment to this present the spirits
+of evil have carried on an unceasing warfare against what has been
+for the glory of God. The Monastic Orders ever since the days of
+their birth have had to contend against these powers of evil; and
+there is therefore little necessity for surprise that those who were
+employed in such work as were the unscrupulous persons who came to the
+archipelago to sow ruin in the consciences of the people and scandal
+in society, should carry on a bitter campaign against the Religious
+Orders to whom was owing every jot and tittle of the civilization and
+culture enjoyed by the Filipinos. The Monastic Orders have ever been
+the bulwark of Christianity, and as such have had to bear the brunt
+of the battle. Europe owes the solid foundation of its political,
+social and religious life to the Religious Orders, which, during
+the ages in which the Huns, Goths and other barbarians overran and
+devastated those lands, hoarded up in the nooks and corners of their
+monastic dwellings the seed which, when afterwards sown, was to become
+the stout tree of civilization which should spread its sheltering
+branches to the four corners of the earth. One of these branches
+drawing its fullness of life and vigor directly from the trunk,
+extended to these far off islands and, casting its shade over the
+embruted mankind here existing at that time, wrought a change over
+it no less marked than that wrought over the European peoples. From
+the day in which Father Urdaneta, that intrepid Augustinian, set
+foot upon Philippine soil, till the day upon which the hydra-headed
+Katipunan appeared in the land, the Monastic Orders have been the
+one great source of all that was really useful and beneficial to the
+inhabitants of the archipelago, although at times the moral interests
+of the people were not the commercial interests of the country.
+
+The "friar" so much slandered by those who wish to overthrow his
+beneficent influence, ever carried the banner of his country enlaced
+with the Cross of the Redeemer. He came to the Archipelago as a
+messenger of peace and order, and was the strongest supporter of the
+sovereignty of his nation. The "friar" was hated because he was the
+one who best knew and understood the indian, and from his intimate
+knowledge of his parishioners, could the more easily detect anything
+on their part which tended to the detriment of the integrity of the
+Spanish sovereignty.
+
+The campaign against the Religious Orders was the attack of the
+battering-rams against the city to be captured. By piercing the
+wall the entry into the city could be the easier made; and this the
+separatist element well knew, hence all their efforts were directed
+against the stout wall which defended from its assaults the treasure
+of the metropolis.
+
+For three hundred years the Philippines remained submitted to Spain
+exclusively by reason of the moral influence of the Clergy. Whilst
+the banner of Spain, floated over the Archipelago, the Religious
+formed the strongest guard for its protection; when it fell, strung
+by the ingratitude and treachery of those who had sworn to defend
+it to the last drop of their blood, and lay dishonored in the dust,
+it was the Religious who bowed his head in the deepest grief and who
+shed the bitterest tears. When the flag of the conquerer was hauled up
+to the height from which once gloriously floated the symbol of Spanish
+authority, the Religious, obedient to the commands of his superiors,
+withdrew to the solicitude of his convent, to await in patience,
+the passing of the storm. He looks out upon the clouded political
+horizon, as Noah looked out from the window of the ark upon the vast
+sea of waters which hid from his view the fearful destruction which
+had overcome the world, patiently awaiting the time when he should,
+at God's will, go forth to commence again the work of reconstruction.
+
+Often have I heard the opinion expressed that the Government's worst
+enemy is the "friar", that it is the "friar" who keeps alive the
+spirit of rebellion. Let those who think thus, ponder over one small
+thought: what has the friar to gain in sustaining a rebellion which
+has caused him more moral and material damage, than has been caused
+to any other entity in the Philippines? To those who are able and
+willing to utilize the power of thought with which God has endowed
+them, it is sufficiently clear that the Religious has nothing to gain
+by such tactics, but, on the contrary, all to lose.
+
+In Spanish times the native enemies of the Religious Orders were the
+enemies of Spain and in these days, the enemy of the friar is by no
+means a real friend, whatever he may claim to be, of the Government of
+of the U. S. The Spanish masons and the Filipino separatists found the
+friar to be the greatest obstacle to be encountered. "The friar," wrote
+Governor D. Francisco Borrero, to Sr. Canovas, in a memoir concerning
+the Archipelago, "knowing the language, spirit, and tendencies of the
+natives, is considered as the principal obstacle for the realization
+of the filibuster idea, and hence arises their aspiration (that of
+the enemies of Spain) that the Religious Orders should be eliminated,
+because such a step being taken, they believe they will have travelled
+half the journey...."
+
+The propaganda of Universal freemasonry, of Filipino freemasonry,
+of the Liga Filipina, of the Compromisarios, was aimed principally at
+the Religious Orders, but the results attained were but introductory
+to the real work of the Katipunan, which, finding itself cornered by
+the discovery of the plot it had concocted against the Government,
+showed its hand. Its aim was anti-Spanish and not merely anti-friar,
+as is sufficiently clear from the fact that in all the documents of
+the diabolical association it is death to all the Spaniards, and not
+to this or that class. Moreover in many cases the same Katipuneros
+saved their parish priests from a sure death whilst they dealt out
+anything but kind treatment to those of the Civil Guard (Filipinos)
+and the Spanish troops who fell into their hands. The friars who were
+murdered by the rebels were not murdered for being friars but because
+they were Spaniards. The documents captured, the result of the trials
+held in judgement of persons guilty of treason, show clearly that the
+revolution was for the purpose of gaining the independence of the
+country from Spain, and not merely to bring about the expulsion of
+the Religious Orders. Aguinaldo, the leader of the Katipunan hordes,
+desired to send the friars who fell prisoners into his hands, over
+to Hong-Kong, where they would be at liberty to return to their own
+country; but this merciful desire of his was overruled by his advisers,
+among whom were numbered Mabini his right hand man, Pardo de Tavera,
+Legarda and Buencamino, all three of them traitors to the cause of
+independence. To-day they stand in positions of honor, honor which
+they have done nothing to deserve, whilst Aguinaldo who was the tool
+of political schemers, their play-thing, is cast into disgrace and
+kept in the background, a scape-goat for the sins and shortcomings
+of men whose names disgrace the darkest pages of Philippine history.
+
+
+
+Note 27. Vast numbers of these documents were later on destroyed in
+the hope that certain affairs of an anti-patriotic nature might be
+hushed up, and many persons of a high official standing saved from
+scandal. Padre Mariano Gil, O. S. A., who made known to the public
+authorities the fearful plot of the Katipunan in time to prevent the
+brutal murder of hundreds of Spaniards, was granted certified copies
+of a large number (all the principal ones) of the documents and these
+have been since preserved with the greatest care, and remain to-day
+as a standing proof of the duplicity of many persons who live in
+ignorance of the fact of the existence of the said certified copies.
+
+
+
+Note 28. The element here spoken of was the Filipino colony (all of
+them separatists) and Morayta the "papa" of the said Filipinos of
+separatist tendencies.
+
+
+
+Note 29. This committee, although not exclusively masonic, was
+essentially revolutionary, and had for its duty the distribution of
+works of propaganda. Its delegate in Europe was Marcelo H. del Pilar.
+
+
+
+Note 30. See note 26. The campaign at this present carried on by some
+of the filipino and Spanish papers, and, in contradiction to the
+fundamental principles of Americanism, by the local American press
+also, is but a sequel to the work of this committee of propaganda. The
+calumnies which are literally crammed into the columns of Manila's
+English speaking daily and weekly press are but a poor reproduction of
+the vicious publications distributed throughout the archipelago since
+the year 1888. For fourteen years have these calumnies been published,
+but in spite of countless challenges, never have the statements
+brought forward been backed up with even the shadow of proof. When
+almighty God completed his creation by the making of man and woman,
+he led them to Eden, placing them under his law. Then it was that the
+devil beguiled them with lying words: "For God doth know that in that
+day that you shall eat thereof (of the forbidden fruit) your eyes shall
+be opened, and you shall be as Gods knowing good and evil." From that
+day to this, this same argument that the devil used to try to prove
+that God was withholding from the people what was to their benefit,
+is being to-day used by certain of the offspring of that evil spirit
+against the element of good, against the Religious Orders, the servants
+of God, claiming that they held from the people of this Archipelago
+that which was for their good and advancement. Adam and Eve found
+to their bitter cost that the devil lied: those who are to-day being
+misled by anti-friar calumny will make the same discovery in due time.
+
+
+
+Note 31. This statement is erroneous. The opinion of the author was
+formed from statements made by those charged with treason. Many of
+those under this charge gave false testimony, as was later on proved,
+and in that testimony implicated honorable Filipinos who had never
+harbored such ideas in their hearts as those they were accused of. Many
+of the wealthy element of Luzon and other islands of the group, were
+forced by threats and compromises into position they had no desire to
+occupy. Of these the great majority were either insular Spaniards, that
+is sons of Spanish parents, but born in the Philippines, or they were
+Spanish mestizos or indians. Some 90% of the wealthy revolutionists
+were Chinese half-castes.
+
+
+
+Note 32. And at what a cost! Think of the thousands of hard earned
+dollars which went to swell the funds gathered to feed and clothe and
+to satisfy the fads and fancies of those exploiters. And what has
+the poor indian who provided the money gained in the deal? Four or
+five years of bloodshed and disaster he has surely gained; but what
+is of more importance to him is that he barely escaped falling into
+the hands of his own countrymen! He fell out of the frying-pan and
+almost fell into the fire!
+
+
+
+Note 33. The aspirations of the association were, to say the least,
+anti-patriotic; they were always underhand; they were the aspirations
+of the "Liga", of the "Compromisarios" and of the Katipunan.
+
+
+
+Note 34. "In the following year, Pedro Serrano arrived from Spain and
+then was masonry introduced into the Philippines, the first lodge
+instituted being the "Nilad" [37] its first Venerable being Jose
+Ramos." Testimony of Moises Salvador y Francisco (fol. 1,138 to 1,143).
+
+According to the testimony of Antonio Salazar (fol. 1,118 to 1,129)
+"In 1892 Pedro Serrano came from Spain and in union with Jose Ramos
+joined a lodge of peninsular Spaniards, and commenced the propaganda
+of masonry exclusively among Filipinos, in a short time establishing
+the mother lodge known as the Nilad ... the number of members becoming
+excessive, other lodges were established in the suburbs...."
+
+Into this lodge Nilad or the lodges formed therefrom, passed all the
+members of the committee of propaganda and of the local delegations,
+the work of the propaganda of masonry and that of separatism being
+carried on in the same lodge room. The plea that masonry had no
+connection with the Katipunan fails to stand good in face of this
+testimony, added to which may be mentioned letters of M. del Pilar
+to La Modestia concerning the organization and labors of separatism;
+as well as other letters, rich in masonic jargon, to the lodges and
+to individuals connected with the double work of propagating masonry
+and spreading among the people ideas of the basest of ingratitude.
+
+To the lodge Nilad, the Gr. Sec. of the Gr. Or. Esp. wrote from Madrid,
+June 8th 1892:
+
+
+                         AL. G. D. G. A. D. U.
+                    Liberty.--Equality.--Fraternity.
+                 Universal Freemasonry. Spanish Family.
+
+    The Resp. Log. Nilad, No. 144 of A. L. and A. masons of the
+    Philippines regularly constituted in the Federation of the
+    Gr. Or. Espanol (seat in Madrid).
+
+
+
+The letter goes on to speak of the new foundation and the number
+of initiations.
+
+"It pleases us much," says the Gr. Sec. "to see the activity and zeal
+which you employ in the labors, and for it we greet you. Nevertheless,
+we must remind you always of the greatest care in the election of the
+laborers. Not all men, although they profess our ideas and doctrines,
+serve for good masons,..."
+
+Morayta, writing on the 12th of June 1892 to bro. Panday Pira, says:
+"... But do not forget an advice which I believe Ruiz gave you also:
+be very careful; do not open your arms to any except they be of full
+confidence.... Remember that, even though things have changed there (in
+the Philippines) you run all the danger consequent upon the domination
+(sic) of the friar and of the General." The general was Despujols,
+an upright, honest and sincere man who was too apt to measure other
+people's corn by his own bushel. The filibusters took advantage of
+the fact, and by their lying protests of love for Spain, captivated
+him and fooled him out and out for a time.
+
+
+
+Note 35. At that time liberty of association was not allowed by law in
+the Archipelago. To attain their ends this was the thing most necessary
+for the separatists. Without the shelter of the law of association
+nothing could be done except by stealth. It was for want of this
+privilege that the shelter of the masonic lodge room was sought.
+
+
+
+Note 36. Blumentritt, Fernando; of German race, Austrian by
+nationality, resident in Bohemia and therefore spoken of by
+various writers sometimes as a German, at others as a Bohemian or
+an Austrian. Like Foreman [38], Blumentritt claimed to be a fervent
+Catholic and yet was an open enemy of the Church. He claimed moreover
+to be a great friend of Spain and yet openly sided with her enemies. He
+was one of the collaborators of the La Solidaridad.
+
+Isabelo de los Reyes writes of him: "The savant (sic) Blumentritt the
+brother of the Filipinos, has always served us with disinterest (except
+in what concerned his pocket) and opportuneness. He was the first who
+did us justice by publishing many valuable articles to demonstrate,
+under all points of view, the superiority of the Filipino (Isabelo
+does not say over what) and defending our cause against the ambition
+of the imperialists (that is the Spaniards)."
+
+Blumentritt was a member of the society known as the "Amigos del Pais"
+[39], and remained so till his actions and writings caused well
+thinking Spaniards and Philippinos [40] to call for his dismissal
+from its membership. The patriotic outcry against him caused him to
+resign on the 14th of November 1889; the Solidaridad of the 31st of
+December of the same year published his resignation. The press of
+Manila was exceptionally bitter against him and only such Filipinos
+as those who continue up to the present time forming part of the
+juntas in Hong-Kong, Madrid, Paris, London and other places looked
+up to him for the assistance they could not find at home.
+
+
+
+Note 37. It was naturally in the Peninsula where the chief work of
+the propaganda had to be carried on, and it was there also that the
+propaganda had the least effect. The principal instrument for the
+dissemination of the seed of separatist aspirations was the Solidaridad
+(See note 24). The Filipinos here, who gave their subscriptions and
+other sums of money for the support of the bi-monthly, were kept
+under the impression that the official organ was making a great
+noise in Madrid; but as it never reached the official world it was
+supposed to influence, its publication was practically useless. In
+the Philippines it served the same purpose as the La Independencia:
+that is, it served to keep alive the spirit of unrest, and by the
+lies it published, made the people believe that their leaders were
+going to lead them to a promised land which "flowed with milk and
+honey." They eventually got into the promised land, only to find that
+the milk was very much "condensed", and that the honey was only to be
+got after those who secured it had been exposed to the very unpleasant
+operation of being stung by the bees which produced it.
+
+Instead of serving to keep together the subjects and their rulers
+in a bond of peace and tranquility, and helping them to come to a
+mutual understanding, in which state the progress and advancement
+of the islands and their inhabitants could be the easier and the
+better accomplished, the separatist element, by their propaganda,
+caused more and more strife by attacking national institutions
+and by casting slurs upon national honor. The discontent stirred
+up against the Spanish authorities was identical to that which,
+until the passing of the law of sedition and even since that time,
+was stirred up against the American sovereignty. In its propaganda
+against the Religious Orders, inciting the native clergy against the
+lawful authority of their Bishops, it was the precursor of modern
+Manila's American press. History tells us what was the result of the
+lessening of the moral influence of the Religious Orders in the days
+of Spanish rule, and to-day History repeats itself. The inciting of
+the native clergy against their Bishops is encouraging the natives,
+as a whole, to resist lawful authority. The cry to-day is "down with
+the friar," tomorrow it will be "down with the American." In 1888 it
+was down with the Religious Orders, in 1896 it had become "death to
+all Spaniards". In 1898 the American was blessed as a deliverer from
+oppression, in 1899 cursed as an intruder. To-day...? Who knows the
+opinion of the people? Who but a few ignorantes trust the great men
+of the late revolution?
+
+In Spain the work of the separatists produced no effect upon the
+people; a few here and there of the least patriotic of the scum of
+Barcelona and Madrid aided them but apart from these and the Bible
+Societies, no one interested themselves in their cause.
+
+
+
+Note 39. From the earliest to the latest days of the period of the
+revolt, that is from '88 to '98, this was one of the greatest obstacles
+to be overcome. Money was collected for propaganda in Spain and in
+Japan; what became of it all? Money was collected for the purpose
+of releasing or stealing away Rizal; what became of it? Funds were
+collected for the purchase of rifles and ammunition for the Katipunan,
+and, at the last moment, Andres Bonifacio fled with some 20,000
+pesos. This continual squabble over the administration of the funds
+is a proof clear enough, of the existence of organized exploiters
+whose pockets were of more concern to them than were the interests
+of their country.
+
+
+
+Note 40. It is almost needless to say that this latter was in the
+minority; later on Pilar suffered a marked change of temperament
+and became more decidedly separatist than Rizal. Rizal was willing
+to give the goose a chance to lay her golden eggs; Pilar becoming
+impatient killed the goose with the scheme of the Katipunan.
+
+
+
+Note 41. "Previous to his return to Manila Rizal lived some time in
+Hong-Kong. From there he forwarded to Moises Salvador Francisco the
+statutes and instructions for the "Liga Filipina"."--Testimony of
+the said Francisco. (fols. 1,138-1,143.)
+
+
+
+Note 42. "It resulting that after some years of voluntary expatriation
+... a Spanish citizen (Rizal) born in the Philippines, directed a
+first letter, dated some months back in Hong-Kong, to the superior
+Authorities, offering his aid and assistance for the better government
+and progress of the Philippines, at the same time in which his latest
+book commenced circulation, for which reason no reply was given; and in
+a second letter dated in the month of May, in which, recognizing the
+policy of generous attraction, of morality and justice here implanted
+... announced his intention of returning to his native soil to dispose,
+together with his friends, of the property they possessed, and to
+go with their families to found, in Borneo, a filipino agricultural
+colony under English protection...."
+
+"A few days afterwards, the Spanish citizen ... disembarked with his
+sister in Manila...." (See also note 8.) Extracts from the Decree of
+Deportation issued against Rizal by Governor Despujols, 7th July 1892.
+
+
+
+Note 43. "In the year 1892, Rizal being in Manila, recently arrived
+from Europe, several people of the country were gathered together,
+among them Andres Bonifacio, Numeriano Adriano, Timoteo Paez and
+Estanislao Legaspi, in a wooden house in calle Dulumbayan, were
+a society known as the "Liga Filipina" was founded." Testimony of
+Valentin Diaz, native of Panay, Ilocos Norte.
+
+"In May or June 1892 Jose Rizal reached Manila; and encharged by
+him, Paez and Serrano invited a large number of persons to gather
+on a certain day ... in the house of Doroteo Ongjungco where Rizal
+manifested to those present, among whom was the witness, that it was
+necessary to form an association which should be called the "Liga
+Filipina", the object and of which should be the attainment of the
+separation of these islands from Spain." Moises Salvador y Francisco
+(fols. 1,296-1,299).
+
+"The reunion was called by Rizal, and the witness was invited
+by Timoteo Paez, who conducted him to the house of Doroteo
+Ongjungco.... That Jose Rizal addressed those present, manifesting
+the convenience of establishing an association under the name of the
+"Liga Filipina" with the object of collecting funds by different
+means, to the end of securing opportunely the independence of these
+islands".... Testimony of Domingo Franco y Tuason (fols. 1299-1303).
+
+
+
+Note 44. It was not the aim which Rizal had in his mind, of delivering
+his country from disabilities but the manner in which he set to work to
+accomplish that end, to which objection must be raised. When a people
+suffer under the oppression of its rulers, all the world admires the
+man who rises to throw off the hateful yoke. But when the oppression is
+imaginary and when the so-called hero is but a marionette in the hands
+of political schemers who seek their own advantage under the shelter
+of a pretence to throw off a yoke which does not exist, one cannot
+admire the part played by the deluded "tool". The emancipation from
+the mother-country was the key-note of the revolt. It was the aim of
+the Filipino freemasons, of the Liga Filipina, of the Compromisarios
+and of the Katipunan.
+
+
+
+Note 45. Rizal was deported to Dapitan, in the island of Mindanao,
+by decree of Governor Despujols, part of which has been quoted in
+note 42. The decree goes on to say that, by reason of the fact that
+"the veil under which, up this present, he has succeeded in hiding his
+true intentions has been torn asunder," ... "that he adduces no other
+defence but useless denials, having recourse to throwing the blame
+of the discovery of the leaflets upon his own sister (see page 99)...."
+
+"In fulfillment of the high duties which devolve upon me as your
+General and Vice Royal Patron ... I decree the following:..."
+
+"1st: that Jose Rizal shall be deported to one of the islands of
+the south...."
+
+"The responsibility of these vigorous measures which a painful duty
+imposes upon me, falls entirely upon those who by their imprudent
+aims and ungrateful proceedings come to disturb the paternal cares
+of this general government making the ordinate march of Philippine
+progress the more difficult." [41]
+
+"Manila, 7th July 1892.--Despujols.
+
+
+
+Note 46. "In the month of April 1893, upon the initiative and
+invitation Juan Zulueta, now dead, and of Deodato Arellano, cousin
+of Marcelo del Pilar, a new gathering was called in the house of
+Deodato Arellano, with the object of establishing anew the Liga
+Filipina under the same bases and for the same ends...."
+
+
+
+Note 47. The determinate ends of the separatists have already been
+spoken of in note 3, which see.
+
+
+
+Note 48. See note 102.
+
+
+
+Note 49. "The object of the society (the Liga) is the establishment
+of shops, workshops, businesses, industries and even a bank if
+possible, with the end in view of collecting funds for an armed
+rising."--Testimony of Juan Dizon Matanza, (fols. 1,132-1,138.)
+
+
+
+Note 50. The ceremonies practiced by the Liga differed but little from
+those practiced by the Katipunan. The chief difference lay in the fact
+that the ceremonial of the Katipunan partook more of the grotesque,
+of the absurd, of paganism.
+
+Pio Valenzuela in recounting the forms and ceremonies practiced upon
+his initiation, said:
+
+"Once in the house [42], they spoke of many things, en resume,
+that the aim of the association was to obtain the independence of
+the Philippines, oppressed and enslaved by the Spaniards. Placing,
+later on, a dagger at his breast, they obliged him to throw himself
+upon it, a thing which the witness could not pluck up courage enough
+to do; whereupon they placed it in his hand, leading him to a man
+whom he recognized to be seated, and ordered him (the witness) to
+strike him with the dagger, a thing which he dare not do either. He
+was then conducted into a room and addressed by a person he knew
+to be Bonifacio by the voice, who informed him that he could not
+retrace his steps because he knew of the existence of the society,
+but he could not assist at the juntas nor could they teach him the
+signs of recognition till he had been re-initiated; they moreover
+made him sign two sheets of blank paper, causing him to swear never
+to reveal the existence of the society to anyone, under the pain of
+assassination. They then removed the bandage which he was blindfolded
+and he saw around him eight or nine individuals dressed in cloaks and
+hoods; he signed the two sheets of paper and was again blindfolded
+and conducted to a considerable distance from the house where the
+bandage was again removed.
+
+Another member of the Katipunan in his declaration made on the 22nd
+of September 1896, stated that during the month of February 1893, one
+Sunday morning, a certain Estanislao Legaspi entered his store, telling
+him to accompany him in a calesa. He listened to tirades against
+the Spanish Government till their arrival at the house of a certain
+Tranquilino Torres, in calle Elcano. Here "his eyes were bandaged by
+Legaspi and he was handed over to the care of another individual who
+conducted him to the upper story of the house and made him sit down;
+he then heard a person whom he knew to be Legaspi by his voice speak,
+saying several things against the Spanish Government, demanding of him
+an oath of blind obedience, and a defense of the Philippines till the
+shedding of the last drop of his blood, threatening him with fearful
+punishments if he should turn traitor. This ceremony being terminated,
+his eyes were unbound and he saw, on a table, a skull which they
+made him kiss, and Legaspi handed him a lance commanding him to wound
+himself in the arm; but he felt a feeling of faintheartedness come over
+him, and manifested to those present that he had not courage enough
+to wound himself and wished that the oath he had taken be enough;
+he was dispensed from the operation. When the bandage was removed the
+eight individuals composing the junta were masked with black hoods, but
+after he kissed the skull and attempted to wound himself they removed
+the hoods and he then recognized Estanislao Legaspi who presided,
+Mariano de Vera, Teodoro Plata and Juan de la Cruz who was a clerk
+of the Tabacalera, and who had led him upstairs; he did not know the
+other three. The witness paid two pesos as entrance fee promising
+to pay 50 cents monthly. He asked Legaspi what association it was,
+and he replied that it was the Liga Filipina."
+
+In the daily report of the secret police department made to General
+Blanco on the 30th of June 1896, is the following notice:
+
+"Herewith is given translated most faithfully from Tagalog, the
+result of an interview held with a well-to-do indian who belonged to
+the most popular of the masonic lodges, who tried to draw into it a
+friend. Questioned upon certain affairs, he said: "In the masonic
+lodges of San Juan del Monte and of Pandacan, the whole pueblo,
+rich and poor, is inscribed."
+
+"In the reunions the brethren attend blind-folded, and the chiefs
+with the face covered."
+
+"The person who desires to enter the lodge is obliged to have his
+face covered and his eyes bandaged in sign of blind obedience; the
+proofs are carried out and signature made as follows. The person
+receiving the initiated takes a dagger and gives it to him saying to
+him: do you swear to be steel like that which you hold in your hand
+and not to bend in the exigencies which oppress and vex us, and to
+labor in pro of the independence of your enslaved country? I swear
+answers the person to be initiated. Do you swear not to have father,
+mother, wife, child nor any relative but the revenging arm which shall
+sleep and live with you? I swear. They then surround him with arms
+of all classes and say to him: here is thy family, thy only work,
+and may it give thee thy life and open thy eyes for thy good of the
+country. They then make a small incision in the form of a cross in
+the right arm near the shoulder."
+
+"At present our meetings are held at night and in the most lonely
+fields, with the object of not being surprised."
+...................................................................
+
+"It is well known among us masons that Rizal is attributed with the
+faculty of being able to translate his person instantaneously from
+one point to another."
+...................................................................
+
+
+
+Note 51. Juan Castaneda testified on the 21st of September 1896 before
+the Chief Inspector of the Corps of Vigilance that "he was recommended
+to make the greatest amount of propaganda possible, of Japanese ideas
+in the pueblo of Imus." The Japanese ideas here spoken of were those
+of the foundation of the Japanese protectorate.
+
+
+
+Note 52. Money! money!! money!!! was the great cry in the majority of
+the masonic correspondence between the workers in Spain and those who
+had to supply the funds here. On the 8th of June 1892 Morayta wrote
+to bro. Panday-Pira informing him (a favorite custom of Morayta's)
+that what was wanted was "money to invite journalists (to dine or
+take a drink) and to pay articles in the papers." Morayta, probably
+with tears in his eyes, in ending his letter, heaves a sigh, whilst
+his fingers itching for the touch of gold, nervously clutch the pen
+which scrawls these words: "if we only had here a good administrator
+with funds then you would see how we should advance!"
+
+On the 22nd of June 1892 the secretary of the Gr. Or. Esp. wrote to
+the same explaining how "in a few meetings, a couple of banquets and
+a few presents made at the right time" much could be accomplished.
+
+
+
+Note 53. Rizal had money troubles previously with Pilar in Madrid
+(see note 39). The excessive earnest and zeal displayed at the
+time of the foundation of the Liga by Rizal died away on his
+deportation. This zeal was owing to the captivating manner in which
+the founder demonstrated to his audience the brilliant future to be
+attained by such an undertaking. Rizal had the advantage of a ready
+oratory and like Bonifacio, drew his hearers to his cause in spite of
+themselves. And then again, the same as in masonry, the association
+was secret, and its true end and aim were but whispered; and whilst
+many of the associated were laboring to assist, as they thought, in
+the fomentation of the culture and advancement of the country, they
+were in reality playing with the toy allotted to them by the society,
+whilst the chief members, those members best suited to be masons,
+as says the Gr. Sec. of the Gr. Or. Esp. [43], carried on the true
+work of the Liga. As in the lower degrees of any secret society,
+and of masonry in particular, the members are unaware of what is
+aimed at in the degrees to which they have not attained, to which
+all cannot attain, and the secrets of which are zealously guarded,
+so it was in the Liga.
+
+Upon its re-establishment the Liga counted among its members several
+who aimed at the leadership. The absence of Rizal, deported to Dapitan,
+left open the door for unbridled ambition. Everyone wanted to be the
+head. This together with money troubles brought about considerable ill
+feeling between the absent founder and those continuing the work of the
+association. Rizal had so far kept up a continual secret communication
+with the Liga, thanks to the liberty allowed him by his keepers in
+Mindanao, who guarded him with scandalous carelessness; and thanks also
+to the emissaries sent to him from Manila in search of instructions
+and advice. The result of the ill-feeling thus brought about was the
+rupture in official relations between the Liga and its founder.
+
+
+
+Note 54. See note 39.
+
+
+
+Note 55. One of the facts clearly developed in the trials of
+those suspected of treason, was that the guilty ones had taken the
+utmost care not to leave behind them traces of their work. This was
+principally the case with Rizal and the other chief workers of the
+revolt, and of those who formed the association of Compromisarios.
+
+
+
+Note 56. Both Pedro and Francisco Roxas were honorary councillors of
+the Administration. On the 19th of September 1896 Blanco published
+the following decrees:
+
+"In as much as Sr. D. Francisco Roxas, honorary councillor of the
+Administration is found under process in the courts of law: in the
+use of the faculties in me invested, I decree that he cease from the
+exercise of his functions etc., etc."
+
+And on the 30th of September the following:
+
+"In as much as the Excellent Sr. D. Pedro P. Roxas, honorary councillor
+of the Administration has been found under process in the courts of
+law, for rebellion; in the use of my faculties, etc., etc."
+
+Moises Salvador y Francisco testified (fols. 1138-1143) that "among
+the persons who sympathised with the cause and who aided it with
+their means for its realization, he remembered D. Pedro Roxas and
+D. Francisco Roxas ... (and others); and there existed in the provinces
+others whose names he could not remember."
+
+Domingo Franco y Tuason testified on the 30th of September 1896
+(fols. 1332-1337) that "in another of the several interviews he
+had with Francisco L. Roxas, he asked him if in the circle of his
+relations (with the association) he counted with persons who had
+offered to aid the objects and ends of the Liga. Sr. Roxas replied:
+Yes. And in proof thereof he drew from a drawer in his desk a record
+which he read, and among the names he read the witness remembered
+those of don P. Roxas and others."
+
+When Francisco Roxas found himself in danger of arrest, he attempted
+to flee to Hong-Kong, but was captured on board the ship which was to
+carry him there. From the ship he was conducted under arrest to the
+Comendancia of the Veterana where he remained several days, at the
+end of which he was transferred to the Fort of Santiago.
+
+Francisco was a millionaire who had received from Spain a name and
+reputation superior to his personal merits, and yet in spite of
+all that the mother-country had done for him in raising him up to a
+position to which he could never have attained without her aid, he was
+found to have placed himself in the vanguard of the bitterest enemies
+of his country. He was the director of the workings of separatism
+and was the chief provider of arms for the revolt, as was testified
+by innumerable witnesses. [44]
+
+On the eve of his execution for treason Francisco penned the following
+abjuration:
+
+"I, Francisco L. Roxas, on the eve of my death, in reparation for what
+in my words and actions may have offended my neighbor; for warning
+of others of my person and in order to satisfy my conscience, to the
+end that no one, and especially my children, fall into the net of
+freemasonry, or of any other secret society, all of which I detest
+and curse, and be not in a day to come ungrateful sons of our Mother
+Spain, beg pardon for all my faults and bad example."
+
+"I die in the Holy Roman Catholic Apostolic faith in which I was born
+and educated in a christian manner. I admit all that she admits and
+condemn all that she condemns."
+
+"This I sign with my own hand with entire liberty."
+
+Jany. 10th 1897 in Manila, Royal Fort of
+Santiago.--F. L. Roxas:--Witnesses: Antonio Pardo and Felix Garcia.
+
+On January 11th Gov. Gen. Polavieja telegraphed to Madrid as follows:
+
+"Sentenced by council of War, to-day there have been executed (shot)
+twelve persons guilty of treason ... among them Francisco Roxas,
+Councillor of Administration; Nijaga, Lieut. of native infantry;
+Villaroel, Villareal, Moises Salvador and others."
+
+
+
+Pedro Roxas was also a millionaire who inherited a good fortune, which,
+under the shelter of official protection multiplied considerably. Spain
+honored him with the grand cross of Isabela la Catolica. Like Francisco
+he was a Councillor of Administration. He possessed a large estate
+in Nasugbu which, when the revolt broke out, became an insurgent
+hornet's nest. There the rebels had a cannon, three falconettes and
+a large number of arms.
+
+After having been deprived of his office by decree previously
+mentioned, Pedro Roxas secured in some way or other from Blanco,
+permission to go to Spain. On arrival at Singapore he landed and
+remained there. Later on he was defended in the Spanish Cortes by
+Sr. Romero Robledo [45]. In Manila, to those who could judge of
+the facts on the spot, this defence came as a thunderbolt. However,
+the Spanish paper El Correo in the issue of August 15th said:
+
+"The conduct of Sr. Roxas results satisfactorily cleared, so that
+no doubt remains in respect to his complete disconnection with the
+revolt."
+
+Among the separatist element Pedro Roxas was known as the Emperor
+Pedro I.
+
+
+
+Note 57. Maximo M. A. Paterno was the father of the well known Pedro
+Paterno. Maximo was in his latter days the leading spirit of the
+celebrations held in honor of the amnesty proclaimed in 1900, by the
+late President McKinley. He died at the age of 76, just before the
+celebrations took place.
+
+This amnesty celebration, like most things attempted by Filipinos
+alone, turned but a fiasco, the speeches which were to be delivered
+on the occasion not being in any way in keeping with the oath
+of allegiance taken by the speakers. The speeches contemplated
+were in advocation of practically the same thing as that for which
+the rebels had been keeping up an armed struggle, and so, when the
+U. S. Commission was invited by Pedro Paterno to be present thereat,
+it naturally was unable to accept the invitation.
+
+The whole celebration was an abortive attempt on the part of its
+organizers to antagonize the Military and Civil authorities. Mr. Taft,
+as president of the Commission, at first accepted the invitation
+extended, supposing the speeches to be given, had been censored by
+the proper authorities, at that time the military; but on finding that
+this was not so, he declined in the name of the other members of the
+Commission, and thus avoided the unpleasantness of being present at
+a banquet at which both the Military and the Civil authorities would
+be insulted and the Government of the U. S. defied.
+
+On the 28th of July 1900, the day of the banquet, Mr. Taft on behalf
+of his fellow Commissioners, addressed a letter to Pedro Paterno on
+the subject. See Appendix J.
+
+Pedro Paterno was one of those who for a considerable time refused
+to take the oath of allegiance; with him were others, Mabini in
+particular.
+
+Maximo Paterno had received from Spain the Cross of Knight of the
+Royal and American Order of Isabela La Catolica.
+
+
+
+Note 58. And others: Among the names mentioned in many of the documents
+I have consulted on the subject of the trials of those guilty of
+treason, I have frequently come across those of Linjap (Mariano),
+Chidian (Telesforo), Yangco (Luis R.), and others. Of this latter
+Domingo Franco was asked during his trial, if Luis R. Yangco had
+assisted at any reunion of the compromisarios, to which he replied
+that he (Yangco) had not assisted at any session (fols. 1381-1382).
+
+As I have already remarked in another note, many of those charged
+with complicity in the affairs of the revolt were latter on proved
+to be innocent. That considerable number of the wealthy natives
+and half-castes sympathised more or less with the idea of greater
+liberality in government, is undoubtedly true, but that they extended
+their sympathies to the aims of the hordes of cut-throats led by
+Bonifacio is absurd.
+
+The leading Filipinos and many insular Spaniards sighed for privileges
+which the Government of Madrid did not deem well to concede. To bring
+pressure upon the Government some of these combined to support in
+the metropolis, some of their number who should keep up the work of
+agitation. This agitation however took a form displeasing to many,
+who thereupon ceased to lend it their aid and consent. But few of the
+leaders of the people, especially of the wealthy ones, desired to
+cut themselves adrift from Spain, and not till a few insignificant
+beings such as Aguinaldo, Bonifacio, Mabini, and Pilar (Pio del)
+and Buencamino came upon the scene did the idea of independence
+of the island really take form. A faint idea of such a thing as
+independence did exist formerly, but the enlightened Filipinos saw,
+only too clearly, the probable result.
+
+The wealthy proprietors here cited, no doubt sympathised more or
+less with the Liga Filipina in its beginning, whilst it was under
+the complete control of its founder Rizal; but as the Liga lost the
+character given to it by Rizal, and underwent the change it did,
+it is only natural to suppose that many of its former supporters
+left it as they would a sinking ship. However the fact that they
+were identified with the original Liga seems to have been taken as
+a proof of their connection with the revolt. This is certainly the
+opinion expressed by Sr. Diaz.
+
+
+
+Note 59. Mactan is the name of the island upon which Magallanes, the
+famous explorer, met his death at the hands of the savage hordes who
+at that time peopled the land. Names of places and persons associated
+with the disasters suffered by Spain, were greatly admired among the
+separatists. Surely Mactan, an island peopled by savages at the time
+of its chief notoriety, and Mayon, the site of a destructive volcano,
+are very suitable names to give to such centers as were the popular
+councils of Trozo and Sta. Cruz.
+
+
+
+Note 60. On the 30th of August 1895, the Civil Governor of Batangas
+asked of the commander of the Guardia Civil of Lemery, information
+concerning "persons in the pueblo of Taal who were distinguished
+for their separatists opinions". The said commander replied that a
+report on all such persons would be unending, and proceeded to cite
+the case of Felipe Agoncillo to personify the said separatist element,
+as follows:
+
+"Among the group of the chief ones and as chief of them, stands
+Felipe Agoncillo, proprietor and lawyer." He then goes on to explain
+how Agoncillo imposed his will upon every one in the pueblo, even
+upon the Municipality, no law or regulation sent even by the highest
+authorities going into force until it had been passed upon by him. "It
+would be difficult," says he, "for me to collect any perfect proof of
+his anti-Spanish tendencies which are, however, self-evident to the
+Spanish element of this province." This report, which was a sufficient
+warning of danger, was sent to the Gov. of Batangas on the 18th of
+September 1895. He immediately forwarded it to Gen. Blanco. About
+three months afterwards Blanco looked into the matter, circumstances
+demanding that some steps should be taken to preserve national honor;
+and he decided to deport six of the separatists as an example to
+the remainder. Of these six one was Agoncillo. This industrious
+filibuster had influential and watchful friends in Manila, who,
+upon seeing the turn things were taking, telegraphed him "Cafe en
+baja; fuera existencias." This was warning sufficient and Agoncillo
+accompanied by Ramon Atienza succeeded in escaping.
+
+On the 14th of April the Japanese Mail Steamer Hiorine left Manila. On
+this steamer Agoncillo fled, hidden it is said, in a coal bunk. The
+Heraldo de Madrid of the 16th of September 1896, in speaking of the
+affair says: "Agoncillo gave the captain of the ship the sum of 350
+pesos as gratification and on this account had placed at his disposal
+upon arrival at Kobe, a ship's boat, whilst the remaining passengers
+had to hire their transportation."
+
+On the 2nd of May 1896, the secret police of Manila reported to
+Gen. Blanco, as follows:
+
+"Notice is hereby given of the sailing for Japan of Felipe Agoncillo,
+property-owner of the province of Batangas, who goes to put himself
+at the disposition of the junta magna (in Japan), carrying with him
+some 80,000 pesos collected in Lipa, Taal and other pueblos, for the
+sustainment of anti-Spanish propaganda."
+
+Like most of the leaders of the separatist campaign, Agoncillo was
+astute. He partook of that peculiar trait of the native character: a
+sharpness of perception, a cuteness which one not acquainted with the
+indian would take for intelligence. An Indian will often do something
+remarkable, but in spite of its appearance of being an extraordinary
+action, a result of a well thought out plan, it proceeds in ninety-nine
+cases out of a hundred, from instinct rather from intelligence. Native
+peoples are more accustomed to use their common-sense than most of us
+and hence arises the fact, that frequently the Filipino has outwitted
+both the military and the civil authorities. England learned this
+lesson in dealing with the Oriental in India, Spain learned it here,
+and America has yet to discover the same truth.
+
+Mr. Wildman [46], the late U. S. Consul at Hong-Kong, once affirmed of
+Agoncillo, "Sr. Agoncillo is a very intelligent and daring diplomat
+(the Government later on found him to be far more daring than
+intelligent), and could fill the position of chief of any department
+of State in any civilized country." But then, it was nothing strange
+for Wildman to make such breaks!
+
+
+
+Note 61. Among these honorable exceptions which Sr. Diaz says he has
+great pleasure in recognizing, might be mentioned several who were
+falsely accused and whose names have gone down to the reading public
+in the works of various writers who wrote in good faith, branded with
+the mark of ingratitude which characterized and still characterizes
+so many natives and half-castes.
+
+It gives a careful student of the subject more than passing pleasure to
+be able to give the lie to those who in their testimony classified as
+members of the infernal plot to "cut the throats of every Spaniard,
+without regard even to parentage", the names of some of the most
+prominent Filipinos of to-day, men who although they have not grovelled
+in the dust before the conqueror and accepted positions under the new
+Government, are more truly prominent than those who assert themselves
+as the "leaders" of the people.
+
+Among these honorable exceptions there were many who although they came
+to form part of the so-called Revolutionary Government, did so only
+when Spanish rule had ceased to exist, and when the accepted opinion
+was that a government elected by the people would be recognized by
+the U. S. These, however, were never traitors to the mother country;
+they were men who treated Spain as every honorable man should treat his
+country. These were not men who changed their religion as they changed
+their clothes: to suit the occasion. They were not men who concealed
+their titles to freemason degrees, at the bottom of their trunks,
+and exposed them with pride upon the change of sovereignty. These men
+were never perjurers, never traitors. Born and raised in the bosom of
+the Catholic faith they remained faithful to it, and faithful to the
+traditions of the country which gave them their political being; and
+it is with great pleasure that, with Sr. Diaz, I also can say, that
+I have great pleasure in recognizing these honorable exceptions, and
+in proof thereof have I dedicated this small historical sketch to them.
+
+
+
+Note 62. Day by day the morality in the administration of the funds
+became worse, and so intense did the ill-feeling engendered by pride
+become, that the members forgot all about the fomentation of the
+culture and advancement of the country. Like a nursery full of willful
+children, they all wanted their own way, and when they could not have
+it, some cried: "now I shan't play," "now I'll go and tell ma;" this
+perhaps was the chief cause of the dissolution of the association,
+for some did go and tell "ma;" and the wealthy members, and those who
+had anything to lose, were immediately overcome with abject fear lest
+"ma" should punish them with a good spanking.
+
+"In the month of October 1893, the Superior Council becoming
+aware that some documents pertaining, to the Liga had been handed
+over to the offices of the General Government, the dissolution
+of the society was determined."--Testimony of Domingo Franco y
+Tuason. (fols. 1,299-1,303).
+
+On the 25th of May 1896, notice was given by the secret police to
+Governor General Blanco, as follows:
+
+"Notice is herewith given of the existence in Manila, of a Society
+named La Liga Filipina, to which are affiliated a large number of
+individuals...."
+
+
+
+Note 63. The testimony given by many of the political prisoners as
+to the foundation, aims and work of the Compromisarios is somewhat
+conflicting. For instance: Antonio Salazar, (fols. 1,008-1,013)
+testified that on account of the mal-administration of the funds,
+"the subscription on behalf of La Propaganda ceased, and under
+the name of Compromisarios was founded an association composed of
+... (here follow names of members), and seeing that they could not
+gather sufficient funds, they agreed to increase the subscription
+and seek persons to associate with them."
+
+On another occasion the same witness testified (fols. 1,014-1,018) that
+certain persons whom he named were the "Compromisarios, who were in
+communion with Marcelo (del Pilar), and who remitted money to him." He
+also stated that "on account of the bad conduct observed in Madrid by
+Pilar, ... some of the Compromisarios refused to send him resources."
+
+In reply to a question as to the relationship between the
+Compromisarios and the Katipunan, he gave as his opinion, that "there
+could be no doubt that both societies aimed at the same end." At
+fols. 1118-1129 the same witness affirmed that "as the partisans
+of Rizal and Pilar ... saw that neither masonry nor the Liga could
+hope for funds [47], they formed the society of Compromisarios among
+wealthy persons of Manila and the Provinces."
+
+Domingo Franco affirmed that the outbreak of the revolt came as a
+great surprise to the Compromisarios.
+
+As to the aims of the society, Moises Salvador y Francisco is authority
+for the statement that: "in one of the juntas they treated of the
+provision of arms and other material of war; and it was agreed,
+moreover, to gather funds for the said expenses, and as the junta
+replied that it was impossible at that time, a committee was appointed,
+composed of Jose Ramos, Doroteo Cortes and Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista,
+to draw up a petition for the aid of Japan."
+
+Moises also affirmed (fols. 1,296-1,299) that the Supreme Council of
+the Compromisarios was formed as follows:
+
+
+            President           Domingo Franco.
+            Secretary           Apolinario Mabini.
+            Treasurer           Bonifacio Arevalo.
+                             /  Numeriano Adriano.
+            Vocales          +  Ambrosio Bautista.
+                             \  Moises Salvador.
+
+
+Domingo Franco (fol. 1,299-1,303) testified that upon the dissolution
+of the Liga, and in the month of October 1894, there gathered together
+in a house of the witness, Numeriano Adriano, Apolinario Mabini,
+Isidoro Francisco, Deodato Arellano and the witness, and it was
+decided to constitute the association known as the Compromisarios,
+endeavouring to gather as many as forty members, each paying a monthly
+subscription of 5 pesos, for the sustainment of the La Solidaridad.
+
+The same witness also testified (fols. 1,332-1,337) that "The Liga
+and the Katipunan were constituted in three groups, viz.: the Supreme
+Council or the aristocracy, under the presidency of Francisco L. Roxas;
+the Compromisarios or middle classes, divided into juntas or local
+councils.... The third aggregation was the Katipunan under the
+presidency of Andres Bonifacio, and was composed of the lower classes.
+
+From all this we gather that the association of Compromisarios
+was founded with the idea of collecting funds to continue the work
+commenced by masonry and the Liga. The association was, practically,
+a committee formed to take up the work of the Liga, but formed in
+such a manner as to avoid suspicion, and all compromise with the late
+Liga. In its formation, its duties and its methods, it differed from
+both the Liga and from the Katipunan, but whilst differing from them
+it formed a tie between them, carrying on a work which the Katipunan
+could not carry on of itself. The Liga died; and its mantle fell upon
+the Compromisarios. This society inspired, watched over and protected
+the labor of its successor, the Katipunan, the fighting machine of
+the separatist or filibuster element.
+
+
+
+Note 64. The idea which appeared to pervade the minds of the so-called
+progressive Filipinos was that with a code of laws a la Europea,
+the adoption of some or other new fangled idea imported from France,
+Germany or anywhere but the Peninsular, the Filipino would immediately
+attain the advancement and culture enjoyed among the Japanese. To
+anyone not acquainted with either the Filipino or the Japanese, such
+an idea might be acceptable; but no student of Oriental races, nor even
+the mere casual observer of these two peoples, would venture to predict
+than even with all the advantages of modernism the Filipino now enjoys,
+will he, as a people, attain to such a state of culture as that enjoyed
+by the sons of the Empire of the Rising Sun even in a hundred years.
+
+Among the European peoples the progress of civilization and
+regeneration was slow but it was none the less decisive. Among
+Orientals it is, as a rule, quick but not lasting. Among almost all
+Oriental peoples the rising generation is bright and gives signs of
+great possibilities; but these youths after having passed with honors
+through college and university, too often end their lives as they began
+them--as children. What the Oriental lacks is stability. Nothing is
+more common in the Philippines than to find that your cook or coachman
+has completed four-fifths of his studies as lawyer, doctor or something
+else. The Filipino who has reached the age of thirty and has not,
+in these days, been bata [48] in a convent or with a private family,
+been cochero, cook, collector of accounts for some business house,
+letter-carrier, postman, policeman, musician in a church choir,
+fireman, and connected with a few other employments of more or less
+importance, is by no means a rara avis, to say nothing of the many
+who have also been majors and generals in the insurgent "army", and
+without stopping to consider a pair of very prominent natives who
+from batas in the University of Sto. Tomas have, after a series of
+political intrigues, risen to positions of law-tinkers over a people,
+the vast majority of whom hate and despise them.
+
+As a matter of fact the very best of the filipino politicians and
+other local men of fame, bright, learned and progressive though they
+be, would count but little side by side with the foremost sons of the
+Flowery Kingdom. To find in Yokohama, or even in Nagasaki or Kobe, or
+any other city of Japan, a hundred Rizals, a hundred Pilars (Marcelos,
+Pios or Gregorios), a hundred Apacibles, or Mabinis, or Aguinaldos,
+or Buencaminos or Taveras would be an easy task. But to find in the
+Philippines a Marquis Ito, a Mutsu, a Yamata or a Matsugata,--that
+is the question.
+
+And why? Because at the time when Spain discovered these islands,
+finding the people in a state of social and moral degradation,
+without formal government or any social organization beyond the
+tribal system (and that but limited) common to almost all savage
+peoples, the Japanese had already counted with more than 1000 years
+of more or less stable government, always organized, and with a
+social organization and a firm national unity. The people of Japan,
+at that time, cultivated the arts and sciences, enjoyed the fruits of
+prosperous industries and of external commerce. They had a religion and
+a language which could be written and understood when written. Three
+hundred years ago, when the Filipinos were just commencing to learn
+the difference between man and beast, the Japanese was enjoying a
+relative civilization not yet attained by the Chinese, much less by
+the partisans of the separatist leaders of Luzon and the Visayas.
+
+No country has ever done for her colonial children what Spain did
+for the Filipinos during the three centuries she held control over
+the Archipelago; and yet how far are the people from the state of
+culture of the Japanese! Well might the leaders of the people look
+to Japan as a model!
+
+
+
+Note 65. Domingo Franco (fols. 1,332-1,337) testified that on a
+certain day "he went to see Francisco L. Roxas and asked him if it
+were certain that he had been to the house of Cortes, and had arranged
+matters in respect to the Commission which should go to Japan; to which
+Sr. Roxas replied, yes; and that it was agreed that Cortes should go,
+commissioned to ask of the Japanese Government, help and protection for
+these islands, (the Filipino Government) handing over as a guarantee,
+one of the islands near Luzon, which the witness believed to be
+Mindoro on account of its large size and small population.
+
+"Antonio Salazar (fol. 1,118-1,129) stated that "of the junta of
+compromisarios there formed part: Cortes, Espanol and Ramos, who
+were then in Japan petitioning that Empire to aid them with arms,
+ships and money...."
+
+Isabelo de los Reyes, in telling the Governor General, Primo de Rivera,
+what he affirmed to be the truth of the situation in 1897, stated
+that "the Filipino burguesses had nominated a commission composed
+of Doroteo Cortes, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, Jose A. Ramos and
+Marcelo H. del Pilar, the latter of whom died in Barcelona whilst on
+his way to Japan. This commission had for its object the securing of
+the protection of that empire; Cortes, as president, gathered funds
+to sustain Ramos and Isabelo Artacho Vicos, who were his agents in
+that country."
+
+
+
+Note 66. Antonio Salazar (fols. 1,008-1,013) testified that "The
+year previous he met Timoteo Paez in Calle Echague, and enquired of
+him if he had moved his residence to Quiapo; Paez replied that he had
+transferred the members of his family to a house of strong materials,
+not wishing to leave them in a nipa [49] house in Tondo, as he was
+going to Singapore, and after encharging the witness to preserve
+secrecy, told him that he was going there to engage a steamer which
+was to make a trip to Dapitan to steal away Rizal from that place;
+moreover that the date upon which Paez went to Singapore might be
+known by enquiring at the house of Echeita and Co., where the said
+Paez was engaged, and which conceded him permission to go."
+
+On another occasion this same individual testified (fols. 1,118-1,129)
+that "the Compromisarios agreed to employ the sum (of money gathered
+for another purpose) for the purpose of aiding the stealing away of
+the person of Rizal from Dapitan, for which purpose they sent it
+(the money) to Timoteo Paez, at Singapore that he might engage a
+steamer which should go to Dapitan; and as they could not realize the
+undertaking, they sent the money to Jose Baza who lived in Hong-Kong,
+and Baza sent the money to Sandakan (in Borneo) so that a ship might
+be engaged there for the purpose.
+
+On the 13th of January 1895, the Gr. Pres. of the Gr. Cons. Reg.,
+bro. Musa, gr. 18, wrote to the lodge Modestia, as follows:
+
+
+                        "A. L. G. D. G. A. D. U.
+
+                   A la Resp. Log. Modestia No. 199.
+
+                                S. F. U.
+
+        Ven. Maes. Pres.
+
+    "Our very beloved bro. Dimas-Alang (Jose Rizal, see foot-note,
+    page 47), who for some time has been, as you know, expiating
+    in Dapitan, faults he has not committed [50], is authorized to
+    change his residence, under the condition that it be in some part
+    of Spain and not in the Archipelago."
+
+    "Together with this notice we have received another that the
+    said bro. lacks absolutely the resources for such a long voyage
+    ... etc."
+    ................................................................
+
+    "In virtue of this, I write to you that, bearing in mind what I
+    have explained, you may arrange to be collected from the members,
+    the pecuniary aid they wish and are able to contribute for the
+    meritorious work in question."
+
+        The Gr. Pres., Muza.
+
+
+Jose Dison Matanza testified (fols. 1,132-1,138) that "the Secret
+Camara of the Katipunan gathered together and decided upon another
+plan, which was, as Bonifacio told the witness, to embark a large
+number of people as passengers on a ship which was to go to Dapitan;
+and these when they were upon the high seas, were to surprise the
+crew and take possession of the ship; they should then steal away
+Rizal from Dapitan and take him wherever they could."
+
+
+
+Note 67. If elsewhere in the history of the workings of separatism
+in the Philippines, proof were wanting of the cruel deceit practiced
+by the filibuster leaders upon the ignorants who formed the mass of
+the secret associations of masonic origin, here in this instance it
+would be found in abundance. Taking the whole question of the part
+played by Japan or by individual Japanese in the separatist movement
+from beginning to end I am strongly of the opinion that the supposed
+assistance, whether in the form of arms and ammunition, or in that of
+financial or moral support was a deliberate imposture, and that those
+credulous persons who contributed with their hard-earned money towards
+the sums said to have been utilized for propaganda in Japan, were
+defrauded, not only out of the money they gave to the funds, but also
+of what they might legitimately hope for as a result of the expenditure
+of the said funds. It is a well known fact that the hopes of the people
+were kept up by many statements which were absolutely unfounded [51];
+the assertions of Cortes, Ramos and others who performed the duties
+of the embassy to Japan, were most probably of this nature.
+
+The person who, during the trials of those accused of treason,
+gave the most interesting testimony relative to this matter, was
+Juan Castaneda. He affirmed that "on account of family troubles,
+and for questions arising from losses at gambling, and in view of
+his having robbed his mother, he decided to leave for Hong-Kong,
+embarking on the SS. Esmeralda, on the 31st of July 1895" [52]. He
+went on to describe how he there met his friend, the native ex-priest
+Severo Buenaventura; how the said Buenaventura initiated him into
+the secrets of freemasonry, and how this native ex-priest had
+been himself initiated by Ambrosio Flores [53]. That they later
+on decided to go to Japan sailing on the SS. Natal. That on their
+arrival at Yokohama they lodged at the house of Jose Ramos, where
+there also lived Artacho. "During the first days of their stay Ramos
+and Artacho seemed to look upon them with want of confidence, and
+hid from them their conversations." He affirmed also that among the
+visitors to the house of Ramos were a Mr. Hirata, a professor of law,
+intermediary between Ramos and Prince Konoy, resident in Tokyo, and
+also, a Mr. Yosida, merchant. He stated also that "to excuse their
+frequent absence, Ramos and Artacho assured him that they had been
+to Tokyo to interview the dignitaries of the Empire, Prince Konoy,
+General Yamagata and the count of Tokogana, one of the ministers who
+had been Japanese ambassador to the court of Italy. Ramos assured them
+that, with these Japanese politicians they were arranging the securing
+of the independence of the Philippines, to which end the Japanese
+offered to land here 100,000 rifles with their ammunition, the cost
+of which should be paid for in a fixed number of years ... etc., etc."
+
+Isabelo de los Reyes [54] says on this point:
+
+"According to what is said, Ramos interviewed, on several occasions,
+Prince Konoy, General Yamagata and the Count of Tokogana, who was
+then a minister. These gentlemen, it seems, were sympathizers with the
+idea of our independence under the protectorate of Japan, as in Korea,
+and that they proposed, as a means of gaining it, the fomentation of
+Japanese immigration in the Philippines, and that when once this was
+attained, the seeking of a conflict with Spain."
+
+Further on he states that: "Some days before the insurrection broke
+out, Isabelo Artacho brought me a letter from Jose A. Ramos, in which
+he gave me an account of the efforts they were exerting to influence
+the leading politicians of Japan, to the end that they should aid us to
+secure our independence. Artacho told me verbally the details and that
+he knew that the liberal party of Japan, which then was the opposition,
+sympathized with the idea, and proposed as a means of attaining it,
+the seeking of a cause of conflict with Spain, introducing Japanese
+emigrants to that end."
+
+Moises Salvador (fols. 1,138-1,143) stated that according to letters
+received by Bonifacio Arevalo from Cortes and Ramos, these two had
+been received by the Japanese minister of foreign affairs, to whom
+they expounded the object of their journey; and as the minister asked
+them what money they had to cover the expenses of the enterprise,
+they replied that they would pay their way with the money they should
+seize, pertaining to the Religions Orders and to the Treasury [55];
+and being satisfied, the Japanese minister told them they might prepare
+themselves, for he would send them arms in June or July, to the coast
+of Luzon, to be disembarked near the island of Polillo...."
+
+That the separatists hoped for, and aimed to secure the aid of Japan
+is certain; many testified to the fact; but this testimony was more or
+less hearsay. Certain leading separatists went to Japan to concoct the
+scheme and were, no doubt, listened to by some more or less prominent
+persons. This is all the more probable when we remember that the
+credentials carried by the Commission took the form of a petition
+signed by some 22,000 Filipinos, that is, it bore that number of
+signatures. [56]
+
+The work of propaganda carried on by certain Filipinos cannot be
+called into question; but what is very uncertain is whether or not
+the Japanese extended the wished and hoped for assistance. To be
+received in interview, and to be heard with attention, are two very
+different things. A father listens to the idle prattle of his child,
+but the childish words leave no other impression on his mind than
+their cuteness merits at the time. This is probably what occurred
+between Cortes and Ramos and the so-called "official" element of Japan.
+
+
+
+Notes 68 and 69. Pio Valenzuela testified (fols. 582-605) that "in
+the month of May, a student of Law Daniel Aria y Tirona, came to his
+house and invited him to go to salute the commander of the Japanese
+cruiser the Kongo [57]. That at an hour fixed, there gathered at the
+Bazar [58], with the witness, Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Jose
+Dizon and others, who were received by the commander of the cruiser
+with an air of indifference, and of apparent ridicule.... Bonifacio
+saluted and welcomed him to the islands, offering his services. The
+commander replied, thanking them and inviting them to take a voyage
+to Japan to visit the towns of that country, and enjoy its beautiful
+climate. Later on they directed a letter to the Commander, Jacinto
+drawing it up and Bonifacio, Dizon and himself and others signing
+it; its text was a salutation to the Emperor and Empress of Japan,
+and a manifestation of a desire to form a part of the said Empire,
+etc.... With the letter were presented twelve water-melons [59]
+sent by Emilio Aguinaldo, capitan municipal of Cavite Viejo, and a
+quantity of mangoes purchased by Cipriano Pacheco, and also a picture."
+
+Jose Dizon Matanza questioned on the same subject, affirmed
+(fols. 1,132-1,138) that he was invited to the "Bazar Japones," to
+salute and welcome the commander of the cruiser (Kongo).... When he
+arrived they gave him iced water.... About an hour afterwards there
+arrived an officer of the ship who said he was the doctor, and soon
+after the commander arrived; all saluted him.... On the evening of
+the same day Bonifacio, Valenzuela and the witness went to Nagtajan
+to the house where lived the Japanese who kept the Bazar.... Bonifacio
+told them they had a letter to give them. Three or four days later on,
+Valenzuela presented himself at the house of the witness with a letter
+in Tagalo which read more or less as follows: (here follows what the
+witness remembered of the letter.) Bonifacio signed it as president of
+the Supreme Council of the Katipunan, Jacinto as secretary, Valenzuela
+as Fiscal and the witness with the name of Jose Talin.... After the
+departure of the Commander, the witness enquired of Bonifacio what
+result the letter had obtained, Andres replying that the Commander
+had taken a copy of it, returning the original, because the persons
+signing it were not representative; but that the said officer was
+very pleased with the pictures given in the name of the Katipunan,
+and with the melons and mangoes sent from Cavite."
+
+Isabelo de los Reyes affirms that: "When the Japanese cruiser Kongo
+visited the port of Manila in May 1896, the Supreme Council of the
+Katipunan went to salute its commander in the upstairs of the Bazar
+Japones, situated in the plaza del Padre Moraga, and handed him a
+manuscript setting forth their desire for the aid and assistance of
+Japan towards the gaining of independence for the Philippines. They
+also offered him a picture and some native fruits."
+
+"The commander received them well and even regaled them with iced
+drinks and coffee, but did not dare to accept the document, limiting
+himself to the taking of a copy of it and promising to transmit their
+desires to the Emperor; he also invited them to make a voyage to his
+country. Nothing has since been heard of the commander."
+
+So much for the testimony given concerning the Kongo and its commander.
+
+Information I have obtained from Japanese semi-official sources on this
+point, shows that the Kongo steamed into Manila bay in 1896 in the same
+manner as it did recently, on a non-official visit. As was customary,
+the Japanese Commander and other officers visited the Japanese Bazaar
+in Plaza Moraga as well as other Japanese business houses. The Bazar
+Japones was a center to which friends and acquaintances gathered to
+salute the visiting officers. Upstairs were prepared iced drinks,
+etc. for those who cared to take them. Bonifacio and others,
+uninvited, walked in and presented themselves and their petition and
+offerings. The latter the commander accepted; the petition he did not
+accept: in this he showed good sense. As to the supposed copy which
+he promised to take, evidence goes to show that it was not taken,
+but that the said commander merely made a few notes of it on a scrap
+of paper. The proprietors of the Bazar ridicule the idea that the
+commander favored the petition or received the so-called commission
+with pleasure; their opinion is that to which any investigator of the
+affair would come, that the Commander was a gentleman and did not
+wish to hurt the feelings, by his refusal, of even such ignorantes
+as those who at that time forced themselves upon him.
+
+
+
+Note 70. The idea that the Liga was but an introduction to the
+Katipunan is not borne out by the facts of the case. The Liga
+Filipina was a foundation of Rizal, whilst the Katipunan was a
+conception of Pilar who, finding Rizal was carrying all before him,
+determined not to be out-done by his former companion. The very fact
+of the enmity existing between the two leaders is proof enough that
+the two societies were not one and the same thing, although after
+their foundation they walked arm in arm. The Liga, as an association,
+was eventually dissolved, and from it was formed the Compromisarios
+(see note 63) and this body continued its functions till the outbreak
+of the revolt. The vicissitudes of the Liga did not lessen Rizal's
+influence. Ever ready to tell a lie or act one if it were to his own
+advantage, Rizal permitted the free use of his name in connection
+with the Katipunan also. To the vast majority of the oath-bound,
+the Katipunan was but the Liga under another form; and in order that
+the people should not know of the rivalry existing between himself
+and Pilar, Rizal gave no signs of disfavor towards the foundation of
+the new society; in fact he rather favored it, seeing that under the
+circumstances it would make him figure as its "hero," and he would thus
+be enabled to take the wind out of Pilar's sails. The only objection
+raised by Rizal to the work of the Katipunan, was that which he made
+to Valenzuela: that the time had not yet come for armed rebellion.
+
+As long as he held supreme influence Rizal was satisfied; but as the
+separatist element was becoming weary at the long absence of its
+"Moses" and had begun to worship the "calf" (not a golden one, by
+the way) "Moses" got angry and threw down, in disgust, the "tables
+of the law."
+
+In its beginning, Rizal was the idol of the Katipunan, in the same
+way as Morayta (note 13) was the idol of the rebellious Filipinos
+in Madrid, and others parts of the Peninsular. Isabelo de los Reyes
+[60] would have us believe that the foundation of the Katipunan
+was a result of the indignation of the people, consequent upon the
+deportation of Rizal. This, in the face of facts, is a very poor
+argument and demonstrates either the ignorance or the bad faith of
+Reyes. And he himself contradicts it a few lines further on by saying
+"that without knowing Rizal, the Katipunan acclaimed him its honorary
+President." This latter they certainly did but not "without knowing"
+him. They did so because they knew nothing of his disagreement with
+Pilar, the real founder of their society, and because the aim of the
+two societies was practically one.
+
+
+
+Note 71. The similarity of character between the Liga and the Katipunan
+has always been a matter of discussion. Some writers would draw a hard
+and fast line between the two, considering them as oil and water, two
+bodies enemies one of the other; others looking upon them as two oils,
+the one vegetable and the other mineral which, although differing in
+nature, mix together thoroughly.
+
+Reyes, in his oft-quoted "Memoria" to the then Gov. General, Primo
+de Rivera, in a mad attempt to prove that the insurrection was owing
+to the "friars" and that they attempted to invent the Katipunan plot
+to cover up their treason, says:
+
+"Above all, the friars committed the criminal and suicidal infamy
+of calumniously including in the Katipunan the millionaire and
+aristocratic element, and the middle classes, the fact being that
+they had nothing in common with the plebeian association which they
+not only despised for its low condition, but which the few who knew of
+its existence must have hated, if not for egotism, for the socialistic
+tendencies of the said group."
+
+Such assertions scarcely deserve comment, for from beginning to end,
+the proceedings against the separatists were in the hands of the civil
+authorities, the members of the Religious Orders having no influence
+whatever in the matter, although it was they who, by their watchfulness
+over the interests of the country had detected symptoms which they,
+as true patriots, made known to the civil authorities. True it is also
+that a friar, Padre Mariano Gil, made known, at a critical moment,
+the plot of the diabolical society, in time to prevent the bloodthirsty
+fiends rising in a night and cutting the throats of those who had been
+their benefactors; but the "friar" was never a secret service agent of
+the Government. What he did was what every patriotic Spaniard would
+have done under the circumstances. It was the civil authorities who,
+upon the discovery of the plot, caused the arrest of those complicated,
+and who tried and passed judgement upon the guilty. If millionaires
+and others were counted among the members of the Katipunan it was
+because they were guilty of the same treason as the katipuneros and
+not because they were "included" by the "friar".
+
+
+    "... Association which they not only despised for its low
+    condition, but which the few who knew of its existence must have
+    hated, if not for egotism, for the socialistic tendencies of the
+    said group."
+
+
+So says Isabelo de los Reyes, the founder of the late Filipino
+Democratic Party, and the Workman's Democratic Union, the most
+socialist movement in the history of the Philippines. So much for
+the Liberty, Equality and Fraternity which they all professed.
+
+Another writer, C. de Valdez, a nom-de-plume under which I recognize
+as hidden one whose knowledge on this subject was very extensive,
+who for the study of the question had at his disposition innumerable
+documents of vital importance, gives as his opinion: "It has been
+said that the Liga was a society into the which there entered only
+elements of a certain culture, and the people of money; whilst
+the Katipunan was formed for the poor and laboring classes. If by
+this it is intended to signify that they were two close societies,
+the one which should comprehend what we might call the aristocracy
+and the other the common people, we cannot agree with the opinion,
+because it is in contradiction with the facts. There existed a free
+communication between both societies and the prominent personages of
+the Liga mixed with the humble ones of the Katipunan, taking active
+part in the labors and forming part of the reunions and assemblies
+[61]; in the same way the individuals of common class entered the files
+of the Liga without any distinction of class being drawn between them."
+
+The writer goes on to show that the three main things needed for the
+Revolution were 1st: an active propaganda of separatist ideas; 2nd:
+funds to cover expenses and to purchase arms, and 3rd: a considerable
+number of persons ready to take up arms in the field. The first two
+of these main things were to be attended to by the Liga and the third
+by the Katipunan.
+
+"In the greatest utility in attaining the ultimate end of the
+initiators and directors of the conspiracy, must be sought the
+distinction between the Liga and the Katipunan, and the difference
+which the one or the other society enjoyed."
+
+"In all other things, both societies, or both organisms of the same
+society, co-exist, and display their activity jointly, the campaign of
+the Katipunan or that of the Liga being the most active; according as
+the necessities with which the one or the other were preferentially
+encharged to satisfy the final triumph of the revolt, might be of
+the greatest urgency or immediate utility."
+
+The fact is that the Liga and the Katipunan were the distinct
+foundations of two personal enemies, both of whom wished to hold for
+himself the position of supreme chief of the movement. (See note 70).
+
+D. Manuel Luengo, Civil Governor of Manila, in a report to the Minister
+of Foreign affairs, speaking on the subject of the Katipunan, says:
+
+"To carry to a head their fearful and criminal idea, they found it
+necessary to recruit many people of all classes and from all the
+provinces, seeking a useful means to facilitate the conjuration. And
+the indian being by reason of his ignorance and his barbarianism,
+like all peoples of his kind, easily fanaticised, they set to work to
+fanaticise the masses, these hordes of childish people, these ignorant
+laborers; and they fanaticised them by means of the pacto-de-sangre,
+making them swear war to the death to Spaniards, practicing an incision
+in the left arm, and with the blood which flowed from the wound made
+them sign their frightful oath."
+
+"The masonic attributes discovered, and the "apron" [62] upon which
+appeared the head of a Spaniard suspended by the hair, by the hand
+of a criminal indian, whilst with the other hand a dagger was plunged
+into the throat, evidenced, in a notorious manner, that this Society
+was found well provided with masonic rites."
+
+
+
+Note 72. Deodato Arellano, Bonifacio, Dina and Plata, it will be
+remembered, were energetic workers of the Liga. They had entered into
+the scheme of Rizal's association before Pilar's idea of a similar
+society had become known. Two months or so after the foundation of
+the Liga, at the time when its founder was deported to Dapitan, it
+was decided to take up Pilar's project and see what could be done
+towards carrying it to a successful issue.
+
+Jose Dizon y Matanza (fols. 1,129-1,131) testified that "on the
+same day in which General Despujols ordered the publication in the
+Gaceta of the deportation of Rizal, there gathered in a house in
+calle Ilaya, Bonifacio, Arellano, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Dina
+and the witness; and they agreed to form a society to be known as the
+Katipunan, the object and ends of which were to be filibusterism, or,
+in other words, the liberty of the country from Spanish rule; the six
+persons present immediately proceeded to perform upon themselves the
+incision of the pacto-de-sangre, signing with their own blood a blank
+paper, placing after the signature, the symbolic name each chose
+for himself. They then drew up the programme of the Society. This
+programme was composed of 6 articles, viz.: 1st: to constitute a
+secret society known as the Katipunan; 2nd: that the organization
+was to be by triangles, to the end that no more than three members
+should know one another; 3rd: that the initiated should pay one real
+entrance fee, and a half real as a monthly subscription; 4th: that
+as the number of the members increased they should found one or more
+balangay in each district; 5th: to try to gather funds to carry out
+the purposes of the society; 6th: that when the opportunity occurred
+they should reform these articles.
+
+They also agreed upon the form of oath which should be taken by the
+initiated, which was to promise to shed even the last drop of blood
+for the liberty of the Philippines.
+
+The Katipunan was founded upon masonic usage adapted to the character
+of the association. Its formation was one of triangles, each new
+Katipunero being bound to attract to the association, two others to
+occupy the opposite angles. This formation was eventually changed on
+account of the extent to which the society extended, its management
+becoming very difficult. The particular triangles were broken up
+and the association formed in three degrees. The first degree was
+composed of the recently initiated members. These each possessed a
+mask and some form of arm, either fire-arm or bolo, the cost of which
+was borne by the member possessing it. The members who enjoyed the
+second degree also possessed masks and wore as a regalia a ribbon
+to which was attached a medal bearing a letter (equivalent to K)
+of the old-time form of script of the pre-Spanish filipino; also a
+sword and banner crossed.
+
+The third degree members possessed red masks, the color being
+distinctive of the degree, in the same way as the color of the
+second degree was green, and that of first, black. These colors
+were symbolic: green signified hope, and red, war. Black was but a
+general color common to bandits all the world over. The masks of the
+third degree bore a triangle with three K's in the upper part, in the
+ancient Filipino script, and at the base the letters Z. Ll. B. (see
+at commencement of book). The inferior inscription signified "sons
+of the people."
+
+Each degree had its pass words and the members only knew those of
+their own degree.
+
+This was the latter form of the Katipunan in which it differed somewhat
+from the Liga.
+
+Pilar's plan was revolutionary; Bonifacio's truly anarchistic.
+
+Among the "chosen people" who testified before the Schurman Commission
+were two of the three native members of the present U. S. Commission,
+Tavera and Legarda. Both of these, among many other statements
+which will not hold water, had something to say on the subject of
+the Katipunan.
+
+Legarda stated that: (see Report of the Philippine Commission, 1900;
+vol. II page 377.)
+
+"This Society of Filipinos (the separatist element) united itself to
+the masonic society in Spain, and they established branches here;
+and this masonic society which was a true masonic society with all
+the characteristics of Masonry, converted itself afterwards into the
+Katipunan society. This society, the Katipunan, made great progress
+here in the Philippines, for they had to do greatly with the common
+people; they never had anything to do, or mixed at at all, with the
+higher class of people here in the Philippines [63]. As a result of
+this the society gained much credit and power, and undermined the
+forces which were in existence, especially the native regiments of
+Tagalogs. This was in 1896; the Revolution broke out at San Juan del
+Monte in August. A curious fact that must be noted was that a friar,
+who was the priest of Tondo, was the cause of its breaking out; for
+Gen. Blanco knew of this movement of the people and what was going
+on [64], and was in favor of making concessions to the people. This
+friar denounced the society, for he had a very intimate friend who
+was a filipino, and he caused this friend to be introduced into
+the Katipunan society [65], and this friend afterwards became the
+leader of the revolution himself. This Filipino was named Andres
+Bonifacio, and later on he was chief of the revolution and chief of
+the Katipunan society. He took refuge in Cavite, and all that province
+rose up. Aguinaldo who was Municipal Captain in Cavite Viejo that
+time, was also a member of the Katipunan. When he heard that the
+Civil Guard was going to arrest him, he revolted too. He met a man
+who was his superior in the society--that is, Bonifacio--and as his
+ambition was his moving spirit, he caused Bonifacio to be shot."
+
+Tavera gave his opinion as follows: (see same Report, page 399. Vol
+II).
+
+"The conviction was strong among the Filipinos that they would not
+succeed in attaining anything by any other means than force. This
+being the case, the idea occurred to some Filipinos to found a system
+of masonry here. There were some lodges of the masonic order here,
+and the idea presented itself to form a sort of political masonry,
+which was created and called the Katipunan. This Katipunan society
+was naturally a secret society and had, I think, about 400,000
+members, principally in the Tagalog provinces and of the people of
+the valley of the Pasig River. I think in Manila and in the valley
+of the Pasig there were 80,000, naturally, as there were so many,
+and as they were so strong, the idea of a revolution was a natural
+consequence. The principal agitator of all this movement was a
+man named Andres Bonifacio, who stirred up and directed it. The
+political movement in the Philippines was started, as was natural,
+by the aristocracy of wealth and of intelligence, but the Katipunan
+society was formed entirely of the elements from the lowest class of
+society. Bonifacio was a man without education. He was employed in
+one of the business houses at a small salary, of perhaps $30 or $40
+(Mexican) a month. They went on arranging their affairs very quietly
+and very secretly, awaiting a proper moment for action, which they
+believed would be the time of General Blanco's departure from the
+Philippines. Gen. Blanco was a man who was well thought of here
+[66], for he had a great deal of tolerance for the people [67]. He
+did tolerate masonry, and they believed that he also tolerated the
+existence of the Katipunan society. One day the priest of Tondo,
+Padre Gil, through the confession of a woman [68], learned of the
+existence of the Katipunan society, for the woman's husband was a
+member [69]. This Father Gil informed the General, so the Katipunan
+society was discovered.
+
+As the reader can easily see for himself there is considerable
+difference between the statements of these two persons; a comparison
+of these with the real facts of the case will show how easy it is for
+a certain element to distort truth when it serves its purpose. I have
+quoted these two "chosen" people, not that their statements may go
+down to posterity as history (which has been distorted sufficiently),
+but because both Tavera and Legarda formed part of Aguinaldo's mock
+government--the Filipino Commune; and therefore both of them had
+plenty of occasion to know the real facts of the case, facts they
+evidently desired, for some reason, to distort.
+
+
+
+Note 73. See notes 70 and 71.
+
+
+
+Note 74. Herein the katipuneros showed their madness. So fanaticised
+did they become that nothing of a nature or character Spanish was
+allowed to remain. They carried this anti-Espanolism to the utmost
+extreme. Those of the native clergy who sympathised with the Katipunan
+frequently tore down the images of the saints in the churches, merely
+because the said saints were Spanish or painted them black in order
+to work the easier upon the imagination of the people.
+
+It was this hatred for things Spanish that gave rise to the bitterness
+demonstrated against the Religious Orders. The friar was a Spaniard,
+the most Spanish, as a general rule, of all the Spaniards in the
+Archipelago, and as such became the principal target.
+
+(See page 148).
+
+
+
+Note 75. The revolution ever showed unmistakable signs of a bitter race
+hatred. When the revolt first broke forth this race hatred was confined
+to Spaniards; and it was not until the breaking out of the insurrection
+against the lawful authority of the U. S. that it became general. Till
+then anyone but a Spaniard could go from end to end of the Archipelago
+without molestation; but when the promises of independence and other
+things of a like nature, made by the American Consuls of Hong-Kong and
+Singapore, and other irresponsible persons, failed to materialize, the
+self-asserted leaders of the people lost confidence in the white man
+and race hatred commenced to include all white people. When Aguinaldo's
+hordes of semi-savages commenced their attack upon the American forces,
+the effects of this race-hatred were felt more than ever before in the
+history of the country. Not only was the white man to be destroyed,
+but all those who sympathised with him--the Filipinos determined to
+"stagger humanity." And how they were going to do it is demonstrated
+in a document signed by Aguinaldo, captured by the American forces and
+published by the War Department of the U. S. on the 5th of September
+1900. The following are a few extracts from it:
+
+
+    "Malolos, Jan. 9, 1899--Instructions to the Brave Soldiers of
+    Sandtahan of Manila.
+
+    "Article 1. All Filipinos should observe our fellow-countrymen
+    in order to see whether they are American sympathizers. They
+    shall take care to work with them in order to inspire them
+    with confidence of the strength of the holy cause of their
+    country. Whenever they are assured of the loyalty of the converts
+    they shall instruct them to continue in the character of an
+    American sympathizer in order that they may receive good pay,
+    but without prejudicing the cause of our country. In this way
+    they can serve themselves, and at the same time serve the public
+    by communicating to the committee of chiefs, and of our army,
+    whatever news of importance they may have [70].
+
+
+    GIFTS AS COVERS FOR ATTACK.
+
+    "Art. 2. All of the chiefs and Filipino brothers should be ready
+    and courageous for the combat, and should take advantage of the
+    opportunity to study well the situation of the American outposts
+    and headquarters, observing especially secret places where they
+    can approach and surprise the enemy.
+
+    "Art. 3. The chief of those who go to attack the barracks should
+    send in first, four men with a good present for the American
+    commander. Immediately after will follow four others, who will
+    make a pretense of looking for the same officer for some reason
+    and a larger group shall be concealed in the corners or houses in
+    order to aid the other groups at the first signal. This wherever
+    it is possible at the moment of attack.
+
+
+    TO MURDER IN WOMAN'S DISGUISE.
+
+    "Art. 4. They should not, prior to the attack, look at the
+    Americans in a threatening manner. On the contrary, the attack
+    on the barracks by the Sandtahan should be a complete surprise
+    and with decision and courage. One should go alone in advance
+    in order to kill the sentinel. In order to deceive the sentinel
+    this one should dress as a woman, and must take great care that
+    the sentinel is not able to discharge his piece, thus calling
+    the attention of those in the barracks. This will enable his
+    companions who are approaching to assist in the general attack.
+
+    "Art. 5. At the moment of the attack the Sandtahan should not
+    attempt to secure rifles from their dead enemies, but shall pursue,
+    slashing right and left with bolos until the Americans surrender,
+    and after there remains no enemy who can injure, they may take
+    the rifles in one hand and the ammunition in the other.
+
+
+    FIREBRANDS FROM THE HOUSETOPS
+
+    "Art. 6. The officers shall take care that on the top of the
+    houses along the streets where the American forces shall pass
+    there shall be placed four to six men, who shall be prepared with
+    stones, timbers, red hot iron, heavy furniture, as well as boiling
+    water, oil and molasses, rags soaked in coal-oil ready to be lit
+    and thrown down, and any other hard and heavy objects that they
+    can throw on the passing American troops. At the same time in
+    the lower parts of the houses will be concealed the Sandtahan,
+    who will attack immediately.
+
+    "Great care should be taken not to throw glass in the streets, as
+    the greater part of our soldiers go barefooted. On these houses
+    there will, if possible, be arranged in addition to the objects
+    to be thrown down, a number of the Sandtahan, in order to cover
+    a retreat or to follow up a rout of the enemy's column, so that
+    we may be sure of the destruction of all the opposing forces.
+
+
+    WOMEN TO PREPARE "BOMBS"
+
+    "Art. 9. In addition to the instructions given in paragraph 6,
+    there shall be in the houses vessels filled with boiling water,
+    tallow, molasses and other liquids, which shall be thrown as bombs
+    on the Americans who pass in front of their houses, or they can
+    make use of syringes or tubes of bamboo. In these houses shall
+    be the Sandtahan, who shall hurl the liquids that shall be passed
+    to them by women and children.
+
+    "Art. 10. In place of bolos or daggers if they do not possess
+    the same, the Sandtahan can provide themselves with lances and
+    arrows with long sharp heads, and these should be shot with great
+    force in order that they may penetrate well into the bodies of
+    the enemy. And they should be so made that in withdrawal from
+    the body the head will remain in the flesh.
+
+        "Emilio Aguinaldo"
+
+
+The following official notice posted up in Sta. Cruz, Laguna,
+is another interesting example of the extent to which this race
+hatred spread:
+
+
+    NOTICE.
+
+    The traitor Honorato Quisunbin, who in an evil moment denied his
+    country, died yesterday.
+
+    To-day, one no less a traitor and renegade to his mother country,
+    has also died. He who has been the cause of so many husband-less
+    wives and fatherless children, has received a punishment for his
+    crimes which will prevent him from repeating them.
+
+    We will allot to-morrow, for the punishment of the remainder if
+    they do not change their conduct, but continue to follow the steps
+    of the above mentioned. For this reason, beloved compatriots now
+    that you have witnessed the punishment given to those who have left
+    the path marked by our authority which our government conferred on
+    us although we are unworthy of it, but as we have been appointed,
+    we have forcibly to obey all the decrees published, for the crimes
+    which are punishable by death and which are as follows:
+
+    1st. All those who have any public or private communication with
+    the enemy and serve them as guides;
+
+    2nd. All those who attack and rob in a band;
+
+    3rd. Violation or abuse;
+
+    4th. Incendiarism;
+
+    5th. All those who receive any position or employment in the
+    service of the enemy.
+
+        (Signed) THE COMPATRIOTS.
+
+
+This race hatred is illustrated very clearly in the definition of
+the Katipunan given by Romualdo Teodoro de J., when he said that its
+aim was to kill all Spaniards and take possession of the islands. No
+particular hatred was shown to any class; it was all Spaniards of
+all classes and conditions who were to be assassinated. It is also
+clearly depicted in the Act of Session of the Katipunan Sur already
+quoted (See page 81; also foot-note page 80).
+
+
+
+Note 76. What Sr. Diaz intends by Tagalog Katipunan is not quite
+clear. The whole society was practically confined to the Tagalog
+provinces and was insignificant in extent even beyond the city of
+Manila and its suburbs. There was no other Katipunan.
+
+In November 1895 the assembly of the Katipunan was composed of
+ten individuals of the Supreme Council, and the presidents of the
+popular sections who were entitled to assist in virtue of holding
+some office therein.
+
+In January of the following year of 1896, after the annual election,
+the assembly was composed as follows:
+
+
+            President           Andres Bonifacio.
+            Secretary           Emilio Jacinto.
+                             /  Vicente Molina.
+            Treasurer        +  Pantaleon Torres.
+                             \  Hermenegildo Reyes.
+                             /  Francisco Carreon.
+                             |  Jose Trinidad.
+            Councillors      +  Balbino Florentino.
+                             \  Aguedo del Rosario.
+            Fiscal              Pio Valenzuela.
+
+
+
+Note 77. The question of the amount and the source of the supply of
+arms possessed by the Katipunan has always been one of dispute. Some
+suppose the rebels to have been well armed, whilst others reckon the
+number of serviceable guns to have been very small.
+
+Among the papers and documents belonging to the Katipunan Sur, seized
+by the Spanish authorities, is the following:
+
+"Commissioned for the purchase of arms:
+
+
+            D. Gabino    \
+            D. Juan      + Tantoko
+            D. Antonio   |
+            D. Ezequiel  /
+            D. Epifanio Ramos.
+            D. Victoriano Luis
+                 for the distinct armories of Manila."
+
+
+In a letter of the Secretary to the President D. Agustin Tantoko
+(a native priest; see page 79):
+
+"I believe we can obtain the dynamite by bribing some of the harbor
+employees."
+
+This letter has a foot-note which says: "When you have read this,
+destroy it."
+
+Numeriano Adriano testified (fols. 1,309-1,312) that Andres Bonifacio
+had collected 10,000 pesos for the purchase, in Japan, of 4,000 rifles
+with abundant ammunition.
+
+He also stated that the arms had been purchased and were to be landed
+near by the mountains of San Mateo and in the Batanes islands, from
+whence they would be brought to Manila.
+
+That "Andres Bonifacio went to San Mateo with men to receive and
+arrange arms, whilst Deodato Arellano and Timoteo Paez were encharged
+to send people to Batanes to the same end."
+
+Also that "It is said that many of the insurgents in the province of
+Cavite bear arms of different systems, and he supposed that they must
+have been acquired by the rich and wealthy persons of that province,
+such as Francisco Osario and others, who knowing perhaps of the
+existence of the Liga of Manila, its form and object, had formed
+their own also, in the said province, in order to unite to that of
+Manila and make common cause therewith."
+
+Domingo Franco declared (fols. 1,381-1,382), in answer to a question
+during his trial, as to what he knew in reference to the purchase of
+arms and ammunition, that "all he knew was that arms and ammunition
+had been purchased, because at the end of 1895, or the beginning
+of 1896, he saw Francisco L. Rojas in his office in Calle Jolo, and
+the said Rojas told him that he had received a quantity of arms and
+ammunition." He stated moreover, that he did not know the make or
+number, nor where they had been landed.
+
+Tomas Prieto of Nueva Caceres mentioned the receipt of 50 arms from
+Bato. He also stated that Mariano Melgarejo, according to references
+from Macario Valentin, received a load of arms in eleven cases from
+Pasacao."
+
+Pio Valenzuela affirmed that the arms borne by the rebels were for
+the most part domestic bolos [71] and lances, and that the chiefs
+were armed with revolvers." These revolvers were, he affirmed,
+acquired from the Maestranzi de Artilleria.
+
+Juan Castaneda declared that "the Japanese offered to land here 100,000
+rifles with their ammunition, the expense of which should be paid in
+a fixed number of years."
+
+Numeriano Adriano also affirmed that it had been decided to purchase
+arms in Japan and that one of the islands of the Archipelago should
+be given to Japan in exchange for its aid.
+
+Domingo Abella affirmed that he had visited Francisco Rojas in his
+office for the purpose of finding out if the arms which the tailor
+Luis Villareal had ordered for the society, had arrived; and that
+although Francisco Rojas did not belong to the society, he was
+encharged to portion out the arms and commissioned to bring them to
+Manila. Francisco told him that he could not provide him with any as
+they were all sold.
+
+The net cost of the arms and ammunition necessary to carry out
+the revolt was considerable, and as their introduction into the
+country would have to be very carefully planned, and be carried out
+with the greatest secrecy, the original cost would be considerably
+increased. Large sums of money were therefore necessary to cover
+expenses. Although the entrance fees and monthly subscriptions were
+considerable they could not produce the amount necessary to provide
+for the revolution, especially when there existed such a wide spread
+tendency among those who handled the funds, to absorb them as a sponge
+absorbs water. Castillo in his work concerning this association and
+its funds says [72]:
+
+"Undoubtedly it (the Katipunan) possessed large sums of money,
+only the most insignificant part of which, according to report, was
+discovered in the possession of Pio Valenzuela, preserved in gold and
+amounting, we believe, to less than 30,000 pesos. These resources
+could not cover the extraordinary expenses of the propaganda, that
+of the Commissioners sent to Japan to treat with that power on the
+question of a protectorate, and that of the coming war expenses which
+were without doubt, very considerable.
+
+"The Indian is not so selfish or so patriotic that he would, without
+immediate advantage to himself permit himself the extravagance
+of abandoning the sedentary life he usually leads, to launch out
+into the field of adventures of doubtful result. Those who from the
+headquarters of the revolution directed those torpid masses must
+have realised this, and to make sure of the exit, caused money to be
+distributed to all the affiliated and to their families, giving them
+at the same time rice in abundance.
+
+"On the morning of the events which took place at San Juan del Monte,
+two women who live in the Santa Mesa road, were engaged in giving money
+to the taos [73] who passed that way, advising them to unite themselves
+with the insurrectos to the end of killing all the Spaniards....
+................................................................
+
+"This money set aside for distribution in San Juan del Monte, in
+Pasig and in the pueblos on the banks of the river, must have come
+from a well stocked treasury......................................
+.................................................................."
+
+A little further on, the author gives a very broad hint as to one
+probable source of funds when he asks the question, where is the
+million and a half pesos which constitute the default in the public
+treasury of Manila?
+
+"It would be a curious coincidence," says the author, "if part of
+this amount perhaps the greater part should have served as funds from
+which the expenses of the revolution and the war were paid."
+
+
+
+Note 78. The initiations into the Katipunan were grotesque in the
+extreme. The person introduced for initiation was placed in a room
+draped in black, with its walls hung with mottoes in Tagalog dialect
+such as: "If you have courage you may continue," "If you have been
+brought here by your curiosity, retire." Upon a table was placed a
+skull, a loaded revolver and a bolo. A paper upon which were written
+three questions lay also upon the table. These questions were: "In
+what state did the Spaniards find the Tagalog people at the time of
+the conquest? In what state are they found now? What future can it
+hope for?
+
+The initiated previously instructed by his god-father, or by the
+person who catechised him, was to reply that, at the time of the
+arrival of the Spaniards, the Filipinos living on the coasts enjoyed
+a certain amount of civilization, since they already had cannons and
+silk dresses, that they enjoyed political liberty, sustained diplomatic
+(sic) relations and commerce with the neighboring countries of Asia;
+had their own religion and writing; in a word, lived happy with their
+independence. A certain amount of civilization may be. Let us see
+what that certain amount was:
+
+"Barely clothed, and more often naked, revelling day and night in
+drunkenness, given to the practice of infanticide, holding virginity
+as a dishonor, having among them people who practiced defloration as a
+profession, ignorant of the value and uses of money, making use of men,
+women and children to pay debts, in continual warfare with one another
+and enslaving their prisoners, practicing wholesale murder of slaves on
+the death of a chief or important personage, adoring and sacrificing
+to rocks, trees, crocodiles and idols of wood; lacking religion, but
+having in its stead most bestial and absurd superstitions; without
+temples, monuments or even literature, although they possessed a
+species of written language. The only human ideas they possessed were
+adopted from the Chinese, Japanese and Borneo Mohammedans whom they
+imitated after the manner of apes. This, historians tell us, was the
+condition of this people 340 years ago! when the missionaries planted
+the Cross on Philippine soil, and brought to the benighted natives
+the gospel." So much for the certain amount of civilization.
+
+Cannons and silk dresses: of a kind; as to the cannons, where
+did they all come from? Bought from or exchanged with the Borneo
+moros probably. As to these and the silk dresses, the savages of the
+south-sea islands enjoyed the use of such things and enjoyed them with
+better knowledge of how to use them! They enjoyed political liberty;
+let us see what Morga the historian who speaks most glowingly of the
+ancient civilization of the Filipino peoples, has to say on this point.
+
+He says: "In all these islands the people had neither kings nor lords
+to dominate them as in other kingdoms and provinces. But in each
+island were many chiefs from among the same natives, some greater
+than others each one with his subjects, by groups and families, who
+obeyed and respected them. Sometimes these chiefs were at peace with
+one another and some times at war.... The superiority which these
+chiefs had over the people of their group was such that they held
+them as subjects, with power to treat them well or ill, disposing of
+their persons, children and estates at their will, without resistance
+or the necessity of giving account to anyone, and for very slight
+offences they killed and wounded them and made slaves of them; and
+if it happened that one of the chiefs were bathing in the river and a
+native passed in front of him or looked upon him with want of respect,
+and for other similar things, they made slaves of them for ever." This
+is a good and practical kind of political liberty, just the kind of
+liberty the country would enjoy if in the hands of the leaders of the
+Federal Party, so anxious for liberties for themselves and coercion
+for those who do not agree with their way of thinking.
+
+Diplomatic relations and commerce with the neighboring countries of
+Asia: As to the diplomatic relations the mere idea of such a thing is
+preposterous. If we are to concede the use of diplomatic relations
+to the ancient Tagalog people, then we must consider as diplomatic
+relations such customs as the passing of the "peace pipe" practiced
+by the indian of the United States, and the giving and accepting of
+young women for sensual convenience practiced in many of the islands
+of the Pacific up to the present day. As to their foreign commerce
+let us listen once more to Morga. "Their contracts and negotiations
+were as a rule illicit, each one considering the best way to come
+off successful in his business."
+
+Their own religion: For a religious system they worshiped their
+ancestors and performed human sacrifices. The Spaniards found in
+these islands less than a million inhabitants, who were divided
+into innumerable tribes governed by rulers who had no more title of
+sovereignty than that they were enabled to impose upon the people by
+brute force and untold cruelties. The inhabitants formed a jumble of
+inferior races some more or less pure in blood, others intermixed;
+people speaking many dialects. They all lacked religion, in the proper
+sense of the word; they lacked morals, in fact they were wanting in
+everything that raises man above the level of the brute creation.
+
+As to their own writing, certain it is that they possessed a crude and
+very inefficient manner of writing, but what is very remarkable is,
+that in spite of their possessing a system of script, not a single
+piece of their literary work has yet been discovered nor even a written
+tradition. This goes to prove that either the Filipinos were at that
+time too deep in the savage ages to realise the importance of writing,
+or that the form of script was useless for practical purposes.
+
+To the second question the initiated replied that the friar
+missionaries had done nothing to civilize the Filipinos, as they
+considered the civilization and illustration of the country to be
+incompatible with their interests [74].
+
+To the third question the initiated was to reply that they had
+faith, courage and constancy to aid them to remedy these evils in
+the future. [75]
+
+The master of ceremonies warned him that he was taking a very important
+and very solemn step, and he was recommended to retire if he did not
+feel courage enough to continue since he would uselessly expose his
+life. If the initiated insisted in continuing with the mysteries of
+the initiation he was presented to the reunion of the brethren to
+be tried by the proofs assigned, which were very similar to those
+adopted in universal masonry, but surrounded with more paganism,
+if that be possible. He was blindfolded and made to discharge a
+revolver against an imaginary enemy, a person he was made to believe
+really was present and awaiting there the executionary bullet which
+should make him pay the penalty of a treason. If he passed through
+the proofs successfully he was introduced into the hall of oaths and
+there with his own blood, drawn by means of an incision made in the
+left arm between the shoulder and the elbow, he signed the oath.
+
+
+
+Note 79. See note 50, pages 171, 173 and 174.
+
+
+
+Note 80. The liberty of the Tagalog people; the chief aim which gave
+rise to the revolt. The first thing the separatists desired was to
+get rid of the Peninsular Spaniard; the next to go would have been the
+insular Spaniard, then the Spanish mestizo, then the Chinee half-caste
+and the Chinee; after which would come the gradual extinction of the
+various tribes. In the mean time the country would suffer considerably
+and at last...? See page 69, last four lines of the first paragraph.
+
+It is well nigh impossible to imagine to what the liberty of the
+Tagalog people would mean if it were put into practice. If the
+South American states which are recognized as independent, are
+unable to govern themselves in spite of the political superiority
+of the people inhabiting them over the peoples of this archipelago,
+without an unending series of revolutions, what might we expect from
+the Philippines? Give the country independence with one of the native
+"commissioners" as president of the republic and how long do you
+suppose it would be before Pedro Paterno at the head of some 5 or
+6,000 men would march into Manila to depose the president and proclaim
+himself Emperor Pedro I? And before the new Emperor could install
+himself in Malacanan he would have at his heels a thousand and one
+petty chiefs, princes, kings and perhaps even a few ambitious queens!
+
+It is over a half a century ago since the South American Republics
+became independent, and at that time the rest of the world cared but
+little for the consequences of such a step. But this indifference of
+the nations can never exist here in the Orient at the commencement
+of this XX Century. It would never suit the rest of the world to
+see independence declared in the Philippines and especially if that
+independence left the reins of government in the hands of the Tagalog
+people.
+
+The question of the expulsion from the country or the destruction of
+the Spaniards has been spoken of under several notes; the idea was,
+doubtless, a semi-savage interpretation of the preachings and teachings
+spread abroad by the Bible societies in all parts and especially in
+Spanish countries. And this becomes the more probable when we call
+to mind what the El Imparcial of the 26th of August 1896 published
+concerning this identical point. Speaking of the state of the country
+in general as a result of the insurrection, it says:
+
+"The minister of Foreign affairs received a telegram yesterday from
+General Blanco manifesting that more arrests had been made.........
+...................................................................
+
+The conjuration had ramifications in various parts of the Archipelago,
+and in it figured not only masonic societies but also Bible
+societies..........................................................
+...................................................................
+
+The propaganda of filibusterism is encharged to the colporteurs
+of evangelical books, who wander all over the Archipelago selling
+protestant publications."
+
+
+
+Note 81. These three native priests were among the prime movers of
+the rebellion of 1872, a revolt which was planned out in the houses
+of Joaquin Pardo de Tavera and Jacinto Zamora. The three priests were
+executed by the garrote together with Francisco Saldua. Gomez left
+the sum of 200,000 pesos to his natural son, born to him before he
+entered the priesthood. In his will he strongly counselled his son to
+be ever faithful to the Spanish authorities. I had intended to give a
+brief outline of the revolt of '72 but space will not permit. Taking
+it as a whole, it differed little from the revolt of '96 with the
+exception that it was directly brought about by the propagators of
+revolutionary ideas then rampant in Spain, and by the emissaries of
+the revolutionary government then established.
+
+
+
+Note 82.--See note 20.
+
+
+
+Note 83. The oath taken by the katipuneros was as follows:
+
+
+                                K. K. K.
+                             N. M. A. N. B.
+
+    Section....
+
+    I declare that on account of my entrance into the K. K. K. of
+    the A. N. B. I have sworn a solemn oath in my native pueblo and
+    in the presence of a superior of the Junta of the Katipunan,
+    to do away with everything that is possible and even with that
+    which is to me most near and dear and appreciated in this life,
+    and to defend the cause to victory or to death. And in truth of
+    this I swear also to be obedient in everything and to follow in
+    the fight wherever I am led.
+
+    And in proof of what I have said I place my true name with the
+    blood of my veins at the foot of this declaration."
+
+
+
+Note 84. Pio Valenzuela, who gave some of the most interesting and
+reliable information concerning the inner life of the Katipunan,
+testified (fols. 1,663-1,673) that on the 30th of November 1895,
+the birthday of Bonifacio, a meeting was held in Caloocan, in
+a house situated in the rice fields, some thirty five or forty
+individuals assisting thereat, among them being the witness. This
+meeting continued all day and all night till the following day, the
+first of December. At this meeting they pronounced the death sentence
+upon the tailor Guzman for publishing the secrets of the Katipunan;
+this sentence was signed by all present including the witness, after
+he had made many observations against it, observations the rest would
+not listen to. One of the lighter punishments meted out was the public
+exposition in the lodge rooms of the picture of the person punished,
+with the word traitor written over or under it.
+
+
+
+Note 85. The Katipunan enjoyed a peculiar and special organization,
+which was given to it in order to avoid surprises and treachery. The
+assemblies were always held in secluded places and under the cover
+of the greatest secrecy. Sometimes they were held at midnight in the
+open cornfields so as not to attract the attention of those indians
+who were not members of the society. Valenzuela relates how a secret
+meeting was held in the pueblo of Pasig at midnight, on one occasion
+to arrange the matter of the annexation of the Islands to Japan in
+case that nation did not care to declare a protectorate over them.
+
+The Council of Ministers of the Supreme popular Council was as follows:
+
+
+            President      Andres Bonifacio.
+            War            Teodoro Plata.
+
+            State          Emilio Jacinto.
+            Interior       Aguedo del Rosario.
+            Justice        Birecio Pantas.
+            Finance        Enrique Pacheco.
+
+
+
+Note 86. Pio Valenzuela mentioned one occasion upon which such a
+meeting of the society was held, he himself assisting thereat, in
+the house of Andres Bonifacio. It was a supper given in honor of the
+baptism of a child to which the said Valenzuela was god-father. After
+the supper, which served as a shield under the which the work of the
+lodge was to be done, an election was held for the Supreme and the
+Popular Councils, and the sections. Some thirty members were present.
+
+Another case he mentioned was that of a meeting held on the birthday
+of Bonifacio 30th of November 1895.
+
+The Katipunan moreover had its own festivals. This is how Valenzuela
+describes them:
+
+"The Katipunan held its festival, according as Andres Bonifacio had
+told the witness, on the 7th of July, anniversary of the foundation
+of the society; it also celebrated another anniversary on the 28th
+of February, the date of the execution of the three native priests,
+Burgos, Gomez and Zamora (see note 81). On that day a catafalque draped
+with black cloth, was erected in each one of the popular Councils,
+having four hachones [76], one in each of its four angles, adorned
+with crowns made with plants named Macabuhay [77]. All the members
+filed before the funeral pile, reciting prayers for the dead and
+swearing to avenge the death of the three priests.
+
+
+
+Note 87. Roman Baza, who was one of the many who suffered the death
+penalty for his treason, undertook to educate in ultra-democratic
+ideas, (as Isabelo de los Reyes is doing in our days), all he came
+in contact with. He printed and spread abroad the "rights of man"
+of the French revolution.
+
+He was at one time president of the Katipunan (see p. 44) but being
+a man little suited to carry out to a successful issue the set
+plans of the society, Bonifacio determined to remove him, by what
+Sr. Diaz terms a coup-d'etat, but more properly called an underhand
+trick. Bonifacio, at that time treasurer, forced a conflict on the
+subject of the financial conditions of the society, being denounced
+as an exploiter for his pains. The quarrel was settled by an election,
+Bonifacio by his unholy influence carrying all before him.
+
+It was during the presidency of Baza that the Katipunan society for
+women was founded, "the object of which was mutual succor (!). The
+institution serving at the same time to dissimulate the meetings of
+the male Katipuneros. Whilst the latter were holding their sessions
+in a retired room, the women were in the salon with some young men
+dancing, singing or eating. The presidentess of this society of mutual
+succorers was Mariana Dizon.
+
+To secure admission it was necessary to be a daughter or sister of
+one of the male members. Mariana Dizon later on married Jose Turiano
+Santiago, and as a result, the female Katipunan, as an organization
+was broken up, the late members however continuing to shield as before,
+the labors of the Katipunan reunions.
+
+
+
+Note 88. See notes 74, 75 and 93. Part of the local and provincial
+Spanish press has not failed to give the public a rehash from time to
+time, of the greater part of the inventions of the separatists. It is
+needless to say, however, that in this it has failed to receive the
+support of representative Spaniards who look upon such an action as
+little to the honor of the good name of Spain. As to the corresponding
+English-speaking press in this connection, the less said the better
+for the good name of American journalism.
+
+
+
+Note 89. Jose Dizon Matanza stated during his trial (fols. 1,132-1,138)
+"that Pio Valenzuela sought money from the wealthy, and as he (the
+prisoner) understood, from a statement of Bonifacio, had collected
+over a thousand pesos for the object of covering the expenses of the
+trip which he made to Dapitan to confer with Rizal; and in order to
+fool the authorities he took with him a blind individual with his
+guide, that Rizal might perform a cure or some operation upon the
+blind man. The motive of the conference was the proposition to Rizal
+of the armed rebellion, etc., etc."
+
+Valenzuela himself spoke of this trip to Dapitan (see note 16, p. 133)
+as follows:--
+
+"In the month of May of that year 1896, a reunion was held in
+Pasig and there it was agreed to send a commission to Japan ... and
+it was agreed also to commence the armed rebellion, settling the
+manner in which it should be carried out, but it was decided that,
+previous to taking action it would be wise to consult with Rizal,
+the witness being chosen as emissary. The schoolmaster of Cavite
+Viejo, by name Santos, proposed that a blind man named Raymundo Mata
+should accompany Valenzuela that Rizal might cure him. The witness
+embarked on the S. S. Venus at the end of May, meeting on board,
+one of Rizal's sisters, and his (Rizal's) querida, an American or
+English woman named Josefina; and arriving at Dapitan, the witness
+went ashore with the two women and a servant that accompanied them,
+making their way to the house of Rizal, etc., etc."
+
+According to a statement of Isabelo de los Reyes, "Rizal, as has
+been clearly proved at the trials (of traitors) advised them to wait
+another two years, as they lacked arms."
+
+I wonder if Rizal foresaw the war to break out two years later between
+Spain and the United States! His intense desire to go to Cuba would
+give one that idea.
+
+
+
+Note 90. Negotiations indeed! Who can imagine the circumspect and
+formal little nation of Japan admitting negotiations with a warehouse
+porter, a man who was representative only of the worst of the lowest
+classes! Sr. Diaz probably made this statement from hearsay por boca de
+ganso as they say in Spanish. If any negotiations took place between
+Bonifacio and the Japanese Government they were on a par with those
+between the late U. S. Consuls of Singapore and Hong-Kong, and a few
+other irresponsible people, and Aguinaldo, the leader of the Katipunan.
+
+
+
+Note 91. As has been seen in the foregoing notes, it was the
+intention of the separatists to make purchases of arms and their
+necessary ammunition in Japan. Those wealthy Filipinos who were
+owners of steamships were looked to as the chief assistance in the
+transportation and landing of the said arms, etc.
+
+The date of the arrival of the arms, according as appeared from
+evidence given during the trial of Francisco L. Roxas, was to have
+been the 31st of December 1896. Lorenzo de la Paz, however, stated
+that it was the 1st of September of the said year. Others claimed
+it to be the 13th of September or the 30th of November. As may be
+easily seen, there was no lack of disagreement among the chiefs
+of the revolt, and perhaps, as far as the majority were concerned,
+still more exploitation.
+
+
+
+Note 92. Pio Valenzuela y Alejandrino was a licentiate of Medicine,
+and one of the members of the inferior Supreme Council of the
+Katipunan. According to his own story he entered the files of the
+society under compulsion at the hands of Andres Bonifacio, who on
+the strength of a love affair, gave him the alternative of death or
+membership in the Katipunan (see p. 132). In his declaration during
+his trial (fol. 142-147) on the 6th of September 1896, he recorded
+how on the 30 day of November, S. Andrew's day of the year 1895,
+he was presented by Andres Bonifacio to various Katipuneros as
+"brother" Medico (Doctor), Bonifacio stating that from that time he
+(Valenzuela) would be the doctor of the society. He also stated how,
+in the following month of January and in another meeting, he was
+nominated Fiscal, and official doctor with a salary of thirty pesos
+monthly, a salary he had no little difficulty in collecting. He was
+commissioned in May 1896 to go to Dapitan to hold a conference with
+Rizal concerning armed rising against the supreme authority of Spain
+in the Archipelago; but Rizal was shrewder and more far-sighted than
+the others and would not consent to the carrying out of the scheme as
+proposed by Bonifacio. On the return of Valenzuela Bonifacio imposed
+upon him a strict silence concerning the outcome of the conference;
+but being pressed by certain members of the society, among whom were
+Emilio Jacinto, Secretary of the Supreme Council, and capita Ramon
+of Pandacan, he revealed the secret of Rizal's opposition to a plan
+he feared would be abortive. When once the cat was out of the bag the
+facts soon became public among the principal members, with the result
+that many who had promised funds for the purchase of arms etc. in
+Japan, refused to pay the amounts promised. Among these was a colonel
+of Malabon who had promised 500 pesos for the said object. This breach
+of confidence on the part of Valenzuela brought about the separation
+of himself and Bonifacio, and the former presented his resignation
+as doctor and fiscal of the society. Bonifacio opposed the idea of
+his resignation but it was finally accepted, and the former friends
+parted company each to work in his own sphere.
+
+Valenzuela was in fact one of the chief movers of the rebellion;
+this was confessed by Domingo Franco, the late president of the then
+defunct Liga Filipina. "The rebellion," says he, "was produced by a
+foolish child, whose name it would dirty the tongue to pronounce,
+because after being the author of all (this however is somewhat
+inexact) has given himself up to the authorities to denounce those
+he has succeeded in misleading."
+
+During his trial in the Bilibid prison, before Col. Francisco Olive
+y Garcia on the 2nd of September 1896, he gave some of the most
+interesting and reliable information that has yet been gathered
+concerning the interior workings and doings of the Katipunan.
+
+When the Guardia Civil set out from Manila to break up Bonifacio's
+party in Caloocan, several of those forming the leadership fled,
+and among them Valenzuela. He entered Manila by way of Sampaloc,
+passing through Quiapo to the Escolta and down the Pasaje de Perez,
+embarking there on one of the lake steamers. On arrival at Binang he
+went to the house of the co-adjutor D. Silvino Manaol (native priest),
+to whom he recounted what had taken place. The co-adjutor asked of
+the parish priest the proclamation of the Governor General conceding
+pardon to those who should present themselves [78]. Having read it
+with care and under the advice of the co-adjutor, he set out for the
+capital disembarking at the Ayala bridge from whence he took a quiles
+and went immediately to the palace of the Governor to present himself
+to him. The Governor General was not at home so Valenzuela at once
+started for the offices of the Military Government.
+
+Speaking of this giving up of himself of Valenzuela, Sr. Jose
+M. del Castillo y Jimenez says: "The forty-eight hours conceded by
+the proclamation of the Governor Blanco were about to close when
+there reached the palace of Sta. Potenciana, worn out, bathed in
+perspiration, and almost in a period of agony, Pio Valenzuela, an
+important person of revolution he being in such a condition that it
+was necessary to assist him previous to his passing into the presence
+of Gov. Blanco. When he had come to himself and was in a condition
+to make an explicit and ample confession he had two hours conference
+with the Governor, giving information of as such as he knew."
+...................................................................
+
+"Valenzuela and Rosario were of great utility in clarifying the facts
+and especially in the explanation of the cipher documents discovered
+in the house of Villaruel and others."
+
+
+
+
+
+SPECIAL NOTE.
+
+
+The reader's attention is called to paragraph 3 on the following page
+of the text (p. 47).
+
+Apart from the Councils spoken of in this and the former paragraphs
+there were others formed at a later date. These were more properly
+variations and were as follows:
+
+Trozo: Popular Council Maypagasa with four sections, Dapitan,
+Silanganan, Dimasagaran, and Dimas-Alang.
+
+Palomar: Popular Council Pinkian with two sections.
+
+Tondo: Council Katagalugan with the sections Katutuhanan, Kabuhayan,
+Pagtibayan, Kalingaan and Bagong-sinag under the presidency of
+Alejandro Santiago, Braulio Rivera, Hilarion Cruz, Cipriano Pacheco,
+Nicolas Rivera and Deogracias Fajardo.
+
+Conception and Dilao (Paco): the Council Mahaganti presided over by
+Rafael Gutierrez; and the sections Panday and Ilog, with a delegation
+in Ermita.
+
+In Cavite was the popular Council Kawit the president of which
+was Emilio Aguinaldo [79] the capitan municipal of the pueblo of
+Cavite Viejo and later on the dictator of the Filipino Commune. This
+Council comprehended Imus, Noveleta, Silang, Naic, Maragondon and
+other pueblos. Imus was presided over by Juan Castaneda, Noveleta by
+Alejandro Crisostomo.
+
+In Bacoor was a Popular Council presided over by Genaro Valdes with
+three sections Dimagpatantan (not to leave in peace), Ditutugutan (not
+to rest till the end is reached), and Pananginginigan (formidable).
+
+
+
+Note 93. The Kalayaan was intended to be a monthly review. Its
+first number consisted of thirty-two pages in quarto. The price
+of each number was 50c (Mexican). It was a most rabid anti-Spanish
+publication and advocated separatism openly, and yet in spite of the
+press censorship it circulated freely in the Archipelago.
+
+As the common belief was that this paper was published in Japan, as
+would appear from the paper itself, General Blanco decided to send a
+special delegate to Japan to investigate the matter of its impression,
+its publishers, authors, etc., that steps might be taken to put a
+stop to its impression or at least that a check be put on its entry
+and circulation into the Philippines. Don Alfredo Villeta was chosen;
+but on account of some hitch in the arrangements, he never started on
+his errand. Some say that the paper did not reach its second number,
+but it is certain that it did not reach its third.
+
+The heading was as under:
+
+
+                                KALAYAAN
+                    Issued at the end of each month.
+  1st year.                   Yokohama.              January 1896. No. 1.
+
+  Price of subscription,  Articles must be signed  If purchased will cost
+  3 months 1 peso;        by their authors.        2 reales per number.
+  in advance.
+
+
+The headings of the principal articles were as follows:
+
+To the Compatriots.
+
+Manifesto; by Dimas-Alang (Jose Rizal.)
+
+What the indian ought to know and understand; by Agapito Bagumbayan.
+
+This latter article is a mirror in which the purpose of the paper is
+reflected; it reads remarkably like a composition of Pedro Paterno,
+the visionary who claims for the peoples of the Archipelago a glorious
+pre-Spanish history and civilization. The following citations from
+the article will give some idea of the whole publication.
+
+"In these islands, which were previously cared for by our true
+neighbors of Malaysia at a time when the Spaniards had not as yet set
+foot upon the land, there existed a complete abundance and a state of
+welfare. Our friends the neighboring kingdoms, and especially Japan,
+brought commerce to our shores which formed the most abundant market,
+and there was found everything necessary, wherefore it was the richest
+country and its customs were all very good [80]. Everyone, youths and
+advanced in years and even the women, could read and write according
+to our manner of script."
+
+The article goes on to say that upon the arrival of the Spaniards the
+natives only made friends with them after that Legazpi had performed
+the ceremonies of the pacto-de-Sangre [81] with one of the indio
+petty sovereigns.
+
+"The Spaniards," says the writer, "have perverted us with their bad
+customs and have destroyed and obliged us to forget the noble and
+beautiful customs of our country."
+
+Noble and beautiful customs: Compulsory defloration of young girls,
+as a result of the belief that a girl who died a virgin could not
+enter heaven! Could anything be more noble and beautiful?
+
+Kalayaan purported to be and was always considered as the soul of
+the defunct Solidaridad (see note 24). It was printed in the Tagalog
+dialect and died, as it was born and had lived--in shame.
+
+
+
+Note 94. Pio Valenzuela testified (fols. 582-591) that on the 22nd
+of August he was informed by Josefa Dizon that her son Jose together
+with Bonifacio had fled from Manila. Valenzuela thereupon fled also,
+following them, and reaching Caloocan about 8 p. m. There he found
+Bonifacio with some twenty others. Andres informed them that they
+must not separate as it was now time to commence the armed rebellion,
+the plot of the Katipunan having been discovered. From Caloocan they
+went to Balintauac arriving about 11 p. m. Here they met a certain
+Laong with a group of men. They remained in the pueblo Sunday,
+Monday and Tuesday preparing for the onslaught they were to make
+upon the Spaniards, which was fixed for the 29th of the same month,
+the plans being that they should advance in groups upon Manila,
+killing the Spaniards and also the indians and Chinese who refused
+to follow them, "dedicating themselves to the sacking of the city,
+robbery and incendiarism and to the violation of women." Many Chinese
+were murdered and their stores robbed.
+
+Whilst in the fields of Balintauac distribution was made of bolos and
+ten revolvers, the latter stolen from the Maestranza of Manila. On
+Tuesday evening preparations were made to meet the attack of the
+Spanish troops which had been sent out in persecution of the rebels,
+and the first conflict took place. Valenzuela also stated that the
+greater part of the people who formed the rebel forces were drawn,
+catechised and initiated all in a moment by the fanatic Laong, who
+was practically the active chief of the revolt, and who directed in
+person the attack upon the Chinese stores.
+
+About 5 pm. on the 29th five hundred men under a "leader of Pasig"
+appeared on the scene at the waterworks. They at once took possession
+of the building and of the persons of the workmen. Their first
+intention was to stop the machinery so that no one need be left
+in charge thereof when orders should be received for a start for
+Manila. The engineer however, reminded the chief that if such a thing
+was done their brethren in Manila would die of thirst. This excuse
+carried the day and the chief decided to leave some workmen there under
+the condition that the engineer and others who wore moustaches should
+shave, and that all should dress like indians, and that the engineer's
+wife should dress like a native woman and prepare food for his men. The
+party finally set out on their way. They tried to avoid an encounter
+with the troops composed of artillery and infantry, 65 men in all,
+stationed at the powder works. In avoiding this handful of defenders
+they fell afoul of other troops which gave them a good sharp reception.
+
+As to those who, repenting, desired to return to a legal status, it
+is difficult to form an opinion, on account of the contrary evidence
+adduced in connection therewith. Isabelo de los Reyes already cited,
+in a futile attempt to justify the acts of the Katipuneros, claims
+that some of the chiefs opposed the plan of the armed resistance as
+contained in the propositions of Bonifacio, claiming that it would
+be a great and useless sacrifice, to say nothing of the imprudence of
+such an act, to launch forth against an armed force without possessing
+better arms than a few bolos and lances. He claims that Bonifacio
+listened to the advice and was on the point of acting upon it, but
+was compelled to take the step he did in declaring the revolt, by
+the attitude of his 500 followers. The authority for this statement
+was Pedro Nicodemus, who was the commander of the said group, a man
+who was as ignorant as he was blood-thirsty.
+
+Further on Isabelo states that "in the famous reunion of Balintauac,
+in the solemn moment of the breaking forth of the revolt (August,
+26th 1896) Andres Bonifacio as president of the Supreme Council of the
+Katipunan, explained that the plot had been discovered, and that in
+order to save those who were compromised and who had not up to that
+time been arrested, it was necessary to launch forth to the fight,
+although the arms with which they should fight had not yet arrived
+from Japan."
+
+Granted however the character of Bonifacio, his aims and the methods
+he adopted to carry out his ideas, such an excuse as that of Reyes
+argue but little in pro of the good judgement or better said the good
+faith of its author. Bonifacio was anxious for the first blow of the
+revolt to be struck that he might not lose the confidence of those
+who had intrusted him with the undertaking and who had been fooled
+into the idea that the Katipunan forces were so powerful that nothing
+could resist their onward course once they had been started on their
+way. And to suppose that Bonifacio was to be so easily influenced by
+a few petty chiefs is to show a complete ignorance of the character
+of the hero of the Katipunan. If the opposition of the said petty
+chiefs really occurred it was probably inspired more by fear of
+the consequences than by the true spirit of repentance, for if the
+cruelties and abuses said to have been committed by the Spaniards
+were the cause of the revolt, what need was there of such a repentance?
+
+The prestige enjoyed by Bonifacio among the katipuneros was natural
+enough, in as much as he was the father of the Katipunan, the
+illegitimate offspring of filipino freemasonry, itself a legitimate
+child of the Spanish family of universal freemasonry.
+
+"The Katipunan," says the author of an exposition to Congress, dated
+1900 and published at the printing office of the El Liberal, "the
+worthy and legitimate [82] child of Andres Bonifacio, was founded in
+his own house in calle Sagunto (Tondo) between six and seven in the
+evening of the 7th of July 1892. Andres Bonifacio gathered together
+his best friends, Teodoro Plata, Valentin Diaz, Ladislao Dina,
+Deodato Arellano, and Ildefonso Laurel, to whom he proposed the
+necessity of the creation of that Superior Association of the Sons
+of the People, whose only aim should be that of the independence
+of the people under a Spanish protectorate or in default of that,
+of Japan. Those assembled took to the idea with great enthusiasm and
+at once commenced the propaganda of the same.
+
+
+
+Note 95. One thing which clearly demonstrates the state of fanaticism
+and moral degradation to which the Katipunan fell, was the savage
+manner in which they treated the Religious prisoners who fell into
+their hands. Disrespect for all authority and especially that of
+the clergy, was one of the chief fruits of the work of propaganda
+carried on by Rizal and other of the separatist element, aided and
+abetted by the Bible societies who gave moral as well as practical
+assistance to their labors.
+
+As fanaticism increased, this want of respect became more intense
+and eventually led to a thirst for the blood of those whose greatest
+crime was the excessive favor they had extended to the indian, to
+whom such a thing as gratitude was unknown [83].
+
+As we have seen, the intention of the Katipuneros was the annihilation
+of the Spaniards, irrespective of class or condition. The parish
+priest being the strongest support of the administration was the
+target for the bitterest treatment at the hands of the rebels.
+
+Among the number of those parish priests murdered by the Tagalog
+rebels were P. Toribio Moreno; Recolet, parish priest of Silang;
+P. Toribio Mateo, Recolet and parish priest of Perez Dasmarinas; and
+the lay brothers: fray Luis Garbayo and Julian Umbon, these latter were
+murdered in San Francisco de Malabon. Upon the Estate of Imus, then
+property of the Recolet Corporation, now in the possession of a large
+London Syndicate, were most brutally murdered the following Recolets:
+
+P. Jose Ma. Learte, ex-Provincial and parish priest of Imus, P. Simeon
+Marin, ex-Definitor and parish priest of Maragondon, P. Agipito
+Echegoyen, parish priest of Amadeo, P. Faustino Lizasoain, parish
+priest of Bailen, and the lay-brothers:
+
+Roman Caballero, Jorge Zueco del Rosario, Damaso Goni, Bernardo Angos,
+Victoriano Lopez.
+
+It is affirmed by eye-witnesses that these victims to Tagalog
+fanaticism were saturated with petroleum and burned alive.
+
+Fear was entertained for the safety of of several Dominican Fathers
+who held parishes near by, and therefore P. Buenaventura Campa,
+P. Francisco Cabenas and fray Natalio Esparza immediately set
+out in search for them. Regardless of the great risk they ran in
+falling into the hands of the bloodthirsty Katipuneros, these three
+heroic Dominicans casting aside all thought for self and all care
+for their own welfare [84] set out for Naic in the steam launch
+Mariposa. Difficulties were encountered from the start. The native
+captain and engineer conspired to prevent the carrying out of the
+attempted rescue. P. Buenaventura calling up the refractory captain
+told him that he and his companions were firm in their purpose and
+that progress must be made. The captain pleaded inability for want of
+coal. Then hoist the sails, said P. Campa. There are none replied the
+captain. Then take my habit and those of my companions and make sails
+of them, thundered the Padre. The captain gave in and the journey was
+continued. Naic was reached; they failed to find their companions but
+were in time to save the unfortunate wife and children of Lieut. Perez
+Herrero; they discovered them barefooted and wellnigh mad with terror,
+dressed in native clothes and hidden in a nipa shack. P. Galo Minguez,
+parish priest of Naic, Padres Nicolas Pena and Jose Digne and the
+laybrothers Saturnino Garcia and Jose Pedida had succeeded in escaping
+from the clutches of the rebellious Tagalogs, having fled to Labay
+from whence they made their way to Corregidor, meeting there those
+who had come to seek them in the Mariposa.
+
+The Augustinian Father P. Piernavieja was another victim to
+fanaticism. This Father has been termed medio loco [85] and in
+all truth he was so if the possession of a presence of mind such
+as that shown by P. Piernavieja is to be termed craziness. True
+it is that he was at times gifted with a strange turn of mind. He
+had, during the many years he administered the parish, established
+therein a christian communism. When the revolt broke out he was
+held as a prisoner and obliged to invest himself with the authority
+of an Archbishop. Had the revolt prospered and P. Piernavieja lived,
+undoubtedly he would have been made Archbishop of Manila by the Tagalog
+discontents. P. Piernavieja was shrewd enough to take well to his new
+office. He was once called upon to anoint the chiefs and rulers, as the
+kings and emperors of olden time were anointed by the Church. Padre
+Piernavieja told them that olive oil was not suitable for such a
+purpose and therefore proceeded to anoint them with cocoanut oil such
+as is used by the natives for their lamps! Under pretext of his office
+of Bishop this strange old man claimed liberty to make his pastoral
+visits and when he succeeded in securing this liberty which was readily
+granted to him, he overran all that part of the province in the hands
+of the insurgents, secretly collecting all kinds of information, which
+he immediately sent his superiors in Manila. This information reached
+the military authorities and would have become of utility to them for
+the carrying out of the campaign had it been prosecuted as a military
+campaign should have been. But the Padre's messenger was eventually
+captured with messages in his possession. When questioned as to the
+source of the information, and where he was taking it, he told all,
+and as a result Padre Piernavieja was condemned to death as a traitor
+to a cause to which he had never held allegiance. As a punishment he
+was tied to a tree exposed to the burning rays of the tropical sun,
+and thus left to the mercy of the voracious birds and insects, dying
+of hunger, thirst and of terror in the midst of inconceivable torments.
+
+Padre David Veras, Dominican, was another of the many victims of
+the Katipuneros. He was the parish priest of the pueblo of Hermosa
+in the province of Bataan. When the insurgents attacked the pueblo
+they captured P. David, and after cutting off both his hands, dragged
+him to the most distant of the ten barrios of that pueblo, and there
+hacked him to death with bolos and hatchets mutilating his body in
+a horrible manner, and throwing the corpse on to a dung heap.
+
+In the early dawn of the 25th of December 1896, in Morong province
+of Bataan, Padre Domingo Cabrejas, Recolet, was murdered at the altar
+while offering up the holy sacrifice of the Mass, his blood staining
+the sacred linen and the steps of the altar. The katipunero murderers
+hurriedly hid the body in the church and fled.
+
+Padre Jose Sanjuan, also Recolet and parish priest of Bagac was
+another victim. To name all those who suffered barbarous treatment at
+the merciful hands of the insurgents would be a well-nigh impossible
+task. Recalling the acts of those fanaticised sectarians, one might
+almost recall the barbarities and brutalities of the diabolical
+Nero. Certainly the ancient Chinese and Japanese were scarcely
+more excessive in their treatment of the unfortunate missionaries
+they tortured in their attempt to stamp out the christian faith;
+and even the Chinese boxers of our days could have taken lessons
+from the disciples of Filipino freemasonry. Many, many are the
+unfortunate missionaries whose blood cries to heaven for vengeance
+and this vengeance of the God of Justice will one day fall upon this
+people. Even in our own days we cannot shut our eyes to the fact of the
+existence of the well marked track of the hand of Divine Justice as it
+passes here and there throughout the land, calling now upon this one,
+now upon that, to pay his debt even to the last farthing. The track
+of the finger of God has been remarkably distinct in this archipelago
+and many are the cases in which that finger moving slowly and silently
+along has pointed out the unfruitful tree which the scythe of death
+shall cut down.
+
+"For I the Lord thy God am a jealous God; visiting the sins of the
+fathers upon the children until the third and fourth generation."
+
+
+
+Note 96. Some there are who see in every event which takes place,
+the protecting or avenging hand of Providence. Others there are who
+laugh to scorn the idea that Providence should concern itself in
+such matters.
+
+The hand of Providence surely has manifested itself of late in this
+archipelago, here protecting the one from a cruel torture, there
+permitting the sacrifice of a martyr to the faith or a martyr to duty
+and honor, and the integrity of the Spanish nation. Here giving one
+over to a just punishment, there pointing out another as an object
+for Divine vengeance.
+
+Is proof needed perhaps that the finger of the avenging hand of Divine
+justice has left its well-marked path in the Philippines? Then we
+have a notable case before us. A few months ago, a steamer, the Rio
+de Janeiro, left the Orient bound for the port of San Francisco,
+Cal. Within sight of the city, almost within sight of the crowds
+who stood upon the wharf in expectation of the ship's arrival,
+the good vessel, by the will of God who rules over all things,
+went to the bottom, carrying with her, among other passengers,
+a man who was morally and physically responsible for the greater
+part of the barbarities practiced upon the long suffering Spanish
+prisoners, Religious, Civil and Military, at the hands of the Tagalog
+revolutionists. With that man disappeared from the land of the living
+his whole family, together with state and private papers of unknown
+value. How often before in the past history of the world has the God
+of Justice obliterated whole families and even whole nations!
+
+And who shall say that the hand of Divine Justice has not protected
+as well as avenged. For many months the katipuneros had woven a
+fine-meshed net around the Spanish population of the Philippines,
+a labor the more easily accomplished in the same degree as the
+scandalous carelessness of the Blanco administration became more and
+more marked. Blanco himself was a freemason [86] and was always, like
+our present civil administration, surrounded by friends of his own
+choice, people who at no time suffered from an excess of patriotism;
+and the few honorable exceptions which did exist were, unfortunately,
+persons whose good moral influence was powerless to better a situation
+which day by day became worse [87].
+
+This net already woven was set, and it needed but the given signal
+for its string to be tightly drawn and the unsuspecting prey would
+immediately fall into its folds, to be redeemed only by a barbarous,
+cruel death. But providence is merciful as well as just, and in her own
+time opened up a way of escape for the coveted prize of the katipunero
+savages. This opening was no other than Teodoro Patino, himself a
+member of the diabolical society, the plot of which he was to reveal.
+
+Patino was one of the many compositors in the printing establishment of
+the Diario de Manila. He was an indian of but little importance both
+as regards his abilities as a workman or as a katipunero: he was one
+of the thousands of unknowns from which have sprung so many of those
+sadly famous ignorantes and others of our own days. But he was destined
+to act an important part in the society to which he belonged: a part
+however not in the programme of proceedings drawn up by the society.
+
+A discussion took place one day as to the subscription the said
+Patino should pay into the common funds of the society, and heated
+words passed between him and his companions on the subject. From words
+they came to blows; and as Patino was one against many he came out of
+the tussle second best, having received a good sound thrashing for
+daring to differ from the majority. To satisfy his injured feelings
+he looked around him for some one from whom he could expect sympathy,
+and he bethought himself of his sister who was a pupil of the College
+of Mandaloya, under the care of the Augustinian Nuns. To his sister
+he repaired and to her he told his tale of woe, making mention at the
+same time of a certain society to which he and his assailants belonged.
+
+The sister startled by what her brother related, questioned him
+closely, as only a woman can question when she wishes to get to
+the bottom of anything. Having been a pupil of the Augustinian Nuns
+for a considerable time and preserving in her heart sentiments of
+gratitude little known among the peoples of the Archipelago, she was
+much hurt to hear of the plans mapped out by the Katipunan for the
+brutal destruction of those who had always been so good and kind to
+her and her brother. And before Patino could tell all his tale, his
+sister had bidden him good-bye and gone off in search of the Mother
+Superior of the College, to whom she immediately told all she knew
+of the affair. The two women trembling with fear for the safety of
+the lives of so many hundreds of innocent victims, hurriedly sought
+the presence of the Rev. Padre Mariano Gil, Augustinian, and parish
+priest of Tondo. This Rev. Father, realizing the enormity of the
+Katipunan plot, advised them to send Patino to him without delay.
+
+Patino presented himself at the convento and underwent a close
+examination at the hands of Padre Mariano. At first little progress
+was made, as Patino feared both the anger of the authorities and
+that of his fellow katipuneros, who would doubtless take revenge upon
+him according to the laws of the society, for his tale-telling. And
+in spite of the fact that he tried at every turn to avoid telling
+the naked truth, and to escape here and there by professions of
+ignorance, he eventually manifested to P. Mariano Gil all he knew
+of the society, of its plans and of its resources. After a long and
+tedious conversation, the patriotic Augustinian was gratified with
+the knowledge of where to lay his hands upon hidden documents etc.,
+which would throw much light upon the purposes of the society of
+cut-throats. P. Gil immediately set to work to disclose the hidden
+secrets.
+
+"Without losing a moment," writes P. Mariano Gil, to a friend who
+had asked of him the true story of what took place on that memorable
+occasion, "I sent notice to the Lieut. of the Veterana of this
+sub-division, D. Jose Cortes, to whom in the presence of the denouncer,
+Patino, I communicated the most necessary data, giving him at the same
+time the names of all those persons in the printing establishment who
+were compromised, commencing with the two who signed the receipts,
+Policarpo Tarla and Braulio Rivera, indicating to him the manner of
+procedure for the detention of all those complicated.
+
+...................................................................
+... "I decided, confiding in God, to go alone to the printing
+establishment, at a time when none of the workmen should be present."
+
+The writer goes on to explain how he made known his mission to D. Ramon
+Montes and two other Spaniards who, astonished at the news, aided in
+the search for the documents, stones etc. After a half hour's search
+the lithographic stone was discovered, and like a tiger springing
+upon its prey, the zealous son of St. Augustine pounced upon it, as
+though he feared that the very roof of the building should fall in
+upon it and bury it beneath its rubbish out of reach of his hands. A
+proof was taken from the said stone, of the Katipunero receipts,
+and P. Gil immediately set off in the direction of the Veterana of
+Tondo where he met Patino, who recognized the receipt as authentic,
+and two hours later the Patriotic Augustinian saw his efforts crowned
+with the confession of guilt of the delinquents, the two previously
+named, figuring at the head of the list. Having performed this, P. Gil
+humbly wended his way back to his parochial dwelling, satisfied to
+have been an instrument of divine Providence for the unravelling of
+one of the most bloodthirsty plots ever invented by the perverse mind
+of embruted mankind.
+
+At midnight was discovered in the locker of Policarpo Tarla, in the
+same place, a dagger, the regulations of the Katipunan and several
+documents having connection with the said society, all of which,
+together with the famous lithographic stone, were handed over by
+Sr. Montes to the Veterana.
+
+On the following day P. Gil discovered in the house of one of his
+parishioners a dagger identical to the one mentioned, also several
+receipts in Tagalog with the key of the symbolic language in which
+they were printed.
+
+"This", affirms P. Gil, "is the truth of the discovery."
+
+There can be little doubt that Patino was directly inspired more by the
+thrashing he received than by providence, although it is not possible
+to deny that the thrashing and the consequent divulging of the secrets
+of the Katipunan were providential. And as regards to his repentance,
+I doubt judging from the character of the average indian, whether he
+really felt repentant till the enormity of the crime to which he was
+an abettor was brought home to him by P. Mariano Gil. Be that as it
+may. The ways of Providence are hidden from us and we can seldom see,
+with our human eyes, more than the actions of the human reason. Yet
+the truth remains, that whether directly or indirectly inspired by
+providence it was Patino's action which saved Spain "from an unending
+series of bitter experiences."
+
+
+
+Note 97. What has, up to this present, been written concerning these
+stirring events has been taken chiefly from the reports made by
+Gen. Blanco to Sr. Canovas. Whether from ignorance or from malice,
+these reports contained about as many errors as words. From these
+Sr. Diaz evidently took the statement that the sister of Patino was a
+pupil in the College of Looban, whereas P. Mariano Gil himself states
+that it was that known as the Orphan Asylum for Girls at Mandaloya.
+
+
+
+Note 98. The following sketch of P. Mariano Gil is taken from the
+Heraldo de Madrid which in its number of the 6th October 1896, said:
+
+"P. Gil was born in Carreon de los Condes (Palencia) on the 2nd of
+July 1849. Whilst still young he entered the Augustinian College of
+Valladolid. His studies concluded, he passed to the Philippines where
+he filled the duties of parish priest in several Tagalog pueblos. Till
+recently he has been holding the position of parish priest of Tondo,
+a suburb of Manila. He was fortunate enough to discover the plot
+of the insurrection on the 19th of August last, denouncing it at an
+opportune moment. The Spaniards gathered in manifestation to the palace
+of the Governor General; Sr. Blanco did not condescend to receive them
+and they therefore went at once to pay their respects to P. Gil and
+the Archbishop, both of whom congratulated them for their patriotic
+attitude. A newspaper of Manila, El Espanol, published the picture
+of the parish priest of Tondo; but scarcely had the first copies
+of the paper appeared on the street, than General Blanco ordered
+their suppression, commanding that a new edition be printed omitting
+the said picture and the laudatory phrases which the El Espanol had
+dedicated to the eminent Augustinian, from this time a note-worthy
+patriot to whom the public did a justice which General Blanco either
+did not know how, or did not wish to do him."
+
+Speaking of this patriotic Padre, Sr. Castillo y Jimenez [88] says:
+
+"His character is gruff; he asks nothing, he demands; he does not
+beseech, he asks; and what he demands and asks is just and lawful,
+because it bears in its essence the benefit of mankind, aiding the
+unfortunate, warding off their dangers, delivering them from the
+attacks which envy and vengeance might deal out to pacific and humble
+people. He is inflexible with the reprobate and disloyal, magnanimous
+with those who have been deceived; proud with the haughty and humble
+with the weak, and in his generous life has wiped away many tears,
+distributed much bread to the poor, and many times proportioned
+assistance to the needy that they should not fall into want."
+
+The good work done in the discovery of the diabolical plot of the
+Katipunan, has very naturally been the object of a great amount
+of bitter criticism at the hands of the separatist element, which
+has never pardoned the valiant Augustinian for springing their
+carefully laid traps. He was denounced in the lodge rooms of Filipino
+freemasonry, from one of which was despatched a letter directed to
+him and bearing his picture, as will be seen in the accompanying
+illustration. His discovery was depreciated and belittled, and made
+to appear a farce. His patriotism was called into question and his
+very life was placed in imminent danger.
+
+However the torrents of lies that have poured forth against him have
+not, and can not obliterate the truth.
+
+Isabelo de los Reyes to belittle the labors of discovery of P. Gil,
+affirms that Antonio Luna notified Blanco of the existence of the
+association previous to the discovery of P. Gil. Be that as it may;
+the secret police had also notified Blanco of what was going on. Three
+times did the Archbishop of Manila do the same, and so also did
+the other prelates of Manila and Prior of the Convent of Guadalupe,
+and Lieut. Sityer [89]. But this does not lessen the value of Padre
+Gil's discovery, but rather adds to its importance. For whilst Blanco
+was sufficiently posted on the matter to be able to judge of the
+necessity of taking immediate proceedings, there was wanting that
+healthy stimulus which was given by P. Gil. A stubborn carbuncle
+often needs the aid of the lance: P. Gil's discovery was the lance
+which brought to the surface the putrid matter which nature could
+not, of herself, eject. This putrid matter extending itself, would
+have brought about the mortification of the whole body, had not the
+surgeon applied his lance in good time. And although the lance of
+the surgeon brought pain to the patient it saved her for the time,
+giving back to her a state of relative health.
+
+
+
+Note 99. The first executions which took place were those of four
+rebels captured in flagrante in San Juan del Monte. These were Sancho
+Valenzuela, Eugenio Silvestre, Modesto Sarmiento and Ramon Peralta. Of
+these Valenzuela was the only one of any importance. Sarmiento was
+a cabeza de barangay [90] of Santa Ana where he owned a small nipa
+house which he rented out, performing at the same time the office of
+cook and house boy to the tenant. On the way to execution he met his
+tenant-master and, in a nonchalant manner, greeted him with as pleasant
+a Buenos dias Senor, as if he were on the way to some joyous function
+or a grand "meet" at the cock-pit. Before his execution Valenzuela
+also showed a spirit of coolness and serenity, signing his last will
+and testament with a firm hand, and smiling. Both showed the spirit
+of men thoroughly fascinated by some superior power, neither realizing
+the crime they had committed nor the punishment they were to undergo.
+
+The second execution took place in Cavite, thirteen rebels being
+shot. These were Francisco Osorio, Maximo Inocencio, Luis Aguado,
+Victoriano Luciano, Hugo Perez, Jose Lallana, Antonio San Agustin,
+Agapito Conchu, Feliciano Cabuco, Mariano Gregorio, Eugenio Cabezas and
+two constables of the public prison of the province. These constables
+had pressed into their traitorous service a number of the muchachos of
+the prison. Francisco Osorio was a very wealthy Chinese half-caste. He
+had been honored by Spain with several honors, among them the Grand
+Cross of Carlos III. He was very intimate with the authorities in
+Cavite. His father, a wealthy Chinee, and his cousin, a doctor,
+both denounced him at the moment of his execution.
+
+"After the reading of the sentence," says an eye-witness, "in front
+of the square which we formed, he commenced to cry, asking pardon of
+the General and of all Spaniards; he affirmed that he was a Spaniard
+and that he would never conspire again against the country in which
+he had been educated, and he cursed the freemasons who in Madrid had
+initiated him into the hatred of religion and the fatherland. The
+doctor his cousin, turning to him, said: Silence Osorio! don't cry so;
+what will the Spaniards benefit from your repentance; but the miserable
+fellow paid no attention to him, and asked to be allowed to kiss the
+Spanish flag before he died. This permission was not granted."
+
+Maximo Inocencio was the proprietor of a large store and was a
+contractor to the Arsenal. He had been previously arrested for
+implication in the revolt in Cavite in 1872. At that time he escaped
+but was afterwards pardoned; the signal rocket was to be fired from
+his storehouse in Cavite.
+
+Luis Aguado was also a contractor for the Arsenal.
+
+Victoriano Luciano, a chemist, was a wealthy half-caste who had not
+lived long in Cavite.
+
+Hugo Perez, was an indio. He was the venerable of the masonic lodge. In
+his house were discovered two large photographs in which the majority
+of the thirteen persons executed were photographed in the form of
+a triangle; a book with a triangle and other masonic insignia on
+its front page, and four important letters of anti-Spanish masonic
+propaganda.
+
+Lallana was a tailor, and some say a peninsular Spaniard. For a while
+he was chief of police of Cavite and had been a corporal of Marines.
+
+Antonio San Agustin was an indian, a petty merchant and a man who
+could scarcely bear the sight of a Spaniard.
+
+Agapito Conchu was a master of a primary school, and a half-caste. He
+had once been detained in the time of Despujols but granted his
+liberty. Apart from his school, he gave lessons to some of the children
+of the Spanish families of the town, including the daughter of the
+Governor of Cavite.
+
+Cabuco was an escribiente [91] of the administration of State; and
+Eugenio Cabezas a watch-tinker.
+
+These executions were followed by that of a member of the Guardia
+Civil, Mariano Magno, in Nueva Ecija. Magno had always been noted for
+his lack of obedience to his superiors, his hatred of discipline and
+ill-feeling in general towards Spaniards. Fifteen others were shot in
+Iligan on the 28th of October of the same year. Many others suffered
+the like penalty in different parts of the Archipelago.
+
+
+
+Note 100. Those sentenced to deportation were, for the most part, sent
+to Jolo, Puerta Princesa, Balabac and to the penitentiary colonies.
+
+To the first named place were sent 69 persons of all kinds and
+conditions, trades and occupations. Among them was a Juan Cuadra,
+a chemist in Ermita. To Puerta Princesa went 53, and to Balabac 56
+both lots well assorted. Those most compromised in the insurrection
+were sent to Fernando Poo, these numbering some 200. Three hundred
+more were sent to Mindanao. Among the 200 sent to Fernando Poo were
+merchants, compositors, silversmiths, book-binders, carriage painters,
+laundrymen, escribientes, a clerk of the Puerta del Sol on the Escolta,
+hat-makers, tailors, laborers, students, lawyers and among them the
+irrepressible jack-in-the-box, Thomas William of the Rosary (Tomas
+G. del Rosario); telephone operators, school-teachers and three members
+of the secret police; among the rag and tag of the good-for-nothings,
+and as chief of them, was the famous translator of the scriptures,
+Pascual H. Poblete [92].
+
+
+
+Note 101. Apolinario Mabini was born in the pueblo of Tanauan,
+province of Batangas, and was the son of parents of the poorer and
+lower classes. He came to Manila as a lad and received his secondary
+education in the College of San Juan de Letran at the hands of
+the Dominican Fathers, taking the degree of professor. Later on he
+was employed in the Intendencia and by careful saving and by steady
+application he continued his studies for law and concluded his course
+at the University of Santo Tomas also at the hands of the Dominicans
+who spared no efforts on behalf of his success. From the University
+he received the title of Licentiate of Law in 1895.
+
+He entered the office of the notary Numeriano Adriano to practice
+law, and whilst there employed, was drawn by Adriano into the net of
+masonry, joining the lodge Balagtas which was one of those founded
+from the overflow of the original Filipino lodge Nilad. Adriano was
+the venerable of the said lodge. When the Liga Filipina was formed
+and had gotten well into working order Mabini was named a councillor
+of the superior Council (see page 28). According to the testimony
+of Moises Salvador (see page 296) Mabini was also secretary of the
+Association of Compromisarios.
+
+He was arrested as one of the chief instigators of the revolt and
+after due trial was sentenced to death. The Spanish authorities
+however, took compassion upon him because of his pitiful condition,
+he being paralysed in the lower parts of the body [93]; so instead
+of including his name in the list of those who expiated their treason
+on the field of Bagumbayan, they foolishly gave him his liberty.
+
+Once more free, Mabini left Manila for his own pueblo of Tanauan
+where he lived quietly till Aguinaldo was brought over in 1898 by
+Admiral Dewey to serve as a bush-beater to the American forces. Mabini
+was thereupon carried from Tanauan to Cavite where he joined the
+faithless Magdalo.
+
+In Cavite he drew up a project of a constitutional law for the
+Philippines. In the first page of this he affirmed that the precepts
+of the Ten Commandments were an invention of the friars! And yet Mabini
+was the Filipino Solomon. He instructed the people that they ought not
+to believe in the said decalogue or practice what it commanded, but
+that they should only practice the precepts of the Verdadero Decalogo
+which he prepared and gave to the public as their spiritual guide.
+
+Mabini very soon became radical and decidedly anti-American in his
+ideas, and succeeded in attaining such moral ascendancy over Aguinaldo
+that the latter ceased to be the leader of the people and the true
+dictator of the Filipino republic, becoming a toy in the hands of a
+man who could twist and turn him here and there at his will.
+
+Mabini refused to take the oath of allegiance and was, on the 7th
+of January 1901 deported under General Order No. 4 to the island of
+Guam, as one of the persons "whose acts clearly demonstrate them to
+be favorers or sympathizers with the insurrection."
+
+
+
+Note 102. The advanced political ideas held and propagated by the
+separatists were not bad in themselves; no particular objection can be
+raised against them as political ideas. But when we consider by whom
+and for whom these "reforms" were asked, we begin to appreciate the
+necessity to which the indian was put of endeavoring to attain them
+by armed struggle. Taking away the revolutionary basis upon which the
+plans of the Liga were raised, nothing remains but the empty walls of
+a roofless building. These walls or ideas are contained in the plans of
+reforms drawn up by almost every jackanapes in the Liga who could write
+down his thoughts with any amount of clearness. These plans agreed upon
+certain points, chiefly representation in the Spanish parliament and
+the expulsion of the Religious Orders. These two points appear to have
+been the essence of the direct aims of the separatists (see p. 69).
+
+Others called for the Spanish constitution with its consequences:
+the liberty of the press and the liberty of associations. Liberty of
+the press was ever an unknown quantity in the Philippines. The idea of
+the liberty of the press is very beautiful when its liberties are not
+abused; it was the abuse of what little liberty the press enjoyed,
+in the latter days of Spanish rule, that induced the authorities
+to impose such a close censure upon it as they did. Whatever may
+be said in its favor, press censorship and such sedition laws as we
+enjoy to-day in this nondescript piece of the world's surface, are
+more proper of absolute monarchies than of territory of the U. S. of
+America, although in our particular case we might as well be under the
+despotic, ever deteriorating rule of Aguinaldo, as that of a body of
+men whose intentions however good and sincere they may be, fall short,
+when put into practice, of the proverbial ingenuity in governing,
+of the famous Sancho Panza in his island of Barataria. Freedom of
+the press is at times a blessing, and at others a curse. From 1888
+to 1896 it would have been more of the latter than of the former;
+for giving such a liberty to the separatists who asked it, would be
+arming the enemy with the best arms.
+
+As to liberty of associations. People in the Temperance world often ask
+themselves, does prohibition prohibit? Some make themselves believe
+that it does; but practice has shown what common sense tells each
+and every one of us, that it does not; for if a man (and I do not
+wish to be so ungallant as to exclude the ladies) cannot get what
+he wants legally, he as a rule sees that he gets it somehow. And so
+with the Filipinos who, denied the liberty of association, defied the
+authorities and held their gatherings in secret and secluded places.
+
+All these various political ideas were decidedly advanced in as much as
+they had relation to a people in no way prepared to receive them. No
+father would put a loaded revolver or an open razor into the hands
+of his child; but those were the very things the separatists were
+howling for.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX A.
+
+                           A. L. G. D. A. M.
+
+                            G. R. Log. SUNT.
+
+               "The executive Commission sends to the V.
+                   Masters D. Deg. O. O. T. and O. G.
+                      O. S. of the L. Log. of the
+                               Obedience.
+
+                                L. T. M.
+
+
+"Venerable Masters and beloved brethren. After our circular of the 28th
+of May last it would seem unnecessary to remind you, that you give
+the most exact fulfillment to those points which the same embraces,
+the which were approved by the Grand Assembly celebrated on the 15th
+of the same month; but nevertheless, as the time of our cause has
+assured and all provision is but little in the present moments, it has
+appeared well to us to direct this other circular to you in order to
+fix more correctly the points which have to be the object of the most
+exact fulfillment. We will now pass on to the enumeration of the same.
+
+First: The triangles will perform strictly all and every one of the
+dispositions dictated by their respective presidents, and venerable
+honorary brethren, not allowing the least or most insignificant point
+to slip their observation, for even when it seems to our venerable
+brethren otherwise, it is of the greatest transcendency.
+
+"The smallest omission in these dispositions might prejudice in a
+great manner our labors, the fruit of many years of constancy and
+hope of a sure triumph.
+
+"Second: Once the signal is given every bro. shall fulfill the duty
+imposed upon him by this Gr. Reg. Log. without considerations of any
+kind, neither of parentage, friendship or gratitude, etc.
+
+"Third: Those who on account of debility, cowardice or other
+considerations do not fulfill their duty, already know the tremendous
+punishment they will incur for disloyalty and disobedience to this
+G. R. Log.
+
+Fourth: The blow having been struck at the Captain General and the
+other Spanish Authorities, the loyals shall attack the convents
+and shall behead their infamous inhabitants, respecting the wealth
+contained in the said convents; this shall be gathered by the
+commissions named for that purpose by the G. R. Log. and it shall
+not be lawful for any of our brethren to possess themselves of what
+justly belongs to the treasury of the G. N. F. (Grand Filipino Nation)
+
+"Fifth: Those who fail to carry out what is set forth in the foregoing
+paragraph shall be held as malefactors and subjected to exemplary
+punishment by this G. R. Log.
+
+"Sixth: On the following day the bro. designated shall bury all the
+bodies of their hateful oppressors in the field of Bagumbayan together
+with their wives and children, and on the site shall later on be
+raised a monument commemorative of the independence of the G. N. F.
+
+"Seventh: The bodies of the members of the Religious Orders shall
+not be buried, but burned in just payment of the felonies which they
+committed during life against Filipino nation during the three hundred
+years of their nefarious domination. (see note 26.)
+
+"And whilst awaiting the day of our redemption this executive
+commission shall continue giving the sure guide which we all have
+to follow in the presence of the facts to the end that none of our
+brethren shall be able to say that they were unwarned.
+
+"In the G. R. Log. in Manila, the 12th of June 1896.--The first of
+the long desired independence of the Philippines.--The President
+of the executive Commission, Bolivar. The Gr. Mast. Adj. Giordano
+Bruno.--The Gr. Sec. Galileo.
+
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B.
+
+
+Under the title of "My part in the Revolution," Isabelo de los Reyes
+in an artful attempt to defend himself before those who considered
+him a coward because of his ever shirking that part of the task
+of the revolt which naturally fell to him, gives his readers the
+following information:
+
+"When it was desired to effect the manifestation of 1888, (see p. 60),
+Ramos took me to the palace of Malacanan, to express to Gen. Terrero
+verbally the complaints of the "country"; but I do not know why,
+but on that day the manifestation did not come off...."
+
+"From the palace of Malacanan we went to the house of Doroteo Cortes,
+who instructed me in the object of the manifestation, thus:
+
+"... We reckon with the pleasure of the Civil Governor Sr. Centeno
+(see note 2) to make a manifestation against the friars, who oppress
+us with their abuses, and oppose the progress of the country."
+
+"--Very good indeed I replied full of enthusiasm.
+
+"But my enthusiasm disappeared entirely when Cortes told me with the
+greatest frankness, that they asked and were sure of attaining their
+wish, that the Archbishop should be deported, merely for having failed
+to assist at the religious functions dedicated to the King [94].
+
+"I then doubted the ability [95] of the directors of the manifestation,
+and believed that they would be irremissibly crushed by the friars,
+who were very astute and powerful, as in fact it so happened.
+
+"I retired leaving Ramos in that house.
+
+"I immediately went to see his father and said to him: The
+manifestation has fallen flat. I have come to tell you that in my
+opinion, your son ought not to sign the instance of the manifestos. Let
+all those who like do so, but it would be a pity that your son who,
+in the time to come, may be able to render signal services to the
+country should now fall crushed by the friars. Now that Cortes says
+that he reckons with the authorities, your son's signature is not
+very necessary.
+
+"And neither Cortes nor Ramos signed it."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX C.
+
+
+Confidential.
+
+                         A L. G. D. G. A. D. U.
+
+                 Liberty      Equality      Fraternity.
+
+                 Universal Freemasonry Spanish Family.
+
+
+Sends S. F. S. to the Rep. Log. Modestia No. 199.
+
+"Seeing that there have circulated rumors among us that in spite of
+the masonic secret, in spite of the secrecy of our works, there exist
+in the hands of our enemies, lists of masons more or less correct,
+more or less extensive, public opinion has shown itself anxious to
+know whether we have been vilely sold.... And when the La Politica de
+Espana en Filipinas has commenced to publish correspondence which ought
+to have been carefully and sacredly guarded, this anxiety reached its
+highest point, embracing the desire to discover the author or authors
+although it would appear that the source of leakage has been found,
+even though the form and details are unknown.
+
+"The presidency of the Cons. Reg. has not been able to remain
+indifferent before the scandal which is developing ..; on the contrary
+it has from the first endeavored to discover the truth....
+..................................................................
+
+"I am sorry to have to confess that the hour of the revelation has not
+yet sounded.... But incidental discoveries oblige me to break silence
+giving the voice of alarm; and to what point this determination is
+justified, you shall judge by the facts I am about to relate.
+
+"1st. Pedro Serrano, symbolic name Panday Pira, gr. 24, in his anxiety
+to discredit local masonry, since this refuses to be exploited has
+permitted himself to make calumnious affirmations to a foreign mason
+concerning this Federation, manifesting at the same time pretensions
+which are a sure sign of perverse intentions.
+
+"2nd. It is known that the same Serrano frequents the Archbishop's
+palace and the College of San Juan de Letran with the peculiarity
+that in both establishments his symbolic name in known, and he
+has manifested in the formed establishment that he is a man whose
+companionship is to be avoided because he occupies himself with
+giving information.
+
+"3rd. It happened later on that the said Serrano presented himself
+in the house of Sr. Marte, gr. 3, late secretary of the lodge Nilad,
+demanding the handing over of documents of the secretaryship which he
+said belonged to him, threatening that otherwise he would report the
+matter to General Blanco, and the extraction of the documents would
+be made by the friar parish priest of the said suburb.
+
+"4th. Lastly: in the meeting of the parochial clergy held in
+the Archbishop's palace--the morning of the 13th of this month--
+... masonry and masons were discussed; and the Archbishop said to
+the parish priest of Quiapo: you must tell the school-master of your
+suburb that it is not sufficient to have abjured his masonic beliefs,
+but that it is also necessary to fulfill the conditions agreed upon.
+
+"Consequently it will be convenient that you gather together the
+Cam. del Medio and read therein the present document, adding the
+explanation and comments you deem necessary, and that with respect to
+the other CCam. you limit yourselves to giving account of the fact,
+demonstrating its enormity, pointing out its author and taking what
+steps are necessary to prevent contagion.
+
+Receive Ven. Mast. and G. bro. the fraternal embrace of peace we
+send you.
+
+
+            Manila 31st November 1894.
+
+    The Gr. Pres.
+
+        Musa (Ambrosio Flores).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX D.
+
+
+Anting-antings constitute the remnants of what was once, what might
+be called the religion of the peoples of the Philippines. They are
+most commonly met with in the form of amulets which their possessors
+carry about with them to ward off dangers of all kinds. There are
+amulets for protection against fire arms, against sword thrust
+or bolo slash; against diseases of all parts of the body; amulets
+against the bursting of fire arms or to prevent them making a noise
+when discharged by the wearer of the amulet; against snakes and their
+bites, against lightning; amulets to protect their wearers against the
+courts of justice and against the authorities when they pursue them
+for robbery. In a word amulets or anting-anting against everything.
+
+As a rules these amulets consist of small booklets containing prayers
+composed of Latin and Spanish words mixed with words and abbreviations
+of the native dialects. Some times they are stones or mineral deposits
+found in the bodies of animals, or the seed portion of petrified
+fruits, or even parts of the skeletons of children.
+
+Although one would suppose that such superstitions had long since
+ceased to exist among the indians of the archipelago such is not the
+case; and it is more than probable that the majority of the members
+of the federal party and may be two out of the three native members
+of the Commission carry their anting-anting carefully guarded in
+one of their pockets. However their use is most common among native
+doctors, that is those who have not studied medicine, but who dabble
+in the art for what they can get out of it, and by tulisanes or armed
+robbers. They were also much in vogue among the enlightened officers
+and men of the insurgent ranks, many of whom considered themselves
+perfectly safe from the bullets of their enemies when they carried
+in their person an amulet or anting-anting.
+
+The following are samples of pages of one of the booklets found on
+the person of a wounded tulisan. The first of these two pages contains
+a prayer against fire-arms, and the second a conglomeration which no
+one has never been able to decipher.
+
+
+    +---------------------------+ +-----------------------------+
+    |   talis misererenobis     | |                             |
+    |          Amin.            | |    Prele queno niar en res  |
+    |                           | |      tom Domi nom nos tom   |
+    |   Oracion de S. Pablo     | |                             |
+    |  contra armas de foigo    | |                             |
+    |    ip. Ntro. y Av.        | |         h   [+]   a         |
+    |                           | |        [+]  [+]  [+]        |
+    |  Jesus S. Pablo Ponitom   | |         Q   [+]   n         |
+    | quiter Deus Salucam tuam, | |                             |
+    |         Amin.             | |                             |
+    +---------------------------+ +-----------------------------+
+
+
+Anting-anting is also found in other forms, sometimes merely a strip
+of paper bearing some inscription, and which receives its virtue from
+some action performed over it, such as the saying of the mass whilst
+the paper is on the altar.
+
+A parish priest of a pueblo in a neighboring province once related
+to me the discovery of one such an anting-anting in his church. He
+approached the altar to recite the Mass, and upon genuflecting at
+the centre of the altar noticed that there was something unusual,
+although small, under the altar cloth. He put his hand under the
+cloth to see what it was and found there a slip of paper bearing
+three crosses, thus:
+
+
+                              +    +    +
+
+
+This paper had been carelessly folded and placed where he found it,
+upon the altar stone. Had it remained undisturbed and the service of
+Mass been said over it, it would have, in the belief of the indian
+who put it there, become infused with marvelous virtues and could
+have protected its wearer from the dangers to be incurred in the
+armed rising against the Spaniards which they were about to attempt.
+
+In all probability Buencamino carried some anting-anting with him to
+Washington to protect him from assassination or from ... nausea.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX E.
+
+
+
+    Manila, 10th January 1897.
+
+"I Faustino Villaruel y Zapanta, 52 years of age, publicly declare
+that as I was born so wish I to die--a Spaniard, a christian, a Roman
+Apostolic Catholic; and that I detest with my whole soul any rebellion
+or treason against our beloved mother Spain.
+
+"I also repent of having belonged to masonry and of having devoted
+myself to its propaganda in these islands and having been such a
+bigoted mason that I caused my two children to enter also into the
+society I now curse. I counsel my children and all my friends to
+renounce the said society, and beg pardon of God, as I do now, it
+being condemned by the Church.
+
+"I beseech the most Excellent and Illustrious Archbishop to
+make public this my spontaneous and free retraction.--Faustino
+Villaruel. Witnesses:--the official guard of the Chapel, Antonio
+Pardo.--the sergeant of the Guard, Felix Garcia."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX F. G. H. I. J.
+
+
+These latter appendices have been suppressed in this first edition
+for want of space.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+
+[1] The numbers which will be found throughout this document signify
+notes to be found in the appendix. The letters in brackets signify
+footnotes of minor importance.
+
+[2] Barcelona.
+
+[3] About this same time a lodge composed of Filipinos was formed in
+Madrid, and known as the Solidaridad. There it was that steps were
+taken to catechize the masses of the Filipinos in their own homes.
+
+[4] In the Official Bulletin of the Gr. Or. Esp. for Sept. 1896,
+Morayta, speaking of this association of separatists said: "It was
+born strong,--the filipino colony numbered then more than 70 members,
+by the side of whom labored several peninsular Spaniards." It is a
+pity Morayta did not classify these peninsular Spaniards, for had he
+done so we might perhaps have found among their number some of the
+social outcasts who have since aided the insurgent element against
+the legitimate authority of the United States.
+
+[5] These aspirations almost all turned upon the idea of
+independence. The ability of the natives to govern themselves has
+had many tests. During the last days of Spanish rule a taste of this
+privilege in minor grade was allowed the native as a test, and it
+needed but a drop of the independence tincture to put the patient
+into a burning fever. It truly takes a visionary to claim for the
+Filipino the ability to govern his own country. In the Filipino family
+the woman "wears the breeches" and in the pueblo all is subservient
+to the "boss", the presidente. The aspirations of the pre-American
+Filipinos are the same as the aspirations of the Federal Party:
+aspirations which can never be realized till the character of the
+aspirant radically changes. "Filipinas" yet awaits in expectation to
+find the Filipino who can govern his own household!
+
+[6] The executive committee of the Liga was composed of Moises
+Salvador, Ambrosio Flores, Apolinario Mabini, Domingo Franco, Numeriano
+Adriano, Timoteo Paez, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, and the brothers
+Venancio and Alejandro Reyes. Testimony of Antonio Salazar. (fols. 1118
+to 1129).
+
+[7] The words Supreme Society express the idea of supreme social
+situation, of a society formed of noteworthy people. A well-read writer
+on the subject of "El Katipunan o el filibusterismo en Filipinas,"
+says, speaking of this union of such notable folk: "A reunion of
+people who meet to concoct assassinations, cannot be a reunion of
+noteworthy people but should rather be called a reunion of noteworthy
+criminals." There is not the shadow of a doubt that this is the best
+and, in fact, the only title to which such a society as the katipunan
+can justly lay claim.
+
+Opinion is divided as to the origin of the word katipunan, and as to
+the manner in which it should be written. Some spell it with C whilst
+the majority use K. As to the derivation: the root word is undoubtedly
+Tipon which, prefixed with the particle ca and terminated with an
+gives us a word, which signifies very select association. The word
+is however generally written with K so as to be in keeping with the
+Tagalog way of spelling, as they (that is to say the "redimidos" have
+taken to the use of K for C whenever C has a hard sound as in cat. In
+like manner, to the insurgent and his sympathisers, Cavite should be
+Kawite. The K and W are Blumentrittisms, i. e. of German descent.
+
+[8] See note 49.
+
+[9] The pseudonym of Rizal. By this name he is mentioned in almost
+all the masonic documents relating to him and over this same name he
+wrote in the La Solidaridad and the Kalayaan.
+
+[10] The place of Rizal's banishment.
+
+[11] Pio Valenzuela y Alejandro, a near companion of Bonifacio in
+matters relative to the Katipunan, testified in his evidence in the
+courts of Justice, (fols 1,663 to 1,673), that Andres Bonifacio had
+read much, and possessed a library which was destroyed when his house
+caught fire. (See note 16) That he would pass the night in reading
+instead of sleeping, and that from such an excess of reading there
+had happened to him the same as happened to Don Quixote--his brain
+had become turned. Thus it was that Andres was ever dreaming of the
+presidency and speaking of the French Revolution.
+
+[12] It was in the warehouse of this German firm that the Spanish
+authorities discovered the documentary evidence which Valenzuela
+testified had been hidden there by Bonifacio. It had been determined
+by the Katipunan to destroy all documents, but evidently Bonifacio
+overtaken suddenly by the unexpected discovery of the plot he was
+developing, had not sufficient presence of mind, or what is more
+probable still, enough time to put them out of existence, and he
+therefore hid them as has been said, hoping no doubt, to be thus
+enabled to put the authorities off the track in case they should
+happen to get possession of them.
+
+[13] That is to say the Spanish population.
+
+[14] As the events here spoken of do not fall within the scope of
+this sketch, no note has here been made of them. As was pointed out
+in the introduction, this review is not intended as a history of the
+revolution, but as a brief sketch of the society which gave rise to it.
+
+[15] Avisos y profecias, Madrid 1892. pp. 286-308.
+
+[16] Concerning the doctrines of Universal Freemasonry D. Gabriel
+Jogand-Pages says writing on the subject of freemasonry in Spain:
+"The teaching which according to the ritual of the 33rd degree is
+the synthesis of freemasonry, is well worthy of being borne in mind."
+
+"In the reception to the 33rd degree, the Grand Master turning to
+the person to be received, ends his discourse with the following
+significant exhortation:
+
+"I owe you, Illustrious brother, an explanation which it is necessary
+to give to our rituals."
+
+"Masonry being nothing else than active revolution, permanent
+conspiracy against political and religious despotism,...."
+
+
+
+"The Grand Master innocent, you have already seen, is man ... man
+who was born innocent because he was born unconsciously."
+
+"Our Grand Master Innocent was born to be happy and to enjoy in
+all their fullness all his rights without exception: But he fell,
+struck with the blows of three assassins: of three infamous beings
+who placed formidable obstacles in the way of his happiness, and
+against his rights...."
+
+"These three infamous assassins are: the Law, Property and Religion".
+
+"The Law because it is not in harmony with the rights of the individual
+man and the duties of the man who lives in society: rights which all
+acquire in all their integrity...."
+
+"Property: because the earth is the property of no one and its products
+pertain to all in the measure for each one of the true necessities
+for his welfare."
+
+"Religion: because religions are no more than the philosophies of
+men of talent, which the people have adopted...."
+
+"Neither the Law, Property nor Religion can impose themselves upon
+man, and as they deprive him of his most precious rights they are
+assassins against whom we have sworn to exercise the utmost vengeance.
+
+"Of these three infamous enemies, Religion ought to be the object of
+our constant mortal attacks, because a people never have survived
+their religion, and destroying religion we have at our disposition
+the law and property and we can then regenerate society, establishing
+over the ruins, masonic Religion, masonic Law and masonic property."
+
+[17] "Insurreccion en Filipinas"; vol. I. p. 109.
+
+[18] One not acquainted with the seducing nature of the masonic
+operation and the peculiarity of the native character, would wonder
+to find the name of a Catholic priest so intimately connected with
+freemasonry and its offspring, especially in a country in which
+the Church wages close and continual warfare with the evil. There
+is little need for surprise however, when we consider the seductive
+influence of the one hand and the simplicity and childishness of the
+native character on the other. Many of the native clergy were body
+and soul wrapt up in the workings of freemasonry and were Spain's
+worst and most crafty enemies.
+
+In Nueva Caceres, Inocencio Herrera, Severo Estrada and Severino Diaz,
+three native priests of the Cathedral of that diocese, headed the
+conspiracy against the Government. They formed a deposit of arms and
+ammunition in the organ of the Cathedral and, according to the plan
+they had prepared, one of their first steps was to murder the Bishop
+of the diocese. On this point it will be interesting to quote the
+testimony of Tomas Prieto, of Nueva Caceres, who, whilst on board
+the S. S. Isarog, on the 20th of September 1896, testified in the
+presence of the captain of the Ship and other witnesses that he had
+received 50 rifles, 10 of which he had given into the care of Manuel
+Abella, a millionaire of that province who was eventually executed for
+treason; the remainder he had distributed among other persons, 3 being
+placed in the care of Severino Diaz, parish priest of the Cathedral of
+Nueva Caceres.... As to their plans of action, he testified that the
+intention was to kill all the Spaniards, the mentioned parish priest of
+the Cathedral, the coadjutor Inocencio and Severo Estrada, all natives,
+having promised to aid personally to secure the success of the affair.
+
+He also declared that "on the 9th of July of the same year, a reunion
+was celebrated in the house of Manuel Abella, and among those present
+were Gabriel Prieto, a native priest and brother of the witness,
+Severino Diaz and others; it was in this reunion that it was decided
+to carry out the programme above mentioned."
+
+In both provinces of the Camarines many were mixed up in some of the
+dirtiest work of the revolt.
+
+Innumerable cases might be mentioned also in which the native clergy
+have exerted considerable influence against the American Government,
+inciting the rebels to resist its lawful authority, much to the
+detriment of the interests of the Church and bringing down upon
+the clergy in general accusations of sedition and treachery. Juan
+Castaneda testified that he had been initiated into the mysteries
+of freemasonry by Severo Buenaventura, a native priest, coadjutor
+of Imus. Buenaventura received his initiation from Ambrosio Flores,
+now the Governor of the province of Rizal; he possessed three grades
+and enjoyed the use of the symbolic name of "cuitib" (the name of a
+small ant which bites furiously). Nine native priests were sent to
+Manila from Vigan and La Union; all of these were convicted of treason.
+
+[19] The word in the original Spanish is madrasta which, apart from
+that of step-mother, has the meaning of "anything disagreeable."
+
+[20] See note 26.
+
+[21] For the complete document see appendix A.
+
+[22] A contract was made between the administrator of the estate in
+question, situated at Calamba, and Francisco Mercado Rizal, father of
+the subject of this note, for the land the Rizal family occupied and
+cultivated. This land measured some 500 hectares and was clear and
+clean, the tenant having merely to give it three or four turns with
+the plow in order to prepare it for use. To show the treatment meted
+out to the tenant, it will be sufficient to say that the contract
+agreed that the tenant should have the entire use of the land and
+its product for four harvests or five years RENT FREE. As great as
+this advantage was to the Rizal family it is but a little of what
+was done by the Dominicans for that ungrateful family of filibusters.
+
+[23] Lawyer.
+
+[24] "La Independencia" was a revolutionary daily of four pages,
+published in the Orphan Asylum of Malabon, property of the Augustinian
+Corporation and stolen and eventually totally destroyed by the "ever
+destructive" Tagalog rebels during the revolution. The first number
+was published on Saturday, 3rd Sept. 1898. Its leading article is
+an exposition of the purpose of the publication of the paper, which
+was the defense of the independence of the Philippines. "We defend,
+says the writer of the article, the independence of the Philippines
+because it is the aspiration of the country which has come of age;
+and when a people rise as a man to protest, arm in hand, against a
+policy of oppression and injustice, it manifests sufficient vitality
+to live free." This is a fair sample of the style of the conduct of the
+paper. It is worthy of note that the history of the revolt has clearly
+shown that, in the first place, independence was not the aspiration of
+the people, but a fanciful hope of a handful of exploiters; secondly
+that the country has not come of age, not having even reached the age
+of puberty; thirdly that the people did not rise as a man but that the
+Tagal "discontents" were the body and soul of the whole insurrection
+both against Spain and against the U. S.; and finally, that the "policy
+of oppression and injustice" was imaginary, the same complaint having
+since been made against the Government of Washington as was then made
+against the Government of Madrid. The quotation concerning Luna is
+taken from No. 2 of the paper published on the 5th of Sept. 1898.
+
+[25] The principal works of Juan Luna are: The death of Cleopatra for
+which he received a silver medal; this was painted under the tutorship
+of Sr. Vera. Under the same master he painted the Spoliarium for which
+he was rewarded a gold medal, but this not really for the merit of the
+picture but in order to put an end to a rivalry between two Spanish
+painters. On his own account he painted and gave forth The Battle
+of Lepanto; this was received almost with hisses and was heartily
+criticized. Also the Profanation of the Tombs; if anything this was
+worse. As the savage nature which lay dormant in his breast became
+more and more awakened his paintings became more and more decadescent:
+his Pacto-de-Sangre, in the which he inspired the return to one of
+the most barbarous customs of pre-Spanish times in the archipelago,
+rubs off the last touches of the veneer of civilization which formed
+the dividing line between the indian of the city and the indian of
+the mountain and forest.
+
+[26] "Andres Bonifacio told the witness that he communicated with the
+president of the Superior Supreme Council, who was Francisco L. Roxas
+latterly, and Doroteo Cortes formerly; ... "Testimony of Pio Valenzuela
+(fols. 591 to 597).
+
+[27] "... Doroteo Cortes and a certain Artacho were those who were in
+understanding with the Japanese Government, which would find a way to
+send people of the laboring classes to the Philippines, to the end
+of seeking motives which might give excuse for a war between Spain
+and that Power". Testimony of Pio Valenzuela (fols. 1,663 to 1,673).
+
+[28] "... The Supreme Council (of the Liga) decided to purchase arms
+and ammunition in Japan, sending to that country at the proper time,
+a commission to ask of that Government its aid and protection for the
+Philippines, under the condition that some islands of the Archipelago
+should be ceded to that nation as a recompense; ... Cortes, Ambrosio
+Bautista and others being chosen to form the commission." Testimony
+of Numeriano Adriano (fols. 1,309 to 1,312).
+
+[29] "It the having been known for some time that Pedro Serrano had
+malverted the money gathered for Rizal, and for the funds of the
+Propaganda, the associates of Masonry stopped the individual payment
+of the 50 cents per month for La Propaganda...." Extract from the
+testimony of Antonio Salazar y San Agustin (fols. 1,118 to 1,129
+Sept. 22, 1896).
+
+[30] For a description of anting-anting see appendix D.
+
+[31] Pedro Gonzales, a native who was captured whilst carrying
+dispatches and letters to and fro between Manila and the insurgent
+camp, was a man well posted in the doings of the rebels and was able to
+give much interesting and valuable information to the Authorities. The
+most interesting portions of his evidence will be found in appendix
+F. In this matter of the flight of Bonifacio he stated that "it was
+not exact as had been said, that Andres Bonifacio was in Cavite (at
+that particular time), for after the defeat at San Juan del Monte he
+disappeared with the funds of the Katipunan, which amounted to some
+20,000 pesos, as he had been assured."
+
+[32] Having been asked during his trial whether he was aware of the
+hiding place of Bonifacio, Valenzuela (fol. 600 to 605) stated that
+"he was not aware of the place in which Bonifacio and others were to
+be met with; that he merely supposed that Bonifacio could be found
+in the mountains of San Mateo, in Tapusi, in other words in the most
+inaccessible part of the said mountain range; because the witness
+heard him say that he would retire to that point to dedicate himself
+to highway robbery if the movement should not be successful.
+
+[33] "The generalisimo, captain Emilio, is very indignant with the
+conduct of Andres Bonifacio, upon whose head he has set a price,
+offering a good recompense to the one who will present him dead or
+alive, for he says that he cannot consent to such a desertion after
+he had been the principal promoter of the popular rebellion". From
+the statement of Pedro Gonzalez previously quoted.
+
+[34] See foot-note page 114.
+
+[35] The head offices of the La Democracia in Manila are situated
+on Calle Villalobos, a name which put into English signifies wolf
+village. For the headquarters of such a scurrilous sheet and for such
+a political party no better place could be found, for taking the two
+at their very best they are veritable "wolves in sheep's clothing".
+
+[36] See page 60.
+
+[37] Nilad is the name of a plant, from which is derived the name
+of Manila.
+
+[38] In an interesting pamphlet entitled "Vexata Questio", giving
+a brief sketch of three centuries of history in the Philippines,
+published in Manila in 1901, the author, in a foot note to page 28,
+says of Foreman:
+
+"It should be remarked that this writer, in the first edition of his
+work, claims to be an earnest Catholic. Dean Worcester, who copies
+from Foreman's book some of the most drivelling paragraphs, lays
+particular stress upon this fact. I leave it to the common sense of
+any one who has read Foreman's history, or what Worcester stoops so
+low to copy therefrom, whether a man whose Alpha and Omega is truly
+anti-Catholic and often anti-christian, and the ink of whose pen
+savors of Catholic blood shed upon the altars of Freemasonry can be
+a Catholic, at least an honorable one."
+
+Foreman was a traveller in machinery and as such was enabled to
+get to all the principal parts of the Archipelago. He was, as he
+himself confesses, always well received in the pueblos, and greeted
+by the parish priests (friars) and lodged in the convents free of
+cost. Although Foreman did not perform vile practical jokes upon
+unsuspecting and inoffensive hosts as did the now "commissioner"
+Worcester in his travels, he did many things no honorable man would
+have done. Although he professed himself a Catholic it was only for
+"business" purposes; one has only to read the preface to his book to
+find that out.
+
+Foreman was an Englishman, disliked by the English, despised by
+everyone he came in contact with; and if the things said of him by
+his intimate acquaintances, are true, then he well deserved the snubs
+he has lately received all round.
+
+On the 17th of April 1899, before the members of the Schurman
+Commission, Neil Macleod testified of Foreman, as follows:
+
+Questioned by Worcester:
+
+Q. Have you read Foreman's book?
+
+A. Yes; I know him personally.
+
+Q. Was he a Catholic?
+
+A. I do not know.
+
+Q. He says so?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. He is an engineer, isn't he?
+
+A. He has been here frequently travelling all over the country,
+selling machinery.
+
+Q. You know he attacks the Church?
+
+A. He attacks the church very much, and he ought to be very thankful
+to the priests, for they have been very good to him; ...............
+....................................................................
+
+considering that he availed himself of their services and hospitality
+all over the country, he should have thought twice before putting a
+thing like that (his history) into print."
+
+Worcester was fishing for trout and caught a crab. He got enough and
+the subject ... suddenly changed.
+
+[39] See Appendix G.
+
+[40] Philippinos: insular Spaniards, or Spaniards born in the
+Philippines. Filipino: more commonly known as indio: that is, an
+indian native of the Archipelago.
+
+[41] For this decree see Appendix H.
+
+[42] He was conducted from calle Iris blindfolded in a quilez (a
+vehicle of the country) to a house which he later on discovered to
+be that of Bonifacio, situated in calle Oroquieta.
+
+[43] In an official letter of the Grand Secretary of the Oriente
+Espanol to the Lodge Nilad, dated Madrid 8th of June 1892, the
+secretary, warning the said lodge to be careful in the performance
+of its labors says: "... not all men, although they profess our ideas
+and doctrines, serve for good masons."
+
+[44] "The oath bound (the Katipuneros) as well as the militares
+(the rebel army) were to be supported and equipped by several wealthy
+persons of Manila, among them D. Francisco Roxas who was in charge of
+the maintenance of the rebel army." Testimony of 2nd Lieut Benedicto
+Nijaga y Polonio. (fols. 222-224)
+
+[45] See Appendix I.
+
+[46] Wildman will probably be long remembered by many who suffered
+brutalities and tortures at the hands of Aguinaldo's horde of
+cut-throats, inspired by the late Consul's advise.
+
+Correspondence took place between Aguinaldo and Wildman concerning
+the Spanish prisoners. In reply to a request of the Dictator,
+Wildman wrote:
+
+"Never mind feeding them. A meal every day, of course, and water
+will be a good diet. They have been living too high during the last
+few years. As the Spaniards want more bloodshed in the Philippines,
+I trust you will let them have a taste of real war. Do not be so
+tender with them, etc., etc."
+
+Little did Wildman think that the day would come when these words
+of his would inspire equal or greater barbarity against his own
+countrymen.
+
+The publication of the valuable papers in Wildman's possession at
+the time of his death in the shipwreck which occurred almost at the
+very door of his home would doubtless throw much light upon the past
+four years of Philippine history. The shipment of tons upon tons of
+ammunition, a large shipment of which left London on the "Inaba Maru,"
+on the 25th of September 1899, addressed to the "American Consul",
+Hong-Kong, have yet to be accounted for.
+
+[47] There were always plenty of funds, but the money too often stuck
+to the fingers of those who had the handling of it.
+
+[48] A name given among Spaniards, to young servant boys or girls. The
+word signifies servant and is used as such in the same manner as in
+British Oriental colonies the word boy is used,--irrespective of age.
+
+[49] Nipa.--Nipa fructificans.--Nipa is a small palm which grows in
+salt water. From it the natives make a species of wine and vinegar,
+whilst its leaves serve to thatch their houses. It is one of the
+plants of most utility to the indian.
+
+[50] The reason for Rizal's deportation is set forth clearly in the
+decree of Deportation which is given entire in Appendix.
+
+[51] As a sample of these statements I will quote the following
+document, which is one of a number copied from a book of decrees
+received by the Revolutionary authorities of the pueblo of Mendez
+Nunez, province of Cavite,
+
+
+    "K. K. K."
+    "Chiefs of each pueblo"
+
+    "In the urgent letter received to-day from the General (Aguinaldo)
+    concrete notice is given that to-day there have anchored the
+    warships proceeding from Japan to our assistance, and it is
+    said, that they are now just on the other side of the island
+    of Corregidor...."
+
+
+This document is dated 11th September 1896, and is signed by El
+capitan comandante, Crisostomo Riel.
+
+[52] What a fine president he would have made for the Federal
+Party! Castaneda was worthy of an office in the Ayuntamiento with a
+sign over the door--Hon. Juan Castaneda, Native Commissioner.
+
+[53] Ambrosio Flores: (bro. musa) was the Gr. Pres. of the
+Gr. Cons. Reg. of the Philippines. (See note 23)--Moises Salvador
+stated of him in his declaration (fols. 1,138-1,143), in reply
+to a question as to the manner in which Flores was affiliated to
+filibusterism, that "by reason of his high position in freemasonry,
+he aided the ends of the filibusters, making propaganda among those
+affiliated to the lodges." He stated, at the same time that Flores,
+in no concept, formed part of the Liga or Compromisarios. It was
+Ambrosio Flores who, at the opportune moment let fall the masonic
+sledge hammer upon the back of Pedro Serrano, charging him with being
+a traitor (see note 12) to the cause.
+
+[54] I have frequently quoted the "Memoria" of Isabelo de los
+Reyes, because I consider that whilst in it he exaggerates and lies
+considerably, there are yet points upon which what he says has all
+the probability of the truth, in as much as when he finds it pays to
+tell the truth he tells it. In this particular point, however, it is
+"according to what is said."
+
+[55] How much this reminds me of the story of the little boy who
+went to the grocer's and asked for 10 cents worth of molasses. The
+shop-keeper measured out the molasses into the jug and asked the
+little boy for the dime, receiving the reply: "its at the bottom of
+the jug." And that's just where the other little boy's money would
+have been.
+
+[56] In the official extract of advice given by the Secret Service to
+the Gov. Gen. Blanco, we read: "Aug 1. Notice is hereby given that,
+by references from Japan, the Gov. Gen. has received from the Emperor
+of that nation some messages which had been directed to him by some
+22,000 Filipinos in representation of the native inhabitants of these
+islands, and in the which, after congratulating him for his triumphs
+over the Chinese Empire, asks his protection and shelter for this
+Archipelago, and its annexation to the Japanese Empire."
+
+[57] The word Kongo signifies Imperial diamond.
+
+[58] The Bazar Japones situated in Plaza Moraga.
+
+[59] Typical of the heads of the twelve apostles of filibusterism.
+
+[60] In his "Memoria".
+
+[61] I am inclined to differ somewhat with this opinion. What is more
+probable is that as regards the actual membership there existed a
+gulf between the wealthy and the lower classes which was bridged by
+the representatives of either association. I have not come across any
+concrete evidence that the two elements really mixed, the one with
+the other; the inborn pride of the Chinese half caste, the class from
+which, the majority of the wealthy elements came, and of the indio
+of money or political "pull", would not permit such a mixture of the
+two associations Senor Valdes supposes.
+
+[62] See appendix A.
+
+[63] See note 56; also foot-note, page 180.
+
+[64] The witness might have added that Blanco as a mason did more than
+"know" of it: he took no steps to counter-act it, till circumstances
+demanded that harsh measures should be taken to maintain national
+honor.
+
+[65] In plain English, this is a lie and no one could know it better
+than the witness.
+
+[66] By an element. Even would-be-president Bryan has his followers
+here.
+
+[67] In other words: he allowed a certain wealthy and influential
+class of people to lead him around wherever they would, by the nose.
+
+[68] This statement is the result of either ignorance or malice. (See
+note 97, 98.) This account also materially differs from the "faked up"
+story of Legarda. How little some people know of the truth when they
+do not wish to tell it!
+
+[69] This is another. Now that Tavera and Legarda are side by side in
+the U. S. Commission they might compare their testimony with advantage:
+it might aid them to preserve somewhat of the truth in future.
+
+[70] It would be interesting to know just how many of the late
+insurgents who now hold position of importance under the Government,
+are following up this piece of advice of Aguinaldo.
+
+[71] Domestic: i. e., made for household use, for cutting up meat,
+cutting down bamboos, and in fact for every use for which a knife or
+chopper is needed.
+
+[72] Castillo y Jimenez; El Katipunan o el filibusterismo en Filipinas:
+pp. 128-129.
+
+[73] That is men of the lower classes, laborers.
+
+[74] It is difficult to determine whether such statements are due
+to ignorance or to malice. The real truth of the situation is that
+although the friar came to the Philippines to perform sacerdotal
+duties and preach the Gospel, his beneficial influence was not
+confined to the mere preaching of the Gospel. "What most honors the
+whole membership past and present of the Religious Orders is the
+intense zeal shown in the temporal as well as the spiritual welfare
+of their parishioners. To merely defeat and drive out the bad that
+was in them was not sufficient, for Satan finds mischief for idle
+hands, and when one devil is driven out of a man he roams around
+seeking other devils with whom he returns and re-enters the soul
+and "the last state of that man becomes worse than the first." So
+to thoroughly carry out their christianizing and civilizing purpose
+they did their best to instruct their converts to occupy their time
+in the fields, in the building of houses, of churches, of structures
+of all kinds necessary. They taught them to be self-supporting and
+to build up happy homes around them. The few industries, if the
+little then done by the natives in the way of manual labor can be
+classed as industry, that existed among the people at that time were
+copied from the Chinese and Mohammedan traders who visited and traded
+with them. These industries however were but crude as a rule; and
+moreover the connection with these anti-christian influences had to
+be cut for the moral protection of the indian and therefore the friar
+missionary, ever on the alert for his children's welfare, instructed
+them in industries which, whilst occupying their time formerly spent
+in abject laziness, also gave them the advantage of money making.
+
+"As soon as the natives had become accustomed to living after
+the manner of civilized beings, the friars taught them the art of
+making lime, mortar and bricks and of utilizing these materials in
+buildings and fortifications for the common protection against their
+enemies. They instructed them in the method of tilling the virgin
+and fertile soil, of utilizing the many streams of water that nature
+had provided."
+
+And yet there are those who would make us believe that the friar
+missionary has done nothing to civilize the Filipinos. To whom then
+do they owe the civilization they enjoy?
+
+[75] Faith in their anting-anting; courage to maltreat and murder the
+helpless and sometimes dying prisoners that fell into their hands;
+and as to constancy...? The majority of the leaders eventually became
+traitors to the most cherished ideas of independence. Three figures
+alone stand out as really constant throughout the whole rebellion,
+and these three are Aguinaldo, Mabini, and Pio del Pilar; and of these
+three the most constant was Aguinaldo, a misguided man who deserves
+far more honor than those who deserted him and who never thought of
+raising a finger to alleviate his hard lot, a lot for which they are
+morally responsible.
+
+[76] A kind of altar on which bonfires are lighted for illumination.
+
+[77] The name of this plant signifies that it possesses the power to
+bring to life again--to resuscitate.
+
+[78] This granting of pardon to those who should present themselves
+is contained in Art. 7. of the proclamation of the Governor General
+Blanco, issued on the 30th of August 1896, and which reads as follows:
+
+"Art. 7. The rebels who present themselves to the authorities within
+48 hours after the publication of this proclamation, shall be exempt
+from punishment for rebellion, with the exception of the chiefs of the
+seditious groups and those who relapse into those crimes. The chiefs
+to whom reference is made shall be pardoned of the punishment due
+them if they surrender within the fixed time suffering a punishment
+immediately inferior according to grade."
+
+[79] Previous to 1896 Aguinaldo was an almost unknown indio. He was
+at that time about 23 or 24 years of age, and like the far greater
+majority of the indios of the archipelago had forgotten what little
+he had learned at school. He was a lavandero ((Washerman.))  for the
+Arsenal at Cavite, and possessed little command over the Spanish
+language, speaking it after the Cavite style, de cocina as the
+Spaniards say. He was the son of Carlos Aguinaldo who had several
+times held office under the Spanish Government, and who was at heart
+a bitter anti-Spaniard. Like the remainder of his fellow Tagalogs,
+Aguinaldo demonstrates a different character in connection with
+each event which takes place in his life. As capitan municipal in
+1896 he was very Spanish in dealing with the authorities, but in
+dealing with his own people quite the reverse. Like the Taveras,
+the Legardas and the Buencaminos etc., he was an adept at political
+lightning changes. Buencamino in one of his absurd articles to the
+Filipino press (La Independencia, Sept. 6th 1896) speaking of him says:
+"... all the Filipinos unconditionally obey the president Aguinaldo
+seeing in him the messenger of God sent to redeem the Filipino people
+from all foreign domination, and because they see in the said chief
+the great virtues of fortitude, honor and magnanimity which ought to
+adorn all saviors of their country."
+
+The belief among some Filipinos that Aguinaldo was a semi-God was
+not uncommon at one time, and many hold to it even in these days. A
+certain Bray (apparently related very closely to the bray of an ass)
+went a step further in an article to the French Revue de Revues and
+compared Aguinaldo to Christ, to Alexander the Great, to Mahomet,
+to Caesar, to Napoleon and others!
+
+Aguinaldo certainly demonstrated fortitude, and did not sell his
+sword to those he considered his enemies. His misfortune was that
+he fell into the hands of such advisers as Buencamino and others,
+who, after working up his stupid pride, deserted him in his hour
+of need. Aguinaldo showed fortitude and was never a traitor to what
+he considered the honor of his country. Honor to Aguinaldo in this
+respect.
+
+[80] As to the goodness of customs read the testimony of the most
+reliable chroniclers and historians of the earliest days of Spanish
+history.
+
+[81] The pacto de sangre was performed thus: a wound was made in the
+body of each person who was to form a party to the treaty about to be
+made, and the blood that flowed from the wounds thus made was mixed
+in a receptacle prepared for the occasion; each then drank a portion
+of the blood thus mixed. It is needless to say that Legaspi refused
+to perform such a savage, cannibalistic ceremony.
+
+[82] Worthy perhaps but certainly not legitimate. The Katipunan was
+illegitimate from all points of view; nor was it a child really of
+Bonifacio. The conception was of Pilar (Marcelo H.) and Bonifacio
+was but the foster father encharged with the bringing up of the child.
+
+[83] A people's language is the expression of its sentiments. There
+are in this archipelago, native languages in which no word exists to
+express "thank you."
+
+[84] F. Buenaventura Campa was one of the two Dominican Fathers who
+willingly devoted themselves to the care of the sufferers stricken with
+the cholera plague which has carried off so many people both in Manila
+and the provinces. He, together with his companion, P. Candido, bore
+with remarkable patience and self-abnegation the troubles and trials
+consequent upon the extraordinary plans adopted by an inexperienced
+Sanitary Department for the treatment of the dread enemy.
+
+[85] Half mad.
+
+[86] Juan Utor y Fernandez (bro. Espartero) confessed that
+Blanco was a freemason; he affirmed also that his masonic name was
+bro. Barcelona. Lacasa, Lieut. Auditor of war, and one of the heads
+of freemasonry in the Philippines declared that among the freemasons
+of the archipelago was counted Sr. D. Ramon Blanco, Capt Gen. of the
+Army and Gov. Gen. of the Islands.
+
+[87] The following interesting notes will give some idea of what the
+Blanco administration was like.
+
+In the report of the secret police for the 3rd of June 1896, appears
+the following:--
+
+"Notice is hereby given of the confidential information given by a
+freemason in respect to the reason why the masonic lodges are at rest,
+and the attitude of Generals Blanco and Echaluce in regard to the same.
+
+"This freemason, Juan Merchan, says: "we are now sleeping; we cannot
+work; we are tutored by the experience of the persecution directed
+against us by General Echaluce. Until General Blanco returns from
+Mindanao we can do nothing, for he at least does not disturb us, and
+even helps us. The proof of this is that during the previous voyage
+to Mindanao (of Blanco) Gen. Echaluce commenced to deport people;
+but when Blanco got to know of it, he wrote to him ordering him not
+to deport anyone without his consent, and not to do anything in the
+matter till his return from Mindanao."
+
+[88] El Katipunan, etc.; p. 89.
+
+[89] Blanco, whether because he was bound by compromise, or because
+of fear, heeded not the warnings of the approaching danger. As a
+soldier face to face with an enemy Blanco was not lacking in courage;
+but when the enemy was invisible, and more tact than courage was
+needed in the combat, Blanco was like a little child in the dark,
+frightened at the least sound--chicken hearted. It is certainly a
+remarkable thing that bro. Barcelona had the courage to pass through
+the ordeals of his initiation into freemasonry.
+
+[90] The head of a pueblo. The most ancient form of rule in the
+Archipelago.
+
+[91] See page 63.
+
+[92] Pascual H. Poblete: a pobre diablo who speaks Spanish like a chino
+and writes it far worse. Poblete is greatly devoted to cock-fighting;
+but being as reckless in the enjoyment of this sport as he is in
+everything else he undertakes, he finds his pocket always more or less
+empty. To fill this pocket he is ever hunting up schemes to make money
+in the easiest way possible. The subscription lists he has started
+for various pious or patriotic objects are well nigh innumerable.
+
+The Heraldo de Madrid, of the 19th of November 1896, says of this
+charlatan:
+
+"Well paired with Tomas del Rosario, the indio who, by literary fraud
+gained from Senor Nunez de Arce a good position in the Philippines,
+is Pascual H. Poblete also an indio ((If I am not in error, Poblete
+is a Chinee halfcaste.))  and a person of history too.
+
+"His first steps in work in the newspapers of his country were as
+translator of the Spanish text of a bilingual review into Tagalog.
+
+"He propagated political themes widely, but above all, those articles
+of the Civil and Penal code favorable to his countrymen; to these
+articles he added comments.... Under the pretext of competing with
+the Chinese he founded a cooperative association which was the
+subject of much talk. It was really nothing else than an association
+distinctly political and eminently anti-Spanish. He however succeeded
+in dissimulating, and when he created the newspaper El Resumen,
+placed a peninsular Spaniard, a native of Aragon, at its head. He
+then did all he could to gain the confidence of Despujols, whom he
+visited every once in a while.
+
+"As Despujols step by step lost favor with the European element,
+Poblete praised him more and more and this was, in itself, a good sign
+of the direction in which was going this Poblete, a man lacking talent,
+lacking wit, and enjoying nothing but an insane intention. During
+the last years he made continuous anti-Spanish propaganda, and was
+a bitter enemy of the Spaniards, excepting some few degenerates who
+yet believed in the good faith of this pobre diablo."
+
+In later days he changed his religion--that is if he ever had
+one to change, and devoted himself to sponging upon the Bible
+Societies and the protestant and Mormon missionaries who came to the
+Philippines. On one occasion he translated from Spanish into Tagalog
+the Holy Scriptures, and seeing that never in his life had he been a
+successful translator even of newspaper paragraphs, but could only
+succeed in giving little more than a very general idea of what was
+contained in the Spanish text, it was not to be wondered at that,
+as a famous literary critic well versed in the Tagalog once said:
+"Poblete's Tagalog bible reads more like a badly written chronicle
+than a version of the sacred Scriptures. If I thought that our Lord
+and his Apostles preached and taught what Poblete puts into their
+mouths, I would go to China and become a disciple of Confucius."
+
+In the latter days of Spanish rule Poblete was always more or less
+under the eyes of the authorities, and on the 17th of April 1896 the
+Secret Police asked of General Blanco the necessary permission to
+search the houses of several highly suspicious people, among them
+that of Pascual H. Poblete.
+
+Our hero figured at one time as an expert in the raising of
+subscriptions for monuments and if I am not very much mistaken,
+he once had a hand in the raising of money for the coming monument
+to Rizal the hero and martyr of the Filipino Libre party. It would
+be very interesting to know what became of all the funds that passed
+through his hands: the majority apparently went to back his favorite
+birds at the cock-pits.
+
+Since the American occupation Poblete's chief enterprise, apart
+from cock-fighting and "sponging upon the ignorantes who listened
+to his ravings with more or less favor because he was a protestant,
+was the editing and publishing of a dirty little "sheet" known as
+the Ang Kapatid nang Bayan." In this so called newspaper Poblete
+aired his radical political ideas with such vigor that the Provost
+Marshal was compelled to call him down. The pobre diablo then turned
+his attention to another pastime which would combine the advantages of
+demonstrating his unsurpassable abilities, of airing his opinions and,
+last mentioned but of the greatest importance, the quality of putting
+into his pocket a goodly number of easily earned dollars. This pastime
+took the shape of a theatrical enterprise: Constancia, the daughter of
+the said mountebank "composed and wrote" a play entitled Ang Pag Ibig
+Sa Lupang Tinubinan: For the Love of Country. Poblete's better half
+(which is not saying much) played the part of the heroine. The whole
+play was incendiary in the extreme and the audience being Tagalogs
+of the lowest and most ignorant class, the result was that they were
+thrown into a state of the greatest frenzy. Poblete put this play
+on the boards of the Teatro Oriental. All went well in the first
+acts; and following out the "plot" of the play, the town of Imus was
+supposed to have been taken by the rebels. Dramatic shouts of Viva La
+Independencia; were raised from time to time by the actors, followed by
+shouts from the audience of Viva Filipinas! Viva Aguinaldo! Suddenly
+there rushed from the "wings" a gaudy looking creature who ought to
+have been the Tondo market selling cockles and crabs; this turned out
+to be the heroine. In one hand she held a revolutionary flag and in
+the other a bolo. Viva La Independencia was the shout which almost
+raised the roof; but as fate would have it Poblete was doomed to be
+humbled to the dust. Just as he was promising himself a fine string
+of dollars from his new enterprise Capt. Lara and a number of police
+appeared on the scene, and Poblete, his katipunan banners and bolos
+etc., were seized and the house cleared of its fanatical occupants.
+
+To-day he amuses himself in fitting out bands of little boys who on
+"state" occasions parade the streets with American flags and Japanese
+lanterns, and placards with various inscriptions, the chief ones
+being petitions for an amnesty on behalf of all those who have "done
+what they ought not to have done". Poblete would open the doors of
+the prisons of the Archipelago and let loose all their occupants. The
+result? A political boom for Poblete, an increase in the membership of
+the Partido Nacionalista and an increase of crime to a thousand fold,
+not only in Manila but throughout the whole archipelago.
+
+Poor Poblete a pobre infeliz, a stain upon the good name of the
+filipino. But then, what would Filipinas be without her Poblete;
+almost like a cat without fleas.
+
+[93] Cruz Herrera, now alcalde of Manila, was another upon whom the
+authorities took pity on account of the rheumatism from which he
+suffered to such an extent that he could scarcely walk.
+
+[94] This was Alfonso XII. the anniversary of whose death fell of the
+25th of November. Archbishop Payo had been suffering for a considerable
+time from dysentery. Apart from this, the bitterness of the official
+relations at that time between the civil and ecclesiastical authorities
+had completely incapacitated the venerable prelate from attending
+to his official duties. Consequently, acting upon the advice of his
+physician, the Archbishop left Manila for Navotas for a few days of
+complete rest. The departure of the Archbishop happened to almost
+coincide with the anniversary of the death of the King; but as the
+prelate was physically unable to attend to the pontifical ceremonies
+which were to be held on that day and to the other functions consequent
+upon such a solemn occasion, he was wisely advised to absent himself
+from the city.
+
+Freemasonry ever on the watch, saw in this an opportunity to attack
+the Religious Orders, and taking advantage of it, demanded: "The
+insult committed by the archbishop being therefore very culpable,
+and having caused the greatest indignation to the government, to
+the nation, and in particular to those of this country, as devoted
+to their king; it is indispensable to expel him from this soil,
+imposing upon him the penalty of temporary banishment marked out by
+article 142 of the penal code.
+
+[95] To judge from his writing, Isabelo held the idea that he alone
+was able to direct everything connected with the revolt. Isabelo
+takes upon himself the intellectual work of the affair leaving to
+others the dirty work.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Katipunan, by
+J. Brecknock Watson (AKA Francis St. Clair)
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